Dr. Alesia Zuccala provides an overview of quantitative studies of the Humanities. How sustainable are the Humanities as an independent field?
Gali Halevi and Judit Bar-Ilan investigate the major trends in the funding of research projects and grants in the Arts & Humanities. Is funding of the Humanities really on the decline?
The data analyzed in this paper was retrieved from SciVal Funding™ ("the database"), an Elsevier database that covers awarded and open funding opportunities across disciplines. The database captures its data directly from the grants and funding bodies' websites and covers organizations that fund scientific research in the United States, Canada, United Kingdom, European Commission, Australia, Ireland, Singapore, India, South Africa, and New Zealand. At the time this research was performed, the database included 4,500 research funding organizations including private and public funding institutions.
However, since this paper aims to cover international trends in A&H research, one has to note that SciVal funding mostly covers English-language grants and opportunities. In this respect, grants derived from the European Commission for example, are mostly written in English and scarcely include local languages. There are also many non-English language grants that are not covered by the database; hence this analysis focuses mostly on English-language grants. It is acknowledged that A&H, unlike other areas of research, are sensitive to language, especially in the literary arts (9).
Award type A classification, created by SciVal funding, which describes the type of award. i.e. research, fellowship, project etc.
The geographical analysis of the awarded grants was performed based on the country sponsoring the award. In the database, this field represents the origin of the grant. Since the awarded grants covered in the database are mostly English-language ones, it is not surprising that most awards are by Anglophone countries such as the United States, Canada, United Kingdom, Australia and Ireland. Since the database aggregates open web sources, the breakdown of individual European countries was sometimes not available to us. An analysis of the overall number of awarded grants by countries covered in the database shows that some non-English speaking countries are well represented in the data such as Taiwan, India, Hong Kong and others.
This section describes the overall money amounts of awarded grants in A&H. The data that we have analyzed has different currencies per each country covered. In order to get a sense of the total monetary expenditure, we converted all currencies into US dollars using January 2013 rates. These amounts represent the total expenditure of public and private funding of A&H across all types of grants and countries. The analysis shows that there has been a constant decline in the monetary expenditure dedicated to A&H activities since 2009 (see Figure 1).
There has been an evident decline in A&H funding from 2009 to 2012. Reports on A&H funding in North America have also pointed to the same trend, showing decline in funding for A&H activities (3). There was a sharp decline between 2010 and 2011 with funds cut in almost half each year.
Figure 2 shows that both state and government funding are still the major sources for A&H grants and awards. Interestingly, the number of state funds is larger than the federal ones. These are followed by private funds and awards given by foundations.
An analysis of the monetary expenditure per sponsor (see Figure 3) reveals that federal sponsored awards offer more awards worth at least a million, followed by foundations and state/ provincial government. Private, international and academic funding at this level is scarce. Professional associations and cooperations do not offer awards at this level of funding but do offer them mostly in the under $50,000 range.
An analysis of the types of awards each sponsor supports (see Figure 4) shows that projects are mainly funded by state government, private funding and federal/ national government. Research is mostly funded by federal government and foundations awards, while community awards are typically funded by state government. Fellowships are funded by private, foundation, and academic awards. Cooperation funds are mostly given to community, research and conferences while academic funds are not surprisingly focused on research, fellowships and conferences. There are several awards types indexed in the database (see Table 2).
Figure 5 shows that the types of awards that receive the most funding are those related to projects, followed by research and community. The proportion between the number of awards and their monetary value can also be seen in Figure 5. Projects, research and community awards account for most of the capital spent on A&H awards. There's a striking gap between these awards and awards given to cover fellowships, conferences, training and equipment for example.
In SciVal Funding there are several awardee types, including (1) Institution, (2) Principal Investigator who heads the research, project or program and (3) Co-principal Investigator. The occurrence of co-principal investigator is very rare and most of the awards are assigned to either an Institution or Principal investigator. We found 200,352 grants that were given to an Institution and 163,502 grants to Investigators, including Principal and Co-principal. An analysis of the types of award per awardee type shows that when a principal investigator is assigned to an award it is mostly for research purposes. Following that, principal investigators are heading community work or are the recipients of fellowships (see Figure 6).
When an institution is the recepient of an award, it is mainly for either community or project related activities. Research is far less common as an award type granted to institutions (see Figure 6).
The funds allocated for A&H activities are declining, showing sharp decreases from 2009 to 2012. The global economic crisis which culminated in 2009 might be a major contributor to this decline. State and federal bodies are still the major funding bodies of A&H. The federal government is the main source of funding awards that are worth a million or more, followed by foundations and state /provincial government.
Most of the A&H awarded grants are those related to projects that depict specific programs, research and community programs. Projects are mainly sponsored by state government, private funding and federal/national government, while community related awards are typically sponsored by state government. Fellowships are funded by private, foundation and academic awards and academic funds are allocated to research, fellowships, and conferences.
Research-related grants are mostly received by principal investigators rather than institutions. Institutions receive A&H grants mostly for community and specific projects.
From the analysis above there seems to be a lack of funding for equipment, which is probably needed in the arts and for prizes. More grants are available for research, fellowships and community work for investigators. Awards such as training are available through institutional grants, where there seems to be more room for career-related funding.
The authors are grateful to Brie Betz, former project manager of SciVal Funding at Elsevier, for her support and Mehul Pandya, Prakash Devaraj and Hariharan Yuvaraj, from the SciVal Funding product team, for providing the data needed for this study.
(9) Van Weijen, D. (2012) "Publication Languages in the Arts & Humanities", Research Trends, Issue 32.
Dr. Wim Meester discusses the need for a comprehensive citation index that includes the Humanities. How is Scopus being adapted to meet this need?
The Humanities is a hugely diverse field with output published in many regional and national journals, but also in book chapters and monographs (1). In their recent publication on comprehensive coverage of the Social Sciences and Humanities, Sivertsen and Larsen pointed out that: "A well-designed and comprehensive citation index for the Social Sciences and Humanities has many potential uses, but has yet to be realized" (2). In 2008–09 the European Science Foundation (ESF) created the European Reference Index for the Humanities (ERIH). "The reference index was created and developed by European researchers both for their own purposes and in order to present their ongoing research achievements systematically to the rest of the world" (3). As a result of the second round of the ERIH project and following revisions of the initial list, in 2011 the ERIH Revised Lists was published (4). Project MUSE is a not-for-profit full text platform of many Arts & Humanities journals with international relevance from primarily US based University Presses (5). In addition, local databases with comprehensive coverage of Social Science and Humanities journal articles exist, for example, in Flanders and in Norway (6). Multidisciplinary citation indexes like Scopus are fairly comprehensive in the Science, Technology and Medicine (STM) subject fields. However, it has remained a challenge to create an index that is comprehensive in both STM and Humanities.
In 2008, Scopus covered around 2,000 Humanities titles. To further increase the number of Humanities titles in the database, project MUSE and the initial ERIH list were used to identify additional relevant titles in 2009. In 2011, a similar project was executed in which the coverage of the revised ERIH list, the Social Science Citation Index, the Arts & Humanities Citation Index, the titles list of Evaluation Agency for Research and Evaluation, France (AERES), and the Humanities journal indexes Cairns and Francis were used. These journals were reviewed and added to the database, together with the Humanities titles selected for Scopus coverage via the Scopus Title Evaluation Process (STEP). The Scopus coverage has now grown to almost 3,500 Humanities titles (and to 4,200 when also including Humanities-related titles) and includes all serial publication types, such as journals, book series and conference series.
That the origin of Humanities journals is diverse is shown by the vast number of publishers from which the journals are sourced. Also, in Humanities, there is less concentration of journals at a minority of publishers than for STM titles (see Figure 1). The diagonal represents a situation where each publisher contributes the same percentage of journals. The surface between the curve and diagonal is proportional to the Gini index, which is a measure for concentration. For STM the surface is larger than for Humanities, which means a higher Gini Index value and a stronger degree of concentration of journals amongst publishers.
In Scopus, the location of a journal is determined by the country in which the publisher is located. Most of the larger publishers are located in Western-Europe or North America; therefore most of the Humanities titles come from these regions. However, the Humanities content is published in 63 different countries. In the top 25 countries, there are six Eastern-European countries; three Scandinavian countries; two South-American countries; one African country and one Asian country (see Figure 2a). Looking at the regional diversity it is clear that Europe as a whole is best represented and Central & South America and Asia Pacific are underrepresented with respect to Humanities content (See Figure 2b).
Since the majority of titles come from Anglo-Saxon countries it is to be expected that most titles have English as their primary publication language. However, 975 of the Humanities titles do not have English as their primary language and a further 500 English language titles have a second publication language. In total 32 different languages are covered. French, Spanish, German and Italian are the most occurring languages after English (see Figure 3). Most of the other frequently occurring languages are other European languages, with the notable exceptions of Russian and Turkish. More analysis about the publication language of Humanities content is provided in another article in this Research Trends issue (7).
With respect to the subject classification of the Humanities titles, there is a fairly even distribution over the different sub-fields (see Figure 4).*) History is the largest field with more than 900 titles, after that Literature & Literary Theory (668), Language & Linguistics (649), Philosophy (445), Visual Arts (392) and Religious Studies (356) are the largest sub-fields. Of the Humanities-related subject fields, Cultural Studies (678), Linguistics & Language (673) and Law (462) are the most frequently occurring.
*) Titles can be classified in more than one subject field.
As of November 2012, the total number of Arts & Humanities articles in the database is a little over 1 million, just over 2% of the total database. All document types that are within the Scopus coverage policy are included in the article counts. From 2007 to 2011 the number of articles has grown from 42 thousand to 76 thousand articles per year, which comes down to a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 16.2% (see Figure 5). Particularly since 2009 the year-on-year growth of Humanities articles has increased substantially (20.1%), which is in line with the increase of Humanities indexed titles in the database.
The US and the UK are the countries with the most Humanities articles during 2007–11 (see Table 1). All of the countries in the top 10 experience a year-on-year growth of more than 30%. Most remarkable is Spain with a year–on-year growth rate of 50%; despite the fact that the CAGR of Humanities articles published in the Spanish language remained in line with the overall growth rate at 17%.
As many publications in Arts & Humanities are not published in journals but in books, for comprehensive coverage of Humanities research output it is also important to cover books (1), (8). The Books Enhancement Program was set up to tackle this issue. It aims to index around 75,000 books in Scopus by the end of 2015. Although books in all subject areas will be covered, the focus will be on those subject fields where books matter most: Social Sciences and Arts & Humanities. The selection policy of books content will be on a publisher level, taking into account aspects like the reputation of the publisher, the composition of the books list and expected impact of the books. As part of the Books Enhancement Program, full bibliographic metadata will be indexed as well as abstracts (where available), author and affiliation information and cited references. By capturing author and affiliation data, it will be possible to attribute a book chapter or monograph to an author, create profiles and measure output. This is also of relevance for new initiatives to create user-generated author profiles such as the Open Researcher and Contributor ID (ORCID) (9). Covering more comprehensive Humanities output will make it easier for researchers to create their ORCID profiles. By making the cited references available and matching the citations to records in the database, it will also be possible to display citation counts and measure impact.
In conclusion, various actions have been taken in order to make Scopus more comprehensive with respect to Humanities content. The number of Humanities titles covered and articles published in the database has grown substantially. Particularly Humanities journal output from North America and Europe seems to be covered well. Next steps will be to increase coverage of Humanities journal content from Asia, which currently seems to be underrepresented in the database. Also of importance will be to extend the source types to books and capture the relevant Humanities output that is not published in journals but in books. A fully comprehensive citation index for both STM and Humanities may not be there yet, but we are getting closer.
(2) Sivertsen, G., Larsen, B. (2012) "Comprehensive bibliographic coverage of the social sciences and humanities in a citation index: An empirical analysis of the potential", Scientometrics, Vol. 91, Issue 2, pp. 567-575.
(6) Ossenblok, T.L.B., Engels, T.C.E., Sivertsen, G. (2012) "The representation of the social sciences and humanities in the Web of Science - A comparison of publication patterns and incentive structures in Flanders and Norway (2005-9)", Research Evaluation, Vol. 21, Issue 4, pp. 280-290.
Matthew Richardson presents visualizations of the citation links in the Arts & Humanities. How multi-disciplinary is this field?
The Arts & Humanities include a diverse range of subjects, including many of the oldest intellectual pursuits such as Philosophy, Religion, Music, History, Art, Theatre and Literature. These disciplines, along with fields such as Language, Linguistics and the History of Science, share a common concern with humanity and culture.
This mutual interest means that we can expect much of the research in the Arts & Humanities to bridge disparate fields, in much the same way as modern scientific research increasingly links traditionally separate disciplines. One method for investigating this multidisciplinarity of research is to look at the citation links formed between journals when a paper published in one journal makes reference to a paper published in another. Citations are made to earlier work with some relevance to the current research, and so they can be used to draw together topically similar journals; see Research Trends issue 26 (1) for an earlier exploration of citation mapping using Scopus citation data. A similar approach applied to the Arts & Humanities reveals the structure of the subject area, and can also be used to highlight examples of multidisciplinarity.
The Arts & Humanities as a subject area is only rarely the focus of bibliometric analyses, due to a common emphasis within the bibliometric community on citation analysis. These approaches tend to rely on sufficient quantities of journal articles, and of citations to recent research. In the Arts & Humanities, scholarly work is often published outside journals, for instance in monographs and books.
Our citation mapping method can be adapted to better suit the disciplines; for this map, we used ten years of publication and citation data (using the years 2001–10). This allows a greater period of time for citations to be made to previously-published work, and increases the confidence we can have in the structure of the graph, at the expense of having a map which does not reflect the most current trends. Otherwise, the method remains similar: citation data from Scopus are gathered at journal–journal level; these citations are first normalized, and then used as the edge data for a network graph in Gephi. Citations from a journal to any other are normalized both by the total citations from the citing journal and the total citations to the cited journal within the time period: the L index defined by Calero Medina et al. (2).
The map presented in Figure 1 is the result of mapping the journals classified within the Arts & Humanities in Scopus. All included journals published at least ten articles in the period of study (2001–10), and made at least ten citations to other journals in the map. After outliers and unconnected journals are removed, there remain 1570 journals which form the core of the decade's Arts & Humanities work.
Figure 1: Journal citation map covering 1570 journals from the Arts & Humanities.
Journals are visualized using Gephi 0.8.1 beta and the ForceAtlas2 layout algorithm. Each node represents a journal, and edges the citations from one journal to the other in the years 2001–10. Each subject is assigned a color, used to highlight journals belonging to a single subject within the Arts & Humanities according to the ASJC classification used by Scopus; journals in multiple subjects are shown in white. Source: Scopus.
The map uses colors to highlight the position of the various subjects classed within the Arts & Humanities in Scopus; the major subjects have been labeled directly in Figure 1. These subjects group around Literature and the Arts in the center, with close connections to History to the right, and Religious Studies and Philosophy to the left; and looser connections to Language & Linguistics at the top, and Archaeology at the bottom.
When compared with a previous journal map of the Arts & Humanities produced by Leydesdorff et al. (3), similarities include the positioning of Literature between Music, Philosophy, Art and History; the proximity of Archaeology to History; and the connection between Linguistics and Philosophy. The maps are in broad agreement, despite differences in data source, normalization and layout algorithm; however, the visualization presented by Leydesdorff et al. shows Linguistics closer to the center of the map, and Theology as one key group of journals outside the core of the field. In the present map shown in Figure 1, Language & Linguistics are situated further from the center, while Religious Studies is shown to have strong ties not only to Philosophy but also to the Arts and History.
The curved lines reaching across Figure 1 represent citations from one journal to another, and it follows that the long lines reaching from one discipline to another show those citations made to journals in a different field of research. While Figure 1 shows the many interconnections between subjects, we can focus on smaller subsets of the map to see how individual journals exemplify multidisciplinarity.
Journal of Memory and Language publishes articles that "contribute to the formulation of scientific issues and theories in the areas of memory, language comprehension and production, and cognitive processes." (4) The journal sits within the Language & Linguistics subject of the map shown in Figure 1, and, as expected, many of the journals it has citation links with are in the same field. However, the journal also has links with a broad range of journals in the field of Philosophy, as well as Literature and Music. Figure 2 shows only those journals with a direct link to the Journal of Memory and Language, and while the core of Language & Linguistics journals is immediately visible, the other related journals are shown at the right and bottom edges of the map; the links to a variety of Philosophy journals (turquoise) are particularly evident at the bottom-left.
Figure 2: Journal citation map covering 113 journals from the Arts & Humanities with a direct citation link to Journal of Memory and Language in the years 2001–10; selected journals are labeled. Source: Scopus.
Three further journal maps illustrate the wide range of interdisciplinary links across the Arts & Humanities. Figures 3–5 show maps for Journal of Archaeological Science, Journal of the History of Ideas, and New Literary History, each of which are based in different subjects within the area: respectively Archaeology, History & Philosophy of Science, and Literature & Literary Theory (see Figure 1).
Journal of Archaeological Science publishes work "advancing the development and application of scientific techniques and methodologies to all areas of archaeology." (5) Figure 3 shows the predominately archaeological citation links of the journal, as well as the branches to such journals as Medical History and Oregon Historical Quarterly on the right side of the map, and Philosophy of the Social Sciences and Phenomenology and the Cognitive Sciences on the left. These do not dominate the map, but the Journal of Archaeological Science displays more multidisciplinarity than many other archaeology journals.
Figure 3: Journal citation map covering 135 journals from the Arts & Humanities with a direct citation link to Journal of Archaeological Science in the years 2001–10; selected journals are labeled. Source: Scopus.
Journal of the History of Ideas describes its field of focus, intellectual history, "expansively and ecumenically, including the histories of philosophy, of literature and the arts, of the natural and social sciences, of religion, and of political thought." (6) Figure 4 shows the journal at the center of a wide-reaching web of citations, touching upon Language and Literature at the top (Language Sciences, Poetics Today), Music and History to the right (Music Analysis, Historical Research), Religion at the bottom (Journal of Religion), and Philosophy to the left (Philosophical Quarterly). Rather than sitting within a specific field and reaching out to others, as is the case for most journals, the Journal of the History of Ideas covers a vast range of the subject area from a central location.
Figure 4: Journal citation map covering 185 journals from the Arts & Humanities with a direct citation link to Journal of the History of Ideas in the years 2001–10; selected journals are labeled. Source: Scopus.
New Literary History "focuses on questions of theory, method, interpretation, and literary history." (7) Figure 5 shows the journal within a context of Literature & Literary Theory journals as well as those in Philosophy, History, Archaeology, and the other Arts it connects with (Philosophy East and West, Church History, Archival Science, Music and Letters).
Figure 5: Journal citation map covering 164 journals from the Arts & Humanities with a direct citation link to New Literary History in the years 2001–10; selected journals are labeled. Source: Scopus.
The four selected journals used for these maps lie in different fields of the Arts & Humanities, and so show different scopes. However, even closely related journals can show very different reach when the citation relationships are analyzed. These citation maps are one method to look into the differences in scope and influence between journals.
What links the Journal of Archaeological Science to Oceanic Linguistics?
While the Journal of Archaeological Sciences is firmly placed in the archaeology section of the Arts & Humanities map, it reaches out to a diversity of journals including Oceanic Linguistics. What kind of paper causes these seemingly unusual links?
A 2010 paper authored by a group of researchers from France, the UK and New Zealand brings together the fields of Archaeology, Linguistics, and even Genetics in a study of the settlement of the Solomon Islands. (8) Among its cited references are four earlier papers from Oceanic Linguistics, as well as articles published in Human Biology, the American Journal of Human Genetics, and the Journal of Forensic Sciences.
Since publication, this paper has itself been cited in the Annual Review of Genetics, Current Anthropology, and Molecular Biology and Evolution, making it a true case of multiple fields interacting in the literature.
While interdisciplinary links such as those we have discussed are not to be found in all journals – many, often smaller, journals only have direct links to journals well-embedded in their own topic of interest – they are common across the Arts & Humanities, and indeed science in general. The maps shown here were limited to Arts & Humanities journals, but if expanded to all scholarly journals we would see even more dramatic examples of multidisciplinarity: citations between disparate subject areas. Ideas from one field are often relevant to those working in another, and the four journals illustrated here are some of many which have an influence beyond defined subject boundaries. These visualizations of the citation links in the Arts & Humanities show that it is a collection of interrelated topics: different facets of an investigation of culture and humanity.
(1) Richardson, M. (2012) "Citography: the visualization of nineteen thousand journals through their recent citations", Research Trends, Issue 26, January 2012.
(2) Calero Medina, C.M., van Leeuwen, T.N. (2012) "Seed Journal Citation Network Maps: A Method Based on Network Theory", Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology, Vol. 63, No. 6, pp. 1226–1234.
(3) Leydesdorff, L., et al. (2011) "The structure of the Arts & Humanities Citation Index: A mapping on the basis of aggregated citations among 1,157 journals", Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology, Vol. 62, No. 12, pp. 2414–2426.
(8) Ricaut, F.-X., et al. (2010) "Ancient Solomon Islands mtDNA: Assessing Holocene settlement and the impact of European contact", Journal of Archaeological Science, Vol. 37, No. 6, pp. 1161–1170.
Dr. Daphne van Weijen investigates the role language plays in the Arts & Humanities. Do researchers in the field prefer to publish in their first language rather than in English?
In previous issues of Research Trends, we noted that English remains the dominant language in Science (1, 2). However, this does not appear to be the case across all subject areas. Researchers who publish their work in other languages tend to do so more frequently in the 'softer' sciences, such as the Health Sciences, Social Sciences, Psychology, and Arts & Humanities (2). In this article we focus specifically on the role language plays in the Arts & Humanities and the extent to which researchers from different countries publish in languages other than English.
To answer this question, we first examined the extent to which other languages are used in the Arts & Humanities in general, and then distinguished trends in language use at country level (which countries favor English when publishing in the Humanities and which do not?). In addition we also analyzed different subfields within the Humanities, specifically: Archeology, History, Language and Linguistics, and Philosophy. The analyses are based on Scopus data. For a detailed overview of the coverage of Humanities journals in Scopus, please see Dr. Wim Meester's contribution on the Arts & Humanities citation indexes in this issue of Research Trends (3). Finally it is important to note that Scopus only covers journals that publish articles in other languages if they include titles and abstracts in English.
Over the past five years, roughly 265,000 articles were indexed in the Arts & Humanities, written in 45 languages, but all with English abstracts. Results indicate that English is clearly the dominant language of publication in the Arts & Humanities (77%), although this figure is somewhat lower than the proportion of English language content in Scopus in general (88.4%). This suggests that local languages appear to play a larger role within the Humanities than in other fields (2). Of the 23% of publications that are non-English, French (7%), German (4%), Spanish (4%) and Italian (2.5%) are the languages most frequently used (see Figure 1). This finding, which emerges from an analysis of articles, is also confirmed when analyzing the corpus of journals as discussed in Meester's contribution in this issue of Research Trends (3).
Figure 1: Word cloud containing the Languages other than English used in publications in the Arts & Humanities between 2008 and 2012. Source: Scopus data, Word cloud generated using Wordle™.
The second phase of our study focused on the use of language across different countries in order to see whether the preference for publishing in English was the same across countries. The countries included in the analysis were the same as in an earlier Research Trends piece on the language of scientific communication (2). However, in this case we included the United Kingdom and the United States for comparison purposes. The outcome of the analysis clearly shows that the percentage of articles written in English varies strongly from country to country (see Table 1). Researchers from The Netherlands and Russia for example, are far more likely to publish their Humanities papers in English than researchers from France or Spain. This is in line with the ratios between English and local language papers in general, which were far lower for France and Spain than for The Netherlands and Russia (2). The interesting question then, is whether this preference holds across specific subfields of the Humanities.
In order to examine whether the use of languages other than English is similar across subfields within the Humanities, we chose to compare five subfields: Archaeology, History, Language & Linguistics, Literature, and Philosophy. The main purpose of this analysis was to discover whether or not the percentage of English use in each subfield is the same or different and in which other languages researchers publish besides English. The results of the analysis indicate that English is still the dominant language of publication in the Scopus-covered publication output in each of these subfields, but this varies from 65% in Archeology to 79% in Philosophy. The large percentage of English language publications in Philosophy reflects an Anglo-Saxon orientation of the Scopus-indexed literature in this subject field, possibly due to the fact that it is uncommon for publishers and authors in Philosophy from non-English speaking countries to add English article titles and abstracts to their publications. Furthermore, the top five languages are consistent for all fields (see Figure 2). In each case French is the second publication language of choice, followed in more or less the same order by German, Spanish and Italian.
Overall, we can conclude that researchers do seem to vary in the extent to which they publish in languages other than English in the Arts & Humanities. Spanish and French researchers in particular appear to hold a preference for publishing in their own language. Furthermore, researchers are somewhat more likely to publish in other languages, particularly French, in the Archeology and Literature subfields.
(1) Research Trends (2008) "English as the international language of science", Research Trends, Issue 6, July 2008.
(2) Van Weijen, D. (2012) "The Language of (Future) Scientific Communication", Research Trends, Issue 31, November 2012.
(3) Meester, W. (2013) "Towards a comprehensive citation index for the Arts & Humanities", Research Trends, Issue 32, March 2013.
Gali Halevi studies how frequently authors tend to cite older documents. Do Humanities scholars do this more often than their colleagues in other fields such as Physics and Astronomy?
The main topic addressed in this article is how frequently authors cite documents that are more than 15 years old and how Humanities journals compare to Science journals in this respect. As current scientific publications become available more quickly and readily over web-based databases, it's becoming important to test how older publications, which might not be as interactive or available as their newer counterparts, are cited, at what rate, and which disciplines cite relatively newer research compared to others that might cite older articles. In addition, the age of the cited references has the potential to reveal which factors influence such choices and whether they are "time dependent" or "field dependent" (1). Within the time-dependent factors, Bornmann and Daniel (1) point to two separate trends that emerge from the literature: citations of more current articles, mainly due to the fact that there are more of them; and a tendency to cite papers that received a large amount of citations on the basis of their acceptance and popularity. In this article, we focus more on studying the former phenomenon, examining whether recent articles are cited more and in what disciplines this phenomenon is more apparent. Therefore, this study hypothesizes that certain scientific disciplines such as Medicine and Engineering cite more current research articles, while others such as Arts & Humanities, Economics and Mathematics cite older research.
The journal's main discipline - The disciplinary assignment of each journal was derived from the Scopus database which assigns a discipline to each source it covers. In many cases, Scopus will assign more than one discipline to each source. In such cases, we selected the 1st discipline as the main subject area to which a journal belongs.
Topics covered in the journal – the topic lists were retrieved from the journal's aims and scope.
We calculated the average of the number of references per article for each of the disciplines. As can be seen from Figure 1, the journals in Social Sciences, Arts & Humanities and Physics and Astronomy have the largest average number of references per article while the lowest average number of references per article occurs in the titles covering Health Professions and Earth and Planetary Sciences.
In addition we looked at the average number of references per article in the six A&H journals in our sample. These journals include Journal of Medieval History, Lingua, Poetics, Design Studies, Journal of Phonetics, and Journal of Cultural Heritage. We found that History related journals have the largest references per article, followed by journals related to Linguistics, while the smallest number of references occurred in Poetics.
We calculated the percentage of references dated 1996 to the present, per discipline according to the journals' disciplinary assignment and then averaged these citations per discipline (see Figure 2). Examining the references, we found that 60% of the references cited in the A&H journals in our study sample are new, meaning the articles referenced were published in 1996 or after. Examining the six A&H journals individually we found that history related journals tend to reference newer publications while linguistics related journals tend to reference older publications. Disciplines covered by journals in this study showing 70%-80% references to articles published post-1995 are Earth and Planetary Sciences, Medicine, Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology, Engineering, and Materials Science. However, articles in our A&H titles reference newer materials when compared to study journals in disciplines such as Mathematics with 40% newer references, Social Sciences (45%), Agriculture (47%) and Computer Science (50%). This finding is quite notable considering that A&H content is considered to develop over time and where "the masters are continually discussed" (2).
The finding that 60% of cited references in the A&H journals in our study set are new, i.e., published after 1995, led us to examine the overall growth rate of the number of articles in our journal sets arranged by discipline, and attempt to find out whether growth rate correlates to the references age. The rationale here was that in fast growing disciplines, where articles are published more often and in larger numbers, the age of references will be younger mainly because there are more recent materials available. In slower growing disciplines, on the other hand, the expectation was that the age of the references will be older because there are not as many new materials available. In order to analyze this, we compared the overall article growth in each of the disciplines from 1960 to the present. As can be seen from Figure 3, the fastest growing disciplines are Medicine and Engineering and these are also the disciplines that have the younger references age. A&H growth is much slower, yet its references are fairly new (i.e. post 1995).
The Arts & Humanities journals in our sample show a relatively large number of references per article with an average of almost 56 references. When examining the average number of references per article in the A&H journals in our sample, we found that History has the largest amount of references per article, followed by journals related to Linguistics. The smallest number of references per article was seen in Poetics. In this respect it is compatible with Social Sciences and Physics and Astronomy, which show similar reference per article ratios. Despite their fairly slow growth rate, especially when compared to Medicine or Engineering, A&H articles tend to reference newer articles (i.e. published after 1996) in approximately 60% of the cases. This discipline, which was traditionally considered as building upon older materials, actually shows a relatively high number of references to newer materials. This finding is contrary to our initial hypothesis, which assumed that A&H articles will reference older materials, especially when the 'classics' have been assumed to be used often. For the six A&H journals in our sample, Journal of Medieval History, Lingua, Poetics, Design Studies, Journal of Phonetics, and Journal of Cultural Heritage, the percentage of post-1995 cited references is 44%, 63%, 69%, 73%, 62% and 72%, respectively. It follows that for all journals except the first this percentage is compatible with that in source titles covering Physics and Astronomy, Environmental Sciences and Business and Management, which show approximately 65% references to materials published after 1996.
This study was conducted using a small sample of 63 journals. In order to test the findings in this study, a much larger scale is needed and therefore it is necessary to analyze more journals per discipline. In a larger study, it will be important to include at least 20 journals per discipline in order to have a sufficient amount of journals and citations to analyze.
In addition, a comparison between different databases is important. Each database covers citations differently. Thus, comparing Scopus, Web of Science and Google Scholar, for example, can provide a better understanding of the differences in citation coverage and how these influence the way each discipline is perceived.
Finally, a more granular approach to the disciplinary and topical analysis is needed. In today's research landscape, where many journals are becoming more interdisciplinary, it will be of significance to analyze sub-topics and their citations behavior and make the differentiation between them.
(1) Bornmann L., Daniel H.D. (2008) "What do Citations Measure? A Review of Studies on Citing Behavior", Journal of Documentation, Vol. 64, No. 1, pp. 45-80.
(2) Garfield, E. (1979) "Most Cited Authors in the Arts & Humanities, 1977-1978", Current Contents, Vol. 32, pp. 5-10.
APPENDIX A can be downloaded here.
Sarah Huggett explores the geographical distribution of Arts & Humanities research. What are the most productive cities in terms of Arts & Humanities research output?
As part of this thematic issue on the Arts & Humanities, Research Trends thought it would be interesting to look into the geographical distribution of Arts & Humanities research. Although Arts & Humanities scholarly output is published in a variety of media (1), looking at a large enough publication window for papers published in journals should still show a realistic representation of the geographical distribution of the research. In this piece, we present three alternative pictures of the global repartition of Arts & Humanities (2).
First we map the most straightforward data: absolute number of Arts & Humanities papers (see Figure 1) by author location as defined by institutional address for any collaborative author (whole counts). This yields a somewhat predictable output: with a few exceptions in Asia-Pacific, the most prolific cities tend to be well-known academic and cultural hotspots in the USA and Western Europe, such as London, Paris, and New York. This confirms that in absolute numbers of papers, the Arts & Humanities behave like the Sciences, with research concentrated in institutes linked to large cities (3).
Figure 1: Absolute number of 1996-2010 Arts & Humanities scholarly journal articles by author affiliation city for cities with 100 or more Arts & Humanities articles. Sources: Scopus and GPS visualizer. Size and color of the circles depend on absolute number of Arts & Humanities papers (red >1000, orange =500-999, yellow =300-499, green =200-299, blue =100-199).
When we look into the Arts & Humanities output relative to overall output for each city, however, we see a slightly more interesting picture (see Figure 2). Again, these were mapped by author location as defined by institutional address for any collaborative author (whole counts). The distribution still appears concentrated in the USA and Western Europe, but reveals more unexpected cities. For instance, the two locations with the highest proportion of their output in the Arts & Humanities are La Mirada on the US West Coast (home of Biola University), with 101 of its 162 scholarly papers belonging to Arts & Humanities, and Lampeter in Wales (where the University of Wales Trinity Saint David has a campus), with 107 of its 255 scholarly papers in the Arts & Humanities.
Figure 2: Proportion of 1996-2010 Arts & Humanities scholarly journal articles relative to overall output by author affiliation city for cities with 100 or more Arts & Humanities articles. Sources: Scopus and GPS visualizer. Size of the circles represents the proportion of Arts & Humanities papers relative to total output; color of the circles depends on absolute number of Arts & Humanities papers (red >1000, orange =500-999, yellow =300-499, green =200-299, blue =100-199).
Exploring city Arts & Humanities output relative to country Arts & Humanities output reveals a more surprising map (see Figure 3). In this analysis, city output was again calculated by author location as defined by institutional address for any collaborative author (whole counts), whilst country output was derived from author location for any collaborative author (whole counts). Major hubs appear in Latin America (e.g. San Juan, Puerto Rico; Bogotá, Colombia), Eastern Europe (e.g. Belgrade, Serbia; Sofia, Bulgaria; Vilnius, Lithuania), the Middle East (e.g. Beirut, Lebanon), and Asia (e.g. Singapore, Singapore).
Figure 3: Proportion of 1996-2010 Arts & Humanities scholarly journal articles output by author affiliation city relative to country Arts & Humanities scholarly articles output, restricted to cities with 100 or more Arts & Humanities articles. Sources: Scopus and GPS visualizer. Size of the circles represent the proportion of Arts & Humanities papers relative to country Arts & Humanities output; color of the circles depends on absolute number of Arts & Humanities papers (red >1000, orange =500-999, yellow =300-499, green =200-299, blue =100-199).
Delving into city Arts & Humanities output compared to country overall output again shows some less expected locations, most of them consistent, however, with the analysis relative to Arts & Humanities output (see Figure 4). This makes sense as for many institutes, absolute overall output tends to correlate with absolute subject volume, due to the general size and scale of the institution. In this analysis, city output was again calculated by author location as defined by institutional address for any collaborative author (whole counts), whilst country output was derived from author location for any collaborative author (whole counts). We find similar hubs in Latin America (e.g. San Juan, Puerto Rico; Bogotá, Colombia; Santiago, Chile), Eastern Europe (e.g. Vilnius, Lithuania; Tartu, Estonia; Budapest, Hungary), the Middle East (e.g. Beirut, Lebanon), and Western Europe (Nicosia, Cyprus; Reykjavik, Iceland; Dublin, Ireland).
Figure 4: Proportion of 1996-2010 Arts & Humanities scholarly journal articles output by author affiliation city relative to country overall scholarly articles output, restricted to cities with 100 or more Arts & Humanities articles. Sources: Scopus and GPS visualizer. Size of the circles represent the proportion of Arts & Humanities papers relative to country overall output; color of the circles depends on absolute number of Arts & Humanities papers (red >1000, orange =500-999, yellow =300-499, green =200-299, blue =100-199).
Four different maps for a single field?
This analysis shows how using different filters to explore the same data can reveal some remarkably varied results. As can be expected, the most productive cities in terms of absolute numbers of Arts & Humanities scholarly journal articles are well established academic and cultural hubs. However, once the numbers are normalized relative to the cities' overall academic output, more unanticipated locations emerge with a high proportion of their output in the Arts & Humanities. And when the data are normalized against country Arts & Humanities or overall output, we see a radical shift in the regional distribution of the major players.
(2) Bornmann, L. et al. (2011) "Mapping excellence in the geography of science: An approach based on Scopus data", Journal of Informetrics, Vol. 5, No. 4, pp. 537–546.
….about the influence of Pride and Prejudice on research?
This year marks the bicentenary of Jane Austen's Pride and Prejudice. In the 200 years since the novel's publication it has generated increasing numbers of adaptations, sequels, conferences, festivals, and most importantly, readers.
The novel continues to attract readers in the research community also, though few go so far as to cite the novel in their published work. A search of Scopus reveals 188 papers which cite Pride and Prejudice; while the majority of these are published in Arts & Humanities journals, the collection of citing papers includes research in Medicine (e.g. 1), Psychology (e.g. 2), and even Computer Science (e.g. 3).
(1) Lanyon, L. (2010) "Objectives and mechanisms of bones' adaptive responses to loading", Osteoporosis International, Vol. 21, pp. 1095–1098.
(2) Lambie, J.A. (2008) "On the irrationality of emotion and the rationality of awareness", Consciousness and Cognition, Vol. 17, pp. 946–971.
(3) Blythe, M., Dearden, A. (2009) "Representing older people: Towards meaningful images of the user in design scenarios", Universal Access in the Information Society, Vol. 8, pp. 21–32.


The Sacramento Bee Periscope User Stats This is The Sacramento Bees periscope stats website page.
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text:
Kelly Bogdanova
Vice President, Portfolio Analyst
Portfolio Advisory Group – U.S.
The U.S. economy's Q2 COVID-19 crash was about as bad as economists had expected—but that doesn't make it feel any better. GDP plunged 32.9 percent (q/q annualized) based on preliminary data, by far the worst decline since the Bureau of Economic Analysis (BEA) began collecting comparable quarterly data in mid-1947. The previous low was -10 percent in early 1958.
This plunge, combined with the five percent retrenchment in Q1 of this year, wiped out three years of economic growth. The size of the economy is back to what it was in Q2 2017.
Now that we know what we already thought we knew about Q2, the bigger questions are: How long will it take to climb out of the pit, and how does the U.S. stack up against other major economies?
U.S. stocks have climbed a wall of worry
Year-to-date U.S. equity performance (%)
Source - RBC Wealth Management, Bloomberg; data through 7/29/20
U.S. recovery prospects pushed back
Despite the equity market's swift and impressive V-shaped rally following an unprecedented torrent of monetary and fiscal stimulus, RBC Global Asset Management (RBC GAM) sees a full economic recovery taking longer than previously thought.
The real-time indicators RBC GAM tracks show renewed COVID-19 shutdowns have caused U.S. economic activity to retreat slightly in July. There is uncertainty about the remaining months of Q3 given the trajectory of infections and the possibility state and local leaders could extend restrictions or tighten them further. The ongoing outbreak has also inspired additional caution among the public.
At this stage, RBC GAM chief economist Eric Lascelles forecasts U.S. GDP will decline 8.0 percent y/y in 2020, down from his previous forecast of -7.1 percent. This would be the biggest hit to annual GDP since the 11.6 percent slide in 1946.
No surprise, U.S. growth will take a hit
U.S. real GDP (annual year-over-year % change)
RBC GAM's forecast for 2020 U.S. GDP: -8.0%
Source - RBC Wealth Management, Bloomberg (historical data), RBC Global Asset Management (RBC GAM - 2020 forecast)
Lascelles recently wrote, "We assume the economy begins to stabilize in August and then starts to edge forward thereafter, but remains behind schedule relative to most other countries. Instead of half of the economic decline being recovered in July, it takes until November to reach that point."
It will take much longer to claw back the rest of the lost ground. By mid-2022, U.S. GDP should be back up to where it was before the COVID-19 crisis began, according to RBC GAM. Previously, it had anticipated this would occur by December 2021.
The return to "normal" activity—the point at which all remaining economic slack is wrung out of the system—wouldn't occur until the start of 2024, according to Lascelles. He had previously targeted mid-2022.
Lascelles added, "This is still notably faster than after the global financial crisis, but hardly 'fast.' In all of this, we assume the U.S. avoids any severe fiscal cliffs …"
Other economies face diverse challenges
Outside the U.S., the outlook is better in some places and worse in others.
China is the standout to the upside. Despite a brief and strict COVID-19 lockdown early in the year and a related 6.8 percent y/y economic contraction in Q1, official statistics indicate the economy grew 3.2 percent y/y in Q2.
Lascelles wrote of China, "Keep in mind the country grappled with COVID-19 earlier than everyone else, such that Q2 was a recovery quarter, in contrast to elsewhere when it was the trough quarter. Still, the fact that the Chinese economy is larger than a year ago is remarkable. Granted, the economy would normally be perhaps six percent larger than the year before, so something has been lost. But not a great deal."
But he doubts China's quick bounce-back will be replicated elsewhere, noting that, "It is probably not reasonable to expect other countries to manage so complete a recovery over the same timeframe—quarantines elsewhere have been less thorough and developed world economies are more reliant on such sectors as tourism and entertainment that will not be able to fully recover in the near term."
Back in North America, Canada's economic prospects now look somewhat "less bad" than those of the U.S. The forecast from RBC GAM calls for GDP to decline 6.8 percent y/y in 2020, which is a full two percentage point improvement from its previous estimate, and better than the -8.0 percent forecast for the U.S.
Canadian growth likely "less bad" than the U.S.
Canada real GDP (annual year-over-year % change)
RBC GAM's forecast for 2020 Canada GDP: -6.8%
The European Union's recovery path has also improved. Preliminary data show that services and manufacturing activity climbed into expansion territory in July, with the former well exceeding economists' consensus forecast. We think the recently agreed to landmark fiscal package will also assist the recovery. RBC GAM upgraded its forecast for EU GDP to a decline of 6.6 percent y/y in 2020. The UK's outlook, however, remains particularly challenging; RBC GAM forecasts a GDP decline of 8.7 percent.
Implications for asset allocation
We think the lingering economic uncertainties support a modest Underweight position in U.S. and global (total) equities in portfolios. We continue to recommend a Market Weight position in Europe due to relatively better valuations and the recent clearing of fiscal hurdles, and we would Overweight Asia ex Japan, in part due to China's better economic prospects.
In Quebec, financial planning services are provided by RBC Wealth Management Financial Services Inc. which is licensed as a financial services firm in that province. In the rest of Canada, financial planning services are available through RBC Dominion Securities Inc.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


a knit summer tank top. features a front pocket, generous fit through hips, & raw hem.
100% cotton french terry. made from high quality remnant fabric, left over from larger manufacturing. fabric that would normally end up in our landfills.
Wash inside out in cool or cold water with like colors, hang dry for best results. Please keep in mind, due to the nature of this fabric some shrinking is expected after the first wash.
made locally + ethically in Los Angeles.


text:
Home » News » Parenting » Genetic Link Between Family Members with Autism, Language Impairment
Genetic Link Between Family Members with Autism, Language Impairment
By Traci Pedersen
.New research shows a genetic link between individuals with autism and family members with specific speech and language difficulties otherwise unexplained by cognitive or physical problems.
Researchers note that the genes in a narrow region of two chromosomes — responsible for oral and written language impairments — can result in one family member developing autism and another having only language difficulties.
Specific language impairment is one of the most common learning disabilities, affecting an estimated 7 percent of children. It is not considered an autism spectrum disorder.
Autism effects one in 88 children nationally — about half of whom have some degree of language impairment.
"In this group of families we are trying to find genetic factors that might connect them," said project leader Dr. Linda Brzustowicz, Rutgers professor and chair of the Department of Genetics. "This research is important because it is hard to understand autism until we find the genes that might be involved."
Although scientists don't believe that there is one single gene that causes autism but rather several genes that increase the risk, the researchers are working to identify genetic patterns in these families to help gain a better understanding of the mechanisms that lead to autism.
During the study, 79 families who had one child with autism and at least one with specific language impairment went through extensive in-home testing. Besides taking blood samples for genetic testing, family members including parents, children and grandparents and in some cases even uncles, aunts and cousins underwent a battery of tests to assess grammar, vocabulary and language processing.
"Our results indicate that there are shared patterns of DNA and visible behavioral characteristics across our group of study families," said Judy Flax, Ph.D., an associate research professor working on the study with Brzustowicz.
Researchers also found strong evidence of a genetic link in the areas of obsessive-compulsive, repetitive behaviors and social interaction skills, other symptoms associated with autism.
According to Brzustowicz, the next step will be to sequence the whole genome of those in the study to see if scientists can identify any specific genes or mutations that are common overall.
The research team has been studying the genetic influences of autism on families for the past decade.
"This is just the beginning," said Brzustowicz. "We are finding evidence of genetic similarities with the hopes of being able to identify targets that might respond to pharmacological treatments."
Source: American Journal of Psychiatry
Traci Pedersen
Traci Pedersen is a professional writer with over a decade of experience. Her work consists of writing for both print and online publishers in a variety of genres including science chapter books, college and career articles, and elementary school curriculum.
Pedersen, T. (2018). Genetic Link Between Family Members with Autism, Language Impairment. Psych Central. Retrieved on January 23, 2020, from https://psychcentral.com/news/2013/11/03/genetic-link-between-family-members-with-autism-language-impairment/61514.html
Last updated: 8 Aug 2018 (Originally: 3 Nov 2013)
Parenting Articles Family Articles Children & Teens School Issues Student Articles Divorce Articles Domestic Violence Support Group


text:
Home>Music> TrippIe Redd's Crowd Launch "Free 6ix9ine" Chant During Concert
TrippIe Redd's Crowd Launch "Free 6ix9ine" Chant During Concert
It went from "f*ck 6ix9ine" to "free 6ix9ine."
There are many who are sad over 6ix9ine's arrest, while others are praying that he spends the remainder of his life behind bars. Even some of his own enemies have changed showed sympathy towards the Brooklyn rapper. 6ix9ine and Trippie Redd have had their differences throughout the past year and a bit, but Trippie clearly doesn't want to see his nemesis behind bars.
During a recent concert, Trippie Redd's crowd launched a chant calling for 6ix9ine's freedom. The crowd began chanting "Free 6ix9ine" during his set on Travis Scott's "Astroworld" tour. Trippie didn't encourage the chant, but also, didn't stop the crowd from screaming 6ix9ine's name. Clearly, Trippie feels some sort of remorse towards the Brooklyn rapper.
This isn't the first time that 6ix9ine's name has been brought up during one of Trippie Redd's show. A few days ago in Newark, Trippie Redd was performing before the crowd erupted into a "fuck 6ix9ine" chant. Under any other circumstance, Trippie would've likely allowed the crowd to continue chanting "fuck 6ix9ine" but the rapper put it to an end. "Fuck the drama," he said on stage.
In other Trippie Redd related news, the rapper recently released his second project of the year, A Love Letter To You 3. The project debuted atop the Billboard Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums chart following its release. It also debuted at #3 on the Billboard 200, marking Trippie's highest charting album to date.
Music News Trippie Redd Tekashi 6ix9ine astroworld concert Free 6ix9ine chant crowd audience
Tyra Banks Responds To Winnie Harlow's "ANTM" Shade: "I Discovered Her"
Nicki Minaj Mocked By Trolls Because Of Meek Mill's Duet With Cardi B
MUSIC TrippIe Redd's Crowd Launch "Free 6ix9ine" Chant During Concert


text:
import argparse

def list_saved_queries(parent_resource):
    # [START asset_quickstart_list_saved_queries]
    from google.cloud import asset_v1

    # TODO parent_resource = 'Parent resource you want to list all saved_queries'

    client = asset_v1.AssetServiceClient()
    response = client.list_saved_queries(request={"parent": parent_resource})
    print(f"saved_queries: {response.saved_queries}")
    # [END asset_quickstart_list_saved_queries]

if __name__ == "__main__":
    parser = argparse.ArgumentParser(
        description=__doc__, formatter_class=argparse.RawDescriptionHelpFormatter
    )
    parser.add_argument(
        "parent_resource", help="Parent resource you want to list all saved_queries"
    )
    args = parser.parse_args()
    list_saved_queries(args.parent_resource)

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


Description Twining climber with sparse, small leaves. Grows up other plants and produces many small, violet flowers with two relatively large sepals on the sides.
Distribution Can be found throughout the reserve mostly in relatively undisturbed open woodland.


text:
export function getUrl (store) {
  if (typeof window !== 'undefined' && window.location) {
    return window.location.pathname + window.location.search
  }
  return store.getState().router.url
}


text:
Calibrating Patent Lifetimes
Santa Clara Computer and High Technology Law Journal, Vol. 22, No. 2, 2006
46 Pages Posted: 30 Aug 2010
See all articles by Eric E. Johnson
Eric E. Johnson
The patent system could better achieve its primary mission of incentivizing technological innovation by moving away from the one-size-fits-all 20-year term for patents and moving to a system of varying durations for different categories of invention. The current patent duration is arbitrary, the result of entrenched historical accident. Allowing upward variance from the 20-year term in discrete categories of invention offers the prospect of boosting innovation in impoverished technological sectors. Allowing downward variance in other categories would benefit overall social welfare by removing needless technological monopolization and associated deadweight loss.
Current economic models and available economic data do not allow for the academic calculation of optimal patent lifetimes in the real world. This paper proposes practical procedural mechanisms to gather and synthesize information about innovation incentives and returns, and to make use of that information in decision-making paradigms that would vary patent terms to make the patent system more economically beneficial than it currently is. An appendix to this paper uses theoretical evolutionary biology to criticize economic theorists who have suggested that very long or even infinite durations for patents may be optimal.
Keywords: patent, patents, intellectual property, innovation, invention, duration, terms, economics
JEL Classification: D60, E60, 030, 031, 034, H41
Johnson, Eric E., Calibrating Patent Lifetimes (2006). Santa Clara Computer and High Technology Law Journal, Vol. 22, No. 2, 2006, Available at SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=1667085
Eric E. Johnson (Contact Author)
University of Oklahoma College of Law ( email )
300 Timberdell Road


On behalf of Miles Hansford & Tallant, LLC posted in business formation & planning on Friday, April 27, 2018.
Quite a few Georgia residents are small business owners. Many of them have companies that they run with their spouses or other family members. If tragedy strikes and there is no plan in place for how to keep things moving forward, the business may suffer. This is just one reason why business planning is so important.
On behalf of Miles Hansford & Tallant, LLC posted in DUI on Friday, April 20, 2018.
An incident in March resulted in a Georgia man being arrested in Forsyth County. This gentleman is facing DUI and other charges. If convicted, the consequences in this case may be quite severe.
On behalf of Miles Hansford & Tallant, LLC posted in business litigation on Friday, April 20, 2018.
Commercial construction is big business in Georgia. Unfortunately, it is not without its issues. When things are not going well at a construction site, and when the property owner is failing to live up to his or her end of the deal, legal steps may need to be taken to deal with the matter. This is where a business litigation attorney may be able to help.
On behalf of Miles Hansford & Tallant, LLC posted in Probate & Estate Administration on Friday, April 20, 2018.
You and your spouse are young and still have small children at home. Your life is busy, and you don't want to think about what will happen to your children if you and your spouse were to die unexpectedly. The problem with not thinking about it is, instead of your kids going to someone you know and trust in the event such a tragedy does occur, they will likely end up in the state system for a while until everything can be sorted out in Georgia probate court.
Business litigation or mediation -- which would be better for me?
On behalf of Miles Hansford & Tallant, LLC posted in business litigation on Thursday, April 12, 2018.
Whether you've been in business for a while or are just getting started, at some point you may find yourself facing a legal matter that simply cannot be ignored. Some such matters may require that you go to court to get resolution, but others may not have to be taken to that extreme. So, business litigation or mediation -- which would be better for your Georgia-based business?
What can divorce mediation do for you?
On behalf of Miles Hansford & Tallant, LLC posted in Divorce on Thursday, April 12, 2018.
Splitting up with one's spouse is difficult in a number of ways. Many people are not interested in fighting things out in court, but they do have things that they need to work out before they can finalize the divorce process. Georgia residents looking for a better way to get through the dissolution process may find mediation is a great fit.
How do I establish paternity in Georgia?
On behalf of Miles Hansford & Tallant, LLC posted in blog on Monday, April 9, 2018.
If you are a father who was not married to your child's mother at the time of his or her birth in Georgia, it is possible that you have no legal rights to your child and that your name does not appear as father on his or her birth certificate. In Georgia, only married couples are the presumed parents of their children. Other fathers such as you must establish paternity.
Is business planning really that important?
On behalf of Miles Hansford & Tallant, LLC posted in Divorce on Saturday, April 7, 2018.
There are a lot of people in Georgia who are the "flying by the seat of my pants" kind of people. They take things one day at a time and make decisions on the fly. This is all well and good for some things in life. When it comes to the future of one's business, though, it may not be for the best. Business planning really is an important part of owning and operating a successful company.
On behalf of Miles Hansford & Tallant, LLC posted in Child Custody & Child Support on Friday, April 6, 2018.
When separating with one's significant other or going through a divorce, figuring out the best situation for the children can be a bit daunting. It is not always easy for parents to remain objective during such a trying time. At the end of the day, according to Georgia child custody laws, the final custody arrangement has to be one that is deemed to best serve the affected child or children's interests.
What tests do police use to check for suspected DUI?
On behalf of Miles Hansford & Tallant, LLC posted in DUI on Thursday, April 5, 2018.
In Georgia and elsewhere, if a person is suspected of driving under the influence of drugs or alcohol, police will likely ask him or her to take part in what are called field sobriety tests. These tests check a person's physical and cognitive abilities. Failing any of these tests could result in a DUI charge.


I ordered a new bimini for my Chrysler 26 today. Once it gets here, I am going to need to figure out how to accurately measure where to put two holes in the fabric for the backstays (I'll use some sort of grommets). I just am a little stumped at this point how to make an accurate measurement before I make any cuts. I have been researching and have seen a variety of methods for accommodating the backstays, including zippers from the back and zippers from the sides. My feeling is that if I can just have two small holes, it will be simpler and less costly (I would need to hire out sewing), though the side zippers do look like a good method. I looked at the back stays and believe that I can fit the attachments through a 3/4" hole.
A few FYI's: I plan to mount the bimini next to the toe rails and to keep the whole bimini just behind the boom, so I don't need to be concerned about any chafing.
Has anyone here done this successfully? If so, how did you do it? What process did you use to measure where the holes in the canvas will go.
BTW, I searched this site and found some broken links, but nothing was available that answers this question.
Last edited by Snowdog2 on Fri Jun 15, 2018 6:53 pm, edited 1 time in total.
Mine is probably one of those broken links, it had a lovely color diagram too; I just measured how high the bimini would be once mounted by assembling the bimini, standing it up, etc (for an example say it will just touch the boom lower edge) , and also measure what is the relation of the leading edge of the bimini to the end of the boom where you want the bimini to go (again for example it just touches the end of the boom). Measure from the point on the boom where the leading edge would be back to the backstays, level and AT the height the bimini will be. Transfer that measurement to the bimini . Now for the final piece of the puzzle, do not fasten the bimini mounts to the hull until after you have successfully ran the backstays thru the bimini top; that way if you are an inch or two off you just fasten the mounts where they land. As long as that doesn't make the bimini hit the boom a bit of leeway shouldn't matter.
If I get a chance later I'll dig up or recreate the old diagram and post it here.
Thanks EE, I'd love to see your diagram (yes your link was broken - I can't understand why... You only posted it 6 to 10 years ago.) Your comment about using the toe rails to mount your bimini was very helpful though! My thinking has evolved since my first posting. I am thinking that I can assemble the bimini at my house, then bring it to the boat and mount it in front of the back stays (using the toe rail for mounting), then measure the distance I need to go back to clear the boom, then measure that same distance on the bimini and put dots on the bimini. As far as the side to side distance between the backstays and the edges of the bimini, that seems simple if I can figure out the exact height (which I think I will know by mounting the unit forward of the backstays first). It does seem that the back straps of the bimini will need to come straight down or possibly even forward a bit rather than the 30 -60 degree back recommended, unless I rig some sort of extension beyond the back of the surface that the toe rails are mounted on.
After I have the dots, I will take bimini to local upholsterer to put in the two grommets. Having someone else put in the grommets is much cheaper than getting the tools I would need. I guess if I mess up there is always the slit method. I am optimistic though.
One question I have is, if I do this on a windless day (boat on the water), can I disconnect the backstays, and just use the mainsheet halyard to prevent it falling forward... or do I even need to do that. Does the toe on bottom the mast and the back two shrouds prevent it from falling forward on its own?
Not sure how far forward the mast would go before something stopped it, and I wouldn't want to find out ! I did use a halyard as a backup, then loosened the backstay enough to take one side of the split off, put the bimini in place at an angle, work that one side thru, hook it back up, then remove the other split, swing the bimini around and slip that one thru, and then hook it back up and retighten the backstay. Then I mounted the bimini feet where it landed.
Sounds like a good method.... of course, as you said it didn't end up being right the first time till you did the slits. I guess I will see. Right now I still have about a week or so before the bimini arrives and I get to start playing.
Emergency Exit, do you remember what size grommets the back stay ends needed to fit through?
No, sorry, was maybe 1/2" tho since that's all I see at the blue home store web site and that's where they came from - I'd say get as big as you can - leaves you room for error and if you center the backstay in them you won't have any chafe of either the stay or the grommets.
Well, I had 5/8" grommets put in (I wanted larger but that was all I could get from a local boat builder - they said that any larger requires a machine that would press them together). I also had them put in some common sense latches (like you would see on a ladies pocket book where the tab slips through an oblong hole and one twists to vertical position it to close it) onto the boot so I can close it on the side the zipper won't get to. I guess the cover will remain on top of the bimini (I had grommets put on that too).
Tomorrow is windy and rainy. Friday looks like a good installation day. I get to find out how good my measuring was then. I think the greatest difficulty was marking the left to right distances . What I did was measured the cloth from edge to edge, then, knowing the distance between the stays from measuring on the boat, I just measured out from the center of the fabric half the distance. I found it really hard to find those points when I had the bimini mounted in front of the stays on the boat.
Emergency Exit, I found your ideas of (a) using the toe rails to mount it, and (b) mounting it in front of the stays just to take measurements really really helpful. Thank you.
On Friday, I am planning to loosen up the front and rear stays so that the rear ones are slack, then do what you did, one stay at a time. It could be challenging, I will see. I'll give a report and maybe take pictures if I think of it.
Ok, I'm not sure if even 3/4ths would have been large enough. Since the ends of the back stays are two prong, they don't fit down the middle. In any event, I think I measured where the holes in the bimini go correctly, but the backstays ends didn't fit through the grommets, so I had to remove the grommets. Then I used matches and melted the edges of the holes, then I put a small square of Gorilla tape on each side with an asterisk cut into the center so that I could fold each prong back of the tape to make the hole.
Next, I went to the hardware store and bought some 1" threaded plumbing pieces and some rubber gaskets that fit tightly around them and plugged the whole resulting in a hard plastic guide where the back stays go through.See pictures I may put some glue on to make sure they don't slip. They are pretty tight though.
When measuring, I found that I could not measure the side to side distance with the bimini in place, so instead, after I got home I measured the width of the bimini, found the center, and measured out 1/2 the distance between the stays, at the height I determined earlier in the process. That worked out well. I also put common sense clasps on one side of the bimini boot to close it, since the zipper would not go past the first back stay.
Since the boat ends a bit short of where I would want to attach the back strap. I put extensions on with some rectangular aluminum tubes I had kicking around. I may replace them with some ipe wood pieces if the aluminum proves not strong enough.
That is the end of this adventure.... I hope. I haven't been out sailing with it yet.
Good save ! Glad it worked out.


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Amy's Ritz
17.5 miles from Boyd, WI
"Small brown men" have been reported by witnesses in this bar, housed in an 1880s building that was converted to a tavern around 1933. If that's not unusual enough, things seem to move from one place to another when you're not looking, and doors are known to lock on their ...
James Sheeley House
A former blacksmith shop, the 1860s building was converted to a saloon and boarding house by John B. Paul. Its name comes from Irish immigrant James Sheeley who, with his wife Kate, bought the building and took over in 1905. In 2001 when the building was being cleaned and touched ...
Irvine Ghost Pub
After new owners bought the Irvine Pub in 2008, they closed it for a few days for renovations. This is when strange things began to happen, such as apparitions, bar stools being knocked over, and electrical items going on the fritz. A paranormal investigation turned up the fact that a ...
Fraternal Order of Eagles
20 miles from Boyd, WI
A woman named Beth is said to haunt the Eagles Club. Beth passed away of a heart attack during a 1985 wedding reception here. She was 65 years old. Now, folks say, those who hold their receptions here can expect an extra guest: Beth's ghost attends every wedding reception held ...
Banbury Place
This bizarre labyrinth of buildings previously housed several factories, as well as an apartment block. It is said to be haunted by former residents and workers of Banbury Place. In Building #13, moans and screams, as well as the hum of an old air conditioning unit have been reported. An ...
Old Opera House Site
The Old Opera House was built in 1885, and is home to a spirit who moves chairs and closes doors; apparitions of two elderly folks have been spotted standing in corners, watching the staff.
Stones Throw Restaurant and Bar
The historic building that houses this restaurant and bar is believed to be haunted by a man who hanged himself here in the early 1900s. The man has appeared as an apparition and has been known to throw or break beer bottles, open and close doors, and move objects to ...
University of Wisconsin - Kjer Theatre
Kjer Theatre founder Earl Kjer is known to haunt his theater by tinkering with the lights and moving the props and the curtains. His apparition has been seen observing performances from his usual seat.
Allen Cameron House
The ghost of Allen Cameron is said to haunt the room of the house where his own funeral was held. Objects move without explanation. People report cold spots in that room. Apparently people have also reported that the bed in that particular room of the house "shakes". Dishes crash to ...
Haunted Eau Claire
Devon Bell
Haunted Chippewa Valley (Haunted America)
Haunted Wausau: The Ghostly History of Big Bull Falls (Haunted America)
Shawn Blaschka
Elk Mound Tower
Elk Mound, Wisconsin
According to local folklore, a dragon is buried under Elk Mound and a ghost haunts Elk Mound Tower. Witnesses have reported screams, howls, laughter, eerie lights, unexplained mists, and a nauseated feeling after visiting.
El Rancho Motel
Ladysmith, Wisconsin
Reported sightings of the apparition of a man in a red flannel shirt roaming the hallways of the motel. (Submitted by Callum Swift)
Mabel Tainter Center for the Arts
Menomonie, Wisconsin
The center is believed to be haunted by the ghost who may be Mabel herself. She was the daughter of Captain Andrew and Bertha Tainter, who built the nonprofit theater for the community after their beloved daughter died at age 19. Other ghosts have been reported here as well, including ...
The Devil's Punchbowl
Visitors have heard strange noises and experienced unexplained temperature drops here. Balls of light are sometimes seen and some legends even talk about people encountering gnomes; guests who joke about these entities say their cars suddenly won't start upon returning back. (Submitted by Chris Berglund)
Pioneers Rest Cemetery - Bandli Graveyard
Rice Lake, Wisconsin
Local legends abound about this cemetery known as Pioneers Rest Cemetery or Bandli Graveyard (after the family who maintains it). One says that a man killed his wife and four children and then hanged himself in his barn, next to the graveyard. Another claims that a Satanic cult used the ...
Betty's Cafe
Cameron, Wisconsin
The ghost of a deceased employee of Betty's Cafe is believed to linger here in spirit, showing up as an apparition near the fryers or hiding objects in mysterious places.
Moe Lutheran Church
Clear Lake, Wisconsin
The church and cemetery are reported to be haunted by angry spirits. Legend has it that in the early 1900s, the church accidentally burned to the ground killing over 30 people, who have haunted the rebuilt church since. Another legend says in the 1950s, a woman hanged herself in the ...
Anderson House Hotel
Wabasha, Minnesota
Parts of this historic bed and breakfast inn date back to the 1850's, and it's not surprise that the place is said to be haunted. The most famous ghost in the old-fashioned establishment is a female spirit known as 'Sarah'. It is said that she was under the impression ...
Pieces of the Past is an antique store housed in an 1850s building that's the setting for many a local legend. It has housed many businesses, including a law office and a brothel (and at the same time). At the brothel, so the stories say, one of the women was ...
Wasau Club
Wausau, Wisconsin
The building is haunted by the ghost of a lady named Martha, who hung herself in a guest bedroom in the west wing of the building. She is seen on the staircase and in doorways of the building. Cold spots have been reported, as well as lights going on and ...
Ghosts of Madison, Wisconsin
Sherry Strub
Wisconsin's Ghosts
The Wisconsin Road Guide to Haunted Locations
Chad Lewis
Wasau Downtown Airport
Former airport manager Archie Towle haunts an airport hangar and his former residence at the airport, where numerous reports of ghostly activity have been reported. His shadowy apparition has been seen, as well as faucets going on and off by themselves, pounding on walls when no one is around and ...
Grand Theater began in 1928, and is the site of many an unexplained noise or sight. The ghost in residence, according to eyewitnesses of apparitions, is a former theater manager who passed away more than a decade ago but apparently wasn't ready to quit his job.
At Winona State College, two halls are rumored to be haunted. On Lourdes Hall's 3rd floor, posters and pictures have been moved or taken off the wall, doors close and lock on their own, and voices can be heard when no one is there. On the 4th floor, which was ...
The house at 362 Cummings Street is rumored to be haunted. Some of the things witnesses have experienced here include shadowy figures, moving objects, locked doors opening on their own, crashing sounds, and banging from the basement.
East Immanuel Lutheran Church
Amery, Wisconsin
Hushed voices and whispering are heard inside the church when no one is around. The sounds of a congregations of parishioners have been heard in the basement and in the sanctuary of the church, but when investigated, there is no on there. The church bell frequently rings by itself. (Submitted by ...
St. Mary's College - Heffron Hall
Heffron Hall at St. Mary's College is known to have a ghost, that of Father Louis Lesches, who murdered Bishop Patrick Heffron in 1915, and who may have been involved in the suspicious burning death of Rev. Edward Lynch in 1931. Witnesses have seen apparitions, experienced cold spots, and had ...
Forest Home Cemetery
Fifield, Wisconsin
Forest Home Cemetery has many older burials that were moved here from another gravesite that was prone to floods. Visitors have noticed mists around headstones, shadows, orbs, voices, eerie feelings, and anomalies that show up in photos.
Elizabeth Daly House
Wisconsin Rapids, Wisconsin
This home on the National Register is occupied by "Cookie" the ghost that has been present for several home owners. Smells of cooking have been present, lights turned off and on, objects moved, and animals will not eat in Cookie's kitchen. She is a prankster, but a good ghost to ...
Hotel Mead
Folks in the know will tell you that the Shanghai Room, in the 1950s, was a bar in which a female bartender was stabbed to death. Witnesses say the lights flicker, the doors close on their own, the air is extremely cold, and the smell of blood is detectable from ...
Forest Hill Cemetery
Weirdness at this cemetery includes phantom babies crying in the infant section, apparitions, voices that call the names of cemetery visitors, and a monument that causes mechanical objects to fail.
Haunted Green Bay
Timothy Freiss
Haunted Kenosha (WI): Ghosts, Legends and Bizarre Tales (Haunted America)
Candice Shatkins
Mysterious Madison: Unsolved Crimes, Strange Creatures and Bizarre Happenstance (WI)
Noah Voss
Nola Cemetery
Park Falls, Wisconsin
According to legend, a young girl named Nola was the very first person buried at this cemetery. Some say her spirit lingers here.
Pizza Villa - West Salem
West Salem, Wisconsin
Doors shaking, lights flickering, cabinets open and close, dark shadows, spoons rattles, and boxes falling. (Submitted by Keelyn O)
Hammill House
Spooner, Wisconsin
Railroad and newspaper man and "Father of Spooner" Frank Hammill, although he died in 1922, is believed to still reside in his house. Owners through the years have reported that he still watches over things.
Lac Courte Orielles Casino
Hayward, Wisconsin
A haunted farmhouse was formerly located on the site of the casino, and reports of disembodied footsteps and sightings of apparitions in the early hours of morning still continue. (Submitted by Callum Swift)
Old Holmbo Residence
Former owner Nicolai Holmbo hung himself in the front room of the house in 1904, and locals reported sighting his apparition staring down into the street late at night. Screams and moans came out of the building, and strange flashing lights moved around the house, despite the fact that it ...
Boy Scout Lane
Local legend tells of a group of boy scouts that were murdered along this road. While there is no evidence of this actually happening, people still report seeing disembodied faces as well as hearing voices when they travel along this road. Submitted by Chris Berglund
Del's Bar
According to patrons, the bartenders at the bar are willing to dispense ghost stories, including tales of how a male maintenance employee was once told to leave the women's room by an unexplained voice. Giggling voices can also be heard in the bar. (Submitted by Callum Swift)
Bodega Brew Pub
The pub has changed ownership many times due to the haunting by former owner Paul Malin. Since his death, reports of activity in the building have included slamming doors, objects moving inexplicably and even the apparition of the deceased former owner. (Submitted by Callum Swift)
Warehouse Concert Venue
We have owned the building for 25 years, operating on the 2nd and 3rd floors as a non-alcohol concert venue. Building was built in 1888, and has in the past had various businesses such as clothing stores, tailor shops, harness shop, general store, with the 2nd floor being ...
Cottage House Restaurant
Plover, Wisconsin
The restaurant was originally called the Sherman House Restaurant, but closed down due to paranormal activity. Glass windows had a habit of shattering, glasses and plates would fly off bars and counters and explode in front of customers. Doors opened and closed by themselves and lights in the offices and ...
Haunted Wisconsin: Ghosts and Strange Phenomena of the Badger State
Linda S. Godfrey
Haunts of Wisconsin
Haunted Door County, WI
Gayle Soucek
DiSciascio's - Legacy Grill
Coon Valley, Wisconsin
DiSciascio's was an Italian restaurant in operation for 26 years until 2013, when it was replaced by Legacy Grill. The spirits here were first noticed long ago when the building housed a bar. Witnesses have described a ghost lady, who has been nicknamed Mary by restaurant staff, and objects have ...
Lake of Torches Casino
An aggressive entity has reportedly attacked cleaners in the bingo hall. The apparition of a woman has also been sighted at the casino. (Submitted by Callum Swift)
Tula's Cafe
Woodruff, Wisconsin
The ghost of a man who once died on the premises haunts Tula's Café. Witnesses have described a misty figure that appears in the back hallway near the restrooms, near where the man passed away. Cold spots and objects that have been moved also startle witnesses.
Mary's Place North
According to company, a benevolent spirit is located in the basement. Not much is known about him or her. (Submitted by Chris Berglund)
Quarry Hill Nature Center
The wooden "dead man's bridge" is, according to local legend, where a man hanged himself in the 1960s. Other eerie things on the premises are a small cemetery and several caves that are rumored to be haunted.
The Kahler Hotel
The ghosts of former Mayo Clinic patients are said to haunt the hotel, causing eerie sounds and smells and quick temperature changes.
Big River Inn
Genoa, Wisconsin
This 1879 inn has a haunted restaurant. The ghost is said to be a former employee named Kenny who makes himself known by hiding things in the kitchen and turning on the TV.
Mrs B's Bed and Breakfast Inn
Lanesboro, Minnesota
It just wouldn't be a haunted inn without a famous ghost, and this delightful historic bed and breakfast is allegedly haunted by Buffalo Bill, where he stayed the night on several occasions. In Room #001 (River Song Room), a curious apparition has been reported. Guests have reported seeing a shadowy ...
Little Bohemia Lodge
The lodge is famous for its involvement in the 1934 shootout involving John Dillinger's gang. The lodge is believed to be haunted by a civilian who was accidentally shot by the FBI during the shootout. Guests at the lodge have reported hearing unexplained noises, seeing apparitions and have items and ...
Headwaters Restaurant and Tavern
105.3 miles from Boyd, WI
The restaurant is haunted by the apparition of a lady in a red dress, who employees refuse to talk about. An evil presence is felt in the basement of the restaurant. (Submitted by Callum Swift)
Spooky Wisconsin: Tales of Hauntings, Strange Happenings, and Other Local Lore
Shadow Island: A Spooky Tale of Lake Superior
Raymond Bial
Haunted Wisconsin
» Cemeteries near Boyd, WI
» Find museums in Boyd, WI


An inert WWII US 81mm M56 Mortar round with the correct M53 fuse. The M56 was the heaviest of the US military 81mm types used during WW2, it weighed 15 lbs with a maximum range of 1,300 yards. It stands 58cm high, around 23 inches. Interestingly this one is dated June 1944 - 6/44, the same month and year of the Allied invasion of German occupied France, better known as D-Day. This actual round was brought back from France. The round still retains much of its wartime finish and markings.
Deactivated WWII British Navy, Schermuly line thrower (No2 MK5).


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