text:
Ingrid Rojas Contreras, Author
Photo Credit: Jeremiah Barber
With her debut novel, Fruit of The Drunken Tree, Ingrid Rojas Contreras turns the classic immigrant story on its head, writing not about a new immigrant's struggles in her adopted homeland, but rather how this immigrant was driven from her country of birth in the first place. What is often "backstory" becomes the story. In this case, a coming-of-age tale set in a world of fear, violence, divided loyalties, and economic inequality. The stunning Fruit of The Drunken Tree tells the story of two girls—one privileged, one not—growing up in Bogota, Columbia, in the late eighties and early nineties amid narco-terror, political assassinations, guerrilla kidnapping, and paramilitary lawlessness. Fruit of The Drunken Tree was an editor's choice selection in The New York Times, a Discover Great New Writers selection by Barnes and Noble, and winner of the California Book Award's Silver Pen. Ingrid Rojas Contreras is also a short story writer and an accomplished and provocative essayist who has been published in The New York Times Magazine, Buzzfeed, Nylon, The Believer, and Guernica, among others. I was captivated by her seminar at Antioch's MFA June residency, "Structure as Architecture," and haven't stopped thinking about the visual shape of any given piece of writing since.
In October 2019, Ingrid was kind enough to speak to me by phone about her novel, her process, her teaching, and what she's working on now.
Liz Netto: I loved this book so much, so let's get right to it. How did you do it? Did you know what was going to happen before you started? Did you start with just the characters or the time period? Take us back to the very beginning of Fruit of the Drunken Tree.
Ingrid Rojas Contreras: It all started as an essay. So the novel is autobiographical and my very first impulse was to tell the true story. But what ended up happening pretty quickly is that there were maybe emotions that I hadn't looked at or could not look at, at the time. I could not get beyond the first page of telling the story. I remember putting it aside and moving on to other things that I was writing but it was that thing where a story nags at you, and I just felt it kind of hovering over my shoulder. So I went back into the original essay that I had tried to write and then I just changed all the names. There was something that was so liberating about that act that it kind of launched me into the very first draft of the story, what I believed at the time would be a short story.
LN: Oh, that is so wild. I wouldn't have guessed the novel began as a personal essay first of all and then morphed into a short story and then…
IRC: Yeah, to my dismay, when I got to the end of it as a short story, I knew that the story wasn't over. So, for a while I just kept writing what I called short stories. I was like, maybe it's just like a novella. Like I was slowly trying to come to accept that I was writing a novel, but it took awhile. I was in denial for a long time.
"I felt like having compassion for those who join armed groups is something a child could do naturally. It's interesting because I feel like coming to empathy is something that adults have a really hard time arriving at but it's something a child does naturally."
LN: Were you afraid of a novel and just how big it was, or what was it that held you back?
IRC: Yes, I think it was how big it was and also the time commitment, which, at the time, I had no idea what it would be but I knew it would be a lot. It ended up being seven years for me. It's hard to say, "Okay, now I am going to spend the next seven years of my life doing this one thing." I think it's natural to react with terror when you realize that you're writing a novel.
LN: As you've said, much of Fruit of The Drunken Tree is autobiographical, indeed began as a personal essay. What was it about growing up in Columbia that you wanted to convey?
IRC: At the time I was a new immigrant to the United States, and every day I was confronted with how different my understanding of life was because of how I grew up. I just found myself gravitating around that. Just how different it is for someone who grew up in the United States to have a childhood. Maybe that is in a city or in the suburbs, and things may be terrible or difficult, but you're not waking up and looking at the news and being afraid of car bombs or things like that in the same way. I think I really wanted to put myself in the mind of remembering what it was to be a child, to form your first understanding of the world and what that kind of childhood produced. I think that was the initial thing that I was reacting to in writing the essay.
LN: I loved how the book is so frank in many ways and so inquisitive, too. And it's really broad and generous, but also specific. I guess I was curious if you ever felt any pressure, self-imposed or by others, as you were drafting, to tell a different kind of story. One, perhaps, that was less nuanced, or one that took one angle of Columbia's problems at the time—kidnapping, drug trafficking, income disparity, you name it—and just pulled at one thread.
IRC: Yeah, actually, it came up a lot when I was writing and in showing some of the draft to friends or to faculty that I had at my MFA program. The comment that I got a lot was, "How are you going to sell it if this is a story that takes place mostly in another country?" There was… I think that maybe the desire that I was kind of hearing from the people that I was showing the work to back then was that they wanted me to write kind of a classic immigrant story. So someone arrives and the story is they arrive and then what happens?
LN: But you stuck to your vision and decided not to tell the classic immigrant story that begins with the arrival to the new country.
IRC: I was just very resistant to that idea because I was surrounded by so many immigrants at the time, and I was in so many immigrant communities, people that had just arrived and people that had been here for a long time. And when we were amongst ourselves talking about our experiences, we didn't talk about what is our life now, or what do we dream our lives to be and what do we want to make of them. It was either some of us wanting to tell how we had arrived here [or] what brought us here and like what went wrong in our lives. And then there were people who did not want to have that conversation at all. I found that to be just more interesting than the question, what do you do once you get here?
LN: Have you gotten feedback from immigrants that's been positive, like, "Oh my gosh, I'm so glad you told the story of home."
IRC: Yeah. I have received a lot of correspondence, or even after readings, some immigrants will come up to me. And then there's always immigrants who have read the book, they tell me what kind of immigrant they are. They will say like, "Oh, I'm one of the people that will never look back." Or they will be like, "Oh yeah, I'm one of the immigrants that is kind of like living in the past."
LN: Interesting.
IRC: Yeah. It's been really amazing. I've also heard from a lot of Colombians who were born here, but their parents migrated, and they don't speak about the reasons why they left the country. There was one Colombian that told me, "Yeah, my parents will never talk about what happened and they will never tell me what went wrong. But reading your book was an answer, a kind of answer. Like I can imagine what happens."
"I think for me, the shape of a story is not just what is the book doing, but it also has to provide some meaning or it has to further some meaning of the story itself, what the themes of the story, or what the story is really about."
LN: Oh, that's intense. The book weaves political and historical events of Columbia into the narrative, you show so clearly how the violence and the upheaval affect the lives of everyone in the nation—innocent people getting caught in between the cartels and the guerrillas and the paramilitary, and people forced to make impossible choices or just made victims for being in the wrong place at the wrong time. Some of this you knew firsthand and then you must've also done a lot of research, too. Could you tell me a bit about balancing the two or what those two different paths were like?
IRC: Yeah, I did a lot of research. I was very aware that I knew some things really well and that I didn't know some other things as well. I knew what it was like to be afraid of car bombs; I knew [the] desperation of losing your home. I knew these things, but I didn't know the kind of violence that the character Petrona lives through.
My dad's family was displaced, so I kind of had seen what that was like. And then my mother's family lived in a spot that, through the years, was contested or fought over between guerrillas and paramilitaries. And sometimes there would be a presence of one or the other, so I kind of saw what that was like too. But I read a lot of oral histories of internally displaced people. And I also did interviews. The thing that I knew for sure was that I probably had some bias and I was sure that it had to do with just the kind of information that I received, which is, I think if you're Columbian, then whatever side you're on, the other side are bad people. I knew for a fact that that was just not reality. For example, I really wanted to know why, what would bring you to the decision to join an armed group? I didn't have an answer for that, so I talked to a bunch of former guerrilla members and then the answers that I got were so surprising to me.
LN: Such as?
IRC: Sometimes being in the guerrillas was part of family vocation. A father had served in the guerrillas, so it meant the son would also. Other times it was a political decision, motivated by such things like inequality or the false positives in Colombia—which is when innocent people are killed by the state and are passed off as guerrilla members. Other times, there was an inherited duty to avenge a death in the family. Sons fought against the state—not because they believed in communism—but because the state had killed their fathers. In time, their own sons would also join in order to avenge the deaths. It's a violence that is passed down. I felt like having compassion for those who join armed groups is something a child could do naturally. It's interesting because I feel like coming to empathy is something that adults have a really hard time arriving at but it's something a child does naturally.
LN: Bringing us back to the children in the novel, it seems like Chula and Cassandra mirror some of your own upbringing with the life of privilege in Bogota, but with grandparents still in the countryside. When you went about writing the character of Petrona, was there some trepidation about writing a character from a different experience and socioeconomic background than as yourself?
IRC: No, I did all my research. I spent years reading books and interviewing people. I got to the point where I… There's a certain point where you get inside the head of your character. After I did all the work of arriving there, I wasn't nervous about it.
"I think it's important to remember not everyone needs to sound the same. We did not all come from the same place. Our people don't tell the stories the same way. It's beautiful to honor however people tell stories in your corner of the world."
LN: Right. Were there any choices that Petrona made that surprised you? You know how you can be writing a character and you think you know what's going to happen or what they're going to do because, after all, you're the writer, but sometimes they decide to go a different direction?
IRC: Yes. I actually don't make any plans when I'm writing. I was surprised by my characters a lot. In writing the novel, I would just always show up, not sure what was going to happen next. I didn't know where we would end up. They were both surprising to me. Both Chula and Petrona were always doing things that I either didn't want them to do or I felt like they were putting themselves in danger by doing it, but there was nothing I could do to stop them. Yes, I'm a writer who really enjoys the journey of discovery, so I don't really do plotting.
LN: Got you, which is a perfect segue into the next question. I was lucky enough to attend your seminar on Structure as Architecture this past June. For those who weren't, can you tell us a little bit about your own process with unlocking the structure of the Fruit of the Drunken Tree?
IRC: Yes. I like to think a lot about shapes and what shapes a story has. It's something that I do actively whether I'm reading a book, hearing a story, or even hearing a joke. I'm always trying to visualize it. I think for me, the shape of a story is not just what is the book doing, but it also has to provide some meaning or it has to further some meaning of the story itself, what the themes of the story are, or what the story is really about. For me, it just requires a lot of thinking.
For a long time, I was writing the story but I didn't know what shape I was trying to make. I think when I got maybe on the third or fourth full draft, it occurred to me that the book is about two girls who are seeing each other and they are living in different worlds. By the end of the book, they transgress and kind of change places a little bit. I started to wonder what shape that is, what shape does that portray? I decided that it was a mirror. I was thinking of these two characters as if they each lived in one side of the mirror. There were these two girls who were gazing at each other, very interested in each other. At the same time, there's a lot of projection happening for each of them so that they can't fully actually see each other well. There comes a point where circumstance makes them switch places and they trade places. One character becomes more like the other, and the other becomes more like the one. Once I knew that, then I went in. I structurally made the book behave more like a mirror. The beginning chapters and ending chapters mirror each other, but they're opposite of each other. It was really fun to finally come to the shape and then to craft the book in that way.
LN: Oh my god. That sounds like heaven. I'm deep in my second draft right now and very confused and bogged down as to how to give the story shape. I keep trying new things.
IRC: You'll get there.
LN: Thank you. In the seminar, you cited Gabriel Garcia Marquez's opening of One Hundred Years of Solitude, telling the end of the book at the beginning, remarking that, his genius aside, this "unorthodox" opening to many readers raised in the traditional European canon, is actually how most Colombians tell stories. I just haven't stopped thinking about it. I've just been noting how different friends of mine frame their stories. You know, how some do start at the end, which is actually a great way to get your attention. Some tease of detail in the middle or start at the beginning. This is just like the fender bender that they just had or the fight with a husband. But we can talk big stories too. Can you talk more about how different individuals, groups, or cultures tell stories differently? I thought it was great in your seminar, just in terms of structure, how you were like, "We don't all need to be locked into the traditional hero's journey, three act, rising arc structure."
IRC: Yes. I also want to make storytelling more friendly [to] minorities identity students. I think that a lot of the times, we do fall back on this is how a story must be told. Sometimes, you will receive that feedback. I think it's important to remember not everyone needs to sound the same. We did not all come from the same place. Our people don't tell the stories the same way. It's beautiful to honor however people tell stories in your corner of the world. I tend to think that the voice of a story will probably be stronger if you are faithful to that internal compass of how a story should be told. People have different styles and cultures also have different styles. I'm not really proposing that you should research other cultures, then pillage how they tell stories. It's more about how you should be in tune with how your people tell stories. Then, notice what those storytelling decisions are. Just adding that to your repertoire, in your discovery of voice. How do you want to apply that or use that?
LN: Great advice. What are you writing now?
IRC: Right now, I am working on a memoir, which is very different. It's really refreshing and really fun to be working in a genre that I haven't really done before.
LN: Is it a family memoir or is it a strictly personal, "you" memoir?
IRC: Mine is a family memoir. It's three generations; so it's my grandfather, my mother, and me. There's a lot of repeating stories within that. The first part of that story or the thing that sets everything off is that my grandfather was a curandero or faith healer. People said that he could move clouds. It all starts there. It's a story about inheritance, what gets passed down, and what doesn't.
LN: That sounds amazing. Have you made trips back recently to Colombia?
IRC: Yes. I go back every two years. I've actually been doing research. With memoir, it's weird because it's your life, so it's not really research. Some of the events in the memoir happened in 2008 to 2012. I have been thinking about this story and how it could work for a while. Writing is going very quickly because of that. It's just because the story has been in the back of my mind for many years.
"…every book is going to be its own puzzle, and every book is going to throw you in its own specific way. And the kind of process that you will go through is always going to be difficult. But that kind of a journey and the problem-solving that you can do on your toes, that's also creativity. "
LN: Can you say a little bit about your writing process? Obviously, it may differ from piece to piece, but do you have a certain time of day you write best or any pre-writing rituals?
IRC: Yeah, I usually either write in the morning after waking up or at night after the day is over. And I think for me, I have to be in a place where I'm not thinking about the world as much. So when I just woke up and I haven't heard the news or haven't had any kind of conversation with anyone, then it's easier for me to write at that time. My mind is also sharpest in the morning. I always try to leave those hours untouched so that I can put those writing hours in. Right now, I'm teaching a class at three p.m., which is perfect because then I can wake up, have a morning writing session, go teach, go for a run or swim or something, and then I'm ready to have another session that night. I usually try to, if I can, write twice a day.
LN: You've brought up the importance of writing before reading the news but let's segue a little bit to the news and current affairs. I read your essay, "The Field: An Immigrant Surveils the State," in The Believer. It's incredibly powerful. And I was just wondering, the hostility against immigrants right now as we know, stoked by the president of the United States, is just setting a horrific tone and having horrific consequences. I wanted to ask, what does it feel like as an immigrant yourself? And does it give you a certain urgency as a writer?
IRC: I think it does. I feel both an urgency as a writer and also as a facilitator of stories, of language, to help advance the language that we have for what life is right now. I also feel urgency to try to help with the community as much as I can. And I know that when you're going through such distress about what is happening and what may happen, it's really important to put language to those things, if at all possible. But I know that it's also very difficult to talk about things as they're happening. That's why I wanted to work with immigrant youth. And I did a lot of workshops where I was facilitating exactly that kind of thing, just writing essays and poems and short stories and making art pieces. Leading young students to do that was really important to me because I wanted them to have some kind of agency.
LN: Yes, tools and agency.
IRC: You know, when you're constantly losing power and the protections around who you are and where your family is and all those kinds of things… If these young people are getting stressed, then putting language to that gives them agency where they don't have a lot.
LN: You're also teaching right now at St. Mary's college. How do you find teaching impacts your writing?
IRC: I love teaching. It just feels like such a blessing to be able to look at works of literature so closely. And I think when you break them down for somebody else, you also come to a deeper understanding of them yourself. It's also just such an immense privilege to read the work of writers that are just emerging and seeing the work develop. And then, you know, sometimes you give them the right piece of advice or you say things in the right way and you see a door open for them? That's always such a joy. So, I don't know, I'm a very service-oriented person, so that kind of thing just… I don't know if it makes me a better writer, but it definitely makes me feel like a better person.
LN: Okay, if you were stuck on a desert island, what five books would you bring?
IRC: I would probably bring the Complete Short Stories of Franz Kafka. That's a book that I read a lot. I would bring One Hundred Years of Solitude, both in Spanish and in English, the Grossman translation. And I would probably bring the Collected Fictions by Borges. And I don't know, a dictionary.
LN: Do you remember your first experience with books as being formative? Or was storytelling something that attracted you from family storytellers? Do you think you came from an oral-centered tradition or a book-centered tradition, or both?
IRC: I came from more of an oral-centered tradition. My parents were not really readers, so the books that we had at home were mostly encyclopedias and dictionaries. I really wanted to read and I really liked reading, so as a child those were the things that I would read because there was nothing else on the shelves. I still love encyclopedias, from that experience, because it's such a different language and sense of history and story. I was also definitely inspired by the oral storytelling traditions in my family. And it was those, just all those hours that I've spent listening over and over to a story being told, in different settings or in different years, and then coming to know the story so well that I felt I could tell them. There was something so enriching and so different about them. The stories that we told, even after I started reading, I wasn't really seeing anywhere. I think that's what kind of made me want to be a writer.
LN: What advice would you give to first-time novelists? You know, someone struggling. Maybe they've written a first draft. Maybe they've written a second.
IRC: It's hard for everyone. Sometimes I feel like my advice either can be good advice or you can be like, "That's terrible," as your reaction to it. But even if after you've written a novel and you try to write another one, you will still feel like you don't know what you're doing.
LN: Well, that actually does make me feel better.
IRC: I think that can maybe be a sense of comfort, that if you are writing your first novel and you feel like you don't know what you're doing, then I would want you to know that even people who have written multiple novels kind of still have that feeling. Like every book is going to be its own puzzle, and every book is going to throw you in its own specific way. And the kind of process that you will go through is always going to be difficult. But that kind of a journey and the problem-solving that you can do on your toes, that's also creativity. That's where you're going to find the good stuff, you know, the story.
LN: Great. Thank you. I feel like that's a perfect place to end.
IRC: You're welcome.
LN: Thanks so much for your time, and good luck with your next project.


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Thanks for finding us what we need!
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text:
import unittest
from starter.starter_ApproveArticlePublication import starter_ApproveArticlePublication
from starter.starter_helper import NullRequiredDataException
from tests.classes_mock import FakeBotoConnection
import tests.settings_mock as settings_mock
import tests.test_data as test_data
from mock import patch

class TestStarterApproveArticlePublication(unittest.TestCase):
    def setUp(self):
        self.stater_approve_article_publication = starter_ApproveArticlePublication()

    def test_process_approve_article_publication(self):
        invalid_data = test_data.ApprovePublication_data()
        invalid_data["version"] = None
        self.assertRaises(NullRequiredDataException, self.stater_approve_article_publication.start,
                          settings=settings_mock, **invalid_data)

    @patch('starter.starter_helper.get_starter_logger')
    @patch('boto.swf.layer1.Layer1')
    def test_approve_article_publication_starter_(self, fake_boto_conn, fake_logger):
        fake_boto_conn.return_value = FakeBotoConnection()
        self.stater_approve_article_publication.start(settings=settings_mock, **test_data.ApprovePublication_data())

if __name__ == '__main__':
    unittest.main()

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


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text:
"""
Load multiple pp diagnostic files, aggregate by year, day etc, calcualte mean, sum etc and pickle
"""

import os, sys
import datetime

import iris
import iris.unit as unit

diag = '30201'
cube_names=['eastward_wind', 'northward_wind']

experiment_ids = ['dkhgu', 'djznu', 'dkbhu']
#experiment_ids = ['djznu', 'dkbhu']
for experiment_id in experiment_ids:

 expmin1 = experiment_id[:-1]

 fu = '/projects/cascade/pwille/moose_retrievals/%s/%s/%s.pp' % (expmin1, experiment_id, diag)

 try:
     os.remove('/projects/cascade/pwille/moose_retrievals/%s/%s/%s_mean.pp' % (expmin1, experiment_id, diag))
 except OSError, e:
     print '/projects/cascade/pwille/moose_retrievals/%s/%s/%s_mean.pp NOT REMOVED' % (expmin1, experiment_id, diag)
     print e
     sys.stdout.flush()
     pass

 dtmindt = datetime.datetime(2011,8,19,0,0,0)
 dtmaxdt = datetime.datetime(2011,9,7,23,0,0)
 dtmin = unit.date2num(dtmindt, 'hours since 1970-01-01 00:00:00', unit.CALENDAR_STANDARD)
 dtmax = unit.date2num(dtmaxdt, 'hours since 1970-01-01 00:00:00', unit.CALENDAR_STANDARD)
 time_constraint = iris.Constraint(time= lambda t: dtmin <= t.point <= dtmax)

 print experiment_id
 #h=iris.load(fu)
 #print h
 #del h
 fg = '/projects/cascade/pwille/moose_retrievals/djzn/djznw/%s.pp' % diag
 glob_load = iris.load_cube(fg, ('%s' % cube_names[0])  & time_constraint)

## Get time points from global LAM to use as time constraint when loading other runs
 time_list = glob_load.coord('time').points

#glob_tc = iris.Constraint(time=time_list)
# Some models have radiation diagnostics that are 10s offset from others so checking int values of time
 glob_tc = iris.Constraint(time= lambda t: int(t.point) in time_list.astype(int))
 del glob_load

 for cube_name in cube_names:
    #print time_cube
     cube_f = iris.load_cube(fu,('%s' % cube_name) & glob_tc)
     print cube_f
     sys.stdout.flush()

     interval = 250
     l_2s_min_ind = range(0,cube_f.coord('grid_longitude').shape[0]-1,interval)
     l_2s_max_ind = range((interval-1),cube_f.coord('grid_longitude').shape[0],interval)

     long_2s_min = cube_f.coord('grid_longitude').points[l_2s_min_ind]
     long_2s_max = cube_f.coord('grid_longitude').points[l_2s_max_ind]

     for i,l in enumerate(long_2s_min):
         lon_in_2s = iris.Constraint(grid_longitude= lambda g:  l <= g.point <= long_2s_max[i])
         cube = cube_f.extract(('%s' % cube_name) & glob_tc & lon_in_2s)
         print cube
         sys.stdout.flush()

         for t, time_cube in enumerate (cube.slices(['time', 'grid_latitude', 'grid_longitude'])):
    #print time_cube
             u_mean = time_cube.collapsed('time', iris.analysis.MEAN)

             iris.save((u_mean),'/projects/cascade/pwille/moose_retrievals/%s/%s/%s_mean.pp' % (expmin1, experiment_id, diag), append=True)

  #del cube


text:
Q: Finding if there are n data points in a row that are less than a certain number I am working with a spectrum in Python and I have fit a line to that spectrum. I want a code that can detect if there have been let's say, 10, data points on the spectrum in a row that are less than the fitted line. Does anyone know how a simple and quick way to do this?
I currently have something like this:
count = 0
for i in range(lowerbound, upperbound):
    if spectrum[i] < fittedline[i]
        count += 1
    if count > 15:
        *do whatever*

If I changed the first if statement line to be:
if spectrum[i] < fittedline[i] & spectrum[i+1] < fittedline[i+1] & so on

I'm sure the algorithm would work, but is there a smarter way for me to automate this in the case where I want the user to input a number for how many data points in a row must be less than the fitted line?

A: Your attempt is pretty close to working! For consecutive points, all you need to do is reset the count if one point doesn't satisfy your condition.
num_points = int(input("How many points must be less than the fitted line? "))

count = 0
for i in range(lowerbound, upperbound):
    if spectrum[i] < fittedline[i]:
        count += 1
    else: # If the current point is NOT below the threshold, reset the count
        count = 0

    if count >= num_points:
        print(f"{count} consecutive points found at location {i-count+1}-{i}!")

Let's test this:
lowerbound = 0
upperbound = 10

num_points = 5

spectrum = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10]
fittedline = [1, 2, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 8, 9, 10]

Running the code with these values gives:
5 consecutive points found at location 2-6!

A: My recommendation would be to research and use existing libraries before developing ad-hoc functionality
In this case some super smart people developed numerical python library numpy. This library, widely use in science projects, has a ton of useful functionality implementations of the shelf that are tested and optimized
Your needs can be covered with the following line:
number_of_points = (np.array(spectrum) < np.array(fittedline)).sum()

But lets go step by step:
spectrum = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10]
fittedline = [1, 2, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 8, 9, 10]

# Import numerical python module
import numpy as np

# Convert your lists to numpy arrays
spectrum_array = np.array(spectrum)
gittedline_array = np.array(fittedline)

# Substract fitted line to spectrum
difference = spectrum_array - gittedline_array
#>>> array([ 0,  0, -7, -6, -5, -4, -3,  0,  0,  0])

# Identify points where condition is met
condition_check_array = difference < 0.0
# >>> array([False, False,  True,  True,  True,  True,  True, False, False, False])

# Get the number of points where condition is met
number_of_points = condition_check_array.sum()
# >>> 5

# Get index of points where condition is met
index_of_points = np.where(difference < 0)
# >>> (array([2, 3, 4, 5, 6], dtype=int64),)

print(f"{number_of_points} points found at location {index_of_points[0][0]}-{index_of_points[0][-1]}!")

# Now same functionality in a simple function
def get_point_count(spectrum, fittedline):
    return (np.array(spectrum) < np.array(fittedline)).sum()

get_point_count(spectrum, fittedline)

Now let's consider instead of having 10 points in your spectrum, you have 10M. Code efficience is a key thing to consider and numpy can save help there:
number_of_samples = 1000000
spectrum = [1] * number_of_samples
# >>> [1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, ...]
fittedline = [0] * number_of_samples
fittedline[2:7] =[2] * 5
# >>> [0, 0, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 0, 0, 0, ...]

# With numpy
start_time = time.time()
number_of_points = (np.array(spectrum) < np.array(fittedline)).sum()
numpy_time = time.time() - start_time
print("--- %s seconds ---" % (numpy_time))

# With ad hoc loop and ifs
start_time = time.time()
count=0
for i in range(0, len(spectrum)):
    if spectrum[i] < fittedline[i]:
        count += 1
    else: # If the current point is NOT below the threshold, reset the count
        count = 0
adhoc_time = time.time() - start_time
print("--- %s seconds ---" % (adhoc_time))

print("Ad hoc is {:3.1f}% slower".format(100 * (adhoc_time / numpy_time - 1)))

number_of_samples = 1000000
spectrum = [1] * number_of_samples
# >>> [1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, ...]
fittedline = [0] * number_of_samples
fittedline[2:7] =[2] * 5
# >>> [0, 0, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 0, 0, 0, ...]

# With numpy
start_time = time.time()
number_of_points = (np.array(spectrum) < np.array(fittedline)).sum()
numpy_time = time.time() - start_time
print("--- %s seconds ---" % (numpy_time))

# With ad hoc loop and ifs
start_time = time.time()
count=0
for i in range(0, len(spectrum)):
    if spectrum[i] < fittedline[i]:
        count += 1
    else: # If the current point is NOT below the threshold, reset the count
        count = 0
adhoc_time = time.time() - start_time
print("--- %s seconds ---" % (adhoc_time))

print("Ad hoc is {:3.1f}% slower".format(100 * (adhoc_time / numpy_time - 1)))

>>>--- 0.20999646186828613 seconds ---
>>>--- 0.28800177574157715 seconds ---
>>>Ad hoc is 37.1% slower

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
HomeLatest NewsGulfSaudi Arabia NewsSaudi Arabia participates in military exhibition in Abu Dhabi beginning today
Saudi Arabia participates in military exhibition in Abu Dhabi beginning today
February 19, 2017 MEO Staff Saudi Arabia News, Uae Latest News
Saudi Arabia is participating in the Idex International Defense Exhibition and Conference 2017, being held in Abu Dhabi from Sunday through Thursday.
Abdullah Al-Meleihi, a board member of the Council of Saudi Chambers of Commerce and Industry (CSCCI), said some 25 companies were representing the Kingdom in the five-day military exhibition.
Idex, which is held once every two years, is the biggest military exhibition in the Middle East, with 1,235 companies from 57 countries participating this year.
"Based on the situation in the Middle East, there's a demand from different countries for military equipment," Al-Meleihi told Arab News from Abu Dhabi, adding that top officials from different countries, including defense ministers, are expected at the exhibition.
He said international firms will present new technology in the military and security fields.
The Kingdom has invested in military equipment, and as part of Vision 2030 it aims to bring home know-how and is "looking to assemble and manufacture military equipment locally," he added.
Al-Meleihi, who is also president of Al-Ramez International Group, said this would generate local employment opportunities and thus bolster the government's Saudization program.
He said that the organizer expects the exhibition to generate more than $5 billion in business.
Pentagon cites evidence of Daesh 'exodus' from Raqqa
Palestinian family in East Jerusalem forced to demolish their own home
Syria Crisis: Opposition proposes road map for political transition
September 7, 2016 Ahmed Rashed Syria Latest News
Syria's main opposition bloc has put forward a plan for a political transition and a ceasefire to end more than five years of crisis in the war-torn country. The High Negotiations Committee (HNC), which is [ More … ]
Column: What is going on behind the Qatar crisis?
June 6, 2017 MEO Staff Column, Qatar Latest News
By: Ayşe Sözen* Turning the members of the Islamic world against each other with "threats of national security" will be the deepest destruction and longest-lasting harm that the West has inflicted on this region since the [ More … ]
Uae Latest News
Prominent Emirati academic jailed for 10 years over tweets
March 30, 2017 MEO Staff Uae Latest News
Bin Ghaith's last tweets were widely critical of governments across the Arab world A prominent academic was sentenced by a UAE court to 10 years in prison over a series of tweets idely critical of [ More … ]

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


They build safe, affordable, and energy-efficient housing for low-to-moderate income families and/or individuals in South Carolina. They also lead a men's development program which is a voluntary one-year residential job training and mentoring program for men overcoming drug and alcohol addictions.
As a storyteller, I have been leading a team to help tell the Homes of Hope story for over 3 years. Their impact and the stories we find inside these programs has not only inspired our staff of digital storytellers, but has inspired so many people here in the Carolinas to grow this mission far beyond what President and CEO Don Oglesby ever imagined. This story is worth hearing and sharing!


text:
Dalit women tortured by Morshidabad police #Vaw
National Human Rights Commission
Manav Adhikar Bhawan
Block-C, GPO Complex, INA
I lodge this present complaint in the matter of alleged police highhandedness and torture upon Scheduled Caste woman, Ms. Sunita Mondal. On the date of the incident the perpetrator police personnel from Raninagar Police Station, District-Murshidabad, West Bengal committed terror and vandalism in her house by breaking down valuable household properties, destroying food grains, assaulting and verbally abusing her and her mother-in-law. There was no female police person with the perpetrators police personnel at the time of the incident. No reason was disclosed by the perpetrators for such heinous and torturous acts. The victim lodged written complaint before the Superintendent of Police, Murshidabad narrating the whole incident but there was no legal action against the perpetrator police personnel till date. Our attached fact finding report gives details of the incident.
The perpetrator police personnel violated the following by their alleged illegal acts:-
The perpetrator police personnel violated Articles 7 and 17 of ICCPR (International Covenant on Civil and Political rights)
The perpetrator police personnel violated Article 21 of the Constitution of India.
The perpetrator police personnel are accused of violating 'Human Rights' of the victim as defined under section 2(d) of the Protection of Human Rights Act, 1993
Hence I seek your urgent intervention in this present case with following demands:-
The whole matter must be inquired into by one independent enquiring authority.
The perpetrator police personnel should be booked under Scheduled Tribe and Scheduled Caste (Prevention of Atrocities) Act, 1989
The perpetrator police personnel must be booked under the law for their alleged illegal acts which amount to punishable offences and they must be punished for the same in accordance with the law.
The victim must be provided with adequate protection and compensation.
Kirity Roy
Secretary, MASUM
National Convener, PACTI
XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX
Name of the victim:- Ms. Sunita Mondal, wife of Mr. Ashim Mondal, aged about-20 years, Scheduled Caste, residing at village-Char rajapur Bhatupara, Post Office-Rajapur, Police Station-Raninagar, District-Murshidabad, West Bengal, India.
Name of the perpetrators:- (1) The Officer-in-Charge of Raninagar Police Station; (2) Mr. Susanta Kumar Ghosh, being the Sub-Inspector of Police of Raninagar Police Station; (3) Mr. Sirajul Salehin, being the Assistant Sub-Inspector of Raninagar Police Station and other involved police personnel of Raninagar Police Station.
Date & time of the incident: – On 14.9.2014 at about 1.30 pm
Place of the incident: – In the residence of the victim at village Char Rajapur Bhatupara, Post Office-Rajapur, Police Station-Raninagar, District-Murshidabad
Fact Finding Details:-
It is revealed during the fact finding that on 14.9.2014 the police of Raninagar Police Station started one criminal case vide Raninagar Police Station Case no.422/2014 dated 14.9.2014 under sections 325/326/307/34 of Indian Penal Code on the complaint of one Mr. Hirnamoy Mondal residing in village-Char Rajapur under Raninagar Police Station. The said criminal case was started against Mr. Palash Mondal and two others.
The victim's husband at present resides in Mumbai for job purpose. She resides in her house with one minor son. Her husband has three brothers but all of them reside separately from each other. The aforesaid Mr. Palash Mondal is one of the brothers of her husband.
On 14.9.2014 at about 1.30 pm the police officers of Raninagar Police Station namely Mr. Sushanta Ghosh and Mr. Sirajul Salehin accompanied with 10/12 police personnel of the said police station suddenly made raid in the house of the victim. They forcibly entered into the house without showing any reason. They broke down valuable household articles in the house such as one show case worth of Rs.5000/-, kitchen utensils, bed-beddings. They also committed mischief by destroying food grains stored in the house. The perpetrators police personnel abused the victim and her mother-in-law in filthy languages and they also threatened to put the house on fire. They took away Rs.1500/- which was kept in the drawer of a table. The victim and her mother-in-law were physically assaulted by the perpetrators police personnel at the time of the incident.
The victim and her mother-in-law Ms. Sattaki Mondal were medically treated at Murshidabad Medical College and Hospital on 15.9.2014.
On 15.9.2014 the victim lodged written complaint before the Superintendent of Police, Murshidabad stating the whole incident of torture and highhandedness committed by the perpetrator police personnel in her house on the date of the incident. In her complaint she also stated the names of the witnesses namely Mr. Goutam Mondal, Ms. Menoka Mondal, Mr. Sugrib Mondal who witnessed the incident. In the written she urged for appropriate legal action against the perpetrator police personnel, but till date there has been no action on her complaint. However the incident was reported in a daily Bengali Newspaper 'Sanbad Protidin' on 16.9.2014.
Muslims Should Relocate to Nations Where Shariat Laws are in Force #WTFnews
Press Release- Condemn arrest of Hem Mishra and witchunt by Maharashtra Police - DSU
Rajasthan - Banjaras pushed into their burning homes #WTFnews
Genetically modified food: Whose health, whose business
Advocacy, Announcements, Human Rights, Justice, Kractivism, Law, Minority Rights, Violence against Women


Who can simply forget the famous double decker buses in London? Those red giants roam the entire city in their specified routes and are one of the highly preferred modes of transportation all because of their economical rates and their punctuality. Moreover, they can carry many people all at once, thus making transportation a lot easier for the locals as well as the tourists still trying to find the best places to visit in the city. However, one issue remains that if you miss your bus, you have to wait for a while to catch another one.
Taxis are a very reliable mode of transportation in this bustling city and without a doubt are very reliable as well. Taxis are available around the corner of the entire city such as Fulham Taxi and you can get them easily. They will also stick with you for the entire day if you can want. Some taxi franchises also provide taxis for rent for complete days upon which you can travel across different parts of the entire country without much of a hassle. Taxis may be somewhat expensive, but the services you get in return are simply marvelous. These are one of the main reasons why people prefer taxis as it also gives them privacy and freedom to enjoy the great city.
The London underground is also an amazing way of transportation in the great city as it allows almost immediate mode of transportation to all the major points of the city. It is a little expensive, but the time that it saves is simply amazing for businessmen and other travelers. However, you cannot enjoy the beauty of the city in this mode of transportation.
Whenever travelling in London, one has to be extremely vigilant in terms of their own personal security. One must be sure that they have all of their necessary identification and other documentation that could prove at any time that they are authorized visitors or citizens of England. Similarly, it is also important that travelers should be safe from hoaxes and other pick pockets that can be found throughout England along with con artists and other scammers as well.
This information is necessary for people to know before they start off to travel in one of the busiest cities of the world. With this knowledge they can be absolutely sure that their travels will be safe, secure as well as enjoyable and fast all at the same time.


text:
Q: How to make Exe file in RCP 3.x Application using target definition and product export wizard? My system configuration:

*

*OS windows 10 64 bit

*Eclispe Kepler

*Eclipse RCP 3.X

I want to create ".exe" file from product export wizard so I am making a target definition from File > Export... > Plug-in Development > Eclipse Product.
A after creating Target Definition Location Tab-> Click on Add

I selected Software site then
What are the plugin required to to be installed?

A: Well it depends what you want your target platform to be. It doesn't have to be the same release of Eclipse and can even be something quite different.
For Eclipse target platforms the site is usually something like http://download.eclipse.org/eclipse/updates/<release number>. Where 'release number' is something like 4.5 or 4.6.
In the site there should be a 'Eclipse RCP Target Components' section where you can select 'Eclipse RCP'. This gives you a target plaform entry with the core Eclipse RCP. You might need other entries if you need more Eclipse components.
For example this is an Eclipse Neon (4.6) target:


! - İzdihër - ! : On Groups.
I have two months off. June is about to end. Now I am looking forward to July with the hope of some substantial work. This year Ramadan fell in the month of June. Defiantly, the whole schedule is different than any other normal month. All day long I am sleeping for no valid reason like I am not even tired or sleepy. There is nothing much to do. And it is depressing me some how. Work is blessing for me. It keeps me occupied and happy.
Since last week, S is trying to make a plan to go out with me. Yesterday her In-law aunt called on her. We might meet after Eid, I guess. As it looks like.
S, and I are doing MS together. The whole class is so found of hanging out in the name of group studies. I avoid large group. Everyone together. " Hum saath saath hein" type domestic mentality. And then controlling. Urg !
This happens a lot in group: the controlling part.
Everyone is different and individual. My life style and natre is firend. Large groups repel me. I feel so lost, and deindividualize. Then, definitely it requires one to become a follower. And you can't join the group where you can't feel the sense of belonging. They start influencing you to do things which you don't want to do.
Some like me are extroverts but at the same time we know who we are. It is waste of time to be with whom we have no chemistry, That should be fair enough. Or maybe I am so much into my work that I hardly get time to do or meet others. Yeah, I wasn't like that. But now, things are so different. I didn't do anything, seriously. However, I like it.
Being in group is not my nature from the start. When I meet someone, I (try to) make connection with them at the deeper level. And if that understanding and depth are not there, then I am OK with it and move on. Group people are of different type. They are agreeable type. Of course surviving in the group with out agreeing is not possible. Convincing me is not that possible.
There is also no guarantee if these people in so called group are of your type. We have to be very careful with whom we want to spend most of our time with. As Jim Rohan says, we become average of the five people we spend our time with.
Group means more than one or two person and dealing with their temperament, nature, and habits. At least I don't have this much time. There is an other thing. I am self aware. I somehow know what exactly I want.We just don't want to be left out that is why we immediately attach our self with people without knowing our-self and them. Not only we get attached we also adjust just to be with others.
It is okay to be alone for a while, or with few people who you have chemistry, understanding and something common rather then with those who make you feel left out.
Maintain your individuality, Ifra! Greetings for Ramadan!
Ifrah! You wont believe but this is what were my exact thoughts this morning. There is group in my office with whom I mostly go out for evening tea but always feel left out. But this is not the first time. I always feel that odd man out feeling in a group :-P However, I was planning how to get rid of this tea group and have a 'ME' time.
It sometimes makes me amazed, that the extrovert people like us are so introvert inside. Isn't it?


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Diet Lab USA recommends that dieters use one Black Knight diet pill with a full glass of water, three times a day. A dieter should not take more than three capsules a day to ensure safety and the best possible outcomes for fat loss. Those dieters who take more than the recommended dosage may suffer from side effects, including insomnia, restlessness, and anxiety.
In the first few days of taking Black Knight diet pills, a person may experience problems with sleeplessness and shaking. These are temporary, and may be resolved by taking less than the recommended dosage. Once the body acclimates to the dosage, then a person can take up to the recommended three capsules each day.
People with chronic medical conditions or who are taking prescription medications may want to check with their doctor before taking Black Knight diet pills from Diet Lab USA. As with any new medication, it's best to tell one's personal doctor about the new supplement program.
Energy = yes Everything else is a big fat NO. Bottom line if your looking for a cheap ENERGY, supplement this works pretty good. If your looking for more I've had better luck with a product called Ultimate Burn.
not bad for energy but I like liquid fir better for fat burning. This is the best company I have ever ordered from they will have my business from now on. They sell all the hard to find products at a lower price.
supplement, take 2 capsules once or twice daily.


In this introductionary book Waldau navigates the many heated debates surrounding the complex and controversial animal rights movement. Organized around a series of probing questions, this timely resource offers the most complete, even-handed survey of the animal rights movement available. The book covers the full spectrum of issues, beginning with a clear, highly instructive definition of animal rights. Waldau looks at the different concerns surrounding companion animals, wild animals, research animals, work animals, and animals used for food, provides a no-nonsense assessment of the treatment of animals, and addresses the philosophical and legal arguments that form the basis of animal rights. Along the way, readers will gain insight into the history of animal protection-as well as the political and social realities facing animals today-and become familiar with a range of hot-button topics, from animal cognition and autonomy, to attempts to balance animal cruelty versus utility. Chronicled here are many key figures and organizations responsible for moving the animal rights movement forward, as well as legislation and public policy that have been carried out around the world in the name of animal rights and animal protection. The final chapter looks ahead to the future of animal rights, and delivers an animal protection mandate for citizens, scientists, governments, and other stakeholders. With its multidisciplinary, non-ideological focus and all-inclusive coverage, `Animal Rights' represents the definitive survey of the animal rights movement-one that will engage every reader and student of animal rights, animal law, and environmental ethics.


text:
Q: Margin-right browser Thanks to everyone, I am Italian, sorry for my English, I would like a clarification:
Why do not all browsers see margin-right, while developer tools have margin-right? (Firefox does not show margin-bottom, in addition to margin-right).
CSS
html
{
background-color:gold;
width: 100%;
height: 100%;
padding: 6px;
border: solid black 10px;
margin-top: 10px;
margin-right: 50px;
margin-bottom: 10px;
margin-left: 20px;
}

In the box model I have the margin-right, in the browser it is not considered.
Chrome browser and developer tools box-model:

A: Your box is over-constrained
CSS 2.2 says:

'margin-left' + 'border-left-width' + 'padding-left' + 'width' + 'padding-right' + 'border-right-width' + 'margin-right' = width of containing block
If all of the above have a computed value other than 'auto', the
  values are said to be "over-constrained" and one of the used values
  will have to be different from its computed value. If the 'direction'
  property of the containing block has the value 'ltr', the specified
  value of 'margin-right' is ignored and the value is calculated so as
  to make the equality true. If the value of 'direction' is 'rtl', this
  happens to 'margin-left' instead.

From that, you can see that browsers automatically adjust the right margin, overriding the setting you give it.

A: You should take off the width from your css. since you are using margin, you are already telling the browser to only show a space of what you have allowed. It does not affect the height cos the height is pretty much infinite.
So you should have something like this
html
{
background-color:gold;
height: 100%;
padding: 6px;
border: solid black 10px;
margin-top: 10px;
margin-right: 50px;
margin-bottom: 10px;
margin-left: 20px;
}

A: Browsers do not always handle all css properties on the html element consistently because it has no parent. If I'm understanding what you want correctly, I'd recommend this if you want to avoid a wrapper div, but it might be a bit unstable:
* {
    box-sizing: border-box
}

html {
    background-color:gold;
    width: 100%;
    height: 100%;
    padding: 10px 50px 10px 20px;
    margin: 0;
}

body {
    width: 100%;
    height: 100%;
    padding: 6px;
    border: solid black 10px;
    margin: 0;
}

See this working example
Alternately you can use a wrapper div and avoid doing anything to the HTML tag other than normalizing it (this is what I would recommend):
<html>
<body>
    <div class="main">
        <!-- All your content -->
    </div>
</body>
</html>

* {
    box-sizing: border-box
}

html, body {
    width: 100%;
    height: 100%;
    padding: 0;
    margin: 0;
}

body{
    background-color:gold;
    padding: 10px 50px 10px 20px;
}

div.main {
    width: 100%;
    height: 100%;
    padding: 6px;
    border: solid black 10px;
    margin: 0;
}

As shown here


Anti Virus Gratis is definitely an extra protection (second layer) antivirus, and specialize in defending USB Flash-disk to avoid virus infection.
Anti Virus Gratis certainly does not intend to replace your Avira, AVG, Kaspersky or Norton as your main protection. It truly is a plan that offers us an extra security layer specially developed to defend USB memory sticks, memory cards and flash drives against virus infections as well as other malware strains.
What does Anti Virus Gratis and why should I download it?
As we've described, Smadav Antivirus 2019 functions with each other together with your other safety barriers, therefore, it wo not build any sort of conflict. The key safety issues are delegated in your main antivirus, whilst it takes care of playing unique focus to USB sticks as well as other flash memory units since the latter are at the moment the primary physical units that spread infections.
Having a memory consumption that doesn't exceed five MB and also a CPU usage under 1%, you possibly can preserve all threats at bay to guard your laptop plus the knowledge contained.
These are the key functions and characteristics of this antimalware system: The user can upload any file regarded as suspicious of containing viruses to be able to be analyzed. Procedure manager to manage any system running around the laptop or computer. Possibility to modify any aspect of your operating system that may have been affected by a virus. Function to force the system to enable the manual management of running processes. Block and immunize disk units within the case of doable infections. Swift and deep scanning tools. There is a Pro or complete version, and a free version. Both enable us to scan the system, but the paid edition naturally comes along with added functions, including automatic updates (in other words, its database consists of all new viruses located, also as these registered in 2016, 2015, 2014...). Sadly, it looks like we're going to have to wait some time for you to be able to get hold of your APK version for Android.
Antivirus y seguridad gratuitos para todos los dispositivos. Proteja todos los dispositivos frente a los virus y otros tipos de malware con nuestra tecnología inteligente de detección de amenazas.
É l'antivirus di base della Microsoft per Windows di cui si consiglia l'installazione su Windows 7 non avendo un suo antivirus integrato come i suoi fratelli più giovani.
Gli antivirus free consigliati in questo momento, scheda completa di Avast! e Avira Antivir. Trovare il miglior antivirus gratuito.
What is Antivirus? Antivirus software is a computer program which is designed to detect, ward off, and remove malicious codes such as virus, worm, Trojan, Malware, etc.
Learn why you need antivirus software for optimized virus protection against malware trojans and identity theft.
Topp 5 gratis antivirus bästa gratis antivirusprogram . Vi har valt ut de bästa antivirusprogrammen. Nedan finner du gratis antivirus som vi rekommenderar.


I was born in Colorado and spent part of my childhood here and part in South Dakota. I have 2 school-aged boys who are my greatest accomplishment. They keep me quite busy when I am not working. I became a health care provider because I genuinely enjoy working with others. I find it highly rewarding when I get to partner with my patients in meeting their health care needs.
I choose to work in family practice because it allows me the opportunity to care for people of all ages across the lifespan. It gives me the opportunity to work with so many different aspects of health care. Every day brings something new and exciting to my practice. This gives me the chance to continue challenging myself to learn. One opportunity for specialized care that my practice offers to patients is help with common foot concerns, such as nail removal. The one thing I would like for my patients to know is that I believe the bond between a health care provider and a patient is a partnership. We arrive at this partnership together. I strive to understand my patients and meet them where they are, while taking care of them to achieve their health care goals.
I thrive in mind, body, and spirit by taking full advantage of my time with my family when I am not working. I believe strongly in maintaining good health through healthy eating and staying active. For me, this is the perfect way to recharge myself so that I am at my best for my patients.


text:
Home	Studying Abroad	Study in London – Top Study Abroad Programmes in London
Studying AbroadUKUniversity
Study in London – Top Study Abroad Programmes in London
by Aatif Nafees February 19, 2020
written by Aatif Nafees February 19, 2020
London – the city with the highest international student population in the world, has also been ranked as the best and one of the most diverse student cities by all the major global university ranking systems for many years in a row. Over 100,000 international scholars from 200 different nations study in London every year. Besides that, more than 70 Nobel Prize laureates have studied or worked at a university in London. Hence, it's not at all surprising that both the Times Higher Education (THE) and QS Rankings have put London on the top of their list of best student cities of 2020.
London has over 45 world-class universities. It provides professional and social opportunities, along with a mind-blowing cultural confluence that mixes the corporate with the alternative and the historical with the cutting-edge. These universities offer over 30,000 courses from accounting, business, engineering and law to marketing, medicine, politics and zoology. Studying in London may well be a life-altering experience for international students.
This article contains some of the most popular study programmes in London. We will see some of the top long-term, short-term and exchange programmes. We will also give a brief overview of their intake procedures, admission process and future prospects after course completion. But before that, let us see what makes London a great choice for students from around the world.
Study in London – Why is London a Dream Study Abroad Destination?
Study in London – Courses to Study in London
POPULAR COURSES IN LONDON
BUSINESS COURSES IN AND AROUND LONDON
LAW COURSES IN AND AROUND LONDON
SOCIAL SCIENCE & HUMANITIES COURSES IN AND AROUND LONDON
IT & COMPUTER SCIENCE COURSES IN AND AROUND LONDON
ENGINEERING COURSES IN AND AROUND LONDON
Study in London – Top Courses in London University-wise
1. University College London (UCL)
2. Middlesex University
3. Imperial College London
4. London Business School
5. King's College London
6. London School of Economics and Political Science (LSE)
Study in London – FAQs
Q. Can I stay in London after finishing my qualification?
Q. What is the average cost of living in London as an International student?
Q. Are student visas to study in the UK difficult to obtain?
Inspirational – London hosts in excess to 200 events and lectures that take place every day. How is that for guidance and meeting people who share the same interests as yours?
Cultural – There is a plethora of art galleries and museums in London representing great achievements of human history. The London food culture is also very diverse.
Historic – There is a lot to learn about thousands of years of London's history as you walk through its myriad neighbourhoods.
Stimulating – Pub culture is an integral part of British life, especially student life. Moreover, there are more restaurants and bars in London than you could ever visit.
Welcoming – It is a great opportunity to live and study in the most multicultural, cosmopolitan city in the world.
Read about top universities, courses and job opportunities in UK
Universities and colleges in London follow the system of a full academic year. You can choose either the autumn(fall) or spring semester to begin your course. Summer study abroad programs are also available. Here are some for the desired courses to study in London in different fields – Check out for course admission in UK in 2020 in the country page here.
Area of Study Most Popular Courses
Business Business Administration
Natural Sciences Biology
Engineering and Technology Chemical Engineering
Medicine Surgery
Law Bachelor of Law
International Human Rights Law
Sports Science Sports and Exercise Sciences
Sports Science and Physiology
Sport & Exercise Nutrition
Media and Communication Journalism
Film & TV Studies
Arts Fine Art Painting
Hospitality and Tourism International Hospitality and Tourism Management
Hospitality and Tourism Marketing
Universities Popular Management Degrees Yearly Fees (Tentative)
London Business School MBA, Executive MBA, Masters in Management GBP 27,500 – GBP 69,660
London School of Economics and Political Science (LSE) Master's in Management, MSc International Management GBP 24,936 – GBP 50, 000
Judge Business School – University of Cambridge MBA, Executive MBA GBP 49,000 – GBP 63,960
Warwick Business School -The University of Warwick MBA, Executive MBA GBP 34,900 – GBP 37,500
Imperial College London Imperial MBA GBP 45,000
Universities Popular Law Degrees Fees (per year)
University of Cambridge English law, Civil (Roman) law, EU law and International law GBP 15,816
London School of Economics and Political Science (LSE) LLB, LLM GBP 16,392
UCL (University College London) LLB GBP 16,690
King's College London LLB, LLM GBP 16,250 – GBP 19,800
Queen Mary University of London LLB (Hons), BA (Hons), LLM GBP 16,000 – GBP 18,950
Universities Level Fees (per year)
London School of Economics and Political Science (LSE) UG, Master's and Doctoral GBP16,392 – GBP19,344
University of Cambridge UG, Master's and Doctoral GBP15,816 – GBP 19,989
UCL (University College London) UG, Master's and Doctoral GBP15,660 – GBP22,380
King's College London UG, Master's and Doctoral GBP16,250 – GBP16,600
University of Cambridge UG, Master's and Doctoral GBP 24,069 – GBP 28,308
Imperial College London UG, Master's and Doctoral GBP 26,750 – GBP 28,200
UCL (University College London) UG, Master's and Doctoral GBP 20,700 – GBP 23,440
King's College London UG, Master's and Doctoral GBP 15,600 – GBP 21,750
University College London (UCL) UG, Master's and Doctoral GBP 20,700 – GBP 23,440
Read – Study in UK without IELTS
One of the world's top multidisciplinary universities, with an international reputation for the quality of its research and teaching.
Home to centres of teaching excellence in subjects from medicine to languages, law to engineering, history to astrophysics.
Gives students access to world-renowned culture and nightlife along with top class academic resources.
Top Courses at UCL – Master's
Language Sciences (Neuroscience, Language and Communication) MSc
Duration – 1 year
Qualification – An upper second-class bachelor's degree from a UK university or an overseas qualification of an equivalent standard in a language science-related area such as linguistics, speech sciences, English language, psychology, cognitive science, or a cognate discipline
IELTS – Overall grade of 7.0 with a minimum of 6.5 in each of the subtests
Tuition Fee – GBP 26,660
Engineering and Architectural Design (MEng)
Duration – 4 years
Qualification – Bachelor's degree in Engineering from a UK university or an overseas qualification
Tuition fee – GBP 26,5405
Top Courses at UCL – Bachelor's
Applied Medical Science (Bachelor's)
Programme begins in September
Qualification – Class 12 passed
Computer Science (Bachelor's)
Management Science (Bachelor's)
Programme begins in September 2020
Middlesex has one of the biggest and best campuses in London with state-of-the-art laboratories, workshops and modern lecture theatres.
It is located in Hendon, northern London, a 25-minute tube journey from central London.
It offers a wide range of undergraduate and postgraduate courses, including art and design, business, health, education, law, media, performing arts, and science and technology.
It has been awarded three Queen's Awards for higher and further education and a Queen's Award for Enterprise (International Trade).
Top Courses at Middlesex University – Master's
Applied Genomics (MSc)
Qualification – A lower second 2:2 honours degree or above in a field strongly related to Biological or Biomedical Sciences
IELTS score of 6.5 (with a minimum of 6.0 in all components);
PTE – 58 (with 51 in all components)
TOEFL – 87 (with at least 21 in listening & writing, 22 in speaking and 23 in reading)
Master of Business Administration MBA
Qualification – A second class honours degree (2:2) or above. Students must demonstrate a minimum of two years of continuous workplace experience gained in a managerial or professional job following graduation
Top Courses at Middlesex University – Bachelor's
International Business Trade Top Up (Bachelor's)
Programme begins in October
Duration – 1-year
Qualification – Senior Secondary (Class 12)
IELTS – 6.0With a minimum of 5.5 in each component
TOEFL (iBT) – 72.0, with at least 17 in listening & writing, 20 in speaking and 18 in reading
PTE – 51.0 with at least 51 in all components
Computer Communication and Networks (Bachelor's)
Qualification – Senior secondary
IELTS 6.0 with a minimum of 5.5 in each component
TOEFL – (iBT) 72.0 with at least 17 in listening & writing, 20 in speaking and 18 in reading
PTE – 51 with at least 51 in all components
Accounting and Finance (Bachelor's)
TOEFL (iBT) – 72.0 with at least 17 in listening & writing, 20 in speaking and 18 in reading
REGISTER TODAY TO MAKE A GREAT CAREER IN UK!
Consistently rated in the top five universities in the UK and in the top 10 worldwide
Imperial is a place where engineers work alongside clinicians, scientists rub shoulders with designers, and mathematicians collaborate with business experts.
With students coming to study at Imperial from over 125 different countries, the College has a truly international community.
Top Courses at Imperial College London – Master's
Advanced Aeronautical Engineering (MSc)
Qualification – 2.1 degree in aerospace or mechanical engineering, with some experience of fluid and structural dynamics
IELTS 6.5 overall (minimum 6.0 in all elements)
TOEFL score: 92
Applied Mathematics (MSc)
Qualification – 2.1 degree in mathematics, applied mathematics, engineering or physics.
Standard IELTS 6.5 overall (minimum 6.0 in all elements)
Top Courses at Imperial College London – Bachelor's
Medicine (Bachelor's)
Qualification – IELTS – 6.5 score above refers to overall score. Additionally, a score of 6.0 is required in all bands.
Design Engineering (Bachelor's)
Qualification – Bachelor's degree in a relevant field from a recognised institute.
IELTS 6.5 score above refers to an overall score. Additionally, a score of 6.0 is required in all bands.
Mathematics (Bachelor's)
Qualification – IELTS – 7.0 overall score. Additionally, a score of 6.5 is required in all bands.
London Business School (LBS), located in the heart of London is known for its first-class programmes, global community and international links.
The school offers a mix of master's and non-master's programmes to suit students and executives at every stage of their careers, from MBA to EMBA-Global, Master's in Management to PhD.
LBS is also renowned for its research excellence and has twice been awarded the highest research rating by the Higher Education Funding Council for England (HEFCE).
Top Courses at London Business School – Master's
MBA Progamme
Qualifications – An undergraduate degree or equivalent qualification with a minimum of 2 years of work experience
IELTS, TOEFL, Cambridge CPE, CAE or PTE academic score.
Masters in Analytics and Management MA
Qualification – Undergraduate degree (minimum 2:1) in a quantitative subject such as Engineering, Maths and Sciences, Computing, Economics, Accounting, Finance or Business and Management.
Management Science and Operations PhD
Qualification – Undergraduate degree in a relevant discipline, with a final grade in the top 10% of their graduating class.
GRE score, not less than 690, that is no more than five years old
Students should have scored at least 600 (paper-based), 250 (computer-based) or 100 (Internet-based) on the TOEFL to be considered for the PhD programme
TOEFL score: 100
Global Master's in Management (MiM)
Qualification – Graduates with less than two years of postgraduate work experience.
Qualification – Undergraduate degree from a recognised university
GMAT or Executive Assessment
IELTS, TOEFL, Cambridge CPE, CAE or PTE academic score
Based in the heart of London, the college's 4 of the university's 5 campuses are situated along a stretch of the Thames that's dotted with famous landmarks.
Twelve people who have worked or studied at King's and its constituent institutions have been awarded the Nobel Prize.
According to QS World University Rankings 2014-15, King's was ranked 16th in the world. King's has nearly 26,000 students (of whom more than 10,600 are postgraduates). Around 8,000 of them are international students.
King's has a distinguished reputation in the humanities, social science, law, medicine and science, and has influenced many of the advances that shape modern life.
Top Courses at King's College London – Master's
Theoretical Physics (MSc)
Qualification – Bachelor's degree with 2:1 honours (or international equivalent) in Maths.
IELTS (Academic): 6.5 overall with a minimum of 6.0 in each skill
TOEFL IBT: 92 overall, with a minimum 23 in each skill
Advanced Software Engineering MSc
Qualification – Bachelor's degree with 2:1 honours in Computer Science or Software Engineering
Top Courses at King's College London – Bachelor's
IELTS – (Academic) 7.0 overall with a minimum of 6.5 in each subcategory
TOEFL – (iBT)100 overall with a minimum of 25 in writing and 23 in each of the other skills
Tuition fee – GBP 9,250
IELTS – 7.0 overall with a minimum of 6.5 in each skill
TOEFL (iBT) -100 overall with a minimum of 25 in writing and 23 in each of the other skills
TOEFL (iBT) – 100 overall with a minimum of 25 in writing and 23 in each of the other skills
LSE is a world-class centre for the teaching and research of social sciences, including economics, politics, law, sociology, anthropology, accounting and finance.
LSE is ranked alongside Harvard, UC Berkeley and Stanford and has the highest percentage of world-leading research of any UK university
LSE has a cosmopolitan student body with around 9,300 full-time students from 145 countries.
Top Courses at LSE – Master's
Economics and Management MSc
Qualification – A first-class undergraduate degree or equivalent in economics.
IELTS score of 7.0 overall (reading 6.5, writing 6.5, Writing 6.0, Speaking 6.0).
Global Master's in Management
Qualification – A first or upper second class bachelor's degree or international equivalent in any discipline
IELTS score of 7.0 overall (reading 6.5, writing 6.5, Writing 6.0, Speaking 6.0)
Development Studies MSc
Programme begins in 1 year
Qualification – Upper second class honours (2:1) degree or equivalent in any discipline, with social science or humanities an advantage.
Econometrics & Mathematical Economics – MSc and Bsc
Economics (Bachelor's)
A. If you are studying a degree-level course for 12 months or more, you can stay for the length of your course plus an extra four months.
A. Students will need GBP 800 – GBP 1000 a month to cover living expenses. This includes accommodation, food and transportation. The average cost of living in London may vary depending on your budget for rent, food, transport and leisure activities.
A. No. If you satisfy the Tier 4 entry requirements, have sufficient funds to cover the cost of study and living expenses in the UK, and are able to demonstrate your bonafide student status, you should have no difficulty in obtaining a student visa.
Yale University Scholarship – Yale University USA
Yale University – World-Class Institution in United States
Working While Studying in UK for International Students
Working while studying in France – Jobs, Visa Options
Working while Studying in Australia – What You Must Know?
Why Study in UK – Four Great Reasons to Opt for a UK Education
Why study in Ireland – Benefits and advantages of studying in Ireland in 2020
Why Study in Germany – Universities, Admission, Tuition Fees, Post-study Work Permit and Work Opportunities
Vocabulary for IELTS – List of Vocabulary Words, Examples of Usage and Tips
University of Toronto – All you need to know
University of Melbourne – Top Globally Ranked University of Australia
University of Applied Sciences Europe – Applied Science University in Germany
Aatif Nafees
IELTS Results – Test forms, Scores, Validity
Masters in UK (MS in UK) – Structure, Courses, Entry Requirements, Tuition Fees
Rolls-Royce Unnati COVID Scholarship for Women in STEM
Deadline : 31-Jan-2022
Aditya Birla Capital COVID Scholarship Program
GSK Scholars Programme 2021-22
Kotak Shiksha Nidhi
Deadline : 31-Mar-2022
HDFC Ltd's Badhte Kadam Scholarship
Deadline : 15-Feb-2022
Merck India Charitable Trust Scholarship Program
Virchow Scholarship Program
JN Tata Endowment Loan Scholarship
Reliance Foundation Scholarships
Keep India Smiling Foundational Scholarship Programme
Temenos Adopt-IT Scholarship Program 2021
"Praxis Women in Tech (WiT) Scholarship 2022
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Nicholas Thompson on the outsized influence of Big Tech
Ian Bremmer speaks with Nicholas Thompson, CEO of the Atlantic and former WIRED editor-in-chief, about how to police the digital world. Today's digital space, where we live so much of our daily lives, has increasingly become an area that national governments are unable to control. It may be time to start thinking of these corporations as nation-states in their own rights.
Watch this episode of GZERO World with Ian Bremmer: Big Tech: Global sovereignty, unintended consequences
Big Tech's big challenge to the global order - GZERO Media ›
"Blood and glass" and the power of Big Tech - GZERO Media ›
Nick Thompson: Facebook realized too late it couldn't control its own ... ›
Podcast: Brave new big tech world: Nicholas Thompson's ... ›
Twitter bans QAnon; CRISPR gene tech - GZERO Media ›
gzero world ian bremmer government and tech algorithms facebook social media companies big tech nicholas thompson tech regulation technology sector
Big Tech: Global sovereignty, unintended consequences
Can Big Government still rein in Big Tech or has it already lost control? Never before have just a few companies exerted such an outsized influence on humanity. Today's digital space, where we live so much of our daily lives, has increasingly become an area that national governments are unable to control. It may be time to start thinking of these corporations as nation-states in their own rights. On GZERO World, Ian Bremmer speaks with Nicholas Thompson, CEO of the Atlantic and former WIRED editor-in-chief, about how to police the digital world.
Let's align interests to regulate Big Tech algorithms — AI scientist ... ›
Kara Swisher on Big Tech's big problem - GZERO Media ›
gzero world ian bremmer facebook social media companies mark zuckerberg algorithms the atlantic technology sector big tech nicholas thompson tech regulation
Podcast: Brave new big tech world: Nicholas Thompson's perspective
Listen: Can Big Government still rein in Big Tech or has it already lost control? Never before have just a few companies exerted such an outsized influence on humanity. Today's digital space, where we live so much of our daily lives, has increasingly become an area that national governments are unable to control. It may be time to start thinking of these corporations as nation-states in their own rights. Ian Bremmer speaks with Nicholas Thompson, CEO of the Atlantic and former WIRED editor-in-chief, about how to police the digital world.
Subscribe to the GZERO World Podcast on Apple Podcasts, Spotify, Stitcher, or your preferred podcast platform to receive new episodes as soon as they're published.
LinkedIn right to shut down in China, says journalist Nick Thompson ... ›
gzero world ian bremmer mark zuckerberg social media companies social media apps algorithms china big tech nicholas thompson facebook google
The appeal of free speech social media platforms like Parler
GZERO Media
Watch as Nicholas Thompson, editor-in-chief of WIRED, explains what's going on in technology news:
What is Parler? Why are people moving off Facebook to new social sites?
Parler is like Twitter, except it was set up very specifically to make it so that the owners of the site, the people who run it, would not censor your speech, or put another way, would not take action to remove hateful or harmful speech. It is a free speech social media platform that is primarily used by people on the political right. Why are people moving off Facebook to new social sites? I don't think that many are. People talk about moving off, but to the extent they are, it's because they feel like the sites are censoring them.
The US government said the election was the most secure in American history. Do you agree? How did we get here after the failures of 2016?
It was quite secure. We don't know for sure how we'll evaluate it a year from now. The way we got there is we saw the catastrophe of 2016. A lot of smart, dedicated people took corrective action.
Read Now Show less
in 60 seconds nicholas thompson SOCIAL MEDIA censorship parler twitter facebook election results
Will the next president bridge the digital divide?
Nicholas Thompson, editor-in-chief of WIRED, helps us make sense of today's stories in technology:
What are the biggest tech questions that will be facing the next president after the election and will they do anything about them?
I think the biggest question might be the digital divide. In an era of the pandemic where schools are online, medicine is moving online, work is moving online. It is a tragedy that there are 160 million people in this country who do not have good broadband access. And that's a failure of policy in many, many ways. That is a huge issue. I also think the tech dynamics with China are a huge issue, and I think that figuring out the government's role in regulating and supporting startups in artificial intelligence is huge. Will the candidates do anything about them? Joe Biden might do something about the digital divide. Donald Trump has actually been okay on AI, but tech policy has been a disaster under Trump and probably won't be a priority under Biden.
What happened at the Section 230 hearings this week?
Well, one thing that didn't happen, we didn't talk about Section 230. A total missed opportunity for the Senate to actually debate and reconfigure a really important law that is foundational to the internet. But it is a partisan moment, a few days before election, and sadly, it's what I expected.
in 60 seconds nicholas thompson digital divide US PRESIDENTIAL ELECTION 2020 biden trump big tech internet freedom broadband access
DOJ antitrust case against Google; why Quibi failed
google antitrust
Why is the Department of Justice suing Google?
Well, they are suing Google because Google is a giant, massive company that has a dominant position in search. In fact, on your phone, you almost can't use any other search engine or at least your phone is preloaded with Google as a search engine and you probably don't know how to change it. The Department of Justice alleges that Google has used its power and its muscle to maintain its position, and that violates the antitrust laws.
Goodbye Quibi. Why did the video streaming platform fail?
Well, Quibi failed in part because of timing, it launched right at the start of the pandemic, which was very, very hard. Secondly, they just didn't have the right content, nothing seemed magical. And third, they made a bunch of tactical errors. They didn't allow people to screenshot and share stuff from the videos they saw. They weren't available on every platform. They made some mistakes. And now, unfortunately, they're gone.
in 60 seconds nicholas thompson google department of justice antitrust quibi startups big tech google antitrust
FCC wants to change Section 230 regulating tech companies & censorship
Nicholas Thompson, editor-in-chief of WIRED, shares his perspective on technology news in Tech In (a little over) 60 Seconds:
What is the deal with Twitter and Facebook censoring a New York Post story on Hunter Biden?
The New York Post ran a story on Hunter Biden. It may have been entirely false. It may have been hacked. Both of those things are problems. But the complicated thing is when the story ran, nobody at Facebook and nobody at Twitter knew whether it was false or whether it had been hacked. The two companies responded in different ways. Facebook said, we're just going to down-rank it. Twitter initially said, "we just won't let it be shared." Twitter then backtracked. Basically, there is a really hard problem of what you do with false information and what you do with hacked information. Neither company has totally clear policies and both got caught in the slipstream.
Was the censoring of the New York Post story the catalyst for the FCC's public statements to rewrite Section 230?
Yes, absolutely. So Section 230 is the very important Internet law that allows the tech companies to filter content on their platforms. It essentially says, hey, if you run a platform, whether it's Facebook, Twitter or a Web site comments, you are not responsible for comments and for content that other people post there. And not only that, you have the ability to within certain limits, censor, change, edit the content out there without becoming a publisher and becoming liable. So that is partly what has allowed the tech companies to do what they do. It's allowed them to thrive and it's also allowed them to have policies policing misinformation or false statements on their platforms. So, Donald Trump got very mad at it, and so Ajit Pai, the head of the FCC, said, "hey, we're going to look at Section 230 and interpret it." In my opinion, that's garbage. Section 230 may be a bad law. It may be bad that the tech companies filter content on their platforms, whatever. I don't see how the FCC has the authority to deal with that. It is a law that gets interpreted by the courts. So, Congress can change the law, or the courts can change the interpretation of the law. I don't see why the FCC has authority, but who knows? It's just my guess, Ajit Pai is trying to please Donald Trump.
in 60 seconds nicholas thompson wired section 230 twitter facebook hunter biden censorship new york post donald trump fcc ajit pai SOCIAL MEDIA big tech misinformation
Will there be a big tech breakup? Apple likely to announce 5G phone
big tech breakup
How likely will big tech companies Apple, Amazon, Facebook, and Google be forced to breakup as recommended by Democrats on the House Judiciary Subcommittee on Antitrust?
I think it's pretty unlikely. I think there will be hearings. I think there will be damages. I think that there will be scrutiny on future mergers. I don't think there will be breakups.
"Hi, Speed." What can we expect from this week's annual Apple release?
Apple has a new phone most likely coming out next week. The motto is "Hi, Speed." I think it's going to be mostly about 5G. These phones will be 5G compatible. It doesn't mean the 5G infrastructure has been built up in this country or most other countries. But still, when it is, the phones will be fast. Also, I think the LiDAR sensors that were built on the last iPad, which was kind of a small announcement that people didn't really notice, will be on the new iPhone and that will be great for augmented reality.
in 60 seconds nicholas thompson TECHNOLOGY SECTOR tech news apple amazon FACEBOOK google iphone big tech breakup
Putin It Out There: Leverage 101
After Kazakhstan, how will Russia escalate in Ukraine?


text:
Allergan loses CE mark for textured breast implants, opening EU market
David Lim @LimOpinion
Following the removal of Allergan's CE mark for its textured breast implants and France's compulsory recall request of its products this week, the company has suspended sales for its product throughout Europe.
Wall Street sell-side analysts downplayed the news. A research note from Raymond James argued "reaction is overdone." A Cowen note agreed, arguing that the safety issues with the textured breast implants were already well known, with only $60 million in revenue potentially impacted for Allergan. But Cowen acknowledged the obvious concern moving forward "is not the potential for lost revenues in this product line, but rather for potential liabilities."
FDA in September defended its regulation of breast implants, pointing to a 2011 Safety Update that found that approved silicone gel-filled implants from Allergan and Mentor had a "reasonable assurance of safety and effectiveness when used as labeled," and that there is "insufficient information to show an association between silicone gel-filled breast implants and connective tissue disease, breast cancer or reproductive problems."
Despite the 2011 report, FDA plans to hold an advisory committee meeting in 2019 on breast implant safety as it "monitors the known risks associated with breast implants, such as capsular contracture, implant rupture and breast implant-associated anaplastic large cell lymphoma."
In September, the agency launched the National Breast Implant Registry, with an aim of evaluating real-world data on the safety of breast implants.
"While the FDA does not have evidence suggesting breast implants are associated with these conditions, information from NBIR may help us identify risk factors for complications, such as a patient's own medical history, the specific type of operation, the type of implant used, and concomitant use of other medical devices," FDA Commissioner Scott Gottlieb and device center chief Jeff Shuren said in a November statement.
One analyst wrote in a research note the regulatory action against Allergan will benefit Establishment Labs Holdings, a device manufacturer of smoother breast implants. Regulatory action opens up the 40% of the market controlled by Allergan in the EU, two-thirds of which is textured, Jefferies' Raj Denhoy wrote.
"Given ESTA's momentum with Motiva in several EU territories, 10-20% incremental share capture ($10-$20mn) seems achievable over time (and possibly conservative when we consider ESTA's 30-40% share in some markets)."
"Against a $60mn forecast for 2018, any share capture should be meaningful and support continued upside in numbers and the stock price," he continued.
Raymond James' Elliot Wilbur noted smooth implants account for 90% of the U.S. market, potentially limiting domestic sales impact.
But analysts at Credit Suisse wrote that despite the small sales impact, "we think the outsized stock reaction reflects continued concerns on the company's base business and increasing questions on the company's outlook for 2019."
Allergan says it plans to appeal the CE mark decision for its textured breast implants and continues to work towards renewal. The company pointed out in its press release that its CE mark for smooth implants was renewed.
"Allergan stands behind the benefit/risk profile of our breast implant products. The [French] ANSM request, and this action, is not based on any new scientific evidence regarding these products," the company wrote.
MedTech Dive FDA defends its work on breast implant safety
MedTech Dive FDA details ramp-up of postmarket device oversight
FDA FDA Update on the Safety of Silicone Gel-Filled Breast Implants June 2011
Allergan Allergan Suspends Sales and Withdraws Supply of Textured Breast Implants in European Markets
Follow David Lim on Twitter
Flickr, Michael Dorausch
Stryker, NuVasive, Globus forge on with surgical robots through COVID-19
Despite worries that the pandemic's financial strain on customers may slow adoption of the expensive tools for knee, hip and spine surgery, device makers' Q3 reports reveal momentum.


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'Miracle' Was Rescued From A Disastrous Situation. Now, He Helps Influence A Little Boy's Life
Amanda Leask has her hands full with her eight-year-old son Kyle, who has cerebral palsy and autism. But she gets by with help from her dog, Miracle. Two years ago, Miracle was rescued from an illegal dog meat trade in Thailand. Leask saw a picture on social media of tons of dogs being carried on a truck, headed for the illegal dog trade. "Miracle was on board with over a thousand dogs, they were heading for dinner plates. I still get quite emotional, just thinking about that. That flash [of the camera] saved his life," Leask told Green World TV. Miracle now lives with Leask and her family, including nine other rescue dogs.
Since his rescue, Amanda can't even begin to describe the magical effect he's had on her family, especially with her son Kyle. "Very quickly he seemed curious about Kyle," Leask told Express. "Most of our dogs are good around him but some are far too energetic…. Miracle wasn't like that. He was instinctively gentle around him." Kyle can't speak, and Amanda is unsure of whether he ever will, but she says having Miracle around has helped immensely. One of Kyle's favorite things to do is to watch Miracle go dog-sledding with the family's other rescue dogs….
Credit: Green World TV