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Chattanooga, TN Part III: Chickamauga Battlefield
Hixson, TN - Events of Friday, October 13, 2012
The other main part of Chickamauga and Chattanooga National Military Park is located about 20 minutes south of Chattanooga just over the line in Georgia. It is here Union and Confederate forces clashed on September 19 and 20, 1863 prior to the Battles of Lookout Mountain and Missionary Ridge that we reported on in our last post.
It was a good thing we went to Lookout Mountain on Thursday so we could enjoy the spectacular views because Friday morning was cloudy and rainy. Fortunately, the rain stopped before we got to Chickamauga Battlefield, but the clouds persisted.
Chickamauga Battlefield Visitor Center
Chickamauga Visitor Center has more extensive information about the battle including an excellent video. That and the fact the Battle of Chickamauga Creek took place before the Battle of Lookout Mountain are good reasons why it would have been better to see Chickamauga Battlefield first. However, we wanted to take advantage of the clear weather to see Lookout Mountain, so Chickamauga had to wait until Friday.
When we arrived, we had about 30 minutes until the next showing of the video, so we checked out the displays of battlefield artifacts in the small museum in the visitor center.
One of the displays of battlefield artifacts
The visitor center also houses the Fuller Collection of American Military Shoulder Arms, which is a collection of 346 long guns, many of which are rare or even one of a kind.
A portion of the Fuller Collection of American Military Shoulder Arms
An electronic map at the visitor center is very helpful in visualizing troop movements before, during and after the battle.
Electronic map showing troop movements
Following the Union capture of the city of Chattanooga on Sept. 9, 1863, the Confederate troops withdrew to Lafayette (pronounced la-FAY-ette), Georgia where they received reinforcements. The Confederates were determined to re-take Chattanooga, so they began to march northward on Sept. 17.
The Confederates encountered Union troops south of Chattanooga, and there were a few skirmishes on Sept. 18. Fighting began in earnest on Sept 19 near the banks of Chickamauga Creek. Both sides fought hard all day, and the Confederates eventually pushed the the main body of the Union forces back to Lafayette Road. The following day, fighting resumed, and the Confederates tried to maneuver themselves between the Union forces and Chattanooga to cut the Union off.
As the Confederates were trying to outflank the Union forces, a gap suddenly opened in the middle of the Union line due to a miscommunication on the Union side. The Confederates smashed through, and the rout had begun. Some of the Union forces withdrew to Chattanooga right away, and others retreated to Snodgrass Hill where they took a stand. The Union troops on Snodgrass Hill held their ground against repeated Confederate assaults during the day, but they also eventually withdrew to Chattanooga.
After we watched the video, we headed out on the 7-mile, self-guided driving tour around the battlefield. Most Civil War battles were fought in open fields, but this area is heavily wooded which made keeping track of troops and communicating very difficult. That may be what caused the the gap in the Union line that allowed the Confederates to break through.
The road shown below passes the main area of the Union lines. Most of the monuments in this area were for various divisions from Ohio and Indiana.
Monuments line the road that passes the Union lines.
We found a monument for a regiment from our old home state of Pennsylvania.
Over on the Confederate side, the Georgia had one of the largest monuments. That is only fitting since the battle took place in Georgia.
Georgia monument
The largest monument in the Park is on Snodgrass Hill and is dedicated to the Union soldiers under the command of General Thomas who became known as "the rock of Chickamauga" because of the heroic stand he and his men took there.
Monument on Snodgrass Hill
Following the defeat of the Union Army at Chickamauga, the Confederates failed to follow through and capitalize on that defeat and re-take Chattanooga. The Union forces in Chattanooga were reinforced by October, and as we described in our last post, they eventually ousted the Confederates from Lookout Mountain, Missionary Ridge and most of the entire area.
The failure of the Confederates to re-take Chattanooga sounded a death knell for the South. Sherman's Atlanta Campaign, a.k.a Sherman's March to the Sea, was launched from Chattanooga the following spring. That campaign totally demoralized the South. General Robert E. Lee surrendered at Appomattox Courthouse on April 9, 1865.
On our way back to the motor home from Chickamauga Battlefield, we stopped at Qdoba in Chattanooga for a late lunch. Chattanooga isn't huge as cities go, but this is the first and only Qdoba we have ever seen in a downtown setting. They are usually in suburban strip malls.
Qdoba in downtown Chattanooga
With our bellies full, we headed back to the motor home for an evening of relaxation. We have one more report from Chattanooga. Stay tuned.
Posted on October 17, 2012 | Permalink | Comments (1) | TrackBack (0)
Chatanooga, TN Part II: The Battle of Lookout Mountain
Hixson, TN - Events of Thursday, October 11, 2012
As we said, the weather forecast was predicting clouds and/or rain for much of the remainder of our stay, so we did our outdoor sightseeing on Lookout Mountain on Thursday while it was still sunny. In addition to visiting Rock City, the other thing we did on Thursday was to stop at the part of the Chickamauga and Chattanooga National Military Park that is located at the northern tip of Lookout Mountain.
The Chickamauga and Chattanooga National Military Park, which was the nation's first military park, was established in 1890 to preserve sites of both the Battle of Chickamauga and the Chattanooga Campaign that took place during the Civil War. Although there are several separate sites in the area relating to these battles, we visited the two main sites during our stay - the one on Lookout Mountain, and Chickamauga Battlefield, which is a little farther south right over the border in Georgia. We'll have more on Chickamauga Battlefield in our next post.
Chattanooga is located on the Tennessee River, and it grew rapidly in the early 1800s as a result of river commerce. The railroad arrived in Chattanooga in 1850, and Chattanooga subsequently became an important railroad hub.
With the river and railroads, Chattanooga was a location of strategic importance during the Civil War. Union forces began bombarding Chattanooga in early September, 1863, and they were able to occupy the city on Sept. 9. By controlling Chattanooga, the Union could not only cut off supplies to the Confederates farther south, but they could also use the railroads and river to supply their own troops and use Chattanooga as a base from which they could launch attacks into the Deep South.
After being ousted from Chattanooga, the Confederate forces withdrew a short distance to northern Georgia. They were determined to reoccupy Chattanooga and to keep the Union Army from advancing any farther south. After receiving reinforcements, the Confederates moved northward again and defeated the Union Army at Chickamauga Creek.
Following their defeat at Chickamauga, the Union forces withdrew back to the safety of Chattanooga, and the Confederates took up positions on several areas of high ground near the city - namely Lookout Mountain to the south and Missionary Ridge to the east.
Lookout Mountain is a ridge that starts at the south bank of the Tennessee River just below Chattanooga and runs about 85 miles south-southwest down into Georgia and Alabama. The northern end of ridge ends at a sharp point that sits 1,400 to 1,500 feet above the Tennessee River overlooking Chatanooga. This point is appropriately named Point Park, and it is part of the Chickamauga and Chattanooga National Military Park.
There is a small visitor center at Point Park that has a few Civil War artifacts and a series of story boards showing the sequence of events during the battles that took place in the area from September through November, 1863. The Battle of Lookout Mountain was fought on November 24, 1863.
One of the main features of the visitor center is a 13' x 33' mural done in 1874 by James Walker depicting Union General Joseph Hooker as a hero on a white horse surrounded by his men below Lookout Mountain as they prepare to charge the Confederates. The Battle of Lookout Mountain was called the "Battle Above the Clouds" (which is also the title of the painting) because of all the clouds and mist that surrounded the mountain on the day of the battle.
Mural at the visitor center
Across from the visitor center is the entrance to Point Park. Admission to the park is $3 per person. America the Beautiful passes are honored for free admission. Point Park was built in 1903-1904 by the Army Corps of Engineers, and the entrance gate is in the shape of the castle symbol of the Corps.
Entrance gate to Point Park
Point Park features several plaques, a monument and panoramic vistas of the surrounding countryside like the one below looking toward Chattanooga. The spectacular views were the reason we wanted to be sure to visit Point Park on a clear day.
View of Chattanooga from Point Park
Although Confederate cannon fire from the mountain was ineffective against the Union troops that occupied Chattanooga because of the distance, the Confederates could easily see movement of troops and they could keep track of supply boats on the river.
Another view of Chattanooga
Panoramic view of Moccasin Bend of the Tennessee River with Chattanooga in the distance
Now on to the battle. On Nov. 24, 1863, Union General U. S. Grant authorized Major General Hooker to attack the Confederate forces on Lookout Mountain, but he did not authorize an all-out assault. As it turned out, however, Hooker more or less ignored the restrictions in Grant's orders, and the Union forces ended up successfully routing the Confederates from Lookout Mountain. The last Confederates escaped from the mountain after dark assisted by a total lunar eclipse.
On the following day, the Union Army defeated the Confederates on a lower ridge to the east of Chattanooga called Missionary Ridge. The Confederates withdrew the day after that farther south into Georgia again. These battles were the beginning of the end for the Confederacy.
In addition to the museum in the visitor center, there was also a small museum inside the park itself that had a display of numerous Civil War-era photos taken on Lookout Mountain. One prominent photo features a man standing on a pile of balanced rocks.
Old photo showing a man standing on balanced rocks
View of the same rocks today from a slightly different angle
Also in Point Park is the New York Peace Memorial that is topped by a Union soldier and a Confederate soldier shaking hands.
New York Peace Memorial
In our next post we'll tell you about our visit to Chickamauga Battlefield.
Pittsburgh to Red Bay, AL
Just about the time we left Pittsburgh the weather finally warmed back up. It was in the upper 60s the day we arrived, but then the highs dropped into the 50s with lows in the 40s for the whole time we were there. It was also cloudy, rainy and dreary. When we left, the 5-day weather forecast was finally calling for partly to mostly sunny with highs in the 70s every day. Oh well, that's Pittsburgh weather for you.
In spite of the fact it was getting warmer again, we still headed south. Our first stop was at Caesar Creek State Park where we stayed Labor Day weekend. We arrived on Thursday, and as is usual for the middle of the week, we had the campground pretty much to ourselves.
As we described in our earlier post about Labor Day at Caesar Creek, the campground has electric only hookups (30 amp) and the sites are widely spaced.
The final destination for this leg of our travel was Red Bay, AL, which is where our motor home was built. Our electric awning had been acting up and frequently balked when we tried to deploy or stow it, and some of the clear coat paint on the top of the front cap had started to peel. We could probably get any RV dealer to repair the awning, but we wanted to stop at the factory repair facility in Red Bay to have the top of the cap repainted before the peeling got worse.
Tiffin Motorhomes (TMH) has a campground with about a hundred full-hookup sites adjacent to their repair facility. We have stayed there several times before - once to have fogged dual-pane windows replaced and a few times to tour the factory. We know from experience the campground empties out somewhat on Fridays and fills up again by the middle of the afternoon on Sunday. Once the full-hookup sites are gone, there are a couple of electric-only sites, then you get to dry camp at the far end of the campground.
Because Margery had one last doctor appointment on Wednesday, we couldn't leave Pittsburgh until Thursday. Therefore, we had to make tracks to get to Red Bay on Saturday in order to have the best chance of getting a full-hookup site so we wouldn't have to dry camp with the highs in the upper 80s that were being predicted for Red Bay for the following week. That meant driving about 5 hours a day for three days in a row. We could have taken our time and arrived the following Saturday, but we hear the repair facility gets busier and busier as it gets later in October because early snowbirds stop for repairs on their way to Florida.
Our second overnight stop was at Bluegrass Music RV Park in Franklin, KY. Bluegrass Music RV has full hookup sites, some with 30-amp electric and some with 50-amp only. There is free Wi-Fi, the roads and pads are gravel, and there is sparse grass between the sites. Most of the sites have decent spacing for a private campground.
Bluegrass Music RV is a Passport America campground, but we thought the price was a bit high at $23 a night after the 50% discount. Some PA campgrounds discount their entire camping fee, but others discount only the base camping fee, then add on chargess for things like sewer hookups and 50-amp service at the full price. We're not sure because we didn't get an itemized bill, but we're guessing Bluegrass falls into the latter category.
The entrance to Bluegrass Music RV is between a Speedco truck service garage and the Pilot truck stop; and even though the campground has a large sign across the road from the entrance, the entrance is a little hard to see. We almost ended up on the truck scale at the Pilot. The campground is far enough from the road there wasn't any noticeable noise from the Speedco or the Pilot. If there was any noise from Speedco or Pilot, it was drowned out by the noise from the interstate.
The drive for our third day took us on Natchez Trace Parkway. Natchez Trace Parkway is under the juristiction of the National Park Service. It follows the approximate route of Natchez Trace, which was a Native American trail that was later followed by traders in the 1700s and early 1800s. The traders would take flatboats down the Mississippi, sell their cargo and sell the boat for its wood, then follow the trail back north. The trail ran from present-day Natchez, MS, to Nashville, TN.
Natchez Trace Parkway is a slower-paced, scenic drive that has a 50 mph speed limit for most of its length. Commercial trucks are not permitted, and there are no stop signs, no traffic signals, and no towns directly along the road. We drove it this time on a Saturday, and there were lots of bicycles and a little more traffic than usual, but it was still an easy road to drive. The road is lined with woods and farms, and there are pull-offs where you can see and walk the historic trace.
We arrived at the Tiffin campground in Red Bay in the early afternoon and got one of the last 4 full-hookup sites. The campground is intended to be used by those waiting for service, not as a destination campground, so it is nothing fancy. The sites are close together, and although most of them are pull-throughs, they are too short to leave your toad attached. But the campground does have full hookups, free Wi-Fi and cable; and at a price of only $10 a night it's a pretty good deal.
The campground is located on the site of an old airport, and the main road of the campground is the old runway. The rest of the campground is somewhat dusty gravel. The photo below shows our site at the Tiffin Allegro Campground.
There are occasionally one or two motor homes in the campground that are not made by Tiffin, and we even saw a 5th wheel there once. Those people probably were making a one or two night stop for a factory tour rather than waiting for service. Staying here is like suburbia where all the 'houses' look the same. You'd better remember your site number since it would be easy to park by the wrong RV!
The campground is pretty quiet on the weekend except for new people pulling in. By Sunday evening, the electric-only overflow sites were filled, and new arrivals were starting to use the dry-camp area. On Monday the bustle starts when employees begin arriving about 6:00 AM. Rigs start pulling out of campsites and into the service bays around 6:45. There are over 40 service bays.
There are two ways to get service for your motor home at Red Bay. You can make an appointment ahead of time and get right in on your scheduled day. The problem with that is the appointments were running almost a year out. They recently started a new system where appointments are made on a quarterly basis. We're not sure exactly how that works yet.
The other way to get service is to just show up and wait for an opening. This is what we do, and it also seems to be what most other people do. A few years ago, they designated some of the service bays as express bays for work that is estimated to take less than 3 hours. A lot of work falls into this category, and customers with small repairs can get in and out in a few days.
The paint and body shop at Red Bay is always very busy. Tiffin works with a couple of body shops in town, and they recommended one of those to us to get the top of our cap repainted. Since our peeling clear coat was a simple job of sanding and repainting, using the body shop in town would save us several days of waiting. The body shops in town are used by Tiffin all the time, and they are familiar with the Tiffin paint formulations.
Our awning repair fell in the under three-hour category, but we still had to "hang loose" to find out exactly when we would get called to a service bay. We'll tell you all about the rest of our stay in Red Bay in our next post.
After leaving Salisbury, NC, we drove west and a little north to Sevierville (pronounced se-VERE-ville), TN. On the way, we could see the relatively flat terrain of the Piedmont change to become more mountainous as we approached the Smokies.
In Sevierville, we stayed at River Plantation RV Park, a Good Sam member. It's a very nice RV park with several hundred sites. The sites aren't too close together and are angled for good privacy. The pads and roads are gravel, but there are cement patios and grass between the sites. There are some trees; but, they were very accommodating in the office to give us one of the numerous sites where satellite reception isn't a problem. There is a little noise from a nearby quarry - machinery humming, trucks growling, and backup beepers beeping.
River Plantation also has a number of riverfront sites overlooking the Little Pigeon River, including several "signature" riverfront sites that are extra wide and are all concrete.
Sevierville is about a 10-minute drive from Pigeon Forge and about a 45-minute drive from Gatlinburg, TN. We visited the Smokies as a family back in 1989 when Lora was a sophomore in high school. It was our vacation stop on our way to research Asbury College in Wilmore, KY (where she ultimately attended). Back then, we stayed in a motel in nearby Townsend, outside the congested areas, but we visited Pigeon Forge and Gatlinburg. Pigeon Forge has grown from a large tourist area into a huge tourist area. We remember only a few go-cart tracks, several miniature golf courses, some motels and restaurants, the Dixieland Stampede dinner show, and, of course, Dollywood. Now there have to be dozens of go-cart tracks and miniature golf courses, wall-to-wall motels and fast food, and dozens of shows (some with dinner, some without).
Gatlinburg hasn't changed too much. Being in the foothills of the Smokies, it really has nowhere to expand because of the terrain. The T-shirt shops are still there along with the downtown motels, fast food, gift shops and tattoo parlors. The hillside mini-golf (Hillbilly Golf) where we played when we were here in 1989 with our daughter, Lora, is still there. They have gotten rid of the on-street parking, so they now have 4 lanes of traffic instead of just two; but traffic really wasn't too bad in the middle of the week, especially since it was off-season.
One thing we remembered about the Gatlinburg area that we wanted to visit again this trip was the nearby artist community. The artist community is centered around Glade and Buckhorn Roads off U.S. 321 to the northeast of Gatlinburg. Although as full-timers we don't usually need anything, this time we were looking for a candy dish (for Candyman :)), and we thought one of the potters might have something. We did enjoy stopping at a number of shops (pottery and others), but didn't find a candy dish we liked. Ah well, since we don't buy much, it'll give us a good reason to "shop" in our future travels. We did happen upon one shop that had some interesting pottery demonstrations. Those are real leaves pressed into the soft clay of the pot shown in the photo below. Then they carve around the leaves and smooth the pot with a damp sponge. The leaves will burn away when the pot is fired leaving a textured impression.
The pottery also had a little stage set up with some nice entertainment of Appalachian-style folk music where the audience was invited to join along playing "instruments" like the washboard.
Along Buckhorn Road on the way to the artist community is a charming inn called, appropriately enough, Buckhorn Inn. We remembered the inn from when we were in the area in 1989 so we stopped and took a few photos. The photo below shows the entrance to the inn.
Here we are at a nearby overlook...
...enjoying the beautiful view.
Also along Buckhorn Road is a little restaurant called the Wild Plum Tea Room. They serve soups, salads, and sandwiches. We ate there in 1989, but since it was past lunchtime, we just stopped for photos this time.
The other area we wanted to visit again was Cades Cove. Cades Cove is in the Great Smoky Mountain National Park and is a valley surrounded by mountains. Historians are unsure, but the name probably comes from either the name of a local chief's wife, Kate, or more likely from a little known Native American leader known as Chief Kade.
Cades Cove was once a thriving community of around 700. Over farming and the promise of more fertile land in the mid-west lead to the decline of the community. In the mid 1920s and the late 1930s, the National Park service began plans to form the Great Smoky Mountain National Park. Inclusion of Cades Cove was not in the original plans, but was it was later added. The park was officially established in 1934 and the last resident left Cades Cove in 1937, although the congregation of the Primitive Baptist Church continued to meet until 1960 in their church in Cades Cove in defiance of the Park Service. Although the Park Service originally planned to allow the entire area to return to its natural forested state, they eventually decided to demolish only more modern buildings and keep the buildings that represented pioneer life in 19th century Appalachia. Today in Cades Cove there are several churches, cabins, barns, and a grist mill. The grist mill, which still operates, is shown in the photo below.
There is an 11-mile loop that takes you around the cove. There are numerous stops along the way where you can look out over the fields and where you can park to walk the many trails and explore the old churches, cabins, and outbuildings. The buildings are very picturesque in the natural surroundings today, but one can only imagine how hard life was. This is the Tipton Homestead, which is right along the loop road.
Also, along the loop road is the tiny Carter Shields cabin.
We stopped and hiked the 1-mile round trip to the Elijah Oliver cabin, which is shown in the photo below. The section to the right is the kitchen, perhaps one of the first 'split-level' houses in the U.S. :)
The cantilever barn is another structure seen in several places around Cades Cove and many other locations in eastern Tennessee. These barns have a cantilever or overhang, which was a second-story loft used to store hay. The overhang provided an area where they could park their wagons and be protected from the weather.
Wildlife abounds in the Smokies and especially in Cades Cove. Deer are frequently seen grazing in the fields and there are also black bear. Back when we visited in 1989, we found the best time to view wildlife was dusk. On several evenings we joined a long string of vehicles driving slowly around the loop. We always saw deer in the fields and raccoons and 'possum at the small streams and we did see one bear. Unfortunately on this trip, we were staying farther away so we only drove the loop during the day. We did see several deer, but couldn't get a good angle for any photos.
Despite our mid-week visit, we were surprised at the number of families with children who were visiting; and although the leaves on the trees were barely turning, the line of vehicles making the loop was continuous. We didn't even want to imagine what the traffic would be like on a summer day or a weekend at peak fall leaf season!
There are additional photos and information on Cades Cove in Photo Album 025: Smokies and Knoxville.
We had only made reservations in Sevierville for a relatively quick three-night stop. We could have used more time, but decided not to extend our stay since we had seen the two major things in the area we wanted to see. We were on our way to the Escapees Raccoon Valley Campground north of Knoxville, and we wanted to be in Raccoon Valley long enough to take advantage of their lower weekly rates for at least a couple of weeks. That would also give us a little time to relax, catch up on our grocery shopping, relax, let the campground budget recuperate, relax, groom the dog, relax...well, you get the picture.
Raccoon Valley was only about an hour drive from Sevierville, and we arrived around noon. We had heard that this particular Escapee park was rarely full so we were surprised to find the campground WAS full! Unknown to us, there was a bluegrass music festival going on all week at the nearby Museum of Appalachia. However, our experience during our almost three-week stay is that it was full almost every night we were there.
Escapees parks do not accept reservations, but they have a system of first in/first out. If you arrive and there are no sites available, you can stay in the dry camp area until a site opens up. Fortunately, enough people were leaving voluntarily after our one-night stay in dry camp that we had our choice of three 30 amp sites and one 50 amp site. We chose the 50 amp site, which costs a little extra, but which had a little more room than the 30 amp sites. The Escapees Raccoon Valley Campground is a former KOA so most of the sites are quite narrow and fairly short. Most of the 50 amp pull-throughs are longer and the back-ins are wider to provide enough parking space for your tow vehicle or toad, even with a fairly long RV.
The Museum of Appalachia was one exit north on I-75. In the early 1960s, John Rice Irwin traveled the back roads of Tennessee, Kentucky, and western Virginia and began to collect thousands of pioneer artifacts from colorful mountain folk, including his own ancestors. John's goal in establishing his museum was not to present cold, lifeless facts; but to capture the heart and soul of the hard-working mountain people. He does this through folk art, tools, music, buildings, and most importantly, through the stories of people who lived in this area.
We waited until the music festival was over to visit the museum to avoid the crowds. We were able to stroll leisurely through the many artifacts and buildings and get a real flavor for how the people lived.
Most of the tools are displayed in the display barn. These harness-making tools, however, are displayed in the actual harness/saddle shop originally belonging to Hobart and Larry Hagood. The shop, shown in the photo below, was originally located in Persia, TN.
Hobart Hagood became a rural mail carrier in the early 1900s. The rigors of his long, daily deliveries made it necessary for him to repair and replace his own leather harnesses. Soon he began to repair and make harnesses and saddles for his neighbors and became a master leather craftsman. Hobart made leather goods for the Amish in Pennsylvania, for the pleasure horses of Florida, and for the mining mules and ponies of Kentucky and Virginia. When Hobart passed away in 1961, his youngest son, Larry, who was also a rural mail carrier, took over the leather business. Larry retired in 1984 and sold the building and tools to John Rice Irwin in 1991.
Paul was struck by the creativity and tenacity of the people. Most of what they had, they made themselves. There were troughs used for curing and storing meat that were made from huge, hollowed-out logs. There were carvings of people, animals, and miniature tools that were very intricate. There was also a large collection of musical instruments. Some were factory-made, but many were made locally by hand. Some of these were crude, but many were surprisingly sophisticated. There were fiddles, guitars, banjos, mandolins, and dulcimers. In the photo below, you can see examples of some of the banjos. Notice the ham can banjo on the wall near the center of the photo and the hub cap banjo below it and to the left. There are rectangular and octagonal banjos at the upper left.
John Rice Irwin also has a collection of authentic log cabins, barns, and other out buildings on the grounds as well as a school and a chapel. The photo below shows the house that was built by Nathaniel Peters in the nearby village of Lutrell about 1840. His oldest daughter, Cordelia, was born here and raised her nine children in this house where she died at age 87.
The little shack in the photo below belonged to Tom Cassidy, who was a friend of John Rice Irwin. Tom died in 1989 and John acquired the cabin from Tom's last surviving brother, 88-year old Harve, and moved it to the museum grounds in 2007.
The photo below shows the interior of Tom Cassidy's one-room cabin. After over a year in the motor home with its 300 sq. ft. of living space, we weren't as appalled by the size of this cabin as we might have been were we still in our stick house.
Another interesting story is that of Harrison Mayes. Young Harrison Mayes was a coal miner when he was injured in a mining accident in 1918 near the Tennesee/Kentucky line and was not expected to live. Harrison asked the Lord to pull him through promising Him he would be a faithful servant the rest of his life. Harrison did survive and soon found preaching was not his calling. While continuing to work at the mines, one day Harrison had an inspiration to paint "Sin Not" on the side of his black hog. The old sow ran loose in the coal camp and when everyone quickly became aware of Harrison's message, he knew he had found his calling.
Harrison began painting similar messages on trees, rocks, barns, and coal cars bound for distant towns. When he became concerned about permanency, he hit on the idea of making concrete signs. Harrison Mayes never depended on donations, but he continued to work in the mines and even worked extra shifts so he could afford to make the signs and hire trucks and drivers (he never learned to drive) to deliver and erect the signs. He started in east Tennessee and eventually had signs in as many as 44 states and several foreign countries. Before modern highways and interstates were built, these signs were common sights along the roads of America.
In addition to cabins, a corn crib, barns, and numerous shops, mills, and other out buildings belonging to ordinary folks, the museum has the cabin that belonged to the family of Samuel Clemens (Mark Twain). Again, we were fascinated to pick up a thread of history from an area we previously visited. We saw Samuel Clemens home in Hannibal, MO earlier this year, now we ran across the cabin that belonged to his parents when they lived in 'Possum Trot, TN. Samuel was born 5 months after his parents left Tennessee in 1835.
There are lots of additional interesting photos (especially the Ukuweewee Banjo) and information on the Museum of Appalachia in Photo Album 025: Smokies and Knoxville.
The little town of Rugby, TN lies a about an hour's drive northwest of Raccoon Valley where we were staying. Rugby is a restored Victorian village that was founded in 1880 by British author and social reformer, Thomas Hughes. Rugby was intended to be a Utopia of sorts, incorporating English culture and customs into a class-less American cooperative society.
In England, upper class families left the family estate and wealth to the first-born son. Siblings were given either a lump-sum amount from the estate or a trust was established on their behalf. In the 1870s, there was an economic recession in Britain and many of the younger sons exhausted their allotted funds and their trusts ran out of money. Hughes felt it would be beneficial for these young men to begin anew, working hard at agricultural pursuits in America.
Because of the English heritage, Rugby stands in stark contrast to the rough hewn log buildings found elsewhere in Appalachia. The photo below shows Kingstone Lisle, home of Rugby founder Thomas Hughes. Hughes' home was a little larger than most in Rugby, but it typical of the style.
This view below of the parlor of Hughes' home shows a grand piano, which is originally from Rugby and is similar to the one owned by Hughes.
The photo below shows Thomas Hughes' desk in Kingstone Lisle.
Rugby had a public library which opened in 1882 and which is shown in the photo below.
The library is virtually unchanged since it opened and its collection of 7,000 books is intact. It is the oldest public library with its original collection.
Christ Church Episcopal has been used continuously for worship since it first opened in 1887. Its early furnishings, light fixtures, and organ are still used during weekly services.
At its peak, Rugby had about 350 residents and over 70 buildings. It only flourished for about 10 years, and some say the decline began with the fire that destroyed its popular Tabard Inn in 1884. A number of other things contributed to the decline of Rugby including the fact that it was managed from far-away England and that Thomas Hughes probably initially paid too much for the land. By 1900, most of the original inhabitants had left, but Rugby was never abandoned. Several residents, some of them children of the original settlers, remained and struggled to keep Rugby's heritage alive.
In 1966, the non-profit organization of Historic Rugby was formed and began restoration and preservation of Rugby. Over 65,000 people visit Rugby each year. There is even a small, modern housing development adjacent to Historic Rugby that has newly-built Victorian-style homes.
We enjoyed lunch at the Harrow Road Cafe, named after the first Rugby Restaurant. Featured were English specialities such as shepherd's pie and Welsh Rarebit and the famous Harrow Road spoon rolls. Prices were moderate...sandwiches under $5 and lunch specials between $5 and 10. Homemade desserts sounded delicious, but alas we were full.
We had a very nice time in eastern Tennessee. We enjoyed the slower pace, watching the leaves turn, and learning more about the hard-working pioneer people who carved an existence out of what was then wilderness. There's more to see but the night temps are going to the mid-30's with morning frost. It's time to head outta here. :) We're not the only ones! One night in the 30s and 10 sites emptied out the next day! From here, we travel to Myrtle Beach for a week at the ocean and then SOUTH.


Meet the Maker: Joe Tappe and John Fragakis of Broad Branch Distillery are in the Test Pattern Studios to talk about the distillery's history, it's future and why they got into distilling. We taste several of Broad Branch's yummy spirits and experiment with dilution. Lots of fun to be had and great libations.
1.25 oz homemade sour mix (simple syrup & lemon)Top with Winston-Salem made Legendary Sunshine.


Written April 18, 2019 — Community Life | Events | Resident News.
Written September 17, 2018 — Community Life | Resident News.
Written July 12, 2018 — Community Engagement | Community Life | Events | Resident News.
Written December 18, 2017 — Community Life | Community Partners | Resident News.
Written October 3, 2017 — Community Engagement | Community Life | Community Partners | Events | Resident News.


text:
#ifndef ACHIEVEMENT_H
#define ACHIEVEMENT_H

#include <QString>

class QJsonObject;

/**
 * @ingroup Engine
 * @brief Representation of a Google Play Games Services achievement.
 *
 * This class represents the current state of an application-defined achievement and provides
 * mechanisms for altering this state (e.g. unlocking, revealing, incrementing, etc.). Additionally,
 * this class provides ways of storing this achievement state locally and syncing that state to
 * the cloud on Android devices.
 * @note This class uses all the fire-and-forget, non-blocking forms of the Google Play Games
 * Services API where the status / time of completion of the operations are not immediately known.
 * @see https://developer.android.com/reference/com/google/android/gms/games/achievement/Achievements.html
 */
class Achievement {
public:
    /**
     * @brief Category of achievement.
     *
     * Achievements become bound to an AchievementType through actions performed on the achievement.
     * Once an achievement has been bound to a certain AchievementType, future actions on the
     * achievement are limited, with certain actions becoming undefined operations. For example, an
     * achievement becomes AchievementType::INCREMENTAL after a call to increment(), at which time
     * actions reserved for AchievementType::REGULAR achievements (e.g. unlock()) are no longer
     * defined or allowed.
     * @note The syncing of achievement data is one-directional (i.e. from local to cloud). This
     * means that: (1) local achievement data may not be fully comprehensive of all achievement
     * data currently represented in the cloud through AndroidActivity::showAchievements() and
     * (2) incremental achievements have no ability to be unlocked "offline", as the pre-defined
     * number of total progress steps is unknown.
     */
    enum AchievementType{
        /**
         * @brief No actions (i.e. increment()) have been performed on the achievement allowing its
         * type to be distinguished.
         */
        UNKNOWN = 0,
        /**
         * @brief Standard achievement that has binary state (i.e. "locked" vs. "unlocked").
         */
        REGULAR,
        /**
         * @brief Achievement whose progress advances incrementally and becomes "unlocked" after a
         * certain number of pre-defined steps.
         */
        INCREMENTAL,
    };

    /**
     * @brief Constructs an achievement with the specified resource name.
     * @param name Android resource name that can be used to locate the achievement id
     */
    Achievement(const QString& name);
    /**
     * @brief Constructs an achievement from serialized JSON data.
     * @param json Serialized JSON representation of an achievement to load
     */
    Achievement(const QJsonObject& json);

    /**
     * @brief Merges @c this with another set of achievement data.
     * @param achievement Achievement whose state to merge
     */
    void merge(const Achievement& achievement);
    /**
     * @brief Returns the name of the Achievement.
     */
    const QString& getName() const { return mName; }
    /**
     * @brief Returns the type of the Achievement.
     */
    AchievementType getAchievementType() const;
    /**
     * @brief Returns whether or not the Achievement has been revealed through reveal().
     * @note Due to one-directional syncing of achievement data, this method returning @c false does
     * not guarantee the achievement in question is a "hidden" achievement -- merely that there was
     * no action actively made to reveal it with reveal().
     */
    bool hasBeenRevealed() const { return mHasBeenRevealed; }
    /**
     * @brief Returns whether or not the Achievement has been unlocked through unlock().
     */
    bool hasBeenUnlocked() const { return mHasBeenUnlocked; }
    /**
     * @brief Returns the number of progress steps minimally set for the incremental Achievement
     * through setSteps().
     * @note This is separate from the current number of progress steps which is unavailable.
     */
    int getMinStepsSet() const { return mMinStepsSet; }
    /**
     * @brief Returns the number of progress steps incremented for the incremental Achievement
     * through increment().
     * @note This is separate from the current number of progress steps which is unavailable.
     */
    int getStepsIncremented() const { return mStepsIncremented; }

    /**
     * @brief Returns the Achievement serialized as a JSON object.
     */
    QJsonObject toJsonObject() const;

    /**
     * @brief Unlocks the achievement.
     * @param immediately Whether or not the achievement will be unlocked directly in the cloud
     */
    void unlock(bool immediately);
    /**
     * @brief Reveals the achievement.
     * @param immediately Whether or not the achievement will be revealed directly in the cloud
     */
    void reveal(bool immediately);
    /**
     * @brief Increments the incremental achievement.
     * @param numSteps Number of steps to increment the achievement
     * @param immediately Whether or not the achievement will be incremented directly in the cloud
     */
    void increment(int numSteps, bool immediately);
    /**
     * @brief Sets the incremental achievement to minimally have @p numSteps.
     * @param numSteps Minimum number of steps to set the progress of the achievement to
     * @param immediately Whether or not the achievement steps will be set directly in the cloud
     */
    void setSteps(int numSteps, bool immediately);

    /**
     * @brief Saves any buffered achievement actions (i.e. state changed for which @c immediately
     * was @c false) to the cloud.
     * @returns Whether or not the cloud sync successful for all buffered actions
     */
    bool saveToCloud();

private:
    bool cloudUnlock();
    bool cloudReveal();
    bool cloudIncrement(int numSteps);
    bool cloudSetSteps(int numSteps);

    QString mName;
    bool mHasBeenRevealed = false;
    bool mRevealIsDirty = false;
    bool mHasBeenUnlocked = false;
    bool mUnlockIsDirty = false;
    int mMinStepsSet = 0;
    bool mMinStepsDirty = false;
    int mStepsIncremented = 0;
    int mStepsIncrementedDirtiness = 0;
};

#endif // ACHIEVEMENT_H

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


Owner parks caravan on rental market – Business – NZ Herald News.
Shocking caravan tow sparks fireworks – Northern Advocate – Northern Advocate News.
Caravan new, just not brand new | Stuff.co.nz.
Stolen $56,000 caravan found – national | Stuff.co.nz.


text:
House passes two-year budget deal to lift spending, suspend debt ceiling
President Trump stops to talk to reporters on the South Lawn at the White House on Wednesday, July 24, 2019 (Jabin Botsford/The Washington Post)
Erica Werner and
Congressional reporter focusing on economic policy
Damian Paletta
Reporter covering economic policy
July 25, 2019 at 7:58 PM EDT
The House passed a sweeping two-year budget deal Thursday that increases spending for military and domestic programs and suspends the debt ceiling through mid-2021, sending the White House-backed legislation to the Senate.
A large majority of Democrats voted for the legislation, while a majority of Republicans opposed it despite appeals from President Trump to support the bill.
The 284-149 vote was one of the last acts by the House before lawmakers leave Washington for a six-week summer recess. The Senate is expected to act on the bill next week and send it to Trump for his signature before senators, too, abandon the Capitol for the summer.
Supporters called the legislation a signal product of divided government, a compromise with something for everyone to love or hate. Democrats touted increases in domestic spending; Republicans pointed to growth in the Pentagon budget.
And lawmakers in both parties applauded the deal for ratcheting down the budget brinkmanship that characterized the first years of the Trump administration and led to the nation's longest government shutdown over 35 days this past winter. Facing warnings that the Treasury Department could run out of money to pay its bills as early as September, lawmakers voted to suspend the nation's borrowing limit until July 31, 2021, removing the threat of a catastrophic, first-ever default.
"Every now and then you need to sit down and put what's good for the American people first," said Rep. Tom Cole (R-Okla.). "We all know that a catastrophic debt- ceiling crisis and default, what that would do to our economy, how many people that would put out of work. . . . These are huge, huge wins."
But conservative Republicans expressed opposition to the deal because it increases spending by $320 billion over existing law and suspends the debt ceiling without doing anything to rein in the spiraling deficit and debt.
Many of these lawmakers were unmoved by Trump's support for the deal, even after he wrote on Twitter ahead of the vote: "House Republicans should support the TWO YEAR BUDGET AGREEMENT which greatly helps our Military and our Vets. I am totally with you!"
Trump also held a conference call with several dozen fence-sitting House Republicans on Thursday to urge them to back the legislation. But even some close Trump allies shrugged off the president's views, especially as it became evident the legislation was going to pass with or without their votes.
"We don't believe we should bankrupt America," said House Freedom Caucus Chairman Mark Meadows (R-N.C.). "We have a difference of opinion on this particular issue, one that's not going to change." Unlike in some past budget battles, where Meadows and other conservatives lobbied Trump until the end to oppose bipartisan compromise, Meadows said that after making his views known, he had not tried to change the president's mind.
Trump announces support for two-year bipartisan budget deal that boosts spending, suspends debt limit
Support from Democrats was overwhelming, despite some early concerns that liberals might defect over Pentagon spending in the bill, or a side agreement to limit controversial policy provisions on issues such as Trump's border wall.
"It's not a perfect deal by any means," the Congressional Progressive Caucus said in a statement. "However, it will allow for major, long-overdue investments in domestic priorities — including housing assistance, food aid, education and job training."
The deal was supported by 219 Democrats and 65 Republicans, while 16 Democrats, 132 Republicans and one independent voted "no."
Immediately following passage of the legislation, conservative Rep. Thomas Massie (R-Ky.) used a procedural maneuver to force a vote on changing the title of the bill from the "Bipartisan Budget Act of 2019" to "A bill to kick the can down the road, and for other purposes." His effort was defeated 384-47.
Senate Majority Leader Mitch McConnell (R-Ky.) said that by increasing Pentagon spending, the deal "achieves the No. 1 goal of the Republican side of the aisle, providing for the common defense." He said he expects the Senate to pass the legislation next week with bipartisan support.
Analysis: Trump's 2020 budget: The top 10 takeaways
The deal does not eliminate the threat of a government shutdown when federal spending runs out Oct. 1, because Congress still has to pass individual spending bills to fund federal agencies. But by setting top-line spending numbers, the deal makes it easier for lawmakers to agree on those bills. And by suspending the debt limit through July 31, 2021, well past the presidential election, the deal eliminates chances of a catastrophic default amid warnings that Treasury could run out of money to pay its bills as early as September.
The deal increases total discretionary spending from $1.32 trillion in the current fiscal year to $1.37 trillion in fiscal 2020 and $1.375 trillion the year after that. Discretionary spending is the money controlled by Congress and does not count programs such as Social Security and Medicare.
The deal was largely negotiated between House Speaker Nancy Pelosi (D-Calif.) and Treasury Secretary Steven Mnuchin. It marks the last gasps of the 2011 Budget Control Act, which sought to put strict controls on federal spending. Instead, Congress came together every two years to overrule the law's spending caps and increase Pentagon and domestic budgets. The law will expire after this final deal. Republicans say that the Budget Control Act had the benefit of putting some constraints on spending, but many Democrats are delighted to see it go.
The government is expected to spend $4.4 trillion this year, but bring in much less revenue. The gap of roughly $1 trillion is known as the deficit, and the government must borrow money to cover this difference by issuing debt.
The deficit and the debt have risen markedly during the Trump administration, a major pivot from GOP demands during the Obama administration that the deficit should be eliminated. Trump has said the tax cuts and spending increases he has pursued were necessary to juice economic growth, but the economy appears to be slowing, raising questions about the effectiveness of his approach. And critics have alleged that the rosy economic outlook White House officials promised will not be sustainable, leaving the government with mounting debt and higher costs.
The negotiation between Pelosi and Mnuchin could represent a new blueprint for Washington budget talks, as the treasury secretary brought a more pragmatic approach to the discussions than some other officials had wanted.
Some White House officials, particularly acting chief of staff Mick Mulvaney and acting budget director Russell Vought, had advocated for tougher measures to try to cut spending, but did not prevail. Mnuchin was focused on raising the debt ceiling and a drama-free process that he hoped would not damage the economy, and he persuaded Trump to back the bill.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
namespace YAF.Types.Objects;

using System.Collections.Generic;

/// <summary>
/// The Select Paged Group Options Class
/// </summary>
public class SelectPagedGroupOptions
{
    /// <summary>
    /// Gets or sets the total.
    /// </summary>
    /// <value>
    /// The total.
    /// </value>
    public int Total { get; set; }

    /// <summary>
    /// Gets or sets the results.
    /// </summary>
    /// <value>
    /// The results.
    /// </value>
    public List<SelectGroup> Results { get; set; }
}


Lapland University of Applied Sciences offers on-line Master Programme of International Business Management that aims to give students multidisciplinary, multicultural and multi-lingual know-how especially in management sector.
Life as an exchange student is full of surprises, discoveries and new opportunities. The following story is about International Dinner Party written by Terézia Mináková and Chris Dernoncourt.
Creative Steps 2.0 (CS) concept matches emerging creative talent with existing businesses.
Every year in December students and staff members in Tornio unit come together to celebrate the Arctic Cultural Evening. This year Rovaniemi students were involved as well.
The amount of simulation teaching has increased in the field of health care, and several simulation centres have been opened in Finland. This has highlighted the need to harmonise simulation training practices and make simulation teaching visible in other ways as well.


text:
Earnings Review and Free Research Report: Apollo Investment's Q1 Top-line Outperformed Market Expectations
ACCESSWIRE August 25, 2017
Research Desk Line-up: Jupai Post Earnings Coverage
LONDON, UK / ACCESSWIRE / August 25, 2017 / Pro-Trader Daily has just published a free post-earnings coverage on Apollo Investment Corp. (NASDAQ: AINV), which can be viewed by registering at http://protraderdaily.com/optin/?symbol=AINV, following the Company's release of its financial results on August 04, 2017, for the first quarter of the fiscal year 2018 (Q1 FY18). The New York-based Company posted quarterly diluted earnings per share (EPS) versus diluted loss per share in the year ago comparable quarter. Our daily stock reports are accessible for free, and with those to look forward today you also will be signing up for a complimentary member's account at:
http://protraderdaily.com/register/
Get more of our free earnings reports coverage from other constituents of the Asset Management industry. Pro-TD has currently selected Jupai Holdings Limited (NYSE: JP) for due-diligence and potential coverage as the Company announced on August 16, 2017, its unaudited financial results for Q2 2017 which ended on June 30, 2017. Register for a free membership today, and be among the early birds that get access to our report on Jupai when we publish it.
At Pro-TD, we make it our mission to bring you news that matter about the stock you follow. Today, our research desk covers a blog story on AINV; also brushing on JP. With the links below you can directly download the report of your stock of interest free of charge at:
http://protraderdaily.com/optin/?symbol=AINV
http://protraderdaily.com/optin/?symbol=JP
Earnings Reviewed
In Q1 FY18, Apollo Investment's quarterly total investment income was $66.71 million, which came in lower than $76.47 million reported in the year ago same quarter. However, total investment income numbers topped Wall Street's estimates of $66.07 million for the reported quarter.
For the quarter ended June 30, 2017, the Company reported net investment income of $33.32 million, or $0.15 per share, compared to $36.06 million, or $0.16 per share, in Q1 FY17. The Company's net investment income met market consensus estimates of $0.15 per share. Meanwhile, the Company posted earnings of $0.13 per diluted share in Q1 FY18 compared to loss of $0.19 per diluted share in the prior year's corresponding quarter.
The Company's net asset value stood at $6.73 per share as on June 30, 2017, compared to $6.90 per share as on June 30, 2016. At the close of the reported quarter, weighted average yield on total debt portfolio stood at 10.3% compared to 11.0% as on June 30, 2016. Additionally, the Company's net increase in net assets resulting from operations was $28.78 million in Q1 FY18 versus a net decrease in net assets resulting from operations of $42.09 million in the last year's comparable period.
Portfolio Standings and Liquidity
At the end of Q1 FY18, the Company's portfolio consisted 77% of secured debt; 7% of unsecured debt; 6% of structured products and other; 1% of preferred equity; and the remaining 9% in the form of common equity/interests and warrants. The Company's net investment activity before repaid investments was $332.1 million in Q1 FY18 compared to a negative net investment activity before repaid investments of $23.3 million in Q1 FY17. Furthermore, net investment activity for the reported quarter was $90.1 million versus negative net investment activity of $216.7 million in the prior year's comparable period.
Apollo Investment's total assets were $2.49 billion as on June 30, 2017, compared to $2.41 billion as on March 31, 2017. The Company's fair value of the investment portfolio was $2.42 billion as on June 30, 2017, versus $2.62 billion as on June 30, 2016.
As of June 30, 2017, Apollo Investment's cash and cash equivalents balance was $29.85 million, up from $9.78 million as on March 31, 2017. The Company's debt also increased to $920.67 million as on June 30, 2017, from $848.45 million as on March 31, 2017. Furthermore, the Company's debt-to-equity ratio was 0.62x as on June 30, 2017, compared to 0.57x as on March 31, 2017, while the Company's net leverage ratio was 0.62x as on June 30, 2017, compared to 0.55x as on June 30, 2016.
Dividend and Share Repurchase
On August 03, 2017, Apollo Investment's Board of Directors declared a dividend distribution of $0.15 per share, payable on October 05, 2017, to shareholders of record as of September 21, 2017.
At the closing bell, on Thursday, August 24, 2017, Apollo Investment's stock slipped 1.14%, ending the trading session at $6.09. A total volume of 1.01 million shares have exchanged hands, which was higher than the 3-month average volume of 659.29 thousand shares. The Company's stock price gained 3.92% since the start of the year. The stock is trading at a PE ratio of 15.11 and has a dividend yield of 9.85%. The stock currently has a market cap of $1.36 billion.
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