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The Cambrai operations, 1917 (Battle of Cambrai)
20 November – 30 December 1917: the Cambrai operations. A British attack, originally conceived as a very large scale raid, that employed new artillery techniques and massed tanks. Initially very successful with large gains of ground being made, but German reserves brought the advance to a halt. Ten days later, a counter-attack regained much of the ground. Ultimately a disappointing and costly outcome, but Cambrai is now seen by historians as the blueprint for the successful "Hundred Days" offensives of 1918.
"The Battle of Cambrai ranks as one of the most thrilling episodes of the whole war. Tanks at last came into their kingdom. The notion that the Hindenburg Line was impregnable was exploded".
Captain Stair Gillon: The Story of the 29th Division: a record of gallant deeds.
Cambrai was a splendid success …
There is a trend among military historians to assign the eventual military defeat of Germany to well planned and co-ordinated assaults by the Allies, in which industrial might and the hard learning of four years of war combined to great effect. Beginning on 8 August 1918, the British Expeditionary Force undertook a series of large scale attacks on multiple fronts in which artillery, armour, aircraft and infantry operated effectively together in "all arms" battles. The opening of the Battle of Cambrai on 20 November 1917 is often identified as the first demonstration of the sophisticated techniques and technologies required to effect such a battle. On that day, the British attack broke deeply and quickly into apparently impregnable defences with few casualties. This early result was widely regarded as being a great and spectacular achievement, so positive was it in comparison with the recent ghastly slog to Passchendaele. The Daily Mail called it a "Splendid Success" and headlined on 23 November with "Haig through the Hindenburg Line".
British tank "Flying Fox", stuck fast and blocking the key canal bridge at Masnieres.
… until it all went wrong
Yet two months later, a court of enquiry convened at Hesdin to examine what had gone wrong at Cambrai. This unusual step was taken after questions had been asked by the War Cabinet, following a German counter attack that had apparently come as a surprise and against which the British forces lost ground and suffered heavy losses. Initial success, even if containing the seeds of a war winning approach that would germinate on the Santerre plateau in August 1918, had been short lived, and there was bitter disappointment at the net result. One respected commentator, a former junior officer, said that "Cambrai was a highly speculative gamble which I find inexplicable, so out of character is it with the rest of Haig's career, not because it was inventive but because it was haphazard, not thought through" and that it was a "harum-scarum affair, ill-planned and feebly directed, yet in military history it stands as the most significant battle of the First World War". [Charles Carrington, Soldier from the wars returning (London: Hutchinson & Co, 1965), pp.205-6]
When the Official History of the battle was being compiled, Lieutenant General Sir Launcelot Kiggell, Haig's Chief of General Staff in late 1917, said that he could give no definite date as to the first discussion of Cambrai, nor would any written record be found as all was verbal at the inception of the campaign. He recalled that General Hon. Sir Julian Byng, commanding Third Army, had come to see Haig around three months before the attack, asking to be allowed to make a surprise assault at Cambrai. Thereafter, according to Kiggell, the plan "just growed".
Byng would have been aware of an existing arrangement, prepared in June 1917 by Fourth Army's III Corps after Haig had ordered it to examine breaking the German defences in the Cambrai area. Some preparations had already been made in accordance with this plan before Third Army took over the Cambrai front in early July. It required a methodical "bite and hold" advance in four stages using six Divisions. This approach probably seemed unimaginative to the characteristically optimistic Byng, but it was conventional by the standards of the latter half of 1917.
It appears that it was the enthusiasm of the Tank Corps and the artillery that swayed opinion at GHQ and Third Army and built support for the "harum-scarum" operation that eventually took place. Brigadier General Hugh Elles, commanding the Tank Corps in France, and his chief staff officer, Lieutenant Colonel John Fuller, visited both the Montreuil General Headquarters and that of Third Army at Albert several times in August 1917. They made a convincing case that with growing strength in France, the Corps should not be frittered away at Ypres but used collectively to punch a hole into the enemy defences. Cambrai, being on relatively undamaged rolling chalk land, would be ideal although they favoured an attack in French Flanders, which GHQ vetoed. Elles and Fuller talked of a short, limited heavy raid designed to cause damage and chaos – a tactical operation designed to kill, not capture ground. Major General John Davidson, Chief of Operations staff at GHQ, was taken with the idea as was Byng, already mulling over such an operation at Cambrai. Independently and at the same time, IV Corps in Byng's Army had developed a scheme for a surprise attack using unregistered artillery. The Tank Corps much approved of the idea, for it would avoid the devastation of ground that had caused so much difficulty for the machines at Ypres.
Hindsight: The genesis of Cambrai can be traced easily enough through these developments in the summer of 1917. Enthusiasts, learning from prior disappointments, were developing new ideas and advocating their use, finding in Byng an equally enthusiastic and respected figure who achieved a consensus of support at the highest levels of command. The pace at which Third Army created the plan, then trained and assembled their forces and executed a successful attack indicates a growing maturity of the organisation and processes required to make this so. Yet the improvised, experimental nature of Cambrai was a root cause of the lack of planning and feeble direction highlighted by Charles Carrington. The sketchy nature of the plan is to some extent forgivable, for here was a chance to leave the disappointments of Passchendaele behind and do something audacious. What is much more difficult to understand is the strategic need to carry out this operation at all, the objective of employing these ideas at this place and at this time, and the evident lack of thought about potential outcomes.
Why here, why now?
Why Cambrai at all? Its strategic significance as the target of a surprise attack is far from clear. After falling to the Germans in 1914, Cambrai had become an important railhead, billeting and headquarters town. It lay at a junction of railways connecting Douai, Valenciennes and Saint-Quentin, and as such was on the supply routes coming in from Germany and the northern and eastern industrial areas of occupied France, as well as a lateral route down which men and material could be moved along the western front. It was also on the Saint-Quentin canal, from which the front could be supplied along the River Scheldt with which it was contiguous. As a military target, Cambrai would be a useful capture to deny the enemy a key part of his communication system. But it lay behind a formidable defensive position. Assuming this could be breached, it would also be most difficult to fight through an industrial town, as had been recognised in 1915 when attacks on the not dissimilar Lens were avoided. It would seem that Cambrai was chosen at least as much because it was in Byng's area and that the Tank Corps were convinced the ground was to their advantage, as for any other sound military reason.
The Hindenburg Line
By 1917, Cambrai had become one of the most important railheads and HQ towns behind the German lines. In front of it lay the immensely powerful Siegfried Stellung – better known to the British as the Hindenburg Line. So strong was the defensive position here that German Divisions decimated during Third Ypres were sent here to recuperate and refit. It included two lines of fortifications, with barbed wire belts tens of yards wide, concrete emplacements and underground works. A third parallel line was also under construction. The map inset above shows the German withdrawal from he Somme to the Hindenburg Line in spring 1917 and the main defensive position faced by the British at Cambrai..
The British force at Cambrai
Byng's growing enthusiasm, even with Haig's support, was insufficient to summon up forces for the operation while Third Ypres was still underway. One GSO1 staff officer at GHQ – Brigadier General E. N. Tandey – recalled a meeting in September 1917:
"I was called one afternoon, in the absence of the MGGS, to the Chief's chateau. I found him alone with General Byng. He quietly announced that as he intended to attack with the Third Army at Cambrai with tanks in early November … he wanted to tell General Byng exactly which Divisions he could have for the purpose. He told me that he had offered him 2 or 3 which he named. I remember my quandary as I had to tell him that none of those he had selected (and one or two others he also mentioned) … would be fit to go into the attack by the date named, as they would not have had the minimum time necessary to absorb their reinforcements without which they could not be battle formations. I thought he would eat me".
Kiggell counselled that there were insufficient troops to undertake both operations and Third Army's action was placed on hold. It was not until 13 October that Haig gave his approval, and another two weeks after that before Byng briefed his Corps commanders.
The Hindenburg Line in the Cambresis (Cambrai area)
From the British Official History .
The plan of attack
In Third Army orders – codenamed Operation GY – issued on 13 November 1917, the attack was defined as acoup de main, "to take advantage of the existing favourable local situation" where "surprise and rapidity of action are … of the utmost importance". It was also to be a deep attack on a 10,000 yard (5.6 mile) front that would be "widened as soon as possible". Once the key German Masnieres-Beaurevoir line had been breached by III Corps, the cavalry would pass through, reach around to isolate Cambrai from the rear and cut the railways leading from it. Haig would later say that the purpose of the attack was to compel the enemy to withdraw from the salient between the Canal du Nord and the Scarpe, although the objectives must be achieved within 48 hours before strong enemy reserves could come into play. So the high speed and short tactical operation had somehow become one of seizing and holding ground, and while not quite a plan for strategic breakthrough – there were never enough reserves to exploit a breakthrough – the orders had faint resemblance to the original concepts.
The strong defences of the Hindenburg Line
This is a map of a small part of the Hindenburg Line, north west of Flesquieres. The position to be attacked consisted of two trench systems, with deep barbed wire defences in front of each. The trenches were dotted with concrete blockhouses containing machine gun posts, signals stations, infantry shelters and so on.
Dawning of a new era
The operational factors that led to initial British success were
> the ability to maintain surprise
> emphasis on neutralisation of enemy firepower
> adequate weight of artillery and deployment of well trained if hardly fresh troops.
A contributory factor was intelligence of the enemy's dispositions and ability to reinforce and counter attack, which appears to have been reasonably accurate. Things were also helped by a corresponding intelligence failure on the part of the German Second Army.
Cambrai battle lines
Dawning of a new era: artillery
Previous British offensives in France had characteristically opened with a long bombardment of the German positions, with the intention of destroying barbed wire defences, trenches and strong points to allow as unhindered as possible a passage for the infantry to capture the position. Even before bombardment opened, guns would be registered by the firing of observed ranging shots, with adjustments being made to line, range and shell fuze setting to ensure that firing would be accurate. These methods had proven to have several disadvantages, not least being that there was no concealment of imminent attack.
By mid 1917, a series of technological developments had made it possible to fire accurately without registering. The new technologies and associated methods included accurate survey of the gun position; mapping of enemy positions through aerial and ground observation; calculated reckoning of invisible enemy battery positions through triangulation on sources of sound and gun flash; advanced local meteorology and understanding of the effect of weather on the flight of the shell; improved reliability of munitions through improved quality control in manufacture; calibration of the wear condition of the gun barrel, and the training of battery officers and NCOs in the mathematical methods required to turn this complex set of factors into physical settings of the fuze, sights, elevation and position.
It is apparent that although the methods to exploit these developments were evolving, they had not as a whole been driven into artillery doctrine from the top: their use at Cambrai was an innovation from below, for the idea of a surprise bombardment using the new methods came from Brigadier General Tudor, officer Commanding Royal Artillery of the 9th (Scottish) Division. By August he had discussed his idea with Brigadier General Hugo de Pree of IV Corps General Staff and in turn had gained the approval of the commander of IV Corps, Lieutenant General Sir Charles Woollcombe. That the new methods had not been enthusiastically adopted may have been due to lingering doubts about their effectiveness: IV Corps Order 320, issued on 15 November 1917, said that the barrage "being unregistered cannot be expected to be as accurate as usual".
The surprise bombardment using predicted firing from there on became a key part of Third Army's plan. The concealment of assembly of more than 1000 guns and howitzers on the fronts of III and IV Corps and the success of the opening bombardment at 6.10am on 20 November 1917 were strong contributory factors to the bells ringing in Britain three days later. It was not just surprise that made the artillery effective: weight of firepower and the proportion devoted to neutralisation of enemy batteries were also important factors. The number of guns and the 900,000 rounds assembled for the operation were approximately equivalent to those used in the preliminary bombardment to the successful attack on Vimy Ridge six months before.
Dawning of a new era: tanks
If the secret concentration of a large number of guns was impressive, the assembly of 476 tanks possibly surpassed it, although when running in low gear at low engine speed, the new Mark IV version tanks, although just as heavy, slow and difficult to manoeuvre as their predecessors, were remarkably quiet. Even so, aircraft flew up and down the area on 18 and 19 November as a ruse to mask the sound as the tanks moved up. While this and other signs of unusual activity had somewhat raised the state of alert – for example, German Second Army placed54 Division at readiness – and raids had taken prisoners from the assault units, it is clear from German reports that their intelligence had failed to identify the imminence and nature of the British attack. The planned role for the tanks was to advance en masse, with the objective of crushing wire defences and suppressing firing from trenches and strong points. The innovation of fascines to be dropped as makeshift bridges enabling the crossing of a wide trench removed one of the known shortcomings of the current tank design. Much attention had been paid to training, particularly for co-operation between infantry and tank, with the units designated to make the initial assault being withdrawn to Wailly for this purpose. An innovation was that the infantry would follow the tanks through the gaps they made, moving in "worms" rather than the familiar lines: their training seems to have done much to improve infantry confidence in the tanks, hitherto seen as a mixed blessing. The tanks were a notable operational success. Shrouded by mist and smoke, they broke into the Hindenburg Line defences with comparative ease in many places.
Havrincourt
British infantry, having moved up into captured German trenches at Havrincourt on 20 November 1917.
Phase: the Tank attack, 20 – 21 November 1917
Third Army (Byng)
Cavalry Corps (Kavanagh)
1st Cavalry Division
2nd Cavalry Division
5th Cavalry Division.
III Corps (Pulteney)
6th Division
12th (Eastern) Division
20th (Light) Division
29th Division.
IV Corps (Woollcombe)
36th (Ulster) Division
40th Division
51st (Highland) Division
56th (1st London) Division
62nd (2nd West Riding) Division.
VII Corps (Snow)
55th (West Lancashire) Division.
The attack was launched at 6.20am on the 20th November. The British Divisions in the front line were, from right to left, the 12th (Eastern), 20th (Light), 6th, 51st (Highland), 62nd (West Riding) and 36th (Ulster). In immediate support was the 29th, and ready to exploit the anticipated breakthrough and sweep round Cambrai were the 1st, 2nd and 5th Cavalry Divisions.
The Tank Corps deployed its entire strength of 476 machines, of which more than 350 were armed fighting tanks. They were led by the Tank Corps GOC, Hugh Elles, in a Mk IV tank called 'Hilda'.
The attack opened with an intensive predicted-fire barrage on the Hindenburg Line and key points to the rear, which caught the Germans by surprise. Initially, this was followed by the curtain of a creeping barrage behind which the tanks and infantry followed.
On the right, the 12th (Eastern) Division moved forward through Bonavis and Lateau Wood, and dug in a defensive flank to allow the cavalry to pass unrestricted, as ordered. On the extreme right of the attack, the 7th Royal Sussex got into Banteux, which had been subjected to gas attack from Livens projectors.
The 20th (Light) Division captured La Vacquerie after a hard fight and then advanced as far as Les Rues Vertes and Masnieres where there was a bridge crossing the St Quentin Canal. Securing the bridge was going to be vital for the 2nd Cavalry Division, planning to move up to the east of Cambrai. However, the weight of the first tank to cross the bridge, 'Flying Fox', broke its back. Infantry could cross slowly by a lock gate a couple of hundred yards away, but the intended cavalry advance was effectively halted. An improvised crossing also allowed the B squadron of the Fort Garry Horse to cross, but they were left unsupported and withdrew. For no good reason, it was not noticed that further canal crossings at Crevecoeur-sur-Escaut were very lightly defended, until too late in the day.
The cavalry were hampered by uncertain communications regarding progress and the collapse of the canal bridge at Masnieres under weight of a passing tank did not help, either, as there were few crossing points. But it seems that the cavalry was indifferently commanded. Lieutenant General Sir Aylmer Haldane (VI Corps) assigns blame to Cavalry Corps commander, Lieutenant General Charles Kavanagh, "who was vague as regards his intentions".
The 6th Division, once it had crossed the Hindenburg Line, moved forward and captured Ribecourt and fought as far as and through Marcoing. The 5th Cavalry Division advanced through them but were repulsed in front of Noyelles.
The 51st (Highland) Division had a very hard fight for Flesquieres, but its failure to capture it and keep up with the pace of the advance on either side left a dangerous salient which exposed the flanks of the neighbouring Divisions. Much has been written about the failure of the Division to move on Flesquieres and the apparent unwillingness of its commander, Major General George Harper, to support the idea of a tank attack and the new infantry tactics to go with it. This has its roots in criticism by Baker-Carr and Liddell Hart in 1930 (eight years after Harper's death), comprehensively demolished by John Hussey in his article 'Uncle Harper at Cambrai', Stand To! The journal of the Western Front Association, 62 (2001), pp.13-23, reprinting from British Army Review, 117 (1997).
On the left of Flesquieres, the 62nd (2nd West Riding) Division fought hard through the ruins of Havrincourt, up to and through Graincourt and by nightfall were within sight of Anneux in the lee of the commanding height crowned by Bourlon Wood. The division had covered almost five miles from their start point, and were exhausted. (This was later claimed to be a record advance in the Great War for troops in battle).
The 36th (Ulster) Division moved up the dry excavations of the Canal du Nord, and lay alongside the Bapaume-Cambrai road by nightfall. By recent Western Front standards, the advance was little short of miraculous, and victory bells were pealed in Britain on the 23rd. In the light of subsequent events, this was indeed ironic.
Successful though the day was, with an advance three to four miles deep into a strong system of defence in little over four hours at a cost of just over 4000 casualties, it was on 20 November that things began to go wrong, leading inexorably to failure ten days later. Third Army failed to fulfil its objectives, notably in that the cavalry had been unable to push through a gap at Marcoing-Masnieres and on to encircle Cambrai itself. Nowhere had the Masnieres-Beaurevoir line been convincingly penetrated, and the key Bourlon ridge, dominant of the northern half of the battlefield, remained firmly in German hands. No fewer than 179 tanks had been destroyed, disabled or broke down. By the afternoon, the attack had already lost its early impetus.
Seeds of future failure
Byng was all for carrying on, issuing orders to III Corps at 8pm to continue the push into the Masnieres-Beaurevoir line to allow passage of the cavalry, and to IV Corps for finally completing the capture of Flesquieres and Bourlon before the 48 hour limit was reached. With few fresh troops, surprise lost, the tanks weakened and the field artillery in the process of moving up, the renewed attack had all the hallmarks of "penny packet" Somme fighting and achieved little. Late on 21 November, Byng ordered the III Corps operation to halt and for consolidation to take place.
Driven by the tactical importance of the position, absence of signs of growth of German strength and the fact that Third Army had not yet called upon V Corps (which had been placed at its disposal as reserve at the outset of the battle), Haig ordered Byng to continue with the attack on Bourlon. This was a serious command failure. The audacious sweep to capture Cambrai and force evacuation of a wide area to the Scarpe had become a bitter yard by yard fight for a difficult feature of landscape.
Phase: the capture of Bourlon Wood, 23 – 28 November 1917
Note: the official title of this phase is a little misleading.Only IV Corps fought for the wood itself.
56th (1st London) Division (transferred to VI Corps on 24 November)
When first presented with the Byng's plan for the attack, Douglas Haig recommended strengthening the left flank in order to take Bourlon Wood very early. He wasted his breath: Byng ignored his advice. By nightfall on the 20th, it was clear that Haig had been right. From the dominating height of the wood, the Germans held the British advance in front of Anneux and Graincourt. There was good news, however, as the 51st (Highland) Division finally crept into Flesquieres, abandoned during the night by the Germans.
On the morning of the 21st, the Highlanders moved forward with the aid of two tanks towards Fontaine Notre Dame, but were held up by fire from the wood. Harper ordered a halt until the 62nd (2nd West Riding) Division had captured the heights. The latter had a violent and costly battle for Anneux, led by the 186th Brigade under Roland Boys Bradford. To the north, the 36th (Ulster) Division, planning to continue their advance beyond Moeuvres, waited for the success signal, signifying that the 62nd had captured Bourlon. It never came, for the 62nd could not penetrate beyond the sunken lane facing the wood. By the evening of the 21st, Haig was satisfied that 'no possibility any longer existed of enveloping Cambrai from the south'. The British were now in an exposed position in the lee of Bourlon Wood, the capture of which would still prove to be useful, in cutting German access to key light railway lines feeding their front. Haig and Byng decided to press on, even though it meant deepening the salient that had been created and throwing in even more troops into this northern sector of the battlefield.
On 22 November, the GOC 40th Division at Beaumetz-les-Cambrai received orders to relieve the 62nd Division the next day. The 40th was a division of Bantams, men under regulation height. By now the roads were breaking up under the strain of thousands of men, wagons and lorries. It took 40th Divisional HQ 15 hours to travel the 9 miles to Havrincourt. A relief and assault plan was quickly drawn up: 121 Brigade to capture Bourlon, 119 Brigade to go for the wood, both jumping off from the sunken lane. On their right, the 51st would move forward to Fontaine. On the left, the 36th would go in again at Moeuvres. 92 tanks would support these units. They attacked through ground mist on the morning of the 23rd. Some of the units of the 40th had to cross 1000 yards down the long slope from Anneux, across the sunken lane and up the final rise into the wood, all the while under shell fire. There was close and vicious fighting in the wood, but after 3 hours the Welsh units of 119 Brigade were through and occupying the northern and eastern ridges at the edge of the undergrowth. 121 Brigade was cut down by heavy machine gun fire, and few men got as far as the village. 7 tanks did but were unsupported and the survivors withdrew. On the flanks, the 36th and 51st Divisions made little progress, against strengthening opposition.
Over the next few days, further troops were thrown into the battle, including the Guards Division, which advanced into Fontaine. Once his troops had been driven from the wood, the enemy switched all of his artillery onto it. Battalions in the wood were wiped out. Three companies of the 14th HLI miraculously penetrated to the far side of Bourlon but were cut off and gradually annihilated. And it began to snow. The weary troops settled into the newly-won positions. The British now sat some way ahead of the position of 20th November, being in possession of a salient reaching towards Cambrai, with the left flank facing Bourlon and the right alongside the top of the slope which ran down towards Banteux.
"All arms" fighting broke down, the tanks few and impotent in the thick woodland of Bourlon and La Folie, and defeated in the ruined streets of Fontaine Notre Dame. Behind the front, the roads resembled those at Morval a year before, the traffic unable to move through mud and snow, along roads for which there was insufficient stone and labour to carry out adequate running repairs. The "ray of hope" had become a slow, piecemeal and inevitably costly shambles. Third Army closed down offensive operations on 27 November and units were ordered to consolidate. Three days later, The German Army struck back.
Note: VI Corps (Haldane) carried out a major subsidiary action at Bullecourt on 20 November 1917, using 3rd and 16th (Irish) Divisions.
Phase: the German counter attack, 30 November – 3 December 1917
4th Cavalry Division
61st (2nd South Midland) Division.
IV Corps (Woollcombe) (relieved by V Corps on 1 December)
47th (2nd London) Division
59th (2nd North Midland) Division.
V Corps (Fanshawe)
51st (Highland) Division (entered into Corps command 3 December)
VI Corps (Haldane)
3rd Division
56th (1st London) Division (relieved by 51st (Highland) Division on 2/3 December).
21st Division
Fontaine-Notre-Dame
A British tank, damaged and captured in Fontaine Notre Dame, in a photograph taken once the Germans had defeated the Guards Division attack through the village.
The German reaction to the initial British attack
On 17 December, Lieutenant General Thomas Snow wrote from VII Corps HQ to Third Army: "The abnormal movement and increased registration were duly recorded in the Corps Daily Intelligence Summary; these were believed at first to be connected with an expected divisional relief, though as time went on the suspicion grew that they might mean something more".
VII Corps stood to the right of the tired III Corps. Facing the area Gouzeaucourt-Epehy, it had not been part of the main attacking force at Cambrai but had carried out subsidiary operations. The "something more" reported to Snow over the days since the British attack had been called off had since turned into disaster for both Corps. Recovering from the initial shock of the attack, Second Army had quickly arranged for reinforcements to move to Cambrai. By good fortune, 107 Division had arrived in the area to relieve a Landwehr Division on 9 November undetected by British intelligence – and was deployed piecemeal to help stem the attack next day. The situation for the Germans was serious for a while: two divisions virtually destroyed, gaps in the line, ammunition short, and infantry details being sent in to shore up the defences. The fighting at Bourlon was bitter and at times worrying, with reports of men retiring in disorder from Fontaine. But if the slowdown in the British attack in the afternoon of 20 November had given precious time to regroup, the concentration on Bourlon after 21 November provided the opportunity to thoroughly reinforce. An entirely new command, the XXIII Reserve Corps or Busigny Group, came into being on 23 November, bringing together the 5 Guard, 30, 34 and 220 Divisions, arriving from other parts of the front to face the British VII Corps. It is little wonder that Snow received reports of unusual activity. Other formations arrived to reinforce the Caudry and Moser Groups, opposing III and IV Corps. By 27 November, the balance had swung to such an extent that an opportunity for a vigorous counter attack presented itself.
Counter strike On the same day that Byng was closing down his offensive, Second Army received orders to hit back. The plan – devised and organised with exceptional pace for an action of this magnitude – was for a main force from the Busigny and Caudry Groups to strike from the south, recapture the Hindenburg positions at Havrincourt and Flesquieres and then roll up the British forces now stuck in Bourlon Wood, when forces of the Arras Group north and west of that area would also join the attack. Such was German confidence that reserves were assembled to exploit success, and a further operation north of Saint Quentin was authorised to add to the pressure. On 28 November, operations opened with a heavy gas bombardment of Bourlon.
Two days later, the counter attack began in earnest. On the right flank, south of the Gouzeaucourt-Bonavis road, the break into British positions was swift. The defending 55 (2/West Lancashire) Division and much of 12 (Eastern) and 20 (Light) Divisions seemed to evaporate, and Snow called for reinforcements as early as 9am. Many artillery batteries soon came within range of advancing German infantry. Both they and units hurriedly ordered to shore up the clearly splintering defence were shocked at what they saw. Not least of them was the Guards Division, still recuperating from a mauling in Fontaine Notre Dame and now heading into what would become a bitter fight to hold the enemy at Gouzeaucourt: "First we had to struggle through the flood of terrified men … nothing seemed to stem the torrent of frightened men with eyes of hunted deer, without rifles or equipment, among them half-dressed officers presumably surprised in their sleep, and gunners who had had the sense and calmness to remove the breech blocks from their guns and were carrying them in their hands. Many were shouting alarming rumours, others yelling "Which is the nearest way to the coast?"
[Norman D. Cliff, To hell and back with the Guards (Braunton, Devon: Merlin Books Limited, 1988) p.85]
The German counter attack pushed the British forces back through Gonnelieu and Villers Guislain.
The German plan was simply to cut of the neck of the salient by attacking on each side, with the strongest blow to come on the southern side. The blow fell at 7.30am on the 30th November, and was devastatingly fast and effective. By 9am, the Germans had penetrated almost 3 miles towards Havrincourt Wood. Byng's Third Army faced disaster, with the real prospect of several divisions being cut off in the trap. The first attack fell on the 55th (West Lancashire) and 12th (Eastern) Division on the south-eastern side of the salient. The Germans climbed the slope to re-take Lateau Wood, pushed up the complex of shallow ravines south of Banteux, moved through Villers Guislain and past Gouzeaucourt. Amongst the troops defending the artillery positions at Gouzeaucourt were the11th United States Engineer Company. The direction of the assault was across British divisional boundaries, and the command structure rapidly broke down as the troops became mixed up.
Three German divisions attacked to the north, supported by an intense Phosgene barrage, intending to cut the Bapaume-Cambrai road near Anneux Chapel. They were repulsed by the machine gun barrage of the 47th (London), 2nd and 56th (London) Divisions, who had relieved the 36th and 40th. No Germans reached the road. Fierce fighting continued in the southern area for Gonnelieu, Les Rues Vertes and Masnieres.
Eventually, on the 3rd December, Haig ordered a retirement 'with the least possible delay from the Bourlon Hill-Marcoing salient to a more retired and shorter line'. The audacious plan had failed and although some ground had been gained, in places the Germans were now on ground formerly occupied by the British. A small salient remained at Flesquieres, which was an exposed position ruthlessly exploited by the German assault in March 1918.
The improvised defence gradually sealed the position and once again an initially promising attack lost momentum. The German attack met a far stronger defence north of the road, but even there, weight of artillery and numbers told, and hard-won positions were reluctantly given up by the British. Once again, the battle resembled the Somme: piecemeal attack and improvised counter attack. The German army suffered from problems familiar to the BEF: heavy losses, chaotic supply, and battlefield command breakdown that did not seize upon and propagate success. By 5 December, the line had re-stabilised. The net result of the Cambrai operation in terms of ground was that north of Gonnelieu the British had gained from their 20 November start line, standing on the Hindenburg Support positions snaking around Flesquieres and Welsh Ridge – while south from Gonnelieu they had been pushed back an average of 3000 yards with the loss of Villers Guislain. Both sides now occupied their respective bulges in an S-shaped double salient.
Enquiry and recriminations
Viewed as a heavy hit and run raid, Cambrai had been a failure. As a more strategic operation, designed to punch a deep hole, capture Cambrai, disrupt German rail communications and compel withdrawal from there to the Scarpe, it was a dismal defeat. Stories began to filter back of headlong retreat; of Generals caught in their pyjamas, and of new, wonder German tactics that sliced easily through the British defences. Questions were rightly asked in the War Cabinet, which requested an enquiry. Haig pre-empted it, having already organised one of his own.
The collective view of the operational factors contributing to British defeat was outlined very clearly in the papers assembled for the enquiry. That the enemy attack had been a surprise was denied. All those consulted said it was expected and suitable defensive measures had been taken. Far from admitting that the men holding these positions were tired, having not been relieved, on the contrary they were, according to Byng, "elated, full of fight". Both of these points are open to challenge. Byng, Haig and Smuts all assigned the absence of serious resistance on the southern part of the front to a lack of training among junior officers, NCOs and men – a much more credible factor, but one directly attributable to the rush to undertake the operation despite advice from the staff that the divisions were simply not in a condition to undertake it. The tactically poor position and thinly held front resulting from the 20 November assault is hardly mentioned and where it is, is denied. Reports also mention the panic-inducing effect of rumours of defeat passing quickly between units and back down the lines of communication. No mention is made of the breakdown of all arms fighting, nor the serious communication failures that led to the commander of 29th Division (Major General Sir Henry de Beauvoir de Lisle) claiming that he knew nothing of the German attack before it was upon his headquarters.
The fact remains that, innovative as it was, the British assault was insufficiently successful. The initially winning operational factors proved unequal to the task of stopping the enemy from regrouping. In addition, German tactics had proven an ability to break quickly into a sketchily held front: a portent for 1918.The "dawn of hope" theory of Cambrai has merit, but as far as evidencing a learning curve is concerned, it is overstated. All arms success had come by luck rather than great design. More important is that the battle provided a basis from which operational strengths could be identified and refined, and weaknesses eliminated, by the time of the key victories at Hamel and Amiens in June and August 1918.
Enquiry at Hesdin
The papers of the enquiry into the defensive failure at Cambrai are held at the National Archives in Kew.
Third Army reported losses of dead, wounded and missing of 44,207 between 20 November and 8 December. Of these, some 6,000 were taken prisoner in the enemy counterstroke on 30 November. Enemy casualties are estimated by the British Official History at approximately 45,000.
Senior Officer casualties 20 November 1917 – 7 December 1917
Lt-Col William Alderman DSO Officer commanding 6th Royal West Kents. Killed in action 20 November 1917. Buried in Fifteen Ravine British Cemetery.
Lt-Col Thomas Best DSO and Bar Officer commanding 1/2nd Royal Inniskilling Fusiliers. Killed in action 20 November 1917. Buried in Ruyaulcourt Military Cemetery.
Lt-Col Charles Linton DSO MC Officer commanding 4th Worcesters. Killed in action 20 November 1917. Buried in Fins New British Cemetery.
Lt-Col William Kennedy MC Officer commanding 18th Welsh Regiment. Killed in action 23 November 1917. Commemorated on Louverval Memorial to the Missing.
Lt-Col Clinton Battye DSO Officer commanding 14th Highland Light Infantry. Killed in action 24 November 1917. Buried in Moeuvres Communal Cemetery Extension.
Brigadier-General Roland Boys Bradford VC Officer commanding 186 Brigade HQ. Aged 25 when killed on 30 November 1917. Buried in Hermies British Cemetery.
Lt-Col Kenneth Field DSO Officer commanding 38th Siege Battery, Royal Garrison Artillery. Killed in action 30 November 1917. Commemorated on Louverval Memorial to the Missing.
Lt-Col Henry Gielgud MC Officer commanding 7th Norfolk Regiment. Killed in action 30 November 1917. Commemorated on Louverval Memorial to the Missing.
Lt-Col Ralph Hindle DSO Officer commanding 4th Loyal North Lancashire Regiment. Killed in action 30 November 1917. Buried in Unicorn Cemetery, Vendhuile.
Lt-Col Donald Anderson MC Machine Gun Officer, 61st Division. Killed in action 3 December 1917. Commemorated on Louverval Memorial to the Missing.
Subsequent: the action of Welsh Ridge, 30 December 1917
63rd (Royal Naval) Division.
9th (Scottish) Division.
On 30/31 December, German troops dressed in white camouflage suits surprised British battalions in snow on the southern part of the Cambrai front. A difficult defensive action took place: the Action of Welch Ridge.
Sir Douglas Haig's fifth Despatch (Battle of Cambrai, 1917)


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Sir Patrick Stewart, 80, still in therapy over domestic violence witnesses in childhood
Albertina Lloyd
Sir Patrick Stewart has said he is still in therapy from witnessing his father abuse his mother. (AP)
Sir Patrick Stewart has said he is still receiving therapy for the childhood trauma of witnessing his father being abusive towards his mother.
The 80-year-old star of Star Trek and X-Men said he has suppressed anger all his life due to the fear that he might share the same violent streak as his father.
Sir Patrick told The Telegraph: "I am 80 years old, and I am still in therapy. I see someone every week here in Los Angeles, who I have seen on and off for nearly 20 years.
Patrick Stewart with his son, actor Daniel Stewart. (Getty Images)
"I'm still searching myself, still asking questions of myself, and that is certainly the case when I try to recall what it felt like to be in the middle of violence, and there being nothing I can do."
The veteran actor said when he had rows with his first wife Sheila Falconer he was always worried about losing his temper.
Watch: Patrick Stewart reveals he is still in therapy at 80
Read more: Sir Patrick Stewart: Emergency heart op made me realise I am not immortal
He said: "I remember my son, who ended up being much taller than me, going nose to nose with me, arguing about something. I had to suppress all of that [anger]. So yes, it was there, it's still there."
The actor has two children with first wife Falconer, son Daniel, 53, and daughter Sophie.
And Sir Patrick revealed when he received corporal punishment at school as a teenager he believed he might kill his headmaster if he fought back.
Sir Patrick Stewart with his third wife Sunny Ozell. (AP)
He admitted: "I was beaten with a cane by my headmaster when I was 14, [when] I was innocent of what he was accusing me of.
"It was one of the hardest moments ever, because I wanted to attack him. I would have killed him. If I'd actually got my hands on him, I don't think he'd have made it out."
Read more: Sir Patrick Stewart delights Star Trek fans with Next Generation reunion
The Blunt Talk star previously opened up in 2018 about the domestic abuse his mother suffered at the hands of his father.
Speaking to Loose Women he said: "He never abused his children. It was all directed at my poor mum. If we could have done, yes [we would have taken the blows]. Standing between them would stop it, he [his father] would stand back."
Watch: Sir Ian McKellen celebrate Sir Patrick's Stewart's birthday
Judge in disbelief as 'vomiting' burglar leaves court before hearing
Ben Miller, Torrin-Amar Forbes and Connor Wyatt were due at Oxford Crown Court
Storms dumped snow on California. Will it bring a reprieve from the drought?
Extreme weather filled the Sierra Nevada snowpack, which provides roughly a third of the state's water supply
Labour PM, chancellor and deputy PM would publish tax returns, says Starmer
The Labour leader told the Sunday Times that his party would also publish the internal register of ministerial interests.
Alan Cumming returns OBE over 'toxicity' of British Empire
The actor Alan Cumming has returned the OBE he received in 2009 because he no longer wants to be associated with the "toxicity" of the British Empire.
New boutique two-screen cinema to open this year
Everything from Oscar winners to Pixar family favourites will be coming to a screen near you when a new boutique cinema opens in Oxfordshire.
Chaos after 'partial building collapse' in Stoke Newington
Residents narrowly avoided injury after a partial building collapse on a busy north London high street.Firefighters and paramedics rushed to Stoke Newington High Street at 9.30am on Friday after parts of a building flew off the roof.Builders frantically shouted at shoppers to get back as a "huge ball of orange dust" erupted engulfing an Afro-Caribbean greengrocer.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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For limited time receive up to 30% off. Offer valid on new bookings between January 14 and February 11, 2019. Traveling between January 14 to April 27, 2019. All bookings are subject to availability and must be made in advance. Upgrade from Ocean Front to Lounge is subject to availability. Guests get the Aqua Club amenities by booking with Feel Our Mexico offer. Guest must call 1 800 FIESTA 1 or visit lacoleccionresorts.com/specialoffers. Offer is not valid for groups/conventions.
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For limited time receive up to 20% off Offer valid on new bookings between January 14 and February 11, 2019. Traveling between January 14 to April 27, 2019. All bookings are subject to availability and must be made in advance. Guests get a complimentary sparkling wine bottle per stay. Guest must call 1 800 FIESTA 1 or visit lacoleccionresorts.com/specialoffers. Offer is not valid for groups/conventions.
For limited time receive up to 20% off and complimentary breakfast. Offer valid on bookings between January 14 and February 11, 2019. Traveling between January 14 and April 27, 2019.
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For limited time receive up to 20% off and kids stay, eat and play for free. Offer valid on bookings between January 14 and February 11, 2019. Traveling between January 14 and April 27, 2019.
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For limited time receive up to 40% off, upgrade from Ocean Front to Lounge (subject to availability) and Grand Club amenities. Offer valid on bookings between January 14 and February 11, 2019. Traveling between January 14 and April 27, 2019.
For limited time receive up to 40% off. Offer valid on new bookings between January 14 and February 11, 2019. Traveling between January 14 to April 27, 2019. All bookings are subject to availability and must be made in advance. Upgrade from Ocean Front to Lounge is subject to availability. Guests get the Grand Club amenities by booking with Feel Our México offer. Guest must call 1 800 FIESTA 1 or visit lacoleccionresorts.com/specialoffers. Offer is not valid for groups/conventions.
For limited time receive up to 20% off. Offer valid on new bookings between January 14 and February 11, 2019. Traveling between January 14 to April 27, 2019. Kids under 12 stay, eat and play for free. Maximum 2 children in double occupancy when sharing existing bedding accommodations (one child per adult in room). All bookings are subject to availability and must be made in advance. Complimentary breakfast (up to two). Guest must call 1 800 FIESTA 1 or visit lacoleccionresorts.com/specialoffers. Offer is not valid for groups/conventions.
For limited time receive up to 40% off and kids stay, eat and play for free. Offer valid on bookings between January 14 and February 11, 2019. Traveling between January 14 and April 27, 2019.
For limited time receive up to 40% off. Offer valid on new bookings between January 14 and February 11, 2019. Traveling between January 14 to April 27, 2019. Kids under 12 stay, eat and play for free. Maximum 2 children in double occupancy when sharing existing bedding accommodations (one child per adult in room). All bookings are subject to availability and must be made in advance. Complimentary breakfast (up to two). Guest must call 1 800 FIESTA 1 or visit lacoleccionresorts.com/specialoffers. Offer is not valid for groups/conventions.
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Bought a two pack bundle guitar and one was defected. Tried everything to get it to connect, itll connect but only for a few seconds before disconnecting again. Definitely is a defect, dont know what else it could be. So hard to get ahold of activision, Any advice or chnace of me getting my guitar i just paid for replaced?


Preheat oven to 400 degrees. Slice the spaghetti squash in half. Scoop out all of the seeds and stringy flesh. Place the squash in a roasting pan with the cut-side down. Add a small amount of water to cover the bottom of the pan and cook for 45 minutes or until the squash becomes tender. It is ready when you can easily pierce a fork through the flesh all the way to the peel.
Meanwhile, prepare the meatballs. Brush a baking sheet with olive oil or coconut oil. Pulse the onion, carrot and garlic in a food processor. Transfer into a large bowl and combine with remaining meatball ingredients. Use your hands to ensure everything is mixed thoroughly. Roll mixture into 1-inch balls and transfer onto prepared baking sheet. Bake for 15-20 minutes or until cooked through. You can put these in the oven while the squash is cooking.
Make the sauce: Transfer spaghetti sauce into a saucepan and place on stove over medium heat. Stirring occasionally, heat the sauce for approximately 10 minutes or until it reaches desired temperature.
Use a fork to scrape the spaghetti squash strands into a large bowl and toss with 2 tbsp of grated parmesan. Season with salt. Divide the squash among individual bowls and top each with meatballs and sauce.


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Farmer-led Seed Co-op Positioned For Growth
By Jennifer Barber | February 2018 | Business
Take a group of entrepreneurial growers, add an industry on the cusp of major growth and mix in a rebranding strategy with the goal to expand into international markets and you have the recipe for a farmer-led success story.
Over the past several years, Alberta Seed Processors (ASP) has taken its decades old co-operative and created a more cohesive, forward-thinking organization that offers more opportunities for growers to meet the needs of local and global markets.
"We used to be known as the Alberta Association of Co-op Seed Cleaning Plants and, on top of being a mouthful, it didn't really describe the scope of what we were doing," says Kelly Wheeler, vice-president and director of ASP. "Today we are very diversified — we do a lot of exporting, we treat seed, we grow seed and much more."
Although still a critical part of its market, ASP has expanded its business from basic seed cleaning to exporting specialty grains and pulses, offering producer car loading sites, processing for grain brokers and expanding distribution sites for seed growers and companies.
The group of 67 independent farmerowned grain processing co-ops are scattered throughout Alberta and into British Columbia's Peace region. In 2016/17, ASP processed 44 million bushels of seed and grain. Thirty-three million bushels were processed for farm seed, with more than six million processed for the pedigreed market. Almost 10 million bushels were processed for export or for upgrading of domestic commodity grains/ pulses and oilseeds.
More than $17 million has been spent over the past four years upgrading facilities. Upgrades include the installation of optical sorting and legal-for-trade weighing systems that can manage even the biggest transport trucks. In the last five years, Strathmore, Enchant and Lougheed locations have built new state-of-the-art facilities, with new plants in Bashaw and Taber currently under construction.
"It's really the growers and plant managers who have driven our growth," says Wheeler, a farmer himself. "They are all about creating new opportunities and adding value to what we do. Through ongoing investment we are able to continually upgrade our facilities and processes to meet the needs of growers in our community."
Part of the rebranding was a vision to create seed and grain processing opportunities for both the local and global markets. As advocates for growers, ASP has used the size of its business to its advantage in order to get a seat at the table with government ministers and to have representation in industry round tables. Because of the volume of seed ASP processes and treats, its opinion on industry issues holds weight.
Successful expansion for Strathmore facility
Wheeler chairs the board of the Strathmore plant, which is just one of ASP's recent success stories. Recognizing the inefficiencies of its original 40-year-old plant, a new facility was built that's capable of cleaning seed at 1,200 bushels per hour. To meet export demand, the facility added sea-can loading capabilities.
And with the increasing popularity of cropping lentils in this region of the province, the Strathmore plant also includes cleaning capacity for 600,000 bushels of lentils.
"While the core of our business is cleaning seed for local farmer members, we knew it was time to grow with changing markets," says Wheeler.
"Our Strathmore facility is owned by a group of forward looking growers who wanted to move into exporting, add in specialty crop cleaning and also move further into pedigreed seed and malt processing," says Wheeler. "We had to adapt our technology to accommodate these changing market demands."
Keith Reynolds is the plant manager at the Strathmore facility and says that working as part of a co-operative offers many advantages, including the ability to market as a group, manage benefits on a group basis and the ability to share information with others, not only within the same industry, but in the same province. He says the expansion of the Strathmore plant was developed with future growth in mind.
"We built the Strathmore facility bigger than what we need today, to plan for more and new business," says Reynolds. "We needed to modernize and we wanted to include more than just seed cleaning," he added. "The sea-can loading area is now in full operation, and we have included technology that will be able to clean hybrid grain when it comes into production. We are well positioned to participate in the market today and into the future."
With its upgraded facilities, the Strathmore plant is getting more attention from grain companies, says Reynolds. And the commercial treating business has also expanded. "In 2017 we started growing certified seed," he adds. "That was a big change for us but we now are involved in the seed production business from the beginning to the end of the season. We are able to load and export domestically and internationally."
Diversified growth
All member co-ops within this network of seed and grain processing professionals have a rural community focus and are as individualized as the needs of their local growers — some sell hay tarps, others sell pet food, while others sell insurance.
Bill Chapman, crop business development specialist with Alberta Agriculture and Forestry, works with ASP as a technical advisor to help the boards of directors identify new opportunities and help determine some of the best uses for expansion dollars. He says, however, that most new ideas come from local boards.
"In addition to the expansion at Strathmore, we have had several other regional success stories in recent years," says Chapman. "At the Stony Plain facility, the board invested in oats cleaning and clipping equipment for the horse market," he says. "It added a robotic bagger that has increased the handling capacity. It's buying grain for containerized sales from local members and has ramped up seed treating operations. The ability to market grain to customers internationally is unique for this area."
At the Westlock facility, the board invested in pedigreed seed cleaning and handling equipment. "Westlock handles seed for local and regional growers — anyone within a 100-mile radius of the facility," says Chapman. "It now has 19 pedigreed seed growers cleaning and retailing seed from its operation."
Westlock is now selling seven different crop types and, over the past several years, has scaled up for size, now processing over 800,000 bushels of pedigreed seed, and with storage facilities on site. "Westlock responded to the market and has upgraded many times," says Chapman. "The facility has overhauled its treating capacity so that it can treat and load a Super B truck in 45 minutes."
The farmer-owners of the Warburg facilities have recently diversified to sell pulses and forage seed, along with their original cereal cleaning business. They identified the need to be able to clean a combination of forage and cereals for their local market, which includes a large number of cow-calf operations.
"The common denominator for these three facilities, and other ASP co-ops that have expanded in the past few years, is that they all have great board members who have the foresight to evaluate these different opportunities," says Chapman.
"They are continually investing their earnings into new projects, paying out smaller dividends while still growing the business. These sites are committed to growth and committed to making their local businesses work." cover story
"We have a very diverse province when it comes to growing conditions — be that different altitude, soil, weather or hours of daylight," says Wheeler. "Every region has its own specific facility, but by always looking for unique opportunities and combining our knowledge as a co-op on a provincial level, we are able to invest back into the business where it's needed to increase our capacity and capabilities overall." FF
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unc graduate school application
Firme - Contratos a la medida de tus proyectos > Blog > Sin categoría > unc graduate school application
For full consideration for these awards, the deadline is 2ndTuesday in December. An individual remains unregistered for five years or longer and wishes to resume graduate study. Contact Us The Graduate School 501 20th Street, Campus Box 135 Greeley, CO 80639 970-351-2831 Contact UNC 970-351-1890 501 20th St. Greeley, CO 80639 There is no transfer process between programs once admitted to The Graduate School. Most international students admitted to SILS have TOEFL scores above 100. A desire to pursue a different degree requires a new application to the new degree program. Chapel Hill, NC 27599-4010, Electronic copies of official transcripts are also accepted and should be emailed to gradadmissions@unc.edu. To resume their studies, such students must submit an Application for Readmission according to the following deadlines: Readmission after a long absence is not automatic and will be reviewed carefully by the academic program prior to making a recommendation to The Graduate School. The Graduate School will mail the official decision letter no later than April 1. Many graduate programs admit students and confirm their classes well before the Graduate School's deadlines. The academic plan should be submitted as part of the reapplication materials. We want students who are excited, open-minded, and full of questions they wish to explore. Graduate School Withdrawal Application. Wait for your admissions decision. How do my recommenders get notified to submit their letters? How can I get the recommender changed in the system? Recently accepted graduate students had an average undergraduate GPA of 3.5 on a 4.0 scale. The Graduate School UNC Greensboro 270 Mossman Building 1202 Spring Garden Street Greensboro, NC 27412 VOICE 336.334.5596 EMAILgradinquiry@uncg.edu FAX 336.334.4424 … Graduate Students Nearing Graduation. 100 Manning Hall, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-3360 Applicants may voluntarily submit GRE scores if you feel that these scores would help the admissions committee understand your academic capabilities more completely. The TOEFL or IELTS test (no more than 2 years old) is still required for international applicants, with the following three exceptions: The UNC graduate school's minimum requirement for admission on the TOEFL is a total score of 90. UNC Charlotte Graduate Admissions Cato Hall 210 9201 University City Blvd. It describes admission standards and requirements, tuition and other costs, and sources of financial aid (including fellowships). Dual Bachelor's-Master's Degree Programs. We also offer Early Entry for exemplary UNC Charlotte undergraduate students and Accelerated Master's for … For example, an individual who is admitted to a PhD program in Department A may not transfer to a PhD program in Department B. However, you can have your new recommender email the Graduate Student Services Coordinator directly and we will be glad to upload the replacement letter into your application. Applications are not reviewed until all materials (forms, transcripts, test scores, essay and references) have been received. You are from countries where English is the SOLE OFFICIAL language of instruction. For questions and assistance regarding the on-line application, contact the Graduate School directly at gradinfo@unc.edu. Attend an online application or program session, meet virtually with an admissions counselor, and take a virtual tour of campus. The Graduate School staff are working remotely and are available via email.Please visit our staff page to find the appropriate contact for your question or concern.. No department code is necessary, but please include the UNC Graduate School Institution Code: #5816. The academic program and The Graduate School will consult to determine if credits previously earned will meet current degree requirements. in the following circumstances: To resume their studies, such students must submit an Admission Application request according to the following deadlines: Students should first contact their former academic program to develop a feasible academic plan for returning to complete the degree. Submit your application by the deadline. Members of the General Faculty of UNC-Chapel Hill may not pursue a graduate degree at this institution except under the following conditions: Previous: Graduate School Calendar The UNC Graduate School charges its own application fee. Charlotte, NC 28223 If you still do not see your scores after 10 days please feel free to contact us and we will help you in tracking down your scores. If you are admitted, instructions on how to submit your financial certificate and supporting documents will be provided in your admissions letter. The Graduate School UNC Greensboro 270 Mossman Building 1202 Spring Garden Street Greensboro, NC 27412 VOICE 336.334.5596 EMAILgradinquiry@uncg.edu FAX 336.334.4424 … 2. How to Apply. We look for distinguishing characteristics and experiences in these letters that might mark the applicants as superior and unique.We are immensely proud of our students. For More Information It has been taking between 7-10 days for TOEFL scores to match up with your application. The school admits students once annually, to begin the program in the fall semester. Apply Now. If a student is not registered for as long as two academic years, a new immunization record and Medical History Form must also be submitted to Campus Health Services to avoid future registration cancellation. Additional UNC Graduate School information can be found here Please Note: The GRE waiver applies to applicants possessing a Pharm.D. Many graduate programs admit students and confirm their classes well before the Graduate School's deadlines. Step 1: Decide Which Degreeis for You. Both domestic and international applicants must use the on-line application to apply for graduate studies at UNC-Chapel Hill. You have received or will receive a degree from an accredited university in the United States. The Graduate School Your application will not be reviewed until the application is submitted and the application fee is received. Choose the button below to start a graduate application. If a student has not been enrolled for one academic year, the student must also request a new residency determination via the Residency Determination Service and follow the instructions to be considered a NC resident for tuition purposes. Wait for your admissions decision. Exam results more than two years old cannot be considered. The employing academic program chair(s) and dean must certify annually that the degree to be pursued is of demonstrable value to the institution. Please apply for graduate admission to UNC Charlotte using our online portal. We provide a host of FAQs to answer many of your questions.
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Wilmington, CA
East Oakland, CA
Address: 6325 Pacific Blvd. Ste 300; Huntington Park, CA 90255
Conference Room: ext. 118
(In alphabetical order by first name)
Bahram Fazeli
Director of Research and Policy – ext. 100
For the past 18 years at CBE, Bahram has managed a number of research, policy, and planning projects and has worked closely with CBE community members, organizers and attorneys to provide technical assistance for various campaigns. Bahram has served on different advisory groups including those at the US EPA and various California regulatory agencies, and he has been recognized for his contributions to environmental health and justice policies including an award from the American Planning Association for his work on the precedent-setting Clean Up Green Up Ordinance in the City of Los Angeles. Working with CBE staff, members and academic partners on collaborative and participatory action research projects, Bahram has authored, coauthored, and contributed to reports, articles, and academic papers covering diverse topics in environmental policy. He attended UCLA for his undergraduate and graduate training in Environmental Studies and Urban Planning. In his free time, he coaches soccer, bikes, walks, cooks, reads poetry, and spends time with family and friends.
Darryl Molina Sarmiento
Executive Director – ext. 105
"As a daughter of Pilipino immigrants, I saw my parents were afraid to teach their children their own dialect. As I learned my history, I understood the struggles in the Philippines and in the US as rooted in the same oppressive system that puts humanity in ecological crisis. We must work for the survival of the future of the earth and our people."
Now, in her 12th year with CBE, Darryl embodies CBE's leadership ladder, having first encountered CBE at the age of 18, when she took one of our Toxic Tours. Later, in 2005, she formally joined CBE as Southern California's Youth Program Coordinator. In 2011, Darryl transitioned into the role of CBE's Southern California Program Director and was at the helm of successful community-based campaigns against the fossil fuel industry and against toxic polluters such as Exide Technologies. Darryl was instrumental in leading the passage of Clean Up Green Up, a City of Los Angeles ordinance that is one of the first Environmental Justice Green Zone Policies in the nation. She has worked on the passage of statewide energy and climate policy, and has worked to advance local clean energy and transportation goals. Darryl graduated from UCLA with a B.A. in Asian American Studies. After graduating, she worked for the AFL-CIO Labor Union and Pilipino Workers Center of Los Angeles. She previously served on the board of The California Fund for Youth Organizing.
Dilia Ortega
Youth Program Coordinator – ext. 107
A queer feminist from Southeast LA, Dilia's passion for environmental justice sprouts from witnessing her family work various jobs in the city of Vernon and growing up adjacent to the industrial part of Walnut Park. Prior to CBE, Dilia organized with Bienestar Human Services and CSULB's Center for Latino Community Health, fighting for health equity and queer and gender justice. She has a Bachelor's Degree in Comparative Literature and History with a concentration in Latin@ Studies from Williams College. Dilia is a proud gemini-cancer cusp.
Dinah Dominguez
Grassroots Fundraising Organizer – ext. 112
Dinah graduated from UCLA, studied anthropology and labor and workplace studies, and it was here that her roots as an organizer began to take form. Her belief in social justice and the right to a dignified life for all people led her to continue her work as an organizer. Before joining CBE, her work was primarily focused in the Labor Movement, where she had the opportunity to work with various institutions and organizations like the UCLA Labor Center, the CLEAN Carwash Campaign, the Garment Worker Center, and SEIU-United Service Workers West. What she loves about organizing is the amazing power that people have to transform their lives and their communities through collective action.
Gissela Chavez
Communications Associate – ext. 109
Gissela was a child when CBE's campaign against La Montaña in South East Los Angeles first began. Her mother, Mercedes, worked as a Community Outreach Worker for CBE at the time. Gissela grew up seeing what the power of community could accomplish. She was part of CBE'S Youth Action Club at Huntington Park High School during her junior and senior year. During her time with Youth Action, Gissela participated in the efforts to stop the construction of a Power Plant that was proposed in the neighboring city of Vernon, CA. This was eventually a victory for CBE. In December of 2016, she completed her B.A. in Sociology with a minor in Queer Studies. Gissela was president of the Sociology Student Association at Cal State Long Beach for two years. She was also an intern for the Greater Long Beach Interfaith Community Organization and took part in work around comprehensive immigration reform. She has a strong passion for social and environmental justice issues and is excited to be part of the CBE community again.
Iliana Alvarado
Director of Finance & Operations – ext. 110
Jennifer Ganata
Senior Staff Attorney
Jennifer Ganata joined Communities for a Better Environment in September 2018. Previously she worked at Communities for a Better Environment from 2007 to 2012 as a youth organizer and a legal fellow. She transitioned from doing environmental justice work to housing by starting her housing career at Eviction Defense Network. Before returning to CBE, Jennifer was a senior staff attorney at Inner City Law Center where she did eviction defense and land use.
Jennifer has a deep interest in connecting her passion for environmental justice and housing in order to defend frontline communities' right to housing and a better environment. She believes that organizing is key to helping move our communities away from investing in an extractive economy.
Jennifer has a BA in Ethnic Studies and a minor in Urban Studies and Planning from University of California, San Diego (UCSD). Jennifer received a JD from City University of New York (CUNY), where she was trained through the Adult Defender Clinical program and an LL.M from the University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA) with a focus on Critical Race Studies. She is a member of the National Lawyers Guild in Los Angeles.
Finance Associate
Julia May
"My parents taught us we must pay attention to our world and financial system–that we should work for justice for everybody and a healthy environment. My dad was an engineer who encouraged me in science. My mom was a feisty woman who believed women, regular folks can change the world."
Julia has a degree in electrical engineering from the University of Michigan. In her 25+ years at CBE, she has evaluated and advised about industrial pollution sources, industrial chemical phaseout opportunities, and Best Available Control Technical options. Julia evaluates technical reports and publications, turning this information into more accessible material for the community.
Katherine Hoff
Associate Attorney – ext. 117
As a CBE attorney, Katherine is proud to work with the Wilmington Team to fight for healthy communities. She focuses her legal work on environmental issues in the oil and gas industry, as well as a range of other air and water pollution issues. With a background of 5 years as a community organizer, Katherine strongly believes in the fundamental, critical importance of building people power through organizing, ensuring that communities of color and low income communities have a powerful voice. Katherine holds a B.A. from Haverford College and a J.D. from UCLA School of Law, where she was a member of the David J. Epstein Program in Public Interest Law and Policy. After graduating in 2014, she worked in public interest law for four years before joining CBE in 2018.
Kayleigh Wade
Youth Organizer – ext. 102
Born and raised in Lynwood near the Compton Fashion Center, throughout her youth Kayleigh witnessed the ways environmental racism impacts the Black and Brown community. Her passion for environmental justice stems from her own trajectory of living less than a mile from both the 105 and 710 freeways, and from growing up in a food desert. Her passion intersects with food justice, and she hopes to implement that intersection into her own work. She transferred to UCLA from Santa Monica College and now holds a Bachelor's Degree in Chicanx/a/o Studies and LGBT Studies. She organized in efforts to prevent privatization of General Ed classes at Santa Monica College, and organized with fellow QTIAPOC students at UCLA.
Milton Hernandez Nimatuj
Southern California Program Director – ext. 112
"Youth for Environmental Justice gave me the tools and space to challenge and create in my own community, but most importantly, it proved to me that 'Youth are the leaders of today not just tomorrow.' I am excited to have the opportunity to work as the Youth Organizer in Wilmington because I strive to offer a similar if not better space than the one that welcomed me 12 years ago."
Queer Cakchiquel born in Guatemala and raised in Southeast Los Angeles, Milton was 16 years old when he became involved in environmental justice work with CBE's youth program (Youth EJ), organizing to defeat the proposed power plant, Nueva Azalea, in South Gate. He was active in helping pass AB540, now a California state law, which allows undocumented students to pay in-state tuition at public California colleges. Milton was selected for this position after serving six years as CBE's Youth Program Coordinator.
Sam Sunshine
Sam Sunshine is an educator who has worked in community health for over 15 years. She joined CBE in 2018 as a Grants Manager, with the hopes that our vision for environmental and social justice remains funded and sustainable. Sam is excited about being a bomb mom and a lifelong student, building fierce loving community, abolishing the PIC, learning pre- and post-apocalyptic skill sets, and studying western bio politics so that she can help to dismantle its colonial occupation of our bodies.
Development Director – ext. 115
Stephanie has worked for over 20 years with under-represented communities as an organizer, community planner, coalition builder and policy advocate, mostly in the realm of community development, affordable housing and environmental justice. She launched her community activism as a volunteer organizer deeply involved with residents who secured a major policy win when the City of Los Angeles provided seed funding for a new non-profit to build parks in park-poor neighborhoods. For the past 10 years, she has worked exclusively in coalitions. Most of this work was as staff and then director of the Green LA Coalition, formed to advance a progressive environmental policy agenda for Los Angeles. She earned a Masters degree in City Planning from Boston University and a B.A. in Economics from Wheaton College in Norton, Massachusetts. She is growing her family through fostering and adoption and is a parent of two boys.
Sylvia Arredondo
Civic Engagement Coordinator – ext. 113
"My name means "of the forest" when I learned this- it was as if I became complete. My love for the outdoors and nature came full circle. I made a promise to do what I can do to protect Mother Earth."
Sylvia brings deep community connection to her role at CBE, as she was raised and currently resides in Wilmington and served as CBE's Development Associate for 3 years. Before joining CBE, Sylvia was a fundraiser at Peace Action West. She has a bachelor's degree in Political Science from San Francisco State University. She has worked on several electoral campaigns and is a member of the Wilmington Neighborhood Council.
Xugo Lujan Jr.
South East LA Communty Organizer
My name is Xugo Lujan Jr. I am a two spirit/queer organizer born and raised in East LA. My dedication to environmental justice stems from my own familys' forced migration story due to localized NAFTA impacts in Torreon Coahuila which subsequently destroyed mi familias home to make way for an expanding US supplying textile company. With my family now in East LA and throughout South East LA, I wish to honor my family's struggle by fighting against environmentally racist projects impacting our collective health and well being.
My experience organizing began in my highschool years with the 2006 Immigrant Rights East LA Walkouts and fighting for implementation of k-12 LGBTQIA Curriculum with Gay Straight Alliance. In my four years at UC Santa Cruz, I organized in support of campus worker rights as well as student of color access and retention within higher education. I will be starting a MPH Program with Cal State LA which I hope will provide additional tools in our movement.
As an organizer, I always strive to create community led spaces centered in solidarity and elevation of collective knowledge, voice, and survival practices as tools for building community power. I believe that love is the foundation of any social justice movement and I strive to always ground my efforts in building longstanding and deep relationships honoring our-stories of race, gender, class, and sexuality. Beyond fighting industries or racist policies, community organizing is a healing tool in remembering our individual and collective power.
Address: 113 E. Anaheim Street, Wilmington, CA 90744
Alicia Rivera
Wilmington Community Organizer – ext. 106
"To help people evolve from being passive and inactive into concerned individuals who feel the responsibility to participate in the fight for environmental justice rewards my spirit, and it helps me to continue the long and hard struggle to fight for our planet."
Alicia was the lead organizer in CBE's campaign against La Montaña, a gigantic pile of cement rubble from the 1994 Northridge earthquake that was stored on an empty lot in residential Southeast LA County for 20 years, where it sickened neighbors with air pollution including cement dust. Alicia previously worked as an organizer at the LA Alliance for a New Economy, leading their Adams/La Brea Accountable Re-Development campaign and building support in Wilmington, CA for their Port truck drivers' campaign. Alicia has a strong passion and commitment for environmental and economic justice issues.
Ashley Hernandez
Wilmington Youth Organizer – ext. 108
Raised in Wilmington, Ashley first became involved with CBE during her junior year of high school. As a member of CBE's youth program (Youth EJ), she worked on the Clean Up Green Up campaign. She was then selected to be a CBE Youth EJ organizing intern. Ashley is very passionate about Clean Up Green Up because it is the first program of its kind in Los Angeles.
Laura Gracia
Climate Adaptation Resiliency Enhancement (CARE) Coordinator – ext. 103
Laura began at CBE as Richmond Youth Organizer and developed the Richmond branch of CBE's Youth EJ Program, where our youth members are fighting environmental injustices and moving towards a Just Transition. Laura brings deep organizing experience to her new role as the CARE Coordinator. She graduated from the University of California- Santa Cruz with a B.A. in Environmental Studies and Art. Some of her previous experience includes volunteering and canvassing for Planned Parenthood, mentoring and tutoring young immigrants in Watsonville, CA, improving transportation for students and workers at UCSC, and coordinating a social media campaign with Physicians for Social Responsibility that highlights the health impacts caused by climate change. Laura also serves on the Richmond Progressive Alliance's Steering Committee, where she focuses on youth engagement and environmental justice.
Angela Scott
East Oakland Organizer – ext. 21
"Before CBE, I used to think that environmental justice was just for tree huggers. After taking a toxic tour in my East Oakland community, I quickly realized that a fight for the environment was a fight for people. Fighting for mother Earth was also a fight for her most vulnerable children- poor black, brown and indigenous communities of color".
Angela is a Bay Area and frontline community native. Before joining CBE, Angela was a community correspondent with Oakland Voices, a community journalism project with The Oakland Tribune where she wrote about issues in East Oakland from the perspective of a community member. Angela first became active within the Black Lives Matter movement in 2014, where she began to realize the power of people who are united for a purpose. She has since transitioned to environmental justice because she feels it not only encompasses the fight for black communities and black equity but it advocates for other oppressed people and our collective home.
Ernesto Arevalo
Northern California Program Director – ext. 10
Ernesto began his time at CBE as an East Oakland member, then joined the staff as CBE's Climate Adaptation Resiliency Enhancement (CARE) Coordinator in April 2016, and was recently selected for his current position. After graduating from UC Davis in Environmental Policy Analysis and Planning, he wanted to use what he had learned to help improve his community. Because of his experience with organizing as a member then staff member of CBE and his education, Ernesto is able to serve versatile roles, shifting from community organizing and communications to research and institutional organizing. He is committed to ensuring that the community's voice is heard and that the planning process is more accessible to residents. One of his final projects as a CBE member was creating a curriculum for community visioning of the development of the Coliseum Specific Plan area.
Esther Goolsby
East Oakland Community Organizer – ext. 24
"When we walk like (we are rushing), we print anxiety and sorrow on the earth. We have to walk in a way that we only print peace and serenity on the earth… Be aware of the contact between your feet and the earth. Walk as if you are kissing the earth with your feet."
Esther is an Oakland native, a parent of three, and a health and justice advocate who says it's time for positive change in her city! She is a Licensed Pharmacy Technician with an A.S. degree in Pharmacy Technology. Once injured from work and aware of the issues connecting the health of people and the environment, she began volunteering with local organizations in her neighborhood. After taking a CBE Toxic Tour 6 years ago, Esther became a CBE member and learned to educate and organize her community. She joined the staff in 2016 as CBE's East Oakland Community Organizer. Esther has served on boards and partnered with other organizations including the HOPE Collaborative, Acta Non Verba: Youth Urban Farm project, and many other coalitions to improve the health and living of East Oakland residents. We must,"Stop Pollution and Just Transition" for real change. Thich Nhat Hanh is one of her favorite inspirations and one of Esther's many favorite quotes would be, "My actions are my only true belongings" -TNH
Shana Lazerow
Legal Director – ext. 18
"I went to law school because I knew the system was broken. It was there that I first met community members fighting for environmental justice in Southeast LA, working to move a toxic waste transfer facility, working to move La Montana, working to make a livable world. I immediately saw that community empowerment was the way to bring about change, and that environmental laws could play a crucial role. More than two decades later, I still believe this is the way to bring about a just, sustainable world."
Shana has worked as a public interest lawyer and advocate since 1999. Her focus has been on enforcing environmental laws and advocating before administrative agencies to secure meaningful environmental protection statewide. Shana holds an A.B. from University of Pennsylvania and a J.D. from UCLA School of Law. In addition to her advocacy, Shana has taught at Stanford Law School.
Tyler Earl
Legal Fellow
Tyler is a new attorney who pursued a career in law in order to fight for a more just world for all. His past work on wetland habitat conservation in the Imperial Valley inspired his passion for environmental justice as he saw the stark difference between a protected environment and the disastrous consequences of pollution on already over-burdened communities of color. In law school, he furthered his study of environmental law by interning with the U.S. Department of Justice's Environmental Enforcement Section and the California Public Utilities Commission and helped severely disadvantaged clients through internships at the Working Peoples' Law Center and USC's Post-Conviction Justice Project. He also volunteered with the Los Angeles chapter of the National Lawyers Guild to protect the First Amendment rights of demonstrators as a legal observer. He graduated with a B.A. in History and Political Science from Cal Poly San Luis Obispo and earned a J.D. from the University of Southern California Gould School of Law.
Address: 120 Broadway, Suite 2 | Richmond, CA 94804
Conference Room: ext. 20
Andrés Soto
Richmond Community Organizer – ext. 15
Andrés is a lifelong resident of the Richmond area and has spent his adult life as an advocate for progressive change on the local, state and national levels. He is a seasoned organizer and a co-founder of the Richmond Progressive Alliance. He also sits on the boards of several non-profits, and he is currently a Planning Commissioner in the City of Richmond.
Andrés is also a working musician in the Bay Area and has played his Saxophones around the world. Andrés is also a proud father of two sons and is enjoying grandfatherhood with his four grandchildren."
Dan Sakaguchi
Staff Researcher– ext. 17
Dan Sakaguchi has been a longtime admirer of CBE and is gracious to have recently been brought on board. Although still new with CBE, he is excited to learn and grow as an ally in the environmental and social justice movements. In the past, Dan has provided technical support with organizations advocating for local energy efficiency policy, affordable housing for workers, and transportation equity in the Bay Area. Dan holds a B.S. in physics and an M.S. in Earth Systems, with a focus on environmental policy.
Emily Johnson
Human Resources Manager – ext. 25
Emily brought to CBE a decade of experience in finance-related positions in healthcare reform and reproductive rights nonprofits in Portland, Oregon, where she grew up and graduated from Lewis & Clark College. She has been involved with Portland LGBTQ and community arts organizations in a volunteer capacity.
Greg Karras
Senior Scientist – ext. 19
Greg has expertise in the fields of industrial investigation, pollution prevention engineering, energy system planning, and exposure assessment. In his 25+ years with CBE, he has led research in campaigns on water quality, air quality and food chain contamination; participated in pollution prevention audits of more than 100 industrial facilities; and authored or co-authored 20 major scientific publications.
Zolboo Namkhaidorj
Richmond Youth Organizer – ext. 14
Zolboo Namkhaidorj is an environmental justice organizer who first got involved with Communities for a Better Environment in 2017 as an active member at the East Oakland office. She immigrated to the U.S. at the age of 8 from Mongolia and grew up in the Bay Area. She has three years of experience engaging in grassroots advocacy at a national environmental nonprofit, where she realized her passion for environmentalism and drive to make a change in the world. Zolboo is passionate about empowering youth of color to realize their power and potential, and is excited to combine that with her love for environmental justice.
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Huntington Park Office: Bahram Fazeli, Darryl Molina Sarmiento, Dilia Ortega, Dinah Dominguez, Gissela Chavez, Julia May, Kayleigh Wade, Maria Sarah Rivera, Melissa White, Milton Hernandez Nimatuj, Ricardo Gastelum, Rossmery Zayas, Stephanie Taylor, Sylvia Arredondo
Wilmington Office: Alicia Rivera, Ashley Hernandez
East Oakland Office: Ernesto Arevalo, Esther Goolsby, Angela Scott
Richmond Office: Andres Soto, Emily Johnson, Greg Karras, Jose Lopez, Laura Gracia-Santiago, Adriana Diaz Flores, Alondra Ramirez, Shana Lazerow


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He called it "a big step for everybody - something that's never, ever been done before".
Besides becoming the first commercial cargo hauler to the International Space Station, SpaceX is building a capsule to launch NASA astronauts as soon as next year. The previous flight for the Falcon 9 rocket ended in the ocean.
The reusable main-stage booster from the SpaceX Falcon 9 rocket makes a successful landing on a platform in the Atlantic Ocean about 185 miles (300 km) off the coast of Florida April 8, 2016 in this handout photo provided by SpaceX.
In addition to this, SpaceX recovered the Falcon 9's $6 million nose cone for the first time as well. At a news conference, Musk personally thanked Halliwell for having faith in SpaceX.
"Falcon 9 first stage has landed on Of Course I Still Love You - world's first reflight of an orbital class rocket", the company tweeted.
SpaceX refurbished the 15-foot booster and tested its nine original engines.
Musk has high expectations for SpaceX and what it will do for the rest of 2017 and beyond.
"The final vehicle design spin that we are doing on Falcon 9, that we will be flying later this year, that should be capable of up to 10 or even more (launches)", she said. The company's long-term goal under founder Musk is to fly people to and from Mars. He believes it will be possible with a quick turnaround and re-use of boosters, which are typically discarded after a single use.
"The potential is there for [an] over 100-fold reduction in the cost of access to space", he said. But more importantly, it'll gain the company a lot more customers - Musk said that many firms were waiting for the outcome of the launch before agreeing to fly on a recycled rocket.
The cost of rebuilding the first stage of a rocket can hit the millions of dollars mark. These flights, however, did not put anything into orbit. A year ago, the booster had landed on the ocean platform after a space station launch for National Aeronautics and Space Administration.
The rugged terrain was inaccessible to vehicles and this along with poor weather conditions had hampered the rescue operation. The British and Irish coast guards searched over the Irish Sea and the Snowdonia mountain range in north Wales.
The decision caps a years-long fight between environmental groups and energy industry advocates over the pipeline's fate. The state now produces about 980,000 barrels a day, projected to return to 1 million barrels a day by the end of 2018.


H/b; illus boards; g++; 4to; 128pp; cloth spine damaged at top; corners worn; spin off annual from Schoolgirls' Own; some lovely colour plates; ; School Friend Pets Annual; 4to 11" - 13"
H/b; d/w; vg/g; 4to; d/w creased on front & badly torn on flaps; cloth spine worn, Pink spine multi coloured writing.
Hbk, Dark Red cloth boards with faded spine, G+, small water marks on boards. This vol 129 January - March.
Farewell to Fairacre, Miss Read; Illus Goodall, John S.
A Dictionary of Quotations from the British Poets in Three Parts. Part the First. Shakespeare.
The Enchanted Castle, Nesbit E.
Hbk in picture boards; G+; some pictures coloured in, front board is a picture of a Circus ring with a girl riding a horse with 2 clowns and the ringmaster.


Watch Instant Star Season 2 full episodes online free putlockers.
At age 15, Jude Harrison won a national singer/songwriter talent search. With the overnight fame and the recording contract came some tough decisions. Now she's more mature but still struggling with success and her often-problematic love life.


Hotel, bed and breakfast (B&B) and home owners looking to provide accommodation to the estimated 500 000 visitors during the 2010 World Cup are opening themselves up to huge potential risks by failing to take out appropriate insurance cover..
Harker points to a recent case in which a client was sued by an American family for well in excess of R20 million due to a liability claim against a South African citizen.
Harker says it is possible for people renting out their primary residences and holiday homes during the tournament to obtain liability cover that is not normally available on traditional personal lines policies.
Harker also advises that B&B and private individuals could benefit by specifying their cover for the duration of the tournament.
"It is important to be aware of how costly disruptions to services due to unforeseen circumstances could be during the four weeks of the tournament," says Harker. Owners of hotels and B&B's should assess whether they are covered for loss of revenue due to instances such as cancellations, staff stay-aways and failure of essential equipment such as air conditioners or heaters.
Harker recommends that anyone offering accommodation during the tournament should consult with their insurance brokers to clarify whether their policy will cover them for all eventualities.