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Soaking, Temperature, and Seed Placement Affect Seed Germination and Seedling Emergence of Litchi chinensis
Authors: Chunyang Zhang1, Jiefang Wu1, Danwen Fu1, Limin Wang1, Jiezhen Chen1, Changhe Cai1, and Liangxi Ou1
1 Institution of Fruit Tree Research, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou City 510640, Guangdong Province, China; and Key Laboratory of South Subtropical Fruit Biology and Genetic Resource Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, China
https://doi.org/10.21273/HORTSCI.50.4.628
To find efficient ways to increase the percentage of seed germination and seedling emergence in litchi (Litchi chinensis Sonn.), we investigated the effects of soaking and high temperature on seed germination, as well as the influence of seed placement (orientation and burial depth) on seedling emergence. Seeds of most tested litchi cultivars soaked in water had a better germination performance than seeds without soaking. More than 90% germination of tested litchi seeds was obtained when the soaking times were 26–54 hours. During presprouting, short-term high temperatures (37–44 °C) exerted a negative effect on seed germination rate, but did not influence the germination percentage. In addition, high temperatures (>42 °C) compromised the further growth of sprouted litchi seeds. Burial depth and seed orientation both significantly influenced the seedling recruitment. There was a reduction in seedling emergence with an increase in burial depth. Seeds at the depth of 2 cm showed the best seedling emergence with an average percentage of 90%. Litchi seedling emergence was greatest and most rapid when seeds were sown 2 cm deep, positioned flat, on their sides, and with the radicle oriented downward.
Keywords: recalcitrant seed; imbibition; high temperature; seed germination; seed orientation; burial depth; seedling
Litchi (Litchi chinensis Sonn., Sapindaceae) is an important subtropical fruit tree that originated in China. Due to the delicate flavor, pleasant appearance, and fragrance, it has been known as "one of the top four fruits" along with banana, pineapple and longan in Southern China. In 2010, the cultivated area of litchi in China was about 0.57 million hectares with a total production of 1.7 million tons. The litchi industry has been developed in other countries, including Madagascar, India, South Africa, Thailand, America, Israel, Mauritius, and Mexico (Chen et al., 2013). Litchi is generally propagated by seeds, stem cuttings, grafting, marcottage, and stooling. However, new litchi cultivars with improved and desired characteristics can only be selected from seedlings (Menzel, 1985). The germination performance of seeds and the seed placement in sowing are important to achieve seedlings (Aou-ouad et al., 2014; de Andrade et al., 2004).
Litchi seeds are considered to be "recalcitrant," due to their high sensitivity to desiccation (Roberts, 1973). They quickly lose their viability if allowed to dry out after extraction from the fruits. Litchi seeds completely lost viability when they were kept outdoors for 2 d or indoors for 6 d (Ray and Sharma, 1987). Xia et al. (1990) found that litchi seeds germinated fully when harvested at 10 d before fruit maturity or at fruit ripening time, but entirely lost seed viability after 6 d of natural drying. Ray and Sharma (1987) pointed out that seed germinability was positively correlated with seed moisture content above the critical limit of 20% moisture content. Therefore, the seed moisture content must be retained to ensure high seed germination rates.
Seed imbibition is an important period for successful germination (Woodstock, 1988). Sufficient water is necessary for rehydrating enzymes and their substrates in preparation for seed germination (Bewley and Black, 1982). Especially, the first phase of imbibition characterized by the rapid water uptake plays a crucial role in seed germination success (Harb, 2013). This suggests that if the seeds imbibe water slowly from the soil, or cannot uptake sufficient water for normal germination, early death of seeds is likely to occur. Soaking before sowing enables a more rapid imbibition than is usually the case in a nursery bed, resulting in more rapid seed germination (Schmidt, 2000). Though litchi seeds are vulnerable to drying in field, soaking has not yet been applied in practice.
Temperature also affects seed germination. Too high or too low temperatures could decrease seed viability (Corbineau et al., 1986; Eberle et al., 2014). Litchi fruits are mainly harvested in June and July in China when the soil temperature reaches ≈40 °C. Seeds of 2-7-6 litchi cultivar incubated at 40 °C for more than 2 d exhibited an inhibition in the growth of radicle and plumule. Long-term exposure to 40 °C for more than 4 d reduced germination percentage of seeds, and there was a reduction in germination rate with an increase in exposure time (Fu et al., 2014b). Fu et al. (2014a) pointed out that the upper limit for seed germination of 'Qiyueshu' litchi was 42 °C. Exposure to temperatures exceeding 42 °C for 24 h caused an inhibition in seed germination and seedling emergence. Therefore, temperature may be an important influence factor for germination of litchi seeds.
Seed orientation and sowing depth both play important roles in seed germination and seedling emergence (Aou-ouad et al., 2014; Huang et al., 2007; Thomas, 1978). Recalcitrant seeds of coconut sown in horizontal orientation exhibited much quicker germination and better growth of seedlings (Thomas, 1978). Planting seeds of Balanites aegyptiaca horizontally or vertically with stalk end downward showed better germination (Elfeel, 2012). The seedling emergence was slower when seeds were sown at deeper depth in Rhamnus alaternus and R. ludovici-salvatoris (Aou-ouad et al., 2014). Though litchi seeds are all direct-seeded after extraction from the fruits, little research about the seed orientation and sowing depth has been reported in litchi.
Litchi seeds were seldom fully germinated when sown in a humid sand bed under shade or in carbonized rice hull (de Andrade et al., 2004; Prasad et al., 1996). We also observed that the traditional method of planting litchi seeds without any pretreatment resulted in inferior seedling uniformity and less efficiency in the production methods. Therefore, studies are needed to improve litchi seed germination methods. In the present study, we added soaking and presprout steps during seed germination before sowing litchi seeds. Specifically, we investigated the relationship between soaking and seed germination, and determined the appropriate soaking time for seed germination in litchi. Furthermore, we examined the effects of short-term high temperatures on germination of litchi seeds. Finally, the influence of seed orientation and burial depth on litchi seedling recruitment was studied. The objectives of these experiments were to find fast and efficient ways to increase the percentage of seed germination and seedling emergence, which are important for field production.
General.
The litchi cultivars used in the experiments were late-maturing types. The harvest times for fruits of different cultivars were similar. Fully ripe fruits of different litchi cultivars that had good flavor and were ready to be eaten were harvested from trees grown in Litchi Germplasm Repository, Ministry of Agriculture, in Guangzhou, China. We removed remnants of pulp on the surface of seeds by washing with water. All seeds from different cultivars were plump and had developed normally. The following four experiments were separate, and seeds used in different experiments were from separate seed lots. Seeds were soaked in a plastic drum filled with water and the water was changed daily. Litchi seeds were presprouted on a stainless steel iron plate covered with wet gauze. The gauze was kept moist and the seeds were washed every 2 d to prevent mildew.
Effects of soaking treatment on seed germination.
Fresh seeds of ten litchi cultivars (Shali, Heimiandeng, Huaizhi, Yeshengli, Tongshachihuaizhi, Jinzhong, 2-5-1, Maquechun, Budai, and Baitangli) were tested in this experiment. About 60 seeds of each cultivar were divided equally into two groups. In the control group, seeds of each cultivar were not soaked before presprouted by covering with wet gauze. In the treatment group, seeds were soaked in water for 48 h and then were presprouted by covering with wet gauze as described in the control group. The emergence of the radicle was regarded as the criterion for seed germination. The number of germinated seeds was counted daily, and final germination percentage of each cultivar was determined after 9 d.
Effects of soaking times on seed germination.
Fresh seeds of three litchi cultivars (Budai, Baitangli, and Maquechun) were steeped in water. Thirty seeds were sampled at roughly two hourly intervals for a maximum soaking time of 60 h. This means that seeds were pregerminated after being soaked in water for 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 24, 26, 28, 30, 32, 34, 36, 38, 40, 48, 50, 52, 54, 56, 58, or 60 h, respectively. The sampled seeds were pregerminated by covering with wet gauze. The number of germinated seeds was counted after 12 h and then daily. The germination percentage was determined when seeds in all soak treatments were fully germinated in each cultivar.
Short-term high temperature treatments in seed germination.
We set a series of different temperatures to test the effects of short-term high temperature on germination of litchi seeds. There were 50 seeds in each treatment. Seeds of 'Cuiye' and 'Seedling0795' were soaked in water for 48 h, removed from the water and presprouted at 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, or 44 °C by covering with wet gauze in constant temperature incubator for 24 h, respectively. Subsequently, they were placed indoors to continue to grow, where the mean midday temperature was 33 ± 2 °C, and mean night temperature was 27 ± 2 °C. The control group was not subjected to high temperatures after soaking but was directly germinated indoors under the same temperature regime as the treatment groups above. The count of germinated seeds was made daily after the treated seeds were placed indoors. This experiment was run for a total of 14 d. Germination percentage and germination rate were calculated. Germination rate was expressed as the percentage of seeds germinated within 2 d after presprouting in indoor conditions. We chose 2 d because most seeds of two litchi cultivars had germinated (>80%) within 2 d under controlled conditions.
Sowing seeds at different seed orientations and depths.
Seeds of 'Zengchenggualv' litchi were soaked in water for 48 h and were presprouted in indoor conditions. After the emergence of radicle, seeds were sown in four orientations (seed laid flat, seed laid on its side, seed laid vertically with the radicle upward, and seed laid vertically with the radicle downward). Seeds sown in each of the four orientations were placed in soil at three different depths of 2, 4, or 6 cm. Three replicates were used for each treatment and 10 seeds were sown in each replicate. A randomized block design was used in the experiment. Some seedlings began to emerge at the surface of soil on day 7, and the final percentage of seedling emergence was determined two weeks after sowing.
Data analyses.
The data of seed germination and seedling emergence were statistically analyzed using SPSS 13.0 Statistical Software. Pearson chi-square test and continuity correction were used to examine the significance of differences in germination percentage between seeds soaked in water and those without the soaking treatment. Pearson correlation tests were used to determine the correlations of soaking time with germination percentage, and high temperatures with percentage and rate of germination. General linear model was used to test the effect of seed orientation and burial depth on seedling emergence. ANOVA was used to test the differences in seedling emergence.
Necessity of soaking seeds in seed germination.
Fresh seeds from ten litchi cultivars soaked in water significantly differed in germination percentage from seeds without the soaking treatment ('Tongshachihuaizhi', P < 0.001; 'Jinzhong', P < 0.001; 'Shali', P = 0.001; 'Heimiandeng', P = 0.001; 'Huaizhi', P < 0.001; 'Maquechun', P = 0.006; 'Baitangli', P < 0.001; 'Budai', P = 0.008; '2-5-1', P < 0.001; Pearson chi-square test or continuity correction; Fig. 1). Seeds of almost all tested litchi cultivars soaked in water showed better germination performance than those without soaking, and seeds of most litchi cultivars soaked in water fully germinated. Seeds of 'Yeshengli' litchi soaked in water showed a slightly higher germination percentage than seeds without the soaking treatment, but the difference in germination was not significant (P = 0.184, continuity correction; Fig. 1). Seeds that were not pretreated with soaking germinated slowly with a germination percentage ranging from 29% to 75%.
Effect of soaking on germination of seeds from ten litchi cultivars: A, Yeshengli; B, Tongshachihuaizhi; C, Jinzhong; D, Shali; E, Heimiandeng; F, Huaizhi; G, Maquechun; H, Baitangli; I, Budai; J, 2-5-1. ns = difference is not significant; ** = difference is significant at the 0.01 level.
Citation: HortScience horts 50, 4; 10.21273/HORTSCI.50.4.628
Optimal soaking time in seed germination.
There was a significant positive correlation between soaking time and germination percentage of seeds from Budai, Baitangli, and Maquechun litchi cultivars (P < 0.001, Pearson correlation test; Fig. 2). We found an increase in germination percentage occurred with extension in soaking time in three litchi cultivars. When seeds of 'Budai' litchi were soaked in water for 2 h, only 17% germinated, but after soaking for 26 h, 90% germination was obtained. Seeds had fully germinated after soaking for 54 h. Similarly, seeds of 'Baitangli' exhibited 27% germination after soaking for 2 h, but showed more than 90% germination after soaking for 16 h and 100% germination after soaking for 26 h in water. Seeds of 'Maquechun' litchi showed 50% germination after soaking for 2 h, and exhibited 90% germination after soaking for 8 h, and fully germinated when soaked for 36 h (Fig. 2).
Germination percentage of seeds from three litchi cultivars under different soaking time treatments.
Effects of short-term high temperatures on seed germination.
Seeds of 'Cuiye' and 'Seedling0795' were nearly 100% germinated when subjected to 37–44 °C for 24 h in the process of germination (Fig. 3). No correlations were found between high temperature and germination percentage ('Cuiye', P = 0.547; 'Seedling0795', P = 0.797; Pearson correlation test). However, short-term exposure to high temperatures affected the germination rate of litchi seeds. High temperature and germination rate of 'Cuiye' and 'Seedling0795' seeds were negatively correlated ('Cuiye', P < 0.001; 'Seedling0795', P = 0.048; Pearson correlation test; Fig. 3). The germination rate of 'Cuiye' seeds declined from 92% at 37 °C to 38% at 44 °C, and the germination rate of 'Seedling0795' seeds declined from 60% at 37 °C to 32% at 44 °C, suggesting that litchi seeds subjected to short-term high temperatures germinated slowly. Seeds of the control treatment pregerminated indoors showed high germination percentage and high germination rate. Furthermore, short-term high temperatures above 42 °C influenced the growth of sprouted seeds in 'Cuiye' and 'Seedling0795' litchi. These sprouted seeds grew slowly and even stopped within 3–4 d after the radicle emerged, but then resumed normal growth.
Germination behavior of litchi seeds from 'Cuiye' and 'Seedling0795' under different high temperature treatments for 24 h. C was the control treatment, in indoor conditions, where the mean midday temperature was 33 ± 2 °C, and mean night temperature was 27 ± 2 °C. The square symbol represents 'Cuiye' and the triangle represents 'Seedling0795'. The open symbol indicates germination percentage and the close symbol indicates germination rate.
Effects of different seed orientations and burial depths on seedling emergence.
There was no significant interaction effect between seed orientation and burial depth on seedling emergence (GLM, F6,24 = 0.594, P = 0.732). However, the orientation and burial depth both significantly influenced seedling recruitment in litchi (GLM, F3,24 = 7.362, P = 0.001; F2,24 = 85.232, P < 0.001). There was a significant reduction in seedling emergence with an increase in burial depth (ANOVA: F2,33 = 56.647, P < 0.001; Fig. 4). Seeds sown at 2 cm depth showed the highest seedling emergence with an average percentage of 90%. No significant difference was found among seed orientations of seeds laid-flat, laid on one side and laid vertically with the radicle downward in seedling emergence at the burial depth of 2 cm (P > 0.05). However, there were significant differences among seeds laid vertically with the radicle upward and the other three seed orientations in seedling emergence at the burial depth of 2 cm (LSD: lay-flat and radicle upward, P = 0.002; laid on its said and radicle upward, P = 0.008; radicle downward and radicle upward, P = 0.004). The seedling emergence was lower and slower when seeds were sown radicle upward at the sowing depth of 2 cm (Fig. 4).
Percentage of seedlings emergence (mean ± SE) at different seed orientations and different burial depths in litchi.
Importance of soaking in seed germination.
The technique of soaking seeds before sowing is often used in agricultural practices, such as in pitaya, coconut, guava, and Magonia pubescens (Sapindaceae). Seeds imbibe water and trigger a chain of reactions resulting in seedlings (Bhanuprakash et al., 2008; de Macedo et al., 2009; Thomas, 1973; Zhao et al., 2005). Soaking seeds in water helps reduce the time required for germination, and improve germination percentage (Hartmann and Kester, 1979). However, soaking seeds has not been used in germination of litchi seeds although they are sensitive to desiccation. Our results showed that seeds of almost all tested litchi cultivars soaked in water had higher germination percentage than those without the soaking treatment, and seeds of most litchi cultivars steeped in water were fully germinated. However, there was no significant difference between the soaked seeds of the litchi cultivar Yeshengli and seeds without soaking. The imbibition process both occurred when seeds were submersed in water and when they were sown immediately in humid sand, but soaking enabled a quicker imbibition and might be of benefit for rapid seed germination (Schmidt, 2000).
Soaking time in seed germination.
We found that soaking time significantly affected seed germination of litchi. An increase in germination percentage occurred with an extension in soaking time when litchi seeds were soaked in water for 2–60 h. Although the optimal soaking times were different among litchi cultivars, 26–54 h soaking resulted in 90% to 100% germination for most litchi cultivars. This phenomenon, that soaking time affects seed germination, has been found in other fruit crops. In pitaya, the optimal soaking times for seeds were 4–6 h, and there was a reduction in germination percentage and germination rate with an increase in soaking time (Zhao et al., 2005). Soaking seeds of guava in distilled water for 48 h significantly increased the germination percentage, compared with the soaking period of 24 h (Bhanuprakash et al., 2008). Soaking the recalcitrant seeds of coconut in water for two weeks resulted in higher germination percentage and better growth of seedlings than soaking in water for one week (Thomas, 1973). It appears that the optimal soaking times for different species of fruit tree seeds were quite different. In addition, Woodstock (1988) reported that prolonged soaking might cause anoxia resulting in accumulation of toxic chemicals, and leaching of cellular constituents that might stimulate fungal or bacterial attack. Indeed, we observed that the water was gradually turned turbid and brown with extension in soaking time more than one day. Thus, we suggest that the water should be renewed daily when litchi seeds are soaked in water.
Effects of short-term high temperatures during presprout stage on seed germination.
Fu et al. (2014a) found that when seeds of the litchi cultivar Qiyueshu were subjected to 40–52 °C for 24 h, temperatures above 42 °C delayed the seedling emergence time after the radicle emerged, temperatures above 44 °C caused reduction in seed viability, and temperatures above 46 °C reduced germination percentage and germination rate. In the present study, short-term exposure to high temperatures of 37–44 °C did not affect the germination percentage. The seeds of 'Cuiye' and 'Seedling0795' under temperatures above 42 °C treatments for 24 h exhibited a period of poor growth after the radicle emerged, which was consistent with the conclusion of Fu et al. (2014a). Temperatures exceeding 37 °C reduced germination rate of the seeds in the present study, but Fu et al. (2014a) observed that high temperatures above 46 °C would reduce the germination rate of litchi seeds. The difference between them may be caused by different cultivars used. The seeds of 'Qiyueshu' had resistance ability to certain high temperature stress as pointed out by Fu et al. (2014a), but the seeds of 'Cuiye' and 'Seedling0795' may be more vulnerable to high temperatures. The seeds of 'Cuiye' and 'Seedling0795' exposed to high temperatures above 42 °C for 24 h grew slowly within 3–4 d after germination, but soon recovered normal growth. We speculate that there may be a slow recovery phase for litchi seeds after suffering the nonlethal high temperatures. Therefore, germination percentage of litchi seeds may not be influenced greatly after sowing in the field when they are subjected to high temperatures for a short time at noon, and we suggest that litchi seeds should better be sown in the field when forecasted soil temperature is below 37 °C during seed germination.
Effects of seed orientation and burial depth on seedling emergence.
The seedling emergence behavior at different depths has never been studied in litchi. Our results showed that the burial depth of seeds significantly influenced the seedling recruitment in litchi. There was a significant reduction in seedling emergence of litchi with depths below 2 cm. Planting seeds at deeper depths probably resulted in more consumption of the carbohydrate reserves during the process of germination and seedling emergence (Huang et al., 2007).
The seedling emergence behavior at different seed orientations has never been studied in litchi. The seed orientation significantly influenced the seedling recruitment in litchi. The seedling emergence was higher and quicker when seeds were placed flat, on their sides and radicle downward than those planted radicle upward at the burial depth of 2 cm. Therefore, growers should ensure seed placement avoids a vertical seed orientation with the radicle upward.
All litchi seeds used in our experiments were plump with normal embryo development. But in some other excellent litchi cultivars with desired characteristics that tended to be inherited by female parent, have some seeds that develop abnormally with partially abortive embryos and also vary in size according to the degree of abortion (Lu et al., 2001). These seeds that exhibit a slightly shriveled appearance cannot germinate easily, and the seedlings that do emerge exhibit inferior growth. Further studies on these types of seeds could provide more choices for parent selection and increase the probability of better offspring in artificial cross breeding of litchi.
In the present study, we improved the seed germination method in litchi by adding soaking and presprout steps before sowing in the soil, and explored various sowing methods. Soaking increased seed germination percentage, and 90% to 100% germination could be obtained with soaking for 26–54 h. Temperatures above 37 °C reduced the germination rate. Placing seeds flat and on their sides, orienting the radicle downward, and covering with 2 cm of medium exhibited the best seedling emergence.
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We gratefully thank Meron P. Zalucki and Jacinta Zalucki for significant scientific and linguistic revisions.
1 To whom reprint requests should be addressed; e-mail gdglxo@126.com.
https://journals.ashs.org/hortsci/view/journals/hortsci/50/4/article-p628.xml
Volume 50 (2015): Issue 4 (Apr 2015)
recalcitrant seed; imbibition; high temperature; seed germination; seed orientation; burial depth; seedling
Article by Chunyang Zhang
Article by Jiefang Wu
Article by Danwen Fu
Article by Limin Wang
Article by Jiezhen Chen
Article by Changhe Cai
Article by Liangxi Ou


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Q: can't install iOS 4.3 Simulator in Xcode 4.3 I'm new in iPhone, I installed Xcode 4.3 and now I'm trying to install the iOS 4.3 Simulator from Downloads, it shows the installation progress then give me the following message:

You can't Save the file "Developer" because the volume "Xcode" is out of Space.

Consider that I was installed old version of Xcode.
Any Help?
Thanks in Advance.

A: It seems that you haven't installed Xcode and that you're running it from the dmg file.
You need to find the dmg from where you are running Xcode - Spotlight will help with this, but it's likely to be in your downloads - and drag it from there to your Applications folder.

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Josef Max (pokřtěn Joseph Calizantius Max, 16. ledna 1804 Janov u Sloupu v Čechách – 18. června 1855 Praha) byl českoněmecký sochař, starší bratr sochaře Emanuela a otec malíře Gabriela.

Život
Pocházel z rodiny sochaře a řezbáře Josefa Františka Maxe, narodil se jako pátý syn. Pod otcovým vedením se učil řemeslu do roku 1822, kdy pod vlivem dopisů bývalého otcova žáka Antonína Melzera odešel do Prahy. Od roku 1822 pracoval v řezbářské dílně Václava Schuhmanna. Od školního roku 1823–1824 studoval na pražské akademii u Josefa Berglera. Nadále se živil jako řezbář u Schuhmanna. Josef Max již od roku 1826 vystavoval svá díla, jsou doložena v dobovém tisku, ale žádné z té doby nebylo dosud identifikováno. Roku 1828 byl oceněn cenou Akademie za hliněnou kopii sochy Germanika. Po ukončení studia chtěl vstoupit do sochařské dílny Václava Prachnera, ale byl odmítnut.

V roce 1830 si v Praze otevřel dílnu. První významné zakázky v podobě náhrobků získal díky svému příteli a krajanovi, Josefu Führichovi, v jeho rodné Chrastavě. Dalším významným objednavatelem byl kníže Rudolf Kinský a jeho žena Vilhelmína Kinská, rozená Colloredo-Mansfeldová. Ve 40. a první polovině 50. let tvořil Josef Max spolu se svým bratrem Emanuelem nejvýznamnější dvojici kamenesochařů-figuralistů a vznikaly jejich nejvýznamnější pomníky.
V jedenapadesáti letech se nakazil cholerou a zemřel.
Je pohřben v Praze na Olšanech, v X. oddělení v hrobě č. 177.

Rodinný život
Dne dcerou 10. září 1834 se oženil s Annou Marií Schumannovou, dcerou řezbáře Václava Schumanna, pro kterého pracoval. Z manželství se narodilo sedm dětí (čtyři dcery a tři synové), z nichž tři zemřeli jako děti, z dospělých nejstarší Gabriel Max se stal malířem a nejmladší Jindřich Břetislav Max (1. února 1847 – 4. prosince 1900) pozlacovačem, malířem a fotografem. Dcera Marie se provdala za malíře Rudolfa Müllera.

Dílo
V jeho díle se projevuje jednak doznívající klasicismus s vlivem nazarénů, které obdivoval během studijního pobytu v Římě v letetch 1848-1849, a dále prvky romantismu.

1830–1837
Prvními realizacemi byly dva pískovcové náhrobky z let 1830–1831 v Chrastavě, a to rodiny Ramischovy (s reliéfy Oplakávání a píšícího anděla) a Franze Kaila se sochou Krista Spasitele a reliéfem Uzdravení slepého Tobiáše. Dále vytvořil roku 1833 náhrobek svého učitele a ředitele akademie Josefa Berglera (dnes patřící Karlu Maškovi) s výjevem Vzkříšení Lazara pro Malostranský hřbitov v Praze-Košířích. Ze 30. let pochází ještě dva náhrobky na Olšanských hřbitovech v Praze: Marie Hirschmannové v podobě výklenkové kaple s portrétní figurou zemřelé pod ochranou strážného anděla, a krejčího Erasma Kracha († 1837) v podobě obelisku s nadživotní sochou vzkříšeného Krista, jehož žehnající pravice je ulomená.

V letech 1833–1838 Max vytvořil podle skici Josefa Führicha reliéfní sousoší Uzdravení slepého Tobiáše, osazené roku 1843 do tympanonu v průčelí budovy Klárova ústavu slepců v Praze na Klárově.

1838–1842
První tři významné zakázky na monumenty Max získal na přelomu 30. a 40. let. Nejprve roku 1837 nakreslil a pak v pískovci vytesal svou první verzi sochy Karla IV. jako zakladatele univerzity, jejíž pískovcová verze je umístěna v kostele Panny Marie a Karla Velikého v Praze na Karlově. Jako druhý v pořadí byl pomník Albrechta z Valdštejna na objednávku města Cheb z let 1839–1840, který se dochoval v sádrovém modelu v Chebském muzeu, a dále je rokem 1840 datovaná objednávka hraběte Nostice na pomník Přemysla Oráče ve Stadicích, pro který Max modeloval dva reliéfy s výjevy Povolání Přemysla Oráče od pluhu na knížecí stolec, a Příchod Přemysla na Vyšehrad. Originály byly odlity v železné litině v Komárově, sádrové modely v měřítku 1:1 daroval objednavatel pomníku do Lapidária Národního muzea v Praze. V Národním muzeu je rovněž sádrová miniatura pomníku jako dóza, zhotovená v Mareschově dílně v Ústí nad Labem.

Monumentální domovní plastiku krále Přemysla Otakara II.z pískovce Max vytvořil v letech 1841–43 pro dům čp. 531/III ve Vítězné ulici v Praze 5 na Újezdě.

1843–1848
Také ve 40. letech Max přijímal zakázky na náhrobní plastiku, dochovaly se však jen některé náhrobky. K nejstarším patří náhrobek dětí Karla Herziga "Nechte maličkých přijíti ke mně" na bývalém hřbitově v Liberci z roku 1842, dále těžce poškozené náhrobky Amálie Herzigové a Josefa Herziga z roku 1844, poslední z této rodinné série vznikl v roce 1850 pro Karla Herziga. Podle návrhu architekta Johanna Gottfrieda Gutensohna (1792–1844) roku 1843 vznikly nejméně dvě hrobky: rodiny Stejskalovy a Čermákovy, obě na Olšanských hřbitovech v Praze. Hrobka lékaře Josefa Čermáka, spisovatele Jana Čermáka a jejich manželek je stylově čistě klasicistní: má tvar antické tumby (vany na nožkách s figurálními vlysy, stojí na odstupněném hranolovém soklu.
K významným patří také pískovcový náhrobek hudebního skladatele Jana Nepomuka Vitáska z roku 1847 s plačícím andělem u varhan, dochovaný na Malostranském hřbitově v Praze-Košířích.

S architektem Johannem Gottfriedem Gutensohnem, někdejším dvorním stavitelem krále Oty I. Řeckého, Max spolupracoval v letech 1843–1847. Nejprve na výše zmíněných náhrobcích, a dále od roku 1845 na sochařské výzdobě chrámu Nanebevzetí Panny Marie v Mariánských Lázních. Vytvořil tři figurální kompozice pro tympanony chrámových portálů, v interiéru sochy apoštolů a křtitelnici.
S Gutensohnovým přispěním Max navrhl ještě nedochovaný pomník Obrany pevnosti v Temešváru v Rumunsku.

V souvislosti s objednávkou 24 soch soch českých panovníků u mnichovského sochaře Ludwiga Schwanthalera pro zamýšlený český Slavín, který zamýšlel zbudovat Antonín Veith, vytvořil také Josef Max v letech 1842–1843 cyklus soch dvanácti českých panovníků v komorním formátu 52–54 cm (1.Kněžna Libuše, 2.Přemysl Oráč, 3.Sv. Václav, 4. Břetislav 5. Vratislav II., 7. Přemysl Otakar II., 8. Václav III., 9.Karel IV., 10.Jiří z Poděbrad, 11. Ferdinand I., 12. Rudolf II.). Představil se jako vynikající modelér historických kostýmů a rekvizit. Tento soubor sádrových soch byl komerčně velmi úspěšný a existuje v několika replikách.. Dále téhož roku v Římě provedl v životním měřítku sochy z české mytologie, které do Slavína vybrány nebyly (dochovaná Vlasta nese však signaturu jeho bratra "E.Max").

Na jeho základě dostal Max zakázku na sochařskou výzdobu nového východního křídla Staroměstské radnice, pro niž v letech 1845–1848 vytvořil šest soch českých panovníků. Z nich čtyři (Spytihněv, Přemysl Otakar II., Karel IV., Ferdinand III.) byly v 80. letech 20. století přeneseny na průčelí novostavby Výzkumného ústavu revmatických chorob v Praze 2 Na Slupi), zatímco válkou poškozené sochy krále Ferdinanda I. a císaře Františka I. zůstaly (bez hlav) v depozitáři Muzea hl. m. Prahy.

Jako další pomník Max navrhl a vytesal sochu Pražský student, hájící Karlův most před Švédy v roce 1648 (k výročí roku 1848, odhalen u mostu roku 1849, dnes na nádvoří Klementina).

1849–1855
Roku 1852 Max vytesal Pomník českých vojáků padlých v letech 1848–1849 v podobě ležícího lva korunovaného českou královskou korunou, dnes umístěný v ohybu Chotkovy silnice v Praze.

Řadu děl Josef vytvořil se svým bratrem Maxem, zejména dva pomníky odlité do bronzu: pro pomník maršálka Radeckého modeloval v letech 1851–1855 osm vojáků rakouské armády, jež patří k jeho nejzdařilejším sochám. Josef se již nedožil odlévání pomníku a jeho odhalení na Malostranské náměstí v lednu roku 1858. Dnes je originál pomník vystaven v Lapidáriu Národního muzea a zmenšená 3D kopie v expozici Městského muzea v Ústí nad Labem. Největší realizací tak zůstává Maxův jezdecký pomník císaře Františka I. v Krannerově věžovité architektuře na dnešním Smetanově nábřeží, jehož originál z roku 1849 je opět vystaven v Lapidáriu Národního muzea, kopie byla roku 2006 vrácena do věže a druhá umístěna na moderní podstavec na kolonádě ve Františkových Lázních; alegorické sochy mužů a žen se štíty nebo pracovními nástroji po obvodu kašny symbolizují hold českých stavů, měst a živností tomuto císaři, jejich originály byly po výměně za kopie zčásti ponechány restaurátorovi, zčásti jsou v depozitáři Galerie hl. m. Prahy.

Při rekonstrukci soch Karlova mostu po povodni vytvořil sousoší sv. Václava, sv. Norberta a sv. Zikmunda (1852–1853), Sv. Josefa s Ježíškem (1854) a sochu Sv. Jana Křtitele s křížem (1860). V téže době Max vytvořil dvě sochy z bílého mramoru pro Svatovítskou katedrálu: sochu sv. Víta pro hlavní oltář  a sochu umírající sv. Ludmily. Socha stojící sv. Ludmily byla umístěná před kostel na Tetíně. Dále Max modeloval sousoší Karel IV. jako zakladatel Karlových Varů,. jež bylo odlito do kovu roku 1858 a umístěno v městském parku. V drobném měřítku reliéfu Legenda o založení Karlových Varů ozdobila také vřídlo, než byla nahrazena novou plastikou. Maxova dílna spolupracovala často s architektem Josefem Krannerem; vytvořila řadu náhrobních plastik, které jsou často silně typizované, například náhrobky rodiny Rodlovy, Truxovy. Nakonec si Max vytesal sochu pro vlastní náhrobek na Olšanských hřbitovech (1855), další náhrobky se dochovaly také v Nymburku, Plzni, Poděbradech, v Chrasti u Chrudimi, Benátkách nad Jizerou, Skalsku, Táboře, Vídni, na dnes zrušeném hřbitově v Liberci či v Přibyslavi, aj.).

Odkazy

Reference

Literatura
 Šárka Leubnerová (ed.), Umění 19. století od klasicismu k romantismu, Salmovský palác, Národní galerie v Praze 2016,
 Naděžda BLAŽÍČKOVÁ-HOROVÁ, Josef Max, in: Nová encyklopedie českého výtvarného umění, díl I. ( A-M). Praha : Academia 1995, s. 497.
 Adam HNOJIL, Pomníková tvorba sochaře Josefa Maxe, in: Umění LIII, 2005, č. 4, s. 347–365.

Externí odkazy

 Sv. Jan Křtitel a Josef Max na stránkách Muzea Karlova Mostu
 Zastavení s bratry Maxovými – dokument České televize Po Karlově mostě s prof. Františkem Dvořákem
 Digitalizované pobytové přihlášky pražského policejního ředitelství (konskripce) 1850-1914

Němečtí sochaři
Čeští sochaři
Umělci z Nového Boru
České sochařství 19. století
Narození v roce 1804
Narození 16. ledna
Narození v Novém Boru
Úmrtí v roce 1855
Úmrtí 18. června
Úmrtí v Praze
Zemřelí na choleru
Pohřbení na Olšanech
Muži

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Pride Killing Prophecy (Romans 11:25-32)
Well, please remain standing, and let's turn to another portion of God's word. Romans Eleven, Romans Eleven, verses twenty five through thirty two. Romans eleven versus Verse Twenty Five. Lest you be wise in your own sight, I want you to understand this mystery. Brothers, a partial hardening has come upon Israel until the fullness of the gentiles has come in, and in this way all Israel will be saved. As it is written, the deliverer will come from Zion, he will banish on Godliness from Jacob, and this will be my covenant with them, when I take away their sins. As regard the Goss, as regards the Gospel, they are enemies of God for your Sake, but as regards election they are beloved for the sake of their forefathers, for the gifts and the calling of God are irrevocable. For just as you were at one time disobedient to God, but have now received mercy because of their disobedience, so they too have now been disobedient in order that, by the mercy shown to you, they also may now receive mercy. For God has consigned all to disobedience that he may have mercy and all, may God bless his word to us, please be seated. So, in addition to male and female relationships, there are other kinds of diversity in the church, and one of them that we've been spending a good amount of time on here at the and these last few chapters of Romans, are the relationships between the Jews and the gentiles, Jews being the original family of God, gentiles being those who are not part of the family of God. All these non Jewish people from all over the world now, as gentiles, being brought in to the church, grafted into God's cultivated olive tree, so we considered last time. And he's giving us this instruction. He's helping us to understand the particulars of our relationship with one another in the church, Jews and gentiles, for several reasons. One of them, which will spend a little more time on later, is given right here in the first verse, lest you be why, is in your own site. God doesn't want us to be conceded, and so he gives us this prophecy. How will we approach it? I think we should approach it with humility. First of all, notice he says, unless you be wise in your own site. The goal here is to humble us, and prophecy has a way of doing them. Whenever God reminds us of his plans for our lives, whenever he tells us about the future and way things will be, it's a reminder of how little in control we are, how much in control he is. God is good and he is in control of things. He's revealing these things to us and we should be humbled by them. But humility doesn't necessarily mean laziness or lack of interest. Well, it's the future, it's a prophecy. I can't know everything about it, so I don't care to know anything about it. That's, of course, a bad attitude. I at as well. God is telling us something for a particular purpose. He says, through his Apostle, I...
...want you to understand this mystery. Well, okay, yes, sir, here I am. I'm ready to hear. God wants you to understand a mystery. A word here. This word mystery is used at various places throughout the net new testament to describe something that was once hidden but is now being revealed. Yield. God is revealing something to us. It's why we call the Bible revelation he is revealing something to us, he wants us to understand it. So that's how we approach it. With a desire to understand, not with laziness but with interest, if a desire to know, a desire to understand, but also with humility, knowing that God won't tell us everything that we want to know, knowing that he is in control. So what does God reveal here in these verses? What does he tell us in verses twenty five through thirty two? Well, he reveals his plans concerning the gentiles and the Jews, and we might sum them up this way, that God will one day remove the partial hardening that is currently on Israel. He will do that by his mercy and he will do it when the fullness of the gentiles come in. That's what he says. It's very clear about that too, that God will remove this partial hardening that is currently on Israel after the gentiles are brought in, and he will do this because of his mercy. So first I want to talk with you this morning about how we come to this conclusion, how we see this in the passage, and then also why God wants us to know us. Why is this important? Why should we pay attention and meditate on it and think about it. So first, how do we come to this conclusion? Well, the first thing we are considering is that this event will happen after the gentiles are brought in. I'm you see this. In Verse Twenty Five. He says a partial hardening has come upon Israel until the fullness of the gentiles has come in. This verse echoes what we also saw in verse eleven and Verse Fourteen of this chapter. So if you look at a verse eleven, we see that Paul says I asked, did they, meaning the Jews, stumble in order that they might fall? He answers that question in this way. By no means. Rather, through their trespass, salvation has come to the gentiles so as to make Israel Jealous. He continues that thought and repeats it. I should say that in the other reverse order. He repeats it and continues or expands on that thought. In verse fourteen he says he's magnifies his ministry the gentiles. Verse Fourteen, in order somehow to make my fellow Jews Jealous and thus save some of them. Paul's not just aiming that the Jews would be stirred up and wanting what the gentiles have in salvation, but he wants them to not merely want it, but to obtain it themselves. That's the goal. Israel became disobedient so that the gentiles would be brought in, so that Israel would be jealous and would be brought in as well. This is what Paul says when he is speaking in versus thirty and following. He says to the gentiles, for just as you were at one time disobedient, but now I've received mercy because of their disobedience. That goes back to their stumbling in order that the Jews, gentiles might be on be brought in. He says, so they they...
...too have now been disobedient in order that mercy might be shown to you, that they also may receive mercy. He's setting up this chain or the domino effect. In other words, he's saying that here's how the plan of God falls out, and that's what he means by verse thirty two. This is all summed up there, where he says, for God has consigned all to disobedience that he may have mercy on all. This takes us all the way back to the beginning of Romans where Paul points out how both Jews and gentiles, because of their sin and because of the Law of God, are condemned by it. All are brought under disobedience and even all are given over to their disobedience and the sinful plat passions of their flesh. Why? So that God would have mercy on all of them. God wants to demonstrate His mercy, and for the Jews this will come in a full way after the gentiles come in. That's his point. It's after the gentiles come in. Now, before we move on, I want to just clarify a one thing. When Paul says the fullness of the gentiles here, we don't we shouldn't think of him as meaning every single gentile, as though every single person on the earth or every single gentile in the world, whoever was or ever will be, will be saved and then at that moment the Jews come in. How do we know that he doesn't mean that? Well, two reasons. One, we already know that many gentiles have not believed. We also know that many gentiles will not believe. Another reason is that sometimes this word in scripture, fullness is used in the sense of a multitude, a completeness, when the fullness of this thing has happened, when it reaches its big measure, you might say. So this happens, for example, in Genesis Forty Eight, nineteen. I'll read this to you. In Genesis Forty Eight, verse nineteen, we read. But his father refused and said I know my son, I know he also shall become a people, and he also shall become great. Nevertheless, his younger brother shall be greater than he and his offering shall become a multitude of nations. This word multitude of nations literally, or it could literally be translated as fullness of nations. The brother will become a fullness of nations, not and there. He doesn't mean every single nation, but a great number, a multitude. A similar phrase is used in Isaiah thirty one or in the ESV. It's translated as a band of shepherds, but it just means a fullness, or it could literally be translated a fullness of shepherds. Anyway, you get the point. It just means multitude, that when the gentiles are brought in, it doesn't mean every single person, but a multitude, a great, great number. When that happens, then the Jews will turn to the Lord. You can also put it in this way that God will remove the partial and temporary hardening. Let's consider this part of the prophecy. What is the hardening that God is speaking about here? On the Bible, hardening is referred to as a lack of faith and obedience, a lack of faith and the lack of the obedience that springs from faith. Hardness in the heart is refusing to trust God in the salvation that he brings the Christ it's saying no to God when God reveals himself and mercy when...
God calls us to obedience. Let's look at a good example of this in Mark, chapter three, just a few verses. First five verses or six verses. Here we're illustrating what is a hard heart look like again. He entered the synagogue and a man was there with a withered hand, and they watched Jesus to see whether he would heal him on the sabbath. This is the Pharisees and other people leaders in Israel. So there's a man there in the synagogue with a withered hand and they watched Jesus to see whether he would heal them heal him on the sabbath. So that they might accuse him. You see, they're already their mind is preset right. They're not looking to see. Did He heal him, and should we give praise to God or should we just see what happens and judge from that point? No, they want to see it so that they might accuse him. And he said to the man with the withered hand, come here. And he said to them is it lawful on the Sabbath to do good or to do harm, to save life or to kill? But they were silent and they looked around at them and he looked around at them with anger, grieved at their hardness of heart, and he said to the man, stretch out your hand. He stretched it out and his hand was restored. The Pharisees went out and immediately held counsel with the Herodians against him, how to destroy him. This is what a hard heart looks like. God comes into the world with saving revelation, with Jesus Christ, the light shining in the darkness, and he comes to bring light into the world, restorate, restore broken relationships and to heal, to heal in our spiritual sense, to heal in a physical sense. This is why God became men and this is why he's here. And he sees this man with a withered hand and he heals his hand. Stretch out your hand and immediately this withered, shriveled up hand was healed. How do you respond to the saving, healing revelation of God? Let me tell you how not to respond. Don't take counsel with other people and how to destroy the one who brings the message. Don't go against God when God reveals His mercy. That's real hardness, isn't it? When God extends himself and says here's mercy, here's salvation, here's healing, and you say, how can I kill that? How can I destroy boy that? How can I accuse that? Well, this attitude that we see in the Pharisees and the Herodians is what we see with many in Israel, end among the gentiles too, and this hardening came on and has come on the Jews as a whole, not of course, every single person, but as a whole, as a multitude, as a fullness. Israel has been hardened and we see it in these kinds of actions. We see it in the crucifixion of Jesus and we see in the following response. What happened when God raised Jesus Christ from the dead. The rulers of Israel tried to bury the fact. They tried to suppress the evidence and the witnesses. They harmed and persecuted people who spoke about this good news. That's hardening, isn't it? It's hardening that is on the people of God. But God says it won't always be there. It's...
...partial and it's temporary. It's partial partly in the fact that it's not every single Israelite. So going back to a Romans, you remember, back in the beginning of Romans, Romans Chapter Two, twenty eight and twenty nine, we read this. For No one is a Jew who is merely one outwardly. Nor is circumcision outward and physical, but a Jew is one inwardly, and circumcision is a matter of the heart. You see what he's saying there. He's saying it's possible to be a Jew but also not a Jew at the same time. This means that some people truly had believed, some people did believe. Paul himself is a perfect example of this, and he points to himself as a way to show that God has not rejected all Israel. He's pointed to David and to Abraham and other people throughout Romans to say that God has kept his hand on these people and all who turn in faith will be saved. But even though there are examples of faithfulness and of faith in Israel, Paul is recognizing the fact that that's not true of the vast number. But what is this prophecy saying? It's saying that that will not always be the case, that one day they will all come in here. When Paul says all, he means it again in this sense of fullness or multitude, to quote Charles Hodge from his commentary, as their rejection, although national, did not include the rejection of every individual, Paul being an example. So their restoration, though national, need not include the salvation of every single Jew. Does that make sense? He's saying that when they were rejected, it wasn't as though every single person in Israel was rejected, but as a body, as a people, as a covenant that had been broken, the people were rejected. The people were hardened. So too, in their restoration, what should we expect? This is the question I'm trying to answer. What should we expect? What is God wanting us to understand. He's not saying that every single Jewish person in the world will be saved, just as he's not saying every single gentile in the world will be saved. But what he is saying is that when no great multitude and fullness of the gentiles come in, then Israel, in a great comprehensive national sense, will also come in, and that's amazing. That's an amazing thing to consider and to wonder at and to hope for and to pray for. Well, the last thing I want to point out as we think through what this prophecy means is that is the emphasis on mercy. God is saying that these things will happen, that after the fullness of the gentiles are brought in, then this partial and temper very hardness that is brought on the Jewish people will be removed and they too will be grafted back into the tree. They too will receive mercy. And that's this last point. It's by mercy that these things will be done. John Flavel, Puritan Writer, says writes this about delayed mercies. The delay of your mercies is really to your advantage. The Foolish Child would pluck the apple whilst it is green, but when it is ripe it drops of its own accord and it is more pleasant and wholesome. This is a good...
...reminder about the great sovereignty of God and his perfect will, which is what he's revealing to us this morning. He's telling us about his plan. He's telling us that there's a time when the apple will be ripe, and we know that when it is it will be perfect and sweeter and juicy or and more wonderful than we could have ever imagined. It's hard when we're waiting. It's hard when we're in the moment and the thing that is promised does not yet here, to say, why is it not here? I see no reason why the Jews can't be saved right now, and honestly, I see no reason in why the Jews can't be saved right now. But I'm not God and neither are you, and that's why God says, lest you be wise in your own sight, lest you look at a green apple and said, yeah, green apples are the best, lest you preemptively decide to God when things will be and when things will not be. He reveals to us and he says, I'm going to reveal this mystery to you because I want you to trust me, I want you to praise me. Here is why God tells us these things about his mercy. There's many reasons, but one of them we read in the following verses, versus I didn't read to you yet. Thirty three through thirty six, when Paul considers the great and ever wise plan of our sovereign God, and when he considers that all of this is coming by His mercy, that he's taking disobedience and sinful people and wrapping them up in his arms, for giving their sins, washing away their sin, all because of this one who was rejected, Jesus Christ, a stumbling stone to the Jews, who became the great cornerstone of the Church in which belongs both Jew and gentile. When Paul takes all of this and pull it together, and not only that, but everything that he's been saying since chapter one, this is how he concludes and it's how you, you should conclude. To Oh the depth of the riches and the wisdom and knowledge of God, how unsearchable are his judgments and how inscrutable his ways. Can't understand them, for who is come, for who has known the mind of the Lord or who has been his counselor who has given a gift to him that he might be repaid for. From him and through him and to him are all things. To him be the glory forever a men. When Paul considers who God is and what he said and how he's revealed himself in Jesus, not only to the Jew but also to the gentile and for them both, for the whole world, he doesn't say, okay, I've got it all now, I understand everything about you and all of your ways. He doesn't say you're wrong and I'm going to accuse you and I'm going to do whatever I can to break apart your plans, to break the bonds between the Lord and as anointed. No, he says, oh, the depth and the riches and the wisdom and the knowledge of God. It's not even a sentence, really, is it? He's just naming things, he's just standing in wonder.
Oh the depth of the riches and wisdom and knowledge of God. It's just an exclamation, right, he's just praising God. How unsearchable are his judgments? How inscrutable are his ways? For from him and through him and to him, are all things to him be the glory forever. O Men. God reveals his plan to us so that we might be humbled and so that we might give him praise. God tells us his plan not so that we can stand either as Jew or gentile, over and against one another and sort it out, you know, but so that we all might bow together before the throne of grace, maybe never lose sight of God's mercy, maybe be humbled always by his sovereign will and plan and salvation. Let's pray and as that God would make these things so in our hearts.
Our God Our Dwelling Place (Psalm 90)
Our God of Promise (Psalm 89)
Giving Thanks Together (Colossians 3:12-17)
Where are the Nine? (Various Scripture Texts)
Elder Bruce Ferg

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


EPCOT is probably the BEST Disney park in southern Florida! It holds the attention of every boy and girl, adult and child alike. There are so many things to do and see and lots of places to eat. If you ask our kids, they would say that EPCOT is their favorite park! Here are the highlights of our trip!
In the World Showcase found around the lake in EPCOT, there are twelve different countries that offer authentic food. We had the chance to eat in Italy, France, Mexico, and Germany. The kids thought it was fun that the waiters and waitresses were actually from the various countries they represented. The food was excellent and reasonably priced for the most part. I think the kids' favorite food was when we ate at the Parisian deli/bakery. How can you go wrong with chocolate and pastries? Sometimes, we bought about $20 worth of sweets and all six of us got full. Having picky eaters, I appreciated the fact that, for the not-so-adventurous kids, they served hamburgers, hot dogs, french fries, and other Americanized food. The kid's menu items range from about $5-10. The French restaurant was a little more pricey but it was totally worth it. Some countries may be difficult to find seating unless you make a reservation. To keep the kids from getting too hungry but not too full before eating in one of the countries, we constantly found ourselves in Club Cool trying all sorts of flavors of coke products from all around the world. Our kids coined it "crazy soda".
They would often beg to go get crazy soda.
There aren't a ton of rides but they have some pretty popular ones: Test Track, Journey to Imagination, Mission Space, and Spaceship Earth. You're going to usually have long stand-by lines at Mission Space and Test Track. If you're looking for more calm rides, I recommend Ellen's Engergy Adventure, Journey into Imagination with Figment, The Gran Fiesta Tour starring the Three Caballeros, and Spaceship Earth. The great thing about EPCOT is that in nearly every ride, you're going to learn something while being entertained. The Seas with Nemo and Friends is also nice and slow. It's similar to the Little Mermaid ride in Disneyland. Also, at the end, there's a pretty cool aquarium. I was thoroughly surprised by the variety of marine life. The boys enjoyed watching the stingrays and turtles. They even have a diver demonstrate the proper pressurization and depressurization with the opportunity to see her/him in action. Afterwards, he/she offers time to take pictures with you and/or your kids. Our kids' top favorites were Test Track, Journey to Imagination and Mission Space. Test Track gives you the opportunity to design your own car then test it out on an obstacle course of sorts and a race track. Mission Space is a simulator in which you can control a space shuttle and sends you through space. Journey to Imagination creates situations that tantalizes the senses as you journey with Figment.
If you get the opportunity, take a look at Innoventions. There are a couple of simulators that you can do inside for a fee, but there are also some of the latest and greatest inventions on the market. It also includes weather simulations for kids that have no charge. It's a great place to cool off and slow down… take a break from the crowds.
The World Showcase is a pleasant change of pace with a variety of cultures and lifestyles. With shops, restaurants and live entertainment, you're bound to find something of interest in the World Showcase. Each country is so ornate and detailed that it feels like you're actually there. My favorite countries were France and China. The live entertainment and music in China was captivating. The food in France was delectable!!! Nearly every night, we actually found ourselves eating pastries in France.
In the past few years, Phineas and Ferb's pet platypus has become a huge hit in Disney. As a result, they have included Agent P's World Showcase Adventure. This game is geared more toward older kids and adults. There are four stations to pick up an interactive handheld device and receive your mission. You can choose from seven different countries with different scenarios for each country. Your device will give you clues to solve the mission based on which country you are in. One mission will take about 15-20 minutes. The boys enjoyed it, but the girls liked it more.
Fireworks has always been one of Disney's signature features. In the middle of the lake surrounded by the World Showcase at EPCOT, Disney hosts a spectacular show full of fireworks, music, pyrotechnics. Each country is featured during the show and, well, it always leaves chill bumps on my arms. Be sure to secure a spot for the show a few minutes before the park closes.
Meeting the Disney characters is always a treat! Character meet/greet lines can get long, so we recommend finding the characters that have no lines. It's not a bad idea to get a fastpass for a meet/greet. Sometimes, depending on where you meet the character, it may require a fee. In any case, there are cast members assigned to taking pictures of you and your family with the characters. Be sure to give them your camera and they will even take some with your camera. If you purchase a memory maker, you get to keep every picture that's taken, including in the other three parks.
For more information about EPCOT and purchasing tickets or rides, visit them online at www.disneyworld.disney.go.com.


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Health Promotion / Wellness / Psychosocial
Violence and Harassment in the Workplace - Family (Domestic) Violence
What is workplace violence and harassment?
Most people think of violence and harassment as a physical assault. However, workplace violence and harassment is a much broader problem. It is any act in which a person is abused, threatened, intimidated or assaulted in their employment. Rumours, swearing, verbal abuse, pranks, arguments, property damage, vandalism, sabotage, pushing, theft, physical assaults, psychological trauma, anger-related incidents, rape, arson and murder are all examples of workplace violence.
NOTE: In this document, we use the term violence to also include bullying and harassment
Please refer to the following OSH Answers documents for information:
Internet Harassment or Cyberbullying
Violence and Harassment in the Workplace
Violence and Harassment in the Workplace – Family (Domestic) Violence
Violence and Harassment in the Workplace – Legislation
Violence and Harassment in the Workplace – Dealing with Negative Interactions
Violence and Harassment in the Workplace – Parking Lot Safety
Violence and Harassment in the Workplace – Warning Signs
Violence and Harassment in the Workplace – Working Late
What is family (domestic) violence?
Family violence is any form of abuse or neglect that a child or adult experiences from a family member, or from someone with whom they have an intimate relationship. It has also been described as the abuse of power within relationships of family, trust or dependency that endangers another person.
Overall, family (or domestic) violence is a pattern of behaviour used by one person to gain power and control over another with whom they have or have had an intimate relationship. It can include any of many forms of behaviours. There are additional dimensions to harassment and violence in a family relationship that are unique, such as:
using property, pets, or children to threaten and intimidate,
not arriving for child care,
threatening deportation if the victim was sponsored,
economic abuse such as withholding or stealing money, stopping a partner from reporting to work, or from getting or keeping a job, or
sexual, spiritual, or emotional abuse or neglect.
Who can be victims of family violence?
Anyone can be a victim of family violence, regardless of age, race, religion, sexual orientation, economic status, or educational background. The abuser may be a current or former spouse or intimate partner, relative, or friend. Men and women can both be abused or abusive in their relationships.
Is family violence a workplace issue?
Yes. When family violence follows a victim to work, it becomes a workplace issue. An aggressor can present a risk to the victim or others in the workplace itself. A study of domestic violence in Canada and its impact on the workplace has found more than one third of workers across the country have experienced domestic violence in their lifetime, and for more than half of those affected, the violence followed them to work.
You may have heard people say "it is a personal matter", "it's none of my business" or "that's between a husband and wife", for example. These attitudes further isolate people experiencing violence creating a barrier between the victim and those who may be in a position to provide valuable support and assistance. The workplace can play an important role between people experiencing violence of any kind, and assisting individuals to get the necessary help.
What effect does family violence have on the workplace?
People experiencing family violence often feel isolated. They may feel ashamed, or have concerns that their situation will compromise their employment so they are afraid to say anything. Similarly, those who suspect family violence may be affecting an employee are afraid to approach this subject or intervene for many reasons. This further isolation increases the risk to those who experience family violence. In addition, people experiencing family violence often experience difficulty getting to work and state that their work performance is negatively affected. Other implications for the workplace include:
reduced productivity and motivation
decreased worker morale
potential harm to employees, co-workers and/or clients
increased replacement, recruitment and training costs if victims are dismissed for poor performance or absenteeism
strained co-worker relations
Examples of how family violence may appear at work include (this list is not inclusive):
repeatedly phoning or emailing the employee
showing up at the employee's workplace and disrupting co-workers (e.g., asking many questions about the employee's daily habits)
verbal abuse directed at victim or co-workers
acting jealous or controlling
damaging property belonging to the victim or workplace
Are there laws about protecting workers from family violence in the workplace?
Some jurisdictions expressly include domestic or family violence within occupational health and safety legislation, while others do not. For example, in Ontario, the Occupational Health and Safety Act includes a provision for "domestic violence" in section 32.0.4.
In Manitoba, the Employment Standards Code includes "Leave for Victims of Domestic Violence, Leave for Serious Injury or Illness and Extension of Compassionate Care Leave" provides victims of domestic violence with paid and unpaid leave so they have the assurance of job protection while they seek safety. This action could include finding suitable housing, seeking care for physical or psychological injuries, accessing legal services including putting protective orders in place, etc.
However, it is the employer's general duty across all jurisdictions to ensure all employees have a safe and healthy workplace, including protecting all employees from various forms of violence.
What can the workplace do?
A supportive and accommodating workplace provides the victim an opportunity to establish financial independence, and provides victims access to the help they need in their unique situation.
While respecting confidentiality and privacy as part of their workplace violence and harassment prevention policy, employers should also take responsibility to:
Identify Warning Signs: Because people who experience family violence are more likely to report it to a co-worker than to others in the workplace, all employees should be educated and trained to help recognize the warning signs and risk factors for family violence, as well as steps to take when reporting is appropriate.
Establish a support network: Various workplace parties can offer support and assistance to employees experiencing family violence. Working together in a team which may include the supervisor, trusted co-worker, human resources, Employee Assistance Program (EAP) provider and union representatives may be a helpful approach to providing a supportive network. The employer may also be able to help connect the individual to services available in the area.
Develop or support a safety plan: Workplaces can help by supporting or creating an individualized personal and workplace safety plans to address the situation. Update the plans as circumstances change. Share the plans with anyone who needs to know about the situation in order to ensure safety. Safety plans may include:
Ask if the victim has already established protection or restraining orders. Help assist to make sure all the conditions of that order are followed.
Talk to the employee, work together to identify solutions. Follow up and check on their well-being.
Ask for a recent photograph or description of the abuser. Alert others such as security and reception so they are aware of who to look for.
When necessary, relocate the employee so that they cannot be seen through windows or from the outside.
Do not include their contact information in publicly available company directories or website.
Change their phone number, have another person screen their calls, or block the abusers calls or emails.
Pre-program 911 on a phone or cell phone. Install a panic button in their work area or provide personal alarms.
Provide a well-lit parking spot near the building, or escort the individual to their car or to public transit.
Offer flexible work scheduling if it can be a solution.
Call the police if the abuser exhibits criminal activity such as stalking or unauthorized electronic monitoring.
If the victim and abuser work at the same workplace, do not schedule both employees to work at the same time or location wherever possible.
If the abuser works at the same workplace, use disciplinary procedures to hold the abuser accountable for unacceptable behaviour in the workplace.
[Adapted from: Making It Our Business (2014) from the Centre for Research & Education on Violence against Women & Children]
Refer: Seek expert advice for safety planning from your local women's shelter or the police. Threats of violence should be reported and emergency procedures should be clearly communicated to all employees.
Where can I find more information on domestic violence in the workplace?
Addressing Domestic Violence in the Workplace: A Handbook for Employers, WorkSafeBC
Make It Our Business, Centre for Research & Education on Violence Against Women & Children (with the University of Western Ontario and the Canadian Labour Congress)
What is Family Violence?, Public Health Agency of Canada
Addressing Domestic Violence in the Workplace, Public Services Health and Safety Association
Family Violence: It's Your Business (A Workplace Toolkit), New Brunswick
(We have mentioned these organizations as a means of providing a potentially useful referral. You should contact the organization(s) directly for more information about their services. Please note that mention of these organizations does not represent a recommendation or endorsement by CCOHS of these organizations over others of which you may be aware.)
Document last updated on May 31, 2021
Mental Health: e-Course Package
Violence in the Workplace: Establish a Prevention Program
Violence in the Workplace: Recognize the Risk & Take Action
Bullying is Not Part of the Job
Violence in the Workplace Prevention Guide


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Home Chevron icon It indicates an expandable section or menu, or sometimes previous / next navigation options. Crime
A DOJ forensic investigator told the Josh Duggar trial that the child porn video evidence is among the 'most offensive' he'd ever seen
Alia Shoaib
Josh Duggar.
Kris Connor/Getty Images
Former reality TV star Josh Duggar is on trial in Arkansas for two counts of child pornography.
Forensic analysts alleged Duggar downloaded disturbing material on his work computer, the court heard on Thursday.
WARNING: This report includes graphic details of child abuse that some might find disturbing.
Forensic analysis shows Josh Duggar downloaded videos of child sexual abuse, including one involving a three-month-old baby, a Department of Justice forensic investigator told an Arkansas court on Thursday.
Duggar, one of the stars of the TLC reality show "19 Kids and Counting," is on trial for two charges of receiving and possessing child pornography. Prosecutors alleged he "used the internet to download child sexual abuse material." He faces up to 20 years in prison if found guilty, according to the United States Sentencing Commission.
Duggar has pleaded not guilty to the charges of knowing receipt and possession of child pornography.
During the third day of his trial in Fayetteville, Arkansas, the jury was shown disturbing videos and images that prosecutors allege were downloaded to his work computer in May 2019, The New York Post reported.
James Fottrell, director of the Department of Justice's High Technology Investigative Unit, said his team had uncovered thumbnails of the content after an in-depth forensic analysis on Duggar's work computer at Wholesale Motorcars, a used car dealership he once owned.
Fottrell reportedly said that one of the videos involved a three-month-old baby girl being "sexually abused and tortured," The Post reported.
The notorious video, known as "Daisy's Destruction," reported People, showed the baby being stripped naked, posed on a bed, and being tortured with hot wax, the outlet said.
"It's one of the most offensive videos that I'm familiar with throughout my whole career," Fottrell said in court, according to the outlet.
In court, Fottrell provided an extensive analysis of when the offensive material was downloaded on Duggar's work laptop, compared with photos and text messages on Duggar's iPhone that placed him at the dealership at the time, Buzzfeed News reported.
Fottrell also said that child pornography could only have been downloaded manually. The defense had argued earlier that someone else could have remotely downloaded the material.
The material discovered by investigators included a video titled "14yo Girl Suck and Fuck," "Pedo Mom" and a set of files called "Marissa.zip," a widely traded series of child sexual abuse content, Buzzfeed News reported.
Other proof that authorities allege links the 33-year-old to the content was using a common password across a range of accounts, the outlet said.
On Wednesday, a federal judge ruled that years-old child molestation allegations against Duggar could be referenced by prosecutors, reported ABC News.
The allegations include admissions that he molested five young girls in the past, four of whom were his sisters. TLC pulled the reality TV show in 2015 over the claims.
Duggar left the courthouse on Thursday with his wife, Anna, who gave birth to the couple's seventh child in October.
More: Josh Duggar Arkansas Child Pornography 19 Kids and Counting
UK Weekend


We have just listed a new property at 2594 TRIUMPH ST in Vancouver.
STUNNING 5 bedroom Family home, this one has it all! Fully renovated from top to bottom PLUS new 1 bedroom Laneway home perfect for family or rental. Spacious open plan main floor offers beautiful maple hardwood floors, living rm with gas fireplace & views to the mountains. Cook's kitchen with custom cabinets, beautiful quartz counters, Jenn-Air appliances including 36" gas range/convection oven, farm sink & wine fridge. 3 bedrooms up. luxurious semi-ensuite for master. Laundry & tons of closet space. French doors in master leads to north facing deck with mountain views. Basement offers 2 additional bedrooms, 4 pce bath & a generous family/rec room. All this PLUS a fabulous new laneway home Beautiful landscaped garden.


Sam Raimi (Evil Dead series, Drag Me To Hell) has signed on to produce a supernatural horror film titled Refuge. British screenwriter Tom De Ville will write the script based on a pitch from up-and-coming British director Corin Hardy. At the very least, Hardy's stop-animation work, is impressive. Very stylized, and likely to draw comparisons to Tim Burton. Check out some of Hardy's music videos in our commercial director spotlight. More details on the project follow after the jump.


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Q: Unix base64 encoding mismatch I've been seeing some discrepancies in the base64 encoding in many utils from the unix util
for ex:
in java and python if I encode b I get Yg== but in unix I get Ygo=
I need to use b64 from unix in java and python. How do I make them consistent?

A: Suppress the newline.
echo -n "b" | ...

Or add it.
>>> 'b\n'.encode('base64')
'Ygo=\n'


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September.1.2014
Failing to Address Foreseeable Risks May Trigger Faulty Workmanship Exclusions
Acciona Infrastructure Canada Inc v Allianz Global Risks US Insurance Company, 2014 BCSC 1568
Faulty or improper workmanship exclusions allow insurers to deny coverage where the claimed loss is caused by shoddy workmanship. The British Columbia Supreme Court has recently addressed what constitutes this kind of workmanship in Acciona, a decision on the recovery of costs to remedy several stories of concrete slab work. The court concluded that workmanship is not faulty simply because it fails to meet a standard of perfection in relation to all foreseeable risks. Rather, there must be a lack of foresight that amounts to a defect in the workmanship.
In this case, the faulty workmanship exclusion applied but only to exclude the costs that would have prevented or rectified the defective workmanship before the damage occurred. In comprehensive reasons for judgment, Mr. Justice Skolrood reviewed fundamental principles of insurance and general principles of policy interpretation, affirmed that the concept of fortuity is incorporated into insurance policies even where not explicitly mentioned, and confirmed that workmanship must be state of the art, in accordance with the leading Supreme Court of Canada decision, CNR v Royal, on the application of the faulty design exclusions.
The plaintiffs, Acciona Lark Joint Venture, were the design-build contractors for the construction of a 500 bed patient care facility at the Royal Jubilee Hospital in Victoria, British Columbia. They sought recovery for losses incurred during the project. The design called for an eight storey, reinforced concrete structure comprised of columns, shear walls, and suspended slabs. The defendants, Allianz Global Risks US Insurance Company, Temple Insurance Company, and GCAN Insurance Company (the "Insurers"), underwrote and issued a course of construction insurance policy. The claim for coverage arose due to problems with the concrete slab floors. As the concrete cured, the slabs suffered over-deflection that resulted in a concave recession at the centre of the slabs, as well as some cracking around support walls and columns.
The first key issue was whether the imperfect slabs constituted "property damage" as defined in the policy. Second, the parties disagreed on
whether the sagging and cracking were caused by faulty workmanship and, if so, excluded under the policy.
Based on expert evidence, the court concluded that the defects in the slabs were caused by the failure of the formwork and shoring procedures to account for the thin design of the slabs. With that established, Skolrood J. set out to determine (1) whether the costs incurred to fix the slabs fell within the scope of coverage; and (2) whether the claim was excluded under the faulty workmanship exclusion.
(1) Coverage under the Policy—Property Damage or Defective Product?
Testing showed that, although safe, the slabs required repair work to ensure they could be used as intended. The plaintiffs argued that the
deficient slabs fell within the meaning of "physical loss and damage" in the perils insured clause. By contrast, the Insurers characterized the sagging and cracks as defects in the slab product. In other words, the Insurers argued that the slabs could not be considered damaged given their essential state had not been altered, and they continued to function as slabs. The Insurers argued that the policy did not cover the cost of fixing defective products.
Skolrood J. was unconvinced. He found that the sagging and cracks fell within the perils insured clause as fortuitous damage. Key to this finding were his observations that there had been significant and varying degrees of over-deflection and cracking from slab to slab, and that the unsuitable slabs rendered the facility unfit for its intended purpose. Overall, the extent and permanent nature of what had occurred meant the slabs were left in an altered physical state. Contrary to the Insurers' position, the slabs did not function as proper slabs if patient beds and other equipment would inevitably roll to the centre of a concave concrete floor.
(2) The Exclusions under the Policy: Failure Is Not Always Fault but Lack of Foresight Is
The court then considered the applicability of the faulty workmanship exclusion. The Insurers argued that the losses claimed fell outside the scope of policy coverage due to the following exclusion clause:
This Policy does not insure:
(b) all costs rendered necessary by defects of material workmanship, design, plan, or specification, and should damage occur to any portion of the Insured Property containing any of the said defects the cost of replacement or rectification which is hereby excluded is that cost which would have been incurred if replacement or rectification of the Insured Property had been put in hand immediately prior to the said damage.
In short, the Insurers argued that the policy insured against property damage but not the cost of remedying defects due to faulty workmanship. The plaintiffs argued that the Insurers had failed to prove that the sagging and cracks were caused by defective design or workmanship. The court sided with the Insurers on this issue and found that the flaws were caused by faulty workmanship.
Based on the expert evidence, the court found that the formwork and shoring procedures were not adapted to accommodate the unusually thin slab design. With heavy reference to Canadian National Railway Co v Royal and Sun Alliance Insurance Co of Canada, 2008 SCC 66 ["CNR"]—the leading case on faulty design exclusions—Skolrood J. considered whether the formwork and shoring in this case fell within the exclusion. In CNR, the majority view held that the words "faulty" or "improper" required an insurer to establish that a design had fallen below a "realistic" standard in order to rely on the faulty design exclusion. In other words, a failed design is not always a faulty one. The standard is not one of perfection, and the exclusion does not apply if the design complies with the state of the art.
In Acciona, the fact that the formwork and shoring procedures employed had failed to account for the thin slabs did not mean that they were necessarily defective. Skolrood J. applied the CNR principle with equal force to the workmanship exclusion: workmanship is not faulty simply because it fails to meet a standard of perfection in relation to all foreseeable risks. The plaintiffs argued that the formwork and reshoring procedures were state of the art: they had been implemented by an experienced concrete contractor using the same method for years on numerous projects. The Insurers said that this method must be defective as it failed to fulfill its intended purpose.
Skolrood J. noted that in CNR, the engineers could only have detected the resulting defect with the benefit of hindsight. In contrast, all of the experts in Acciona acknowledged the foreseeable risks associated with the unusually thin design of the concrete slabs, including the problems that materialized. The concrete contractor failed to accommodate the thin design by changing the formwork and shoring procedures. This amounted to faulty workmanship, thus the exclusion applied.
Excluded Costs are Limited and Other Damages Issues
The excluded costs were those that would have remedied or rectified the shoddy workmanship before the damage actually occurred. In this case, those costs would be the additional costs that would have been incurred to implement proper formwork and shoring procedures to prevent sagging and cracked slabs. There was no evidence given to quantify those costs except that they would have been minimal. The court also considered the reasonableness of the extra costs claimed for expediting the slab repair. Additional subcontractor costs arising from working out of sequence, overtime expenses, and increased costs payable in connection with less desirable working conditions were excluded. Those costs arose out of the plaintiffs' contractual obligations owed to the subcontractors and were not covered under the policy. Costs claimed for increased involvement of senior executives were also denied and were not direct losses within the coverage of the policy. The plaintiffs' profit margin and overhead costs were recoverable but reduced by a percentage to account for the excluded subcontractor costs.
Acciona provides a thorough review of the general principles of insurance and interpretation of insurance policies. It also affirms the CNR 'state of the art' standard of analysis from the Supreme Court of Canada,extending that principle from faulty design exclusions to faulty workmanship exclusions. Before relying on faulty workmanship exclusions, insurers will be required to demonstrate that the work fell below a realistic standard in failing to address foreseeable risks.
The significant points from this case include the following:
• Fortuity is still required in order for a loss or damage to triggercoverage;
• Even functional and safe projects are defective if they cannot be put to their intended use;
• Workmanship that fails to address all foreseeable risks is not necessarily faulty or improper;
• Under this standard policy wording, excluded costs are those that will have remedied the faulty workmanship before damage actually occurs;
• Extra costs to expedite repair must be reasonable; and
• Projects must employ state of the art workmanship, particularly where established methods are applied to novel or complex designs.
The full text of the British Columbia Supreme Court judgment of Acciona Infrastructure Canada Inc v Allianz Global Risks US Insurance Company, 2014 BCSC 1568 can be found on the CanLII website.
AUTHOR: Taylor-Marie Young | CATEGORY: Posts
Taylor-Marie Young
Taylor-Marie joined Guild Yule LLP in 2013 as a summer student. She is currently completing her articles with the firm and will be called to the bar in 2015. She earned her Juris Doctor at Thompson Rivers University in 2014, where she had the honour of becoming that law school's first-ever Law Society Gold Medalist. Prior to Law School, she completed a Bachelor of Journalism Degree from TRU and a Master's Degree in Linguistics from the University of Victoria.


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Q: What's the frequency range for a FFT? So, as far as I have read up, for a signal with data points 0...n, I get a result from 0 to n, but I can omit n/2...n. Correct ? So now I have n/2 data points. How is the relation between the frequency range of these data points to the signal data ? E.g. what frequency is n/2 (0 is 0 hz I guess) ?

A: An FFT by itself has no frequency range.  It could be anything.
The frequency range of an FFT result depends on the sample rate frequency at which the input data points were evenly sampled.  The FFT results are then data points in the frequency domain spaced at the sample rate frequency divided by the FFT length, from 0 or DC up to half the sample rate.

A: The output of the generic FFT normally used in programming is 0-22khz for a 44.1 sample and 0-24khz for a 48khz input.
Actually, the raw output of the FFT is reflected over zero, so -22 to + 22, and most programs use the 0-22 half only...  https://i.stack.imgur.com/GeaJq.png