text:
SEAT Toledo returns as the most sporty sedan in its class
The Toledo model from the Seat car workshop is one of the most famous models that crosses our roads to this day. SEAT is currently the successor to the series's bearer. The new limousine of the Spanish manufacturer promises quality at a favorable price together with usability, dynamism and efficiency. At the same time, it has a purpose for the individual as well as for the whole family. 860,000 pieces were produced from the first two generations of the Toledo model alone. The presented fourth generation of this model is already sold in Portugal and Spain. Today, it is also slowly entering our market.
In Bratislava, a few days ago, you could see a fleet of new models ready for distribution to individual dealers. It is from this crowd of shiny news that there are a few photographs mentioned.
Perfect value for money, state-of-the-art technology
With a length of 4.48 meters, the new Toledo is an absolute "adult" car. Despite the classic silhouette with a stepped rear of the body, it has a large fifth door, allowing convenient access to the luggage compartment with a respectable base volume of 550 liters. By folding down the rear seat backrest, the volume of the luggage compartment can be increased almost threefold – up to 1,490 liters. The Toledo team provides transport capacity for many station wagon models. The relatively long wheelbase of 2,602 millimeters (more than 80 millimeters longer than the Toledo II) guarantees comfortable legroom for passengers in the rear of the cab. Generous door openings provide all crew members with convenient access to the cab.
As a completely new model, SEAT Toledo uses the most modern aggregates of the Volkswagen Group. These include the highly efficient TSI petrol engines, the economical TDI turbodiesels and the 7-speed DSG dual-clutch automatic transmission, which is used in combination with the most powerful engines. The power range of petrol engines ranges from 55 kW (75 hp) to 90 kW (122 hp); The most fuel-efficient petrol version 1.2 of the Ecomotive TSI is characterized by a CO2 emission of 116 grams per kilometer. With the TDI diesel engine, which achieves an output of 77 kW (105 hp) from 1.6 liters, the Ecomotive version excels with a combined standard consumption of only 3.9 liters of diesel per 100 km and a CO2 emission value of 104 grams per kilometer. In the course of 2013, the manufacturer will supplement the offer of diesel engines with another version of the 1.6 TDI engine with an output of 66 kW (90 hp).
The new Toledo fits homogeneously into SEAT's new design identity, foreshadowed by the highly acclaimed IBE, IBX and IBL studies, and for the first time consistently applied in the new generation of the model range Leon. The body of the Toledo looks energetic and solid, with clear and well-defined surfaces, lines and edges. Wide square reflectors form an important element of the brand's new DNA design. Together with the trapezoidal, very flat radiator grille, the trapezoidal air intake opening in the bumper and the horizontal rear group lights, they visually increase the width of the vehicle.
Sleek and harmonious
A special portion of sophistication was used by the designers in the contour of the roof: It goes through an elegant curve to a wide rear pillar that grows organically from the rear fender. The significantly sloping rear window adds very harmonious proportions to the SEAT Toledo body – without compromising its variability and functionality.
The precise edge of the refraction of the light extends from the outer edge of the front reflector over the entire length of the side to the rear group light; downwards the area is closed by a purely modeled body sill zone. Another example of a well-thought-out design is the cab's rear door: With its extra-large cut-out, they ensure comfortable entry and exit.
Modern, purist interior
The interior of the new Toledo model looks airy and spacious, following the design philosophy of the exterior. The cockpit is clear and ergonomically arranged. When the interior is made in light beige (on request), the dark upper part of the instrument panel floats visually above the rectangular ventilation grilles and decorative tiles. Clearly stylized circular instruments can be read accurately, and the controls on the air conditioning system and audio system on the center console allow for intuitive operation.
Interior design perfectly complements the elaboration of high craftsmanship in combination with a careful selection of materials and colors. The detailed design is clearly visible in many places, such as the attractively shaped three-spoke steering wheel, the new automatic climate control controls or the fine chrome trim elements. The precise mechanical movement of switches and controls also testifies to the great love for details.
As a completely new model line, SEAT Toledo brings state-of-the-art technology in its class. It starts with a high-strength body, which forms the basis for a solid quality impression and, in cooperation with standard restraint systems, ensures optimal passive safety. Thanks to SEAT's intelligent lightweight design concept, the new Toledo has a basic curb weight of just 1,135 kilograms. Low weight has a positive effect especially on efficiency. All engine and power versions of the Toledo are at the top of the field in their category in terms of fuel consumption and CO2 emissions. The combination of low weight, optimal aerodynamics and state-of-the-art power units creates a convincing set.
Five Euro NCAP stars
The new SEAT Toledo provides the maximum security for which it received the highest five-star rating in the Euro NCAP test. In a demanding side impact test on a pole, he achieved a maximum score of 94 percent. Children are as well protected as adult passengers: In dynamic tests with manikins the size of three-year-olds, SEAT Toledo achieved the highest number of points so far and also received the best rating in pedestrian protection. In the area of safety assistance systems, the Euro NCAP consortium welcomed the fact that the standard equipment included an electronic stabilization system ESC.
State-of-the-art engines
The engine program for the new SEAT Toledo is based on three state-of-the-art TSI four-cylinder petrol engines covering the power range from 63 kW (85 hp) to 90 kW (122 hp) and initially one TDI turbodiesi with a capacity of 1.6 liters and an output of 77 kW (105 hp). The basic engine is a non-supercharged three-cylinder petrol engine with a capacity of 1.2 liters and an output of 55 kW (75 hp), equipped with indirect multi-point MPI fuel injection.
SEAT Toledo – engines
The 1,197 cc TSI engine impressively demonstrates the correctness of the downsizing philosophy, according to which low-volume turbocharged engines and direct fuel injection are characterized by particularly high efficiency. Other TSI engine trumps include a light weight of just 89.5 kilograms, low internal friction and optimized thermal management, which after a cold start reduces engine and catalytic converter start-up time to optimum operating temperature.
The Toledo 1.2 TSI Ecomotive version is particularly economical: The supercharged 77 kW (105 hp) engine has an average standard petrol consumption of 5.0 liters / 100 km and emissions thanks to the Start-Stop system, braking energy recovery and optimum gear indicator. CO2 116 grams per kilometer. The 55-liter fuel tank thus enables a range of more than 1,000 kilometers with a reasonable driving style.
Exemplary efficiency and dynamics
Exemplary efficiency does not negatively affect the sporty dynamics of the Toledo 1.2 TSI: Its engine, with a maximum torque of 175 Nm in the speed range from 1,550 to 4,100 rpm, allows driving characteristics. The top speed of 195 km / h and the acceleration from 0 to 100 km / h in 10.3 seconds are respectful values in this class. Even more dynamic is the Toledo 1.4 TSI with 90 kW (122 hp) and a standard 7-speed DSG dual-clutch automatic transmission. This model reaches a top speed of 206 km / h and accelerates from rest to 100 km / h in 9.5 seconds.
TDI as a model of savings
Another example of efficiency in the new Toledo model range is version 1.6 TDI Ecomotive. This model excels with a standard average consumption of only 3.9 liters of diesel per 100 km and a CO2 emission value of only 104 grams / kilometer. Here, too, the serial Start-Stop and recuperation system contributes to the excellent result. The 1.6 TDI engine, equipped with a common-rail direct fuel injection system, also impresses with its maximum torque of 250 Nm in the speed range from 1,500 to 2,500 rpm, which guarantees energetic traction in every situation. In the course of 2013, SEAT will introduce another version of the 1.6 TDI (90 hp) 1.6 TDI engine with very favorable fuel consumption to the Toledo model range.
As modern as the engines, the gearboxes are fitted to the new SEAT Toledo model range. The TDI engines, the basic 55 kW (75 hp) 1.2 MPI petrol engine and the 63 kW (85 hp) TSI engine are combined as standard with perfectly graded 5-speed manual transmissions; a 6-speed manual transmission is fitted to the 1.2 TSI engine with 77 kW (105 hp). The most powerful Toledo 1.4 TSI has a standard 7-speed DSG automatic transmission with two clutches.
The DSG transmission combines the sporty character and high mechanical efficiency of a manual transmission with the control comfort of a classic automatic transmission. The driver can let the DSG operate in automatic mode or shift manually manually by briefly moving the selector lever. Driving pleasure is enhanced by a particularly impressive shift that lasts only a few hundredths of a second and takes place without appreciable interruption in torque transmission.
The chassis of the new SEAT Toledo is carefully designed and optimally tuned; compact limousine ensures sporty and safe driving characteristics. The front axle consists of lower transverse triangular arms with McPherson struts and transverse torsional stabilizer. The compact rear axle uses trailing arms connected by a torsionally flexible bar. The standard equipment includes an electronic stabilization system ESC. The rack and pinion steering with electro-hydraulic power steering has a sporty direct transmission, the power of the power steering changes degressively according to the driving speed. This achieves precise handling, spontaneous vehicle response and excellent directional stability when driving fast.
Three versions
SEAT offers the new Toledo in three versions that allow it to be perfectly adapted to the customer's wishes. The basic version of the Entry already has standard front and side airbags at the front, side head airbags, seat belt indication, ABS, ESC with ASR, central locking, folding rear seat backrest and electric front windows. The 15-inch sheet steel wheel discs carry 185/60 R 15 tires.
The mid-range version of the Reference also includes a height-adjustable driver's seat, central locking with remote control, split rear seat backrest, on-board computer and front passenger compartment lighting. The Reference version has 195/55 R 15 tires (for engines from 77 kW / 105 hp). The exterior mirror covers and exterior door handles are painted in the body color. The reference version also comes standard with electrically operated and heated exterior mirrors, a roof antenna and a SEAT Sound System 1.3 car radio with four speakers, CD and MP3 player, Aux-IN input and steering wheel control.
Toledo Style for high demands
The highest version of the Style equipment, which is designed for customers with an emphasis on comfort, visually underlines its top status with 16-inch alloy wheels with 215/45 R 16 tires. The equipment also includes fog lights with function static turn signals that are active up to a speed of 40 km / h. These lights come on whenever the relevant turn signals are switched on or when the steering wheel is turned more sharply, thus increasing safety when turning at junctions and driveways at night. When reverse gear is engaged, both turn signals light up at the same time to illuminate the vehicle's immediate surroundings when reversing.
The all-Inclusive version of the Toledo Style complements the power windows in the rear doors, the height-adjustable front passenger seat, the leather upholstery of the steering wheel and gear lever handles, as well as the center armrests at the front and rear. Cruise control is also standard.
Equipment packages facilitate personalization
SEAT Toledo can be further personalized with a variety of special equipment packages that combine comfort features. The so-called The Winter Pack is especially welcomed by people in cold regions – it includes heated front seats, a high-pressure headlight washer and heated windscreen washer nozzles. The Storage-Pack, on the other hand, includes practical eyelets and rails in the luggage compartment for attaching fixing nets or partitions.
Optional extras include air conditioning (for Entry), rear window wiper, cab interior alarm, detachable towing hitch, rear parking sensors, Hill Holder assistance system as well as SEAT Sound System 2.1 with excellent functionality and exceptional quality sound.
The top multimedia system for Toledo Style is the optional SEAT Media System 2.2. It is based on a radio with a CD player, compatible with MP3 and WMA formats, an amplifier with a power of 4 x 20 W and a system of 6 speakers. The integrated navigation system uses easily updatable digital maps on the SD card and is controlled via a 5-inch (12.7 cm) touch screen monitor. The image on the high-resolution touch screen can be divided, in addition to the map, it can also display additional information in the second half. The traffic information receiver in TMC data form enables dynamic navigation, and automatically calculates the fastest alternative route when a traffic jam occurs on the selected route. The Communication Center also includes a Bluetooth telephony module, voice control, and inputs for external signal sources (such as iPods or mobile MP3 players). The system is complemented by DAB / DAB + (Digital Audio Broadcasting) and Digital Multimedia Broadcasting (DMB) receivers.
For the SEAT Toledo, there are 2 base colors and 8 metallic body paint shades to choose from. With the top version of the Toledo Style equipment, in addition to the black-gray color, you can also order a noble beige interior shade.
SEAT Toledo – Tradition
Toledo has been one of SEAT's most successful model lines since 1991. At that time, the first generation of the middle class limousine premiered at the Barcelona Motor Show. After the incorporation of the SEAT brand into the Volkswagen Group, the Toledo was the first model to use the group's new technology. In 1992, SEAT was the main sponsor of the Barcelona Olympics – and Toledo, as the official vehicle of the Games, came to the forefront of attention around the world.
The first generation of the Toledo, designed by Italdesign Giugiaro in Turin, has meanwhile established an almost legendary reputation for this model line as a particularly spacious, affordable car. Although the 4.32 meter long body was not large in size, it was considered a miracle of space due to its extraordinarily large luggage space. The huge fifth door of the limousine with a stepped rear part of the body proved to be extremely practical.
When the tens of millions of SEATs came off the assembly line on September 26, 1995, it was the Toledo. In the same year, the TDI direct-injection turbodiesel began to be fitted to the Toledo model line for the first time.
History: Toledo II since 1998
At the Paris Motor Show in October 1998, SEAT introduced the second generation of the Toledo. SEAT has once again opted for an architecture with a stepped rear body, but this time with a conventional boot lid. With a luggage capacity of 500 liters, the second-generation Toledo also provided enormous storage space.
The design was again significantly influenced by Giorgetto Giugiaro, but the car already had a new face of the brand, designed in the SEAT Design department. It consisted of a three-part radiator grille with the SEAT logo on the dark middle part and two horizontal parts on both sides. Overall, the Toledo II had more rounded and softer lines than its predecessor, which was more angular and used many horizontal features on the body.
When SEAT ceased production of the Toledo II in 2004, it was able to credit a total of more than 860,000 units produced by both generations. In the period from 2004 to 2009, the Toledo III model was produced, structurally derived from the SEAT Altea model line – with a high roof and an extended rounded rear part of the body. This model with a length of 4.46 meters with a luggage space volume of 500 to 1,440 liters also continued the reputation of the Toledo model as a car with above-average transport capacity.
The current fourth generation of the successful model line over a period of two decades, SEAT builds on the great tradition of the Toledo model – a car that combines first-generation spaciousness with attractive second-generation design. It delivers high-efficiency power units, lightweight construction, dynamic driving characteristics and excellent production quality of current SEAT products.
/ Elegant as a coupe, variable as a station wagon
/ Modern petrol engines TSI 1.2 and 1.4; 1.6 liter TDI diesel engine
/ High efficiency with CO2 emissions of only 104 g / km
/ Excellent value for money
PR article, in cooperation with SEAT Slovakia
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text:
Whoa, Katherine Langford Was Supposed To Play Tony Stark's Daughter In 'Avengers: Endgame'
Why didn't we see her in the film?!
by Lily Grace Tabanera | May 9, 2019
PHOTO: Jon Kopaloff/Getty Images
Here's something you probably didn't know about Avengers: Endgame: 13 Reasons Why actress Katherine Langford actually shot some scenes for the film! So how come we didn't see her in the final cut?
According to a podcast interview by Josh Horowitz where he talked to directors Joe and Anthony Russo, Katherine actually played the older version of Tony Stark's (Robert Downey Jr.) daughter Morgan (Lexi Rabe) in a deleted Endgame scene.
Here's what was supposed to happen: Iron Man was going to be transported to an ~ethereal plane~ after stealing the Infinity Stones and attaching them to his own gauntlet to snap away Thanos and his army. Once he got there, he would meet a future version of Morgan, whom he's about to leave behind. "The intention was that his future daughter forgave him and gave him peace to go," Joe Russo said in the interview.
"We showed it to a test audience and it was really confusing for them," Joe said. "What we realized about it was we didn't feel an emotional association with the adult version of his daughter. So it wasn't resonating with us on an emotional level."
Aww, it probably isn't the right time for Katherine to be part of the MCU yet.
Avengers,
13 reasons why,
russo brothers,
robert downey jr.,

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
package util

import (
	"errors"
	"fmt"
	"log"
	"runtime"
	"sync"
	"time"
	"unicode"
	"unicode/utf8"
	"unsafe"

	"v.io/v23/vdl"
	"v.io/v23/vom"
)

// #include <stdlib.h>
// #include "jni_wrapper.h"
// static jstring CallGetExceptionMessage(JNIEnv* env, jobject obj, jmethodID id) {
//   return (jstring)(*env)->CallObjectMethod(env, obj, id);
// }
import "C"

type skipOptionType struct{}

var (
	// SkipOption is a special error that should be returned by the option
	// processing function passed to GoOptions. It indicates that the
	// option being processed should be skipped.
	SkipOption = skipOptionType{}
	envs       = newEnvCounter()
)

func (skipOptionType) Error() string {
	return "ignored option"
}

// CamelCase converts ThisString to thisString.
func CamelCase(s string) string {
	if s == "" {
		return ""
	}
	r, n := utf8.DecodeRuneInString(s)
	return string(unicode.ToLower(r)) + s[n:]
}

// UpperCamelCase converts thisString to ThisString.
func UpperCamelCase(s string) string {
	if s == "" {
		return ""
	}
	r, n := utf8.DecodeRuneInString(s)
	return string(unicode.ToUpper(r)) + s[n:]
}

// GoString returns a Go string given the Java string.
func GoString(env Env, str Object) string {
	if str.IsNull() {
		return ""
	}
	cString := C.GetStringUTFChars(env.value(), C.jstring(str.value()), nil)
	defer C.ReleaseStringUTFChars(env.value(), C.jstring(str.value()), cString)
	return C.GoString(cString)
}

// GetClass returns the class of the given object.
func GetClass(env Env, obj Object) Class {
	return Class(uintptr(unsafe.Pointer(C.GetObjectClass(env.value(), obj.value()))))
}

var envRefs = newSafeRefCounter()

// GetEnv returns the Java environment for the running thread, creating a new
// one if it doesn't already exist.  This method also returns a function which
// must be invoked when the returned environment is no longer needed. The
// returned environment can only be used by the thread that invoked this method,
// and the function must be invoked by the same thread as well.
func GetEnv() (env Env, free func()) {
	// Lock the goroutine to the current OS thread.  This is necessary as
	// *C.JNIEnv must not be shared across threads.  The scenario that can break
	// this requrement is:
	//   - goroutine A executing on thread X, obtaining a *C.JNIEnv pointer P.
	//   - goroutine A gets re-scheduled on thread Y, maintaining the pointer P.
	//   - goroutine B starts executing on thread X, obtaining pointer P.
	//
	// By locking the goroutines to their OS thread while they hold the pointer
	// to *C.JNIEnv, the above scenario can never occur.
	runtime.LockOSThread()
	var jenv *C.JNIEnv
	if C.GetEnv(jVM, &jenv, C.JNI_VERSION_1_6) != C.JNI_OK {
		// Couldn't get env - attach the thread.  Note that we never detach
		// the thread so the next call to GetEnv on this thread will succeed.
		C.AttachCurrentThreadAsDaemon(jVM, &jenv, nil)
	}
	env = Env(uintptr(unsafe.Pointer(jenv)))
	// GetEnv is called by Go code that wishes to call Java methods. In
	// this case, JNI cannot automatically free unused local refererences.
	// We must do it manually by pushing a new local reference frame. The
	// frame will be popped in the env's cleanup function below, at which
	// point JNI will free the unused references.
	// http://developer.android.com/training/articles/perf-jni.html states
	// that the JNI implementation is only required to provide a local
	// reference table with a capacity of 16, so here we provide a table of
	// that size.
	localRefCapacity := 16
	if newCapacity := PushLocalFrame(env, localRefCapacity); newCapacity < 0 {
		panic("PushLocalFrame(" + string(localRefCapacity) + ") returned < 0 (was " + string(newCapacity) + ")")
	}
	// Count *env.  This is necessary to make GetEnv() re-entrant:
	// same goroutine should be allowed to call GetEnv() multiple times and
	// the OS thread should only be released after the last call to the free
	// function.
	envs.inc(jenv)
	return env, func() {
		PopLocalFrame(env, NullObject)
		if envs.dec(jenv) == 0 {
			// Last call to free the env out of possibly many successive
			// GetEnv() calls by the same goroutine: it is now safe to release
			// the thread.
			runtime.UnlockOSThread()
		}
	}
}

// IsInstanceOf returns true iff the provided Java object is an instance of the
// provided Java class.
func IsInstanceOf(env Env, obj Object, class Class) bool {
	return C.IsInstanceOf(env.value(), obj.value(), class.value()) == C.JNI_TRUE
}

// JString returns a Java string given the Go string.
func JString(env Env, str string) Object {
	cString := C.CString(str)
	defer C.free(unsafe.Pointer(cString))
	return Object(uintptr(unsafe.Pointer(C.NewStringUTF(env.value(), cString))))
}

// JThrow throws a new Java exception of the provided type with the given message.
func JThrow(env Env, class Class, msg string) {
	s := C.CString(msg)
	defer C.free(unsafe.Pointer(s))
	C.ThrowNew(env.value(), class.value(), s)
}

// JThrowV throws a new Java VException corresponding to the given error.
func JThrowV(env Env, native error) {
	if native == nil {
		log.Printf("Couldn't throw exception: nil error")
		return
	}
	obj, err := JVomCopy(env, native, jVExceptionClass)
	if err != nil {
		log.Printf("Couldn't throw exception %#v: %v", native, err)
		return
	}
	C.Throw(env.value(), C.jthrowable(obj.value()))
}

// JVException returns the Java VException given the Go error.
func JVException(env Env, native error) (Object, error) {
	if native == nil {
		return NullObject, nil
	}
	return JVomCopy(env, native, jVExceptionClass)
}

// JExceptionMsg returns the exception message as a Go error, if an exception
// occurred, or nil otherwise.
func JExceptionMsg(env Env) error {
	jException := Object(uintptr(unsafe.Pointer(C.ExceptionOccurred(env.value()))))
	if jException.IsNull() { // no exception
		return nil
	}
	C.ExceptionDescribe(env.value())
	C.ExceptionClear(env.value())
	return GoError(env, jException)
}

// GoError converts the provided Java Exception into a Go error, converting VException into
// verror.T and all other exceptions into a Go error.
func GoError(env Env, jException Object) error {
	if jException.IsNull() {
		return nil
	}
	if IsInstanceOf(env, jException, jVExceptionClass) {
		// VException: convert it into a verror.
		// Note that we can't use CallStaticObjectMethod below as it may lead to
		// an infinite loop.
		jmid, jArgArr, freeFunc, err := setupStaticMethodCall(env, jVomUtilClass, "encode", []Sign{ObjectSign, TypeSign}, ByteArraySign, jException, jVExceptionClass)
		if err != nil {
			return fmt.Errorf("error converting VException: " + err.Error())
		}
		defer freeFunc()
		dataObj := C.CallStaticObjectMethodA(env.value(), jVomUtilClass.value(), jmid, jArgArr)
		if e := C.ExceptionOccurred(env.value()); e != nil {
			C.ExceptionClear(env.value())
			return fmt.Errorf("error converting VException: exception during VomUtil.encode()")
		}
		data := GoByteArray(env, Object(uintptr(unsafe.Pointer(dataObj))))
		var verr error
		if err := vom.Decode(data, &verr); err != nil {
			return fmt.Errorf("error converting VException: " + err.Error())
		}
		return verr
	}
	// Not a VException: convert it into a Go error.
	// Note that we can't use CallObjectMethod below, as it may lead to an
	// infinite loop.
	jmid, jArgArr, freeFunc, err := setupMethodCall(env, jException, "getMessage", nil, StringSign)
	if err != nil {
		return fmt.Errorf("error converting exception: " + err.Error())
	}
	defer freeFunc()
	strObj := C.CallObjectMethodA(env.value(), jException.value(), jmid, jArgArr)
	if e := C.ExceptionOccurred(env.value()); e != nil {
		C.ExceptionClear(env.value())
		return fmt.Errorf("error converting exception: exception during Throwable.getMessage()")
	}
	return errors.New(GoString(env, Object(uintptr(unsafe.Pointer(strObj)))))
}

// JObjectField returns the value of the provided Java object's Object field, or
// error if the field value couldn't be retrieved.
func JObjectField(env Env, obj Object, field string, sign Sign) (Object, error) {
	fid, err := jFieldID(env, GetClass(env, obj), field, sign)
	if err != nil {
		return NullObject, err
	}
	return Object(uintptr(unsafe.Pointer(C.GetObjectField(env.value(), obj.value(), fid)))), nil
}

// JBoolField returns the value of the provided Java object's boolean field, or
// error if the field value couldn't be retrieved.
func JBoolField(env Env, obj Object, field string) (bool, error) {
	fid, err := jFieldID(env, GetClass(env, obj), field, BoolSign)
	if err != nil {
		return false, err
	}
	return C.GetBooleanField(env.value(), obj.value(), fid) != C.JNI_FALSE, nil
}

// JIntField returns the value of the provided Java object's int field, or
// error if the field value couldn't be retrieved.
func JIntField(env Env, obj Object, field string) (int, error) {
	fid, err := jFieldID(env, GetClass(env, obj), field, IntSign)
	if err != nil {
		return -1, err
	}
	return int(C.GetIntField(env.value(), obj.value(), fid)), nil
}

// JLongField returns the value of the provided Java object's long field, or
// error if the field value couldn't be retrieved.
func JLongField(env Env, obj Object, field string) (int64, error) {
	fid, err := jFieldID(env, GetClass(env, obj), field, LongSign)
	if err != nil {
		return -1, err
	}
	return int64(C.GetLongField(env.value(), obj.value(), fid)), nil
}

// JStringField returns the value of the provided Java object's String field, or
// error if the field value couldn't be retrieved.
func JStringField(env Env, obj Object, field string) (string, error) {
	strObj, err := JObjectField(env, obj, field, StringSign)
	if err != nil {
		return "", err
	}
	return GoString(env, strObj), nil
}

// JStringArrayField returns the value of the provided object's String[] field,
// or error if the field value couldn't be retrieved.
func JStringArrayField(env Env, obj Object, field string) ([]string, error) {
	arrObj, err := JObjectField(env, obj, field, ArraySign(StringSign))
	if err != nil {
		return nil, err
	}
	return GoStringArray(env, arrObj)
}

// JByteArrayField returns the value of the provided object's byte[] field, or
// error if the field value couldn't be retrieved.
func JByteArrayField(env Env, obj Object, field string) ([]byte, error) {
	arrObj, err := JObjectField(env, obj, field, ArraySign(ByteSign))
	if err != nil {
		return nil, err
	}
	return GoByteArray(env, arrObj), nil
}

// JByteArrayArrayField returns the value of the provided object's byte[][]
// field, or error if the field value couldn't be retrieved.
func JByteArrayArrayField(env Env, obj Object, field string) ([][]byte, error) {
	arrObj, err := JObjectField(env, obj, field, ArraySign(ArraySign(ByteSign)))
	if err != nil {
		return nil, err
	}
	return GoByteArrayArray(env, arrObj)
}

func JStaticObjectField(env Env, class Class, field string, sign Sign) (Object, error) {
	fid, err := jStaticFieldID(env, class, field, sign)
	if err != nil {
		return NullObject, err
	}
	return Object(uintptr(unsafe.Pointer(C.GetStaticObjectField(env.value(), class.value(), fid)))), nil
}

// JStaticStringField returns the value of the static String field of the
// provided Java class, or error if the field value couldn't be retrieved.
func JStaticStringField(env Env, class Class, field string) (string, error) {
	strObj, err := JStaticObjectField(env, class, field, StringSign)
	if err != nil {
		return "", err
	}
	return GoString(env, strObj), nil
}

// JObjectArray converts the provided slice of objects into a Java object
// array of the provided element type.
func JObjectArray(env Env, arr []Object, elemClass Class) (Object, error) {
	arrObj := C.NewObjectArray(env.value(), C.jsize(len(arr)), elemClass.value(), nil)
	for i, elem := range arr {
		C.SetObjectArrayElement(env.value(), arrObj, C.jsize(i), elem.value())
		if err := JExceptionMsg(env); err != nil {
			return NullObject, err
		}
	}
	return Object(uintptr(unsafe.Pointer(arrObj))), nil
}

// GoObjectArray converts a Java object array to a Go slice of Java objects.
func GoObjectArray(env Env, arr Object) ([]Object, error) {
	if arr.IsNull() {
		return nil, nil
	}
	length := int(C.GetArrayLength(env.value(), C.jarray(arr.value())))
	ret := make([]Object, length)
	for i := 0; i < length; i++ {
		ret[i] = Object(uintptr(unsafe.Pointer(C.GetObjectArrayElement(env.value(), C.jobjectArray(arr.value()), C.jsize(i)))))
		if err := JExceptionMsg(env); err != nil {
			// Out-of-bounds index.
			return nil, err
		}
	}
	return ret, nil
}

// JObjectList converts the provided slice of Java objects into a Java List
// of the provided element type.
func JObjectList(env Env, arr []Object, elemClass Class) (Object, error) {
	arrObj, err := JObjectArray(env, arr, elemClass)
	if err != nil {
		return NullObject, err
	}
	listObj, err := CallStaticObjectMethod(env, jArraysClass, "asList", []Sign{ArraySign(ObjectSign)}, ListSign, arrObj)
	if err != nil {
		return NullObject, err
	}
	return NewObject(env, jArrayListClass, []Sign{CollectionSign}, listObj)
}

// GoObjectList converts the provided Java list of objects into a Go slice
// of Java objects.
func GoObjectList(env Env, list Object) ([]Object, error) {
	if list.IsNull() {
		return nil, nil
	}
	arrObj, err := CallObjectMethod(env, list, "toArray", nil, ArraySign(ObjectSign))
	if err != nil {
		return nil, err
	}
	return GoObjectArray(env, arrObj)
}

// GoStringList converts the provided Java List<String> Strings into a Go slice of
// strings.
func GoStringList(env Env, list Object) ([]string, error) {
	if list.IsNull() {
		return nil, nil
	}
	strArr, err := GoObjectList(env, list)
	if err != nil {
		return nil, err
	}
	ret := make([]string, len(strArr))
	for i, strObj := range strArr {
		ret[i] = GoString(env, strObj)
	}
	return ret, nil
}

// JStringList converts the provided slice of Go strings into a Java
// List<String>.
func JStringList(env Env, strs []string) (Object, error) {
	strArr := make([]Object, len(strs))
	for i, str := range strs {
		strArr[i] = JString(env, str)
	}
	return JObjectList(env, strArr, jStringClass)
}

// JStringArray converts the provided slice of Go strings into a Java array of
// strings.
func JStringArray(env Env, strs []string) (Object, error) {
	strArr := make([]Object, len(strs))
	for i, str := range strs {
		strArr[i] = JString(env, str)
	}
	return JObjectArray(env, strArr, jStringClass)
}

// GoStringArray converts a Java string array to a Go string slice.
func GoStringArray(env Env, arr Object) ([]string, error) {
	if arr.IsNull() {
		return nil, nil
	}
	strArr, err := GoObjectArray(env, arr)
	if err != nil {
		return nil, err
	}
	ret := make([]string, len(strArr))
	for i, strObj := range strArr {
		ret[i] = GoString(env, strObj)
	}
	return ret, nil
}

// JByteArray converts the provided Go byte slice into a Java byte array.
func JByteArray(env Env, bytes []byte) (Object, error) {
	arr := C.NewByteArray(env.value(), C.jsize(len(bytes)))
	if len(bytes) > 0 {
		C.SetByteArrayRegion(env.value(), arr, 0, C.jsize(len(bytes)), (*C.jbyte)(unsafe.Pointer(&bytes[0])))
		if err := JExceptionMsg(env); err != nil {
			return NullObject, err
		}
	}
	return Object(uintptr(unsafe.Pointer(arr))), nil
}

// GoByteArray converts the provided Java byte array into a Go byte slice.
func GoByteArray(env Env, arr Object) (ret []byte) {
	if arr.IsNull() {
		return nil
	}
	length := int(C.GetArrayLength(env.value(), C.jarray(arr.value())))
	ret = make([]byte, length)
	bytes := C.GetByteArrayElements(env.value(), C.jbyteArray(arr.value()), nil)
	defer C.ReleaseByteArrayElements(env.value(), C.jbyteArray(arr.value()), bytes, C.JNI_ABORT)
	ptr := bytes
	for i := 0; i < length; i++ {
		ret[i] = byte(*ptr)
		ptr = (*C.jbyte)(unsafe.Pointer(uintptr(unsafe.Pointer(ptr)) + unsafe.Sizeof(*ptr)))
	}
	return
}

// GoLongArray converts the provided Java long array into a Go int64 slice.
func GoLongArray(env Env, arr Object) (ret []int64) {
	if arr.IsNull() {
		return
	}
	length := int(C.GetArrayLength(env.value(), C.jarray(arr.value())))
	ret = make([]int64, length)
	elems := C.GetLongArrayElements(env.value(), C.jlongArray(arr.value()), nil)
	defer C.ReleaseLongArrayElements(env.value(), C.jlongArray(arr.value()), elems, C.JNI_ABORT)
	ptr := elems
	for i := 0; i < length; i++ {
		ret[i] = int64(*ptr)
		ptr = (*C.jlong)(unsafe.Pointer(uintptr(unsafe.Pointer(ptr)) + unsafe.Sizeof(*ptr)))
	}
	return
}

// JByteArrayArray converts the provided [][]byte value into a Java array of
// byte arrays.
func JByteArrayArray(env Env, arr [][]byte) (Object, error) {
	objArr := make([]Object, len(arr))
	for i, elem := range arr {
		var err error
		if objArr[i], err = JByteArray(env, elem); err != nil {
			return NullObject, err
		}
	}
	return JObjectArray(env, objArr, jByteArrayClass)
}

// GoByteArrayArray converts the provided Java array of byte arrays into a Go
// [][]byte value.
func GoByteArrayArray(env Env, arr Object) ([][]byte, error) {
	objArr, err := GoObjectArray(env, arr)
	if err != nil {
		return nil, err
	}
	ret := make([][]byte, len(objArr))
	for i, obj := range objArr {
		ret[i] = GoByteArray(env, obj)
	}
	return ret, nil
}

// JVDLValueArray converts the provided Go slice of *vdl.Value values into a
// Java array of VdlValue objects.
func JVDLValueArray(env Env, arr []*vdl.Value) (Object, error) {
	objArr := make([]Object, len(arr))
	for i, val := range arr {
		var err error
		if objArr[i], err = JVomCopy(env, val, jVdlValueClass); err != nil {
			return NullObject, err
		}
	}
	return JObjectArray(env, objArr, jVdlValueClass)
}

// GoVDLValueArray converts the provided Java array of VdlValue objects into a
// Go slice of *vdl.Value values.
func GoVDLValueArray(env Env, arr Object) ([]*vdl.Value, error) {
	objArr, err := GoObjectArray(env, arr)
	if err != nil {
		return nil, err
	}
	vals := make([]*vdl.Value, len(objArr))
	for i, obj := range objArr {
		var err error
		if vals[i], err = GoVomCopyValue(env, obj); err != nil {
			return nil, err
		}
	}
	return vals, nil
}

// JObjectMap converts the provided Go map of Java objects into a Java
// object map.
func JObjectMap(env Env, m map[Object]Object) (Object, error) {
	mapObj, err := NewObject(env, jHashMapClass, nil)
	if err != nil {
		return NullObject, err
	}
	for keyObj, valObj := range m {
		if _, err := CallObjectMethod(env, mapObj, "put", []Sign{ObjectSign, ObjectSign}, ObjectSign, keyObj, valObj); err != nil {
			return NullObject, err
		}
	}
	return mapObj, nil
}

// GoObjectMap converts the provided Java object map into a Go map of Java
// objects.
func GoObjectMap(env Env, mapObj Object) (map[Object]Object, error) {
	if mapObj.IsNull() {
		return nil, nil
	}
	keysObj, err := CallObjectMethod(env, mapObj, "keySet", nil, SetSign)
	if err != nil {
		return nil, err
	}
	keysArr, err := CallObjectArrayMethod(env, keysObj, "toArray", nil, ObjectSign)
	if err != nil {
		return nil, err
	}
	ret := make(map[Object]Object)
	for _, keyObj := range keysArr {
		valObj, err := CallObjectMethod(env, mapObj, "get", []Sign{ObjectSign}, ObjectSign, keyObj)
		if err != nil {
			return nil, err
		}
		ret[keyObj] = valObj
	}
	return ret, nil
}

// JObjectMultimap converts the provided Go map of Java objects into a Java
// object multimap.
func JObjectMultimap(env Env, goMap map[Object][]Object) (Object, error) {
	mapObj, err := NewObject(env, jHashMultimapClass, nil)
	if err != nil {
		return NullObject, err
	}
	for keyObj, vals := range goMap {
		for _, valObj := range vals {
			if _, err := CallBooleanMethod(env, mapObj, "put", []Sign{ObjectSign, ObjectSign}, keyObj, valObj); err != nil {
				return NullObject, err
			}
		}
	}
	return mapObj, nil
}

// GoObjectMultimap converts the provided Java Multimap object into a Go map
// of Java objects.
func GoObjectMultimap(env Env, multiMap Object) (map[Object][]Object, error) {
	if multiMap.IsNull() {
		return nil, nil
	}
	keysObj, err := CallObjectMethod(env, multiMap, "keySet", nil, SetSign)
	if err != nil {
		return nil, err
	}
	keysArr, err := CallObjectArrayMethod(env, keysObj, "toArray", nil, ObjectSign)
	if err != nil {
		return nil, err
	}
	ret := make(map[Object][]Object)
	for _, keyObj := range keysArr {
		valsObj, err := CallObjectMethod(env, multiMap, "get", []Sign{ObjectSign}, CollectionSign, keyObj)
		if err != nil {
			return nil, err
		}
		valsArr, err := CallObjectArrayMethod(env, valsObj, "toArray", nil, ObjectSign)
		if err != nil {
			return nil, err
		}
		ret[keyObj] = valsArr
	}
	return ret, nil
}

// JFindClass returns the global reference to the Java class with the
// given pathname, or an error if the class cannot be found.
func JFindClass(env Env, name string) (Class, error) {
	cName := C.CString(name)
	defer C.free(unsafe.Pointer(cName))

	class := C.FindClass(env.value(), cName)
	if err := JExceptionMsg(env); err != nil || class == nil {
		return NullClass, fmt.Errorf("couldn't find class %s: %v", name, err)
	}
	obj := NewGlobalRef(env, Object(uintptr(unsafe.Pointer(class))))
	return Class(uintptr(unsafe.Pointer(C.jclass(obj.value())))), nil
}

// GoOptions converts a Java io.v.v23.Options instance into a slice of Go
// options (stored as interface{}).
//
// For each entry in the Java Option map, the user-supplied
// optionFunc is called to turn the entry into its corresponding Go option. It
// is up to the caller to cast the returned value to the appropriate Go type.
// If optionFunc returns a non-nil error, the err and a nil slice will be
// returned.
//
// The only exception to this rule is the special SkipOption error:
// if optionFunc returns this, the option will not be added to the result and
// option processing will continue.
func GoOptions(env Env, opts Object, optionFunc func(env Env, key string, opt Object) (interface{}, error)) ([]interface{}, error) {
	if opts.IsNull() {
		return []interface{}{}, nil
	}
	mapObj, err := CallMapMethod(env, opts, "asMap", []Sign{})
	if err != nil {
		return nil, err
	}
	var result []interface{}
	for keyObj, valObj := range mapObj {
		key := GoString(env, keyObj)
		value, err := optionFunc(env, key, valObj)
		if err == SkipOption {
			continue
		}
		if err != nil {
			return nil, err
		}
		result = append(result, value)
	}
	return result, nil
}

// JTime converts the provided Go time.Time value into a Java DateTime
// object.
func JTime(env Env, t time.Time) (Object, error) {
	millis := t.UnixNano() / 1000000
	return NewObject(env, jDateTimeClass, []Sign{LongSign}, millis)
}

// GoTime converts the provided Java DateTime object into a Go time.Time value.
func GoTime(env Env, timeObj Object) (time.Time, error) {
	if timeObj.IsNull() {
		return time.Time{}, nil
	}
	millis, err := CallLongMethod(env, timeObj, "getMillis", nil)
	if err != nil {
		return time.Time{}, err
	}
	sec := millis / 1000
	nsec := (millis % 1000) * 1000000
	return time.Unix(sec, nsec), nil
}

// JDuration converts the provided Go time.Duration value into a Java
// Duration object.
func JDuration(env Env, d time.Duration) (Object, error) {
	millis := d.Nanoseconds() / 1000000
	return NewObject(env, jDurationClass, []Sign{LongSign}, int64(millis))
}

// GoDuration converts the provided Java Duration object into a Go time.Duration
// value.
func GoDuration(env Env, duration Object) (time.Duration, error) {
	millis, err := CallLongMethod(env, duration, "getMillis", nil)
	if err != nil {
		return 0, err
	}
	return time.Duration(millis) * time.Millisecond, nil
}

// PushLocalFrame pushes a new local reference frame onto the reference frame
// stack. If the return value is >= 0, the new frame will have capacity for at
// least the specified number of local references. If the return value is < 0,
// the reference frame could not be created.
func PushLocalFrame(env Env, capacity int) int {
	return int(C.PushLocalFrame(env.value(), C.jint(capacity)))
}

// PopLocalFrame pops the most recent local reference frame off the reference
// frame stack. Returns a local reference in the previous reference frame to
// the given jFramePtr object. If you do not require a reference to the
// previous frame, you may pass nil for the jFramePtr parameter.
func PopLocalFrame(env Env, result Object) Object {
	if result.IsNull() {
		return Object(uintptr(unsafe.Pointer(C.PopLocalFrame(env.value(), nil))))
	}
	return Object(uintptr(unsafe.Pointer(C.PopLocalFrame(env.value(), result.value()))))
}

// jFieldID returns the Java field ID for the given object (i.e., non-static)
// field, or an error if the field couldn't be found.
// TODO(rosswang): Make these exported/cacheable (likely warrants refactor of corresponding
// GetXField methods)
// https://rkennke.wordpress.com/2007/07/24/efficient-jni-programming-ii-field-and-method-access/
func jFieldID(env Env, class Class, name string, sign Sign) (C.jfieldID, error) {
	cName := C.CString(name)
	defer C.free(unsafe.Pointer(cName))
	cSign := C.CString(string(sign))
	defer C.free(unsafe.Pointer(cSign))
	fid := C.GetFieldID(env.value(), class.value(), cName, cSign)
	if err := JExceptionMsg(env); err != nil || fid == nil {
		return nil, fmt.Errorf("couldn't find field %s: %v", name, err)
	}
	return fid, nil
}

// jStaticFieldID returns the Java field ID for the given static field,
// or an error if the field couldn't be found.
func jStaticFieldID(env Env, class Class, name string, sign Sign) (C.jfieldID, error) {
	cName := C.CString(name)
	defer C.free(unsafe.Pointer(cName))
	cSign := C.CString(string(sign))
	defer C.free(unsafe.Pointer(cSign))
	fid := C.GetStaticFieldID(env.value(), class.value(), cName, cSign)
	if err := JExceptionMsg(env); err != nil || fid == nil {
		return nil, fmt.Errorf("couldn't find field %s: %v", name, err)
	}
	return fid, nil
}

func newEnvCounter() *envCounter {
	return &envCounter{
		envs: make(map[*C.JNIEnv]*int),
	}
}

// envCounter counts, for each JNI environment, how many times has it been
// requested (by the same goroutine).
type envCounter struct {
	lock sync.Mutex
	envs map[*C.JNIEnv]*int
}

func (c *envCounter) inc(jenv *C.JNIEnv) {
	c.lock.Lock()
	defer c.lock.Unlock()
	count, ok := c.envs[jenv]
	if !ok {
		count := int(1)
		c.envs[jenv] = &count
	} else {
		(*count)++
	}
}

func (c *envCounter) dec(jenv *C.JNIEnv) int {
	c.lock.Lock()
	defer c.lock.Unlock()
	count, ok := c.envs[jenv]
	if !ok {
		panic("env entry with zero count")
	}
	(*count)--
	if *count == 0 {
		delete(c.envs, jenv)
	}
	return *count
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
A review and expert opinion on the neuropsychiatric assessment of motor functional neurological disorders
American Neuropsychiatric Association Committee for Research
Functional neurological (conversion) disorder (FND) is a prevalent and disabling condition at the intersection of neurology and psychiatry. Advances have been made in elucidating an emerging pathophysiology for motor FND, as well as in identifying evidenced-based physiotherapy and psychotherapy treatments. Despite these gains, important elements of the initial neuropsychiatric assessment of functional movement disorders (FND-movt) and functional limb weakness/paresis (FND-par) have yet to be established. This is an important gap from both diagnostic and treatment planning perspectives. In this article, the authors performed a narrative review to characterize clinically relevant variables across FND-movt and FND-par cohorts, including time course and symptom evolution, precipitating factors, medical and family histories, psychiatric comorbidities, psychosocial factors, physical examination signs, and adjunctive diagnostic tests. Thereafter, the authors propose a preliminary set of clinical content that should be assessed during early-phase patient encounters, in addition to identifying physical signs informing diagnosis and potential use of adjunctive tests for challenging cases. Although clinical history should not be used to make a FND diagnosis, characteristics such as acute onset, precipitating events (e.g., injury and surgery), and a waxing and waning course (including spontaneous remissions) are commonly reported. Active psychiatric symptoms (e.g., depression and anxiety) and ongoing psychosocial stressors also warrant evaluation. Positive physical examination signs (e.g., Hoover's sign and tremor entrainment) are key findings, as one of the DSM-5 diagnostic criteria. The neuropsychiatric assessment pro-posed emphasizes diagnosing FND by using "rule-in" physical signs while also considering psychiatric and psychosocial factors to aid in the development of a patient-centered treatment plan.
Journal of Neuropsychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences
https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.neuropsych.19120357
10.1176/appi.neuropsych.19120357
Dive into the research topics of 'A review and expert opinion on the neuropsychiatric assessment of motor functional neurological disorders'. Together they form a unique fingerprint.
Nervous System Diseases Medicine & Life Sciences 89%
Psychiatry Medicine & Life Sciences 71%
Physical Examination Medicine & Life Sciences 40%
Conversion Disorder Medicine & Life Sciences 34%
Medical History Taking Medicine & Life Sciences 33%
Spontaneous Remission Medicine & Life Sciences 32%
Psychology Medicine & Life Sciences 32%
Precipitating Factors Medicine & Life Sciences 30%
American Neuropsychiatric Association Committee for Research (2021). A review and expert opinion on the neuropsychiatric assessment of motor functional neurological disorders. Journal of Neuropsychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences, 33(1), 14-26. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.neuropsych.19120357
A review and expert opinion on the neuropsychiatric assessment of motor functional neurological disorders. / American Neuropsychiatric Association Committee for Research.
In: Journal of Neuropsychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences, Vol. 33, No. 1, 01.2021, p. 14-26.
American Neuropsychiatric Association Committee for Research 2021, 'A review and expert opinion on the neuropsychiatric assessment of motor functional neurological disorders', Journal of Neuropsychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences, vol. 33, no. 1, pp. 14-26. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.neuropsych.19120357
American Neuropsychiatric Association Committee for Research. A review and expert opinion on the neuropsychiatric assessment of motor functional neurological disorders. Journal of Neuropsychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences. 2021 Jan;33(1):14-26. doi: 10.1176/appi.neuropsych.19120357
American Neuropsychiatric Association Committee for Research. / A review and expert opinion on the neuropsychiatric assessment of motor functional neurological disorders. In: Journal of Neuropsychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences. 2021 ; Vol. 33, No. 1. pp. 14-26.
@article{83b20f3ad34244508ffe30e58775efb5,
title = "A review and expert opinion on the neuropsychiatric assessment of motor functional neurological disorders",
abstract = "Functional neurological (conversion) disorder (FND) is a prevalent and disabling condition at the intersection of neurology and psychiatry. Advances have been made in elucidating an emerging pathophysiology for motor FND, as well as in identifying evidenced-based physiotherapy and psychotherapy treatments. Despite these gains, important elements of the initial neuropsychiatric assessment of functional movement disorders (FND-movt) and functional limb weakness/paresis (FND-par) have yet to be established. This is an important gap from both diagnostic and treatment planning perspectives. In this article, the authors performed a narrative review to characterize clinically relevant variables across FND-movt and FND-par cohorts, including time course and symptom evolution, precipitating factors, medical and family histories, psychiatric comorbidities, psychosocial factors, physical examination signs, and adjunctive diagnostic tests. Thereafter, the authors propose a preliminary set of clinical content that should be assessed during early-phase patient encounters, in addition to identifying physical signs informing diagnosis and potential use of adjunctive tests for challenging cases. Although clinical history should not be used to make a FND diagnosis, characteristics such as acute onset, precipitating events (e.g., injury and surgery), and a waxing and waning course (including spontaneous remissions) are commonly reported. Active psychiatric symptoms (e.g., depression and anxiety) and ongoing psychosocial stressors also warrant evaluation. Positive physical examination signs (e.g., Hoover{\textquoteright}s sign and tremor entrainment) are key findings, as one of the DSM-5 diagnostic criteria. The neuropsychiatric assessment pro-posed emphasizes diagnosing FND by using "rule-in" physical signs while also considering psychiatric and psychosocial factors to aid in the development of a patient-centered treatment plan.",
author = "{American Neuropsychiatric Association Committee for Research} and Perez, {David L.} and Selma Aybek and Stoyan Popkirov and Kasia Kozlowska and Stephen, {Christopher D.} and Jordan Anderson and Robert Shura and Simon Ducharme and Alan Carson and Mark Hallett and Nicholson, {Timothy R.} and Jon Stone and Lafrance, {W. Curt} and Valerie Voon",
note = "Funding Information: This article presents independent research funded by NIHR. Funding Information: Dr. Perez has received grant support from a Massachusetts General Hospital Physician-Scientist Career Development Award and the Sidney R. Baer, Jr. Foundation; he has also received funding from NIH and honoraria for continuing medical education lectures on functional neurological disorder. Dr. Popkirov has received a speaker{\textquoteright}s fee from Novartis. Dr. Stephen has received funding from UPenn Orphan Disease Center Million Dollar Bike Ride/National Tay-Sachs and Allied Diseases Association; he has served on the scientific advisory board of Xenon Pharmaceuticals for a study on ATP1A3-related disorders; he has received research grant support from Sanofi-Genzyme for a longitudinal study of video oculography in late-onset GM2 gangliosidosis; and he has received financial support from Biogen, Biohaven, Cadent, and Sanofi-Genzyme as an investigator in clinical trials. Dr. Hallett is supported by the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke Intramural Program; he holds patents for an immunotoxin for the treatment of focal movement disorders and the H-coil for magnetic stimulation; in relation to the latter, he has received license fee payments from NIH (from Brainsway); he serves on the medical advisory boards of Brainsway, Cadent, and CALA Health; he receives royalties and/or honoraria from Cambridge University Press, Elsevier, Springer, and Oxford University Press; he has received research grant support from Allergan for studies of methods to inject botulinum toxins, Med-tronic for a study of deep-brain stimulation for dystonia, and CALA Health for studies of a device to suppress tremor. Dr. Nicholson has received grant support from a United Kingdom National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Clinician Scientist Award. Dr. Aybek has received noncommercial funding and honoraria for medical education from the Swiss National Research Foundation (grant PP00P3-176985). Dr. Stone has received research grant support from a National Research Scotland Career Fellowship; he also performs expert witness work in medicolegal settings, receives honoraria from UpToDate, and runs a free self-help website (www.neurosymptoms.org) for patients with functional neurological disorder. Dr. LaFrance receives editor{\textquoteright}s royalties from Cambridge University Press and author{\textquoteright}s royalties from Oxford University Press; he receives research grant support from the U.S. Department of Defense (grant W81XWH-17-0169 [principal investigator]); he serves on the advisory board of the Epilepsy Foundation New England Professional; he has received honoraria for the American Academy of Neurology Annual Meeting Annual Course; he has served as a clinic development consultant for Cleveland Clinic, Emory University, Oregon Health and Science University, Spectrum Health, and the University of Colorado Denver; and he has provided medico legal expert testimony. The other authors report no financial relationships with commercial interests. Received January 29, 2020; accepted April 23, 2020; published online Aug. 11, 2020. Funding Information: The views, opinions, and/or findings presented in this article are those of the authors and should not be construed as an official position, policy, or decision of the U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs, U.S. Federal Government, the NIHR, or the United Kingdom Department of Health and Social Care. Dr. Perez has received grant support from a Massachusetts General Hospital Physician-Scientist Career Development Award and the Sidney R. Baer, Jr. Foundation; he has also received funding from NIH and honoraria for continuing medical education lectures on functional neurological disorder. Dr. Popkirov has received a speaker?s fee from Novartis. Dr. Stephen has received funding from UPenn Orphan Disease Center Million Dollar Bike Ride/National Tay-Sachs and Allied Diseases Association; he has served on the scientific advisory board of Xenon Pharmaceuticals for a study on ATP1A3-related disorders; he has received research grant support from Sanofi-Genzyme for a longitudinal study of video oculography in late-onset GM2 gangliosidosis; and he has received financial support from Biogen, Biohaven, Cadent, and Sanofi-Genzyme as an investigator in clinical trials. Dr. Hallett is supported by the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke Intramural Program; he holds patents for an immunotoxin for the treatment of focal movement disorders and the H-coil for magnetic stimulation; in relation to the latter, he has received license fee pay-ments from NIH (from Brainsway); he serves on the medical advisory boards of Brainsway, Cadent, and CALA Health; he receives royalties and/or honoraria from Cambridge University Press, Elsevier, Springer, and Oxford University Press; he has received research grant support from Allergan for studies of methods to inject botulinum toxins, Med-tronic for a study of deep-brain stimulation for dystonia, and CALA Health for studies of a device to suppress tremor. Dr. Nicholson has received grant support from a United Kingdom National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Clinician Scientist Award. Dr. Aybek has received noncommercial funding and honoraria for medical education from the Swiss National Research Foundation (grant PP00P3-176985). Dr. Stone has received research grant support from a National Research Scotland Career Fellowship; he also performs expert witness work in medicolegal settings, receives honoraria from UpToDate, and runs a free self-help website (www.neurosymptoms.org) for patients with functional neurological disorder. Dr. LaFrance receives editor?s royalties from Cambridge University Press and author?s royalties from Oxford University Press; he receives research grant support from the U.S. Department of Defense (grant W81XWH-17-0169 [principal investigator]); he serves on the advisory board of the Epilepsy Foundation New England Professional; he has received honoraria for the American Academy of Neurology Annual Meeting Annual Course; he has served as a clinic development con-sultant for Cleveland Clinic, Emory University, Oregon Health and Science University, Spectrum Health, and the University of Colorado Denver; and he has provided medico legal expert testimony. The other authors report no financial relationships with commercial interests. Publisher Copyright: {\textcopyright} 2021, American Psychiatric Association. All rights reserved.",
doi = "10.1176/appi.neuropsych.19120357",
journal = "Journal of Neuropsychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences",
publisher = "American Psychiatric Publishing Inc.",
T1 - A review and expert opinion on the neuropsychiatric assessment of motor functional neurological disorders
AU - American Neuropsychiatric Association Committee for Research
AU - Perez, David L.
AU - Aybek, Selma
AU - Popkirov, Stoyan
AU - Kozlowska, Kasia
AU - Stephen, Christopher D.
AU - Anderson, Jordan
AU - Shura, Robert
AU - Ducharme, Simon
AU - Carson, Alan
AU - Hallett, Mark
AU - Nicholson, Timothy R.
AU - Stone, Jon
AU - Lafrance, W. Curt
AU - Voon, Valerie
N1 - Funding Information: This article presents independent research funded by NIHR. Funding Information: Dr. Perez has received grant support from a Massachusetts General Hospital Physician-Scientist Career Development Award and the Sidney R. Baer, Jr. Foundation; he has also received funding from NIH and honoraria for continuing medical education lectures on functional neurological disorder. Dr. Popkirov has received a speaker's fee from Novartis. Dr. Stephen has received funding from UPenn Orphan Disease Center Million Dollar Bike Ride/National Tay-Sachs and Allied Diseases Association; he has served on the scientific advisory board of Xenon Pharmaceuticals for a study on ATP1A3-related disorders; he has received research grant support from Sanofi-Genzyme for a longitudinal study of video oculography in late-onset GM2 gangliosidosis; and he has received financial support from Biogen, Biohaven, Cadent, and Sanofi-Genzyme as an investigator in clinical trials. Dr. Hallett is supported by the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke Intramural Program; he holds patents for an immunotoxin for the treatment of focal movement disorders and the H-coil for magnetic stimulation; in relation to the latter, he has received license fee payments from NIH (from Brainsway); he serves on the medical advisory boards of Brainsway, Cadent, and CALA Health; he receives royalties and/or honoraria from Cambridge University Press, Elsevier, Springer, and Oxford University Press; he has received research grant support from Allergan for studies of methods to inject botulinum toxins, Med-tronic for a study of deep-brain stimulation for dystonia, and CALA Health for studies of a device to suppress tremor. Dr. Nicholson has received grant support from a United Kingdom National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Clinician Scientist Award. Dr. Aybek has received noncommercial funding and honoraria for medical education from the Swiss National Research Foundation (grant PP00P3-176985). Dr. Stone has received research grant support from a National Research Scotland Career Fellowship; he also performs expert witness work in medicolegal settings, receives honoraria from UpToDate, and runs a free self-help website (www.neurosymptoms.org) for patients with functional neurological disorder. Dr. LaFrance receives editor's royalties from Cambridge University Press and author's royalties from Oxford University Press; he receives research grant support from the U.S. Department of Defense (grant W81XWH-17-0169 [principal investigator]); he serves on the advisory board of the Epilepsy Foundation New England Professional; he has received honoraria for the American Academy of Neurology Annual Meeting Annual Course; he has served as a clinic development consultant for Cleveland Clinic, Emory University, Oregon Health and Science University, Spectrum Health, and the University of Colorado Denver; and he has provided medico legal expert testimony. The other authors report no financial relationships with commercial interests. Received January 29, 2020; accepted April 23, 2020; published online Aug. 11, 2020. Funding Information: The views, opinions, and/or findings presented in this article are those of the authors and should not be construed as an official position, policy, or decision of the U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs, U.S. Federal Government, the NIHR, or the United Kingdom Department of Health and Social Care. Dr. Perez has received grant support from a Massachusetts General Hospital Physician-Scientist Career Development Award and the Sidney R. Baer, Jr. Foundation; he has also received funding from NIH and honoraria for continuing medical education lectures on functional neurological disorder. Dr. Popkirov has received a speaker?s fee from Novartis. Dr. Stephen has received funding from UPenn Orphan Disease Center Million Dollar Bike Ride/National Tay-Sachs and Allied Diseases Association; he has served on the scientific advisory board of Xenon Pharmaceuticals for a study on ATP1A3-related disorders; he has received research grant support from Sanofi-Genzyme for a longitudinal study of video oculography in late-onset GM2 gangliosidosis; and he has received financial support from Biogen, Biohaven, Cadent, and Sanofi-Genzyme as an investigator in clinical trials. Dr. Hallett is supported by the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke Intramural Program; he holds patents for an immunotoxin for the treatment of focal movement disorders and the H-coil for magnetic stimulation; in relation to the latter, he has received license fee pay-ments from NIH (from Brainsway); he serves on the medical advisory boards of Brainsway, Cadent, and CALA Health; he receives royalties and/or honoraria from Cambridge University Press, Elsevier, Springer, and Oxford University Press; he has received research grant support from Allergan for studies of methods to inject botulinum toxins, Med-tronic for a study of deep-brain stimulation for dystonia, and CALA Health for studies of a device to suppress tremor. Dr. Nicholson has received grant support from a United Kingdom National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Clinician Scientist Award. Dr. Aybek has received noncommercial funding and honoraria for medical education from the Swiss National Research Foundation (grant PP00P3-176985). Dr. Stone has received research grant support from a National Research Scotland Career Fellowship; he also performs expert witness work in medicolegal settings, receives honoraria from UpToDate, and runs a free self-help website (www.neurosymptoms.org) for patients with functional neurological disorder. Dr. LaFrance receives editor?s royalties from Cambridge University Press and author?s royalties from Oxford University Press; he receives research grant support from the U.S. Department of Defense (grant W81XWH-17-0169 [principal investigator]); he serves on the advisory board of the Epilepsy Foundation New England Professional; he has received honoraria for the American Academy of Neurology Annual Meeting Annual Course; he has served as a clinic development con-sultant for Cleveland Clinic, Emory University, Oregon Health and Science University, Spectrum Health, and the University of Colorado Denver; and he has provided medico legal expert testimony. The other authors report no financial relationships with commercial interests. Publisher Copyright: © 2021, American Psychiatric Association. All rights reserved.
N2 - Functional neurological (conversion) disorder (FND) is a prevalent and disabling condition at the intersection of neurology and psychiatry. Advances have been made in elucidating an emerging pathophysiology for motor FND, as well as in identifying evidenced-based physiotherapy and psychotherapy treatments. Despite these gains, important elements of the initial neuropsychiatric assessment of functional movement disorders (FND-movt) and functional limb weakness/paresis (FND-par) have yet to be established. This is an important gap from both diagnostic and treatment planning perspectives. In this article, the authors performed a narrative review to characterize clinically relevant variables across FND-movt and FND-par cohorts, including time course and symptom evolution, precipitating factors, medical and family histories, psychiatric comorbidities, psychosocial factors, physical examination signs, and adjunctive diagnostic tests. Thereafter, the authors propose a preliminary set of clinical content that should be assessed during early-phase patient encounters, in addition to identifying physical signs informing diagnosis and potential use of adjunctive tests for challenging cases. Although clinical history should not be used to make a FND diagnosis, characteristics such as acute onset, precipitating events (e.g., injury and surgery), and a waxing and waning course (including spontaneous remissions) are commonly reported. Active psychiatric symptoms (e.g., depression and anxiety) and ongoing psychosocial stressors also warrant evaluation. Positive physical examination signs (e.g., Hoover's sign and tremor entrainment) are key findings, as one of the DSM-5 diagnostic criteria. The neuropsychiatric assessment pro-posed emphasizes diagnosing FND by using "rule-in" physical signs while also considering psychiatric and psychosocial factors to aid in the development of a patient-centered treatment plan.
AB - Functional neurological (conversion) disorder (FND) is a prevalent and disabling condition at the intersection of neurology and psychiatry. Advances have been made in elucidating an emerging pathophysiology for motor FND, as well as in identifying evidenced-based physiotherapy and psychotherapy treatments. Despite these gains, important elements of the initial neuropsychiatric assessment of functional movement disorders (FND-movt) and functional limb weakness/paresis (FND-par) have yet to be established. This is an important gap from both diagnostic and treatment planning perspectives. In this article, the authors performed a narrative review to characterize clinically relevant variables across FND-movt and FND-par cohorts, including time course and symptom evolution, precipitating factors, medical and family histories, psychiatric comorbidities, psychosocial factors, physical examination signs, and adjunctive diagnostic tests. Thereafter, the authors propose a preliminary set of clinical content that should be assessed during early-phase patient encounters, in addition to identifying physical signs informing diagnosis and potential use of adjunctive tests for challenging cases. Although clinical history should not be used to make a FND diagnosis, characteristics such as acute onset, precipitating events (e.g., injury and surgery), and a waxing and waning course (including spontaneous remissions) are commonly reported. Active psychiatric symptoms (e.g., depression and anxiety) and ongoing psychosocial stressors also warrant evaluation. Positive physical examination signs (e.g., Hoover's sign and tremor entrainment) are key findings, as one of the DSM-5 diagnostic criteria. The neuropsychiatric assessment pro-posed emphasizes diagnosing FND by using "rule-in" physical signs while also considering psychiatric and psychosocial factors to aid in the development of a patient-centered treatment plan.
U2 - 10.1176/appi.neuropsych.19120357
DO - 10.1176/appi.neuropsych.19120357
JO - Journal of Neuropsychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences
JF - Journal of Neuropsychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences


Barbershop owner Samuel Jenkins stood before residents and business owners from his East Durham neighborhood as an example of how one person could use individual and municipal resources to rebuild the blighted community. Jenkins, who has leased the property for his Angier Avenue shop, Samuel & Sons, for the last two years, is in the process of purchasing his building with the help of a $30,000 loan from the city.
"It needs a facelift all the way around," he told the crowd at a Tuesday night meeting. "I want it to look like the buildings on Ninth Street." But he hopes the restorations will provide more than an economic boon. "If we improve the businesses and how they look, that will deter crime," he said.
Jenkins shared his experience at a community meeting called "A New East Durham," which he helped organize with the Rev. Melvin Whitley and Vivian McCoy. Almost 100 people convened at the local recreation center to address the crime, vacant lots and general disrepair that plague the area around Angier Avenue and Driver Street. A can-do spirit pervaded the hour-long assembly. Mayor Bill Bell, City Manager Patrick Baker, police Chief Steve Chalmers and council members Howard Clement, Thomas Stith, Mike Woodard and Cora Cole-McFadden attended and voiced support. Audience members raised questions and gave neighborly advice.
Jenkins' loan was one result of increased efforts by several city departments to focus on revitalizing East Durham. At the meeting, economic development administrator Chris Dickey discussed his department's recent assessment of the neighborhood, which determined that the local businesses are appropriate in size and scale to serve community needs, but are often in poor condition. Jenkins circulated annotated color photos of local businesses that supported Dickey's conclusions. The dilapidation, Jenkins argued, fosters drug users and dealers, prostitutes and other criminals. It also leads to a loss of revenue. "This community has economic power," Dickey said. "But a lot of purchases are made outside the community." Dickey says his department is in the process of making funding decisions on several commercial revitalizations. The city council established a $250,000 fund to subsidize such projects.
McCoy urged local entrepreneurs to take ownership of their properties. "What we want from those of you that have businesses in this area--if you rent those buildings, buy those buildings," McCoy said. She also pressed them to organize. "I went to the chamber of commerce several years ago to ask them to help start a business association," she said. "I never got a response ... we are going to try to get all of you together. You need to formulate a business organization for East Durham." All the entrepreneurs who were present pledged their support.
But not everyone was convinced that cleaning up businesses would reduce crime. "Samuel, what you've done to the front of the building--that's great," resident Debbie Parrish told Jenkins. "My concern is cleaning up the clientele. A pretty building will not deter crime. If you don't clean up the clientele, you're wasting money and so is the city."
Demetrius Lynn, who lives one block over from the community center, also expressed doubts. "Once you clean up businesses, [criminals] move to the side streets," Lynn said. "I know people who are scared to come out of their houses."
Meeting organizer Whitley affirmed that residents as well as businesspeople would have to take part in any revitalization efforts. "Criminals do not operate in well-organized communities," Whitley said. "It's not good for business." He took a show of hands to see who was interested in organizing a community watch program, and left with a list of names and promises from several local cops that they'd work with citizens to police the streets.
Bell ended the meeting on a positive note.
"What you're doing tonight is exactly what this community--all of Durham--has to do," he said. "You're setting the example. Don't stop. Come to the next meeting."


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Oliver Juarez-Romero, William Olvera-Lopez, Francisco Sanchez-Sanchez. A simple family of solutions for forest games. Journal of Dynamics & Games, 2017, 4(2): 87-96. doi: 10.3934\/jdg.2017006.
Chloe A. Fletcher, Jason S. Howell. Dynamic modeling of nontargeted and targeted advertising strategies in an oligopoly. Journal of Dynamics & Games, 2017, 4(2): 97-124. doi: 10.3934\/jdg.2017007.
Joon Kwon, Panayotis Mertikopoulos. A continuous-time approach to online optimization. Journal of Dynamics & Games, 2017, 4(2): 125-148. doi: 10.3934\/jdg.2017008.
Filipe Martins, Alberto A. Pinto, Jorge Passamani Zubelli. Nash and social welfare impact in an international trade model. Journal of Dynamics & Games, 2017, 4(2): 149-173. doi: 10.3934\/jdg.2017009.
Luis C. Corchon. Trade and growth: A simple model with NOT-SO-Simple implications. Journal of Dynamics & Games, 2017, 4(2): 175-190. doi: 10.3934\/jdg.2017010.


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text:
Celebrity News September 15, 2020
Caitlyn Jenner Talks 'KUWTK' Coming to an End, Kanye's Presidential Campaign, and New YouTube Show
As one Kardashian/Jenner chapter is closing, another one is opening. "Extra's" Billy Bush spoke with Caitlyn Jenner today about her new YouTube channel.
First, she weighed in on the news that "Keeping Up with the Kardashians" is coming to an end after 20 seasons. Jenner revealed, "It was more of a family decision. Everybody kinda got together and they made a family decision about it… It was kind of time to move on. I think everybody's done very well, entrepreneurial-wise."
She continued, "There's no bigger social media family in the world than my family… Actually, I can sit on the couch with all the girls and you could reach a half a billion people."
Billy commented, "Isn't that amazing?" and Caitlyn replied, "Isn't that ridiculous?"
Caitlyn is proud of them, saying, "It's been fun to watch them grow… I couldn't be more proud of everyone of 'em the way they've done it."
Switching gears to politics, Jenner, who voted for Donald Trump in 2016, told Billy, "One thing I have learned over the last two or three years is don't talk politics… To be honest with you, I don't know which way I'm going, what I'm going to do."
Billy asked, "Wait a minute, you're not voting for [Joe] Biden? You're not voting for Trump? You have to vote for your son-in-law-ish."
Caitlyn replied with a smile, saying, "My son-in-law, yes. Yes, that's it. I'm voting for Kanyaaaaaaaaaye!"
Jenner also revealed to Billy that she is single. "I have never dated and probably never will… I have a lot of very good friends. Every day is filled. I've got things to do, and that's not even one of them."
As for her YouTube channel, she explained that COVID-19 was a deciding factor in starting it. "The pandemic was so tough on me… I hated not having anything to do. Actually, I talked to Kris about it and decided… why don't I start this? And actually, it's been so much fun."
She added, "We've been able to do a variety of things; you know, cooking shows, makeup shows, this, that. The family will be involved. They've all agreed that 'Hey, I want to do something.' So yeah, I'll have a little Kim thing, Kylie, Kendall… We've got some ideas we're going to do."
Billy asked, "But you have to get Kris' permission, don't you?" Laughing, Caitlyn said, "I already asked. I have her blessings."
Check out Caitlyn's channel here!
#CaitlynJenner #KanyeWest #KardashianJennerFamily #Politix #Television
Adorable! First Pics of Brandon Jenner & Wife Cayley Stoker's Twins
Kanye West Announces Running Mate, Plus: His Thoughts on Trump, Biden, and More
How Caitlyn Jenner's Struggles with Gender Dysphoria and Dyslexia Drove Her to Olympic Superstardom
Tori Bates & Bobby Smith Expecting Baby #3
President Donald Trump's Daughter Tiffany Trump Engaged to Billion-Heir BF Michael Boulos
Stephanie Seymour's Son Harry Brant Dead at 24
Noah Centineo Gets His Tonsils Out
Rachel Uchitel Reacts to HBO Doc, Talks Having a Moment with Jana Kramer
Denzel Washington's Message as We Celebrate MLK Day, Plus: His New Movie 'The Little Things'
Joel Kinnaman & Kelly Gale Engaged — See Her Ring!


At Oakland Leaf, all of our programs incorporate the practice of Cyphers. We believe in the power of people's stories and life experiences regardless of how many years they have been alive. There is a collective wisdom that exists and needs to be honored. When we practice Cyphers, or community circles, the benefits are immense. I have seen the culture of a 100 person program change for the better in less than a month by creating the space and putting in the work to Cypher. The benefits of this practice include increased familiarity with people's stories, empathy building, idea sharing, harm repair, healing for the individual who is hurting, and compassion building. The additional value add for our Newcomer youth is that they get to practice their English in a low-risk environment.
Cyphers are used as a space to do intentional community building in the form of having a discussion on any topic. The Cypher is meant to serve as an emotionally safe place for each participant to say their piece without interruption or judgment. Youth have very few venues where they can speak their truth without interruption, let alone without judgment. Make sure that if chairs are used, then everyone must have a chair. If you are sitting on the floor, then everyone sits on the floor. Everyone should be able to see each other. Sitting in the circle diminishes hierarchy and overall power dynamics. Everyone is equal.
There has been mention of some intangible components of the Cypher such as the discussion, the shared values, and emotionally safe space. However, there are tangible components, too. They include: a centerpiece where youth may focus their attention; a talking piece that can be brought by the facilitator or made by the group; and something from nature (a plant, glass/bowl of water) to remind us that we are connected to the earth. I have seen youth bring a toy or a picture of their families to the circle as an offering to the group during the Cypher.
Cyphers are encouraged to happen at least once a week and many of our programs calendar them in so that youth know when they will occur. The values of the collective are held throughout the Cypher. I would encourage you to have youth share a value they bring to the first few Cyphers. People do not have to speak but are expected to hold the talking piece for 5-10 seconds before passing the talking piece. If there are people absent on the day of a Cypher, then a place is still held for them in the circle.
Model and practice with the adults and/or youth that will facilitate. Do not assume adults are natural keepers of this space. Practice with each other in staff meetings to increase comfort levels.
Be honest about your role as facilitator. Based on the reason for the Cypher, if the facilitator has been harmed or has done the harm then they should not facilitate.
Use Cyphers for different reasons not just to repair harm. You don't want to "anchor" Cyphers as these intense conversations that make people cry.
Allow time for each person to share at least twice during a Cypher. If the purpose is to plan, then you may be able to have multiple Cyphers to accomplish the task. However, if repair is needed then allow a realistic amount of time for that type of Cypher.
Be prepared for the vibe to get deep. Youth will share extremely personal experiences. Be prepared to sit in that discomfort. Hold everyone accountable to the values if they veer from them because of that discomfort. Remember: it may not be intentional to break from values. Defense mechanisms manifest differently for people.
As the facilitator, have discussion prompts and reflection questions prepared. Sometimes a Cypher can take its natural course and as a facilitator you do not want to lose the capacity to close up the circle.
We know that bringing together young people and offering them the opportunity to have their individual voices heard in the larger community is an important practice. We are referring to "talking or sharing circles" - bringing youth together in a circle and asking each individual to speak while the rest of the group practices active listening.
In youth programs, these circle meetings are often called "sharing circles" or "community circles". In the classroom, these are often called "morning meetings" (see video below). In our next blog post, Johanna Masis from Oakland Leaf will describe their circle practice called "Cyphers".
2. Promoting a positive climate and learning environment.
3. Promoting emotional safety and youth voice (see California Quality Standards for Expanded Learning Programs).
1. Offer the circle leaders facilitation training to ensure that they are prepared to support their young participants and know how to handle difficult responses. These might be responses that are very sensitive, provoke difficult feelings of the other youth, or raise legal or ethical issues for the facilitator.
2. Decide the schedule and frequency of your circle time. Some programs do this everyday to open the group or once a week.
5. Select a "talking object". This is an object that each speaker holds when they are sharing, and they pass to the next person, which signifies a new person is sharing. These objects are often things from nature like a beautiful feather or a piece of driftwood. Some programs have several objects in a basket and one youth is asked to choose the talking object for that day.
6. It is often recommended that the circle facilitator uses questions or prompts that young people can respond to. This can be very helpful for young people who are not accustomed or comfortable with sharing with others. Some programs have a jar of prompt questions which can be drawn by a young person for that day's prompt.
Teaching Restorative Practices with Classroom Circles - This is a comprehensive curriculum guide that offers an overview, prompts, lesson plans, and other resources.
Katie Brackenridge is the vice president for programs for the Partnership for Children and Youth (PCY) and a leading member of the Expanded Learning 360°/365 project. At PCY, she oversees initiatives to improve the quality of and access to after-school, summer and community schools efforts in California. She also makes recommendations and advises decision-makers about policies related to the expanded learning field.
Katie is very active in promoting social emotional learning in classroom, afterschool, and summer learning settings. Below are two articles that she has published around these issues.
As a 23-year-old after-school worker in Brooklyn, New York, my "teacher" role was deeply intertwined with the personalities and interests of my kids. I wanted to know everything about what sparked the interests of each child in my room — what was funny, irritating, intriguing, intimidating.
I weaved this knowledge into the content of units and lessons, adapting as quickly as possible when they let me know that the activities were boring, easy or stupid. I used my relationships to understand when kids weren't doing what I hoped they'd do.
Rather than enforcing what might have seemed like arbitrary rules, I circled back constantly to talk about how the rules did or did not support their needs or the needs of the group to get work done or to have fun. These practices were instinctual as a young adult with energy and optimism about the intrinsic ability of every child, and these practices were embedded in the youth development trainings I received.
Unfortunately, when teachers at the school saw my class in action, they often had concerns: Why are the children lying on the floor? Who will clean up this mess? What's all this noise? These interactions intimidated me because I didn't have the vocabulary to explain what I was doing. I couldn't affirm confidently that by creating a safe space, listening to students' voices, offering authentic learning opportunities, I was helping them self-manage, be socially aware, have self-efficacy. In short, I couldn't translate the youth development practices into school-day language.
Because they understand the importance of out-of-school activities, families with resources pay for classes, sports, and camps so their children continue to advance in the 80 percent of time they are not in school. They know the exposure, skills, and experiences are essential for their children's academic, social and emotional development. In fact, over the last 40 years, upper-income parents have increased the amount they spend on their children's enrichment activities, like tutoring and extracurricular programs, by 10 times the amount of their lower-income peers. Students from low-income families have increasingly less access to engaging activities, new experiences, and caring adults outside their families, and fewer opportunities to build social and emotional skills. This unequal access has contributed to a widening opportunity gap, with immediate consequences for academic achievement and long-term consequences for success in work and life.
Fortunately, there is a resource—though often overlooked—to address this opportunity gap. Free or low-cost expanded learning programs (that take place after school and in the summer) can offer an additional 690 hours (or 115 days) of learning time.


If you're looking for electricians in Sutton, then look no further than Lola Electrical. All our engineers are fully qualified, experienced and trained to deliver you the highest electrical standards in South London. Additionally, all our electricians are NICEIC registered, so you can rest assured that we'll get the job done efficiently and effectively. Give us a call on 0203 146 1859 to book your electrician with us today!
Do you need a professional electrician in Sutton that is NICEIC registered, fully insured, reliable and affordable to visit your domestic or commercial property to fix your electrics? Lola Electrical engineers are specialists in all aspects of electrical equipment including repairs and installs. We offer our electricians in Sutton and the rest of South London at competitive prices. Whether it's a single socket installation, light repair, or an entire rewiring of a building, our engineers can do it all at the cheapest prices within South London.
Through our experience and training, we have been registered as NICEIC contractors that can adapt ourselves to any electrical installation within domestic and commercial properties alike. You don't have to worry about providing your electricians in Sutton with anything; our electricians come equipped with all the tools and knowledge they need to perform the job that is required of them. We can guarantee the highest quality of work of all our electricians that we provide at Lola Electrical and their work conforms to current electrical standards.
Through experience and dedication, our engineers have mastered the art of performing all work to high standards whilst working quickly and efficiently. All installations are tested to ensure the safety of anyone within the property.
Additionally, we work in partnership with landlords and offer HMO compliance as a package service.
These are common electrical requirements for you to receive your HMO licence, however, each council varies and have different requirements set in place. Lola Electrical are happy to fix, install or update any requirement that the council ask of you until they are happy to provide you with your HMO licence.
If you want to hire the best electricians in Sutton for any electrical work that you require, call Lola Electrical on 0203 146 1859 to book an appointment for an engineer to visit you. If you have any questions or would like to book an appointment to speak to an engineer directly, email us on liam@lolaelectrical.co.uk and an engineer will be able to give you a callback.


Preheat the oven to 450 degrees . In a small saucepan, bring the cranberries, 2 tbsp. EVOO, the lime juice, sugar and 1/4 cup water to a boil. Add the zest, cover and remove from heat.
In a large bowl, combine the sweet potatoes, coriander, cumin and remaining 4 tbsp. EVOO. Season; toss to coat the potatoes. Spread on a large foil-lined baking sheet and roast for 15 minutes.
Pour the cranberry mixture over the potatoes; toss to coat. Continue roasting until the potatoes are tender, about 15 minutes. Season; toss with the cilantro.


Café2Go® Self-Heating Beverage and Soup Kits combine our TRUETECH® Self-Heating Technology with tasty beverage and soup kits for military and civilian use.
Café2Go® Kits pair our TRUETECH® Self-Heating Technology with tasty beverages and soups. Café2Go® is available to the U.S. Military, first responders, law enforcement, firefighters, outdoor enthusiasts, remote construction workers and anyone else who wants to enjoy a hot beverage or Cup-a-Soup® on-the-go. In just 30 minutes Café2Go® Kits heat 18 cups of water, so you can enjoy your favorite NESCAFÉ®, NESTEA®, NESTLÉ® and Cup-a-Soup® products.
Café2Go® Self-Heating Coffee Kits include a NESCAFÉ® Taster's Choice® 100% freeze-dried coffee pouch, 18 Coffee-mate® creamers, 18 sugar packets, 18 cups and 18 stirrers. You supply one gallon of potable water and we supply the heat!
Café2Go® Self-Heating Soup Kits include six of each of your favorite Lipton® Cup-a-Soup® flavors: Chicken Noodle, Beef Noodle and Tomato, as well as 18 cups and 18 spoons. You supply one gallon of potable water and we supply the heat!
Café2Go® Self-Heating Hot Cocoa Beverage Kits include 18 packets of NESTLÉ® Hot Cocoa Mix, 18 cups and 18 stirrers. You supply one gallon of potable water and we supply the heat!
Café2Go® Self-Heating Variety Beverage Kits include 12 pouches of NESCAFÉ® Taster's Choice® freeze-dried coffee, 3 NESTEA® Leaf Tea Bags, 3 NESTLÉ®Hot Cocoa Mix, 18 Coffee-mate® creamers, 18 sugar packets, 18 cups and 18 stirrers. You supply one gallon of potable water and we supply the heat!
Café2Go® Self-Heating Beverage Kits come with premium brand name coffee, tea and cocoa products from NESCAFÉ®, NESTEA® and NESTLÉ®. You supply one gallon of potable water and we supply the heat! Beverage kits also include cups, stirrers, sugars and creamers.
Café2Go® Self-Heating Soup Kit includes six packets of each of your favorite Lipton® Cup-a-Soup® flavors: Chicken Noodle, Beef Noodle and Tomato, as well as cups and spoons. As with our beverage kits, you supply one gallon of potable water and we supply the heat!