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Comparative Transcriptomics of Flammulina filiformis Suggests a High CO2 Concentration Inhibits Early Pileus Expansion by Decreasing Cell Division Control Pathways
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IJMS
Rowe, C. W.
Dill, T.
Faulkner, S.
Gedye, C.
Paul, J. W.
Tolosa, J. M.
Jones, M.
King, S.
Smith, R.
Hondermarck, H.
The Precursor for Nerve Growth Factor (proNGF) in Thyroid Cancer Lymph Node Metastases: Correlation with Primary Tumour and Pathological Variables
Christopher W. Rowe
1,2,3,
Tony Dill
Sam Faulkner
3,5 ,
Craig Gedye
Jonathan W. Paul
Jorge M. Tolosa
1,2,3 and
Hubert Hondermarck
School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Newcastle, Callaghan 2308, Australia
Department of Endocrinology, John Hunter Hospital, Newcastle 2310, Australia
Hunter Medical Research Institute, 1 Kookaburra Circuit, New Lambton Heights 2310, Australia
Department of Anatomical Pathology, NSW Health Pathology (Hunter), Newcastle 2310, Australia
School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, University of Newcastle, Callaghan 2308, Australia
Department of Medical Oncology, Calvary Mater Newcastle, Waratah 2298, Australia
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2019, 20(23), 5924; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms20235924
Received: 1 November 2019 / Revised: 21 November 2019 / Accepted: 24 November 2019 / Published: 25 November 2019
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Receptors, Transmitters and Signaling Pathways in Thyroid Disorders and Diabetes)
Metastases in thyroid cancer are associated with aggressive disease and increased patient morbidity, but the factors driving metastatic progression are unclear. The precursor for nerve growth factor (proNGF) is increased in primary thyroid cancers, but its expression or significance in metastases is not known. In this study, we analysed the expression of proNGF in a retrospective cohort of thyroid cancer lymph node metastases (n = 56), linked with corresponding primary tumours, by automated immunohistochemistry and digital quantification. Potential associations of proNGF immunostaining with clinical and pathological parameters were investigated. ProNGF staining intensity (defined by the median h-score) was significantly higher in lymph node metastases (h-score 94, interquartile range (IQR) 50–147) than in corresponding primary tumours (57, IQR 42–84) (p = 0.002). There was a correlation between proNGF expression in primary tumours and corresponding metastases, where there was a 0.68 (95% CI 0 to 1.2) increase in metastatic tumour h-score for each unit increase in the primary tumour h-score. However, larger tumours (both primary and metastatic) had lower proNGF expression. In a multivariate model, proNGF expression in nodal metastases was negatively correlated with lateral neck disease and being male. In conclusion, ProNGF is expressed in locoregional metastases of thyroid cancer and is higher in lymph node metastases than in primary tumours, but is not associated with high-risk clinical features.
thyroid cancer; proNGF; neurotrophin; metastasis; nerves
Thyroid cancer is the most common endocrine malignancy, with rising incidence [1]. Differentiated thyroid cancers arise from the thyroid follicular epithelium, and develop in either papillary or follicular growth patterns. The majority of differentiated thyroid cancers are localised within the thyroid in the early stages, and have an excellent prognosis if removed prior to the development of metastases, with >95% 10-year survival [2]. However, approximately 20% of thyroid cancers have metastases at diagnosis, usually loco-regionally within the lymph nodes of the neck or, less commonly, at distant sites such as lung and bone, and represent a more aggressive subset, with increased morbidity and mortality [2,3]. However, the size and location of metastases appears to be important in prognosis. Microscopic deposits of cancer within the lymph nodes of the central compartment of the neck appear to have little prognostic significance, whilst larger nodal involvement, and the involvement of lymph nodes in the lateral compartment of the neck, increase the risk of local recurrence following treatment and are associated with reduced overall survival [4,5].
The precursor for nerve growth factor (proNGF) is a soluble protein of 246 amino acids, transcribed from the NGF gene on chromosome 1p13. ProNGF and NGF are involved in the survival, growth and differentiation of neurons in the central and peripheral nervous system [6]. Interestingly, increasing evidence reports the role of proNGF and NGF in stimulating cancer progression [7,8,9,10]. In thyroid cancer, ProNGF has been shown to be overexpressed in differentiated cancers of both papillary and follicular subtypes [11]. Based on prior data, we hypothesised that proNGF would be expressed in the metastases of thyroid cancer, and that expression of proNGF would correlate with tumour aggressiveness, which could suggest a role for proNGF as a prognostic biomarker for thyroid cancer aggressiveness, or may suggest a mechanistic target for future research.
Therefore, we designed and conducted a study to characterise the expression of proNGF in clinical specimens of thyroid cancer lymph node metastases, linked with analyses of the primary tumour, and correlated with clinical and pathological characteristics. The data show that proNGF is overexpressed in nodal metastases of thyroid cancers compared to corresponding primary tumours, but we found no correlation between proNGF expression in lymph node metastases and cancer aggressiveness.
ProNGF expression was analysed by immunohistochemistry and digital quantification in a total of 112 whole-slide tissue sections from patients with thyroid cancer, corresponding to 56 lymph node metastases of thyroid cancer paired with primary tumours from the same patients. ProNGF intensity is presented as an h-score (a numeric scale between 0 and 300, with higher numbers representing greater immunostaining and protein expression). Demographic and clinical information for the included samples are presented in Table 1.
2.1. Validation of Automated Scoring Algorithm (h-score)
Prior to proceeding with the analysis, the performance of the h-score (automated digital analysis) was confirmed by correlating with manual grading. Two operators who were blinded to the h-score independently assigned a manual score of proNGF immunhistochemical intensity of staining on a four-point scale (negative/weak/moderate/strong) on the full cohort of primary tumours (n = 56). The results are presented in Figure 1. Overall, there was an acceptable correlation between the manually assigned scores and the automated h-scores (r2 = 0.52, p < 0.0001). The median h-scores for the five cases manually classified as "0: negative" were 23 (interquartile range 22–24).
2.2. ProNGF Expression in Thyroid Cancer
ProNGF expression was detected in the majority of thyroid cancers and lymph node metastases (Table 1). It was found that 93% of sections from the papillary subtype and 75% from the follicular subtype expressed proNGF (positive expression was classified as h-score greater than 25, see Figure 1a for justification). An example of proNGF immunostaining is presented in Figure 2, showing a primary thyroid cancer and an adjacent lymph node metastasis, both expressing proNGF. ProNGF immunostaining was in the cytoplasm of cancer cells (Figure 2 and Figure 3), which is the expected location for this protein to be expressed. Minimal staining of fibroblasts and adjacent stroma was noted (Figure 3a,f). Some specimens contained adjacent benign thyroid follicular cells, which generally had low expression of proNGF (Figure 2b). However, due to nonspecific uptake of DAB staining by colloid in the benign regions, the h-scores were not relaible.
The majority of primary tumours demonstrated uniform proNGF expression throughout the tumour; however, 25% showed a predominantly peripheral pattern of staining around the anatomical edge of the tumour (for example, Appendix B, Case 3). Peripheral immunostaining appeared to correlate with the biological properties of the tumour, as it was associated with the anatomical edge of the tumour rather than the cut edge of the pathology specimen, and was not caused by increased cellular density. Peripheral pattern staining did not correlate with the clinical or pathological parameters of the tumour.
Considering all neoplastic tissues together (pooled analysis of primary and metastatic samples), papillary thyroid cancer had a trend towards higher expression of proNGF (Figure 4, median h-score 70, IQR 46–108) than follicular thyroid cancer (median h-score 30, IQR 23–60, p = 0.07 for difference). Within papillary thyroid cancers, there was no difference in proNGF expression between tumours expressing a classical architecture, as compared to those with follicular-variant histology (Table 1). One paired case of anaplastic thyroid cancer had low proNGF expression.
2.3. ProNGF Expression in Lymph Node Metastases Positively Correlates with Primary Tumours
Median proNGF h-scores were higher in the nodal metastases (94, IQR 50–147), compared to the matched primary specimens (57, IQR 42–84, p = 0.002) (Table 1, Figure 5a). Quantile regression of metastatic h-scores on primary h-scores adjusted for age (≥55 years) and sex (male) confirmed this relationship, with an increase of 0.68 units in the median metastatic h-score for each unit increase in the primary score (95% CI 0 to 1.2, p-value = 0.009, Figure 5B). This pattern continued to be observed following a sensitivity analysis removing two outliers (median metastatic h-score increased 0.58 units (95% CI 0 to 0.9, p = 0.05) for each unit increase in the primary score). Finally, of the 56 metastases, 39 (69%) had higher expression of proNGF than the primary tumour (Figure 5c).
2.4. ProNGF Expression is not Associated with High Risk Clinical Features
A univariate analysis comparing proNGF expression to clinical and pathological variables was undertaken separately for primary tumours and metastases (Table 1). ProNGF expression in the primary tumour was inversely associated with tumour size and TNM stage (p < 0.05). In metastases, proNGF expression was inversely associated with the size of the involved lymph node, and with the location of the lymph node in the lateral neck. We then constructed an exploratory multivariate model to assess whether the characteristics of the primary tumours were associated with proNGF expression, which included covariates of age and gender (base model), and tumour size (≥4 cm), the presence of vascular invasion, the presence of extra-thyroidal extension and multifocality in the full model. The results are presented in Table 2. In the full model, the parameter estimate for the primary tumour h-score was similar to that of the model adjusting for age and gender alone, suggesting no evidence of confounding from any of the model variables (Table 2A). In the full model, none of the covariates were significantly associated with the h-score in the primary tumour.
A separate multivariate model was fit examining lymph node metastases, and including variables of covariates for age (≥55 years), sex, metastases size (≥2 mm), location (lateral neck) and timing of detection (>6 months from primary); it identified significant effects for sex and neck site (Table 2B). Specifically, males had lower median proNGF h-scores (−35, 95% CI −60 to −10, p-value = 0.008), and the presence of lateral neck disease was associated with a −47 (95% CI −74 to −20, p-value < 0.001) change in the median proNGF h-score.
2.5. ProNGF Expression in Primary Tumours does not Predict Metastases
To determine whether proNGF expression in primary tumours was associated with metastatic potential, we compared the h-scores of primary tumours with metastases to a cohort of primary tumours without lymph node metastases (n = 29, comprising 18 PTC and 11 FTC, with mean age 57 years, 59% female and mean tumour size 25 mm). The median h-score in primary tumours without nodal metastases was 45 (IQR 26–68), compared to 57 (42–84) in tumours with metastases (p = 0.16). Similar results were obtained when comparing the PTC subgroup alone. Using a multiple logistic regression model to examine for potential confounding, with the presence or absence of locoregional metastases as the dependent variable, and including model variables of primary tumour proNGF h-score, age, gender, tumour size, the presence of extra-thyroidal extension and the presence of vascular invasion, proNGF expression in primary tumours did not predict metastases (odds ratio 1.01, 95% CI 1.0 to 1.02, p = 0.10).
Better knowledge of the characteristics of lymph node metastases of thyroid cancer is required to identify aggressive disease subsets that require additional treatments. Here, we report an increased expression of proNGF in thyroid cancer lymph node metastases, which correlated with expression in the primary tumour. However, we did not find that proNGF expression was able to predict the presence of these metastases, or that it correlated positively with tumour aggressiveness.
A key novel aspect of this study was the assessment of proNGF expression in lymph node deposits of thyroid cancer. ProNGF expression has never previously been reported in the metastases of any cancer, despite significant study of its biological effects in primary tumours of breast and prostate cancers [8,12]. This study identifies that proNGF is a biological feature of lymph node metastases of thyroid cancer. More importantly, by studying paired primary tumours and metastases, we were able to show a clear correlation between the biological behaviour of proNGF expression in the primary tumour and the metastases. Interestingly, although there was strong positive correlation between proNGF expression in the primary tumour and its linked metastases, we found that the degree of proNGF expression in the metastases was inversely associated with nodes located in the lateral neck (a site of higher-risk involvement), and with male gender.
This work provides important independent corroboration of the findings of a previous study of proNGF in thyroid cancer [11]. This current work confirms the pattern that the papillary subtype of thyroid cancer has higher levels of proNGF expression, as demonstrated previously. Further, this work confirms previous findings that proNGF expression in the primary tumour does not correlate with high risk clinical features. Table 2 shows that on multivariate analysis, there was no association between clinical or pathological risk-factors and proNGF expression. The observation that proNGF expression is lower in primary tumours harbouring high-risk features (seen on univariate analysis in Table 1) suggests that reduced proNGF expression could be a sign of early dedifferentiation. In the nervous system, proNGF/NGF expression is generally associated with neuronal differentiation [13], and it is plausible that in thyroid cancer, decreased expression of proNGF could similarly be associated with the dedifferentiation of cancer cells.
An important aspect of the study design was the use of whole-slide analyses of cases with a complete clinico-pathological dataset, as this provided a more complete picture of protein expression across the tumour. We found that although proNGF expression was mostly uniform across primary tumours, a subset of tumours expressed proNGF in a peripheral pattern. It is possible that expression of proNGF may be induced by factors in the tumour microenvironment, such as oxygen, or that proNGF is a component of actively growing cells preferentially located at the periphery of solid tumours; however, further functional investigation is warranted to understand the meaning of preferentially-peripheral expression of proNGF. Additional strengths of this study are the use of automated techniques for immunohistochemistry staining, and digital quantification of protein expression. Manual techniques for immunohistochemistry and biomarker quantification have inherent risks of inter-slide variability and inter-observer bias. The automated techniques used in this study were appropriately trained and validated, and hence, the comparison of differences in staining intensities between tissues, as undertaken here, was more robust.
The primary limitation of this study was the use of single modality immunohistochemistry to evaluate protein expression. However, risks of protein misidentification were minimised by using a well validated antibody against proNGF and appropriate controls. The specificity of proNGF targeting with the antibody used was confirmed against a monoclonal antibody in our previous study, as well as in Western blotting [11]. Minimal nonspecific staining was observed. An additional limitation was that this study included relatively few cases of follicular and anaplastic thyroid cancers and their metastases, and it is possible that these subgroups may exhibit different expression characteristics; as such, cautious interpretation is required. However, the large number of paired papillary thyroid cancer metastases included in this study allows for a robust interpretation of this cohort.
On a broader perspective, proNGF may be of interest as a therapeutic target. In breast cancer, proNGF has been shown to stimulate cancer cell growth and dissemination [12,14], and in prostate cancer, proNGF expression is a driver of nerve infiltration in the tumour microenvironment [15] that is essential to tumour growth and dissemination [16]. The association between the presence of nerves, neurotrophic growth factor expression and cancer progression is an evolving field, with increasing recognition of the key role of nerve-derived factors in tumour progression [17]. Nerve-signalling has long been recognised as integral for tissue regeneration after injury, and it is hypothesised that similar mechanisms may promote neoplastic progression [17]. For example, denervation has been shown to reduce the incidence of gastric carcinoma [18] and basal cell carcinomas of the skin [19]. In animal models of prostate cancer, tumour progression in animal models is strongly inhibited after denervation [16,20]. Whether proNGF also contributes to thyroid cancer and the development of metastases should be experimentally explored both in vitro and in vivo.
In conclusion, this study demonstrates proNGF expression in lymph node metastases of thyroid cancer which correlates with expression in the primary tumour, suggesting an underling biological link which warrants further investigation.
4.1. Patients and Samples
The Hunter New England Local Health District Human Research Ethics Committee prospectively approved this study, which included a waiver of consent for access to archival material (approval number HNE HREC 16/04/20/5.13, approved April 2016). Electronic records were searched to find lymph node metastases of thyroid cancer specimens during 2007–2017, where the original primary tumour was also available (n = 56). Clinical parameters were extracted from the medical record, and an independent pathologist reviewed all histological samples to confirm the diagnosis.
4.2. Immunohistochemistry
Sections (4 microns) were prepared from archival, formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissue blocks immediately prior to staining. Immunohistochemistry was performed using the Ventana Discovery automated slide stainer (Roche Medical Systems, Tucson, AZ, USA). The primary antibody was an anti-rabbit polycloncal proNGF antibody (Ab9040, Merck Millipore, Darmstadt, Germany), which has been previously validated in our laboratory [11] and was reoptimised for automated tissue processing at a dilution of 1/350. Antigen-retrieval was performed using Ribo-CC solution, (pH 6, Ventana, Roche, North Ryde, NSW, Australia), with primary antibody incubation for 32 min, secondary anti-rabbit HQ for 16 min at 37 °C (Ventana, Roche, North Ryde, NSW, Australia) and tertiary anti-HQ (Ventana, Roche, North Ryde, NSW, Australia) for 16 min at 37 °C. Manual counterstaining was performed using Mayer's haematoxylin for 10 s and Scott's Tap Water for 30 s, followed by dehydration, clearing and mounting. Negative controls were prepared using nonspecific IgG isotype controls, and without the addition of primary antibody (Appendix A).
4.3. Digital Quantification
To quantify biomarker expression, whole slides were digitised at 20x magnification using an Aperio AT2 scanner (Leica Biosystems, Victoria, Australia). Two operators (CR and TD) manually graded a training image library of 20 cancers to obtain consensus. QuPath whole-slide digital image analysis software (Queens University, Belfast, UK) [21] was then optimised to quantify maximum cytoplasmic DAB staining. Initially, a cell detection algorithm was optimised to detect nuclear and cytoplasmic regions of malignant cells. DAB threshold values were then determined from histogram analyses of the training library. Finally, the training library was used to build a cell detection classifier (to exclude fibroblasts, lymphocytes, erythrocytes and colloid) and optimise DAB thresholds to replicate the scoring in the training library. The classifier was then locked and batch-run on all slides. To minimise false positive cell detection and optimise processing time, tumour regions were manually defined. Areas of haemorrhage, dense stroma without malignant cells, dense lymphocytic infiltrate and folding artefacts were excluded. The intensity of DAB staining was quantified using a triple-threshold h-score for each tumour (calculated as the sum of 3× percentage of pixels with strong staining; 2× percentage of pixels with moderate staining and 1× percentage of pixels with weak staining). Examples of image analyses are shown in Appendix B. The quantification of intra-tumoural biomarker distribution in a peripheral or uniform pattern was performed by separately calculating h-score for the outer 1/3 and inner 1/3 of tumour. A peripheral > central pattern was defined as a peripheral: central h-score ratio >1, with an absolute difference in h-score >20 points. Uniformly positive was defined as total tumour h-score > 25 that did not meet the criteria for peripheral > central. Uniformly negative was defined as total tumour h-score ≤ 25, irrespective of the peripheral: central ratio.
A prior study showed that thyroid proNGF immunohistochemistry quantification by h-score was normally distributed with a standard deviation of 21 units [11]. To demonstrate a mean h-score difference of 25 units between groups, a minimum of 25 cases per group were required, with a power of 0.8 and two-sided alpha of 0.05.
We dichotomised age and tumour size based on thresholds in the 8th edition of the American Joint Cancer Committee TNM Staging System and tumour/node size, extra-thyroidal extension, node number and site on the 2015 American Thyroid Association guidelines [3]. We provide strata-level medians and interquartile ranges for h-scores across strata levels, compared using the Mann-Whitney test.
We modelled the association between h-scores and tumour types using linear quantile mixed models that include clinico-pathological covariates and account for within subject clustering. Using the paired tissue sections, we explored the association between the metastatic and primary tumour h-scores along with markers of aggressiveness using quantile regression. In instances where potentially influential points were identified, we excluded these observations and repeated the analyses to assess the sensitivity of parameter estimates. We provide point estimates, 95% confidence intervals and p-values for each of the model terms. All reference to significance assumes a 0.05 type-I error rate. All analyses were performed using Stata (version 14.1, Statacorp, Texas USA).
Conceptualization, C.W.R. and H.H.; Data curation, C.W.R. and M.J.; Formal analysis, C.W.R., T.D., S.F., S.K. and H.H.; Funding acquisition, C.W.R. and H.H.; Investigation, S.K.; Methodology, C.W.R., T.D., S.F., J.W.P., J.M.T., S.K. and H.H.; Project administration, C.W.R.; Resources, R.S. and H.H.; Supervision, S.F., C.G., J.W.P., J.M.T., R.S. and H.H.; Validation, J.W.P., J.M.T., M.J. and H.H.; Writing—original draft, C.W.R. and H.H.; Writing—review & editing, C.W.R., T.D., S.F., C.G., J.W.P., J.M.T., M.J., S.K., R.S. and H.H.
This work was supported by a Hunter New England LHD Clinical Research Fellowship, a NSW Health Pathology (Hunter) Teaching and Research Committee Grant, a Hunter Cancer Research Alliance Pilot grant, and an Australian Government Research Training Program Scholarship (to CR).
The authors would like to thank Anna Price (NSW Health Pathology, Hunter), and Megan Clarke (Hunter Cancer Biobank) for invaluable support.
HH holds intellectual property for the use of proNGF as a diagnostic test in cancer. The other authors report nothing to disclose.
AJCC American Joint Committee on Cancer
DAB 3′3′ diaminobenzidine
ProNGF Precursor for nerve growth factor
TNM Tumour, Nodes, Metastases Staging System
Figure A1. Negative Controls for proNGF staining. (A) IgG isotype control. Nonspecific IgG was added in place of the primary antibody. (B) Without primary antibody. Nonspecific brown staining is of red blood cells. For positive controls, see Faulkner et al. (2016) [5].
Figure A2. Examples of QuPath grading of cytoplasmic DAB intensity of three separate tumour cases. Each case has 4 separate panels presented (A–D). (A): High magnification (20×) image of immunohistochemistry staining of tumour. (B): QuPath markup of same region showing cell detection and classification. (C) Low magnification (4×) image of tumour, demarcated in red. (D): Low magnification image of tumour with QuPath markup. Markup: Green (stroma), Purple (immune cells), Blue (negative tumour cells).
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Figure 1. Validation of automated immunohistochemistry analysis (h-scores) compared to manual grading for the cohort of 56 primary tumours. (A): Box and whisker plot demonstrating distribution of automated h-scores, stratified by manual scores. Significant between-group differences were confirmed by ANOVA (p < 0.001). (B): Scatter-plot of individual automated h-scores (dots) over manual grading. The solid line represents the regression fit, with the grey band demonstrating the 95% CI of the regression line (r2 = 0.52, p < 0.0001).
Figure 2. Whole-slide analysis of a primary thyroid cancer and corresponding thyroid cancer nodal metastasis. Main: Low magnification (0.5×) of whole-slide of proNGF immunostaining (DAB, brown), with haematoxylin nuclear counterstain (blue), of primary tumour and paired metastasis. Blue and black inking represent the anterior and tracheal borders of thyroid respectively. Scale bar 2mm. (A) 7 mm microPTC with staining for proNGF. (B) Adjacent normal thyroid tissue. (C) 2 mm lymph node micro-metastasis at upper edge of node, included in same anatomical block. Dotted lines demarcate tumour. Inset: 20× magnification of representative fields. Scale bar 50 µm.
Figure 3. ProNGF immunostaining of thyroid cancer lymph node metastasis, compared with paired primary tumour. (A) Papillary thyroid cancer metastasis, h-score 148. (B) Primary tumour of A, h-score 56. (C) Papillary thyroid cancer metastasis, h-score 154. (D) Primary tumour of C, h-score 71. (E) Follicular thyroid cancer metastasis, h-score 60. (F) Primary tumour of F, h-score 60. Scale bar: 100 µm. 20× magnification.
Figure 4. ProNGF immunostaining of thyroid cancer, stratified by histopathological subtype. Data for primary and metastatic lesions for PTC (n = 106) and FTC (n = 4) are combined. For analysis sub stratified by histopathological subtype, and by location of lesion, see Table 1.
Figure 5. Quantification of proNGF staining in primary thyroid tumours vs lymph node metastases. (A) H-score for proNGF intensity in primary tumours and linked metastases. (B) Scatter plot showing correlation between h-score in primary and paired metastases (C) Individual data points for the 56 paired cases of primary tumour (squares, PTC = black, FTC = red, ATC = blue) and nodal metastases (triangle).
Table 1. Expression of proNGF in primary thyroid cancers and metastases, quantified by h-score of immunohistochemical staining.
ProNGF Quantification (h-score)
Primary Tumour
Nodal Metastasis
Overall 56 57 (42–84) 56 94 (50–147) 0.002 1
Age 0.96 0.32
<55 years 34 58 (43–89) 34 95 (57–122)
≥55 years 22 55 (32–77) 22 86 (46–123)
Sex 0.20 0.85
Male 21 71 (46–100) 21 96 (46–148)
Female 35 54 (40–71) 35 90 (51–146)
Histopathology 0.36 0.11
Papillary 53 58 (43–89) 53 96 (51–148)
Classical 27 54 (43–92) 27 106 (64–149)
Follicular-variant 26 60 (46–89) 26 70 (49–130)
Follicular 2 42 (23–60) 2 45 (30–60)
Anaplastic 1 32 1 67
Tumour size 0.02
Primary <4 cm 48 62 (45–96)
Primary ≥4 cm 8 38 (25–55)
Total lymph node <3 cm 44 105 (57–149) 0.02
Total lymph node ≥3 cm 12 59 (44–64)
Metastasis within node <2 mm 10 148 (94–175) 0.04
Metastasis within node ≥2 mm 46 82 (49–123)
Vascular invasion 0.32
Absent 35 56 (43–100)
Present 21 58 (43–68)
Extra-thyroidal extension 0.43
AJCC TNM 8 Stage 0.005
I and II 46 63 (45–100)
III and IV 10 38 (23–54)
Nodal metastases (location) 0.004
Central neck only (N1a) 33 109 (64–152)
Central + lateral neck (N1b) 23 60 (40–96)
Timing of metastases 0.11
At time of primary tumour 49 99 (56–148)
>6 months from primary 7 57 (46–96)
The h-score is a digital quantification of immunohistochemistry intensity, with values ranging between 0 and 300, where higher values represent greater protein expression. Data are median (IQR), compared using the Mann-Whitney test. 1 Comparison between Primary and Metastases. Other comparisons are within column.
Table 2. Multivariate analysis of association between h-score in primary or metastases and clinical/pathological parameters. Parameter estimates for linear quantile mixed models of association between median proNGF h-score and clinical/pathological parameters are presented. Separate models were fit for (A) primary tumours and (B) Lymph node metastasis. The estimate shows the difference in h-score associated with the parameter.
Estimate (95% CI)
(A) Primary Tumour:
Age (>= 55 years) −6.1 (−35.9 to 23.7) 0.7
Sex (male) −2.7 (−27.3 to 21.8) 0.8
Size (>= 4 cm) −9.1 (−28.8 to 10.6) 0.4
Extra-thyroidal extension −14 (−29.0 to 1.0) 0.067
Vascular Invasion −11.6 (−36.4 to 13.2) 0.4
Multi-focal −1.7 (−19.1 to 15.7) 0.8
(B) Lymph node metastasis
Age (>= 55 years) −13.8 (−32.5 to 4.9) 0.1
Sex (male) −34.8 (−59.9 to −9.6) 0.008
Size (>= 2 mm) −29.1 (−65.34 to 7.2) 0.1
Location (lateral neck site, N1b) −47.1 (−73.8 to −20.5) 0.001
Timing (> 6 months post primary) −23.7 (−52 to 4.6) 0.1
Rowe, C.W.; Dill, T.; Faulkner, S.; Gedye, C.; Paul, J.W.; Tolosa, J.M.; Jones, M.; King, S.; Smith, R.; Hondermarck, H. The Precursor for Nerve Growth Factor (proNGF) in Thyroid Cancer Lymph Node Metastases: Correlation with Primary Tumour and Pathological Variables. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2019, 20, 5924. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms20235924
Rowe CW, Dill T, Faulkner S, Gedye C, Paul JW, Tolosa JM, Jones M, King S, Smith R, Hondermarck H. The Precursor for Nerve Growth Factor (proNGF) in Thyroid Cancer Lymph Node Metastases: Correlation with Primary Tumour and Pathological Variables. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2019; 20(23):5924. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms20235924
Rowe, Christopher W., Tony Dill, Sam Faulkner, Craig Gedye, Jonathan W. Paul, Jorge M. Tolosa, Mark Jones, Simon King, Roger Smith, and Hubert Hondermarck. 2019. "The Precursor for Nerve Growth Factor (proNGF) in Thyroid Cancer Lymph Node Metastases: Correlation with Primary Tumour and Pathological Variables" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 20, no. 23: 5924. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms20235924
Int. J. Mol. Sci., EISSN 1422-0067, Published by MDPI


text:
Persbo  è un cratere sulla superficie di Marte.

Collegamenti esterni

Persbo

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
Get iTunes on iOS, Android, Mac and Windows
This young London quartet plays rock 'n' roll with an excitement only a newer group still learning its turf can convincingly express. Smartly employing producer Ethan Johns—known for his ability to capture a band in a room without sacrificing tone—The Vaccines sound fresh and complete. The songwriting is basic and to the point, catching the beauty of simplicity in the vintage melody of "All in Vain" and enjoying the guitar-to-bass interplay for the pining "I Wish I Was a Girl." Come of Age works like an old-fashioned LP, opening with the high-energy, punk-influenced "No Hope" and finishing with the wistful sendoff "Lonely World." In between, the album unfolds like two equally paced sides, with the surf-western jungle-rock "Ghost Town" finishing off the first part and the endearing guitar weave of the power-pop "Aftershave Queen" kicking off the extended second half. Building on the raw energy of their debut, What Did You Expect from the Vaccines?, Come of Age delivers progress and 11 reasons to love rock 'n' roll all over again.
Come of Age The Vaccines
I Always Knew
Teenage Icon
All In Vain
Aftershave Ocean
Bad Mood
Change of Heart, Pt. 2
I Wish I Was a Girl
Lonely World
℗ 2012 Sony Music Entertainment UK Limited
mickwoh , 02/09/2012
Just what I expected from the vaccines
Love it, been waiting a long time for this... For me the vaccines are the keeping music alive... Great album, great work, keep it coming... Mick w
Pleasehelpk , 03/09/2012
They have lost the thing that makes them different and to be frank it's nowhere near as good as the previous album
alyrogy , 03/09/2012
good but not great
it's a goodish album. their first was way better in my opinion, more energy, more hooks etc. here they're trying to show that they can write songs that go beyond using the same 3 chords and that last more than 2 mins. but then 2 minutes was all the vaccines needed to prove themselves. the longer songs just get boring after a while. this album has some great moments on it, teenage icon, ghost town, no hope, aftershave ocean. but then it also has some very "meh" moments. it's a good album, and i like it, but it could have been so much better.
More By The Vaccines
What Did You Expect from the Vaccines?
Melody Calling - EP
English Graffiti (Deluxe)
No Hope - EP
Teenage Icon - EP
Between Us Girls - Single
Blue Jeans - Single
Welcome Stranger

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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Q: Thymeleaf: th:value - if property exists I want to create a hidden input field:
<input type="hidden" th:value="${map.version} name="version"/>

Problem:
version maybe a non existing attribute yet (I am not talking about  null!).
Right now I am getting an Exception Property or field 'version' cannot be found on object
What I need:
If it does not exist, th:value statement maybe ignored or tag removed
CLARIFICATION:
map comes from Spring Controller in a handler-method:
@PostMapping("/new")
public String handleMapFormSubmit(
    @ModelAttribute("map") @Valid AddMapCommand command, BindingResult result ) {

    if ( result.hasErrors() ) {
        return "map-form";
    }

    // do some stuff

    return ".....";
}

Problem is that map (AddMapCommmand) in this handler-method does not contain the version attribute. In another handler-method (UpdateMapCommand) it does. The whole point is to reuse the map-form thymeleaf template in both scenarios which are almost similar.

A: You can try the instanceof operator to be used only for the object that contains the property:
<input type="hidden"
 th:if="${map instanceof T(my.project.UpdateMapCommand)}"
 th:value="${map.version} name="version">

For future reference, it is extremely confusing using a variable like map and not have the reader interpret it as a java.util.Map. You should change your map variable name to make it less confusing, or at least for the purpose of asking the question on StackOverflow.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


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Top 10 best cars for dog owners 2022
Are you a dog owner wondering which are the best cars on the market for transporting your beloved pet? Our top ten showcases the best options.
Though the needs of children usually get top priority when we're choosing a family car, there are other members of the household that should also be considered. The best cars for dogs make life with man's best friend less taxing. Whether you're adventuring to the best dog-walking spot or braving the annual trip to the dreaded V-word, a dog-friendly car will make every trip that little bit more enjoyable.
Top 10 best estate cars 2022
When it comes to our tail-wagging passengers, it's not necessarily just a case of choosing a car with a big boot. Although there are an abundance of estates and SUVs that may appeal due to the space they have in the rear, some models are undoubtedly more canine-capable than others because of their intrinsic design.
Beyond size, you'll want a boot that's lined with sturdy materials, so that it won't look like a dog's dinner after every journey. It needs to be low enough to allow easy access – a senior Samoyed will likely be less mobile than an adolescent Alsatian and the interior should be easy to clean after Mastiff mishaps. Extra features like tie-down cargo hooks can also keep your Spaniel secure.
Read on for our round-up of the top 10 best cars for dogs and their owners.
Nissan X-Trail SUV review
Read full reviewWatch video
The Nissan X-Trail has always been a spacious, comfortable and easy-to-recommend SUV, and while its high ride height would usually make it hard to endorse for owners of less agile dogs, Nissan has an option that should be perfect for almost any age and size of canine. Called the Paw Pack, this £600 bundle includes a ramp to help smaller and less mobile dogs into the boot, and once installed they'll be greeted by a boot liner, a hanging storage rack for leads and other gubbins, a spill-resistant water bowl and a dog bed.
Such luxury should keep most dogs more than content, but those seeking further adventure will be stymied in their quest by the dog guard, which separates the boot from the rest of the car. Nissan offers the X-Trail with a manual or CVT automatic gearbox, front or four-wheel drive and the choice of a 1.6-litre petrol or diesel or a 2.0-litre diesel. Whichever setup you choose, our advice is to stick with the manual gearbox.
Land Rover Discovery Sport SUV review
When it comes to sheer space for pedigree pooches, the Discovery Sport gets off to a good start with a claimed boot volume of 981 litres.
Don't be deceived, though – Land Rover measures load capacity right up to the roof, and the Discovery Sport actually has little more space on the boot floor than its Nissan X-Trail rival. However, the famous SUV brand has demonstrated that it has our four-legged friends in mind by offering a range of Pet Packs as optional extras.
They range in price and content, but offer helpful features such as an access ramp that can take dogs of up to 85kg, and even a shower whose 6.5-litre water capacity is enough for a five minutes of flow – ideal for cleaning mucky dogs or even bikes before they go in the boot. Sealing the deal is the fact that the Discovery Sport is one of the more enjoyable SUVs to drive, so both the driver and their furry friend will enjoy making journeys.
Skoda Superb Estate review
We could have actually chosen several cars from the Skoda range, but it's the Superb that we reckon will treat your terrier the best. The Skoda Superb places its emphasis very much on comfort and is a fantastic motorway cruiser. It so happens to have an enormous boot, too. It can hold a huge 660 litres of cargo and is long and flat, with a low loading sill that pets will easily leap onto.
Once on board, they're likely to find themselves very comfortable. The Superb is a terrifically relaxing car to travel in, so every occupant will arrive at their destination fresh and alert, no matter what their species.
Mercedes E-Class Estate review
The Mercedes E-Class Estate has long been a favourite among dog lovers with an eye for quality. Like the Skoda Superb, its main aim is to provide occupants with comfort, but the Mercedes offers luxurious finishes and materials, as well as cutting-edge technology. It's a car that specialises in effortlessly shrugging off the longest of journeys.
What's more, it can carry huge loads at the same time. Most models have 670 litres of boot space – enough for most dogs to lie down safely and sleep contentedly while the car glides along the motorway. In E200d and E220d diesel forms, it's a very economical car, too, while providing all the power any driver could reasonably need.
Peugeot 5008 SUV review
Peugeot has been on a bit of a winning streak lately when it comes to design, and the 5008 is one of the cars that gets these striking good looks.
It's not just a pretty face, though; drop the rear row of seats in the Peugeot 5008 and you will have a whopping 780 litres of boot space at your disposal, which is plenty for even the largest of breeds. The 5008 is a rather cost-friendly SUV, too. If you opt for the turbocharged 1.2-litre petrol or 2.0-litre diesel engine, you can enjoy an easily achievable fuel economy of well over 40mpg.
The optional panoramic sunroof does eat into headroom, so it may be worth sacrificing its extra natural light for comfort if you have a particularly large dog or are carrying adults in the back seats.
Volkswagen Passat Estate review
With sleek styling and a reputation for quality, the Volkswagen Passat Estate has a really classy air to it. It's a cut above its Ford Mondeo and Mazda6 rivals and, at 650 litres, its boot is more accommodating than either of those. Its biggest virtue by far, though, is build quality; you'll find exemplary finishes everywhere you look.
The dashboard is well laid-out and beautifully built and the fabrics and materials used inside are pleasing to the touch and feel like they'll last forever. This extends to the boot area, where the plastics should do a decent job of resisting any assault from your dog.
SEAT Leon Estate review
Being a hatchback-based estate, the Leon is smaller than the Volkswagen Passat, but this car is still a great dog-carrier. Efficiency is one of the most attractive things about the Leon, the 1.5-litre engine should return more than 50mpg.
With the Leon being based on the same platform as the Volkswagen Golf, the driving experience is actually rather enjoyable but the ride is still smooth enough to allow for uninterrupted post-walkies naps.
The back, where your four-legged friend will be spending their time, is a 620-litre affair. The lower stature of this smaller estate should make it easier to jump into, and roomy enough to stretch out in comfort. Space for humans in the front is plentiful, too.
Vauxhall Astra Sports Tourer estate
Compared with the Peugeot 308 SW, the Astra Sports Tourer has a rather less commodious boot, at 540 litres compared to 660. It's probably better suited for carrying a spaniel than a St Bernard, but the boot floor is low and flat, with a low load lip that should make it easy for even the most languid of pooches to clamber in and out.
The Astra Sports Tourer earns its middle name by serving up a rather enjoyable driving experience, too – it's almost a match for the Ford Focus and SEAT Leon ST in this regard, although it can't match the Volkswagen Golf Estate for ride smoothness.
Also in favour of the Sports Tourer is that it's quite attractively priced and dealers have frequent special offers and finance incentives available. There's a 1.6-litre twin-turbocharged diesel that offers a great combination of economy and performance, with 67mpg possible, but low-mileage drivers will probably be happy with the 1.0-litre turbocharged petrol engine – 65mpg is still possible, and it's far happier to make frequent short journeys.
Kia Ceed Sportswagon estate review
Though it may not stand out as much as some rivals, the Kia Ceed is a solid car. The Sportswagon takes the build quality, seven-year warranty, and overall value for money from the standard hatchback and adds a significant amount of extra space. It's a winning combination.
The 625-litre boot should prove plenty of room, but the Ceed also features underfloor storage that's perfect for hiding away any treats. A plug-in hybrid is available but the onboard batteries intrude into this boot space, causing it to drop to just 437 litres. Be sure to choose carefully depending on the size of your four-legged friend.
Citroën Berlingo MPV review
The Citroen Berlingo was one of the very first MPVs to be based on a small van, and it has come a long way since its introduction in 1996. It is still a van-based car, so, naturally, space in the rear is plentiful.
The standard 'M' spec car has an enormous 775-litre boot, and access is incredibly easy, thanks to a huge tailgate and sliding rear doors. If that still isn't enough, the 'XL' version increases boot space to a cavernous 1,050 litres and adds 2 removable extra seats; it's perfect for everyone, canine or otherwise.
Just because this car is based on a van it does not mean that you have to make sacrifices in terms of luxuries. An eight-inch touchscreen media system with Apple CarPlay and Android Auto comes as standard, as well as a pleasant interior with soft materials and even Citroen's 'ambiance' colour-scheme options.
There are a number of engines available depending on which spec you opt for, but the diesels tend to cope better when the car is fully loaded.
Astra Sports Tourer estate
Passat Estate
Leon Estate
Cee'd Sportswagon estate
Discovery Sport SUV
Volkswagen Passat Estate
Top 10 best tow cars 2022
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Boeheim: Michigan State 'didn't have as many good wins' as Syracuse
Longtime Syracuse coach was among top snubs in NCAA tournament, thinks his team's resume is better than Spartans'
Chris Solari
EAST LANSING – Tom Izzo didn't mention Syracuse by name Sunday night.
Jim Boeheim had no problem bringing up Michigan State and Mark Hollis the next morning.
Snubbed from the NCAA tournament, Boeheim joined ESPN's Mike Golec and Trey Wingo on Monday morning and defended his Orange after their exclusion from the 68-team field.
"I love Michigan State," Boeheim said when asked about Vanderbilt, "but they lost 14 games and they didn't have as many good wins as we had."
The Spartans, who received a 9-seed from the selection committee Sunday, are 19-14 overall. Syracuse, now a top seed in the NIT, is 18-14.
According to ESPN, MSU ranks 10th in strength of schedule overall, 16th in non-conference schedule strength and 51st in RPI. Syracuse is 63rd in strength of schedule but just 215th in non-conference schedule strength and 84th in RPI. The Orange were just 2-11 away from home and 16-3 at Carrier Dome. One of those home losses was by 33 points to St. John's, a team MSU defeated in November at a neutral-site tournament in the Bahamas. The Spartans were 14-2 at Breslin Center and 5-12 away from home.
Alvin Ellis stressing sense of urgency with MSU in NCAA tournament
Couch: MSU's NCAA tourney draw manageable, full of intrigue
The Spartans were 10-13 against RPI top 100 teams, including 3-8 against opponents in the top 25. Syracuse played six fewer games against top 100 RPI opponents, going 8-9, and was 3-4 against those in the RPI top 25.
"My favorite one is listening to the guys that say the RPI doesn't matter. That's my favorite one," Izzo said Sunday. "They say, 'Well, we don't look at the RPI.' But, top-25 wins, top-50 wins, top-100 wins are all RPI-driven. So the RPI does matter."
MSU athletic director Mark Hollis, who is chairman of the NCAA selection committee, was asked on a Sunday night teleconference why Syracuse was left out.
"Syracuse had some good wins," Hollis said. "I think you're also probably aware of the challenges that they had in their resume, both with wins out of the Carrier Dome, but also the losses against teams that they had that weren't tournament teams."
Boeheim said he felt some of the selection committee's seedings were "crazy" but believes members "do a good job and work hard at it." However, he believes there should be more consistency and more of a "basketball emphasis" among the 10 members.
He also took issue without naming Hollis during his interview with ESPN, saying "the emphasis of the chairman of the committee was put on our losses and not our wins." The 41st-year Syracuse coach pushed for his former Big East commissioner Mike Tranghese to become a more permanent head of the committee, likening it to what the College Football Playoff has enacted. Hollis' five-year tenure on the committee expires after this tournament.
"I think if you had a basketball guy or two who was there every year and set a criteria – I don't think that's gonna happen, but I do think it would be something that's helpful to have those people in the room and have a say what's gonna happen," said Boeheim, whose team opens NIT play at home against UNC-Greensboro on Tuesday.
Contact Chris Solari: csolari@freepress.com. Follow him on Twitter @chrissolari. Download our Spartans Xtra app for free on Apple and Android devices!


When I woke yesterday I saw that there was a big fire over the mountains in the Overberg and as the day went on it seemed to be moving further away. Last night I was away from my computer and other news sources until late. When I finally logged on, Twitter was all atweet about the fire, which had turned and had been raging out of control along the mountain side above Gordons Bay. Fromtheold had been reporting via Twitter and via photos on his blog. Just after midnight I decided to go and take a look, grabbing my camera as I headed out the door.
When I got there I discovered that police had blocked access on both the upper and lower roads into Gordons Bay. I stopped before the roadblocks to take a few shots and found that the wind was blowing a gale, clearly what lead to the ferocity of the fire; this made taking photos in low light conditions difficult.
After taking these shots I noticed that one of the narrower residential streets was not blocked off so I started making my way towards Bikini beach, stopping along the way to take some more photos.
I eventually found my way onto the lower beach road inside the cordoned off area, from where I went to Bikini Beach. The photograph on the left below is roughly the same view that Fromtheold posted, where the fire had burned right down to the waterline. The other photo shows a few remaining hotspots on the mountain side above Bikini Beach.
The sky was cloudless but filled with smoke, giving the moon a red glow that reflected on the water.
There were still many flashing red lights from fire trucks along the mountain side and with access being restricted, darkness hiding the costs of the fire and the wind making photography difficult, I headed home; but will return later today to see what daylight reveals.
This entry was posted in Photos, Thoughts and tagged fire, Gordons Bay, night. Bookmark the permalink.
Hectic!! I must say there was a lot more news on Twitter than anywhere else last night about this fire.
now you just need to head off to Cape Point with that camera!


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Home Reflections A Round River
A Round River
Illustration by Glenn Wolff
Jerry Dennis
Glenn Wolff and I got lost on the Crystal River. That isn't easy to do. The Crystal, in Leelanau County, is one of Michigan's prettiest rivers but it flows only six miles from Big Glen Lake to Lake Michigan. It's a short distance as the crow flies, but a crow flies straight and the Crystal is anything but. It meanders in long, exaggerated sweeps that on a map look like a seismograph during a major tremor.
We walked through the shallows and fished the small pools at the bends and beneath overhanging cedars.
It was mid-September of a drought year when Glenn and I waded a section of the Crystal to fish for bass and pike. The river was running so low that much of it was only ankle deep. We walked through the shallows and fished the small pools at the bends and beneath overhanging cedars. A few early Chinook had built redds in the gravel riffles. Male salmon were creating all kinds of havoc, splashing and swirling as they chased rivals, while the big females turned on their sides and beat the gravel clean with powerful thrusts of their tails.
The day was too hot for hurrying, so Glenn and I took our time. We'd brought sandwiches, but only one small bottle of water. We planned to wade to the first bridge, then walk the road back to the car.
At one point we spotted a northern pike next to the bank. It hovered motionless; its shadow drawn sharply on the bottom beneath it. I swung a streamer past it, but the fish didn't react. I pumped the fly to make it look alive, but I let it get too close to the fish and it lodged in a pectoral fin.
The pike turned and shot downstream. It was bigger than I expected, maybe eight pounds. It ran beneath a tangle of submerged roots and rubbed the fly off.
Glenn was watching from upstream. "What happened?"
"You don't want to know."
The sun was getting low by then, and we were tired and thirsty. We didn't know how far it was to the bridge, but I had a trick up my sleeve.
In many places the Crystal's meanders are so extreme that they nearly touch. You can step over a neck of land and bypass a quarter-mile of river. I knew this because I'd been fishing and canoeing the Crystal all my life and considered myself an expert. I led the way up the bank and into the woods. When we found the river, we set off downstream, smug in the knowledge that we had shortened our walk considerably.
"Didn't we already pass that tree?" Glenn asked, pointing at a cedar leaning into the river. Part of it had been chopped off by a chainsaw. Apparently, we were going in circles. Maybe we had intercepted a reverse bend or something. Maybe a meander within a meander. We never quite figured it out.
After a while we passed the bank where I'd snagged the pike and then the place where we left the river looking for a shortcut. It was nearly dark when we got back to the car.
Getting lost on a river I've known all my life was a little embarrassing, but that's okay. I've done much worse. Besides, I'm convinced that getting lost now and then is good for us. It humbles us, makes the familiar seem new again, and reminds us that we're travelers in a world full of surprises. ≈
Writer Jerry Dennis and artist Glenn Wolff do much of their traveling near their homes in the Traverse City area. See more of their work at bigmaplepress.com.
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text:
My 2009 Top Ten Netflix Movies That I Had Not Seen Before
1) Inglourious Basterds - Combine The Dirty Dozen with "I hate Illinois Nazis" from The Blues Brothers and half the movie isn't even in English. An alternate ending to World War II, debate over what is a Mexican Standoff, Nazis still pissed off about Jesse Owens eight years later, Brad Pitt speaking Italian with a southern accent. And yes, lots of the good guys "killin' Natzis." Brilliant.
2) The Big Red One - Lee Marvin and company fight World War II for real. Poignant and at times darkly funny. I can see why it makes so many short lists for Greatest War Movie Ever.
3) Harvard Beats Yale 29-29 - Ivy League football game from forty years ago makes for a great documentary? Believe it. I loved this one.
4) The Friends of Eddie Coyle - Robert Mitchum plus dialogue straight from the great George V. Higgins' novel, and Higgins' dialogue is without peer.
5) The Wrestler - Worth it alone for Mickey Rooney improvising his way through that deli scene.
6) Touch of Evil - I'm not smart enough to write anything about Orson Welles (I'm so dumb I spelled his name wrong when I originally posted this earlier today,) and if I do I'm just going to go find that YouTube clip where he zings Don Rickles anyway.
7) What Doesn't Kill You - Mark Ruffalo in a tour de force.
8) Doubt - As I once infamously said: "I like movies based on plays because they talk a lot."
9) Requiem for a Dream - Spooky, creepy. Why did I watch it before going to sleep?
10) Frost/Nixon - Ron Howard's trilogy of sinister, secretive powers: Opus Dei, Freemasons, Richard M. Nixon.
My 2009 Top Ten Netflix Movies That I Had Not Seen...


text:
BIIF D-II semis: Kamehameha softball routs Konawaena 8-0
By Rick Winters West Hawaii Today rwinters@westhawaiitoday.com | Sunday, April 14, 2019, 12:05 a.m.
Kamehameha-Hawaii scored eight runs but they only needed one to put away Konawaena behind a dominating pitching performance from Brooke Baptiste.
Baptiste nearly threw a no-hitter against the Wildcats in mid-March. In Game 1 of a BIIF Division II semifinal series against the Wildcats on Saturday she wasn't quite that unhittable, but still put up strong numbers in an 8-0 shutout victory.
"She pitched a great game and was hitting her spots," said Warriors head coach Akea Kiyuna. "Some batters made good contact but the defense made the plays."
The Kamehameha ace spread out five hits over seven innings. Baptiste struck out nine, showing excellent control with no walks.
Andi Uemura took the loss for Konawaena, suffering from three errors which allowed for five unearned runs. She also struggled with her control, walking six, to go along with seven hits and three strikeouts.
Kawehi Ili provided the offensive power early with a two-run home run in the top of the first inning for the Warriors.
"She wasn't looking for the home run, she was just focused on her swing and saw the pitch she wanted," Kiyuna said. "It was a really nice hit."
Ili finished with two walks, two two runs scored and two RBIs.
No Kamehameha batter had more than one hit.
"Today was really a collective effort," Kiyuna said. "The entire team did great things and that is all you can ask for."
Erin Kaimuola-Bates led the Wildcat offense with three hits.
The Warriors remain perfect in league play this season with a 15-0 record and can clinch the semifinal series on Monday.
"We are focused on playing our game," Kiyuna said. "We have to make sure we do not get caught up in previous games and scores. Every day is a new day."
Kamehameha is looking for its eighth straight league title.
Blue Jackets take stunning 2-0 series lead over Lightning
Tiger Woods makes Masters 15th and most improbable major


text:
namespace Dive.Assets.Loaders
{
    using System;
    using System.Collections.Generic;
    using System.Linq;
    using System.Reflection;
    using System.Text;
    using System.Threading.Tasks;
    using Dive.Assets.Attributes;

    /// <summary>
    /// Handles loading font assets.
    /// </summary>
    [AssetLoader(AssetType = typeof(Assembly))]
    public class DLLLoader : IAssetLoader
    {
        /// <summary>
        /// Loads the specified asset.
        /// </summary>
        /// <param name="manager">The manager.</param>
        /// <param name="key">The asset key.</param>
        /// <returns>
        /// The loaded asset.
        /// </returns>
        public object Load(AssetManager manager, string key)
        {
            Assembly assembly = Assembly.LoadFrom(key);
            return assembly;
        }
    }
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
Les Dendryphantinae sont une sous-famille d'araignées de la famille des Salticidae.

Liste des genres
Dendryphantini
Anicius Chamberlin, 1925
Ashtabula Peckham & Peckham, 1894
Avitus Peckham & Peckham, 1896
Bagheera Peckham & Peckham, 1896
Beata Peckham & Peckham, 1895
Bellota Peckham & Peckham, 1892
Bryantella Chickering, 1946
Cerionesta Simon, 1901
Chirothecia Taczanowski, 1878
Dendryphantes C. L. Koch, 1837
Empanda Simon, 1903
Eris C. L. Koch, 1846
Gastromicans Mello-Leitão, 1917
Ghelna Maddison, 1996
Hentzia Marx, 1883
Lurio Simon, 1901
Macaroeris Wunderlich, 1992
Mburuvicha Scioscia, 1993
Metaphidippus F. O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1901
Osericta Simon, 1901
Paradamoetas Peckham & Peckham, 1885
Paramarpissa F. O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1901
Paraphidippus F. O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1901
Parnaenus Peckham & Peckham, 1896
Pelegrina Franganillo, 1930
Phanias F. O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1901
Phidippus C. L. Koch, 1846
Sassacus Peckham & Peckham, 1895
Sebastira Simon, 1901
Selimus Peckham & Peckham, 1901
Semora Peckham & Peckham, 1892
Semorina Simon, 1901
Terralonus Maddison, 1996
Thammaca Simon, 1902
Tulpius Peckham & Peckham, 1896
Tutelina Simon, 1901
Tuvaphantes Logunov, 1993
Donaldiini
Donaldius Chickering, 1946
Rhenini
Agassa Simon, 1901
Alcmena C. L. Koch, 1846
Homalattus White, 1841
Napoca Simon, 1901
Rhene Thorell, 1869
Romitia Caporiacco, 1947
Tacuna Peckham & Peckham, 1901
Zeuxippus Thorell, 1891
Rudrini
Mabellina Chickering, 1946
Nagaina Peckham & Peckham, 1896
Poultonella Peckham & Peckham, 1909
Pseudomaevia Rainbow, 1920
Rudra Peckham & Peckham, 1885
Zygoballini
Messua Peckham & Peckham, 1896
Rhetenor Simon, 1902
Zygoballus Peckham & Peckham, 1885

Référence
Menge, 1879 : Preussische Spinnen. X. Fortsetzung. Schriften der Naturforschenden Gesellschaft in Danzig, vol. 4, .

Liens externes

Salticidae


text:
Wojewódki Dolne – wieś w Polsce położona w województwie mazowieckim, w powiecie sokołowskim, w gminie Bielany.

W latach 1975–1998 miejscowość administracyjnie należała do województwa siedleckiego.

Wierni kościoła rzymskokatolickiego należą do parafii Niepokalanego Serca Najświętszej Maryi Panny w Sokołowie Podlaskim

Zobacz też
 Wojewódki Górne

Przypisy

Linki zewnętrzne

Bielany (gmina)


McCaughey was the Co-Founder and Chief Executive of Century Homes in Ireland, and later named Chief Executive of Kingspan Century following the $100 million acquisition of Century by the European building materials giant Kingspan Group Plc. By focusing on fully automating the construction process with integrated technologies, McCaughey propelled Century from a small start-up operation of four employees into Europe's largest FIOSS provider, with market share in excess of 40 percent in Ireland and a dominant position in the U.K. At the time of its sale to Kingspan, Century Home's unit production would place the company among the top five homebuilders in the United States based on volume.
From 2009 to 2014, McCaughey served as Chief Executive of Infineco, providing executive-level strategy consulting to businesses making the transition to off-site construction, sustainable building and clean energy. In this role, he helped raise more than $75 million for U.S. companies, providing them with the capital to effectively exploit new technologies and attain market leadership positions. See what people are saying about Gerard.


text:
Steam Shower
Home » Steam Shower
Thermasol Steam Shower No Water Error: Troubleshooting Tips for 2023
December 22, 2022 December 11, 2022 by Samantha Allen
Have you ever had that sinking feeling when you step into the shower, only to be greeted with a screen telling you there is no water available? It sounds like something out of a horror movie, doesn't it? Luckily, this type of error is all too common and can be easily avoided. In this blog post, we will teach you how to prevent thermasol steam showers from giving you this dreaded error message. By following our tips, you will be able to enjoy your hot shower without fearing for your safety.
What is a Thermasol Steam Shower?
Thermasol steam showers provide a more invigorating experience than traditional showers by using heated water instead of cold. This technology was patented in the early 1900s and has been in use ever since. The heated water vaporizes quickly, providing a refreshing shower that leaves the skin feeling soft and smooth.
Thermasol steam showers have been around for a few decades now and are still one of the most popular options for those looking for a quick and easy way to get clean. The thermosol technology basically uses hot water vapor to create a shower that is also very refreshing and invigorating. This shower system does not require any water and can be used without ever having to worry about running out.
To use this type of shower, all you need is some warm water and the thermosol unit. Once you have these two items, simply fill up the tank with warm water and turn on the unit. You will then be able to take your time getting ready, as there is no need to rush. The thermosol steam shower will quickly heat up the water inside the tank, which will cause it to vaporize. This vaporized water will then flow through the showerhead and onto you, cleaning you up quickly and efficiently.
There are several great reasons why people love thermasol steam showers. First of all, they are incredibly convenient since you do not have to worry about running out of water or preparing a separate area for your showering. Second, they are incredibly refreshing since the hot vaporized water flows directly onto your skin. Finally, they provide an incredibly invigorating experience that can help you feel refreshed and rejuvenated after a long day of work or activity.
The Thermasol Steam Shower: Advantages and Disadvantages
The Thermasol steam shower is a new and revolutionary way to get clean. The steam shower uses 100% pure water instead of the traditional water and soap mixture. This means no more wasting water, making it an environmentally-friendly option as well.
Advantages of using the Thermasol steam shower include:
-It is a fast and easy way to get clean.
-You can use it at home or in a hotel room.
-There is no need for hot water, so it is convenient if you are traveling or have limited access to hot water.
-The heat from the steam relaxes your skin and helps eliminate dirt, sweat, and oil from your skin.
-The steam also has anti-inflammatory properties which can help reduce inflammation in the body overall.
However, there are some disadvantages of using the Thermasol steam shower over conventional showers:
-It can be expensive if you want to buy one outright.
-You may need to experiment with the temperature settings to find what works best for you.
If you're experiencing an "error" when trying to take a Thermasol steam shower, it might be because you're not using enough water. Make sure to pour a full pot of hot water into the shower head before turning on the heater, and hold that temperature for at least two minutes before switching to the steam setting. If you continue experiencing this error, it might be time to call in a professional technician to fix your shower.
Samantha Allen
Samantha Allen is an authority on high-end spa treatments and steam showers. Through her blog, she provides insight and guidance into home improvement, deluxe spas, and steam showers. She offers comprehensive instructions for those wishing to maximize their at-home spa experience. Samantha has devoted countless hours to researching and evaluating various steam shower models to determine the finest ones available. Moreover, she is a practiced DIYer who has created video tutorials on a variety of topics related to home renovation and luxurious spa activities.
Website Alumni
Categories Steam Shower
Thermasol Steam Shower Not Turning On: Troubleshooting Tips for 2023
Thermasol Steam Shower Instructions: A Comprehensive Guide for 2023
Adding A Steam Shower To An Existing Shower: A Step-by-Step Guide for 2023
Adding Essential Oils To Your Steam Shower: Benefits and How-To for 2023
Are Home Steam Showers Any Good? Weighing the Pros and Cons for 2023
Are Steam Shower Cabins Worth It? A Comprehensive Review for 2023
Is a Steam Shower Head Worth the Investment? Pros and Cons for 2023
© 2023 CoralSeaSPAs - ALL RIGHTS RESERVED | About


text:
Leadership and Change Management
Using Data to Make Better Decisions
How to Think Like an Entrepreneur
Defense Acquisition Reform is a National Security Issue
Catalyst: Leadership and Strategy in a Changing World
You Can't Give What You Don't Have
Cities of the Future
Blockchain Implications
Industry, Strategy
Transforming Insight: Corporate Near Death Experiences
Advanced modeling and simulation creates new insights into the way the world works and fundamentally changes the ways businesses think of their products.
Alex Larzelere 4 min read
Energy Industry, Government, Innovation, Technology
National Labs and the Engine of American Innovation
National Laboratories are little-known jewels that have powered American innovation since the early 20th century, providing lessons and best practices in research and technology investment that are applicable to both the public and private sector.
Consumer Technology, Engineering & Construction, Smart Cities
Smart City Challenge: An Update on the Participating Cities
The U.S. Department of Transportation (DOT) Smart City Challenge invited seven cities to provide a holistic, integrated approach to improving surface transportation performance within a city and integrate this approach with other smart city domains, including public safety, public services, and energy.
Joseph Kopser 6 min read
Advanced Computing, Consumer Technology, Industry Dynamics
Quantum Mechanics and the Next Revolution in Computing
With quantum computing, we are entering a new era of how we think about computing. This is similar to the early days of classic computing, where technology enabled entirely new types of problem-solving.
Energy Industry, Foreign Policy, National Security, Video
National Strategy for Energy Security: The Innovation Revolution
National Strategy for Energy Security: The Innovation Revolution. Presented by Joseph Kopser in conjunction with Securing America's Future Energy.
Aerospace & Defense, National Security, Urbanization
Intelligence, Surveillance, and Reconnaissance in Dense Urban Terrain
New intelligence, surveillance, and reconnaissance (ISR) platforms and sensor technologies will be required to support counter-terrorist operations in large cities and megacities.
Bret Boyd 4 min read
Consumer Technology, Transportation
The Sharing Economy: What is Old is New Again
The sharing economy is not new. But it is a smarter and more efficient way to allocate existing resources. And that's something that all Americans — from Silicon Valley to Wall Street to Main Street — can get behind.
Energy Industry, Power, Video
Veterans Advancing Clean Energy and Climate Security
The Department of Energy Champions of Change series highlights ordinary Americans who are doing extraordinary things in their communities to out-innovate, out-educate, and out-build the rest of the world. On November 5, 2013, the White House honored 12 veterans and leaders who are using the skills they learned in the armed services to advance the clean energy economy.
Transportation, Urban Mobility, Video
TIA 2015 Keynote: Joseph Kopser
Joseph Kopser talks about the evolution of transportation and how the sharing economy will change the technology industry.
Strategy, Transportation, Urban Mobility, Urban Planning
Transportation: Rapidly Shifting Landscape
The transportation industry is on the precipice of an existential shift, as new technologies and business models change fundamental market dynamics.
Grayline Group brings together experts, data, and solutions to help organizations manage transformation resulting from technological and socioeconomic catalysts.
Global Catalysts
Grayline Group Introduction
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text:
Broad Ripple crowd doubts IndyGo on Red Line project
Posted 5:55 pm, February 19, 2019, by Russ McQuaid, Updated at 11:45AM, February 21, 2019
INDIANAPOLIS, Ind. – Reminiscent of famed comedian Rodney Dangerfield's shirt neck pulling exclamation, "Tough crowd!" when facing a non-responsive audience, IndyGo Vice President of Public Affairs and Communications Bryan Luellen stood in front of a skeptical group of Broad Ripple residents at the Indianapolis Art Center and tried to explain the status of the Red Line project.
"We recognize that there are disruptions," said Luellen at a podium just two blocks from the nearest Red Line construction zone on North College Avenue. "We recognize that not everybody loves this project. We are undertaking this project for public benefit. There are going to be some temporary disruptions so we appreciate your patience in the short term."
There weren't a lot of buyers for what Luellen was selling in the packed room of more than 100 neighbors and bus riders about the revolutionary mass transit plan utilizing electric buses that has metaphorically left the station.
Several years in the planning, months into construction, the build out of the Red Line has finally reached The Village, 13 miles from its end point on the other side of downtown near the University of Indianapolis along Shelby Street.
At a public meeting that was delayed a month because IndyGo was four months and $3.5 million short of its construction calendar, critics finally had the chance to raise the questions that longtime observers like Lee Lange have been asking for years.
"Nobody got their questions answered. It's just business as usual with obfuscation bordering on something worse," said Lange after failing to get Luellen to bite on a question about IndyGo economic development predictions for the Red Line route. "Why improve transit with something that is unproven, untested, so radical that it's a pipe dream? It makes no sense."
Lange's criticisms notwithstanding, in 2016 Marion County residents voted to tax themselves $54 million a year to fund local transit improvements to match the $75 million the federal government is making available to build the Red Line.
IndyGo Vice President of Planning and Capital Projects Justin Stuehrenberg said Broad Ripple voters cast 70 percent of their ballots in favor of the new tax.
"You're never going to win over everyone," he said. "There are tradeoffs, pluses and minuses to this project."
Count John Kniesly as one of those skeptics when it comes to IndyGo's plans to provide safe passage on College Avenue for emergency response vehicles once double-long electric buses, bus lanes and bus stations take up the middle pavement of the busy thoroughfare.
"I live in the neighborhood. If something goes wrong every second, every minute counts," he said. "Those intersections are cramped. They're cramped right now for construction but now with construction you get a real hint of what it's going to look like when the center of the road bus stations go in."
Kniesly asked Luellen to furnish a copy of the public safety plan negotiated with IMPD, IFD and IEMS.
His first request was ignored before Kniesly was told to file an Open Records Act Request and then finally got a commitment from Luellen to post the plan on the IndyGo website.
"It's been in progress for years," Stuehrenberg later explained to CBS4. "We've been working with public safety to finalize the plan. Once all the construction details were finally nailed down that's when we began working with public safety in earnest to finalize those plans."
Red Line construction plans and schedules have been in the works for more than a year.
"Just in the last month we've all gotten to a point where we're all satisfied with that plan and are ready to finalize that," said Stuehrenberg.
Major Brian Mahone of IMPD Homeland Security said public safety officials are only just now beginning to understand the Red Line's potential impact on emergency vehicles response.
"In a worst case scenario it could be a pretty big hassle. It could be a standstill," he said. "Of course we're worried about some congestion, what kind of speed we can get as far as getting around the district. I know Fire is looking at making sure they can get their apparatus where they need to go, so that's kind of our main concern there to make sure that we can get to people in need.
"As I understand IndyGo has a traffic study that talks about the displaced traffic so that's all the stuff we're looking at to determine how we're going to get our emergency apparatus around."
The Department of Public Works just this month released a 2017 study that predicts motorists will spill into neighborhood side streets running parallel to College Avenue at least during construction.
"There are no studies. There are plans," said Lange who has been studying the Red Line project for more than three years. "They have no studies that analyze and really look at, 'What's the impact on traffic? What's the impact on safety?' They have nothing. They have looked at existing data and analyzed it in a meta fashion. There's nothing concrete. They will be doing their own traffic study 18-24 months after it's fully up and running."
IndyGo was scheduled to go before riders and neighbors January 14 to update the community and make its best pitch for support, but at the last minute that meeting was delayed until Tuesday.
Over the course of the last month, IndyGo President and CEO Mike Terry announced his intention to step down, a reconvened IndyGo Board of Directors meeting revealed construction was 114 days behind schedule and in need of a multi-million bail out from the project's contingency fund to get back up to speed and crews were put on overtime and six-day weeks in an attempt to fast track the build out in order to meet a goal of transporting Red Line passengers by early September.
"Once we did start construction there were some delays due to utility reconstruction so that did delay us by about four months," said Stuehrenberg who also cited uncertainty in federal funding as a reason for the lost construction time.
Stuehrenberg said no decisions have been made about scaling back features of the Red Line system to compensate for its unanticipated costs.
"When they say, 'Oh, gosh, three and a half million dollars, that will help get to us faster,' those are just our tax dollars being used to cover up inefficiency that's been going on there for years now and we will continue to pay for this," said Lange.
Luellen also told CBS4 that after more than two years of delays, IndyGo was in the process of establishing a non-profit 501-c-3 entity to raise a ten percent match for the funding it receives from the recently enacted income tax levy.
Such a non-profit is a requirement of the state statute that allowed IndyGo to ask voters for the tax in order to enhance the public revenues and force the transit system to not solely depend on taxpayers and riders for financial help.
Terry told city county councilors in January of 2017 that his staff was working on establishment of that entity which can collect donations or revenues from signage but not public funds.
Luellen said the plan was finally sent to the U.S. Department of Transportation shortly before the federal government shut down in December and is still pending.
The funding and bus stop construction haven't been the only uncertainties plaguing the Red Line plan, so is the durability and the groundbreaking technology of its buses.
A Chinese bus maker BYD is currently building the 31 extended accordion-style battery powered buses IndyGo will need to run the Red Line.
Earlier generations of those buses failed in Los Angeles and Albuquerque where in the high dry New Mexico desert city a transit plan similar to the Red Line remains unfinished, awaiting traditional diesel buses, and the bus stations are targets for graffiti vandals and habitats for the homeless.
"We are looking very closely at those examples. Obviously we don't want to repeat mistakes," said Stuehrenberg. "Our buses are a newer generation than Albuquerque had received. Albuquerque had a lot of requirements around rush delivery that are not the case for us.
"Our order was placed over a year ago and so we feel they have had available lead time to deliver these buses," he said, noting that one BYD bus has been on the streets of Indianapolis since last September. "We have tried to replicate the quality issues that they had on our buses and we have not been able to. We feel that every one of the issues that they raised are not an issue on our buses."
IndyGo received its first BYD bus last fall and has been testing it since then. In March, IndyGo will receive the first regular shipment of its buses on a weekly basis as the vehicles will be used to train drivers.
"These buses haven't been tested," said Lange. "It takes 13 months to test new buses before they can be put into service, and these buses have not been tested."
"Their end game is to get this built and get this built as quickly as possible."
One issue facing IndyGo will be how many people will ride the new buses.
With room for more than one hundred sitting and standing passengers, the Red Line needs to nearly double its current daily ridership of six thousand people for the system to meet its revenue projections.
"Our best marketing tool is good service so we believe this project is going to provide good service to people and folks will see that and start to use it," said Stuehrenberg.
"People on College Avenue do not ride buses and so why we didn't put this where the people ride the bus right now, I don't know," said Lange. "'If we build it they will come.' Unfortunately that is the city's and IndyGo's plan.
"Already the businesses are suffering. People are choosing to dine in SoBro, South Broad Ripple, because the parking is such a nightmare, so there are going to be business failures and shuttered store fronts."
IndyGo's ridership statistics have been mixed since 2012 so the system is counting on old and new riders to sign on not only to the Red Line but the anticipated East-West Purple and Blue Lines currently in planning and implementation at a time when private ride services such as Uber and Lyft are exploding in Indianapolis.
Kniesly said he voted for the Mass Transit tax but is now having second thoughts about how the Red Line is bisecting his community.
"I would sincerely beg our mayor, our City County Council…to take a hard look at this. Is this the best plan? Is this the best use for our resources? Are we safer?"
During the 2016 election, Mayor Hogsett refused to take a side in the tax debate and the Council approved the plan with some expressed doubts leaving taxpayers, residents and passengers no choice but to jump on IndyGo's Red Line bus project and take the ride, bumps and all along the way.
Editor's note: This story has been updated with new information.
Some Indy business owners angered by Red Line construction
New fare changes could be coming for IndyGo riders this spring
Red Line expected to open by end of summer
Growing pains delay progress of the Red Line
IndyGo Red Line extends free service until November 30 due to continued ticketing issues
Sobro Cafe on College Avenue is latest business to close along Red Line
Free Red Line rides coming to an end
Public meetings scheduled before IndyGo routes change this June
IndyGo: Free rides being offered on New Year's Eve
IndyGo confirms Red Line median along College Avenue needs to be replaced
Some major changes could soon take place at Broad Ripple Park
IN Focus: Fact-checking the Indianapolis mayoral debate
Fact-checking the final debate in Indy's mayoral race
Candidates in Indy mayoral race participate in debate Monday night
INDOT hosts public hearing to hear comments on I-465 reconfiguration project
Operation My Indy: New Keep Indianapolis Beautiful CEO lives in different neighborhoods each week


text:
USE CARE WHEN APPLYING PRE-HARVEST HERBICIDES
<< All News Monday, August 3, 2020
BISMARCK – With harvest season approaching, farmers should carefully review pre-harvest herbicide applications to ensure compliance with pesticide label directions.
"Pre-harvest herbicide applications are invaluable for controlling late-emerging weeds," Agriculture Commissioner Doug Goehring said. "However, both crop buyers and consumers may be concerned about even minute levels being present. By carefully reviewing pre-harvest applications to ensure compliance with pesticide label directions, farmers can minimize pesticide residues and preserve the marketability of their crop."
Complying with pesticide label directions includes:
Making sure the herbicide is labeled for the intended crop,
Applying no earlier than directed, and
Ensuring the pre-harvest interval, or days to harvest requirement, is respected.
"Worldwide, North Dakota has long been known for producing high quality cereal grains," North Dakota Grain Growers Association President Dennis Haugen said. "One way we can maintain that reputation is through carefully using pre-harvest weed control tools."
For grains such as hard red spring wheat, durum and feed barley, most pre-harvest herbicides may be applied when the grain is mature and at about 30% moisture or less. The pre-harvest intervals are variable depending on the herbicide but range from 3-14 days. The label will provide specific directions.
"Buyers of North Dakota's pulse crops have exacting quality standards," Northern Pulse Growers Association Executive Director Shannon Berndt said. "To meet these expectations our growers use only registered herbicides and they carefully adhere to label instructions."
Several different pre-harvest active ingredients may be used on pulse crops, but they all have significantly different timings and pre-harvest intervals. Most pulse crops are grown under contract, so consulting with the buyer about approved herbicides is advised.
The North Dakota State University 2020 North Dakota Weed Control Guide lists active ingredients appropriate for many different crops and contains tips for application. The guide may be found at https://www.ag.ndsu.edu/publications/crops/north-dakota-weed-control-guide.
For a list of pesticides registered in North Dakota, go to http://www.kellysolutions.com/nd/pesticideindex.asp.


text:
Q: Why Pandas Data frame convert the SQL column names to upper case? I have a simple SQL query That I am converting to a pandas data frame. Below is the code for that:
sql = f"""SELECT
          OLD, OLV, Print, Search, TV
          FROM decomposition"""
self.cursor.execute(sql)
df = self.cursor.fetch_pandas_all()
print(df)

The data frame columns names I expect to match the same(upper/lower) case I sent in SQL query as shown below:
     OLD   OLV  Print  Search     TV
0   82.5  82.5   55.0   110.0  220.0
1   82.5  82.5   55.0   110.0  220.0

but when I receive the data frame I see all the column names are changed to uppercase as shown below:
      OLD   OLV  PRINT  SEARCH     TV
0   82.5  82.5   55.0   110.0  220.0
1   82.5  82.5   55.0   110.0  220.0

How can I avoid this pandas data frame behavior?
I have one more scenario, where the names of the columns are not known to us. For example the below code:
       #getting columns
       sql = f"""SELECT distinct(MEDIACHANNEL) as columns
                  FROM Mediachannels
                  WHERE brand = '{brand}'
                  ORDER by MEDIACHANNEL"""

        self.cursor.execute(sql)
        df = self.cursor.fetch_pandas_all()
        columns_list = df["COLUMNS"].tolist()
        columns_list = list(map(str.upper, columns_list))

        #converting list of columns into string
        columns = ", ".join(columns_list)

        #calling the SQL query with columns as variable
        sql = f"""SELECT
          {columns}
          FROM decomposition"""
        self.cursor.execute(sql)
        df = self.cursor.fetch_pandas_all()
        print(df)

In this scenario, I cant manually update the column names as I am not aware of column names as well. Hence what should I do in this scenario?