text:
\section{Introduction}
Despite a lot of recent progress \cite{Gallavotti95,Jarzynski97,Crooks99,OP98,HatanoSasa01,HaradaSasa05,Seifert05,ST06,Maes09,Esposito10,Seifert12,Komatsu15}, generalizing equilibrium thermodynamic concepts to nonequilibrium situations remains a challenging task.
At equilibrium, key thermodynamic notions include intensive parameters like temperature, pressure and chemical potential, that are conjugated to a conserved quantity (energy, volume or number of particle).
Whether such parameters could also be meaningfully defined in out-of-equilibrium systems is a long-standing issue \cite{Cugliandolo97,OP98,Sasa03,ST06,Cugliandolo11,Bertin06,Seifert10,Mukamel12,Dickman14a,Pradhan15,Brady15}
of conceptual and practical importance, as such parameters could be essential for instance to characterize phase coexistence
\cite{Bertin07,Seifert11b,Cates14,Dickman16,Solon16,Nakagawa17}.
To define a reliable nonequilibrium parameter, one should thus not merely extend an equilibrium relation (e.g., the fluctuation-dissipation relation) beyond its range of validity, but rather verify up to which point the mathematical structure yielding equalization of intensive thermodynamic parameters can be extended.
This equalization relies on three key properties \cite{Bertin06,Bertin07,Seifert10,Pradhan15}:
(i) the existence of a conservation law for an additive quantity $Q$ (energy, number of particles,...);
(ii) a large deviation form
\begin{equation} \label{eq:large:dev}
P(Q_A,Q_B)  \asymp \exp[-V\, I(q_A,q_B)]
\end{equation}
for two large systems $A$ and $B$ in contact, with $V=V_A+V_B$ the total volume,
and $q_k=Q_k/V_k$, $k=A,B$;
(iii) the additivity of the large deviation function,
\begin{equation}
\label{eq:additivity}
I(q_A,q_B)=\gamma I_A(q_A)+ (1-\gamma) I_B(q_B),
\end{equation}
with $\gamma=V_A/V$.
If these three conditions are met (which is the case at equilibrium with short-range interactions), an intensive parameter equalizing in two systems in contact can be defined as \cite{Bertin06,Bertin07}
\begin{equation} \label{eq:def:lambda}
\lambda_k = \frac{\mathrm{d}I_k}{\mathrm{d}q_k} \,.
\end{equation}
Out of equilibrium, energy is in general not conserved (hence the difficulties in defining a nonequilibrium temperature \cite{Jou03,Cugliandolo11,Levine07,Martens09}), but the number of particles is conserved for closed systems.
In addition, the large deviation form also remains valid in most cases \cite{Touchette09}. The key issue to be able to define a reliable chemical potential that equalizes between two systems in contact \cite{Sasa03,ST06,Dickman14a,Dickman14b}
is thus whether the additivity property (iii) is valid or not \cite{Bertin06,Bertin07,Seifert10,Seifert11a,Martens11,Pradhan15}.
Two important issues regarding this chemical potential are whether it satisfies an equation of state (which is generically not the case for the pressure of an active fluid \cite{TailleurNatPhys15}), and whether a generalization of the zeroth law of thermodynamics holds \cite{Seifert10,Seifert11a,Pradhan15}.

In this Letter we provide a general criterion on the contact dynamics to determine whether a nonequilibrium chemical potential can be defined or not for two stationary driven systems in weak contact.
This criterion relies both on a \emph{macroscopic} detailed balance property
and on a factorization property of the coarse-grained contact dynamics.
When a chemical potential can be defined, it equalizes between the driven systems in contact, allowing for the determination of the steady-state densities.
However, the chemical potential generically lacks an equation of state, in the sense that it depends on the contact dynamics and not only on bulk properties of the system. Defining classes of systems having a given type of contact dynamics, one recovers the zeroth law of thermodynamics, namely systems in steady-state with a third one are also in steady state when brought into contact.

\section{Weak contact and coarse-grained dynamics}
We start by specifying the general set-up.
Throughout this paper, we consider two driven, stochastic Markovian systems A and B which exchange a conserved quantity, called number of particles for definiteness
(it could also be a continuous quantity like volume).
Systems A and B are characterized by driving parameters $f_A$ and $f_B$.
We denote as $N_k$, $V_k$ and $\rho_k=N_k/V_k$ respectively the number of particles, volume and density of system $k=A,B$.
The microscopic exchange dynamics at the contact between A and B is assumed not to depend on the driving parameters (though this assumption can be relaxed), and to satisfy a microscopic detailed balance relation when both systems are at equilibrium ($f_A=f_B=0$)
---consistently with the numerical set-up of \cite{Seifert10,Seifert11a}.
On general grounds, the steady-state distribution $P(N_A,N_B)$ is expected to take the large deviation form eq.~(\ref{eq:large:dev}), with $Q_k \equiv N_k$ and $q_k \equiv \rho_k$.
We wish to determine under which conditions the large deviation function $I(\rho_A,\rho_B)$ satisfies the additivity property \jgb{\eqref{eq:additivity}}.

Consistently with the equilibrium notion of weak contact,
the exchange rate between systems A and B is assumed to be small, so that the dynamics of the total number of particles is much slower than the internal dynamics of both systems, which remain in quasi-steady-states.
Exchange of particles between A and B is defined by the transition rate
$T_{\rm c}(\mathcal{C}'|\mathcal{C})$ from configuration $\mathcal{C}=(\mathcal{C}_A,\mathcal{C}_B)$ to $\mathcal{C}'=(\mathcal{C}_A',\mathcal{C}_B')$.
In the weak contact limit, the distribution $P(N_A,N_B)$ of the numbers of particles $N_A$ and $N_B$ (with $N_A+N_B=N$ fixed) obeys a master equation
with a coarse-grained transition rate
\begin{equation}
\label{eq:def:cg_trans_rates}
K(N_A'|N_A) = \sum_{\mathcal{C} \ne \mathcal{C}'} T_{\rm c}(\mathcal{C}'|\mathcal{C})
P_A(\mathcal{C}_A|N_A) P_B(\mathcal{C}_B|N_B)
\end{equation}
with $\mathcal{N}(\mathcal{C}_k)=N_k$ and $\mathcal{N}(\mathcal{C}_k')=N_k'$ ($k$=A, B), $\mathcal{N}(\mathcal{C}_k)$ being the number of particles in configuration $\mathcal{C}_k$.
In many cases \cite{vanKampen}, the coarse-grained transition rate
$K(N_A'|N_A)$ only depends on the densities $\rho_A=N_A/V_A$ and
$\rho_B=N_B/V_B$, and on the number of exchanged particles
$\Delta N_A =N_A'-N_A$:
\begin{equation}
K(N_A'|N_A)= \varphi(\Delta N_A;\rho_A,\rho_B) \,.
\end{equation}
Using for $V \to \infty$ the large deviation form (\ref{eq:large:dev}) of $P(N_A,N_B)$, the large deviation function $I(\rho_A,\rho_B)$ satisfies
\begin{eqnarray} \label{eq:HJ}
&& \sum_{\Delta N_A \ne 0} \Big( \varphi(\Delta N_A;\rho_A,\rho_B)\, e^{I'(\rho_A,\rho_B) \Delta N_A}\\ \nonumber
&& \qquad \qquad \qquad \qquad \qquad - \varphi(-\Delta N_A;\rho_A,\rho_B) \Big) =0
\end{eqnarray}
with
\begin{equation}
\label{eq:def:I'}
I' \equiv \frac{1}{\gamma} \frac{\mathrm{d}}{\mathrm{d}\rho_A} I\big(\rho_A,\rho_B(\rho_A)\big)
= \frac{1}{\gamma}\frac{\partial I}{\partial \rho_A} -
\frac{1}{1-\gamma}\frac{\partial I}{\partial \rho_B}
\end{equation}
where $\rho_B(\rho_A)$ results from the conservation law
\begin{equation}
\gamma \rho_A + (1-\gamma) \rho_B=\overline{\rho} \equiv N/V \,.
\end{equation}
Note that we have assumed in Eq.~(\ref{eq:HJ}) that $\Delta N_A$ does not grow with the total volume $V$ of the system, so that when $V \to \infty$, an exchange of $\Delta N_A$ does not modify the densities $\rho_A$ and $\rho_B$ appearing in the exchange rate $\varphi(\Delta N_A;\rho_A,\rho_B)$.
Testing the validity of the additivity condition (\ref{eq:additivity})
implies to solve eq.~(\ref{eq:HJ}) to determine $I'(\rho_A,\rho_B)$.
A case of particular interest is when the solution of eq.~(\ref{eq:HJ})
obeys a \emph{macroscopic} detailed balance property, namely for all $\Delta N_A$
\begin{equation} \label{eq:HJ:DB}
\varphi(\Delta N_A;\rho_A,\rho_B)\, e^{I'(\rho_A,\rho_B) \Delta N_A} - \varphi(-\Delta N_A;\rho_A,\rho_B) = 0 \,,
\end{equation}
yielding
\begin{equation} \label{eq:Iprime}
I'(\rho_A,\rho_B) = \frac{1}{\Delta N_A}
\ln \frac{\varphi(-\Delta N_A;\rho_A,\rho_B)}{\varphi(\Delta N_A;\rho_A,\rho_B)}
\,.
\end{equation}
Since $I'(\rho_A,\rho_B)$ is independent of $\Delta N_A$, we may take $\Delta N_A=1$ in eq.~(\ref{eq:Iprime}) to determine $I'$.
Note that macroscopic detailed balance is always satisfied for a single particle exchange through the contact, which is a natural dynamics in continuous time even for an extended contact. The case when macroscopic detailed balance does not hold is discussed at the end of this letter.

\section{Chemical potentials}
The additivity property of $I'(\rho_A,\rho_B)$ (or, equivalently, of $I$) can be directly related to the property of the coarse-grained rate $\varphi$ using eq.~(\ref{eq:Iprime}), thus providing a classification of contact dynamics.
The additivity condition (\ref{eq:additivity}) holds when
the coarse-grained rate $\varphi$ factorizes as
\begin{equation}
  \label{eq:phi:factorized}
\varphi(\Delta N_{A} ; \rho_{A}, \rho_{B}) =
\nu_0 \, \phi_{A}(\Delta N_{A}, \rho_{A}) \, \phi_{B}(\Delta N_{B}, \rho_{B})
\end{equation}
with $\Delta N_{A} = -\Delta N_{B}$ and $\nu_0$ a frequency scale,
assumed to be small in the weak contact limit.
When eqs.~(\ref{eq:Iprime}) and (\ref{eq:phi:factorized}) hold,
\begin{equation} \label{eq:Iprime:additive}
I'(\rho_A,\rho_B) = \mu_A^{\rm cont}(\rho_A)-\mu_B^{\rm cont}(\rho_B)\, ,
\end{equation}
which defines the chemical potentials
\begin{equation}
  \label{eq:mu:cont:factorized}
  \mu_{k}^{\rm cont}(\rho_k) = \ln \frac{\phi_{k}(-1,\rho_{k})}{\phi_{k}(+1, \rho_{k})} \qquad (k=A, \, B)
\end{equation}
of the driven systems in contact ---we have taken $\Delta N_A=1$ since $\mu_{k}^{\rm cont}(\rho_k)$ is independent of $\Delta N_A$.
For the most probable density values, $I'=0$ resulting in the equalization of the chemical potentials, $\mu_A^{\rm cont}=\mu_B^{\rm cont}$.

In most cases when the factorization (\ref{eq:phi:factorized}) holds, it results from a similar factorization of the microscopic transition rates at contact,
\begin{equation} \label{eq:fact:contact:micro}
T_{\rm c}(\mathcal{C}'|\mathcal{C}) = \nu_0 \, \theta_A(\mathcal{C}_A',\mathcal{C}_A)\,
\theta_B(\mathcal{C}_B',\mathcal{C}_B) \,.
\end{equation}
This includes as a particular case the specific form of the microscopic transition rate proposed by Sasa and Tasaki (ST) \cite{ST06} which depends only on system $k$ for a mass exchange from $k$ to $k'$, with $\{k, k'\} = \{A, B\}$.
Such rates read
\begin{equation}
  \label{eq:def:ST:rates}
  T_{c}(\mathcal{C}_{A}', \mathcal{C}_{B}'|\mathcal{C}_{A},\mathcal{C}_{B}) \propto
  \begin{cases}
    e^{-\beta\Delta H_{A}^{\rm cont}} \text{ if } \Delta N_{A}=-1 \\
    e^{-\beta\Delta H_{B}^{\rm cont}} \text{ if } \Delta N_{A}=+1
  \end{cases}
  \, ,
\end{equation}
where $\Delta N_{A} = \mathcal{N}(\mathcal{C}_{A}')-\mathcal{N}(\mathcal{C}_{A})$ and, for $k=A,B$,
\begin{equation}
\Delta H_{k} = H_{k}^{\rm cont}(\mathcal{C}_{k}')-H_{k}^{\rm cont}(\mathcal{C}_{k}) \,,
\end{equation}
$H_{A,B}^{\rm cont}$ being the respective energies of the contact regions of $A$ and $B$. We point out that mass conservation
$\mathcal{N}(\mathcal{C}_{A}')-\mathcal{N}(\mathcal{C}_{A})=-(\mathcal{N}(\mathcal{C}_{B}')-\mathcal{N}(\mathcal{C}_{B}))$
is implicitly enforced in eq.~\eqref{eq:def:ST:rates}.

Eq.~\eqref{eq:mu:cont:factorized} is consistent with the phenomenological definition of chemical potentials given by ST \cite{ST06}, which relies on applying uniform external potentials $U_A$ and $U_B$ to systems $A$ and $B$. For ST rates, $\phi_k$ is changed into $\phi_k \, e^{-\beta U_k}$ according to local detailed balance, and the condition $I'=0$ yields
\begin{equation}
\label{eq:UA_UB-additivity}
\beta U_A + \mu_A^{\rm cont} = \beta U_B + \mu_B^{\rm cont}
\end{equation}
in agreement with ST \cite{ST06}.
Note that in eq.~(\ref{eq:UA_UB-additivity}),
$\mu_k^{\rm cont}$ is defined without external potential.
Eq.~(\ref{eq:UA_UB-additivity}) is also valid for other transition rates at contact like the exponential rule; yet its validity for a given
contact dynamics has to be checked case by case.
The importance of the ST contact dynamics was emphasized in \cite{ST06},
on phenomenological grounds, as the only way to get a consistent nonequilibrium thermodynamics.
Our results provide a statistical ground for the ST statement, and also show that the class of allowed contact dynamics is actually much broader than anticipated.

Importantly, the \emph{macroscopic} detailed balance
eq.~(\ref{eq:HJ}) does not imply \emph{microscopic} detailed balance.
If the microscopic transition rate at contact does not depend on the driving, microscopic detailed balance is broken at contact if the steady-state distributions of A or B differ from equilibrium distributions.
This driving dependence is generic \cite{McLennan59,Komatsu08,Komatsu09,Wynants11} and is observed, e.g., in the KLS model \cite{Seifert10,Seifert11a} and in the mass-transport model considered in \cite{Guioth17}.

\section{Comparison with isolated systems}
One can relate the chemical potential $\mu_k^{\rm cont}$ defined for the two systems in contact to the chemical potential $\mu_k^{\rm iso}$ defined (in the absence of long-range correlations) when system $k$ is isolated \cite{Bertin06,Bertin07}.
The chemical potential $\mu_k^{\rm iso}$ is defined as in eq.~\eqref{eq:def:lambda}, but considering now a virtual partition of the isolated system into two subsystems --it can be shown that $\mu_k^{\rm iso}$ is independent of the virtual partition chosen \cite{Bertin06,Bertin07}.
Note that the difference between $\mu_k^{\rm cont}$ and $\mu_k^{\rm iso}$ is that $\mu_k^{\rm cont}$ takes into account the contact dynamics, while $\mu_k^{\rm iso}$ is by definition independent of any contact.
Microscopically, the exchange of a particle from system $k$ to $k'$ depends only on the local configurations $\mathcal{C}_k^{\ell}$
and $\mathcal{C}_{k'}^{\ell}$ in small volumes around the contact point:
\begin{equation} \label{eq:theta:local}
\theta_k(\mathcal{C}_k',\mathcal{C}_k)=\theta_k^{\ell}({\mathcal{C}_k^{\ell}}',\mathcal{C}_k^{\ell})\,.
\end{equation}
This form allows for a numerical evaluation of $\phi_k$ as a constrained average of $\theta_k^{\ell}$, see eq.~(\ref{eq:phi_k_factorized}) in Appendix.

Under the additivity assumption within system $k$, the probability of the local configuration $\mathcal{C}_k^{\ell}$ reads
\begin{equation}
P(\mathcal{C}_k^{\ell}) \propto F(\mathcal{C}_k^{\ell})\,
\exp[\mu_k^{\rm iso}(\rho_k) \mathcal{N}(\mathcal{C}_k^{\ell})],
\end{equation}
where the function $F$ does not depend on the overall density of system $k$.
Average over $P(\mathcal{C}_k^{\ell})$ is denoted as $\langle \dots \rangle_{\rho_{k}}$.
One can then evaluate $\phi_k$, and thus $\mu_k^{\rm cont}$, as a function of $\mu_k^{\rm iso}$, yielding (see Appendix for a derivation)
\begin{equation}
  \label{eq:muiso_correction_term}
\mu_k^{\rm cont} = \mu_k^{\rm iso} + \eta_k
\; ,
\end{equation}
where the correction term $\eta_k$ is given by
\begin{equation}
  \label{eq:Y_{k}_general_system}
  \eta_{k} = \ln \frac{\average{\sum_{{\mathcal{C}_{k}^{\ell}} ' \in \mathcal{V}_{+1}(\mathcal{C}_{k}^{\ell})} \theta_k^{\ell} \left({\mathcal{C}_{k}^{\ell}} ', \mathcal{C}_{k}^{\ell}\right)e^{\Delta w_{k}}}_{\rho_{k}}}{\average{\sum_{{\mathcal{C}_{k}^{\ell}} ' \in \mathcal{V}_{+1}(\mathcal{C}_{k}^{\ell})} \theta_k^{\ell} \left({\mathcal{C}_{k}^{\ell}} ',\mathcal{C}_{k}^{\ell}\right)}_{\rho_{k}}}
  \; ,
\end{equation}
$\mathcal{V}_{+1}(\mathcal{C}_{k}^{\ell})$ being the set of configurations reached from $\mathcal{C}_k^{\ell}$ by gaining one particle through the contact.
The quantity $\Delta w_{k}$ is defined as
\begin{equation}
\Delta w_{k} = w_{k}({\mathcal{C}_{k}^{\ell}} ') - w_{k}(\mathcal{C}_{k}^{\ell}) \,,
\end{equation}
with $w_{k}(\mathcal{C}_{k}^{\ell})$ the nonequilibrium weight correction defined as
\begin{equation}
F(\mathcal{C}_k^{\ell}) = F_{\rm eq}(\mathcal{C}_k^{\ell}) \exp[w_{k}(\mathcal{C}_{k}^{\ell})] \,.
\end{equation}
Let us emphasize that the correction term  $\eta_k$ is evaluated in the limit of vanishing exchange rate (or weak contact limit), onto which all our approach relies.
This correction term generically depends on the microscopic contact dynamics, and vanishes at equilibrium or when the stationary distribution keeps its equilibrium form ($w_k=0$) as in the ZRP \cite{EvansRev05}.
It appears when the contact dynamics does not satisfy \emph{microscopic} detailed balance with respect to the steady-state distributions of systems A and B.

While $\mu_k^{\rm iso}$ depends only on the bulk density and thus obeys an equation of state, $\eta_k$ depends on the details of the microscopic dynamics at contact, so that $\mu_k^{\rm cont}$ does not obey an equation of state.
This result is in close analogy to the mechanical pressure of an active gas,
which generally does not obey an equation of state \cite{TailleurNatPhys15}.
Note that $\eta_k$ differs from the ``excess chemical potential'' discussed in \cite{Seifert11a}, as the latter results from a modification of the transition rates at contact which amounts to switching on external potentials as in eq.~(\ref{eq:UA_UB-additivity}).
In contrast, the correction term $\eta_k$ is a genuine nonequilibrium effect, and is obtained by switching on the driving without modifying the contact dynamics.

In spite of the lack of an equation of state,
the chemical potential $\mu_k^{\rm cont}$ obeys
the zeroth law of thermodynamics within the class of systems defined by the factorization condition eq.~(\ref{eq:phi:factorized}).
Such a class of systems is defined by associating to any system $k$ a function $\phi_k(\Delta N_k;\rho_k)$, and by defining for any pair of systems $(A,B)$ a contact dynamics according to eq.~(\ref{eq:phi:factorized}).
The equalization of $\mu_k^{\rm cont}$ then ensures the validity of the zeroth law. A key point is that $\mu_k^{\rm cont}$ also encodes (half of) the contact and not only the bulk dynamics.

An important consequence of the above results is that the nonequilibrium chemical potential $\mu_k^{\rm cont}$ can be measured by (weakly) connecting the driven system under study to a small equilibrium system ---as one would measure, at equilibrium, temperature with a thermometer.
If the contact dynamics satisfies the macroscopic detailed balance and factorization properties, the chemical potential of the equilibrium system equalizes with $\mu_k^{\rm cont}$, allowing for a measure of the latter. If the equilibrium system is small enough, the measurement process does not perturb $\mu_k^{\rm cont}$.
Following this procedure, the density-dependence of $\mu_k^{\rm cont}$ can be determined empirically, as done at equilibrium.
In cases when the steady-state distribution of the driven system is known analytically, one can bypass the above measurement procedure by computing explicitly
$\mu_k^{\rm cont}(\rho_k)$, allowing for predictions of the steady-state densities of two systems in weak contact.
We provide below two explicit examples of such solvable models.

\section{Driven lattice model}
We first consider the particle version of the mass transport model introduced in \cite{Guioth17}, which is obtained by considering only integer values of the local mass.
This model is defined on a one-dimensional lattice with periodic boundary conditions (a 'ring'). We call $L$ the number of sites and $N$ the total number of particles in the system.
A maximum number of $n_s$ particles can be present on each site. The parallel-update dynamics simultaneously redistributes particles over each link of one of the two sublattices, chosen randomly at each step.
On each link $(i,i+1)$, the transition probability reads
  \begin{equation}
    \label{eq:trans_rate_mtm}
    T(n_{i+1}^{\prime},n_{i}^{\prime}|n_{i+1},n_{i}) = \frac{e^{-(\epsilon(n_{i}')+\epsilon(n_{i+1}'))-f(n_{i+1}'-n_{i}')}}{\mathcal{Q}(n_{i}+n_{i+1})}  \; ,
  \end{equation}
with $n_{i}'+n_{i+1}'=n_{i}+n_{i+1}$,
and where $\epsilon(n)$ corresponds to a potential energy and $f$ refers to the driving force ($f=0$ at equilibrium); $\mathcal{Q}(S)$ is a normalization
factor such that
\begin{equation}
\sum_{n_{i+1}',n_{i}'} T(n_{i+1}',n_{i}'|n_{i+1},n_{i}) =1 \,.
\end{equation}
The steady-state distribution depends on the driving even on a ring geometry
(a generic property that does not hold in models like ZRP or ASEP). It reads \cite{Guioth17}

\begin{equation}
  \label{eq:SS_distrib_MTMd}
  P_{SS}\left( \{n_{i}\}_{i=1}^{L}\right) = \frac{e^{-\sum_{i=1}^{L}\epsilon\left(n_{i}\right)}}{Z(N,L)} \cosh\left( \sum_{i=1}^{L}(-1)^{i}f n_{i}\right) \, .
\end{equation}
At the contact between the two systems A and B,
local detailed balance with respect to the equilibrium distribution imposes that the transition rate takes the form
(assuming $n_{A}'+n_{B}' = n_{A} + n_{B}$)
  \begin{equation}
    \label{eq:contact_dynamics_mtm}
    \! T_{c}(n_{A}',n_{B}'|n_{A}, n_{B}) = g(n_A',n_B' ; \,n_A,n_B) \,
    e^{-\epsilon_A(n_A')-\epsilon_B(n_B')}
  \end{equation}
with the symmetry property
\begin{equation}
g(n_{A}',n_{B}' ; \, n_{A},n_{B})=g(n_{A},n_{B} ; \, n_{A}',n_{B}').
\end{equation}
The exclusion rule $n_{A},n_{B} \leq n_{s}$ is enforced by setting $g(n_{A}',n_{B}' ; n_{A},n_{B})=0$ if $n_{A}'>n_{s}$ or $n_{B}'>n_{s}$.

We now consider two such models A and B in contact, with different values of their driving parameters $f_A$ and $f_B$.
The contact dynamics proceeds through single particle exchange, hence macroscopic detailed balance is satisfied.
The counterpart of the factorization property
\eqref{eq:fact:contact:micro}
is then the factorization of the function $g$,
\begin{equation} \label{eq:factor:g}
g(n_{A}',n_{B}' ; \, n_{A},n_{B}) = g_{A}(n_{A}',n_{A})\, g_{B}(n_{B}',n_{B})
\end{equation}
where $g_k(n',n)=g_k(n,n')$, $k=A,B$.
Combining eqs.~\eqref{eq:contact_dynamics_mtm} and \eqref{eq:factor:g},
the contact dynamics takes the form given in eqs.~(\ref{eq:fact:contact:micro}) and \eqref{eq:theta:local}, with $\nu_0=1$ and
\begin{equation} \label{eq:theta:mtm}
\theta_k^{\ell}(n_k',n_k) = g_k(n_k',n_k)\, e^{-\epsilon_{k}(n_{k}')} \,.
\end{equation}
In eq.~\eqref{eq:theta:mtm}, $n_k'=n_k \pm 1$, and $g_{k}$ is symmetric ($g_k(n',n)=g_k(n,n')$) and contains the specificity of the contact dynamics ($k=A,B$);
$\epsilon_k(n)$ is the local energy on a site of system $k$ with $n$ particles.

\begin{figure}[t]  \includegraphics[width=0.49\linewidth]{densities_prl.pdf}
\hfill
\includegraphics[width=0.49\linewidth]{chempot_prl.pdf}
\caption{Numerical simulations of two lattice models A and B in contact, with different drives. Data are plotted as a function of the drive $f_A$, for a fixed $f_B=2$.
(a) Densities $\rho_A$ (red) and $\rho_B$ (blue).
(b) Chemical potentials $\mu_{A}^{\rm cont}$ (red) and $\mu_{B}^{\rm cont}$ (blue).
Dashed lines are theoretical predictions. Parameters: $V_A=V_B=10000$, $\overline{\rho}=0.5$.}
\label{fig:densities-chempot}
\end{figure}
Simple examples include $g_k(n',n)=1$, in which case the contact dynamics mirrors the equilibrium bulk dynamics, and the ST dynamics ($k=A, B$)
\begin{equation}
  \label{eq:ST_contact_mtm}
  g_{k}^{\text{ST}}(n',n) = e^{\epsilon_{k}(n')}\Theta(n'-n)
  + e^{\epsilon_{k}(n)}\Theta(n-n'),
\end{equation}
where $\Theta$ is the Heaviside function.
As the contact dynamics allows only exchanges of one particle at a time between $A$ and $B$, so that macroscopic detailed balance is satisfied,
one finds for $\mu_k^{\rm cont}$
\begin{equation}
    \label{eq:mu_contact_ST_SB}
    \mu_{k}^{\rm cont}= \mu_{k}^{\rm iso} + \ln \frac{\left\langle g_{k}(n+1,n)\, e^{-\epsilon_{k}(n+1)} e^{\Delta w_{k}} \right\rangle_{\rho_{k}}}{\left\langle g_{k}(n+1,n)\, e^{-\epsilon_{k}(n+1)} \right\rangle_{\rho_{k}}} \; .
\end{equation}
In this expression, $\Delta w_{k} = w_{k}(n+1)-w_{k}(n)$ with
\begin{equation}
e^{w_{k}(n)}= \tfrac{1}{2}\left(\tfrac{e^{f_{k}n}}{z_{k}(\mu_{k}^{\rm iso}+f_{k})}+\tfrac{e^{-f_{k}n}}{z_{k}(\mu_{k}^{\rm iso}-f_{k})}\right)
\end{equation}
where $z_{k}(x)=\sum_{n} e^{-\epsilon_{k}(n)+xn}$,
and $\left\langle \cdot \right\rangle_{\rho_{k}}$ refers to the average with respect to the local distribution
\begin{equation}
P_{\rho_{k}}(n) \propto e^{-\epsilon_{k}(n) + w_{k}(n) + \mu_{k}^{\rm iso}n} \,.
\end{equation}
Eq.~(\ref{eq:mu_contact_ST_SB}) shows that the chemical potential $\mu_k^{\rm cont}$ depends explicitly on the contact dynamics through the function $g_k$, and thus does not satisfy an equation of state.
Nevertheless, the zeroth law holds within each class of contact, defined
by associating to each system $k$ a given function $g_k(n',n)$.
Fig.~\ref{fig:densities-chempot} displays results of numerical simulations for $g_{k}=1$ showing the equalization of the chemical potentials when two systems with different drivings are put in contact, while stationary densities are different.

\section{Run-and-Tumble particles}
We turn to a second example, with continuous space, where contact is realized through a potential barrier. We consider the one-dimensional run-and-tumble (RTB) model \cite{Tailleur08} with a potential energy barrier $U(x)$ localized around $x=0$.
Regions $x<0$ and $x>0$ are interpreted as two systems $A$ and $B$ in contact,
where particles have different speeds $v_k$ and tumbling rates $\alpha_k$
($k=A,B$). Particles crossing the barrier change speed and tumbling rate.
To be more specific, a particle at position $x$ moves according to
\begin{equation}
\dot{x} = v - \frac{\mathrm{d} U}{\mathrm{d} x}
\end{equation}
where the self-propulsion velocity $v$ randomly switches between values $v_k$ and $-v_k$ at a rate $\alpha_k$, where $k=A$ if $x<0$ and $k=B$ if $x>0$. Note that the mobility has been set to one.
The density profile in each system is given by \cite{TailleurNatPhys15}
  \begin{equation}
    \label{eq:stat_distrib_RTB}
    \rho_k(x) = \frac{v_{k}^{2}\rho_{k}^{\rm b}}{v_{k}^{2}-U'(x)^2}
    \exp\left(-\int_{x_{k}^{\rm b}}^{x} \, \frac{\alpha_{k} U'(x') }{v_{k}^{2} - U'(x')^{2}} \, \mathrm{d}x' \right) \,.
  \end{equation}
where $\rho_{k}^{\rm b}=\rho(x_{k}^{\rm b})$, $x_{k}^{\rm b}$ being a point in the bulk of system $k$ for which $U(x_{k}^{\rm b})=0$.
Conservation of the total number of particles implies $\int_{-\infty}^{0}\rho_{A}(x)\mathrm{d}x + \int_{0}^{\infty}\rho_{B}(x) \mathrm{d}x = N$, where $N$ is the total number of particles in $A$ and $B$.
The probability per unit time for a particle to go
from A to B is $v_{A}\rho_{A}(0^{-})$,
and the one to go from B to A is $v_{B}\rho_{B}(0^{+})$.
Hence, we naturally have ST transition rates in this model,
defined as
\begin{equation}
\phi_A(-1,\rho_A) = v_{A}\rho_{A}(0^{-}) \,, \quad
\phi_B(-1,\rho_B) = v_{B}\rho_{B}(0^{+})
\end{equation}
and $\phi_k(+1,\rho_k)=1$ ($k=A,B$).
Chemical potentials read, from eq.~(\ref{eq:mu:cont:factorized}),
\begin{equation}
    \label{eq:def_chem_pot-RTP}
    \mu_{k}^{\rm cont} = \mu_{k}^{\rm iso}-\alpha_k \int_{x_{k}^{\rm b}}^{0}
\frac{U'(x)}{v_{k}^{2}-U'(x)^{2}}\, \mathrm{d}x
    \; ,
\end{equation}
with $U'=dU/dx$ and $\mu_{k}^{\rm iso}=\ln (\rho_{k}^{\rm b} v_{k})$ the chemical potential of the isolated systems.
The latter decomposes into a perfect gas contribution $\ln \rho_{k}$
plus a constant quantity $\ln v_{k}$ that plays the role of an external potential. This term can be understood as follows. For one-dimensional run-and-tumble particles with a space-dependent speed $v(x)$,
the stationary density is given by \cite{Tailleur08, TailleurNatPhys15}
\begin{equation}
   \label{eq:density:iso}
   \rho(x) = \frac{v(x)^{-1}}{\Omega_{\Lambda}}
\end{equation}
where $\Omega=\int_{\Lambda}\mathrm{d}x \, v(x)^{-1}$ is the normalisation factor, and $\Lambda$ the volume of the system.
Hence the system behaves as an equilibrium system in a effective potential
$U_{\rm eff}(x) = \ln v(x)$, at unit temperature.
This effective potential simply adds up to the usual perfect gas contribution
$\ln \rho$ in the chemical potential.

The chemical potential $\mu_{k}^{\rm cont}$ of the systems in contact depends on the details of the contact through the shape of the potential $U(x)$, which may not be symmetric around $x=0$. Classes of systems obeying the zeroth law can be defined as systems having the same barrier height $U(0)$, assuming $U'(0)=0$ (each system carries half of the barrier).
Putting such systems in contact leads to the equalization of their chemical potentials $\mu_{k}^{\rm cont}$.
Note that in the diffusive (equilibrium-like) limit $v_k \to \infty$ and $\alpha_k \to \infty$, with $v_k^2/\alpha_k=k_B T$ finite, the dependence on the potential shape disappears, and the densities are determined by the equality
$\mu_A^{\rm iso}(\rho_A)=\mu_B^{\rm iso}(\rho_B)$.

\section{Lack of macroscopic detailed balance}
When either the macroscopic detailed balance (\ref{eq:HJ:DB}) or the factorization condition (\ref{eq:phi:factorized}) does not hold, the large deviation function $I(\rho_A,\rho_B)$ is generically non additive.
Stationary densities are determined by
\begin{equation}
    \label{eq:cancellation_dI_non-additive}
    \frac{1}{\gamma}\partial_{\rho_{A}} I(\rho_{A},\rho_{B}) = \frac{1}{1-\gamma}\partial_{\rho_{B}} I(\rho_{A},\rho_{B}) \,.
\end{equation}
As both sides involve $\rho_A$ and $\rho_B$, no chemical potential can be defined in each system.
The lack of additivity when macroscopic detailed balance is broken
is seen from a perturbative argument.
Starting from a factorized coarse-grained rate
$\varphi_0(\Delta N_A;\rho_A,\rho_B)$ satisfying macroscopic detailed balance,
we perturb it into $\varphi=\varphi_0 + \varepsilon \varphi_1$
(with $\varepsilon \ll 1$) so that $\varphi$ no longer satisfies detailed balance. Then
\begin{equation}
I(\rho_A,\rho_B) = I_0(\rho_A,\rho_B) + \varepsilon I_1(\rho_A,\rho_B) + \mathcal{O}(\varepsilon^2) \,,
\end{equation}
where $I_0$ is additive, but $I_1$ breaks the additivity property,
\begin{equation}
I'_1 = \frac{ \sum_{\Delta N_A \ne 0} \varphi_1(\Delta N_A; \rho_A,\rho_B)
\Big( e^{I_0'(\rho_A,\rho_B)\Delta N_A}-1 \Big)}
{\sum_{\Delta N_A \ne 0} \Delta N_A \varphi_0(\Delta N_A; \rho_A,\rho_B)} \,.
\end{equation}
When system $B$ is large ($V_{B}\gg V_{A}$, so $\gamma \to 0$) and plays the role of a reservoir of particles for system $A$, one can integrate $P(\mathcal{C}_{A},\mathcal{C}_{B})$ over $\mathcal{C}_{B}$, yielding
\begin{equation}
   \label{eq:dist:GC:gen}
   P(\mathcal{C}_{A}) \propto P(\mathcal{C}_{A}|\rho_{A}V_{A}) \, e^{-V I(\rho_{A},\rho_{B})}
\end{equation}
where $\rho_{A}=\rho_{A}(\mathcal{C}_{A})$, $\rho_{B}=(\bar{\rho}-\gamma\rho_{A})/(1-\gamma)$. Assuming that $I'$ (defined in eq.~\eqref{eq:def:I'}) is finite when $\gamma \to 0$, one gets
\begin{equation}
  \label{eq:lambda:rho}
  V I(\rho_{A},\rho_{B}) \xrightarrow[\gamma \to 0]{} V_{A}\int_{\rho_{A}^{\ast}}^{\rho_{A}} I'(\rho, \rho_{B}) \mathrm{d}\rho
\end{equation}
with $\rho_{B}=\bar{\rho}$ the \emph{fixed} density of the reservoir and $\rho_{A}^{\ast}$ the most probable mass density of system $A$.
Given that
\begin{equation}
P(\mathcal{C}_{A}|\rho_{A}V_{A}) = \frac{F_{A}(\mathcal{C}_{A})}{Z_{A}(\rho_{A}, V_{A})}
\end{equation}
with a normalization factor
\begin{equation}
Z_{A}(\rho_{A},V_{A}) \asymp e^{-V_{A}\psi_{A}(\rho_{A})} \,,
\end{equation}
where
\begin{equation}
\psi_{A}(\rho_A) = \int_0^{\rho_{A}}\mu_{A}^{\rm iso}(\rho)\mathrm{d}\rho
\end{equation}
is the effective nonequilibrium free energy, one gets
\begin{equation}
  \label{eq:lambda:def}
  P(\mathcal{C}_{A}) \propto F_{A}(\mathcal{C}_{A}) \, e^{V_{A}\lambda_{A}(\rho_{A})}
\end{equation}
with
\begin{equation}
\lambda_{A}(\rho_{A}) = \psi_{A}(\rho_{A})-\int_{\rho_{A}^{\ast}}^{\rho_{A}} I'(\rho,\rho_{B})\mathrm{d}\rho \,.
\end{equation}
When $I'$ is additive, see eq.~(\ref{eq:Iprime:additive}),
$\lambda_{A}(\rho_{A})$ reads
  \begin{equation}
    \label{eq:lambda:additive:rho}
       \lambda_A(\rho_{A})=\mu_{B}^{\rm cont}\rho_{A} - \int_{\rho_{A}^{\ast}}^{\rho_{A}}
[\mu_{A}^{\rm cont}(\rho)-\mu_{A}^{\rm iso}(\rho)]\, \mathrm{d}\rho \; .
  \end{equation}
Hence $\lambda_{A}$ is generally non-linear in $\rho_{A}$ contrary to the standard grand-canonical equilibrium distribution for which $\mu_{A}^{\rm cont}=\mu_{A}^{\rm iso}$. When $I'$ is not additive,
$\lambda(\rho_A)$ is also non linear. In both cases, no meaningful chemical potential can be attributed to the reservoir and the standard thermodynamic structure no longer holds.

\section{Conclusion}
In summary, we have provided a general criterion on the contact dynamics allowing for the definition of a chemical potential $\mu^{\rm cont}$ that equalizes in two driven systems in contact. This classification of contact dynamics relies on both the \emph{macroscopic} detailed balance property (\ref{eq:HJ:DB}) at contact, and on the factorization property (\ref{eq:phi:factorized}) of the coarse-grained contact dynamics.
When a chemical potential $\mu^{\rm cont}$ can be defined, it generically depends on the details of the contact dynamics, and thus does not satisfy an equation of state; it also differs from the nonequilibrium chemical potential $\mu^{\rm iso}$ defined in isolated systems \cite{Bertin06,Bertin07}.
Yet, the factorization criterion on the contact dynamics provides classes of systems obeying the zeroth law of thermodynamics.

Note that our approach differs from that of \cite{Pradhan15} because we do not impose that in the additivity condition Eq.~(\ref{eq:additivity}), the functions $I_A$ and $I_B$ characterize the isolated systems. Adding this further assumption, one finds $\mu_{k}^{\rm cont}=\mu_{k}^{\rm iso}$, but the validity of this assumption is very limited, because one has to tune the properties of the contact dynamics as a function of the drives. In contrast, our approach is well-suited to describe situations where the contact dynamics is independent of the drives \cite{Seifert10,Seifert11a}, and provides clarifications on previous literature.
The Metropolis contact dynamics used in \cite{Seifert10,Seifert11a} does not obey the factorization condition (\ref{eq:phi:factorized}), hence no proper $\mu^{\rm cont}$ can be defined, explaining the only approximate equalization of measured chemical potentials.
Similarly, measuring the chemical potential of a driven system by letting it ``equilibrate'' with an equilibrium system \cite{Seifert10,Seifert11a,Dickman14a,Dickman14b} requires that the factorization condition (\ref{eq:phi:factorized}) holds. The same contact dynamics should then be used with the equilibrium probe and between driven systems for the measured chemical potentials to equalize among driven systems. These conditions were not always met in \cite{Seifert10,Seifert11a,Dickman14a,Dickman14b}, which probably accounts for a significant part of the results reported in these papers.

Finally, we note that our results also apply when volume (instead of particles) is exchanged between the two systems, like when a moving wall separates two chambers containing active particles \cite{TailleurNatPhys15}.
As the exchanged volume is continuous, macroscopic detailed balance may not hold. In that case, no statistical pressure could be defined from the distribution of volume.
This would legitimate the use of other definitions of pressure, like
mechanical pressure \cite{TailleurNatPhys15,TailleurPRL15,Gompper15,Fily18}
or bulk pressure \cite{Jack16}.

\section{Appendix: Derivation of eq.~\protect\eqref{eq:muiso_correction_term}}

We provide here a short derivation of \eqref{eq:muiso_correction_term}
starting from \eqref{eq:Iprime} and \eqref{eq:mu:cont:factorized}.
Assuming a factorization of the transition rates at the microscopic level
[see eq.~\eqref{eq:fact:contact:micro}],
the macroscopic transition rates \eqref{eq:def:cg_trans_rates}
reads, setting $\nu_{0}=1$,
\begin{equation}
  \label{eq:phi_pm1_factorized}
  \varphi(\pm 1;\rho_{A},\rho_{B}) = \phi_{A}(\pm 1, \rho_{A}) \phi_{B}(\mp 1, \rho_{B})
\end{equation}
where
\begin{equation}
  \label{eq:phi_k_factorized}
  \phi_{k}(\pm 1, \rho_{k}) = \sum_{\mathcal{C}_{k},\mathcal{C}_{k}'} \delta_{\mathcal{N}(\mathcal{C}_{k}'),\, \mathcal{N}(\mathcal{C}_{k})\pm 1} \theta_{k}(\mathcal{C}_{k}', \mathcal{C}_{k}) P_{\rho_{k}}(\mathcal{C}_{k})
\end{equation}
where $\mathcal{C}_{k}, \mathcal{C}_{k}'$ are \emph{local} configurations involving sites at contact and
\begin{equation}
\label{eq:prob_distrib}
P_{\rho_{k}}(\mathcal{C}_{k}) = \frac{1}{\mathcal{Z}_{k}} e^{-\beta H_{k}(\mathcal{C}_{k}) + w_{k}(\mathcal{C}_{k})+\mu_{k}^{\rm iso}(\rho_{k})\mathcal{N}(\mathcal{C}_{k})}
\end{equation}
is the \emph{local} probability distribution of the local sub-part involved in the contact dynamics of the isolated system $k$ at mean density $\rho_{k}$. To lighten notations, we use here $\mathcal{C}_{k}$ instead of the notation $\mathcal{C}_{k}^{l}$ used above.

Assuming that the local microscopic detailed balance at contact
\begin{equation}
\prod_{k=A,B}\theta_{k}(\mathcal{C}_{k}',\mathcal{C}_{k}) = \prod_{k=A,B}e^{-\beta\Delta H_{k}(\mathcal{C}_{k}',\mathcal{C}_{k})} \theta_{k}(\mathcal{C}_{k},\mathcal{C}_{k}') \,,
\end{equation}
with
\begin{equation}
\Delta H_{k}(\mathcal{C}_{k}',\mathcal{C}_{k})=H_{k}(\mathcal{C}_{k}')-H_{k}(\mathcal{C}_{k}) \,,
\end{equation}
still holds for each factor $\theta_{k}$,
\begin{equation}
  \label{eq:micro_DB_contact_k}
  \theta_{k}(\mathcal{C}_{k}',\mathcal{C}_{k}) = e^{-\beta(H_{k}(\mathcal{C}_{k}')-H_{k}(\mathcal{C}_{k}))} \theta_{k}(\mathcal{C}_{k},\mathcal{C}_{k}') \, ,
\end{equation}
and using eq.~\eqref{eq:prob_distrib}, one obtains after the introduction of $e^{-w_{k}(\mathcal{C}_{k}')}$ and some simplifications
(as well as the exchange $\mathcal{C}_{k}\leftrightarrow\mathcal{C}_{k}'$)
\begin{align}
  \label{eq:phi_p1_factorized}
  \phi_{k}(-1,\rho_{k}) & = e^{\mu_{k}^{\rm iso}}  \sum_{\mathcal{C}_{k}',\mathcal{C}_{k}} \delta_{\mathcal{N}(\mathcal{C}_{k}'),\mathcal{N}(\mathcal{C}_{k}) + 1}   \\
                             & \; \times \theta_{A}(\mathcal{C}_{k}',\mathcal{C}_{k})  e^{(w_{k}(\mathcal{C}_{k}')-w_{k}(\mathcal{C}_{k}))} P_{\rho_{k}}(\mathcal{C}_{k}) \,. \notag
\end{align}
Thus, $\phi_{k}(-1,\rho_{k})$ is in fact equal to $e^{\mu_{k}^{\rm iso}} \phi_{k}^{(\Delta w_{k})}(+1,\rho_{k})$ where $\phi_{k}^{(\Delta w_{k})}$ is given by eq.~\eqref{eq:phi_k_factorized} for which $\theta_{k}(\mathcal{C}_{k}',\mathcal{C}_{k})$ has been changed into $\theta_{k}(\mathcal{C}_{k}',\mathcal{C}_{k})e^{\Delta w_{k}(\mathcal{C}_{k}',\mathcal{C}_{k})}$, where
\begin{equation}
\Delta w_{k}(\mathcal{C}_{k}',\mathcal{C}_{k})=w_{k}(\mathcal{C}_{k}')-w_{k}(\mathcal{C}_{k}) \,.
\end{equation}
Eventually, one gets
\begin{align}
  \label{eq:ratio_phi_pm1_factorized}
  \frac{\varphi(-1,\rho_{A},\rho_{B})}{\varphi(+1,\rho_{A},\rho_{B})} & = e^{\mu_{A}^{\rm iso}-\mu_{B}^{\rm iso}} \\
                                                                      & \quad \times \frac{\phi_{A}^{(\Delta w_{A})}(+1,\rho_{A})}{\phi_{A}(+1,\rho_{A})} \frac{\phi_{B}(+1,\rho_{B})}{\phi_{B}^{(\Delta w_{B})}(+1,\rho_{B})} \notag
\end{align}
which leads to eq.~\eqref{eq:muiso_correction_term}.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaArXiv


Ok, I don't really want to make light of this (despite the title) as it is obviously a very sad situation for Mr Ruffley. Who knows what the cause is perhaps its the strain of the new expenses system and a cut in an MPs effective income.
I am presuming he is either depressed or mentally ill - apparently a lot of MPs are on the edge of sanity, partly the stress of regular elections on which your reputation and job depends, and having to deal with lunatic constituents.
If he is mentally ill, does that disqualify him? If so that would perhaps mean the first by-election (rather than deferred election which we have already had).
Sometimes a bit of gallows humour keeps people sane. I hope Mr Ruffley recovers and realises how extremely lucky he is to have survived - if he can perhaps one day joke at the incident I am sure he will be recovered.
I don't think you'll get much sympathy on this forum with a thread title like that. Belatedly labeling it gallows humour is a bit off too. I think you just misjudged the mark here though and I'm not as piffed with you as the first reply. This is a bit like telling jokes about kidnapped people while they are still under capture. Maybe it's a timing thing.
The BBC don't mention suicide at all.
All that said it still doesn't explain how he came to be on the tracks.
Surprised Alan Sugar hasnt seized on this as concrete evidence the CGT reforms are killing people.
"Mike Livingstone" is trolling again. He specialises in posting bait articles like this.
A few comments on the story about the 'half hearted' chat from the Sun.
Although having seen trains pull into stations - chucking yourself in front of one does seem a little random. It would give the impression of horrible really slow being dragged along in agony sort of death. Just jumping of a bridge in front of one doing 120MPH would surely be the 'sensible' option ?
I suppose this shows how ******ed up this blokes brain is.
I used to have a mate in the transport police.
From what I could tell that was pretty much his job. Scraping bits of dead person off the front of trains.
+1 And I say this as a rabid anti-Tory.
My Mum used to commute by train and unfortunately it was fairly regular occurance. She used to catch the train Cardiff-London Paddington train and said it used to happen several times a year on that line alone but rarely made the news.
Not trolling, but i will confess to trying to draw attention to the thread and may be the headline was not in best taste. I do agree with Rain'ard though.
... I am sure he will be recovered.
Perhaps not the clearest English, maybe I should have said "will have recovered" , "be recovered" sounds a bit more mechanical.
I thought you meant he was still lying on the tracks.
Oh FFS, get off your high horses everyone. Suicide is one of the most selfish acts someone can commit. Enough with all this faux outrage at Mike's take on it.
It's not faux outrage at all. Anyone who's experienced a family suicide will know that it's no laughing matter.
False flag to stop all the slow leaking information about expenses?
Jumping in front of a train and missing both the train and the electricity? Must be a first . Not that im cynical or anything. Is there CCTV foortage, or did that get 'lost'?
All of which assumes someone suffering from depression thinks rationally about their actions and the effect it would have on somebody else's career. You're correct that within recent times attempted suicide was illegal - equally soldiers suffering from PTSD were shot for cowardice.
I like to think we have a better understanding of these issues than previously - but certainly the very high levels of homelessness and unemployment among ex service-personnel speaks to the distance we have yet to go.
Let's hope that you or yours never experience mental illness. Mind you, given the obsession which some posters on this site have with the mental fitness of Gordon Brown (even now that we have a new PM) you're not alone in your intolerance toward perceived mental illness.
Happy, you really are pathetic.
This thread is about an MP who tried to commit suicide.
Quite naturally mental illness is discussed so you, in your own stupid way, criticise anyone who posts about Brown being bonkers as "intolerance toward mental illness".
Quite absurd! I have made many posts about Gordon Brown quite clearly being unbalanced. I am not being intolerant or laughing at the man. My concern is that he was running the country and it's finances for such a long time whilst obviously not being in a fit state to do so. Through fear, or toeing the line, his colleagues accepted him, warts and all, and now future generations will be paying the price.
It is idiots like you who dare not mention " the truth that cannot be spoken" that are the problem. Just look at how many of the armed forces lost their lives because of his continual lying about funding and his total inabiliy to admit he lied. Yes, that idiot cost many British lives. These men were sons,fathers, brothers to so many people and are now just statistics. All because Brown and his admirers could not see the bleedin obvious.
Does this make me intolerant of mental illness...NO!
I know of three business owners who killed themselves after the last government wrecked the economy. The only people to blame for their suicides was themselves, as with every suicide.
Thousands of people find themselves forcibly made redundant, they don't all kill themselves through self-pity.


text:
John Leake Newbold Stratton (November 27, 1817, Mount Holly Township, New Jersey – May 17, 1889, Mount Holly Township, New Jersey) was an American Republican Party politician who represented New Jersey's 2nd congressional district for two terms from 1859 to 1863.

Early life and career
Middleton was born in Mount Holly Township, New Jersey on November 27, 1817. He attended private schools at Mount Holly, prepared for college at Mendham, and graduated from Princeton College in 1836. He was a lawyer in private practice.

Congress
Stratton was elected as a Republican to the Thirty-sixth and Thirty-seventh Congresses, serving in office from March 4, 1859 to March 3, 1863, but was not a candidate for renomination in 1862 to the Thirty-eighth.

Later career and death
He was a delegate to the Union National Convention of Conservatives at Philadelphia in 1866, and was president of the Farmers' National Bank of Mount Holly in 1875. He died on May 17, 1889 in Mount Holly, and was interred there in St. Andrews Cemetery.

External links

John Leake Newbold Stratton at The Political Graveyard

1817 births
1889 deaths
New Jersey lawyers
People from Mount Holly, New Jersey
Princeton University alumni
Republican Party members of the United States House of Representatives from New Jersey
19th-century American politicians
19th-century American lawyers

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text:
class Convert
{
  public:
    Convert();
    long binaryToDecimal(String value);
    long hexaToDecimal(String value);
    long octalToDecimal(String value);
    String decimalToBinary(long value);
    String decimalToHexa(long value);
    String decimalToOctal(long value);
  private:
  	String fourBitsToHex(String value);
};

#endif

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text:
IT'S ALL ABOUT LOVE
by Thomas Vinterberg
The story of two lovers and their attempts to save their relationship in a near-future world on the brink of cosmic collapse. John, and world-famous ice skating star, Elena, are about to sign divorce papers when they realise that, in spite of everything happening around them, their love is worth fighting for.
international title: It's All About Love
original title: It's All About Love
country: Denmark, Sweden, Netherlands, Italy, Spain
directed by: Thomas Vinterberg
film run: 100'
release date: DK 10/01/2003, NO 05/05/2003, FR 02/07/2003, LU 04/07/2003, AT 10/07/2003, PT 25/07/2003
screenplay: Thomas Vinterberg, Mogens Rukow
cast: Joaquin Phoenix, Sean Penn, Claire Danes, Douglas Henshall, Margo Martindale
cinematography by: Anthony Dod Mantle
film editing: Valdis Oskarsdottír
art director: Ben van Os
music: Nicolaj Egelund
producer: Birgitte Hald, Lars Bredo Rahbek, Els Vandevorst, Anne Lordon
production: Nimbus Film, DFI - Danish Film Institute, DRTV Danish Broadcasting Corporation, Zentropa Entertainments(DK), Egmont Entertaiment (DK), Swedish Film Institute (SE), Film i Väst (SE), Memfis Film (SE), CoBo Fund (NL), Dutch Film Fund (NL), Keyfilms (IT)
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The Danish director made his Berlinale competition debut, this year, with his sixth feature film, the dark social drama Submarino
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When a Man Comes Home is a rather autobiographical title for the new film by Thomas Vinterberg, at the Rome International Film Festival in the Extra section. The director left America ("but only...
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Country Wedding draws Icelandic crowds
Iceland's acclaimed editor Valdis Óskarsdóttir, winner of a Bafta award for her editing of Michael Gondry's Eternal Sunshine of a Spotless Mind, has successfully entered the Iceland charts last...
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Vinterberg comes home
Danish filmmaker Thomas Vinterberg is back today on 45 domestic screens with A Man Comes Home, his first Danish film since 1998's The Celebration (Festen). To mark the event, Loke Havn from...
14/09/2007 | Distribution | Denmark
Interview: Lars Bredo Rahbek • Producer
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The ex-shipping expert who travelled across Asia for A.P. Møller started his new life and career in filmmaking in the early 1990s when he decided to join the National Film School of Denmark.
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After making the English language films It's All About Love (2003) and Dear Wendy (2005), Thomas Vinterberg is back home, filming A Man Comes Home since June 12. The acclaimed Danish filmmaker had...
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Memfis has been behind some of the greatest Scandinavian film successes of the last ten years and has also co-produced several of Lars von Trier's films
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Leading Swedish regional film fund Film i Väst (FiV) has strengthened its ties on the international arena during the last Cannes Film Festival and its position as a key player on the European...
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Highlights: Portraits, Wedding Photography, Modeling Portfolio & Headshots, Parties, Family Photography (Portraits, Lifestyle, Vacation), Headshots, Destination Weddings, Event Photography, On-Location, Family and Class Reunions, Bridal Photos, Digital Photography, Studio Sessions, Engagement Shoots, Black & White Photography, Baby Portraits, Maternity & Infant Newborn Photography, Children's Photography, High School Senior Portraits, Beauty & Fashion Photography
Adam S. Lowe Photography
I am a wedding, portrait, and event photographer in the Maryland, DC, and Virginia areas.
As a professionally trained photographer, I combine my artistic vision with my technical knowledge, business acumen, and customer service to ensure that my customers are always satisfied.... See More
Highlights: Lifestyle, Special Events, Interiors, People, Couples, Environmental, Art Nude, Virtual Tours, Wedding Photography, Black & White Photography, Fine Arts & Artistic Style, Giclee Printing, Legal Photography, Schools, Trash The Dress Session, Maternity & Infant Newborn Photography, On-Location, Modeling Portfolio & Headshots, Prints, Gallery Wraps
Rachel Garay Photography
Rachel Garay specializes in Child & Family portraits in a natural light setting (outdoors, in parks, and other beautiful places) and in a studio environment for the littlest clients (baby and newborn photography). Rachel has over 10 years of experience, previously capturing weddings and other special events before becoming a mother and dedicating her services to children and families in the local Rockville, MD area.... See More
Highlights: People, Portraits, Digital Photography, Family Photography (Portraits, Lifestyle, Vacation), Children's Photography, Studio Sessions, Natural Light, Pro Bono for the Underprivileged, Maternity & Infant Newborn Photography, Baby Portraits
Studio ARTO
Specialized in Ballet and Modern Dance Photography and Fine Art Portrait;
Additional services: Corporate and Executive Portraits; Actors' Headshots, development of Fashion Portfolios and CompCadrs for modeling agencies.
Professional photo studio for rent hourly and monthly rates.
Lessons in photography: from basic to advanced studio lighting, and techniques.... See More
Highlights: Engagement Shoots, Corporate, Headshots, Children's Photography, Bridal Photos, Beauty & Fashion Photography, Black & White Photography, Commercial Advertising (Products, Marketing), Executive Portraits, Pet Photography, Fine Arts & Artistic Style, Canvas Prints, Baby Portraits, Maternity & Infant Newborn Photography, Product Photography As Art Objects, Portraits, Studio Sessions, Boudoir Photography
Bochicchio Photography
North Bethesda, MD
Jill A. Bochicchio, is an International and National Award-Winning Photographer, who has been in the business of fine art photographic portraiture since 1982. In 2013 Jill was named Master Portrait Photographer of the year. In 2012 she was named 2012 Master Illustrative Photographer of the Year thru MD Professional Photographers Assoc. She specializes in portraiture. It is an art to making everyone look good and that can be achieved by correctly lighting an individual's face. Many people have commented that Jill makes everyone feel at ease and is excellent in making the whole portrait session a wonderful memory in itself. Jill was the official photographer for The National Philharmonic for 17 years, she has photographed the head of the FDA and the Chief of Police for magazine covers. Many music CD's have her portraits on and in them. Let Jill capture a memory for a lifetime for you. By Appointment Only.... See More
Highlights: Anniversary Photos, Engagement Shoots, Custom Framing & Mounting, People, Natural Lighting, Dog Portraits, Photographer Of Fine Art., Executive Portraits, Family Photography (Portraits, Lifestyle, Vacation), Retouching, Fine Arts & Artistic Style, Maternity & Infant Newborn Photography, Special Effects, Fine Art Maternity Portraits, Dramatic Portraits, Musicians, Trash The Dress Session, Pet Photography, Studio Sessions, Environmental
Jill A. Bochicchio, is an International and National Award-Winning Photographer, who has been in the business of Photographic Portraiture since 1982. In 2014 Jill was named Master Portrait Photographer of the Year thru the Maryland Professional Photographers Association and in 2012 she was also named 2012 Master Illustrative Photographer of the Year.
She specializes in portraiture and fine art portraiture. It is an art to making everyone look good and that can be achieved by photographing the your best angle of the face with the correct lighting. Many people have commented that Jill makes everyone feel at ease and is excellent in making the whole portrait session a wonderful memory in itself. Jill was the official photographer for The National Philharmonic for 17 years. She has photographed the head of the FDA and the Chief of Police for magazine covers. Many music CD's have her portraits on and in them. Let Jill capture a memory for a lifetime, for you. By Appointment Only.... See More
Highlights: Boudoir Photography, Digital Photography, Nature, Family Photography (Portraits, Lifestyle, Vacation), Executive Portraits, Modeling Portfolio & Headshots, On-Location, Glamour Portraiture, Landscape Photography, Creative Photography, Studio Sessions, Certified, Environmental, Engagement Shoots, Family Photography And Baby Photography Services, Portrait Photographer, By Appointment Only., Natural Light, Canvas Prints, Master
Drade Photography & Films
We provide licensed and insured photography and videography!
Highlights: Fine Arts & Artistic Style, Industrial, Executive Portraits, Prints, Art Nude, Beauty & Fashion Photography, Couples, Professional Photography, Parties, Anniversary Photos, Senior Photo Session, Landscape Photography, Natural Light, Musicians, Weddings on a Budget, Portraits, Themed Photography, Maternity & Infant Newborn Photography, Glamour Portraiture, Real Estate Photography
Matthew Borkoski Photography
For over twentyfive years Matthew has been creating award winning images for advertising, corporate and editorial clients.Studio and location.
Highlights: Travel & Tourism, Environmental, Photojournalistic Style, Landscape Photography, Outdoor, Studio Sessions, Event Photography, Architectural Photography, Portraits, On-Location, Interiors, Special Effects, Commercial Advertising (Products, Marketing), Retouching, Editorial, Modeling Portfolio & Headshots, Panoramas, Lifestyle, Natural Light, Executive Portraits
Tony Richards Photography
I began my career as a newspaper photographer in Michigan and have spent the last four years translating that experience into wedding photography. My style is consistently fun, edgy, and creative. I believe wedding photos should reflect the wedding itself - exciting, emotional, and happy. My photojournalist style captures that mood with beautiful candid images of you and your guests.
Clients rave about the value they get from my wedding packages and the way their photos look more like images from a magazine spread than from a standard wedding:
"Amazing! Amazing! Amazing! What more can we say? From day one Tony made us feel so comfortable with him that we knew he was right for us! He was accommodating for us and managed to get the best pictures for us despite the mass of other amateur photographers in his way! He prepared for our unique ceremony and didn't miss a single shot. He was fun and full of great photo shoot ideas. We loved all the photos and having the CD to print off our pictures whenever we want is so very convenient. His pricing is just right and we would recommend him without any hesitation."... See More
Highlights: Wedding Photography, High School Senior Portraits, Editorial, Headshots, Destination Weddings, Corporate, Industrial, Photojournalistic Style, Portraits, Travel & Tourism, Action Sports Photography, Nature, Black & White Photography, Lifestyle, Executive Portraits, Pet Photography, Event Photography, Commercial Advertising (Products, Marketing), Family Photography (Portraits, Lifestyle, Vacation)
Vecchione, Inc.
Lifestyle Advertising Studio and Production.
Essential Eye Photographics
Photography and digital services for business. Studio and location photography, advertising, annual reports, health care, QuickTime VR, corporate, products and catalogs.
Rainbow-Image Photography
Rainbow Image Photography is a Washington DC, Maryland, Virginia based Photography studio owned by Carl Zhou, a well known experienced professional photographer. He specializes in weddings, children, seniors, glamour, editorial, and photojournalism photography with over 12 years experience.... See More
Michael Enfield
My goal is to create and deliver the World's most dramatic commercial content across all mediums and screens. I achieve this through meticulous focus on Artwork, Work, Work. It's what we do every day to reinforce or change the marketplace. My core capabilities include: advertising, copy writing, photography, branding, email marketing & eCRM, mobile & social media, strategy and planning, interactive marketing, direct marketing, and design.... See More
Highlights: Studio Sessions, Portraits, Boudoir Photography, Editorial, Black & White Photography, People, Photojournalistic Style, Corporate, Interiors, Family Photography (Portraits, Lifestyle, Vacation), Anniversary Photos, High School Senior Portraits, Glamour Portraiture, Family and Class Reunions, Architectural Photography, Modeling Portfolio & Headshots, Pet Photography, Fine Arts & Artistic Style, Lifestyle, Travel & Tourism
Lloyds Studio
7 miles from Aspen Hill, MD
The Professional Photographer Gary D. Lloyd is located in the Washington DC metro Area. Portrait, Commercial, Product, Catalog, Wedding and Event photography. Fine Portraiture, Children Portrait, Family portraits, Photo Restoration, photographic, Digital Imaging and Architectural photos... See More
AxenteProductions
Photography and Video Productions
www.axenteproductions.com
Highlights: Maternity & Infant Newborn Photography, Weddings on a Budget, Photojournalistic Style, On-Location, Destination Weddings, Family Photography (Portraits, Lifestyle, Vacation), Black & White Photography, Wedding Photography, Videography, Event Photography, Lifestyle
PhotographerSelect.com is © Copyright Sudden Ventures, Inc. ( 0.133 secs on 01/18/21)


PhoneHK 討論區 - Samsung (Hot!!) - Samsung Omnia i900 Q&A 由會員adelphos 編輯提供 - powered by Discuz!
存取點(APN):See list below for your telecom provider's GPRS setting.
After installating Port Splitter, activate it and set the setting accordingly.
How can I disable Screen Lock???
Why the i900 is cheaper than The HTC Diamond?
4)然後表?Next"出現圖04畫面,查詢有關Backup資料的儲存位置及名稱.我定為SamSung 01092008=SamSung PDA 1號9 月2008年的資料,方便Restore 時的日期根據.儲存位置我則存入Storage card (4GB)卡內,因為一旦部手機出現了問題開不到.我的資料仍然在卡上便可以保留拔出使用.
6)最後有一Backup報告出現在主機,完成後你可以在Storage Card>My Backup資料夾內>搵到剛才Backup好的資料,(My Backup )資料夾是事先新增在卡內).
"所有盒已經開封,因為賣家已經 update 了個 ROM。最新的是中文G9 及 英文 G4。H1 有很多問題(我自己試過),不要買H1版本。"
Thanks for sharing!! This is really detail for me to decide if I should wait or to buy this phone.
1. I900 始終都係水貨, D 舖頭話有壞會幫你整.. 唔知信唔信得過. 你地有乜意見呢..
2. 歐水 / 星水 係咪無分別架呢.. 我如果買機買邊到既水貨會好D呢?
3. I900 多唔多3 PARTY 既ROM DOWNLOAD 架?


text:
Q: Java web application Paypal IPN I created my own website with Java Servlet and JSP.
I integrated Paypal payments with the normal buttons. I want to do some actions on a database when a user completes the payment.
I think I have to create the IPN listener servlet, but I can't find anything useful.

A: I solved my problem.
I created a servlet IPN using an example for a maven project. (https://github.com/paypal/merchant-sdk-java)
Simply I added this dependency:
    <dependency>
        <groupId>com.paypal.sdk</groupId>
        <artifactId>paypal-core</artifactId>
        <version>1.7.0</version>
    </dependency>

And then I created the servlet ipn with this code in doPost
    Map<String,String> configMap = new HashMap<String,String>();
    configMap.put("mode", "sandbox");
    IPNMessage ipnlistener = new IPNMessage(request,configMap);

    boolean isIpnVerified = ipnlistener.validate();
    String transactionType = ipnlistener.getTransactionType();
    Map<String,String> map = ipnlistener.getIpnMap();

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
Eva Wilson may refer to:

Kate 'Eva' Wilson, fictional character, daughter of Sara Fisher (The Passage)
Eva Wilson, fictional character in Atout coeur à Tokyo pour OSS 117


text:
Stacey on IoT | Internet of Things news and analysis
Here are the reasons behind today's crazy chip deals
November 6, 2017 by Stacey Higginbotham Leave a Comment
The proposed Broadcom buy of Qualcomm would dwarf the previous year's chip M&A activity. The data includes announced transactions not closed deals and is complete through Q3 2017. Thanks to IC Insights.
Look what the internet of things has wrought! Monday, Broadcom, which was bought in 2015 by Avago in a $37 billion acquisition, said it would spend up to $103 billion buying Qualcomm. Let's not forget that Qualcomm is trying to close a $47 billion acquisition of NXP that should happen some time next year. Meanwhile, Intel and AMD have surprisingly decided to team up to rival Nvidia with a new graphics chip.
These partnerships and potential deals are an excellent example of the challenges that chipmakers face as computing and connectivity moves everywhere and becomes more commoditized. These are challenges caused by the growth of the internet of things.
The Broadcom takeover offer is an example of consolidation in several markets (communications, embedded computing and mobile) as prices for these components drop and markets shift. Meanwhile, the Intel deal signals Intel's acceptance that general purpose compute can't do everything as computing expands to more devices, and if it wants to succeed it has to embrace other architectures to retains its pricing power.
That's the big picture, but there's also the mundane facts of day-to-day life as a chip company driving these deals. Making chips is expensive, both in R&D and then in getting the parts designed and manufactured. As consolidation occurs, companies can combine R&D and business lines across many different companies, creating greater economies of scale. In chip-making and design that scale does matter.
Additionally, more and more companies are designing their own chips, whether it's Apple in its mobile products or Microsoft for its servers. They do this because they have enough scale, and because the tiny tweaks they can make in silicon can differentiate their hardware or services in ways that leave the competition in the dust. Thus, the original chip vendors are left with a market that isn't exactly shrinking, but one where if a customer succeeds, might graduate from their products.
Let's hit the Broadcom takeover offer for Qualcomm first. For the last few years, the average selling prices of many of these chips make by Qualcomm, Broadcom, NXP and others have been heading lower and lower. While companies are selling more of them, they are also selling them at lower cost and at lower margins. This is good for the internet of things because it means adding intelligence into a device becomes cheaper, but it's a double-edged sword.
Essentially as software started eating the world, the value now accrues to software, while the hardware that makes it possible becomes cheaper and almost interchangeable. That puts pressure on the chipmakers. Additionally, they too are getting more and more into building software to make popping their silicon into existing devices easier. A company like Whirlpool doesn't want to spent its time designing boards or tweaking protocols. It wants to buy a product that "just works."
That's good for the customer and helps the market expand because you don't have to be a firmware expert to design these chips into your products, but it's expensive for the chipmakers, many of whom have more software engineers on staff than chip designers.
For Qualcomm there's another challenge at play. Its efforts to swallow NXP (and CSR in 2014) were all about getting more chips that fit into automobiles, RFID networks and smart home devices because it was seeing its customer base for smartphone processors stagnate. It was attempting to move from the mobile world deeper into the embedded world — which is what NXP did when it acquired Freescale.
As companies like Apple, Samsung, and now, Google, design their own chips for their phones and devices, Qualcomm's core application processor business is under threat. That's why we see it seeking new markets such as drones and robotics that also require a bunch of brains at efficient power consumption.
As part of Broadcom, which also makes application processors, Wi-Fi, Bluetooth and other baseband chips, there's a huge opportunity to combine communications product lines for servers, mobile and embedded devices. Broadcom, as part of Avago has deep ties in the embedded market through earlier acquisitions of HP's Agilent and massive ties in the networking world with LSI, PLX Technologies and Emulex.
If we're looking ahead we can even see that Broadcom buying Qualcomm cements its dominance in embedded and mobile, but it also begins to push it further into servers. Qualcomm is one of several companies trying to use the low-power ARM architecture to build servers that would compete with Intel's x86 architecture that currently dominates. Qualcomm even has a joint venture in China to build such servers.
Before we get to other other big chip news of the day it's worth adding that if Broadcom does end up with Qualcomm the big question is what happens to Qualcomm's patents and licensing business? Activist investors have urged the company to sell the licensing division, which is currently part of of Qualcomm's fight against Apple. Spinning that out could generate cash to cover the purchase, while giving Broadcom the chip businesses it wants. Whoever buys those patents (Apple has a lot of cash) could build their own networking chips for smartphones and connected devices.
Now, back to Intel: Intel and AMD are teaming up to put an AMD graphics core inside an Intel chip for notebook computers. This may not seem like a big deal, but it's huge. Intel and AMD have been rivals since the creation of AMD. AMD has the only other license to make x86 chips and for decades it has lost money acting as a foil against Intel becoming a monopoly.
Don't get me wrong. AMD has some awesomely smart engineers who have built technology that leapfrogged what Intel was offering at the time. But execution challenges, and even dirty practices from Intel always dogged it. AMD did see the importance of graphics processors early on. In 2006 it purchased ATI Technologies, which made graphic cards, and ended up with GPUs that would later help AMD stay competitive with Intel as parallel processing became more and more important in compute.
It even sold the mobile graphics division to Qualcomm, which then used it to build better graphics into its applications processors.
Intel is putting the AMD Radeon graphics tech inside an Intel Core chip designed for the notebook market in a deal that signals Intel's acceptance of its lack of graphics horsepower. Intel tried to design a graphics chip back in 2008 but eventually gave up after realizing its architecture wasn't competitive with AMD's or Nvidia's GPUs.
Mostly the Intel/AMD partnership is about the new Intel recognizing that the heyday of general purpose compute is over and that the x86 architecture can't do everything, especially in a constrained power environment. Under CEO Brian Krzanich Intel had increasingly embraced the concept of heterogeneous architectures from custom-made chips for machine learning to the ARM architecture of mobile. So why wouldn't it work with its former arch-rival?
After all, like every chip company in a world where non-custom silicon is everywhere and worth less and less, Intel has to survive. To do this, it has to make its chips work everywhere they can and ensure that they still sell for a premium.
At a macro level, both deals are a result of more computing in more places putting pressure on pricing, power consumption, as well as the shifting market for semiconductor companies who may see their customers graduate to making their own silicon as they succeed. Stuck in the middle, chip firms have to consolidate to survive.
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Filed Under: Analysis, Featured, News Tagged With: Agilent, AMD, Avago, Broadcom, intel, LSI, nvidia, nxp, Qualcomm, semiconductors
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Every fall NUCCA offices across North America participate in our annual fundraiser known as "Small Steps to Success" to support Upper Cervical Research. Thanks to the generous donations of our past supporters including TransCanada Pipelines, The Tao Foundation, The Hecht Foundation and various personal and corporate donors we have been able to complete several important research projects to date.
Click here for a detailed research update or please visit www.ucrf.org for more information on our ongoing projects.
Current study findings have opened the door for NUCCA to be presented to a wider audience including the International Society of Neurovascular Disease, the In-Cam Research Network, and the Canadian Neurovascular Health Society. Attendance at these events is helping lead us to the development of important inter-disciplinary relationships.
We rely on donations! Your support today allows the Upper Cervical Research Foundation to continue its tradition of conducting NUCCA research initiatives to improve the quality of your health care.
There are many ways to make a contribution, and a variety of areas to which you may consider directing your gift. Your donation can be made today as a one-time contribution or by pledging donations throughout the year. You may also want to honor a special occasion or the memory of a loved one. As a non-profit organization, we rely heavily upon the support of our donors, and hope you will choose to join this important fundraising campaign this year.
Thank you for your sincere consideration of supporting our research and securing the future of NUCCA Upper Cervical healthcare for many generations to come!


Association mining is one of the most used data mining techniques due to interpretable and actionable results. In this study we propose a framework to visualize the association mining results, specifically frequent itemsets and association rules, as graphs. We demonstrate the applicability and usefulness of our approach through a Market Basket Analysis (MBA) case study where we visually explore the data mining results for a supermarket data set. In this case study we derive several interesting insights regarding the relationships among the items and suggest how they can be used as basis for decision making in retailing.


Any ideas: why did Honda discontinue the VFR800?
Discussion in 'General VFR Discussions' started by svtkarma, Oct 3, 2017.
I just posted a prior thread asking about differences in 2014 and 2015 VFR 800's. I have another question: does anyone have any ideas as to why Honda discontinued the VFR 800, after a two year run on the Gen 8? Or has Honda only discontinued selling them in USA? A knowledgeable person at a dealership told me that Honda just could not sell enough of them in the USA, but they sold really well in Europe. Personally, I love the entire VFR lineage, and I had a new 1993 and still own a 2007. From another source, "There could be as few as 200o total 8th Gen's sold in USA." Thanks.
From another source, "There could be as few as 200o total 8th Gen's sold in USA."
I would hope it's more than that. But they have had to discount them in a pretty big way.
Business tends to run on cold hard beans, especially big companies.
no more VFR widgets get made. Period. The enthusiasts in the company are not usually the decision makers.
OMG! If they can't fix mine, I wanted to get a brand new white 8th gen. What now?
What happened to yours??? Did I miss something?
I can confirm that that vfr800 as well as the vfr1200 are still sold in the UK.
They are still for sale in the rest of the world.
I don't think they are available in Canada either. Short of what is sitting on the floors now.
Sorry to hear that, Randy. I'll visit the other thread.
James is right - at least for now 800 and 1200 VFRs are still listed in the 2017 UK sales catalogue.
BUT according to several dealers in France for 2018 it seems that both the 1200f and 800f VFR models are being dropped from the European catalogue - so they have been told to stop taking new orders. I suspect there are still quite a lot of both models collecting dust in showrooms and the dealer network will earn their keep by shuffling stock around. Apparently the more recently launched adventure " x models" may survive for a few more years as that seems what the market favours at the moment and that production line is still operating.
There is of course loads of speculation about precisely why these bikes are being dropped especially as the 800F model was already certified as Euro 4 compliant so it could in theory still be sold exactly as is well into 2020.
I suspect there are a number of factors at play here with profit margins being the most significant, but closely followed by serious production capacity issues.
You may recall the main factory where the bigger bikes (so not just VFRs) was pretty much flattened by a massive earthquake. The photos at the time showed the place had been pretty much nuked! Whilst doubtless Honda managed to pull some kit from the rubble, that plant is not going to be churning out anything like the past volume of big bikes for quite a while.
I guess with a massive factory rebuild cost to fund (even if its partly covered by insurance) Honda will sensibly focus its available funds on getting production going on those models which sell best and make the best profit. So in Europe we have seen loads of revamped mid market bikes launched recently which are ideal for the new rider market whilst the only large capacity model they have launched since the earthquake has been the new Fireblade model.
Sadly with further emission requirements now being touted in Europe it just may not make financial sense for Honda to try and reinstate the VFR lines especially in the short term, as they were fairly slow moving and hence an expensive item for dealers to keep in inventory. I rather doubt Honda will permanently abandon the sport touring market, although for a while we may only be offered the adventure variants.
Sorry Randy how about an VFR800X?
In discussions with my dealer friend, two parts of the conversation stand out: 1) the VFR's are far more appreciated in the UK and mainland Europe than in the USA. Why? Who knows. Different cultures, different roads, different riding opportunities? However, I did not know that the VFR's would be discontinued in Europe until I read it in this thread. And 2) my friend suggested that the VFR's are not understood in the USA. Are they sport-tourers, street bikes, or sport bikes, or what? In each of these segments, there is distinct and exceptional competition across all brands. And, added to the issue, is the price. VFR's are not cheap. My friend also joked that most of the VFR's sold in USA went to people working at the Honda dealerships, . . . because they know the quality and performance, . . . unlike the general public. Thanks for the comments.
Bad Honda US marketing, over-expensive pricing, and the US market's shift to adventure styled bikes meant the new VFR never had much of a chance on US soil. VFR owners were also too quick to dismiss the refresh and clung on to their older bikes. Sad, really, as I think my 8th gen is probably even better than my 5th.
My take, the 800 is in a weird position now.
You in the market for a sportbike?
-Honda has lighter, more powerful sport bikes.
-Honda has much more comfortable touring rigs.
RedMenace, Lint, loosenoose and 2 others like this.
St1300 hasn't been updated for over a decade and is soooooooooo far behind everything else available on the market ,still an outstanding bike tho, the goldwing is out on its own.
My dealer told me that every ware house in the USA had many many VFR 800 in them. Mostly 14 models some 15 models. Some dealerships have them listed for $5999 plus tax and freight. One dealer in North Dakota has them listed for $6,300 OTD for out of state buyers and they will ship anywhere in the USA from $300 to $550. Not a bad deal. Just keep in mind that one dealer can sell a new 2014 model for $6,300. Any dealer can and still make money. Only other expenses would be your state taxes.
You are correct. There are lots of 2015's starting as low as $5900, and bunched up in the $6999 price range all over the USA. DLX's, though, are much rarer, and much less discounted. Prices for new 2014/2015 DLX's range from $9k to 11k+. The base models are an amazing deal, and, I suppose, so are the DLX's, when compared to original retail. As a comparison, a new 2017 CBR500, made in Thailand, is non-discounted $6599, and, IMO, it is a fraction of the bike that a VFR 800 is.
Wow, those crazy low prices make me think of doing crazy things, like buying another bike.
I'm drinking the same Kool-aid "New VFR--get one while they last".
wiremanjon and thtanner like this.
We don't regret buying our two!
Comfort wise, the NC700X is a barcalounger compared to the VFR.


October 8, 2018 Filing 7 DUPLICATE FILING. See DN #6 to view correct PDF (CDF).
October 8, 2018 Filing 6 MOTION to Dismiss for Lack of Jurisdiction pursuant to 12(b)(1) and 12(b)(7) by Defendant Mackie Shelton, Barry Dyer (Moore, Frank) Modified motion event and added filer on 10/9/2018 (CDF). Modified to add filer on 10/9/2018 (CDF).
September 12, 2018 Filing 1 COMPLAINT against Mackie Shelton and Barry Dyer, filed by Valerie Powell. Filing fee $ 400, Receipt Number 0644-2714931. (Attachments: #1 Cover Sheet, #2 Summons Barry Dyer) (JWM) (Additional attachment(s) added on 9/13/2018: #3 Summons Mackie Shelton) (JWM).
Represented By: Frank Hampton Moore, Jr.


Updated Hipster darling and reskinned IRC client Slack went dark today, with users having to resort to actually speaking to each other instead.
The topple began at 10:25 UK time, with Slack's status drone tweeting that the service was having some problems. Things appeared to get back to normal 10 minutes later (the time it takes a hipster to slouch across a room and power cycle a server, presumably) but fell over properly a few hours later, at around 14:20. The howls of anguish at Vulture Central echoed throughout London.
Social media reacted in its usual measured fashion, with users around the world expressing upset and distress over the outage.
After doubtless hoping things would calm down, Slack took to Twitter to admit that yes, it was having some difficulties over all workspaces.
Slack's status page, which had been reporting 100 per cent uptime for June, is now reporting both this morning's European "incident" and the current full-blown outage. Back to MSN Messenger then.
"We're sorry for the inconvenience but Slack is experiencing some difficulties right now. Rest assured, we're working hard to resolve the issue as quickly as possible and we'll update you as soon as we have more information."


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I really don't have much to say except how amazing it was. He proposes that all Greek speaking city states of the or constituted the sea peoples and that they destroyed each other's economies in a series of semi-fratricidal wars lasting several decades. Staff are very friendly, patient and chill. Cores taken from the plateau and other evidence shows that this area has been an undersea plateau for millions of years. These ruins were made out of rocks coloured red, white and black.
Much like ourselves, we know you want the best care and treatment for your fish so we provide products we know and trust to improve your livestocks' health. They identify the with the Strait of. By means of a procedure, a variety of geographically relevant indications from Plato's accounts are used to infer the most probable location of Plato's Atlantis Nesos. As a result, its formerly submerged bottom turned into a desert with large saline and brackish lakes. The second work theorized that Atlantis was to be found in Lesser Antarctica, near the coast of the Ross Ice Shelf. But lo, a stir is in the air! Death has reared himself a throne In a strange city lying alone Far down within the dim West, Where the good and the bad and the worst and the best Have gone to their eternal rest.
Furthermore, the interpretation of the age and stratigraphy of sediments blanketing the bottom of the Cyprus Basin from sea bottom cores containing Pleistocene and older marine sediments and thousands of kilometers of seismic lines from the Cyprus and adjacent basins clearly demonstrates that the Mediterranean Sea last dried up during the between 5. It is seen as a god that rules over a glorious, peaceful city in the west. American short-story writer, poet, critic, and editor Battled a drinking problem. The owner, Adam, was the best host, and Cal was our guide as well, and he took amazing photos - definitely get the photo package! Just as certainly, however, he has not found Plato's Atlantis. The living area offers a place for informal interaction with family and friends.
No rays from the holy heaven come down On the long night-time of that town; But light from out the lurid sea Streams up the turrets silently— Gleams up the pinnacles far and free— Up domes—up spires—up kingly halls— Up fanes—up Babylon-like walls— Up shadowy long-forgotten bowers Of sculptured ivy and stone flowers— Up many and many a marvellous shrine Whose wreathéd friezes intertwine The viol, the violet, and the vine. There was a total of 3 guests and 2 instructor so we practically had a private tour. It was my first time jet-skiing, it was alot of fun i did the 1h trip, im definitely coming back for the 2. You can also search near a city, place, or address instead. The first was , who in 1552 thought that what Columbus had discovered was the Atlantic Island of Plato.
If you are trying to decide between the 1 hour and 2 hour. I can not deny that I was nervous at the idea of jet skiing on the Hudson and East River. We live in Florida, and we Jet Ski quite a lot, so it wasn't for lack of experience that we didn't enjoy our time. I emailed Adam a few days before purchasing and I received a quick response that was extremely helpful and comforting. Firstly let me start by saying this definitely was the most fun i had in a long time but there were a few things that turned me off. Diction: Melancholy - descriptor, sets a clear image Lurid - vivid in an unpleasing manner, creates solid feeling Higher level vocabulary, diction controls tone and feeling Imagery: Created through descriptors and allusions.
Close the Settings tab, reload this Yelp page, and try your search again. In Malta fdal Atlantis Maltese remains of Atlantis 2002 , writes about several older studies and hypotheses, particularly that of Maltese architect Giorgio Grongnet, who in 1854 thought that the Maltese Islands are the remnants of Atlantis. Finally, detailed studies of the sedimentary deposits surrounding the Canary Islands have demonstrated, except for a narrow rim around each island exposed during lowstands of sea level, a complete lack of any evidence for the ocean floor surrounding the Canary Islands having ever been above water. For example, , which solidified underwater and now exposed on the northeast flanks of , have been uplifted between 46 and 143 meters above sea level. Our knowledgeable staff will fully explain the care of any fish you're considering. Edgar Allan Poe: His Life and Legacy.
He died on October 7, 1849. Then my friend and i finally get in the water on our jet ski's. You'll even be able to browse our in-store fish and coral selections. Una confederación talasocrática Íbero-Líbica y Hykso-minoica. The Flood from Heaven: Deciphering the Atlantis legend.
Kind, and attentive not a call went unanswered! Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. Egyptians could have told Solon about such an event. It is suggested, that Death may be worse than the Devil. The movie fits a model of the time period this was created. Not only did Chris help us correct our issues but he took the time to educate us with many tips on better reef keeping. We don't recommend using this company. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences.
This mapping found prehistoric artifacts, Paleolithic and Neolithic stone tools, to be generally absent in its innermost depressions. Atlantis from a Geographer's Perspective. I did the 1 hour tour and that was plenty - you will feel it in your muscles the next day : This was one of the most epic experiences of my life! But on his latest case, the stakes are higher for Vincent--the suspect he's investigating is his own son. Thank you guys for a great bday. You can also search near a city, place, or address instead. A geological analysis of the Spartel Bank hypothesis.


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Viviscal® was featured in the April issue of Zoomer Magazine in an article titled "Through Thick & Thin," where author Maria-Elena John writes about her journey in finding a solution to thinning hair. The author was impressed by the "unique way Viviscal has penetrated the North American market - through an almost underground word-of-mouth hair-and-fashion world cult following."
Viviscal also impressed Maria-Elena John on a personal level, when she started to receive compliments on her hair after taking Viviscal, "Two months into taking Viviscal, my daughter Elyse tells me, 'Your hair is resurrected.' She's right - it's fuller, shinier. My sister-in-law Sonya says, 'Whatever you're using, I want it'...So, it works."
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Home Android How To Get Android O Update? – Listed Phones
How To Get Android O Update? – Listed Phones
If we consider the pace of Android Nougat's rollout, it won't be surprising if some or many smartphone users don't get the chance to get the Android Oreo update till the launch of the next major Android version.
However, a sense of satisfaction is in the form of Project Treble. It's the biggest system-level change, according to Google, which is implemented to accelerate the modification of the OS after it's released, before the updates are delivered to the users.
List Of Android Phone Updates
Talking about past trends, it may seem like forever to get an Android O update for Android devices other than Pixel and Nexus. But Google has revealed the names of the manufacturers which would be releasing Android O update for their devices by the end of this year.
HMD Global (Nokia)
Android 8.0 Oreo Update Release: Google
If you own a Pixel, Pixel XL, Nexus 6P, Nexus 5X, Pixel C, or Nexus Player, the Android 8.0 Oreo OTA update could land on your device anytime. You can also manually download and flash factory image for these devices.
For the Samsung's Android army, the prime representatives Galaxy S8 and S8+ are most likely to be first ones to receive Oreo update. And we shouldn't forget last year's player, S7 and S7 Edge.
Their upcoming Note 8 would another Oreo contender. Other than the flagships, Samsung's mid-range series including Galaxy J, A, etc.
Regarding Galaxy Note 7, would the internet forgive me if I think of it as an eligible device?
Usually, Motorola devices are right behind Nexus and Pixel when it comes to receiving new Android. Motorola, once a Google company, has given this privilege to its customers. Although, their punctuality might have reduced over the time.
Regarding Android Oreo, top-level devices including Moto Z2 and Moto Z series would be a most eligible smartphone. Moto G4 and Moto G5 devices might also get the update. The uncertainty about budget devices would vanish over time.
According to an earlier report by PhoneArena, around nine devices are getting the Oreo update. Most probably, before the end of this year, as Sony is present in Google's list.
The devices include Xperia XA Premium, Xperia XZs, Xperia XA1, Xperia XA1 Ultra, Xperia L1, Xperia X, Xperia X Compact, Xperia XZ, and Xperia X Performance.
LG has been really quick at putting Android on their phones, at least for the top-tier devices. They took two months to release Marshmallow for G5 and for released Nougat aboard LG V20.
For this year's Android, it's quite possible the LG V30 might pop-up with Oreo pre-installed.
HTC U11, U Ultra, and 10 would be first devices to get Android O globally, according to a Twitter reply made by HTC. They would be releasing further details and names of new devices soon.
Nokia (HMD Global)
HMD Global has said in the past that Nokia 3, 5, and 6 would receive Android 8.0 update. The recently released Nokia 8 would also add to the list of devices. The company will try to give users a pure Android experience which doesn't include unnecessary stuff.
Concluding from a Reddit AMA conducted by OnePlus, the eligible devices for Oreo update include OnePlus 3, 3T and the recently released OnePlus 5 is also an expected device.
The Taiwanese manufacturer is one of the first ones to confirm the devices for Android O. It includes five phones released as a part of the Zenfone 4 series and the Zenfone 3 devices from last year.
However, Asus said that all the supported devices would receive Android Oreo update gradually until the second half of 2018.
Xioami
The Chinese manufacturer has flooded the markets, mostly India and China, with their low-cost Android devices. Xiaomi hasn't officially released the names of Android 8.0 devices.
However, according to a report by IBTimes citing a Quora user, claims are being made about the Oreo update being scheduled for some popular Redmi and Mi devices. We have reached out to Xiaomi regarding the official device list.
We will continue to harvest more details about the upcoming Android 8.0 Oreo devices. You can tune-in to this post in the future to get more idea about when your smartphone will get Android O update.


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Yoraperla han is een steenvlieg uit de familie Peltoperlidae. De wetenschappelijke naam van de soort is voor het eerst geldig gepubliceerd in 1994 door Stark & Nelson.

Peltoperlidae


This feels like Gill but I've layered it up with Gill and it isn't. It's more condenced (o and p) and the spur of the a gives it away. Any clues?
Im going to answer my own question — hope that's ok.
Tried a different tactic and I'm pretty sure it's Bliss.


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By Matthew Campelli 06 Jun 2017
Evans held senior roles with both Harlequins and Saracens / EMPICS Sport/EMPICS Sport
Leisure Performance Officer
location: Kirkby in Ashfield, UK
Mark Evans, Harlequins' CEO when it rebuilt its Twickenham Stoop stadium, has been appointed as the project leader for the Stadium for Cornwall project.
Construction on the stadium is expected to begin next spring, and will cost around £10m (US$12.9m, €11.5m).
Championship Rugby club the Cornish Pirates will share the 6,000-capacity ground with non-league football club Truro City FC.
It is likely to be built in time for the 2019/20 season.
Evans, who was also director of rugby at Saracens, said his focus was on "providing extra resource and experience" to the project.
He will be tasked with raising extra capital and creating "innovative" funding models, although it will largely be joint-funded by Truro, the Cornish Pirates and Truro and Penwith College.
Stadium for Cornwall Cornish Pirates Mark Evans
SAR,PHR
THUMB19555_976380.jpg


Moon Rocket Distribution - ZineWiki - the history and culture of zines, independent media and the small press.
Based in New Zealand, Moon Rocket Distribution is run by Moira of Child That Mind zine. Moon Rocket is in the process of closing after being open for 7 years.
This page was last modified on 22 May 2007, at 08:04.
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