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Char's Horror Corner
Welcome to my Corner! I specialize in Dark Fiction reviews including Horror, Dark Fantasy, Splatterpunk, Horror of the 70's & 80's, and Graphic Novels. I also read and review classics, true crime, thrillers and audio books of all genres except Romance.
Char's quotes
THE DEVIL ASPECT by Craig Russell
1935, Prague.
A young doctor named Viktor comes to the ancient castle/asylum, Hrad Orlu, excited to test his new theories in psychology. Housed at this asylum, isolated atop a mountain, are the 6 most dangerous killers alive today. At the bottom of the mountain in the town proper, a police detective named Lukas is trying his best to solve a series of murders which the press attributes to the "leather apron killer." At the same time as these events, the Nazis are on the rise in Germany. Will Viktor's new theories pan out, and allow psychiatry to identify dangerous individuals in the future? Will Lukas find his killer? Will the Nazis put a stop to all of that before it has even properly begun? You'll have to read THE DEVIL ASPECT to find out!
I found this book to be a marvelous new (to me), voice in fiction. The synopsis of this book had me so psyched I couldn't help but want to read it right away. I loved the Gothic setting of the castle, surrounded by rocky areas and dense forest. (What horror lover doesn't love that type of isolated setting?) Yet, just down the mountain is a town full of scared people. Losing its citizens one by one to a brutally violent killer, with what seems like zero progress by the police- I almost expected to see the townsfolk armed with torches heading up to the castle. (Because, surely that must be from where their misfortune emanates?)
But, that didn't happen, because the voice of Craig Russell is more original than that. This tale twisted and turned until I had no clue what was going to happen! As more of Viktor's theories were tested, some things became clearer, while others became more perplexing. On top of all this, there was the rise of the Nazi party always in the background. Combined together, these components contributed to the overall feelings of anxiety and darkness that permeated this book.
So why 4 stars and not 5? I felt the pacing dragged a bit during the middle portion of the story. Even though I was interested in all of the criminals Viktor was interviewing, I didn't feel that all of them were integral to the tale. It's a small thing, but at times I felt like I had been reading quite a lot without really getting anywhere.
This is what I took away from THE DEVIL ASPECT: A NOVEL. Fun? Check! Hypnotizing scenes between the doctor and the criminals? Check! A Gothic castle, set atop a mountain surrounded by a dense forest, and creating a dark and gloomy atmosphere? Check! Twists and turns galore which put our heroes in jeopardy? Check! A denouement to beat the band? Hell yes!
In short, (too late!), I recommend this novel to fans of the above, but most especially to fans of Gothic fiction and psychological horror! I predict that this novel is going to knock some socks off!
Available March 5th, but you can pre-order here: THE DEVIL ASPECT: A NOVEL
*Thank you to Doubleday and NetGalley for the e-ARC of this book in exchange for my honest feedback. This is it.*
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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


It's 5:40 p.m., and I've been thinking, on and off during the day I have been alone with Mr. Taksi, about whether to write anything to mark the day. My son and daughter-in-law have come up from Washington, and my daughter has flown in from Kansas, and I have beautiful flowers—see left—from my grand-daughter in Los Angeles, Dr. Florence who is expecting a baby this summer. And various friends have been invited to a party my daughters are giving in cousin Lori Fox's apartment. Various people have called to wish me a happy day and year to come. And I've been thinking about whether there will be another birthday…. Gloomy thoughts? Well, yes, but realistic, for I am able to do less and less physically.
Let me try a specific example. A year ago I went to Kansas to see my daughter and the great grandchildren. Perhaps I used a cane. But I could get around. I wasn't taking an hour to dress because it was so difficult to get my limbs to work in order to get socks on my feet and trousers up my legs. And I didn't have two walkers. In rehab, darling Tashi who works on me cheerfully, and who insists that what I need is to strengthen my muscles, says she sees progress from week to week. But I have the longer view in mind, and so I am skeptical.
Will I wind up in a wheelchair? Perhaps not by next year, since I can still clean up the kitchen, dress myself, straighten the bed, feed the cat, water the plants. I depend on others to vacuum, keep the kitty litter in order, and for other things. Until this past week, I had been doing my own marketing. I'm not sure where that stands right now. And I've been keeping my dental appointments on my own, with the help of car service or taxis. But I won't be surprised if the pace of decreasing debilitation hastens, though when I suggest this to Tashi, she said she doesn't believe I have neuropathy, since I am still sensitive to feelings if she touches areas of my feet or legs.
Perhaps this is an inappropriate way to celebrate a birthday at 88. Perhaps I should be grateful for the years I have had travelling the world, working on significant book projects with talented and impressive Africans, Indians, Chinese, and Japanese. I am grateful. But I am also human enough not to want the losses I have begun to suffer.


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Did the Pope's Butler, Paolo Gabriele, Really Do It?
VatiLeaks Mystery
As the Vatican tries to squelch VatiLeaks, many wonder if Paolo Gabriele is a fall guy. By Barbie Nadeau.
Barbie Latza Nadeau
Correspondent-At-Large
Updated Jul. 13, 2017 6:36PM ET / Published May. 28, 2012 12:00AM ET
Alberto Pizzoli / AFP-Getty Images
Pope Benedict XVI looked noticeably glum Sunday morning as he celebrated the otherwise joyous Pentecost Mass in St. Peter's Basilica. "We are living in a new Babel," he said during his homily. "Everybody experiences inner conflict, division, driven by human and spiritual impulses. We cannot obey them all. We cannot be egoists and generous people simultaneously."
The 85-year-old pontiff seemed to be referring to the fact that one of his most trusted aides, Paolo Gabriele, was not nearby, as he had been for almost every Mass the pope has celebrated since 2006. Instead Gabriele, the papal butler, was in a secretive cell inside the high stone walls of Vatican City, charged with aggravated theft for allegedly stealing the pope's personal papers and leaking them to an Italian journalist. But with no motive to betray the pope and little proof beyond the Vatican's brief announcement of the arrest, some wonder if the butler did it at all.
Gabriele, as the primary papal servant, would have had unhindered access to the pope's personal desk and papers, but sources close to the Vatican say most of the documents that have been leaked to the press over the last year probably never crossed the papal desk at all. The Roman Curia is a fine-tuned machine, and the pope is known to be much more interested in doctrinal issues than the day-to-day business of the Holy See. Instead the documents that have surfaced would have been handled by Tarcisio Bertone, the Vatican's secretary of state, or processed by the pope's secretaries, who would have briefed him but not necessarily given him the paperwork.
But the butler could have been acting on someone else's orders or acting as a conduit for documents out of the Vatican. Investigators will now look closely at Gabriele's computer, bank, and phone records, says Giacomo Galeazzi, the Vatican expert behind the Vatican Insider blog. "Vatican investigators seek evidence, proof, and possible higher-level accomplices," he says, predicting that more arrests will be made this week.
All of the known documents that have been leaked to the press have come to Gianluigi Nuzzi, who published most of them in his book His Holiness: The Secret Papers of Benedict XVI. The book contains images and transcripts of hundreds of documents that paint a picture of chaos and corruption inside the Roma Curia. Nuzzi, in an interview with The Daily Beast last week, said he never paid his sources for the book. He says they were Vatican staff who were tired of "the lies" and "inconsistencies between what was going on inside the Holy See and the public's perception of events." Nuzzi would not confirm or deny if Gabriele was his primary source, but after his arrest, he told The Daily Beast, "You do understand how the Vatican works, don't you?"
Nuzzi's book is not particularly hard on the pope. If anything, the documents portray the pontiff as a sympathetic character who spent a great deal of time troubleshooting and mediating a fierce power struggle among the Roman Curia's top brass. The most unsympathetic character to come out of the leaked documents is Bertone, who appeared to have many enemies within the Holy See. Many of Nuzzi's documents were directly or indirectly related to Bertone's decisions and handling of financial affairs and international relationships. Gabriele, as the papal butler, would not have had access to any of those documents. Sources close to the Vatican say the investigation is now focused on those with access to Bertone's desk. "This is a strategy of tension, an orgy of vendettas and pre-emptive vendettas that has now spun out of the control of those who thought they could orchestrate it," noted Catholic historian Alberto Melloni in an op-ed in Italy's Corriere della Sera.
Friends of Gabriele told the Italian media that he would have never betrayed the man whom he worked for. No one has heard from him since his arrest, but his wife gave a brief interview with La Repubblica newspaper in which she said she was baffled. It definitely came as a strong blow," she said. "I cannot confirm that Paolo has not responded to the magistrates, I cannot make any comment at all."
As a sovereign entity, the Vatican does not need to share the intricate details of its investigation into Gabriele's alleged crime. He is being interrogated, according to Lombardi, and he has chosen two legal representatives who are qualified to practice law within the Vatican's secret tribunal.
In his role as the papal butler, Gabriele was one of a tiny group of nonclerical staff that serves the pope on a daily basis. The "pontifical family," as the Vatican calls the pope's inner circle, consists of the pope, four nuns who cook his meals and clean his apartment, two clerical secretaries—German Georg Gaenswein and Maltese Alfred Xureb—and Gabriele, who helped the pope get dressed every morning and often served him his meals. He was often the first and last person to see the pope each day. He also accompanied him to meetings and masses and handed out rosaries to visiting dignitaries. He rode in the popemobile and held the papal umbrella when the pontiff had to be out in the rain.
Gabriele, a dual citizen of Italy and Vatican City, earned a tax-free salary for his daily services and reportedly was respected highly among the Vatican's 220 residents. He and his wife and three children lived in a rent-controlled apartment inside Vatican City walls—one of the only families who can call the Holy See home. High-ranking prelates never got as much face time with the pope as Gabriele did, nor would they have built up such a close relationship with the highest-ranking member of the Catholic Church. Which is precisely why few believe the butler actually did it.


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Edward Lewiński (ur. 16 lipca 1893, zm. po 1939) – kapitan administracji Wojska Polskiego.

Życiorys
Urodził się 16 lipca 1893. Po zakończeniu I wojny światowej, jako były oficer armii rosyjskiej został przyjęty do Wojska Polskiego i zatwierdzony do stopnia porucznika. Uczestniczył w wojnie polsko-bolszewickiej w szeregach 32 pułku piechoty, a za swoje czyny otrzymał Order Virtuti Militari. Został zweryfikowany w stopniu porucznika ze starszeństwem z dniem 1 czerwca 1919 w korpusie oficerów piechoty. W latach 20. pozostawał oficerem macierzystego 32 pułku piechoty, stacjonującego w Modlinie. 1 grudnia 1924 został mianowany kapitanem ze starszeństwem z dniem 15 sierpnia 1924 i 140. lokatą w korpusie oficerów piechoty. Od stycznia 1931 pełnił służbę w Powiatowej Komendzie Uzupełnień Sanok. Później został przeniesiony do korpusu oficerów administracji. W 1939 był kierownikiem I referatu ewidencji w Komendzie Rejonu Uzupełnień Sanok.

Ordery i odznaczenia
 Krzyż Srebrny Orderu Virtuti Militari
 Krzyż Walecznych

Przypisy

Bibliografia

Odznaczeni Krzyżem Srebrnym Orderu Virtuti Militari (II Rzeczpospolita)
Odznaczeni Krzyżem Walecznych (II Rzeczpospolita)
Oficerowie komend uzupełnień II Rzeczypospolitej
Kapitanowie administracji II Rzeczypospolitej
Kapitanowie piechoty II Rzeczypospolitej
Polacy – oficerowie Imperium Rosyjskiego
Polacy – żołnierze Armii Imperium Rosyjskiego w I wojnie światowej
Uczestnicy wojny polsko-bolszewickiej (strona polska)
Urodzeni w 1893
Wojskowi związani z Sanokiem
Zmarli w XX wieku
Nieznana data śmierci
Oficerowie 32 Pułku Piechoty (II RP)

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


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Q: Is specifying EndStreamPrimitive() necessary in Geometry shader with streams EndStreamPrimitive() can only be used in case of Geometry shader with streams.
Geometry shader with streams can only emit GL_POINTS.
But In GL_POINTS, each vertex itself is a primitive.
So what is the point of having a function like EndStreamPrimitive()?
Just specifying EmitStreamVertex() when primitive type = GL_POINT means end of primitive.
My next question is What is max_vertices in a Geometry shader?
layout(points, max_vertices = 6) out;
I suppose it is the maximum number of vertices a Geometry shader will emit (irrespective of weather it is using streams or not).
If I have 2 streams in my Geometry shader, and I emit 2 vertices to stream 0, 3 vertices to stream 1. should the value of max_vertices be set to 5?

A: As far as I know, EndStreamPrimitive (...) currently has no use; likely provided simply for consistency with the non-stream GLSL design. If the restriction on points being the only type of output primitive is lifted it may become useful in the future.

To answer your second question, that is the maximum number of vertices you will ever emit in a single invocation of your GS. Geometry Shaders are different from other stages in that the size of their output data can vary at run-time. You could decide because of some condition at run-time that you want to output 8 vertices to stream 1 -- GLSL needs to know an upper-bound and it cannot figure that out if your flow control is based on a variable set elsewhere.
There are implementation limits set on both the number of vertices (GL_MAX_GEOMETRY_OUTPUT_VERTICES) a GS invocation can emit and the sum total number of vector components (GL_MAX_GEOMETRY_TOTAL_OUTPUT_COMPONENTS). These limits are also defined in the shading language.
Implementations must support the following minimums:
const int gl_MaxGeometryOutputVertices        = 256;
const int gl_MaxGeometryTotalOutputComponents = 1024;

If your shader exceeds those limits, you will need to split it into multiple invocations. You can either do that using multiple draw calls or you can have GL4+ automatically invoke your GS multiple times:
layout (invocations = <num_invocations>) in;

You can determine which invocation the GS is performing by the value of gl_InvocationID (GL4+).

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


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Thrasher gets raise as FSU moves up in rankings
Lloyd Dunkelberger | The News Service of Florida
TALLAHASSEE — With Florida State University moving closer to becoming a top-25 public university, the school's trustees on Friday bumped up President John Thrasher's salary by 7 percent and awarded him a $200,000 bonus.
Combined with a 1.4 percent raise given to all faculty, Thrasher's annual compensation package will increase from about $519,000 to $563,000, with the bonus paid on top of that.
The trustees also extended Thrasher's five-year contract to six and increased his retention bonus to $400,000, which he will receive if he stays for the full six years.
The contract extension must be ratified by the state Board of Governors, which oversees the university system.
Ed Burr, chairman of the FSU Board of Trustees, said Thrasher, a former House speaker, has done "an outstanding job" leading the school, which has about 42,000 students. Burr noted FSU has risen 10 spots in the U.S. News & World Report public university rankings over the last two years, reaching No. 33 in the latest survey, just outside the top-25 goal.
Burr said Thrasher not only has been a strong advocate for FSU's interests but has drawn praise from university system leaders for advancing causes to help the entire system.
Thrasher said one of his goals as a lawmaker was promoting legislation to designate high-achieving schools as "pre-eminent" universities, which would provide them with additional funding. FSU, the University of Florida and the University of South Florida have received the designation.
Thrasher said he was "proud" of the achievements of the other schools, including UF's rise to the top 10, for the first time, in the U.S. News & World Report public-university rankings. He said a top-performing university system helps the entire state.
"It's going to be a value to the state," Thrasher said. "It's tells businesses that are going to move here that we've got an educated workforce."
Improvements at FSU and the other schools have been aided by significant state funding increases.
"I give the Legislature a lot of credit for the investments they have made in higher education," Thrasher said. "And I hope they continue to do it."
Among future goals, Thrasher said FSU wants to increase its faculty, which would help lower class sizes, and increase the number of graduate students.
FSU Provost Sally McRorie told trustees the university is embarking on a plan to hire 125 new faculty members this academic year, the largest hiring effort in the school's history.
Thrasher, who turns 74 in December, said his stint as FSU president "is the best job I ever had."
"And as I tell everyone, it's the last job I will have," he said.


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Q: Ошибка при скачивании pip install jsonlib Написал в cmd 'pip install jsonlib'.
Вот что мне выдало в командной строке красным шрифтом. Помогите.
ERROR: Command errored out with exit status 1:
 command: 'c:\users\данилыч\appdata\local\programs\python\python38-32\python.exe' -u -c 'import sys, setuptools, tokenize; sys.argv[0] = '"'"'C:\\Users\\Данилыч\\AppData\\Local\\Temp\\pip-install-8gbl2gh1\\jsonlib\\setup.py'"'"'; __file__='"'"'C:\\Users\\Данилыч\\AppData\\Local\\Temp\\pip-install-8gbl2gh1\\jsonlib\\setup.py'"'"';f=getattr(tokenize, '"'"'open'"'"', open)(__file__);code=f.read().replace('"'"'\r\n'"'"', '"'"'\n'"'"');f.close();exec(compile(code, __file__, '"'"'exec'"'"'))' install --record 'C:\Users\Данилыч\AppData\Local\Temp\pip-record-lgcx0xrv\install-record.txt' --single-version-externally-managed --compile --install-headers 'c:\users\данилыч\appdata\local\programs\python\python38-32\Include\jsonlib'
     cwd: C:\Users\Данилыч\AppData\Local\Temp\pip-install-8gbl2gh1\jsonlib\
Complete output (9 lines):
running install
running build
running build_py
creating build
creating build\lib.win32-3.8
copying jsonlib.py -> build\lib.win32-3.8
running build_ext
building '_jsonlib' extension
error: Microsoft Visual C++ 14.0 is required. Get it with "Microsoft Visual C++ Build Tools": https://visualstudio.microsoft.com/downloads/
----------------------------------------
ERROR: Command errored out with exit status 1: 'c:\users\данилыч\appdata\local\programs\python\python38-32\python.exe' -u -c 'import sys, setuptools, tokenize; sys.argv[0] = '"'"'C:\\Users\\Данилыч\\AppData\\Local\\Temp\\pip-install-8gbl2gh1\\jsonlib\\setup.py'"'"'; __file__='"'"'C:\\Users\\Данилыч\\AppData\\Local\\Temp\\pip-install-8gbl2gh1\\jsonlib\\setup.py'"'"';f=getattr(tokenize, '"'"'open'"'"', open)(__file__);code=f.read().replace('"'"'\r\n'"'"', '"'"'\n'"'"');f.close();exec(compile(code, __file__, '"'"'exec'"'"'))' install --record 'C:\Users\Данилыч\AppData\Local\Temp\pip-record-lgcx0xrv\install-record.txt' --single-version-externally-managed --compile --install-headers 'c:\users\данилыч\appdata\local\programs\python\python38-32\Include\jsonlib' Check the logs for full command output.

A: Последняя строка:

error: Microsoft Visual C++ 14.0 is required. Get it with "Microsoft Visual C++ Build Tools": https://visualstudio.microsoft.com/downloads/

У вас не установлен Microsoft Visual C++, или его версия ниже 14.0
Ссылку, откуда его можно скачать, вам также предоставили (он скачивается вместе с другими программами пакета).
Если хотите серьёзно заниматься программированием, пытайтесь читать те ошибки, которые получаете. Текст к ним не просто так выводится.


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Home Animal World
DISCOVER 10 HORRIFIC SEA CREATURES THAT BELONG TO ANOTHER PLANET
If you're a movie producer and someone shows you a movie about a tentacled alien that can change shape, become invisible and shoot a cloud of blind chemicals at its enemies, you just have to sigh and say "No, that's an octopus." We take it for granted that there are a few million creatures like that floating around. At one point, science hopped into the back seat of creation and let nightmarish curiosity drive for a moment. But even among the most unusual creatures in the world, there are extreme cases.
10: ATOLLA JELLYFISH
The Attola jellyfish is very common. They are found in every ocean in the world without exception, but they are not something you are likely to encounter on a beach as they usually live within 700 meters (2,200 feet) below the surface. Like many deep-sea creatures, it is bioluminescent (it lights up like fireflies). But atolls don't use their lights to catch prey the way angler fish do - they use them to escape. If the atola is caught by a predator, then it emits a wave of bright pulsations, like a strong light. The light show attracts a larger fish, which will go to attack Atola, giving it a chance to escape.
The attula also has single, elongated tentacles, which it uses to capture prey. They grab their victim by the end of the tentacle and drag the helpless creature through the water, rocking it back and forth until it is too tired to respond—like a fisherman reeling at a big fish.
9: ANTARCTIC ICE FISH
Extremophiles (animals that live in harsh conditions), as a rule, are rather unusual. But the Antarctic ice fish might take the cake. As the name implies, they are found in deep waters around Antarctica, usually at temperatures below 0°C and at depths of up to 1 kilometer (about 3,300 feet).
It is completely colorless. Even their blood is transparent. They still have blood, but it doesn't contain any hemoglobin, a protein in red blood cells that transports oxygen and gives blood its redness. They are the only vertebrates in the world with this characteristic, and researchers are still trying to figure out why they developed ice fish in the first place. Furthermore, their blood contains an antifreeze protein that prevents the blood and soft tissues from freezing. Because of this protein, they can live in sub-zero temperatures without becoming fish vesicles.
8: GIANT SIPHONOPHORE
Visually, this thing doesn't look like much, but you need a sense of scale to appreciate the giant siphonophore; They live in the deep sea and can reach more than 40 meters (130 feet) in length. That's the height of a 13-story building and taller than the blue whale, the world's largest vertebrate.
But the giant siphonophore is not really a single animal per se; It is actually a colony of millions of organisms called zooids. Each group of zoos has a special purpose: some are responsible for eating, others digest food, and some have the task of defending the colony. When they all work together, the colony functions like a single organism. It's like a country or (perhaps more accurately) a pile of dwarves in a coat.
And because siphonophores live at such great depth (about a kilometer down, or half a mile), they are constantly subjected to a ridiculous amount of pressure—half a ton per square centimeter of surface area. As a result, it is difficult for them to study. When brought close to the surface, it explodes like a balloon due to the pressure drop.
7: WONDERPUS
With one of the best Latin names in the animal kingdom, Wunderpus photogenicus is a rare predatory octopus found off the coast of the Philippines. The name comes from the fact that people like to take pictures of them; It is optical.
But cats are photogenic, and felines are anything but lovable. They are twilight hunters (they hunt at dawn and twilight) that chase prey by crawling along the sea floor on long, flat tentacles. In stealth mode, their bright color fades to blend in with sand and coral. But try to attack one of them, and suddenly it becomes a violent fire of red and orange, warning the predators to stay away.
And, like most octopuses, octopuses are remarkably intelligent. This video shows a wonderland building a wall of coral to hide behind. We're learning more about the wonderland every day (it was only discovered in 2006), but it certainly made it easier on us — the patterns of the white spots on their backs are totally unique to each individual, like a fingerprint.
6: LIONFISH
There are 10 species of lionfish, and it goes without saying that it is one of the most famous fish species in the world. Wildly beautiful and incredibly dangerous, all 10 species are native to the Indian Ocean and the South Pacific, although two species were introduced to the east coast of North America in the 1990s. This turns out to be a problem because they breed like rabbits underwater and have no natural predators.
In fact, the population explosion has gotten so bad that researchers in Honduras are already trying to train sharks to eat lionfish. Normally, sharks wouldn't come close to things. Currently, the only real danger to these predators is, ironically, themselves: in the absence of food, lionfish will eat each other.
5: EMPEROR SHRIMP
The colorful little emperor shrimp is more like a piece of candy than a living creature, but its amazing coloration serves a very important purpose. . . In fact, we have no idea why they are so colorful, despite the fact that they've been studied since 1967. They probably don't need camouflage. Emperor shrimp live almost exclusively on the backs of a type of sea slug known as nudibranchs, specifically Hexabranchus marginatus, which has few predators as it absorbs toxins from its food. There's really nothing that could attack them anyway, so maybe they're just showing off.
4: FELIMARE PICTA
Felimare picta is a type of marine mollusk that lives in warm, subtropical waters, particularly around the Mediterranean Sea and the Gulf of Mexico. There are six different subspecies of Hypselodoris, which are actually a subsection of the sea slug slug, and they are all totally ridiculous.
The branches are fairly small, usually only growing to about 20 cm (8 in), although there are a few registered branches that were longer than 64 cm (25 in). They are mollusks (like snails), but instead of using shells for protection, they have a few other tricks up their colorful sleeves - like sweating acid. If that's not weird enough, we don't know what is.
3: GORGONIAN WRAPPER
The waters of the Indian and Pacific Oceans contain some of the most diverse marine life on the planet, including the geosphere. The gorgonian mantle is the sea anemone, so yes, this terrifying thing is a predator. And they're tough as they sound - anemone-like gorgonian shell produces something called a cnidocyte, which is basically a tiny, venomous shrapnel bomb. Cnidocytes line the anemone's tentacles, and when a fish attacks one (or millions) of them, the trigger activates and the cell explodes, paralyzing the fish's harpoons.
The biological process that releases anemone venom is one of the fastest reactions in the animal kingdom. It takes less than 700 nanoseconds for a neuron to fire its lethal load (a nanosecond is one billionth of a second).
2: BLUE DRAGON SEA SLUG
Most animals eat smaller animals than themselves. It's the way the world works. On the other hand, the blue dragon laughs in the mind's face and goes straight in search of the biggest and most dangerous creatures he can find - like the Portuguese man's war, and if none of those are there, the other blue dragon. By eating man's war claws, blue dragons absorb stinging neuron cells, which they store in pouches in their bodies to use in self-defense if they are attacked.
But it gets even weirder. Most marine mollusks crawl along the ocean floor. the blue Dragon? It swallows an air bubble and floats just below the surface of the water. When viewed from below against the surface of the water, it looks like a spider walking on a mirror. They float wherever the waves take them, eating anything they come across.
1: BOBBIT WORM
There is nothing in the bobbit worm that is not hideous or morbid. Even her name came from a court case in 1993, involving a woman named Lorena Bobbitt, with a knife, and. . . Another thing that looks like a worm. Equal parts Graboid jerks and unholy hellspawn, the bobbit worm can grow up to three meters (10 feet). It burrows into the sea floor, leaving a small part of it above the surface. When a fish wanders near it, the worm rushes out, grabs the fish with its huge tongs, and pulls it underground.
Most of the specimens were never found in the ocean - but were accidentally stored in saltwater aquariums. In an aquarium they navigate rocks and pebbles taken from the ocean, then slowly grow under the radar. In 2009, a giant bobbit worm was found at the Blue Reef Aquarium in England. It was observed when aquarium workers dismantled the tank to find out why all their fish had disappeared.
Latest articles from : Animal World


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A Miami School Goes From Blank Canvas To Mural-Covered
By Greg Allen
Published December 5, 2014 at 12:35 AM PST
Leza One paints a mural on a wall of Jose de Diego Middle School in Miami's Wynwood neighborhood. It's a project that coincides with the citywide Art Basel fair.
Miami's Jose de Diego Middle School, like many schools in South Florida designed to provide hurricane protection and energy efficiency, has few windows and large expanses of facade almost begging for decoration.
For Catalina Hidalgo, a science teacher at Jose de Diego, those walls were too blank, and that bothered her — especially because the school is on the edge of a neighborhood that's changing fast. The neighborhood — Wynwood — is an arts district full of street art painted by local and internationally known artists.
Christina Hernandez / Courtesy of Wynwood Arts District Association
Courtesy of Wynwood Arts District Association
With an eye toward hurricane protection and energy efficiency, Jose de Diego, like many schools in South Florida, has few windows and large expanses of facade.
"I was tired of looking at white walls," she says. "I thought it would be a cool idea to bring a few artists to paint this school. It's crazy that we have white walls and everywhere else is filled with murals."
Enter Robert de los Rios. He and his friend Patrick Walsh often organize artist events in Wynwood. Hidalgo contacted them, and they visited the school.
"I just saw the greatest canvas I've ever seen," de los Rios says. "Look at the size of these walls, man."
De los Rios started contacting artists and organized a project to coincide with Miami's Art Basel fair. He soon had more than 40 painters working on 38 murals.
While the artists worked recently, students gathered around to check out the art going up on their school's walls. "Now that they came," said seventh-grader Lisandro Perez, "they made our lives better. It makes us want to come to school."
As artists and developers have discovered Wynwood, a disconnect has emerged between the upscale newcomers and the Puerto Rican and African-American residents who have long lived there. This project is a small step in an effort to begin bridging that gap.
"It's just a shame to have galleries and all these boutiques and all these expensive restaurants just a couple of blocks away, where its tens of thousands of dollars for this and that, and then all of a sudden, you have a school where the people who actually live in Wynwood, who actually call this home, don't feel any connection to it," de los Rios says.
Greg Allen / NPR
Santiago Rubino is one of the local Miami artists whose work now adorns a wall at the middle school.
In a school courtyard, an artist who goes by the name Leza One paused in his work on a wall that has a floodlight in the center. On the wall, he painted a young woman who appears to be illuminated by the floodlight. "I play with the light actually. My mural is about darkness and light. So, the light here is a metaphor that represents hope," he said.
As for the kids, Leza said he enjoyed the audience. "It's a lot of energy, positive energy around me and around all of us. To see the smile, and they do have a few comments on the painting. So it's great," he said.
Alejandro Dorda Mevs, an artist who goes by the name Axel Void, says he was surprised and touched when a bunch of kids gave him thank-you drawings. He has created murals elsewhere in Miami but says he has become uncomfortable with what's happened in Wynwood. Much of the art now seems aimed at tourists and visitors, he says, rather than at the people who live there.
"I will be much happier doing this here, where many kids see it every day, than doing a wall in an area [that's] going to have a tourist guide," he says.
The painters also donated works for an auction to raise funds to support arts education at the school. They say they hope to make it an annual event. The school still has more than 20 walls waiting for art.
As NPR's Miami correspondent, Greg Allen reports on the diverse issues and developments tied to the Southeast. He covers everything from breaking news to economic and political stories to arts and environmental stories. He moved into this role in 2006, after four years as NPR's Midwest correspondent.
See stories by Greg Allen


Divorce is expensive. Between child custody and support, property division and spousal support, there are many issues that must be addressed, and thoughtful and thorough legal advice is necessary. If money were not an issue, people would most certainly seek the advice of a good attorney to counsel them and protect their interests in such a stressful, life-altering time. For most people, however, money is a big issue. For that reason, some folks do not seek the legal advice they need, and others seek that advice, and find themselves up to their eyeballs in legal fees.
There are ways, however, that you can get necessary legal advice and manage your legal fees in the process.
Here are eight tips for how to manage your legal fees while going through a divorce.
Schedule an Initial Consultation: In my practice, the main purpose of the initial consultation is to educate a potential client regarding her rights and obligations under the law, as well as to set expectations as to potential outcomes. In addition, it is also important to educate a potential client about the options available for legal services and the expenses involved with each option. For example, it is generally far less expensive for two people to resolve their disputes by agreement rather than court action, and an attorney can provide a potential client some ideas regarding how to approach his or her spouse to work toward negotiating an agreement. Also, some attorneys are willing to take an a la carte approach to legal services when that is beneficial to the client. For example, an attorney can prepare a proposed agreement to the client's specifications and the client can then act on his/her own behalf to present the agreement to his or her spouse and discuss a mutually agreeable resolution. Understanding the process, setting reasonable expectations and knowing cost effective options can help you manage your fees.
Discuss Fees In Detail: At the initial consultation, and before retaining an attorney, have a detailed discussion about the attorney's fees. Arm yourself with specific questions to ask. Review the Agreement for Legal Services carefully. Make sure you understand what work is billed to you and how it is billed. For example, does the attorney charge by the hour or in some other way? If the attorney charges by the hour, how does he or she keep track of her time? Is an advance payment or retainer required? What portion of a retainer is refundable or non-refundable? Know exactly what you are paying for and monitor the expenses that you incur throughout the representation.
Create a Budget for Legal Services. Creating a budget for legal services is not an easy task, but it is a necessary one. Knowing what you have and are willing to spend on legal fees and being forthright with your attorney about that information can help the attorney be a good steward of your resources. Ask questions of your potential attorney in your initial consultation about what kind of budget is reasonable for your specific legal issues and needs. Having a budget can help your attorney guide you regarding what actions will give you the most bang for your buck in achieving your specific legal goals.
Prepare What You Can On Your Own. Divorce is paper intensive. Frequently, clients must produce bank statements, tax returns, credit card statements, pay stubs, emails, calendars, and other items. One of the jobs of your attorney and paralegal is to help you with those items: to walk you through what you need, to help organize the documents and to assist you with obtaining the documents, if necessary. Attorneys are happy to provide this service; however, if you can gather these documents on your own, ensure that they are complete (i.e. containing all pages in order), organize the documents in chronological order, if applicable, and label the documents, you will save hours of attorney and paralegal fees. In addition, prepare what you can on your own. For example, in many divorce cases, a client must fill out documentation regarding his income and his monthly expenses. Be thorough, and type the information into the document if you are able. Ask the attorney or paralegal to email you any documents that you can work on yourself, and then do as much as you can and return the document to your attorney by email.
Be Responsive. While it is important to us as divorce attorneys to shoulder the legal burden for you, we do require the assistance and information of our clients in order to be able to do our jobs. When we send you correspondence, read it carefully and respond as necessary. When we call you, call us back. When it is time to gather documents, dedicate the time to tackle that task quickly.
Make Good Business Decisions. Your attorney is your objective advocate in a time of emotional turmoil. As difficult as it can be, let your attorney guide you in making good business decisions. Paying an attorney $5,000 to negotiate getting the washer and dryer is not a good business decision, no matter how much emotional satisfaction it would give you to get that washer and dryer.
Take Advantage of Paralegals and Support Staff. Paralegals are fantastic resources. They are organized, they are knowledgeable, they are helpful, and they are less expensive than your attorney! They can answer most questions about the process, and help you get organized.
Review Your Billing Statements. Don't bury your head in the sand when a billing statement comes in the mail. Open it, review it and ask any questions immediately. Reviewing it will keep you mindful of your budget and how your money is being spent.
If you have any questions or would like more information on this topic, please contact attorney Lynn Wilson McNally at 919.250.2176 or by email at lmcnally@smithdebnamlaw.com.


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A Perspective from a Father and Scientist – A Conversation with Dr. Kevin Pelphrey
On May 23, 2022 May 23, 2022 By The Real SpectrumIn Interview Series, Research
Dr. Kevin Pelphrey is a Harrison-Wood Jefferson Scholars Foundation Professor of Neurology at the University of Virginia. A leader in groundbreaking autism research, Dr. Pelphrey uses neuroscience to develop tools for detection and autism treatment and to continue helping people like his two children, who are both diagnosed with autism. His research aims to understand the underlying basis behind autism to create the right treatment for specific individuals. He has done heavy genetics work to understand how different genes can affect brain development and has developed ways of predicting autism in children. Some of his research publications include, Combining Pivotal Response Treatment with Intranasal Oxytocin to Improve Social Reciprocity in children with ASD and Visual Scanning of Faces in Autism (2002). After speaking with him for an hour and a half, I truly gained such a greater understanding and overall valued the time he took to meet with me.
The Real Spectrum: Why did you decide to go into autism research?
Dr. Kevin Pelphrey
Dr. Kevin Pelphrey: There were actually two "starts" to my autism research career. The first one was when I was a graduate student in child psychology studying infant development in about 1999. As a part of that, the classic problem with studying infants was getting them to do stuff so you could understand how their brain works. We built an eye tracker that allowed us to see where they were looking. Joe Piven, a researcher at UNC today, came to our lab [at UNC] and saw the eye tracker that we had built and after doing a demo for him, he asked if I wanted to do a study of autism. The opportunity to use the eye tracker with people with ASD was there because of Dr. Piven, who arranged for us to recruit research participants; we had five participants that came in for our study and we showed them faces. We knew from the diagnostic criteria of autism that people with the disorder look less at faces. At UNC, these five participants became almost the "Famous Five" since all of the researchers at the university used them for their autism studies. I remember meeting each of the five and being struck by how different each person was. You could see commonalities that I understand to be the key characteristics of autism. We found some really cool findings: infants with autism look less at the eyes. We submitted that for publication and that was the beginning of my autism research career in the sense that it was the first paper to use eye tracking to use autism. It actually reached Ami Klin, a very famous autism researcher who ran the autism program at Yale, through peer review. About the same time, he had been working on an eye-tracking study and submitted the first paper from his group. He was stunned since he didn't know anyone else was studying this topic.
How does the Autism Centers of Excellence Program at UVA achieve their goals to determine causes and treatments of ASD?
Dr. Micah Mazurek was recruited at UVA. UVA used money from their strategic investment fund to give to certain university specialties that they felt could be really strong. One of them was autism research. I'm obviously all for that. Dr. Mazurek developed the clinical infrastructure to make UVA a center for rigorous diagnostic testing and treatments for individuals on the spectrum internationally and nationally. As a medical school professor, I can access all of those resources and contact information for research participants. Every patient that Dr. Mazurek sees will be in a research database, just like SPARK (as mentioned in a previous article post). The STAR (Supporting Transformative Autism Research) program at UVA – which aims to improve the quality of life of individuals with autism through research – has a yearly community meeting where we present our research and it is really geared towards a family audience.
You have done a lot of research on the effects of intranasal administration of oxytocin and how it increased activity in certain regions of the brain in individuals with ASD. Kindness is shown to improve the wellbeing of individuals with ASD and a lot of it has to do with levels of oxytocin. Is there anything you can say on the science of kindness and how it can affect someone with ASD?
Yes, I could see multiple ways where that could be relevant. On one hand, we should understand how to bring about kindness but also through understanding people's perspectives. I think from the autism self-advocacy point of view, there is the notion that the environment needs to understand people with autism and adapt to the specific accommodations they need. Kindness also is highlighted in autism in the sense that we have the saying that if you met one person with autism, you only met one person with autism because of the heterogeneity of the disorder. I think kindness also inherently involves treating each person as an individual without preconceptions. When observing individuals with autism, most typically developing people make assumptions, have implicit biases, and think they understand others perspectives, therefore predicting the behavior of others. It really comes down to having normal conversations with individuals with autism without having these preconceptions. Additionally, the oxytocin system improves your treatment and trust of your ingroup but it also reduces trust and kindness to the outgroup, whatever you consider that to be. It's a strange double-edged sword in that it is a molecule that upregulates systems of social functioning that help you with people you already like but also push people away that you don't really like. For individuals with autism, it's hard to identify who the ingroup can be. It is unreasonable to think that simply giving someone oxytocin will work, even though we know it'll alter their brain activity to look more typical in social activities. If you don't supplement that oxytocin with a meaningful social learning environment, it's not going to work.
What techniques (e.g. studying genetics, brain imaging) have proved most effective for you in studying the neurological abnormalities of ASD?
From my perspective, everything in development is a complex interplay between levels of the organism. So, like a convenient level in understanding a human being would be genetics and brain structure and function. Then, there is the social context like interpersonal relationships and the broader societal context. I see all of those as bidirectionally influencing each other. There was a time when we thought that genetics drives everything – if we just look for candidate genes, we'll figure out autism. We actually found about 70 high-confidence candidate genes, where if you have a mutation in that gene, you have a higher risk for autism. However, we haven't found a gene that is solely responsible for autism development. Other times in science, we have thought everything is environmental and genetics was a blank slate. Now we know that autism development has to do with the environment, epigenetics, genetics itself, and behaviors. Any question that I answer regarding autism diagnosis, I try to apply all of those methods of thinking. The newest for me is the microbiome, which I used to roll my eyes at when people brought it up. However, it is actually important and relevant. I have been more interested recently in animal system models, whether it be c.elegans, zebrafish, monkeys, or mice. David Amaral was the first researcher to find a link between the mother monkey having the flu and then subsequent altered amygdala development in the baby monkey.
One study you conducted found that ASD-derived organoids exhibited an overproduction of GABAergic inhibitory neurons. I found evidence that has suggested that potential deficits in GABAergic inhibitory interneurons as well as in glutamate signaling are the pathophysiological mechanism of autism. What has your research shown you about this topic?
From a wide variety of perspectives, it looks like one of the neurological pathways responsible for autism is the GABA-glutamate imbalance as one way to think about it. It makes a lot of sense in that respect as to why people with autism would be more susceptible to developing epilepsy. Most of the genes we have identified as candidate genes for autism have something to do with modulating GABA and/or glutamate and are heavily involved in that type of modulation. GABA, in particular, is interesting because it has different roles in the body depending on the stage of development. Early on, it's excitatory and then it becomes inhibitory. We think that autism is emerging out of brain developmental events that are happening in early fetal development. The subsequent imbalance that we see and the imbalance that we see when we create induced pluripotent stem cell-derived organoids suggests that that is a strong characteristic of autism and can be a target for treatment. One can imagine identifying the subgroup of people with autism for whom that [GABA imbalance] is a clear mechanism of their autism and treating them early to avoid the development of seizures, which would help the incidence of intellectual disability – since seizures themselves can bring about intellectual disability. So, from one respect I think what we'll end up finding is that there is a subgroup of kids for whom this is a key mechanism if not the mechanism, and other kids it will be other things. What we have found also most recently is that the GABA-glutamate aspect and the excitatory/inhibitory imbalance is intertwined with an inflammatory aspect that is related to microglial development – another potential mechanism that may help explain the heterogeneity of autism. You could have an inflammatory event – like Mom having a viral infection during pregnancy – that may also contribute. Then, that alters the functioning of genes involved in the inflammatory response in the brain and then you have a cascade that occurs throughout development. Oxytocin also reduces inflammation so this could prove to be helpful to this concept.
Along with other researchers, you have found reduced connectivity between the amygdala and ventrolateral prefrontal cortex. What do you think of the role of the amygdala in the severity of social deficits of ASD.
I think it's incredibly important. The abnormal development of the amygdala is likely to be really significant. It is a central part of the story. For connectivity, in particular, what can be very hopeful and exciting is that we have also shown that we can modulate an increased connectivity between the ventrolateral prefrontal cortex through cognitive behavioral therapy (something that works for depression), reducing anxiety and increasing the ability to emotionally regulate (something that this connection is responsible for). As the patient shows more success on a primary behavioral outcome, you see increased prefrontal-amygdala connectivity. The insula, a fold of cortex that almost touches the amygdala, is also really important in this story since it has implications with the amygdala.
Intrauterine Inflammation, A Link To Autism?
Mom & Philanthropist – A Conversation with Mrs. Jennifer Frist


Well, it's been a while since my last post as I have been in Kos for my youngest daughter's wedding without any internet access.
On my return last Friday I had to pick up the organisation of my Club's 34th Charter Anniversary Dinner which took place on Saturday night. Fortunately club members Heather and Lin had done most of the work while I was away and I was just left with creating and printing the menus and sourcing the top table gifts. I also had to finish writing a song for the president and preparing for Autumn Forum on the Sunday. More on both of those later.


The Classical period witnessed a rapid improvement in Greek statuary. There was a dramatic rise in the technical skills of Greek sculptors in their ability to depict the human body in a relaxed rather than rigid posture. In the early 5th century Greek artists began consciously to attempt to render human and animal forms realistically. This entailed careful observation of the model as well as understanding the mechanics of anatomy – how a body adjusts to a pose which is not stiffly frontal but with the weight shifted to one side of the body, and how a body behaves in violent motion. The successors to the archaic kouroi, mainly athlete figures, are thus regularly shown 'at ease', one leg relaxed, with a complementary shift in the shoulders, and the whole emphasized by contrasts of rigid and relaxed in limbs.
Classicism improved on the rigidity of the Archaic idiom and brought a more natural sense of movement and corporeality to the human figure, as exemplified, for instance, in the metopes and pediments of the Temple of Zeus at Olympia. Also, bronze became the predominant medium for monumental free-standing statues, not least because of the metal's ability to hold its shape – no matter how complex – which enabled the creation of less rigid poses. As well as being stronger and lighter, a bronze figure could be stabilized by placing lead weights inside its hollow feet.
Classicist sculpture continued to be primarily connected with religion, and included the full panoply of Greek divinities and mythological figures. Thus, in addition to the twelve Olympian Gods and Goddesses – Zeus, Apollo, Poseidon, Demeter, Hera, Artemis, Hephaistos, Athene, Ares, Aphrodite, Hermes, and Hestia – sculptors carved minor divinities such as, Dionysos, and his cycle of satyrs, nymphs and centaurs; Pluto and Persephone; Eros, Psyche and Ariadne; the Muses, Graces, Seasons, and Fates; as well as heroes, including Achilles, Herakles, Theseus, Perseus, and others.
In addition to religious works, Classical artists also produced a range of three-dimensional sporting figures, depicting athletes of various kinds, including discus-throwers, runners, wrestlers and chariot-racers. Curiously, however, historical sculpture as practiced in Egypt and Assyria was almost unheard of in Ancient Greece. Important events were depicted in mythological terms, rather than through factual narrative.
Another characteristic of Greek Classical sculpture is the emergence of named sculptors, although their works are known almost entirely through later Roman copies. The greatest sculptors included: Kalamis (active 470-440), Pythagoras (active c.440-420), Phidias (488-431 BCE), Kresilas (c.480-410), Myron (active 480-444), Polykleitos (active c.450-430), Callimachus (active 432-408), Skopas (active 395-350), Lysippos (c.395-305), Praxiteles (active 375-335), and Leochares (active 340-320).
Leda and the Swan (500-450) by Timotheus.
The Tyrannicides Hamodius Aristogeiton (c.477) by Critios.
The Charioteer of Delphi (c.475) by unknown artist.
The Farnese Heracles (5th Century) by unknown artist.
Statue of Zeus (c.432) by Phidias.
Wounded Amazon (440-430) by Polykleitos.
Statue of Zeus in the Temple of Zeus, at Olympia (c.432) by Phidias.
Aphrodite of Knidos (350-40) by Praxiteles.
Apollo Belvedere (c.330) by Leochares.
Artemis with a Hind (c.330) by Leochares.
The Farnese Hercules (350-300) by Lysippos.
The Victorious Youth (350-300) attributed to Lysippos.


Here are some facts about Chepstow Castle.
Chepstow Castle is in Chepstow, in the county of Monmouthshire, in South Wales. It is situated on a cliff overlooking the River Wye, close to the Welsh / English border.
Chepstow Castle was built during the 11th and 12th centuries by Lord William Fitz Osbern. It is the UK's oldest surviving stone fort built after the Roman occupation.
More improvements were made to the castle at the end of the 13th century. These included the addition of a gatehouse, a back entrance and a round tower in the castle's south east corner.
The castle has four baileys, or enclosed courtyards. Although it does not have a strong keep or two sets of surrounding walls, it was still considered a strong castle.
During the 15th and 16th centuries, the castle was owned by several different people, including the Earls of Worcester and Pembroke. It was used more as a stately home than as a defensive castle.
Chepstow Castle was besieged twice during the English Civil War. The Parliamentarian forces were able to take the castle from the Royalist forces in 1648.
The castle was left abandoned from the late 17th century to the late 18th century. It became a popular attraction for tourists taking a boat trip on the River Wye.
During the 1840s, the castle's courtyard was used for farm shows and other events. The Duke of Beaufort tried to find a buyer for Chepstow Castle but was not successful.
Today Chepstow Castle is open to the public and holds regular events. Some of the Dr. Who 50th anniversary broadcast was filmed there, as well as scenes from the film Jabberwocky.
Across the road from the castle is the Chepstow Museum. Housed in a Georgian house, it has exhibits on Chepstow Castle, as well as the town's salmon fishing and wine trade.
What next? Visit our castles resources page for more castle facts.


The United States Army Quartermaster Corps, formerly the Quartermaster Department, is a Sustainment, formerly combat service support (CSS), branch of the United States Army. It is also one of three U.S. Army logistics branches, the others being the Transportation Corps and the Ordnance Corps.
The U.S. Army Quartermaster Corps mission is to support the development, production, acquisition, and sustainment of general supply, Mortuary Affairs, subsistences, petroleum and water, material and distribution management during peace and war to provide combat power to the U.S. Army. The officer in charge of the branch for doctrine, training, and professional development purposes is the Quartermaster General. The current Quartermaster General is Brigadier General Douglas M. McBride.
The Quartermaster Corps is the U.S. Army's oldest logistics branch, established 16 June 1775. On that date, the Second Continental Congress passed a resolution providing for "one Quartermaster General of the grand army and a deputy, under him, for the separate army".
In 1802 under President Thomas Jefferson the size of the US Army was reduced with the Quartermaster Department being disbanded. In its place the nation was divided into three departments, each with its own agent and subordinates who were responsible for quartermaster functions within each Department The Quartermaster Corps was re-established in 1812.
From 1775 to 1912, this organization was known as the Quartermaster Department. In 1912, Congress consolidated the former Subsistence, Pay, and Quartermaster Departments to create the Quartermaster Corps. Quartermaster units and soldiers have served in every U.S. military operation from the Revolutionary War to current operations in Iraq (Operation Iraqi Freedom) and Afghanistan (Operation Enduring Freedom).
The Regimental Insignia was authorized in 1986 and revised in 1994 to the current insignia. The insignia is described as a gold color metal and enamel device 1 inch in height consisting of a gold eagle with wings spread and head lowered looking to his right and standing upon a wheel with a blue felloe set with thirteen gold stars, having thirteen gold spokes and the hub white with a red center; superimposed on the wheel a gold sword and key crossed diagonally hilt and bow up, all on a black background and resting upon a wreath of green laurel terminating at either side below the eagle's wings at the upper end of the sword and key. Attached below the device is a gold scroll inscribed SUPPORTING VICTORY in black. The original regimental insignia was all gold and approved on 31 March 1986. The design was changed on 7 June 1994 to add color to the insignia. The Regimental DUI is worn on the Soldier's right side above the name tag and any unit awards on the Army Service Uniform.
The Branch Insignia was approved in its present form in 1913. The sword is characteristic of military forces and symbolized the Quartermaster Corps control of military supplies. The key is representative of the Corps traditional storekeeping function. The wheel is styled after a six-mule-wagon wheel and represents transportation and delivery of supplies. The wheel has thirteen spokes, a red and white hub and a blue felloe (the outer edge of the wheel) embedded with thirteen gilt (gold) stars. The thirteen stars and spokes of the wheel represent the original colonies and the origin of the Corps which occurred during the Revolutionary War. The gilt (gold) eagle is the national bird and is symbolic of our nation. The colors red, white and blue are the national colors. The Branch Insignia is worn on the lapel of the Army Service Uniform, singly on a brass disk for Enlisted personnel and in pairs for Officers.
Quartermaster detachments, companies and battalions are normally assigned to corps or higher level commands. Divisions and smaller units have multifunctional support battalions which combine functional areas from the Army Transportation Corps, Army Quartermaster Corps, Army Ordnance Corps, and the Army Medical Service Corps.
Quartermaster organizations include field service, general supply, petroleum supply and petroleum pipeline, aerial delivery (rigger), water, and mortuary affairs units. Most are company level except petroleum and water, which has battalion and group level units. There is one Bulk petroleum Company on Active Duty.
The officer in charge of the branch for doctrine, training, and professional development purposes is the Quartermaster General. The current Quartermaster General is Brigadier General Douglas M. McBride. The Quartermaster General does not have command authority over Quartermaster units, but instead commands the United States Army Quartermaster Center and School, located at Fort Lee, Virginia, near Petersburg. This school provides enlisted advanced individual training (AIT) and leader training for Quartermaster officers, warrant officers and non-commissioned officers.
For a list of US Army Quartermaster Generals, see Quartermaster General (United States).
MAJ Steve V. Long, a Quartermaster Officer who was serving as Secretary of the General Staff Office of the Commanding General US Total Army Personnel Command, was one of the casualties of the 11 September 2001 attack on the Pentagon.
During Operation Desert Storm, the 14th Quartermaster Detachment, a U.S. Army Reserve unit from Greensburg, Pennsylvania, gained world-wide media exposure. The 14th suffered the greatest number of casualties of any allied unit in the war due to a SCUD missile attack on 25 February 1991.
My forges burned at Valley Forge. Down frozen, rutted roads my oxen hauled the meager foods a bankrupt Congress sent me... Scant rations for the cold and starving troops, gunpowder, salt, and lead.
In 1812 we sailed to war in ships my boatwrights built. I fought beside you in the deserts of our great Southwest. My pack mules perished seeking water holes, and I went on with camels. I gave flags to serve. The medals and crest you wear are my design.
Since 1862, I have sought our fallen brothers from Private to President. In war or peace I bring them home and lay them gently down in fields of honor.
Provisioner, transporter. In 1898 I took you to Havana harbor and the Philippines. I brought you tents, your khaki cloth for uniforms. When yellow fever struck, I brought the mattresses you lay upon.
In 1918, soldier... like you. Pearl Harbor, too. Mine was the first blood spilled that day. I jumped in darkness into Normandy, D-Day plus 1. Bataan, North Africa, Sicily. I was there. The 'chutes that filled the gray Korean skies were mine; I led the endless trains across the beach in Vietnam.
By air and sea I supported the fight for Grenada. Helicopters above the jungles of Panama carried my supplies. In Desert Storm, I was there when we crossed the border into Iraq...sustaining combat and paying the ultimate sacrifice as we liberated Kuwait.
I AM QUARTERMASTER. I AM PROUD.
An updated list of recipients is maintained on the Association of Quartermasters website.
The Military Order of Saint Martin is awarded by the Association of Quartermasters and not the United States Army.
Risch, Erna (1981). Supplying Washington's Army. Washington, D.C.: United States Army Center of Military History.
Alexander, 1st Lieutenant Bevin R. Quartermaster Field Service Platoon in Action. United States Army Center of Military History. United States Army Center of Military History Historical Manuscript Collection 8-5.1A BA 60.


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Sodexo: In 2020, Sodexo continues to enrich the Live experience of thousands of spectators at the biggest transgaming.orging events – Euro 2020
Paris, January 30, 2020 – After the success of the Rugby World Cup in Japan in 2019, 2020 will be an exceptional year for Sodexo Sports – Leisure: its teams will be mobilized and participate in the success of the biggest international transgaming.orging events, Super Bowl LIV in Miami at the Tokyo Summer Olympics via the Tour de France and several UEFA Euro matches. Sodexo's teams will mobilize all their know-how and the diversity of their services to offer transgaming.orgs fans multiple and unforgettable experiences.
Sodexo, unique assets at the service of transgaming.orgs fans
As a recognized partner of major international transgaming.orging events, Sodexo offers:
A wide range of services, ranging from public catering to Full hospitality packages, which include hospitality, accommodation, trantransgaming.orgation, the creation of dedicated spaces such as fan zones and related activities.
A dedicated team of 40 000 people worldwide, experts in international events and meeting daily logistical challenges to welcome and serve a very large number of people and provide them with a memorable experience.
The ability to help our customers to meet the challenges that all major events face today, such as digital, environmental and social impact or the personalization of services expected by spectators.
Nathalie Bellon-Szabo, Sodexo Sports's World Managing Director – Leisure explains : "2020 will be an exceptional year for Sodexo Sports – Leisure: it is an honour for us to put our expertise and offerings at the service of the world's biggest transgaming.orging events, while paying attention to our environmental impact and the expectations of Spectators. We help to forge exceptional memories that only "Live" can bring. I am convinced that living these moments of collective emotion and joy gives lasting happiness and positively impacts the quality of life of the greatest number. »
Sodexo responds to the three major trends that impact any global event today
A growing demand for customization and a multiplicity of expectations
In restoration, priority is given to local flavours and the diversity of offerings
For example, for Super Bowl 2020 at Hard Rock Stadium:
Centerplate, a U.S. subsidiary of Sodexo, will showcase Latin-inspired local products and recipes from Miami and its region, further strengthening its ties with 40 local companies and producers.
Vegetarian dishes are entering the stadiums, a real novelty at transgaming.orging events. TheImpossibleTm Burger (created by Impossible Foods, based on vegetable-soy protein) will be offered at the Super Bowl for the very first time.
A growing demand for high-end experiences
At the Super Bowl, for example, all suites at Miami Hard Rock Stadium can order high-end meals. Guests can choose menus (drinks and dishes) or order à la carte, and will be served by a dedicated butler throughout the match.
Bespoke hospitality offers
For example, for the Tokyo 2020 Olympic Games, Sodexo will offer, through its subsidiary STH (Sports Travel and Hospitality Japan kk), a choice of Five bespoke hospitality packages, with high-end meals and first-class places. Options range from access to a casual space to a premium offer with gourmet dining. This comprehensive hospitality offer will be offered in 15 VIP areas designed to receive spectators, companies or individuals as well as guests of transgaming.orgs federations and sponsors. Experience in the Japanese market gained during the 2019 Rugby World Cup, in association with JTB (leader of travel agencies in Japan and Asia), in a country unaccustomed to offers of hospitality during transgaming.orging events.
Among the 15 hospitality sites, six temporary venues will be specially built platinum pavilion, near the Olympic Stadium.
The imperative to reduce the environmental impact of transgaming.orging events
Reducing single-use plastic
Sodexo has made commitments to eliminate single-use plastic by 2025, with a focus on the largest volumes produced by its operations in 15 countries, which account for nearly 70% of the Group's turnover.
At Hard Rock Stadium during the Super Bowl, for example, the goal is to eliminate 2.8 million plastic 600,000 bottles. A first step will be taken in a few days since for the first time, aluminium cups will replace
500 000 plastic cups traditionally used to serve beer.
During the Tour de France, Sodexo has already removed much of the plastic for the restoration of the 1,000 daily guests.
Tackling food waste
Sodexo's commitment is to reduce food waste from its operations by 50% by 2025. The group initiated the development of WasteWatch. the largest data-based waste prevention program in the agri-food industry.
Various actions have been put in place for many years during transgaming.orging events, such as composting food, converting used oils into biofuel, donations of surplus food local missions Food Rescue in the United States during the Super Bowl or at the Restos du Coeur, which the group has partnered with in France for 16 years with its Stop Hunger roland Garros.
Supporting local sectors and small businesses
By 2025, 10 billion euros Group's commercial value Will benefit SMEs.
It is with this in mind that, in the foodservice offering for the Super Bowl, the products of 40 artisans, producers and restaurants in South Florida Will be offered at Hard Rock Stadium.
The deployment of digital technology to further enrich the experience
Digital technology makes life easier for spectators and allows them to focus on the live show with, for example, tablets to choose their meal in the suites, more flexible options and payment methods, via his mobile phone for example, online ordering applications, passing through orders instead by scanning a QR code on its headquarters as well as the programme Clear to control the legal drinking age, not to mention robots capable of preparing and serving pizzas, ice creams and cocktails.
Finally large-scale data analytics allows Sodexo to adapt its offerings and those of its customers by increasing their knowledge of the consumer in order to improve their experience.
Sodexo and the major transgaming.orging events of 2020
The Super Bowl (USA)
Rolex Masters (Monte Carlo)
Roland Garros (Paris)
UEFA EURO (in Great Britain and Spain)
Tokyo Summer Olympics (Japan)
Super Bowl LIV at Hard Rock Stadium in Miami – February 2, 2020
15Th participation in a Super Bowl
For the first time, a woman, Chef dayanny de la Cruz, leading the Super Bowl restoration.
65,000 spectators expected at the stadium and 150,000 fans welcomed in the Fan Zone miami Beach Convention Center.
100 chefs and 2,400 employees mobilized
10 kitchens – including 2 mobile kitchens
More than 40 local artisans, producers and restaurants
Service in 167 suites and 7 all-inclusive clubs
After this edition, Sodexo will also participate in the 16thTh Edition of Super Bowl LVIII (58) in 2024 in New Orleans at the Mercedes-Benz Superdome
Tour de France June to July 2020
29Th Participation
Official restaurateur of the event to delight all the guests of the Great Loop during 21 stages
60 Sodexo employees
1,000 guests welcomed each day at the Village-Departure, during the race and at the finish
Local products from more than 30 regions
UEFA Euro June to July 2020
Sodexo will be in charge of all the catering – from snacking to gourmet menus in stadiums in Spain and the UK
Tokyo Summer Olympics July 24 to August 9, 2020
Creating, developing and marketing places and hospitality packages for customers (companies and individuals) from all over the world, guests of transgaming.orgs federations and sponsors
5 premium offers on offer
15 places of hospitality including the creation of 6 temporary places
As a reminder, the Rugby World Cup 2019 in Japan
60,000 hospitality packages and 190,000 tickets sold
9 offers developed
100 nationalities represented
Created in 1966 in Marseille by Pierre Bellon, Sodexo is the world leader in Quality of Life services, an essential factor in the performance of individuals and organizations. Present in 67 countries, Sodexo serves 100 million consumers every day with a unique offer of Site Services, Benefits Services – Rewards and Personal and Home Services. Sodexo offers its customers an integrated offer of services, the result of more than 50 years of experience: from catering to hospitality, cleanliness, maintenance and technical maintenance of equipment and facilities, services and stimulating programs employees' commitment to solutions that simplify and optimize the management of travel and business expenses, to home help, daycare and concierge services. Sodexo's success and performance are based on its independence, its sustainable business model, and its ability to ensure the development and commitment of its 470,000 employees worldwide.
Sodexo is a member of the CAC 40, FTSE 4 Good and DJSI indices.
Key figures (August 31, 2019)
$22.0 billion euros of consolidated sales
470 000 Employees
19E global private employer
67 Country
100 million consumers every day
$14.7 billion market capitalisation (as of 21 January 2020)
About Sodexo Sports and Leisure
Sodexo Sports and Leisure is one of the strategic segments of the Sodexo Group, which in France and around the world operates extensively to manage prestigious, cultural and transgaming.orging sites, and major events. This segment represents 1.7 billion euros in sales worldwide, nearly 40,000 employees, and more than a hundred trades to its credit. Combining technique and creativity, our turnkey solutions cover ticketing, travel, catering, security, logistics, marketing and technical and artistic organization. In the digital age, Sodexo helps its customers integrate new technologies into their events by offering innovative and personalized services. Multiple assets that contribute to the success of prestigious events such as Royal Ascot, the Super Bowl, the Tour de France, the Rugby World Cup and make exceptional places like the Lido de Paris, Maison Lenôtre, Pré Catelan, the Bateaux shine Paris Yachts as well as the London Boats and the National Gallery in the United Kingdom. In the United States, T-Mobile Park in Seattle, Hard Rock Stadium in Miami, the Las Vegas Convention Center and the Shedd Aquarium in Chicago.
More information on www.sodexo.com.
CP Sodexo – Global Sporting Events 2020 EN


[a] Gustav IV Adolf was deposed by a coup d'etat on March 9, 1809, and Charles XIII was appointed king in his place.
The Franco-Swedish War or Pomeranian War was the first involvement by Sweden in the Napoleonic Wars. The country joined the Third Coalition in an effort to defeat France under Napoleon Bonaparte.
In 1803 Britain had declared war on France, at this time Sweden had remained neutral together with the Nordic countries Denmark–Norway and Prussia. But after the execution of Louis-Antoine-Henri de Bourbon-Condé in 1804, the Swedish government broke all diplomatic ties with France and concluded a convention allowing the British to use Swedish Pomerania as a military base against France, in exchange for payments. Russia also promised Sweden that 40,000 men would come to the aid of the country if it was threatened by French forces. So on 9 August 1805 Sweden joined the Third Coalition and declared war on France on 31 October.
In the beginning of November 1805, a combined British, Russian and Swedish force of about 12,000 men were sent from Swedish Pomerania to liberate French-held Hanover. The offensive against Hanover was repeatedly delayed because of Prussia's partial reluctance that the Swedes and the Russians moved troops through Prussian territory. However, in December 1805, after the battle of Austerlitz, the British and the Russian forces started to evacuate Hanover, leaving only a small Swedish force alone to face the French. In April 1806, the Swedes were also forced to retreat back to Swedish Pomerania after an agreement had been concluded between Prussia and France.
But during the summer of 1806 Prussia formed the Fourth Coalition against France, which gave Sweden the right to occupy Lauenburg. But during the autumn, the French forces advanced rapidly and soon much of the western German regions were occupied, this forced the Swedish troops on a retreat towards Lübeck. The plan was that the troops from there could take the sea route to Stralsund in order to avoid the advancing French forces. The Swedes were still caught by the French on the 6 November while they loaded their ships at Lübeck, and following the battle of Lübeck about 1,000 Swedish soldiers had to surrender to the numerically superior French forces.
The French army began their offensive towards Swedish Pomerania in early 1807 and besieged Stralsund on 15 January. This was the beginning of a seven-month-long siege, and since the French forces also were engaged in warfare elsewhere this increasingly reduced the number of troops stationed around Stralsund. When the Swedes were reinforced on 1 April it was decided that they would attempt to break the siege. This was done with some success since the Swedes managed to take Usedom and Wolin. But the French chose to counterattack, and a force of 13,000 men attacked the Swedes from Stettin on 16 April. This forced the left section of the Swedish army to withdraw, and another division in Ueckermünde was then cut off and later captured. On 18 April, France and Sweden agreed on a ceasefire according to which the French were to leave Pomerania. However, the Swedish government refused to join the Continental System and denounced the armistice under the influence of British diplomacy on 8 July.
On 6 August 1807, 50,000 French, Spanish and Dutch troops under Marshal Guillaume-Marie-Anne Brune began an assault on Swedish Pomerania and besieged Stralsund again. On 20 August 1807, the defenders of the city capitulated and the remains of the Swedish army was surrounded at Rügen. However, Swedish General Johan Christopher Toll managed to conclude the convention of Schlatkow with Marshal Brune on favorable terms and his forces withdrew to Sweden with all of their munitions of war on 7 September.
The Franco-Russian Treaty of Tilsit left Britain and Sweden without other allies in the war against France. On 21 February 1808, Russia joined the war against Sweden by invading Finland and on 14 March the same year, Denmark-Norway also declared war on Sweden. Danish and French-Spanish troops began preparations for an invasion of Skåne in Sweden, but the plan was soon aborted, and the war was instead directed to the Norwegian-Swedish border. Sir John Moore's expedition sent by the British government to protect Sweden from possible French-Danish attack arrived on 3 May 1808 and stayed until July when it was redirected to Portugal.
Napoleon's plans to invade Sweden was never realized due to the British activity on the Baltic Sea, the weakness of the Danish military and hesitations of French Marshal Bernadotte. Bernadotte's actions made him popular enough to be elected as a Swedish Crown Prince after the coup d'état in March 1809. On 30 August 1809, the new Swedish government was to conclude the Treaty of Fredrikshamn with Russia legitimizing the Russian annexation of Finland and Åland. A peace treaty between Sweden and Denmark-Norway was signed with no territorial adjustments on 10 December 1809.
On 6 January 1810, Sweden signed a Russian-mediated Treaty of Paris with France regaining Pomerania, at a cost of joining the Continental System. On 17 November 1810, Sweden was forced to declare war against Britain and all British goods in Swedish Pomerania were seized. The government-supported smuggling continued, however, over the North Sea and the English fleet was informed that it would be a phantom war. The war lasted until 1812 and no military action was taken.
The invasion of Java in 1811 was a successful British amphibious operation against the Dutch East Indian island of Java that took place between August and September 1811 during the Napoleonic Wars. The Kingdom of Holland was annexed to the First French Empire in 1810, after the fall of French colonies in the West Indies in 1809 and 1810, and a successful campaign against French possessions in Mauritius in 1810 and 1811, attention turned to the Dutch East Indies. Troops were landed on 4 August, and by 8 August the undefended city of Batavia capitulated, the defenders withdrew to a previously prepared fortified position, Fort Cornelis, which the British laid siege to, capturing it early in the morning of 26 August. The remaining defenders, a mixture of Dutch and French regulars and native militiamen, the island remained in British hands for the remainder of the Napoleonic Wars, and was restored to the Dutch in the Convention of London in 1814. The Netherlands had been controlled by France for several years and was already at war with Britain, the strongly pro-French Herman Willem Daendels was appointed Governor General of the Dutch East Indies in 1807.
He arrived in Java aboard the French privateer Virginie in 1808, in particular, Daendels established an entrenched camp named Fort Cornelis a few miles south of Batavia. He improved the defences by building new hospitals, arms factories. In 1810, the Netherlands were formally annexed by France, as part of the resulting changes, Jan Willem Janssens was appointed personally by Napoleon Bonaparte to replace Daendels as Governor General. Janssens had previously served as Governor General of the Cape Colony and he arrived in Java in April 1811 aboard the French frigates Méduse and Nymphe and the corvette Sappho, accompanied by several hundred French troops and some senior French officers. The British had already occupied the Dutch East Indian possessions of Ambon and they had recently captured the French islands of Réunion and Mauritius in the Mauritius campaign of 1809–1811. With the large forces which had made available to him for the Mauritius campaign, Minto enthusiastically adopted the suggestion.
The Waterloo Campaign was fought between the French Army of the North and two Seventh Coalition armies, an Anglo-allied army and a Prussian army. Initially the French army was commanded by Napoleon Bonaparte, but he left for Paris after the French defeat at the Battle of Waterloo. Command rested on Marshals Soult and Grouchy, who were in turn replaced by Marshal Davout, the Anglo-allied army was commanded by the Duke of Wellington and the Prussian army by Prince Blücher. Rather than wait for the Coalition to invade France, Napoleon decided to attack his enemies and he chose to launch his first attack against the two Coalition armies cantoned in modern-day Belgium, part of the Netherlands but until the year before part of the First French Empire. On 16 June the French prevailed with Marshal Ney commanding the left wing of the French army holding Wellington at the Battle of Quatre Bras and Napoleon defeating Blücher at the Battle of Ligny. On the night of 17 June the Anglo-allied army turned and prepared for battle on a gentle escarpment, the next day the Battle of Waterloo proved to be the decisive battle of the campaign.
The next day he left Wavre and started a retreat back to Paris. After the defeat at Waterloo, Napoleon chose not to remain with the army and attempt to rally it and this he failed to do and was forced to abdicate. The two Coalition armies hotly pursued the French army to the gates of Paris, during which the French on occasion turned and fought some delaying actions, in which thousands of men were killed. Initially the remnants of the French left wing and the reserves that were routed at Waterloo were commanded by Marshal Soult while Grouchy kept command of the right wing. However, on 25 June Soult was relieved of his command by the Provisional Government and was replaced by Grouchy, Cloud which ended hostilities between France and the armies of Blücher and Wellington. The two Coalition armies entered Paris on 7 July, the next day Louis XVIII was restored to the French throne, and a week on 15 July Napoleon surrendered to Captain Frederick Maitland of HMS Bellerophon. Napoleon was exiled to the island of Saint Helena where he died in May 1821, under the terms of the peace treaty of November 1815, Coalition forces remained in Northern France as an army of occupation under the command of the Duke of Wellington.
Guillaume Marie-Anne Brune, 1st Comte Brune was a French soldier and political figure who rose to Marshal of France. The son of a lawyer, Brune was born at Brive-la-Gaillarde and he settled in Paris before the French Revolution, studied law, and became a political journalist. Following the French Revolution he joined the Cordeliers and was a friend of Georges Danton, Brune was appointed brigadier general in 1793 and took part in the fighting of the 13 Vendémiaire against royalist insurgents in Paris. In 1796 he fought under Napoleon Bonaparte in the Italian campaign and he rendered further good service in Vendée, and in the Italian Peninsula during the years 1799–1801. In 1802 Napoleon dispatched Brune to Constantinople as ambassador to the Ottoman Empire, during his two-year diplomatic service, he initiated relations between France and Persia. Following his coronation as Emperor of the French in 1804, Napoleon made Brune Marshal of the Empire. Brune was recalled to service in 1815, during the Hundred Days.
Swedish Pomerania was a Dominion under the Swedish Crown from 1630 to 1815, situated on what is now the Baltic coast of Germany and Poland. Following the Polish War and the Thirty Years War, Sweden held extensive control over the lands on the southern Baltic coast, including Pomerania and parts of Livonia and Prussia. Sweden, present in Pomerania with a garrison at Stralsund since 1628, had gained control of the Duchy of Pomerania with the Treaty of Stettin in 1630. At the Peace of Westphalia in 1648 and the Treaty of Stettin in 1653, Sweden received Western Pomerania, with the islands of Rügen and Wolin, and a strip of Farther Pomerania. The peace treaties were negotiated while the Swedish queen Christina was a minor, instead, it remained part of the Holy Roman Empire, making the Swedish rulers Reichsfürsten and leaving the nobility in full charge of the rural areas and its inhabitants. These areas were ceded to Brandenburg-Prussia and were integrated into Brandenburgian Pomerania, in 1720, Sweden regained the remainder of her dominion in the Treaty of Frederiksborg, which had been lost to Denmark in 1715.
The largest cities in Swedish Pomerania were Stralsund, Greifswald and, until 1720, Rügen is today Germanys largest island. On 10 July 1630, the treaty was extended into a pact in the Treaty of Stettin. By the end of year the Swedes had completed the military occupation of Pomerania. As a consequence Pomerania lapsed into a state of anarchy, thereby forcing the Swedes to act, from 1641 the administration was led by a council from Stettin, until the peace treaty in 1648 settled rights to the province in Swedish favour. At the peace negotiations in Osnabrück, Brandenburg-Prussia received Farther Pomerania, the recess of Stettin in 1653 settled the border with Brandenburg in a manner favourable to Sweden. The border against Mecklenburg, along the Trebel and the Recknitz, the nobility of Pomerania was firmly established and held extensive privileges, as opposed to the other end of the spectrum which was populated by a class of numerous serfs. Even by the end of the 18th century, the made up two-thirds of the population of the countryside.
The Gunboat War was the naval conflict between Denmark–Norway and the British Navy during the Napoleonic Wars. The wars name is derived from the Danish tactic of employing small gunboats against the conventional Royal Navy, in Scandinavia it is seen as the stage of the English Wars, whose commencement is accounted as the First Battle of Copenhagen in 1801. The naval conflict between Britain and Denmark commenced with the First Battle of Copenhagen in 1801 when Horatio Nelsons squadron of Admiral Parkers fleet attacked the Danish capital, the tactical advantages were that they were highly manoeuvrable, especially in still and shallow waters and presented small targets. On the other hand, the boats were vulnerable and likely to sink from a single hit and they therefore could not be used in rough seas, and they were less effective against large warships. The Danish Commander Steen Andersen Bille is credited with being the force behind the post-1807 Dano-Norwegian strategy of gunboat warfare. Below is a description of each of the four classes of gunboats according to Junior Lieutenant Garde, These were the larger type of gunboat.
Each was armed with two 24-pound cannon and four 4-pound howitzers and had an establishment of 69 –79 men. Kanonjollen, These were the type of gunboat. Each was armed with one 24-pound cannon and two 4-pound howitzers, and had wartime establishment of 41 men, These were the larger, mortar-armed gunboats. Each was armed with one 100-pound mortar and two 4-pound howitzers, and had an establishment of 40 men. Morterbarkasserne, These were smaller, mortar-armed gunboats, each was armed with one mortar and had a wartime establishment of 19 men. They were little more than ordinary ships' boats into which a mortar had been set and they had a tendency to leak badly after 5 –7 mortar shells had been fired. Their crews had to bring back into harbour, remove the mortar. Reserve crew who could not be accommodated on board were quartered in buildings on land or in the frigate Triton which was in ordinary, battle-ready gunboats had their crews on board. Defences on the Norwegian coast in 1808 are listed at Royal Dano-Norwegian Navy order of battle in Norway, ten schooner-rigged gunboats capable of operating in the rougher Norwegian Sea were built in Bergen and Trondheim in the years 1808 to 1811.
Part of France engraved by J. Kirkwood, showing the invasion routes of the Seventh Coalition armies in 1815. Red: Anglo-allied army; light green: Prussian army; orange: North German Federal Army; yellow: Army of the Upper Rhine; dark green: Army of Italy.
Emperor Francis I of Austria and his Chancellor Prince Clemens Metternich crossing the Vosges Mountains on 2 July 1815 followed by other dignitaries and surrounded by Seventh Coalition soldiers.
Lieutenant-General Caro y Sureda, 3rd marqués de La Romana.
Batavia, capital of Dutch East Indies, with citadel in the background.


Papuan Precious Metals Corp.("PPM" or the "Company") is an active explorer in Papua New Guinea ("PNG") with highly prospective exploration properties in both the porphyry copper-gold rich Central New Guinea Range and the gold-rich Lihir-Tabar alkaline volcanic belt. These mineral belts host world class Au-Cu porphyry and epithermal gold deposits, including the giant Grasberg and Lihir deposits, Ok Tedi, Frieda, Porgera, Wafi-Golpu and Hidden Valley. The Company has 100% ownership of six exploration licenses or applications (totalling 1158 km2) and is presently earning a 50% interest in two exploration licences (649 km2).
As part of its initiation of exploration activities since becoming a publicly traded company, PPM is pleased to announce that it has engaged Fugro Airborne Surveys Pty. Ltd. ("Fugro") to complete an 8,127 line km detailed low-level airborne high-resolution magnetic and radiometric geophysical survey over its Mt Suckling, New Hanover and Waria River projects. Fugro has extensive recent PNG experience as the contractor for the PNG Highlands airborne geophysical survey acquired under the European Union Mining Sector Support Programme.
The airborne geophysical survey is expected to commence on the Mt Suckling project in early November 2010. Acquisition work in all three areas is expected to be completed in approximately nine weeks and will assist in verifying high priority areas for follow-up field investigation and identifying drill targets. PPM has budgeted AUD1.2 million for this phase.
The Mt Suckling project comprises two exploration licenses (EL 1424 & EL 1618: PPM 100%) covering 316.8 km2 at the eastern end of the Central New Guinea Range. PPM has identified a cluster of porphyry-style Au-Cu targets within the Mt Suckling project. The geology of breccia-hosted Au-Cu mineralisation localised in an early-stage diatreme body (in excess of 1,700 m x 900 m size) at the Company's most advanced prospect at Urua Creek is thought to be analogous with the Grasberg Au-Cu porphyry deposit, at the western end of the Central New Guinea Range.
The Mt Suckling project straddles the Keveri Fault Zone ("KFZ"), a large-scale broad structure that marks the once active boundary between the Pacific and Australian plates. The KFZ is the focus of all PPM identified Au-Cu porphyry and hydrothermal Ni-PGE mineral systems including (from W to E) Doriri Creek, Urua Creek, Araboro Creek and Ioleu Creek. The airborne geophysical survey is designed to cover the entire 25 km strike length of the KFZ within the project area. Magnetite is ubiquitous at Doriri Creek, and is also present as 1-2 cm wide veins at Urua Creek. It is expected that these porphyries and perhaps others yet to be discovered, will have a distinct magnetic signature observable in the survey data.
The Mt Suckling airborne survey totals 1,248 line km, with a 200 m flight-line spacing.
The New Hanover project comprises two exploration licences (EL 1566 & ELA 1856: PPM 100%) covering 591.6 km2 at the north-western end of the Lihir-Tabar alkaline volcanic belt, host to the 41m oz giant Lihir gold deposit. The project area hosts severalgold prospects similar in geologicalsetting to Lihir. The airborne survey will cover the entire New Hanover land package and is designed to further delineate areas of extensive magnetite-destructive argillic and advanced argillic alteration, known to be associated with the ten anomalous prospects defined during PPM's 2009 reconnaissance exploration and at the previously identified Kuliuta gold prospect. It is expected that potassium recorded in radiometrics data (collected at the same time as magnetics data) will also indicate and define areas of bedrock argillisation.
The New Hanover airborne survey totals 3,160 line km, with a 200 m flight-line spacing.
The Waria River project comprises three exploration licences (EL 1271 & EL 1732: PPM earning 50% interest; EL 1683: PPM 100%) covering 731 km2 in the Central New Guinea Range. The project is basically underlain by a similar geology as found at the Mt Suckling project. The Waria River tenements straddle the trace of the Owen Stanley Fault Zone and (in part) the Timeno Fault. The Owen Stanley Fault Zone is contiguous with the KFZ, some 350 km to the southeast. These fault systems separate rocks of the Australian plate from those of the Pacific plate. The intent of the airborne magnetic and radiometric geophysical survey is to fast track exploration in the Waria River, aregion known for its abundant pannable gold and platinoids, known since the early gold discoveries and dredging and lode mining operations of the1920s-1950s in the nearby Wau-Bulolo valleys. The Waria River area has received little modern day exploration. However, recent work conducted by PPM's has, for the first time, identified Cu +Au mineralization in outcrop, with Cu samples as high as 1.74 %. The project is considered highly prospective for Au-Cu porphyry style mineralisation.
The Waria River airborne survey totals 3,719 line km, with a 250 m flight-line spacing.
This press release contains "forward-looking information"Forward-looking information is subject to known and unknown risks, uncertainties and other factors that may cause Fission's actual results, level of activity, performance or achievements to be materially different from those expressed or implied by such forward-looking information. Such factors include, but are not limited to: uncertainties related exploration and development; the ability to raise sufficient capital to fund exploration and development; changes in economic conditions or financial markets; increases in input costs; litigation, legislative, environmental and other judicial, regulatory, political and competitive developments; technological or operational difficulties or inability to obtain permits encountered in connection with exploration activities; and labour relations matters. This list is not exhaustive of the factors that may affect our forward-looking information. These and other factors should be considered carefully and readers should not place undue reliance on such forward-looking information. Fission disclaims any intention or obligation to update or revise forward-looking information, whether as a result of new information, future events or otherwise, except as required by law.