Today we're going to continue our Forex Market Basics series by covering the next component, margin. If you didn't catch our Part 1 article on order types, head over here and give it a read.
Ok… so margin. Any decent forex broker offers clients trading on margin and leverage these days, so let's get stuck into the concept of margin and what it actually is.
First of all, it's really not as complicated as it might seem, think of it kind of like collateral for taking a trade position. Beginner traders often think of margin as a transaction cost, but really, it's just a part of your equity that is 'held' while your position is open.
Another way to think of it is like a home loan. For example, if you want to buy a $200,000 house (in Sydney? Yeah right!), the bank or lender will ask you for a 20% deposit, so $40,000. Now, this $40,000 is still your money, you're just using it to buy a $200,000 house. Margin, when it comes to the Forex market, works exactly the same way. It's a loan from your broker that you use to open a larger position, and in order to do that, the broker requires part of your trading equity, called margin.
The table above shows how much margin is required for various leverage ratios. Different brokers and countries have different rules and offerings when it comes to leverage. As we've already established, the margin is typically a percentage of the position size that you want to open with leverage. So, if your Forex broker offers 1:20 leverage, the required margin would be 5$ (100/20), just like for 1:50 it is 2% (100/50).
And that, folks, is the basics of margin. Stay tuned for part three when we dive into leverage.


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Loading header
The 50 best films of 2016 in the UK: the full list
Top UK films 2016
Our countdown of the Guardian film team's favourite movies released in the UK is complete, topped by a strange and wonderful encounter
• See the US cut of this list
• More on the best culture of 2016
Tue 29 Nov 2016 07.12 EST Last modified on Mon 3 Dec 2018 10.24 EST
Charlie Kaufman's piercingly original puppet animation, an ineffably strange account of a motivational speaker undergoing an identity crisis and his encounter with a fan. Read more
Traumatisingly plausible study of the brutalities of a Holocaust death camp, revolving around a Jewish Sonderkommando gas-chamber worker. An astonishing debut from Hungarian László Nemes. Read more
Emotionally intelligent alien-contact sci-fi from Sicario's Denis Villeneuve,with Amy Adams as the unhappy linguist called in to try and decipher communications from mysterious extraterrestrial arrivals. Read more
Superbly acted four-hander from I Am Love director Luca Guadagnino, with Tilda Swinton's musician having her idyllic holiday home invaded by fast-talking (and dancing) Ralph Fiennes. Read more
Fire at Sea
Low-key, elegiac documentary dealing with a toughly contemporary subject: the life-threatening trips taken by refugee boats across the Mediterranean to the Italian island of Lampedusa. Read more
Whit Stillman consolidates his return with a superbly witty adaptation of Jane Austen's novella Lady Susan (with a title borrowed from another early Austen), featuring Kate Beckinsale as a hardheaded society beauty. Read more
Ira Sachs's follow-up to Love Is Strange, a beautifully observed study of a liberally inclined family with money worries, and the effect it has on their son. Read more
Fantastically ambitious survival epic which won Oscars for Leonardo DiCaprio and Alejandro González Iñárritu, based on the real-life 19th-century bear attack on frontiersman Hugh Glass. Read more
Freakishly topical documentary about disgraced congressman Anthony Weiner, whose addiction to sexting became a contentious feature of the Clinton-Trump presidential election. Read more
Seth Rogen and Evan Goldberg put their potty-mouthed talents to work on a gross-out comedy animation, featuring food items who have only the haziest idea of what happens outside the supermarket shelves. Read more
Mightily impressive single-shot thriller that follows its protagonist, played by Laia Costa, on a nerve-jangling nightmare through a long Berlin night. Read a full review
Beautifully shot martial arts fable by Taiwanese master director Hou Hsiao-Hsien, starring Shu Qi as an assassin sent to kill her cousin as a test. Read a full review
Tom Ford's cruelly beautiful adaptation of Austin Wright's novel Tony and Susan, with Amy Adams as a woman disturbed by the manuscript of a novel she receives from her ex-husband. Read a full review
Brie Larson won the best actress Oscar for her powerful performance as a kidnap victim confined to a small room, in an astute adaptation of Emma Donoghue's novel. Read a full review
Jackie director Pablo Larraín skewers Chile's culture of denial in the post-Pinochet era, through a troubling study of a retirement home for "sinning" priests. Read a full review
Hard-hitting paean to old-school investigative journalism, starring Mark Ruffalo and Michael Keaton as reporters on a team who spearheaded the Boston Globe's 1990s investigation into clerical sex abuse. Read a full review
Our Little Sister
A tenderly observed story of three sisters whose lives are affected by the arrival of a fourth family member, a half-sister, from Japanese auteur Hirokazu Koreeda. Read a full review
Jim Jarmusch's slow-burn study of a bus-driving poet, played elegantly and mysteriously by Adam Driver, whose apparently happy life in New Jersey suffers unexpected disruption. Read a full review
Robustly impressive bankrobber movie that carries some of the charge of the Hollywood new wave, starring Chris Pine and Ben Foster as brothers on a complicated criminal mission. Read a full review
Surprisingly engaging comedy-drama about five Turkish sisters and their travails under restrictive, traditional customs by first-time director Deniz Gamze Ergüven. Read a full review
Marvel's bizarre, surreal tale of Benedict Cumberbatch's superpower-encumbered medic, enlisted by Tilda Swinton's Ancient One to fight the evil Mads Mikkelsen. Read a full review
Brit auteur Andrea Arnold heads to the US for a raucous, scabrous road trip following a group of hard-partying kids as they sell magazine subscriptions door to door. Read a full review
An exceptional performance by Isabelle Huppert ballasts Mia Hansen-Løve's study of a philosophy professor mired in mid-life crises. Read a full review
An unexpected comedy hit for Ryan Reynolds as the "pansexual" Marvel character, a smartmouth, self-deconstructing superhero who battles Game of Thrones's Ed Skrein as Ajax. Read a full review
Tale of Tales
Gomorrah's Matteo Garrone conjures up an eccentric, exotic collection of 16th-century Italian folktales, with Salma Hayek, Toby Jones and John C Reilly among the talent on show. Read a full review
Highly likable new runner in the Harry Potter stakes, boasting an original JK Rowling script derived from the Hogwarts textbook and Eddie Redmayne as "magizoologist" Newt Scamander. Read a full review
Quentin Tarantino's masterly revival western, with Samuel L Jackson, Jennifer Jason Leigh and Tim Roth among a motley group holed up and fighting it out in a snowbound store. Read a full review
Palme d'Or winning thriller from A Prophet's Jacques Audiard that follows Sri Lankan civil war escapees fending off threats and violence on a drug-ridden French housing estate. Read a full review
Unorthodox but charming biopic of Joy Mangano, inventor of the Miracle Mop and a shopping-TV success story, with a strong performance by Jennifer Lawrence in the lead role. Read a full review
Prescient study by first-time director Brady Corbet of the origins of fascism, as depicted through the early years of a kid destined to become a dictator. Read a full review
Arabian Nights: Vols 1-3
Woozily audacious three-part docu-fantasy from Portuguese director Miguel Gomes that depicts Portugal's austerity as a dream-nightmare inspired by Scheherazade's tales cycle. Read a full review
Sombre, disturbing drama from Mexican director Michel Franco, with Tim Roth as a carer of terminal illness people who cultivates an unhealthy significance in the final stages of his patients' lives. Read a full review
Charming 1980s-set comedy from Once director John Carney about Dublin schoolboys who get a band together to try and impress local girls – particularly Lucy Boynton's Raphina. Read a full review
Entertaining and funny Disney animation about a bunny rookie cop, working in a city populated by animals, who gets a sniff of a missing mammal case and aims to prove her worth. Read a full review
Embrace of the Serpent
Oscar-nominated story of indigenous peoples in the Colombian Amazon, based on the journals of two 20th-century explorers and detailing the havoc wreaked by the west. Read a full review
The Light Between Oceans
Swoonsome, melodramatic weepie starring Michael Fassbender and Alicia Vikander as a lighthouse-keeping couple who keep a baby they find drifting in an open boat in post-first-world-war Australia. Read a full review
Everybody Wants Some!!
Subtle 1980s-set comedy from Richard Linklater, conceived as a semi-sequel to Dazed and Confused, as it follows a bunch of jocks to college on baseball scholarships. Read a full review
Raw, disturbing story from Venezuelan director Lorenzo Vigas (winner of Venice's Golden Lion) about a well-off middle-aged man who falls in love with a teenage street thug. Read a full review
Apichatpong Weerasethakul's follow-up to the Palme d'Or-winning Uncle Boonmee is an elegantly mysterious fable set largely in a hospital filled with soldiers who have succumbed to sleeping sickness. Read a full review
Hunt for the Wilderpeople
New Zealand-set comedy snappily directed by Taika Waititi (What We Do in the Shadows), starring Sam Neill as a gruff backwoodsman who heads for the hills with teen delinquent Julian Dennison. Read a full review
Ben Wheatley's phantasmagorical adaptation of JG Ballard's housing-block dystopia, with Tom Hiddleston as a doctor caught in between-floors class warfare. Read a full review
Righteously angry, nerve-striking benefits assessment drama from Ken Loach, which won Loach the Palme d'Or at Cannes for the second time. Read a full review
Creepy, disturbing horror with folk-tale elements. Set in 17th-century New England, it follows an immigrant family's terror as they are tormented by a mysterious, witch-like entity. Read a full review
Black-comic anthology of dachshund-themed stories by Todd Solondz, with Greta Gerwig, Danny DeVito and Ellen Burstyn among the dog owners whose emotional lives are anatomised. Read a full review
Tricksy Coen brothers comedy set in postwar Hollywood, with Josh Brolin as the film-biz fixer trying to hush up the disappearance of George Clooney's biblical-epic star. Read a full review
Eye-opening documentary about a teenage girl who breaks taboos among Kazakh émigrés in Mongolia by becoming the first female to take up traditional eagle-hunting. Read a full review
Couple in a Hole
Oddball fable about a husband and wife living a primitive, off-the-grid life in an isolated French cave. Paul Higgins and Kate Dickie star. Read a full review
Live-action retelling of the Rudyard Kipling stories, directed with verve by Jon Favreau and garnished with impressive CGI-animated animal performances. Read a full review
Gruesome Argentinian crime thriller from director Pablo Trapero, which offers a political edge in its study of a family who specialise in "disappearing" their kidnap victims. Read a full review
The Neon Demon
Nicolas Winding Refn's follow-up to Only God Forgives: a self-consciously trashy and blood-soaked fable about the flesh-devouring LA fashion industry. Read a full review
Thrillers (film)

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
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10 Best Things to Do in Athens, Greece
By Ann Abel
You can see the Parthenon from all over the city, but nothing compares to seeing it up close. - Photo by SIME / eStockPhoto
Forget what you've heard about a Greek crisis: The ancient capital is undergoing a new cultural, spiritual, and artistic renaissance. The archaeological monuments are as jaw-dropping as ever, but now the flavor of Athens is seasoned with the creativity of a generation of entrepreneurs, designers, chefs, and restaurateurs. New neighborhoods are becoming vibrant, making it more rewarding to venture off the beaten path.
Athens' port, Piraeus, is a major jumping-off point for cruises in the Mediterranean and Aegean seas, as well as hydrofoils to the Greek Islands. From Piraeus, it's easy to wander through the city's most appealing neighborhoods, stopping for souvlaki, Greek salad with big chunks of feta, tart yogurt, and iced coffee at one of the many rooftop cafés or neighborhood squares that always seem to be overflowing with leisurely, friendly Athenians.
Tip: Piraeus may only be about 30 minutes by car from the Acropolis, but you should allow more time to account for Athens' unpredictable traffic.
The Acropolis from the Hotel Grande Bretagne pool. - Photo by Hotel Grande Bretagne
Splurge: Hotel Grande Bretagne – This 320-room historic hotel is grand indeed, with an unbeatable location on leafy Syntagma Square and near the National Garden. Picture spectacular views of the Acropolis from the hotel's rooftop restaurant and higher-level rooms, and a traditional vibe that includes a sprawling, colonnaded lobby, dripping chandeliers, puddled silk draperies, and an army of jacket-clad butlers and waiters at the ready.
Steal: Alice Inn – Greek-Irishman John Consolas calls his four-suite residence "a reinvention of a bed-and-breakfast that's more than a hotel but not exactly serviced apartments — more like your rich friend's house." It's located in a lovely 1912 house that he restored himself using his architectural background, but there's no rich-man price tag. The very reasonable rates include Wi-Fi, access to laundry facilities, wine and snacks in the communal living area, and homemade breakfast in the dining room.
Greek salad with feta cheese - Photo by SIME/eStockPhoto
Breakfast: New Taste – The dining room at the hip New Hotel draws guests and nonguests for its lavish breakfast buffet. Tables are covered with fresh-from-the-oven pastries, sweet and savory Greek pies, olives, cheeses, meats, and creamy yogurt that you can top with local honey or marmalade. The staff also whips up eggs to order.
The room itself is a feast for the eyes, designed by Brazil's famed Campana brothers, with giant columns composed of cut pieces of antique furniture, funky "tomato" and "pixel" chairs, golden lamps, and lime green shag carpets.
Lunch: Manas Kouzina Kouzina – So good they named it twice. Kouzina is the Greek word for "kitchen," and manas means "mother" — and that's more or less what's on offer at this lunch counter in super-hip Agias Irinis Square. Diners pick one of three plate sizes (the "small" portions are generous enough to share) and point to dishes that have been slow-cooked according to traditional recipes from old monastery cookbooks, the chef's mother, or his grandmother. Everything — down to the sodas and beer — is from small-scale local producers.
Dinner: Papadakis – French-trained Chef Argiro Barbarigou is one of the most famous female chefs in Eastern Europe. She cooks for the likes of Pierce Brosnan, Jean Paul Gaultier, and Carla Bruni (who actually bowed to Barbarigou), but you wouldn't know it from her small, unpretentious restaurant on a quiet street in the posh Kolonaki neighborhood. Her cooking emphasizes simply grilled seafood and traditional dishes like octopus stewed in honey and vin santo — sweet wine from Santorini. Dinners end with pour-your-own glasses of house-made strawberry liqueur and limoncello.
Dessert: Lukumades – This tiny shop at Aiolou 21, near Agias Irinis Square, is the place to go for Athens' beloved take on the beignet. The just-fried dough fritters are served with the traditional drizzle of honey and sprinkle of cinnamon, or made more indulgent with ice cream or chocolate sauce.
Statues in the Acropolis Museum - Photo by SIME/eStockPhoto
For Everyone: Acropolis and Acropolis Museum – If you see only one thing in Athens, it should be the most iconic monument of Western civilization, and what UNESCO calls the symbol of World Heritage. Its central structure, the Parthenon —dedicated to Athena Parthenos, the goddess of wisdom, and completed in 432 BC — lives up to the majesty shown in history and mythology books. The Acropolis Museum, right near the crumbling columns, is home to replicas of the friezes that surrounded the Parthenon and artifacts from the site — and it has ruins of its own under the glass floor.
For Couples: The Island – Once you're in central Athens, it's strangely easy to forget you're in a coastal city. Reconnect with the sea during a languid afternoon or late night on the Athens Riviera, a stretch along the Saronic Gulf (about 30 minutes from downtown), whose natural beauty and chic clubs bring Mykonos to mind. The standout: Island Club Restaurant, where the crowd is glamorous, the music is excellent, and the Mediterranean food and sushi are much better than they have to be. Dinner service starts at 9, but no one gets there before 10 — hire a car and go late.
For Families: Hellenic Cosmos – The name makes it sound like an amusement park, but this cultural center is actually an interactive learning space created by the Foundation of the Hellenic World, a nonprofit whose mission is to preserve Greek history and culture. Many of the exhibitions and events are child-friendly, including the interactive, planetarium-like Tholos, a virtual reality theater that takes guests through ancient sites.
For the Adventurous: Water sports on the Athens Riviera – Kouros Club in Anavyssos rents equipment and gives lesson (in English) in windsurfing, kitesurfing, stand-up paddleboarding, kayaking, wakeboarding, and water-skiing. The Vouliagmeni Waterski & Wakeboard School in Vouliagmeni also offers instructions in those sports.
Tip: Athens' professional tour guides are few and far between, and therefore can be expensive. A better, less formal, and more "local" option is to book an afternoon with an enthusiastic amateur. Companies like Athens Insiders and Welcome Pickups pair visitors with locals who share their interests (such as shopping or museums) who create custom, ad hoc walking tours. If you're just there for the food, check out Culinary Backstreets, a company that organizes food-centric walks to hidden treasures.
A one-stop shop for information and inspiration, DiscoverGreece.com lets guests search by their interests, provides practical advice, includes an events calendar, and has a price-comparison booking feature to score deals on air and hotels.
What do you like to do in Athens?
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text:
package org.apache.sshd.common.io;

import java.util.Collections;

import org.apache.sshd.common.FactoryManager;
import org.apache.sshd.common.util.threads.CloseableExecutorService;
import org.apache.sshd.util.test.BaseTestSupport;
import org.junit.FixMethodOrder;
import org.junit.Test;
import org.junit.runners.MethodSorters;
import org.mockito.Mockito;

/**
 * @author Apache MINA SSHD Project
 */
@FixMethodOrder(MethodSorters.NAME_ASCENDING)
public class DefaultIoServiceFactoryFactoryTest extends BaseTestSupport {
    public DefaultIoServiceFactoryFactoryTest() {
        super();
    }

    @Test
    public void testBuiltinIoServiceFactoryFactories() {
        for (BuiltinIoServiceFactoryFactories f : BuiltinIoServiceFactoryFactories.VALUES) {
            if (!f.isSupported()) {
                continue;
            }
            String name = f.getName();
            IoServiceFactoryFactory factoryInstance
                    = DefaultIoServiceFactoryFactory.newInstance(IoServiceFactoryFactory.class, name);
            Class<?> expected = f.getFactoryClass();
            Class<?> actual = factoryInstance.getClass();
            assertSame(name, expected, actual);
        }
    }

    @SuppressWarnings("boxing")
    @Test
    public void testExecutorServiceInitialization() throws Exception {
        CloseableExecutorService service = Mockito.mock(CloseableExecutorService.class);
        Mockito.when(service.shutdownNow()).thenReturn(Collections.emptyList());
        Mockito.when(service.isShutdown()).thenReturn(Boolean.TRUE);
        Mockito.when(service.isTerminated()).thenReturn(Boolean.TRUE);

        FactoryManager manager = Mockito.mock(FactoryManager.class);
        Mockito.when(manager.getProperties()).thenReturn(Collections.emptyMap());

        String propName = IoServiceFactoryFactory.class.getName();
        for (BuiltinIoServiceFactoryFactories f : BuiltinIoServiceFactoryFactories.VALUES) {
            if (!f.isSupported()) {
                continue;
            }
            String name = f.getName();
            try {
                System.setProperty(propName, name);
                DefaultIoServiceFactoryFactory defaultFactory = new DefaultIoServiceFactoryFactory(() -> service);

                try (IoServiceFactory factory = defaultFactory.create(manager)) {

                    CloseableExecutorService svc
                            = (CloseableExecutorService) factory.getClass().getMethod("getExecutorService").invoke(factory);
                    assertSame(name + " - mismatched executor service", service, svc);
                } catch (NoSuchMethodException e) {
                    // ignore if there's no executor service
                }
            } finally {
                System.clearProperty(propName);
            }
        }
    }
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
Articles on Patient records
Digital health technology, such as electronic health records, is believed to enhance patient-centred care, improve integrated care and ensure financially sustainable health care. (Shutterstock)
Ontario's digital health program has a data quality problem, despite billions in spending
Linying Dong, Toronto Metropolitan University and Karim Keshavjee, University of Toronto
Digital health can improve care, but in Ontario, health data are still fragmented, despite billions of dollars spent over the last two decades to enable fast and secure exchange of health information.
NASA, ESA, H
How astrophysics could transform the treatment of cystic fibrosis and other rare diseases
Seb Oliver, University of Sussex
Galaxy images and patient records can be equally confusing. Now a team of astrophysicists have realised their methods could help medical professionals.
Would you want Google to know if you have 'criminal genes'? kentoh/Shutterstock
Google may get access to genomic patient data – here's why we should be concerned
Edward Hockings, University of the West of Scotland
A freedom of information request reveals that Google wants its AI company DeepMind to get involved in the 100,000 Genomes Project.
Bringing technology into the healthcare system is overdue, and should be revolutionary. neccorp
The benefits that a digital healthcare system could bring aren't out of reach
Rami Qahwaji, University of Bradford
There are many obstacles to bringing the power of 21st-century technology to the NHS. But that shouldn't stop us trying.
Obama annually welcomed students to the White House with their Science Fair projects. AP Photo/Susan Walsh
Obama administration's big science and tech innovation: Socially engaged policy
Shobita Parthasarathy, University of Michigan
The outgoing president leaves behind some solid accomplishments in the world of science, tech and medicine. But the biggest departure from his predecessors might have been in his approach.
MangoNic/Shutterstock.com
Care.data has been scrapped, but your health data could still be shared
Eerke Boiten, University of Kent
Data-privacy advocates may have won the care.data battle, but it looks like they're about to lose the war.
Making sense of the numbers. Confused by Shutterstock
Data visualisation could help patients understand their test results online
Brian J. Zikmund-Fisher, University of Michigan
Getting a test result from the doctor is usually more than a yes or a no answer. More often than not, test results come in tables of numbers with information about ranges and unfamiliar units, all formatted…
xxxx. Sachac
A digital NHS is coming, now is not the time to be a luddite
Carwyn Hooper, St George's, University of London
Many of us live in a world where we can access and edit personal information online and on the move. Whether it is checking bank balances, amending grocery orders, or informing the world of our most recent…
Time to reflect: 'it was Labour's fault'.
NHS has a huge responsibility to protect care.data, and it's not off to a good start
Jonathan Hammond, University of Manchester
Last week NHS England announced that the care.data scheme would be put on hold for six months while efforts were made to "build understanding of the benefits of using the information, what safeguards are…
Making links is one thing, broken trust another. Indy Slug
Lack of trust, not privacy, underpins fears about care.data
Alison Macfarlane, City, University of London
Jonathan Freedland is right to argue the value of linking health datasets for information and research purposes, as the NHS's care.data scheme plans to do with information for people living in England…
Care.data
Digital healthcare
Digital health data
Gene patenting
Carwyn Hooper
Senior Lecturer in Medical Ethics and Law, St George's, University of London
Alison Macfarlane
Alison Macfarlane is a Friend of The Conversation.
Professor of Perinatal Health, City, University of London
Eerke Boiten
Professor of Cybersecurity, School of Computer Science and Informatics, De Montfort University
Jonathan Hammond
PhD Candidate, University of Manchester
Brian J. Zikmund-Fisher
Professor of Health Behavior and Health Education, Co-Director of the Center for Bioethics and Social Sciences in Medicine, University of Michigan
Shobita Parthasarathy
Associate Professor of Public Policy and Women's Studies, University of Michigan
Rami Qahwaji
Professor of Visual Computing, University of Bradford
Edward Hockings
Lecturer in Philosophy, University of the West of Scotland
Seb Oliver
Professor of Astrophysics, University of Sussex
Linying Dong
Professor, Ted Rogers School of Information Technology Management, Toronto Metropolitan University
Karim Keshavjee
Assistant Professor, Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation, University of Toronto


text:
Greplog
=====
A plugin that alows you grep channel/PM log files.

### Requirements
- Python scripting interface plugin for Hexchat.
- grep binary, for linux users.

### Installation

##### Windows
- copy greplog.py into ```%appdata%\HexChat\addons```. Once there, it will load automatically.

  ##### Linux
  - run ```install.sh``` or copy greplog.py into ```~/.config/hexchat/addons```

  ### Features
  - search in current channel/PM log
  - search in given channel/PM log. This may be helpful if you're looking for something that was mentioned in PM and you don't have corresponding chat window open

  ### Usage
  - ```/greplog <pattern>``` -- Runs in context of your current channel window, finds appropriate log file and (on linux) runs ```grep``` command passing by ```pattern``` argument
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Home>Mujahedin Khalq Organization as a terror group>MEK may conduct terror attacks in Europe
MEK may conduct terror attacks in Europe
Soraya Sepahpour-UlrichNovember 13, 2019
MEK may conduct terror attacks in Europe and place the blame on Tehran, says expert
An expert on U.S. foreign policy believes the Mojahedin-e Khalq terrorist organization may carry out acts of terror and sabotage in Europe and place the blame on Tehran.
"The group has had ample experience in carrying out killings and assassinations. The cult will not even allow members to defect," said Soraya Sepahpour-Ulrich, in an interview with the Balkans Post.
"I would not be surprised if a group member, or several, carry out acts of terror and sabotage in Europe and place the blame on Tehran. Perhaps that is the plan for them," she added.
Here's the full transcript of the interview:
Balkans Post: In a piece published by the Washington Post in September, Shahin Gobadi, spokesman of the anti-Iranian Mojahedin-e Khalq (MEK) terrorist group, claimed that "a cursory review of the MEK's history shows it has survived and flourished for 54 years, not because of having a voice in the White House but because of its reliance solely on the Iranian people and because it has been willing to pay the price for democracy in blood and treasure." What could you say about these remarks?
Soraya Sepahpour-Ulrich: The publication of this piece in the Washington Post is not without irony. The Jeff Bezos owned Washington Post is a private enterprise with deep pockets that passes itself as a 'news' outlet. Regrettably, the Washington Post that lends its pages to a cult's propaganda is a very sharp departure from the Washington Post that in the past earned dozens of Pulitzer prizes. The Post is best remembered for publishing the Pentagon Papers – a secret government study about the Vietnam War. In a sharp departure from those days, the current owner of Washington Post is making deals with the Pentagon. In the same vein, the MEK Shahin Gobadi writes of has departed sharply from the MEK that was founded in 1965.
For the first few years, the MEK was dedicated to fighting America's friendly dictator, the Shah of Iran, capitalism, and Western imperialism. But in 1975, there was an ideological split within the group at which time the group declared that Marxism, not Islam, was the true revolutionary philosophy (expressed in a book entitled Manifesto on Ideological Issues). It was at this stage that they resorted to terrorism.
The Americans in Iran became their primary target and they wounded or killed high profile military personnel in Iran and are said to have been actively involved in the U.S. embassy takeover.
In an about-face, the group became the pet terrorists of the very "Western Empire" they had set out to fight. Their existence was necessary to America to rid Iran of the Islamic government that had overthrown their man in Tehran. Thus the terror activities and assassinations once conducted against Americans in Iran were directed at the new Islamic government in Iran. The terror group and their backers promoted the notion that the MEK was not responsible for assassinations of Americans and those acts of terror were carried by rogue elements within the group was promoted.
The lies continue to spread. The MEK has zero validity and support inside Iran. And frankly, fewer still outside of Iran. But they have a great deal of political support in America, Britain, and Israel. Not only do prominent American politicians on both side of the aisle support the group, but neoconservatives and the pro-Israeli think tanks. They also got "protection" from an online organization head by Rabbi Daniel M. Zucker through its online publication "International Analyst Network" and "Global Politician."
So to sum up, the group has departed sharply from its origins and is the same in name only, and it would not have survived without the backing of influential politicians and organization. The only price paid in 'blood' was that of the people it terrorized and killed.
BP: Described by critics as "a cult", the MEK has been lauded by top U.S. officials as alternative to Iran's government. How has the group gained the support of such influential people?
Soraya Sepahpour-Ulrich: Personally, I do not believe that the U.S. sees them as an alternative to the government in Iran. They use the group to undermine Tehran while enticing them with promises. The support of 'influential people' is not for the group, or its ideology, but for the harm it can do to Tehran. The more sensitivity Iran shows towards this cult, the more the U.S. and Israel dangle the group in front of the Islamic Republic.
I think that is very important to understand them in this context. The United States has a stated policy of not negotiating with terrorists, but it has a habit of using terrorists to achieve its goals. If and when the objective is reached, the terrorists would become dispensable – undesirable.
BP: Karim Sadjadpour, an Iran expert with the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, has described the organization as a fringe group with mysterious benefactors that garners scant support in its home country. Is there any evidence to show who these "mysterious benefactors" are?
Soraya Sepahpour-Ulrich: Some former MEK members have stated that they have witnessed Saudi Arabia giving money and gold to the group. I believe that may have been in much later years. At the onset of the Iranian Revolution, Saudi Arabia was more interested in restoring the monarchy and the deposed Shah's son. Of course, in the 80's, their benefactor was the "Butcher of Baghdad", Saddam Hossein.
The political support from Israel is unquestionable and there is plenty of literature on this. However, in 2012, the NBC broke out a story that was repeated everywhere – that Israel had "financed, trained, and armed" the MEK.
Certainly, while the MEK were being protected and chauffeured around in Camp Ashraf – Iraq as 'special status person/s', surely the U.S. government would have been responsible for their maintenance.
BP: The MEK operates out of a compound in rural Albania. How has the group's presence in that region impacted the Balkans in general and Albania in particular?
Soraya Sepahpour-Ulrich: It is beyond the scope of my research to address the impact the presence of MEK operatives has had on the Balkans. But what is very clear is that the United States had a 4-year plan (2011-2015) to give aid to Albania in order to advance U.S. objectives related to Albania's role in moving forward U.S. foreign policy objective. The initial consequence of this 'generosity' was to demand Albanian house thousands of terrorists. It appears that a terrorist group that was protected by the United States in Iraq is now protected by the Unites States in the Europe.
The group has had ample experience in carrying out killings and assassinations. The cult will not even allow members to defect. I would not be surprised if a group member, or several, carry out acts of terror and sabotage in Europe and place the blame on Tehran. Perhaps that is the plan for them.
Soraya Sepahpour-Ulrich has a Master's in Public Diplomacy from USC Annenberg for Communication. She is an independent researcher and writer with a focus on U.S. foreign policy and the role of the lobby. Her articles have been published by several online publications. She is a public speaker. She is balkanspost.com
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Specific property characteristics are very important to the mass appraisal system used by Blue Earth County. Those details allow us to make the most accurate estimates of market value because our system allows us to make adjustments for differences in property characteristics.
The county's appraisers update this information for each property approximately once every five years, but whenever new construction, alterations, or improvements occur or it sells, the property will be reviewed. The review allows the appraiser to gather information on characteristics of the property that affect market value.
Each property has unique characteristics that contribute to its valuation. These characteristics will also help the appraiser determine a property's classification.
Details relating to Blue Earth County's property characteristics and values are available on our website.


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Physician-led team triage based on lean principles may be superior for efficiency and quality? A comparison of three emergency departments with different triage models
Lena Burström1,
Martin Nordberg2,
Göran Örnung3,
Maaret Castrén2,
Tony Wiklund1,
Marie-Louise Engström1 &
Mats Enlund1
Scandinavian Journal of Trauma, Resuscitation and Emergency Medicine volume 20, Article number: 57 (2012) Cite this article
The management of emergency departments (EDs) principally involves maintaining effective patient flow and care. Different triage models are used today to achieve these two goals. The aim of this study was to compare the performance of different triage models used in three Swedish EDs. Using efficiency and quality indicators, we compared the following triage models: physician-led team triage, nurse first/emergency physician second, and nurse first/junior physician second.
All data of patients arriving at the three EDs between 08:00- and 21:00 throughout 2008 were collected and merged into a database. The following efficiency indicators were measured: length of stay (LOS) including time to physician, time from physician to discharge, and 4-hour turnover rate. The following quality indicators were measured: rate of patients left before treatment was completed, unscheduled return within 24 and 72 hours, and mortality rate within 7 and 30 days.
Data from 147,579 patients were analysed. The median length of stay was 158 minutes for physician-led team triage, compared with 243 and 197 minutes for nurse/emergency physician and nurse/junior physician triage, respectively (p < 0.001). The rate of patients left before treatment was completed was 3.1% for physician-led team triage, 5.3% for nurse/emergency physician, and 9.6% for nurse/junior physician triage (p < 0.001). Further, the rates of unscheduled return within 24 hours were significantly lower for physician-led team triage, 1.0%, compared with 2.1%, and 2.5% for nurse/emergency physician, and nurse/junior physician, respectively (p < 0.001). The mortality rate within 7 days was 0.8% for physician-led team triage and 1.0% for the two other triage models (p < 0.001).
Physician-led team triage seemed advantageous, both expressed as efficiency and quality indicators, compared with the two other models.
The principal management goals of emergency departments (ED) are safe and effective patient flow. However, studies from U.S. hospitals show that crowded EDs pose a risk to patient safety and delivery of quality of care [1–4]. Moreover, long waiting times negatively influence patient satisfaction [5–7], and may lead to patients leaving the ED before treatment is completed [8]. Unscheduled return for the same chief complaint may follow from a high proportion of patients leaving before treatment completed [9].
Many hospitals have their ED physicians mainly deployed in other clinics so their work in the ED is only sporadic. This arrangement may negatively impact on team-work, which in turn may lead to substandard patient care and reduced patient safety, particularly for severely ill patients [10]. Some EDs introduce emergency physicians with the aim of improving emergency care [11]. Different triage models have been introduced with the aim of providing safe care and adequate priorities. The three most common models used in Sweden are the Rapid Emergency Triage and Treatment System (RETTS), Adaptive Process Triage (ADAPT), and the Manchester Triage Scale (MTS). Assessment studies of such models, including descriptions of how they work, indicate that patient safety and waiting times may be improved when using a triage model [12–15]. However, the majority of models have been built around a main focus on critically ill patients. Adding lean principles to triage also implies a flow-optimized approach for all patients who come to the ED, regardless of the severity of their symptoms. Here, the patient will be met by a team that includes a physician [16]. Application of lean principles based on a flow process may shorten the time to first contact with a physician and lead to a shorter stay in the ED [17–19]. Lean thinking is a management strategy that is applicable to all organizations; it aims to improve streamlining processes, reduce cost, and improve the quality and timeliness of product and service delivery. The core of lean thinking involves determining the value of any given process by distinguishing value-added steps from non-value-added steps, to eliminate waste so that ultimately every step adds value to the process [20].
A recent Swedish systematic review of the evidence base for triage scales found that there is insufficient scientific evidence to determine whether there are differences between different triage models [21, 22]. The aim of this multicentre study was to compare three Swedish EDs with different triage models in terms of efficiency and quality indicators.
This retrospective study involved the EDs at three different hospitals in Sweden, two urban and one rural, with different patient receptions (Table 1). All patients included in the study were registered between 08:00 and 21:00 at each ED throughout 2008. This time was determined by the scheduling of triage between 08:00 and 21:00 in the participating ED that worked with lean principles and team triage. Because the proportions of attending children differed between the EDs, all attendants aged < 19 years were excluded to equate the EDs.
Table 1 Some characteristics of the three participating hospitals and their emergency departments (ED)
Different working models
Physician-led team triage
A team triage system was developed at the urban hospital of Capio S:t Görans Hospital in 2007. The working model is a flow-oriented team triage led by a senior physician with a custom number of teams required for optimal patient flows. Each team, consisting of a junior physician and a nurse, has a detailed protocol for performing standardized work (Figure 1). All acute processes have been redesigned according to lean principles[20]. This working model is henceforth referred to as physician triage. The hospital does not use a standardized model of patient acuity assessment. The ED at this hospital is a trauma level II ED which provides acute medical, surgical and orthopaedic services. The ED serves adult individuals (minimum 15 years of age) (Table 1). The hospital has PCI fast track for patients with myocardial infarction and another fast track for patients with stroke. The ED staff train different kinds of students but no medical students.
The principal organization of the three triage models studied.
Nurse/emergency physician triage
The second urban hospital, Södersjukhuset in Stockholm, has worked since 2008 with the nurse/emergency physician triage model, which has a registered nurse in front and an emergency physician in step two (Figure 1). The ED uses the ADAPT triage scale. This working model is henceforth referred to as nurse-physician triage. The general ED at this hospital is a trauma level II ED, and it serves adult individuals in acute internal medicine, cardiology, orthopaedics, (minimum 18 years of age) and surgery (minimum 15 years of age) (Table 1). The hospital has fast track PCI for patients with myocardial infarction and another fast track for patients with stroke. It also has a See-and-Treat area for patients with less acute conditions. Swedish and non-Swedish medical and non-medical students are in training at this ED.
Nurse/junior triage
The Central Hospital in Västerås works with the model of traditional single nurse triage at the ED. Following triage, the patient is examined by a junior physician (Figure 1). The ED uses a locally modified version of the MTS triage scale. This working model is henceforth referred to as nurse triage. The ED is a trauma level II ED, and it serves adults and children in five specialties: internal medicine, cardiology, surgery, orthopaedics, and gynaecology (Table 1). The hospital has fast track PCI for patients with myocardial infarction and another fast track for patients with stroke. Different kinds of medical and non-medical students are in training at the ED.
Staff hours
The total number of working hours for a specific ED staff member divided by the number of attendants was calculated to estimate any major discrepancies in staff density between the three spatially separated EDs (Table 2).
Table 2 Some characteristics of patients visiting the three emergency departments, mode of arrival and staff hours
The Regional Ethical Review board at Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden, approved the study (Approval number: 2009/414).
Data were collected from ED patient administrative computer systems used by personnel from the EDs to enter data and set time stamps. Data were then automatically collected in a database in each hospital, from which we have subsequently extracted the data. This procedure was identical for all three hospitals. Data were also extracted from the National Mortality Register. Data on patient education level were obtained from Statistics Sweden.
Outcome definitions and measures
The following common definitions and measures are used in the current study [23].
Length of stay (LOS) = Time from registration to discharge.
Time to physician = Time from registration to being seen by a physician.
Time from physician to discharge = Time from being seen by a physician to discharge.
4-hour turnover rate = Proportion of patients spending less than 4 hours at the ED.
24-hour unscheduled return = Proportion of patients reattending the ED unplanned within 24 hours after the first visit for the same chief complaint.
Left before treatment completed = Proportion of patients leaving the ED before treatment was completed.
Mortality 7 days = Proportion of patients dying within 7 days after the first visit to the ED.
Mortality 30 days = Proportion of patients dying within 30 days after the first visit to the ED.
Because of skewed distribution of the time variables, the Kruskal-Wallis test was used to investigate differences between hospitals (Figure 2). The Chi square test was used to analyse differences between the hospitals concerning the proportions of patients in different age groups, those spending less than 4 hours at the ED (Table 3), and for the analysis of quality indicators (Table 4). The Chi square test was also used to analyse differences between the hospitals in the proportions of patients in different age groups in relation to mortality within 7 and 30 days (Table 5). We used logistic regression to find predictors for 7 day mortality. Linear regression was used to find predictors for the time to being seen by a physician and for LOS. Data were analysed with the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences v 20 SPSS Inc., Chicago, Il, USA; a p-value < 0.05 was regarded as statistically significant.
Length of stay and its time components at the three emergency departments.
Table 3 Numbers and proportions of patients spending less or more than four hours at the emergency department
Table 4 Quality indicators at the three emergency departments with different triage models
Table 5 Mortality rates within 7 and 30 days in age groups for the three emergency departments (ED)
Some characteristics of patients visiting the three EDs, their mode of arrival and staff hours are shown in Table 2. The proportion of elderly patients (>80 years of age) was highest at the ED using physician triage. Patients attending the ED using nurse-physician triage had the lowest education level, whereas those attending the ED using physician triage had the highest level. Arrival by ambulance was more common at the EDs with physician triage and nurse-physician triage. Staff hours were higher at the ED with nurse triage, especially during weekdays and for nurses/assistant nurses.
The six major chief complaints were the same at all EDs. The proportions between chief complaints varied to some extent between the EDs, with more of heart problems at the ED with physician triage and more of abdominal problems at the ED with nurse-physician triage.
The proportions of missing data on the different time components comprising LOS varied between the EDs from 0% to 9.4%. All missing data conceived the registration of intermediate time points, whereas data from the registration of patients coming into the ED and being discharged from the ED were complete. Thus, the quality markers were not affected by missing data.
Efficiency outcome
The median LOS of 158 minutes was shortest at the ED with physician triage, whereas at the ED with nurse triage, it was 39 minutes longer, and at the ED with nurse-physician triage another 46 minutes longer (i.e., 85 minutes) (Figure 2). The time from physician to discharge constituted the main part of LOS with relatively small differences between the EDs. The major differences in LOS resulted from differences in time to physician. We also adjusted our model for waiting time for the confounders that included mode of arrival, sex, age, and originating hospital in linear regression analyses (not shown in tables). The only variable associated with waiting time was female sex (r = 0.027, p < 0.001). Furthermore, in the model with the ED with nurse-physician triage as reference, both the ED with nurse triage and physician triage had shorter waiting times (r = −0.067 and r = −0.321). The components in the regression models explained 9.2% (R2 = 0.092) of the differences in time to physician.
A similar pattern was discovered in an adjusted LOS regression model. In comparison with the EDs with nurse-physician triage and nurse triage, the ED with physician triage had shorter LOS (r = −0.113 and −0.307, respectively). Female sex (r = 0.046, p < 0.001) and age > 80 (r = 0.140, p < 0.001) were statistically related to LOS (R2 =0.100). Furthermore, a significantly higher proportion of patients at the ED with physician triage were treated within 4 hours compared with the other ED triage models (Table 3).
Patient safety outcome
The ED with physician triage had the lowest proportion of patients leaving the ED before treatment was completed, and the ED with nurse triage had the highest proportion (Table 4). The proportions of unscheduled returns to the ED within 24 and 72 hours were significantly lower with physician triage compared with the other triage models (Table 4).
The rate of death within 7 days after the first visit to an ED was significantly higher at the EDs with nurse-physician triage and nurse triage compared with the physician triage (Table 4).
This was the case also for 30 days mortality and within different age groups (Table 5). Male sex (OR = 1.228, 95% CI = 1.104-1.366), age ≥60 (OR = 17.131, 95% CI = 13.715-21.397), and to be treated at the ED with nurse-physician triage (OR = 1.244, 95% CI = 1.098-1.410) were predictors of death within 7 days (Nagelkerke R2 = 0.093).
There were major discrepancies between the three EDs with their three different triage models in several outcome variables. Overall, the ED with physician-led triage based on lean principles seemed to be advantageous. These findings were not substantially changed even after adjustment for well-known confounding factors. However, a number of potential contributing factors must be discussed.
The proportion of attendants in relation to the number of inhabitants in the catchment areas was higher at the ED with nurse triage (Table 2). This rural ED is the only ED available for the inhabitants, whereas several EDs are available for the inhabitants in the major city, which gives patients who are not in need of ambulance transportation the opportunity to choose where they wish to go. The higher proportion of attendants in relation to the number of inhabitants could be a motive for a higher total number of staff at the ED with nurse triage.
Patient characteristics: age, sex, education level, mode of arrival, and chief complaint
There was a significant difference in age and sex distribution between the EDs (Table 2). However, the associations of these two variables were weak in our multivariate models and were considered to be of no clinical importance.
The two EDs operating in a major city serve quite different populations, as illustrated in the different education levels between the two populations. Patients who attended the ED with physician triage, in a wealthy part of the city, were more educated than the patients attending nurse-physician triage, in a less wealthy part of the city. The well-known coupling between low education level and mortality might have to be taken into consideration here. The socio-economic gradient between the ED with physician triage and the ED with nurse triage was even greater, possibly explaining a higher demand for hospital resources at the hospital offering nurse triage [24]. However, at this ED there was a large group of children amongst the patients, all with poor or no education for obvious reasons. Thus, the average education level at this ED was "diluted", which implies that the differences in outcome variables might not be explained by socio-economic differences. On the one hand, also outcomes, such as mortality, should also have been affected by the higher proportion of children, but this did not appear to be the case when we included children in the analyses (data not in Table).
Mode of arrival
How patients arrived at the ED was statistically significantly different between hospitals. There were higher proportions of patients arriving by ambulance at the EDs with physician triage and nurse-physician triage. According to the regression model, patients arriving by ambulance contributed to a shorter time from arrival to physician, although this association was weak. Clearly, this difference would relate to the fact that most of the patients arriving by ambulance would have been given a high priority, which would have reduced the time to physician.
Chief complaint
Although, we were unable to assess the level of urgency for our patients without having a common triage model in use in the participating EDs, the knowledge that each EDs is a trauma level II ED encouraged us to assume that the urgency of the patients did not differ much between the EDs. The six most common chief complaints were the same at all three hospitals with small differences in proportions between them. We assessed all chief complaints and further studied the top 28; the result was that the case mix was very much alike in all three hospitals. Although the proportions of patients arriving by ambulance differed statistically, it was just 5–6% less for nurse triage; as stated above, the degree of explanation for all components in the regression model was low.
A recent Swedish systematic review discussed the significance on death from hospitalization or 30 days after arrival at the ED [21]. The review stated that there is no uniform classification of chief complaints, and no study evaluated had enough scientific support for conclusions.
Staff characteristics
There were more nurses and fewer physicians in service at the ED with nurse triage. The staffing power of physicians in the first line is often used in the description of the burden on an ED. The importance of having a physician in the first line was studied by Holroyd, who found that the proportion of patients who left before treatment was completed was lower compared with EDs with nurses in the first line [25]. It is worth noting that the ED with the best personnel resources (in total), namely nurse triage, performed worst in several quantitative and qualitative aspects. The presence of a high proportion of medical students may explain this to some extent, as may the fact that he ED with nurse-physician triage also had pedagogical tasks assigned to it. One may speculate that the ED triage model with a physician in the second line might contribute to the relatively poor results at the EDs with nurse triage and nurse-physician triage; the latter performed worst in the majority of performance indicators.
Triage model and efficiency indicators
A political goal in many western societies is that a patient's length of stay (LOS) at an ED should be no longer than four hours. In one benchmark study, a consensus group addressed the standardization of performance measures for emergency medicine. They reflected on LOS and came to the conclusion that a maximum six hour stay would be arbitrary and not useful. Moreover, they recommended the identification of outliers and consideration of why these were obstacles [26].
LOS was significantly longer at the ED with nurse-physician triage compared with the other two triage models (Figure 2). It clearly must take a longer time for a patient to meet two individuals in sequence instead of one. However that was also the procedure for nurse triage for which LOS was significantly shorter. Further explanations can be the relatively low figures for staff hours and the high total number of patients, which may render it difficult to create an efficient patient flow.
The significantly shorter LOS at the ED with physician triage was solely explained by time to physician, as the physician performed the triage. Moreover, the rest of the team was in place, able to perform their tasks according to the standardized protocols at the same time instead of acting in series. This ED triage model based on lean principles showed that a significantly higher proportion of patients was treated within four hours, which is in accordance with other studies (Table 3) [25]. In one study, in which LOS was described in relation to diagnosis, it appeared that there could be risks generated by placing too much emphasis on efficiency measures, such as LOS. The authors highlighted the importance of using multiple measures [27], a requirement that we have tried to meet.
Triage model and quality indicator
Patients leaving before treatment is completed by a physician is a growing concern in overcrowded EDs, and it is a serious health issue that may delay care and result in adverse outcomes. Several factors may create crowding. We found a higher proportion of patients who left before treatment occurred with the EDs with nurse triage and nurse-physician triage. The lengthy waiting times to be seen by a physician with these triage models might contribute to, or even explain, the higher proportion of patients who left before treatment was completed, a finding that is in line with the results seen in an earlier study [8].
Several studies have used the rate of unscheduled return to the ED as a quality performance indicator [9]. However, there is no consensus on the length of time used to define unscheduled return, which ranges from 24 to 72 hours. In this study we used both time frames, and unscheduled return was significantly lower for both periods with physician triage (Table 5). The triage model based on lean principles with a senior physician in the first line might well explain this outcome.
Mortality within 7 days after the first visit to the EDs was significantly, but not remarkably lower with physician triage (0.8% vs 1.0% for the other two EDs) (Tables 4 and 5). The difference in 7-day mortality might be explained by the different triage models [28]. In the logistic regression, we found that male sex, high age, and treatment at nurse-physician triage were predictors for 7-day mortality, although with a low degree of explanation. The corresponding mortality within 30 days was 1.8% with physician triage, 1.9% at the ED with nurse-physician triage, and 2.0% at the ED with nurse triage.
Strengths of the current study
The main strength of the current study was the large number of patients consulting the three EDs during the observation period of one year. The loss of data was low. From a statistical point of view, the study population may be regarded as the total population, rather than as a sample. Thus, the data may be considered as highly reliable.
Triage is only a part of patients' treatments. Other matters and differences between the hospitals may affect survival. Different quality and efficiency indicators are used in different studies. Our choice of definitions was an attempt to adopt a "middle path". Nevertheless, our definitions could be open to discussion. Data management could be a critical factor, especially as the data were gathered and merged from three different hospitals' data systems. Finally, the original data were recorded by single individuals during busy working days, which might not be optimal for data gathering.
This study indicated quite better results for the ED with physician- led team triage based on lean principles, as expressed in terms of both efficiency and quality aspects. The chosen triage model was most likely a major contributor to the result.
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Taylor C, Benger JR: Patient satisfaction in emergency medicine. Emerg Med J. 2004, 21: 528-532. 10.1136/emj.2002.003723.
Trout A, Magnusson AR, Hedges JR: Patient satisfaction investigations and the emergency department: what does the literature say?. Acad Emerg Med. 2000, 7: 695-709. 10.1111/j.1553-2712.2000.tb02050.x.
Rowe BH, Channan P, Bullard M, Blitz S, Saunders LD, Rosychuk RJ, Lari H, Craig WR, Holroyd BR: Characteristics of patients who leave emergency departments without being seen. Acad Emerg Med. 2006, 13: 848-852. 10.1111/j.1553-2712.2006.tb01735.x.
Kuan WS, Mahadevan M: Emergency unscheduled returns: can we do better?. Singapore Med J. 2009, 50: 1068-1071.
Bernstein SL, Aronsky D, Duseja R, Epstein S, Handel D, Hwang U, McCarthy M, John McConnell K, Pines JM, Rathlev N: The effect of emergency department crowding on clinically oriented outcomes. Acad Emerg Med. 2009, 16: 1-10. 10.1111/j.1553-2712.2008.00295.x.
Holliman CJ, Mulligan TM, Suter RE, Cameron P, Wallis L, Anderson PD, Clem K: The efficacy and value of emergency medicine: a supportive literature review. Int J Emerg Med. 2011, 4: 44-10.1186/1865-1380-4-44.
Goransson KE, Ehnfors M, Fonteyn ME, Ehrenberg A: Thinking strategies used by Registered Nurses during emergency department triage. J Adv Nurs. 2008, 61: 163-172. 10.1111/j.1365-2648.2007.04473.x.
Widgren BR, Jourak M: Medical Emergency Triage and Treatment System (METTS): A New Protocol in Primary Triage and Secondary Priority Decision in Emergency Medicine. J Emerg Med. 2011, 40: 623-628. 10.1016/j.jemermed.2008.04.003.
Farrokhnia N, Goransson KE: Swedish emergency department triage and interventions for improved patient flows: a national update. Scand J Trauma Resusc Emerg Med. 2011, 19: 72-10.1186/1757-7241-19-72.
Oredsson S, Jonsson H, Rognes J, Lind L, Goransson KE, Ehrenberg A, Asplund K, Castren M, Farrohknia N: A systematic review of triage-related interventions to improve patient flow in emergency departments. Scand J Trauma Resusc Emerg Med. 2011, 19: 43-10.1186/1757-7241-19-43.
Mazzocato P, Savage C, Brommels M, Aronsson H, Thor J: Lean thinking in healthcare: a realist review of the literature. Qual Saf Health Care. 2010, 19: 376-382. 10.1136/qshc.2009.037986.
Dickson EW, Singh S, Cheung DS, Wyatt CC, Nugent AS: Application of lean manufacturing techniques in the Emergency Department. J Emerg Med. 2009, 37: 177-182. 10.1016/j.jemermed.2007.11.108.
Tragardh B, Lindberg K: Curing a meagre health care system by lean methods–translating 'chains of care' in the Swedish health care sector. Int J Health Plann Manage. 2004, 19: 383-398. 10.1002/hpm.767.
Holden RJ: Lean Thinking in emergency departments: a critical review. Ann Emerg Med. 2011, 57: 265-278. 10.1016/j.annemergmed.2010.08.001.
Womack JP, Byrne AP, Fiume OJ, Kaplan GS, Touissant J: Going Lean in Health Care. 2005, Institute for Healthcare Improvement, Cambridge, MA
Asplund K, Castrén M, Ehrenberg A, Farrokhnia N, Göransson K, Jonsson H, Lind L, Marké LÅ, Norlund A, Oredsson S: Triage och flödesprocesser på akutmottagningen. En systematisk litteraturöversikt. 2010
Farrohknia N, Castren M, Ehrenberg A, Lind L, Oredsson S, Jonsson H, Asplund K, Goransson KE: Emergency department triage scales and their components: a systematic review of the scientific evidence. Scand J Trauma Resusc Emerg Med. 2011, 19: 42-10.1186/1757-7241-19-42.
Sibbritt D, Isbister GK, Walker R: Emergency department performance indicators that encompass the patient journey. Qual Manag Health Care. 2006, 15: 27-38.
Ravikumar D, Hsia R: Do California counties with lower socioeconomic levels have less access to emergency department care?. Acad Emerg Med. 2010, 17: 508-513. 10.1111/j.1553-2712.2010.00734.x.
Holroyd BR, Bullard MJ, Latoszek K, Gordon D, Allen S, Tam S, Blitz S, Yoon P, Rowe BH: Impact of a triage liaison physician on emergency department overcrowding and throughput: a randomized controlled trial. Acad Emerg Med. 2007, 14: 702-708. 10.1111/j.1553-2712.2007.tb01864.x.
Welch S, Augustine J, Camargo CA: Reese C: Emergency department performance measures and benchmarking summit. Acad Emerg Med. 2006, 13: 1074-1080. 10.1111/j.1553-2712.2006.tb00282.x.
Dormann H, Diesch K, Ganslandt T, Hahn EG: Numerical parameters and quality indicators in a medical emergency department. Dtsch Arztebl Int. 2010, 107: 261-267.
Sprivulis PC, Da Silva JA, Jacobs IG, Frazer AR, Jelinek GA: The association between hospital overcrowding and mortality among patients admitted via Western Australian emergency departments. Med J Aust. 2006, 184: 208-212.
The authors thank Associate Professor John Öhrvik and Professor Kent W Nilsson for their assistance with statistical analyses, Professor Jerzy Leppert for initiating the study, and the County Counsil of Västmanland Sweden for obtaining funding.
Centre for Clinical Research, Uppsala University, Central Hospital, Västerås, Sweden
Lena Burström
, Tony Wiklund
, Marie-Louise Engström
& Mats Enlund
Karolinska Institutet, Department of Clinical Science and Education, Södersjukhuset and Section of Emergency Medicine, Stockholm, Sweden
Martin Nordberg
& Maaret Castrén
Capio S:t Görans Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
Göran Örnung
Search for Lena Burström in:
Search for Martin Nordberg in:
Search for Göran Örnung in:
Search for Maaret Castrén in:
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Correspondence to Lena Burström.
LB: study concept and design, acquisition of the data, analysis and interpretation of the data, drafting of the manuscript, obtained funding, administrative, technical and material support, and study supervision. MN: study concept and design, acquisition of the data, analysis and interpretation of the data, drafting of the manuscript, obtained funding. GÖ: study concept and design, acquisition of the data, analysis and interpretation of the data, drafting of the manuscript, obtained funding. MC: study concept and design, analysis and interpretation of the data, drafting of the manuscript, obtained funding. TW: data manager, administrative-technical- and material support. M-LE: study concept and design, analysis and interpretation of the data, drafting of the manuscript, obtained funding. ME: analysis and interpretation of the data, drafting of the manuscript, obtained funding. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
Burström, L., Nordberg, M., Örnung, G. et al. Physician-led team triage based on lean principles may be superior for efficiency and quality? A comparison of three emergency departments with different triage models. Scand J Trauma Resusc Emerg Med 20, 57 (2012) doi:10.1186/1757-7241-20-57
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/1757-7241-20-57
Teamtriage
Lean principles
Efficiency indicators
Emergency physicians


This entry is my own translation (Catherine Jan) of Céline's Vivre avec un traducteur, mode d'emploi. I translated it with Céline's permission. Céline, an English to French translator, blogs in French at Ma Voisine Millionnaire.
Today's post is for all the men and women out there who have crossed paths with a freelance translator…and have decided to live with him or her. Husbands, wives, boyfriends, girlfriends, civil union partners—I am talking to you. This guide will help you understand the lifestyle and needs of your significant other.
When you head out for work, the translator is sitting at the desk, staring at the computer. When you get back from work, the translator is sitting at the desk, staring at the computer.
While you've been going from meeting to business lunch to getting work done, time has stood still for the freelance translator.
No, this is not true. As a matter of fact, the freelance translator has a remarkable ability to hold the same posture for hours on end.
Look at his or her work area—the keyboard and mouse are designed for good ergonomics. The large monitor is set up to prevent eye fatigue. The armchair keeps the translator's back straight. The computer is powerful and has endless features. The freelance translator has done everything to make work as comfortable as possible.
What does your freelance translator actually do all day?
Once you are out the door, your sweetheart executes the task which sets the workday in motion: make tea/coffee. (Check the appropriate box.) Next, the translator sits down, hot drink within arm's reach, and proceeds to read e-mail, RSS subscriptions, favourite newspapers, the Twitter timeline, and so forth. As paradoxical as it sounds, the work-at-home freelance translator is often very informed about the happenings of the outside world.
But do not make the mistake of thinking that just because the freelance translator can tell you what goes on hour-by-hour at Davos or about the debate on new finance-related legislation, your better half has accomplished nothing.
Au contraire. The translator is an advanced multitasker who can listen to music, catch up on tweets, negotiate contracts, make progress on the current assignment, all while sipping on a caffeinated hot drink. All from doing that day-in and day-out!
Are translators workaholics? Fortunately, no. The translator also has hobbies and a social life.
If you can only remember one characteristic of the freelance translator species, take this: this individual is hungry for culture. What would be more unsurprising for a person who spends all day doing work-related research? The translator often remains, even outside of working hours, a veritable geek.
Whether we're talking about volleyball, oriental dance, backgammon, or scrapbooking, the translator has done all the necessary research on the chosen activity. The amateur chef can tell you when the first Kenwood mixer came out. The hard-core skier can list names of world champions from the past five years. And don't get me started on the film buff!
The worst of it all: the freelance translator talks as if all these facts were common knowledge. "You did know that mascara come from antimony-based powder, didn't you?" says the freelance translator who likes cosmetics, ready to talk history to the ladies at Sephora.
Sometimes, the translator cannot help but share his or her knowledge. If you're about to spend a relaxing evening with friends, don't take out your Trivial Pursuit! After the linguist makes five straight wins, no one wants to play with him or her again.
The freelance translator's true self really comes out when meeting individuals of the same breed. You are probably wondering why your partner happily spends Saturday morning (Saturday morning!) to attend a talk about translation, Moldavian verb tenses or tax laws for the self-employed. Let me assure you: the translator is not insane.
While you have spent the whole week with co-workers—who you would not dream of running into on the weekend—the translator has not seen a living soul. Sure, he or she talked online all week. But you've got to understand that the translator needs to see others who share the same lifestyle, to talk about subjects all translators are interested in (who said only translators liked that stuff?). It's like going to Disneyland! The most awesome part is seeing how the translator lights up to explain the importance of the latest grammar rule reform or to get you to see a Czech film subtitled in German.
The freelance translator brims with enthusiasm. Isn't that what you like most about the one you love?
I am sorry to reply your comment a little bir later. Somehow it was in the spam box. I appreciate your interest to the articles we post. You can always contribute to our blog with your comments.
I came across your posting by chance. It had me in stitches. Even if my routine differs a bit, since I also have an office where I work, I found it quite true-to-fact… and so did my husband.


Last weekend, two key Republicans, Sen. Lindsey Graham of South Carolina and Rep. Peter King of New York, jettisoned the party's now-notorious anti-tax-increase pledge, better known as the Norquist Pledge, and joined other senior Republicans in saying they were willing to work to find ways to generate additional government revenues.
King said that "everything should be on the table," presumably including tax increases for the wealthy, but Graham stuck to the party's position that any increase in tax rates is unacceptable.
Meanwhile, House Republicans, chastened by the loss of eight seats in the election, seem more amenable to listening to their speaker, John Boehner of Ohio, whose efforts to reach a "grand bargain" on the deficit with the White House were torpedoed by the more extreme wing of his own membership.
Boehner has tightened control of the House Republican Conference, where some of the party's more radical ideas had originated. Among other moves, he successfully helped install Rep. Cathy McMorris Rodgers of Washington state as conference chairwoman, the No. 4 position in the House GOP leadership.
And relations with House Republican leader Eric Cantor of Virginia seem much improved. Cantor – who made no secret of his desire to replace Boehner as speaker, preferably sooner rather than later – seems to have moderated his ambitions.
President Barack Obama has named Treasury Secretary Timothy Geithner as his chief negotiator in congressional deficit-reduction talks, apparently in hopes that some new blood on his team would get the talks off to a fresh start.


text:
US Navy Contractor Arrested For Capitol Riot
Make Some Very Specific Design Choices To Find Out Your Disney And Pixar Character Combo
Home /Black Out Days Actually Started Five Years Ago To Empower Black People. The Creators Were Never Credited In Any Of The Spin Offs.
Black Out Days Actually Started Five Years Ago To Empower Black People. The Creators Were Never Credited In Any Of The Spin Offs.
"#BlackoutDay, which we have been using for more than five years, will no longer make sense to the general public," Sebastian said.
Ikran Dahir
BuzzFeed News Reporter
Posted on June 5, 2020, at 4:36 p.m. ET
Earlier this week, if you logged on to Instagram, you will have noticed the black squares coming up on your feed with the hashtag #BlackoutTuesday.
People posted it to show solidarity with the Black Lives Matter movement following the killings of George Floyd and other unarmed Black people in police custody.
The day was actually supposed to be for the music industry with the hashtag #TheShowMustBePaused — but somehow a different flyer about a blackout encouraging people to post black squares went viral.
#TheShowMustBePaused was created by two Black women, Jamila Thomas and Brianna Agyemang. On their website, they said the initiative was "in observance of the long-standing racism and inequality that exists from the boardroom to the boulevard" and added that it's "a day to disconnect from work and reconnect with our community."
However, the day of action did not go as planned.
As of Friday, the hashtag had 28.9 million posts; it prompted a lot of criticism as people felt that it led to silence instead of dialogue. Lil Nas X even said to stop posting for a day was "the worst idea ever."
He tweeted: "I just really think this is the time to push as hard as ever. I don't think the movement has ever been this powerful. We don't need to slow it down by posting nothing. We need to spread info and be as loud as ever."
If that weren't confusing enough, rapper T.I. announced he was supporting a day called #BlackoutDay2020, an economic boycott in which he urged people not to spend a single penny on July 7.
If the term "Blackout Day" sounds familiar, it's because about five years ago, a group of three black people decided to create the first-ever Blackout Day. It did not include the posting of black squares or an economic boycott; its intention was to empower Black people. It was so successful that people ended up creating spinoffs for various subsections of the Black community.
Mars Sebastian told BuzzFeed News in March 2015 that T'von Green and Nukirk came up with the idea of the #BlackoutDay hashtag.
"The current #BlackoutTuesday is actually #TheShowMustBePaused, a movement by Jamila Thomas & Brianna Agyemang to hold the music industry accountable with a completely different Call to Action than our movement," Sebastian said. "And neither of these should be confused with #BlackoutDay2020, an economic boycott that is using our tag and is slated for July 7th that we also had no direct part in organizing. "
Okay, hi.
Now that I'm cooled off, I'd like to give a more detailed picture of what is happening with #BlackoutDay. So on our IG and @theblckout, we acknowledged the July 7th #BlackoutDay2020 was happening because we essentially had no choice. Our site was crashing with q's.
She said that #BlackoutDay was to "create a space of positivity in the midst of heavy conversations around police brutality and Black American identity post the murders of Trayvon Martin, Eric Garner, Mike Brown and countless others."
Sebastian added, "We wanted to curate a space that would feel like an oasis in a sea of negativity, a space Black folks from all over the world can connect with each other and celebrate themselves. T'von, our legacy member, left the project in 2016 to pursue other things, and Nukirk and I have kept things going since."
Now it's run by Sebastian, a 26-year-old writer from Brooklyn, and Nukirk, a 42-year-old freelance web developer and journalist from Brooklyn.
At the time, the hashtag was well received, and people across different social media sites took part; it was covered by several media outlets, including BuzzFeed. Since then, dozens of spinoffs have cropped up, but Sebastian said they were never contacted.
"It's symptomatic of the fact that over the last few years, many people using social platforms have not known or don't remember where #BlackoutDay came from back in 2015," she said.
However, she said, Blackout Tuesday has a very different energy than the typical spinoff. "It's been difficult to deal with the confusion," she said
Sebastian added that the response to #TheShowMustBePaused is concerning.
"The #BlackoutTuesday tag is getting attributed to us, as is some of the critique surrounding the actions being taken today," she said.
They said the difference between the current "blackout" and their hashtag is that people were encouraged to initially post selfies.
But since then, they've asked people to post Black art, music, and businesses to increase their visibility. Sebastian said that they've also used the hashtag's visibility to spread information in support of the Black Lives Matter movement and organizers on the ground.
She said it's not the only incident of confusion that is happening with the hashtag. Rapper T.I. appears to have endorsed a hashtag called #BlackoutDay2020 and erased the beginnings of the hashtag.
She said they will have to see how the situation pans out in the next few weeks, but people might find the hashtag too confusing from now on.
"Our general gut feeling right now is that any tags using 'Blackout' in any form may now be too complicated to make heads or tails out of and so #BlackoutDay, which we have been using for more than five years, will no longer make sense to the general public," Sebastian said.
US Navy Contractor Arrested For…
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Which Of The Nine Hashira Are You From "Demon Slayer"? January 18, 2021
We Know If Youre More Gen X, Millennial, Or Gen Z Based On How You Recast "Friends" January 18, 2021


text:
/* Required to obtain the getline prototype from stdio.h */
#define _GNU_SOURCE

#include "mkimage.h"
#include <image.h>
#include "kwbimage.h"

/*
 * Supported commands for configuration file
 */
static table_entry_t kwbimage_cmds[] = {
	{CMD_BOOT_FROM,		"BOOT_FROM",		"boot command",	},
	{CMD_NAND_ECC_MODE,	"NAND_ECC_MODE",	"NAND mode",	},
	{CMD_NAND_PAGE_SIZE,	"NAND_PAGE_SIZE",	"NAND size",	},
	{CMD_SATA_PIO_MODE,	"SATA_PIO_MODE",	"SATA mode",	},
	{CMD_DDR_INIT_DELAY,	"DDR_INIT_DELAY",	"DDR init dly",	},
	{CMD_DATA,		"DATA",			"Reg Write Data", },
	{CMD_INVALID,		"",			"",	},
};

/*
 * Supported Boot options for configuration file
 */
static table_entry_t kwbimage_bootops[] = {
	{IBR_HDR_SPI_ID,	"spi",		"SPI Flash",	},
	{IBR_HDR_NAND_ID,	"nand",		"NAND Flash",	},
	{IBR_HDR_SATA_ID,	"sata",		"Sata port",	},
	{IBR_HDR_PEX_ID,	"pex",		"PCIe port",	},
	{IBR_HDR_UART_ID,	"uart",		"Serial port",	},
	{-1,			"",		"Invalid",	},
};

/*
 * Supported NAND ecc options configuration file
 */
static table_entry_t kwbimage_eccmodes[] = {
	{IBR_HDR_ECC_DEFAULT,		"default",	"Default mode",	},
	{IBR_HDR_ECC_FORCED_HAMMING,	"hamming",	"Hamming mode",	},
	{IBR_HDR_ECC_FORCED_RS,		"rs",		"RS mode",	},
	{IBR_HDR_ECC_DISABLED,		"disabled",	"ECC Disabled",	},
	{-1,				"",		"",	},
};

static struct kwb_header kwbimage_header;
static int datacmd_cnt = 0;
static char * fname = "Unknown";
static int lineno = -1;

/*
 * Report Error if xflag is set in addition to default
 */
static int kwbimage_check_params (struct mkimage_params *params)
{
	if (!strlen (params->imagename)) {
		printf ("Error:%s - Configuration file not specified, "
			"it is needed for kwbimage generation\n",
			params->cmdname);
		return CFG_INVALID;
	}
	return	((params->dflag && (params->fflag || params->lflag)) ||
		(params->fflag && (params->dflag || params->lflag)) ||
		(params->lflag && (params->dflag || params->fflag)) ||
		(params->xflag) || !(strlen (params->imagename)));
}

static uint32_t check_get_hexval (char *token)
{
	uint32_t hexval;

	if (!sscanf (token, "%x", &hexval)) {
		printf ("Error:%s[%d] - Invalid hex data(%s)\n", fname,
			lineno, token);
		exit (EXIT_FAILURE);
	}
	return hexval;
}

/*
 * Generates 8 bit checksum
 */
static uint8_t kwbimage_checksum8 (void *start, uint32_t len, uint8_t csum)
{
	register uint8_t sum = csum;
	volatile uint8_t *p = (volatile uint8_t *)start;

	/* check len and return zero checksum if invalid */
	if (!len)
		return 0;

	do {
		sum += *p;
		p++;
	} while (--len);
	return (sum);
}

/*
 * Generates 32 bit checksum
 */
static uint32_t kwbimage_checksum32 (uint32_t *start, uint32_t len, uint32_t csum)
{
	register uint32_t sum = csum;
	volatile uint32_t *p = start;

	/* check len and return zero checksum if invalid */
	if (!len)
		return 0;

	if (len % sizeof(uint32_t)) {
		printf ("Error:%s[%d] - length is not in multiple of %zu\n",
			__FUNCTION__, len, sizeof(uint32_t));
		return 0;
	}

	do {
		sum += *p;
		p++;
		len -= sizeof(uint32_t);
	} while (len > 0);
	return (sum);
}

static void kwbimage_check_cfgdata (char *token, enum kwbimage_cmd cmdsw,
					struct kwb_header *kwbhdr)
{
	bhr_t *mhdr = &kwbhdr->kwb_hdr;
	extbhr_t *exthdr = &kwbhdr->kwb_exthdr;
	int i;

	switch (cmdsw) {
	case CMD_BOOT_FROM:
		i = get_table_entry_id (kwbimage_bootops,
				"Kwbimage boot option", token);

		if (i < 0)
			goto INVL_DATA;

		mhdr->blockid = i;
		printf ("Preparing kirkwood boot image to boot "
			"from %s\n", token);
		break;
	case CMD_NAND_ECC_MODE:
		i = get_table_entry_id (kwbimage_eccmodes,
			"NAND ecc mode", token);

		if (i < 0)
			goto INVL_DATA;

		mhdr->nandeccmode = i;
		printf ("Nand ECC mode = %s\n", token);
		break;
	case CMD_NAND_PAGE_SIZE:
		mhdr->nandpagesize =
			(uint16_t) check_get_hexval (token);
		printf ("Nand page size = 0x%x\n", mhdr->nandpagesize);
		break;
	case CMD_SATA_PIO_MODE:
		mhdr->satapiomode =
			(uint8_t) check_get_hexval (token);
		printf ("Sata PIO mode = 0x%x\n",
				mhdr->satapiomode);
		break;
	case CMD_DDR_INIT_DELAY:
		mhdr->ddrinitdelay =
			(uint16_t) check_get_hexval (token);
		printf ("DDR init delay = %d msec\n", mhdr->ddrinitdelay);
		break;
	case CMD_DATA:
		exthdr->rcfg[datacmd_cnt].raddr =
			check_get_hexval (token);

		break;
	case CMD_INVALID:
		goto INVL_DATA;
	default:
		goto INVL_DATA;
	}
	return;

INVL_DATA:
	printf ("Error:%s[%d] - Invalid data\n", fname, lineno);
	exit (EXIT_FAILURE);
}

/*
 * this function sets the kwbimage header by-
 * 	1. Abstracting input command line arguments data
 *	2. parses the kwbimage configuration file and update extebded header data
 *	3. calculates header, extended header and image checksums
 */
static void kwdimage_set_ext_header (struct kwb_header *kwbhdr, char* name) {
	bhr_t *mhdr = &kwbhdr->kwb_hdr;
	extbhr_t *exthdr = &kwbhdr->kwb_exthdr;
	FILE *fd = NULL;
	int j;
	char *line = NULL;
	char * token, *saveptr1, *saveptr2;
	size_t len = 0;
	enum kwbimage_cmd cmd;

	fname = name;
	/* set dram register offset */
	exthdr->dramregsoffs = (intptr_t)&exthdr->rcfg - (intptr_t)mhdr;

	if ((fd = fopen (name, "r")) == 0) {
		printf ("Error:%s - Can't open\n", fname);
		exit (EXIT_FAILURE);
	}

	/* Simple kwimage.cfg file parser */
	lineno=0;
	while ((getline (&line, &len, fd)) > 0) {
		lineno++;
		token = strtok_r (line, "\r\n", &saveptr1);
		/* drop all lines with zero tokens (= empty lines) */
		if (token == NULL)
			continue;

		for (j = 0, cmd = CMD_INVALID, line = token; ; line = NULL) {
			token = strtok_r (line, " \t", &saveptr2);
			if (token == NULL)
			break;
			/* Drop all text starting with '#' as comments */
			if (token[0] == '#')
				break;

			/* Process rest as valid config command line */
			switch (j) {
			case CFG_COMMAND:
				cmd = get_table_entry_id (kwbimage_cmds,
						"Kwbimage command", token);

				if (cmd == CMD_INVALID)
					goto INVL_CMD;
				break;

			case CFG_DATA0:
				kwbimage_check_cfgdata (token, cmd, kwbhdr);
				break;

			case CFG_DATA1:
				if (cmd != CMD_DATA)
					goto INVL_CMD;

				exthdr->rcfg[datacmd_cnt].rdata =
						check_get_hexval (token);

				if (datacmd_cnt > KWBIMAGE_MAX_CONFIG ) {
					printf ("Error:%s[%d] - Found more "
						"than max(%zd) allowed "
						"data configurations\n",
						fname, lineno,
						KWBIMAGE_MAX_CONFIG);
				exit (EXIT_FAILURE);
				} else
					datacmd_cnt++;
				break;

			default:
				goto INVL_CMD;
			}
			j++;
		}
	}
	if (line)
		free (line);

	fclose (fd);
	return;

/*
 * Invalid Command error reporring
 *
 * command CMD_DATA needs three strings on a line
 * whereas other commands need only two.
 *
 * if more than two/three (as per command type) are observed,
 * then error will be reported
 */
INVL_CMD:
	printf ("Error:%s[%d] - Invalid command\n", fname, lineno);
	exit (EXIT_FAILURE);
}

static void kwbimage_set_header (void *ptr, struct stat *sbuf, int ifd,
				struct mkimage_params *params)
{
	struct kwb_header *hdr = (struct kwb_header *)ptr;
	bhr_t *mhdr = &hdr->kwb_hdr;
	extbhr_t *exthdr = &hdr->kwb_exthdr;
	uint32_t checksum;
	int size;

	/* Build and add image checksum header */
	checksum = kwbimage_checksum32 ((uint32_t *)ptr, sbuf->st_size, 0);

	size = write (ifd, &checksum, sizeof(uint32_t));
	if (size != sizeof(uint32_t)) {
		printf ("Error:%s - Checksum write %d bytes %s\n",
			params->cmdname, size, params->imagefile);
		exit (EXIT_FAILURE);
	}

	sbuf->st_size += sizeof(uint32_t);

	mhdr->blocksize = sbuf->st_size - sizeof(struct kwb_header);
	mhdr->srcaddr = sizeof(struct kwb_header);
	mhdr->destaddr= params->addr;
	mhdr->execaddr =params->ep;
	mhdr->ext = 0x1; /* header extension appended */

	kwdimage_set_ext_header (hdr, params->imagename);
	/* calculate checksums */
	mhdr->checkSum = kwbimage_checksum8 ((void *)mhdr, sizeof(bhr_t), 0);
	exthdr->checkSum = kwbimage_checksum8 ((void *)exthdr,
						sizeof(extbhr_t), 0);
}

static int kwbimage_verify_header (unsigned char *ptr, int image_size,
			struct mkimage_params *params)
{
	struct kwb_header *hdr = (struct kwb_header *)ptr;
	bhr_t *mhdr = &hdr->kwb_hdr;
	extbhr_t *exthdr = &hdr->kwb_exthdr;
	uint8_t calc_hdrcsum;
	uint8_t calc_exthdrcsum;

	calc_hdrcsum = kwbimage_checksum8 ((void *)mhdr,
			sizeof(bhr_t) - sizeof(uint8_t), 0);
	if (calc_hdrcsum != mhdr->checkSum)
		return -FDT_ERR_BADSTRUCTURE;	/* mhdr csum not matched */

	calc_exthdrcsum = kwbimage_checksum8 ((void *)exthdr,
			sizeof(extbhr_t) - sizeof(uint8_t), 0);
	if (calc_exthdrcsum != exthdr->checkSum)
		return -FDT_ERR_BADSTRUCTURE; /* exthdr csum not matched */

	return 0;
}

static void kwbimage_print_header (const void *ptr)
{
	struct kwb_header *hdr = (struct kwb_header *) ptr;
	bhr_t *mhdr = &hdr->kwb_hdr;
	char *name = get_table_entry_name (kwbimage_bootops,
				"Kwbimage boot option",
				(int) mhdr->blockid);

	printf ("Image Type:   Kirkwood Boot from %s Image\n", name);
	printf ("Data Size:    ");
	genimg_print_size (mhdr->blocksize - sizeof(uint32_t));
	printf ("Load Address: %08x\n", mhdr->destaddr);
	printf ("Entry Point:  %08x\n", mhdr->execaddr);
}

static int kwbimage_check_image_types (uint8_t type)
{
	if (type == IH_TYPE_KWBIMAGE)
		return EXIT_SUCCESS;
	else
		return EXIT_FAILURE;
}

/*
 * kwbimage type parameters definition
 */
static struct image_type_params kwbimage_params = {
	.name = "Kirkwood Boot Image support",
	.header_size = sizeof(struct kwb_header),
	.hdr = (void*)&kwbimage_header,
	.check_image_type = kwbimage_check_image_types,
	.verify_header = kwbimage_verify_header,
	.print_header = kwbimage_print_header,
	.set_header = kwbimage_set_header,
	.check_params = kwbimage_check_params,
};

void init_kwb_image_type (void)
{
	mkimage_register (&kwbimage_params);
}


This page displays sold house prices for Hope Street in Chester.
Hope Street in Saltney, Chester consists predominantly of terraced houses. Properties on Hope Street typically have values around £100,000 - £150,000, with larger terraced houses and townhouses valued at around £150,000.