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How can one formalize that an argument composed of a true and a false statement is "partly true"?
Asked 1 year, 10 months ago
In classical logic if either A or B is false then "A and B" is false. But in natural language it's often the case to hear someone say "that's only partially true" or "that's partly false" as a retort to hearing a sequence of statements some of which are false (often followed by an explanation what part was false).
One way to go at this is if there are truth-value gaps in the logic, i.e. a many-valued logic. However, the existence of gaps alone doesn't entail that the conjunction of true and false is necessarily going to be a gap. In fact, many many-valued logics have it that "true and false = false", e.g. that's the case in (strong) Kleene, or LP, or Łukasiewicz's logic. Even in Belnap's four-valued logic, although it has notions of "neither true nor false" and "both true and false", the conjunction of something that's (just) true with something that's (just) false... is again (just) false. In a comment below, someone suggested fuzzy logics, which are continuously truth-valued (over [0, 1]), but from what I can tell the conjunction of 0 and 1 is 0 in this family: the "conjunctive truth function * [...] must be commutative [and have] (0*x)=0".
I see from a 2003 paper of Humberstone, which I've only looked at very briefly that one approach is to have some kind of operator other than the actual truth valuation defined. (This seems to be a kind of "alternative valuation" of sorts. The paper, which is quite long, doesn't seem incredibly cited, so either the problem I'm talking about about is obscure, or Humberstone's proposed solution to is so...)
So have any logics been proposed in which the conjunction of true and false is a gap, rather than false? Or if not, is there any other way to formalize this notion that can capture that a conjunction of true and false is "partly true", besides Humberstone's operator approach, which seems a bit unsatisfactory as it uses a different "scale of truth" for this sort of evaluation than the main truth-valuation used in the logic?
(N.B: I suspect this comes down to some "deeper" issues like what can be reasonably called a conjunction in a logic and what is "false", because in a [semi]lattice with false as the bottom element, if conjunction is taken as the greatest lower bound on the [semi]lattice, it's inescapable that "false and anything = false".)
philosophy-of-language
edited Apr 4, 2021 at 18:41
FizzFizz
"that's only partially true" or "that's partly false" are modelled in Zadeh's Fuzzy Logic (which is based on Lukasiewicz essentially), just not with a conjunction of truth and falsity, but with the truth value introduced as having a value within the range of [0, 1] (and every value in between).
– k-wasilewski
Any reason for the DV? @k-wasilewski: and what does "Zadeh's" logic say about the conjunction of 1 and 0?
– Fizz
There's the en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catu%E1%B9%A3ko%E1%B9%ADi I think ypu have misunderstood the impact of four valued logic, which can affect computer evaluation & electronics much more profoundly than you imply (eg allowing strange loops, & tangled hierarchies).Quantum logic is important, and should be related to signal loss through Shannon Entropy, and reality as information flow (ie Carlo Rovelli's picture). I can't see why the DV either, seems a perfectly relevent and well-asked question.
– CriglCragl
IMHO "that's only partly true" actually has nothing to do with formal logic at all. It usually indicates an informal fallacy such as equivocation (which, if you really want, you can turn back into a formal fallacy such as the fallacy of four terms, but that's the "false" part, not the "partly" part).
– Kevin
@Kevin: well, obviously getting only the "false" part is very easy in practically any logic I could remember...
One way to go besides Humberstone's approach might start from truth-maker semantics as developed by Kit Fine and other. Let's fix some language of standard propsitional logic and let's take models to be complete join semi-lattices induced by a partial order ≤. Then we can define a relation of exact verification and a relation of exact falsification analagous to some semantics for FDE, with the exception of the verification clause for conjunction: A point s verifies a conjunction A & B iff s is the supremum of points r, t, where r verifies A and t verifies B.
Based on this definition we can define a relation of conjunctive parthood between propositions (sets of points): Proposition p is a conjunctive part of proposition q iff every verifier of p has a ≤-successor among the verifiers of q and every verifier of q has a ≤-predecessor among the verifiers of p.
Now we can say that proposition p is partially true at a point s if it has a conjunctive part that is verified by s; and that p is partially false at s, if it has a conjunctive part that is falsified by s.
sequitursequitur
I see Fine (2017) cites Yablo's Aboutness as part of this field. I've already discovered that Yablo in that book cites approvingly Humberstone (2003). (He also mentions Russel's criticism of the whole endeavor though, which is what might have earned me the DV, maybe.)
To put this in a slogan, Fine (semantically) distinguishes between containment and entailment. What Humberstone does is to evaluate claims of containment in the same logic (via an operator).
Apr 5, 2021 at 0:43
That's interesting. I see Fine's semantics as an attempt to spell out a somewhat neglected tradition of providing a semantics for FDE, which dates back to work of van Fraassen in the 1960s. Sounds like Humberstone might have followed the same line. The more since Humberstone in his 2003 piece cites the relevant paper by van Fraassen.
– sequitur
This is only partial answer, but interestingly enough a sort-of-conjunction that would make "true and false" be "neutral" has been considered on 3-valued tables (and in fact [finite] multi-valued/fuzzy logics in general). It's however (obviously) not compatible with the Boolean one. From "A map of dependencies among three-valued logics" by D. Ciucci & D. Dubois.
2.1.3. t-operators
This is another generalization of t-norms on pre-ordered sets [ref42].
Definition 3 [ref43]. A binary operator * on a finite scale {F < x1 < . . . < T} is named t-operator if it is associative, commutative, such that F * F = F, T * T = T and it satisfies 1-smoothness: if xi * xj = xk then { xi-1 * xj, xi * xj-1 } ⊆ { xk-1, xk }.
(I've fixed the def looking up the original paper; it's garbled in this review by some missing symbols... but otherwise they give a somewhat more obvious form than in the original, albeit equivalent. Basically the t-operator is non-decreasing in each place and only goes "up by one" at the most, on the chain, in each argument.)
Proposition 4. On three-valued scales, there are only five t-operators: Kleene and Łukasiewicz conjunctions and disjunctions and the aggregation operator in Table 3.
This has quite a trivial structure on the 3-valued chain: it gives the gap value everywhere except for F * F and T * T.
The peculiarity on the operator in Table 3 is that it does not generalize Boolean connectives: F and T yield the third value N. In fact it is easy to see that it is the operation med(x, y, N) computing the median between x, y and N. It is known to be the only associative operation between ∧ and ∨, and a special case of Sugeno Integral.
[ref42] M. Mas, G. Mayor, J. Torrens, t-Operators, International Journal of Uncertainty, Fuzziness and Knowledge-Based Systems 7 (1) (1999) 31–50.
[ref43] M. Mas, G. Mayor, J. Torrens, t-Operators and uninorms on a finite totally ordered set, International Journal of Intelligent Systems 14 (1999) 909–922.
So if one wants a 3-value "conjunction" to still be commutative, associative, and have this kind of "part-truth" extraction, this is the only option... It's of course obtainable as a derived operator on any functionally complete 3-valued logic.
answered Apr 5, 2021 at 3:17
A variant question of the Liar paradox
Yablo's notion of adding truth
Is Dunn/Belnap's 4-valued system a product system (as a many valued logic)?
Does many valued logic hold in unambiguous cases?
Why are true and false the only truth values used in mathematics?
Are there useful logics that reject disjunction introduction?
How do you work with a non-classical metatheory?
Does the logical conjunction of a false statement and a statement that doesn't make sense result in a false statement?
Is there such a thing as N-valued logic?
The intensionality of modal logic
How do heat pumps output more heat kW than the electrical kW used to run the heat pump?


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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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text:
/**
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  {"name": "Friends/Colleagues"},
  {"name": "Non-profit organized group"},
  {"name": "Tourist company"},
  {"name": "Other"}
];

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
How aregbesola attracted $107 million for Ilesa water supply Project and why the project must be completed by Osun Government.
How aregbesola attracted $107 million for Ilesa water supply Project and why the project must be completed by Osun Government
According to Audrey Hepburn, Water is life, and clean water means health. The hstory of how potable water supply dried up in ijesaland in the early 80s and the previous failed attempts to restore water into the six local governments are well documented in my previous write up. The Macedonian call from our royal father, Owa was loudly sounded during the 2012 Iwude Ijesa, when His Imperial Majesty, Owa Obokun Adimula, Oba Dr Adekunle Aromolaran, lamented over the inability of Ijesas to access public water supply for the past three decades.
Aregbesola went to work after assessing the problems and possible solutions. His administration' has inherited a Federal Government project for the construction of a weir on Osun River and intake structure at Kajolla. It was initially awarded in 2006 and by 2009, the contract has been abandoned already An asset though, if it had been completed without transmission and the distribution networks that take water to the doorsteps of Ijesa people, it would have been a liability, creating such pond of water without utilizing it.
Aregbesola wrote a letter to the Federal Government on the need to complete the project as his priority. Consequently, the contract was re-awarded in 2012, completed in 2014 and handed over to Aregbesola on 11th March, 2016 to deal with the huge challenges associated with the funding and the construction of water treatment plants, transmission structures and the distribution networks, all required to take water to the communities, neighborhoods and doorsteps of the ijesas in the six (6) local government. Without the transmission structures and distribution network, the pond created by the weir as constructed by FGN would have become a liability. The water body impacts, on the environment and the ecosystem, the possible destruction of the weirs and flooding of the riverbed.
The peak funding requirement would be over One hundred million dollars, by using the exchange rate of 306 naira to a dollars; it would be over 30 billion Naira. This amount was half of the total annual revenue of the state, at the peak year of his tenure. The funding has to be a grant or almost free. Unfortunately there is no free money anywhere. In any productive sector, the maximum equity that such project can attract will be 30 percent, while others (70 percent) would have to be debt and such debt, in public finance, would have to be concessional, long term and at low interest rate. In dollar term, it was also huge considering the fact that the external loan portfolio of Osun as at 2014 was about $100 million dollars, so the inclusion of ilesa water scheme means doubling the external loan portfolio by Aregbesola for his people of Ijesaland. He must be gutsy to do that and surely, he must have mosey to even think about it. We had turned down an earlier smaller foreign loan from someone iconic in the financial sector and a friend of my boss on the basis of possible exchange rate risks, currency conversion risks and because the tenor was not long enough and the interest rate not low enough to mitigate and compensate for possible inherent financial risks. If we equate the equity to the grant, it means the amount of grant is also limited. No single state in Nigeria has been able to attract at once, a grant up to 30million dollars from foreign donors, prior to this.
There was a high stake on sustainability of external loan. So Aregbesola already knew his back was against the wall, he would have to work harder to obtain long term debt financing and a grant. Unfortunately, the Nigerian financial market is not deep for long term funding, it must come from Development Finance institutions, multilateral institutions such as World Bank, European Union, etc. The fund is huge and what about the political backlash, i doubt if anybody, who is not an ijesa man can even try it and even at that, how many ijesa men can be that gutsy to such a huge political risk.
We were already servicing the existing external loan, inherited from Awolowo's old western region, military's western states, oyo state and previous Osun governments. How on hell, can you increase the cashflow being used to service external loan because of Ijesa water scheme? Since the existing external loan portfolio of Osun comprises of subsidiary loans, in which the federal government bears the final recourse to pay, if the state of Osun can not pay. The new funding for ilesa water scheme must be in the same category so as not to make the previous lenders and Federal government (the guarantor) subservient as creditors. It must be long, say 25 to 30 years with 5 to 7 years moratorium to allow for construction. The framework had been set by FGN for its guarantee. Under a federal government that was controlled by opposition in Aregbesola's first term and with Dr Ngozi Okonjo Iwela as Minister of Finance, Aregbesola and his team had their job well cut out for them. Only, a "can do spirit" could overcome such daunting challenges. Imagine, if we were not fortunate that our Son was the Governor, the ilesa water scheme, at best would have still remained a pond in the bush like many others, previously constructed by FGN.
In the early days of his first term, Aregbesola took his technical team to the World Bank, Country Office, Abuja to source for funds for the project, but by the time the World Bank gave Nigeria $400 million, Osun state has been excluded out of the beneficiary states on the premise that there was no Water Policy, prepared by the World Bank for the Osun Water Corporation to operate with, as a condition precedent to qualification. Painful though, Aregbesola did not rest on his oars and he went to the Islamic Development Bank (IsDB) in Jeddah to source for $100million for the completion of Ilesa water project. I didn't follow him, I learned, he went with another south west Governor, the current Governor of Osun, Chief Gboyega Oyetola (who was his Chief of Staff, then), Mr Binuyo Abdulahi, the current Deputy Chief of Staff and the Consultant. These people were with him before his commissioners resumed. It was unusual to have a sub sovereign (Osun) drive financing for the Central Government, who would be sharing the proceeds with other states; purely altruistic move and highly courageous.
Fortunately, the IsDB included Osun in their list. We got a Term Sheet for the financing and it was my duty to review the term sheet and make inputs as basis for the Federal Ministry of Finance adoption and final modification. It was an opportunity for Osun to dictate terms and conditions that would be most favorable. Aregbesola trips and previous briefs to his finance team, provided an head-start to move quickly to financial close of the transaction. Unfortunately, the Senate moved to investigate all intending loans and considered whether it was healthy for Nigeria to take loans, when the Government of Chief Olusegun Obasanjo had just liquidated all Nigeria's external loans. We had to travel back and forth and appeared before many senate committees in Abuja (including the one, headed by Senator Makarfi, then). That assignment took two years during which Osun proposed loan was cut by Federal Government to $50 million as against $100 million, our request. Not because we couldn't take the whole but because many states were brought in to benefit from the whole amount given to the country by IsDB.
While the Senate Committee was busy looking into the loan issues, the IsDB advised Aregbesola to engage an in-house consultant to carry out the feasibility study and the conceptual design of the whole project, while awaiting the Federal Government approval of the loan. At the completion of feasibility study and conceptual design, the project package came up as follows.
1. Component 1- 60,000m3/day Water Treatment plant at Kajola; (IsDB funding)
2. Component 2- 22km Transmission mains and Booster Pump Station; (IsDB funding)
3. Component 3- 3No. 10,000m3 Concrete Circular Tanks in Ilesa; (IsDB funding)
4. Component 4- 530km Water Distribution Network within Ilesa; (State Govt. funding)
5. Component 5- Provision for Sanitation Facilities " "
In 2014, the IsDB team came for project appraisal and approved the first three (3) components for funding. Invariably, this approval had compelled the bank to put "skin in the game" and to autograph the project as a strategic partner. The project's credibility increased significantly. It was the IsDB that got the Federal Ministry of Finance (FMF) approval to increase the loan from $50million to
$65 million in order to be able to finish their own components (1 to 3 above), which would get treated water into the three big reservoirs inside Ilesa city.
The prudence of Ijesas made Aregbesola to request for the reuse of the ductile pipes left behind by the former Oyo State to save money on the distribution network and to get the IsDB bank into supporting the distribution network (item 4) but the Bank declined and would not want anything to do with the left over pipes. The distribution network, which would take the drinkable water to the households and neighborhoods of Ijesas had to be funded outside the Development bank space. Even at that the funding for the treatment plant, transmission mains and the circular reservoirs from IsDB didn't come until 2016. I was lucky to have reviewed the term sheet in 2014, before I left office as Commissioner of finance. The financing structure proposed by IsDB is such that the fund is ring-fenced and can not be diverted. Also, the project can not be affected negatively by paucity of fund, a usual bogey in Nigerian public finance space. The project structure also put in place by IsDB is commendable because of its two layers; the project team and the bank technical team, comprising of independent engineers. The project team must follow due process with additional oversight functions from the bank team.
Alternative options were considered. for the remaining funding gap required for the distribution network, a whopping sum of $41.95million. First, the State Government of Osun and the six (6) Local Government Areas that would be served by the Water Scheme were proposed to provide the sum of $41.95 million to lay the 530km distribution network that will bring the water to the doorsteps of the consumers. The Local Government contribution would have to be $13.3 million about N4B), while that of the state government would be $28.65 million. This option would take time and would be too steep for a state, whose allocation from the federation account is second to the least among the states in the federation. Second option was to apply to the two International Development Partners, USAID and AfDB for both grants and loans respectively but were to no avail.
This made Aregbesola to look inward and to solicit for support from the Federal Government of Nigeria on the 7th February, 2018. The amount was unprecedented and the purpose being the last mile developmental need, usually abandoned for the states. To the Glory of God, his request for support of $41.9 million was granted by President Muhammed Buhari on 30th April, 2018. Based on the approval of Mr. President, the flag – off of the Ilesa Water Supply Distribution Project became a reality. This was the biggest singular grant or a federal budget attraction to any state in 2018 and to the state of Osun since its creation in 1991. It was not a budget, but a cash in bank, kept with Central Bank of Nigeria and as US Dollars. Inflation associated with local currency and diversion risks are completely hedged. No wonder, Ilesa is regarded as the City of God and heavenlies.
When the grant of $41.94 million was added to the $65 million IsDB fund, a whopping sum of $106.94 million had been lined up and secured in two lockboxes for Ilesa water scheme. At the current official exchange rate of 410 naira to 1 US Dollar, the Ijesas have a project fully funded to the tune of 43.85 billion naira. This singular project amount is bigger than the cost of Osogbo circular road and even, after adding the amounts spent on Osogbo township roads. The ilesa water scheme will remain the largest single project in Osun for many decades to come, in term of capital outlay.
Therefore, it is uncharitable, it is wicked and it is unfair to say someone, who had attracted the unprecedented huge sum of money to solve a lifetime challenge of his people, has not done anything for them.
Having secured the funding, it is important to appraise the implementation and construction works so far, personally, I have seen a distribution pipes passed through the front of my house in ilesa and I pray it gets to my ancestral home in Ere Ijesa and more importantly, I pray and I decree, I will drink this pipe borne clean water by next year. After securing the IsDB facility, the procurement process for consultancy and contracting followed with their own timelines. The first phase of the project is the TRANSMISSION MAIN, BOOSTER PUMP STATION AND THE RESERVOIRS. This was awarded in June 7, 2017 and was flagged-off on December 18, 2017 at Osun Ankara , Irojo, Ilesa. The second phase is the treatment plant, which the IsDB scheduled deliberately to start in October 2018 to allow the first phase to have reached substantial stage.
The third phase is the distribution network. The funding for this came in some weeks to the exit of Aregbesola from office. As a matter of fact, the money was brought in November 2018, although it was approved on April 30,2018 by the Federal Government of Nigeria. The distribution network phase is also progressing very well. In general, the projects have been progressing steadily. The only initial challenge on the implementation of the projects to date is the COVID-19 pandemic. The impact of which is universal. The state government of Osun recently, during the presentation of 2022 budget, made a remark on the Ilesa water scheme and promised that its construction works will be completed by next year. Let us continue to hold them responsible on this and hope they will also curb the mining activities at the upstream sites of the water pond and the adjoining rivers so that sufficient water can get to the water intake as designed, initially for the benefits of Ijesalands.
The ilesa water scheme is for the fulfillment of Aregbesola's social contract with his people and it is not meant to be commercialized. The repayment of the loan portion of contract funding is not coming from sales of water as repayment is coming ftom the revenues of the entire state of Osun. It is a long term facility that is favourable and monthly charge will be about 60million naira to the government of Osun; I don't think this is too much for the benefits of Ijesas. The grant, 41.95 million dollars is the equity share of the ijesas from the commonwealth of the nation and it is free.
Wale Bolorunduro, PhD.
Former Commissioner of Finance, Osun writes from 6B Lase Ogunleye Street, Fadahunsi A
venue, Imo. Ilesa City. Osun.
Ìlo yáá, oníbodè Apòmùn. This history.
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This planet provides beautiful opportunities to contribute, to enjoy, and to honor God's work.


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Thyme flavors this moist, golden brown chicken surrounded by bright, tender vegetables. This appealing meal-in-one was submitted by Mary Beth Hansen of Columbia, Tennessee.
Preheat oven to 375°. Place chicken, breast side up, in a 14-in. cast-iron or other ovenproof skillet. Rub with oil; sprinkle with 1/4 teaspoon salt and 1/4 teaspoon pepper. Bake, uncovered, 1 hour.
Arrange the carrots, celery, potatoes and onions around chicken. Combine butter and thyme; drizzle over chicken and vegetables. Sprinkle with remaining 1/4 teaspoon salt and 1/4 teaspoon pepper.
Cover and bake until a thermometer inserted in thickest part of thigh reads 170°-175° and vegetables are tender, 30-45 minutes.
1/4 pound: 329 calories, 10g fat (3g saturated fat), 80mg cholesterol, 187mg sodium, 31g carbohydrate (9g sugars, 5g fiber), 28g protein. Diabetic Exchanges: 3 lean meat, 2 vegetable, 1-1/2 starch.
I added garlic powder, onion salt and paprika on the chicken for some extra flavor. The chicken was very moist and vegetables delectable!
The veggies were delicious, but the chicken was sort of blah. It will go great in dishes made from leftovers, though! Still, it was easy and cheap, a big win in my book.
Very good, I added about an inch of water to the bottom so veggies would not dry out. This was very good supper, served w/ (TOH recipe), cornbread dressing.
Delicious! The chicken was very moist. I sprinkled garlic powder on chicken and vegtables too!
Delicious! My chicken was a bit larger, 4.5 lbs...therefore I cooked it about 20 minutes longer and added a little more to the butter and tyme mixture. Spinkled paprika , garlic and onion powder over the chicken which added a nice subtle kick. I will be making this recipe again!


text:
IKEA recalls espresso maker that could burst
METALLISK espresso maker for cooktop 0.4L with stainless steel safety valve, date stamps between 2040 and 2204 (CNW Group/IKEA Canada)
By Adelle Loiselle November 29, 2022 9:22am
If you own an espresso maker from IKEA, you might want to see if it is included in a voluntary recall from the company.
The Metallisk espresso maker for cooktop 0.4L with a stainless steel safety valve could burst during use.
The impacted products have date stamps between 2040 and 2204.
"The risk has increased after a change of material and construction of the safety valve," said IKEA in a media release. "Only the products with the stainless steel safety valve (silver/grey in colour) are included in the recall."
The company urges consumers to stop using the espresso maker and return it to the store for a full refund.
"Proof of purchase is not required, and there is no limit to when the product can be returned," said IKEA.
Anyone with questions can reach the company online at www.IKEA.ca or call toll-free at 1-800-661-9807.


text:
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Directory of Environment & Climate Change Foundations 2020
This comprehensive new directory lists every major national and international foundations, NGOs and other charitable and grant-making organizations involved with funding environment and climate change projects worldwide.
All of the major established foundations and NGOs are included, as well as some of the less wellknown grant-making organizations. Presenting names and contact details for over 1000 institutions, this new edition is the most comprehensive and up to date information on this growing sector.
Entries:
Entries are arranged alphabetically by country, with main foundation centres/co-ordinating bodies listed at the beginning of each chapter, followed by the charities, NGO's and foundations.
Each entry contains the institution's name, postal, internet and email addresses, telephone and fax numbers, together with date of foundation, and details of its function, activities, restrictions on grants, geographical area of activity, finances, publications and key executives where available.
Includes an index of foundations, by geographical area of operations and by main activities.
From Afghanistan to Zimbabwe, the Directory would be an important reference resource to organizations, public and academic libraries, NGOs, charities and other grant-making and grantseeking organizations and institutions concerned with, or interested in, the environment and climate change worldwide.
© 2021 API - Asia Pacific Infoserv Pty Ltd | All Rights Reserved
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text:
Free Flight Simulators
FlightGear Free Flight Simulator
Now version 2020.3.2
Windows 7/8/10, macOS & AppImage for for Linux x86 systems
flightgear-universal.zip
Rated 5 out of 5 stars by 60 PRO members.
⇲ Download 3.98 GB
FlightGear Flight Simulator is an open-source project. Users can download it anytime and copy it to as many machines as they like. It can run on Windows (7, 8, and 10), macOS, Linux, Solaris, and IRIX platforms.
Frustrated by the lack of customization and extensibility available in commercial projects, FlightGear's founders wanted to create a simulator where educators, researchers, pilots, and flight simulation enthusiasts could build their own aircraft.
FlightGear is bound by the open-source GPL license which allows anyone to contribute code, join development teams, and add aircraft and scenery.
None of that would matter much if the flight experience didn't shine. FlightGear's excellent flight dynamics models (FDM) are based on JSBSim, the main FDM since 2000, UIUC, or YAsim. The latter two were created solely for FlightGear.
FlightGear's FDM's are known for their realistic flying experience. For example, some users report that the FlightGear Cessna 172 tends to pull to the left, a common characteristic of single-engine planes in real life.
Information from the FlightGear Wiki Page:
FlightGear Flight Simulator (often shortened to FlightGear or FGFS) is a free, open-source multi-platform flight simulator developed by the FlightGear project since 1997.
David Murr started the project on April 8, 1996. The project had its first release in 1997 and continued in development, the most recent release being version 2.4.0 in August 2011. It has specific builds for a variety of operating systems including Microsoft Windows, Mac OS X, Linux, IRIX, and Solaris. FlightGear code is released under the terms of the GNU General Public License, thus being free software.
The commercial products Flight Pro Sim, Pro Flight Simulator, and others, are direct copies of FlightGear.
FlightGear may be free, but it doesn't skimp on features and rivals commercial packages with excellent airports, aircraft, and scenery.
Users can travel to over 20,000 airports worldwide. Each has accurate markings and lighting configurations. Bigger airports have taxiways complete with center lighting. FlightGear's emphasis on realism is reflected in little details like sloping runways, airfield lights that change intensity as the view alters, and accurate runaway markings.
FlightGear uses the most accurate terrain graphics modeling in the world. SRTM, or Shuttle Radar Topography Mission, is a joint task force of the National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency and NASA. Under the auspices of the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, they have created a high-resolution database of Earth's topography. Recent versions include updated Australian and South Sea island data.
As a result, FlightGear's scenery is robust and vivid. Sparkling lakes and towering mountains fill the landscape. Buildings and infrastructure are accurate to the finest detail. At night, darkness is pierced by an expansive grid of brightly lit homes and streets. Pilots can even see the headlights of cars and trucks on the highways below.
Time of Day Modeling
FlightGear uses "time of day modeling" which means that the scenery accurately reflects the actual time of day. The sun, moon, and stars appear and fade right on schedule as days turn into night and back again. Users can set FlightGear to their own computer clock so that it depicts the real-time of day in their zone. The system even tracks seasonal changes, with fewer daylight hours in winter and longer days in summer.
Loyal Fans
FlightGear is the kind of project that generates loyal fans. It has an amazing 93 percent approval rating at Sourceforge.net, one of the main download sites. At the FlightGear forums, one user explains, "Flight Gear is to flight simulation what Gran Tourismo is to driving simulations. It simply rocks. There are some Aircraft available that really behave very neatly like the real thing."
Another user is more direct: "I choose FlightGear because it kicks Microsoft's FSX arse! Multiplayer AND free AND a flight sim? YES PLEASE!"
As can be seen, FlightGear fans love its potent mix of variety, power, flexibility, extensibility, and price- totally free.
The archive flightgear-universal.zip has 41 files and directories contained within it.
FlightGear-2020.3.2-x86_64.AppImage 11.16.20 116.62 MB
FlightGear-2020.3.2.dmg 11.16.20 2028.69 MB
FlightGear-2020.3.2.exe 11.16.20 1919.89 MB
Screenshots 11.16.20 0 B
screen-10ai-height-2160px.jpg 11.16.20 1.51 MB
screen-12ai-height-2160px.jpg 11.16.20 857.03 kB
screen-18ai-height-2160px.jpg 11.16.20 1009.29 kB
screen-1ai-height-2160px.jpg 11.16.20 2.46 MB
screen-3ai-height-2160px.jpg 11.16.20 693.61 kB
flyawaysimulation.txt 10.02.20 1.20 kB
Whilst the flight simulation market might seem rather closed off to some, due to the prominence of things like Microsoft Flight Simulator and Prepar3D, there are some truly epic options out there for users who want a bit more craft and guile from their simulator. Have you ever heard of FlightGear? If not, you'll soon want to get it downloaded!
What is FlightGear?
This is a brilliant open source flight simulator that is built for the editors out there. People who love to customize and prepare their own aircraft will find that this is the perfect flight simulator for them. It might lag behind FSX and other contemporaries with graphical quality and choice, but since it's a totally open-source project I'd be shocked if it matched a multi-billion dollar conglomerates product!
Customization Refined
However, what you do get with FlightGear is the ability to create. You can pretty much edit and generate your own aircraft and allows you to contribute to the actual project in any way that you feasibly can – it's something that really takes the flight simulation community and gives them a real impetus and style to build upon. If you are growing a little tired of FSX and other traditional flight simulators, downloading this and getting your engineering head on might be a worthwhile venture for you.
A Realistic Simulation
Please don't take anything said above to mean that the actual flying side of things is poor, though! The quality of the flight dynamics within FlightGear is absolutely tremendous. You'll really feel like you are flying the real thing and getting that kick and thrill from an aircraft that is so common is going to be pretty simple – for a project that's sourced completely by the time and expertize of fans, this is some really impressive stuff.
The simulator itself is loaded with features around the worked, too. Add in the 20,000 airports that you can pick from across the world, each built with as much accuracy as time will allow for, and you've got an incredibly realistic experience. The attention to detail in such an expansive world is hugely impressive, as you'll find that the larger airports really create that feeling of "wow" when you start approaching them and see the lighting change and fade as you draw closer or further away.
One of the best features about the simulator, though, is the time of day modeling that has been included. Now you'll be flying from one night to the next, and you'll get to see the world below react accordingly. This adds another layer of satisfaction and quality to the whole thing.
It's seen by many as the "real" simulator out there thanks to its fantastic blend of features and, well, just about everything else that you could possibly need to make a flight simulator more enjoyable. If you aren't sure of what kind of experience you want, then this totally free option will give you all of the coolest features whilst ensuring that you have proper fun!
Adam McEnroe
Adam McEnroe is a flight sim enthusiast who has been simming since the days of FS95. Adam writes all of the download section editorials after testing each of the files. Adam has extensive knowledge using various flight simulator packages and thoroughly tests the files before writing about them. Adam also like to fly real-world aircraft in his spare time and is training for his PPL.
Should you wish, you can contact Adam via email at adam@flyawaysimulation.com.
AI Carriers for Flight Simulator X SP1
Microsoft Flight Simulator X Demo
Optimizing Your Computer For Flight Simulator (Final)
Orbiter Space Flight Simulator for Windows
Microsoft Flight Simulator X Service Pack 1
Flight Simulator AI Traffic Separation
The Flight Simulator Training Scenery
Microsoft Flight Simulator 2004 SDK Pack (All kits)
The content of the comments below are entirely the opinions of the individual posting the comment and do not always reflect the views of Fly Away Simulation. We moderate all comments manually before they are approved.
Mohamed FofanaFri, 07 Feb 2020 10:17:32 GMT
My first video just being downloaded. And it is great. I hope the Executable file will also work fine. And I wish to be a tie to time updated from your newsletter I have subscribed to. Thanks.
Mohamed NJ. Fofana.
AllenWed, 02 Oct 2019 17:58:16 GMT
I started the download for FlightGear and nothing indicated on my screen that download is in progress. I tried again and got notice too many downloads one is in progress... very confusing.
humptyks1946Thu, 09 May 2019 20:17:59 GMT
Trying to download a piper super cub float for FSX simulator. Where can I get one?
mig29pilotTue, 07 Jul 2015 16:45:04 GMT
Flightgear is a matter of knowing what buttons and sliders to push. Tweaking the setting, I have gotten effects that leave x-plane and fsx in the dust
tglhowieSun, 10 Mar 2013 23:18:42 GMT
Won't initialize or launch - telling me there isn't enough room? Why can't these so so smart computers take care of these annoying problems? The FAQ pages just make me want to abort the whole mess.
Albert OsaeMon, 04 Mar 2013 21:54:55 GMT
looks good, will try it.
MrLouTue, 19 Jul 2011 11:00:25 GMT
It sucks!
tonnytotWed, 18 Aug 2010 01:08:03 GMT
Come on guys, you can't be serious. Christ, this sucks! What a waste of time.
hamedxSat, 15 May 2010 20:52:31 GMT
sanks
angieThu, 25 Feb 2010 04:21:55 GMT
looks intense but sadly my com wont let me :(
Anchorman7nThu, 16 Jul 2009 19:25:23 GMT
daddy1968Fri, 03 Oct 2008 02:34:27 GMT
Gippy1993Thu, 02 Oct 2008 22:34:18 GMT
im downloading it now at the moment, it look's great and i hope it will be !
jlhughesWed, 01 Oct 2008 23:10:04 GMT
it dose take to long to download and it is a too bigger size to download but it is setup niceley for download and installation so i will have to rate 10
lentomikaelThu, 06 Mar 2008 16:38:33 GMT
This is quite good!
kenliviaFri, 15 Feb 2008 10:11:56 GMT
absolutly super freebie!!!! many thanks
friendshard2findWed, 26 Dec 2007 15:54:40 GMT
This is by far one of the best programs I have ever downloaded from this site. It's everything they claim it to be and then some. I would reccommend taking the time to download this program!


text:
Q: Bidirectional many-to-one assosiation. When inserting a new Child a new unwanted Parent ist also inserted with the same Name from the Child My goal is to select the existing Parent from the Dropdown and create a new Child with the name in the Text Input.
When inserting a new Child a new unwanted Parent ist also inserted with the same Name as the new Child. I think my problem is in my HTML code but I've added all the relevant code to the question.
I'm using Spring MVC, Spring JPA, and Thymeleaf.
HTML view
After submitting I get this in the console
Marken name= Example Marke
Geschaeftsfeld name= Example Marke
Hibernate: insert into geschaeftsfeld (name, id) values (?, ?)
Hibernate: insert into Marke (geschaeftsfeld_id, name, id) values (?, ?)

as you can see the Parent name and Child name are the same. the Parent name should be the one selected in the Dropdown.
I think the mistake is in my HTML code (thymeleaf) that for some reason it sets the same name to the two attributes. If I'm Wrong I've added my Parent Class code and Child Class below.
       <form action="#" th:action="@{/neuemarke}" th:object="${marke}" method="POST">
          <select class="form-control" th:field="${geschaeftsfeld}" id="geschaeftsfeld">
            <option value="0">select Geschaeftsfeld</option>
            <option th:each="gf : ${listAllGf}" th:value="${gf.id}" th:text="${gf.name}"></option>
          </select>

          <input type="text" th:field="${marke.name}" placeholder="Name" class="form-control mb-4 col-4">
          <button type="submit" class="btn btn-info col-2"> Save </button>
        </form>

Controller
        @GetMapping({"/einstellungenmarken"})
        public String einstellungenMarke(Model model) {
            //fügt die listen zu den Modell hinzu
            model.addAttribute("listAllGf", gfService.getAllGeschaeftsfelds());
            model.addAttribute("listAllMk", mkService.getAllMarken());
            model.addAttribute("geschaeftsfeld", new Geschaeftsfeld());
            model.addAttribute("marke", new Marke());
            //gibt den template zurück (HTML)
            return "/Einstellungen/marken";
        }

        @PostMapping("/neuemarke")
        public String neueMarke(@ModelAttribute("marke") Marke marke,
        @ModelAttribute("geschaeftsfeld") Geschaeftsfeld geschaeftsfeld) {
            System.out.println("Marken name= " + marke.getName());
            System.out.println("Geschaeftsfeld name= " +
            geschaeftsfeld.getName());
            marke.setGeschaeftsfeld(geschaeftsfeld);
            mkService.save(marke);
            return "redirect:/einstellungenmarken";
        }

any help is much appreciated

A: I found the mistake in my HTML code.
th:field="*{geschaeftsfeld}" instead of th:field="${geschaeftsfeld}"
and
th:field="*{name}" instead of th:field="${marke.name}"
<form action="#" th:action="@{/neuemarke}" th:object="${marke}" method="POST">
    <select class="form-control" th:field="*{geschaeftsfeld}" id="geschaeftsfeld">
        <option value="0">select Geschaeftsfeld</option>
        <option th:each="gf : ${listAllGf}" th:value="${gf.id}" th:text="${gf.name}"></option>
    </select>
    <input type="text" th:field="*{name}" placeholder="Name" class="form-control mb-4 col-4">
    <button type="submit" class="btn btn-info col-2"> Save </button>
</form>

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


A new dance piece celebrating the rights of adults and children to be together, to play together and to dance together.
Men & Girls Dance brings together two very different groups of performers: adult, male professional contemporary dancers, and girls who dance for fun.
Created for an adult audience, Men & Girls Dance continues Fevered Sleep's ambition to encourage audiences to think differently about the world and to start conversations.
Thanks to Arts Council Strategic Touring funds, a series of performance residencies took place between March and October 2016. During each of these residencies, we worked with a new company of girls from the local area. In Spring 2017, we held a residency at The Place in London, and in Summer 2017, the project took place at Tate Britain.
The project will next take place at Skånes Dansteater in Malmö, Sweden in November 2018 as part of their Dance & People festival.
To keep up to date with Men & Girls Dance you can visit the microsite menandgirlsdance.com, follow #fsMenAndGirls on Twitter, or sign up to our mailing list. If you are interested in hosting a version of the project, please email alison@feveredsleep.co.uk.
As part of the project we publish a newspaper, including pieces written by people who live and work in each city the project is recreated in. It is a collection of creative writing on the themes of the project, such as love, empathy and trust.
"'A unique, timely and unforgettable dance work that will make you laugh, cry and think... Unmissable"
"Believe the hype. Men & Girls Dance is exactly what the world needs right now...This is gold dust."
"The work is a touching and joyful demonstration of optimism about us humans in an increasingly bleak age"
"It is astonishing, how radical it feels to watch"


This church is notable for its amazing 1930s architecture, whose Art Deco features reflect contemporary trends. Designed by Joseph Diongre, it is one of three churches in Brussels made of concrete, and its impressive tower rises to a height of 56 metres. The exterior is faced with white stone, while the interior, clad in various types of Belgian marble, has imposing parabolic arches and numerous stained-glass windows.


Baking Goods… The Nelson Grocer's getting saucy!
It's time to get your baking goods together… With winter well and truly upon us, there's nothing nicer than finishing off a wintery meal with a warm sticky pudding, and a self-saucing pudding can be just the ticket. I just love a good steamed fruit pudding with custard and vanilla ice cream on a cold winter's evening; but while these are a perfect after dinner treat, they take time and quite a bit of advance preparation.
However, self-saucing puddings are just as tempting, with all the ingredients being easily found in your pantry or the baking goods aisle at Fresh Choice. A fraction of the preparation time is involved and a wide variety of possible flavours. This chocolate self-saucing pudding recipe is a quick easy treat that you can throw together with little notice – perfect when you feel you need that little something more.
Tip – When you pour the liquid mixture over the batter prior to baking, pour it over the back of a dessert spoon. This will stop a hole/dent forming in the top of the batter.
Preheat the oven to 180C and grease a two-litre ovenproof dish.
Whisk the melted butter, eggs and milk together in a jug until smooth.
Sift the flour, cocoa and baking powder into a bowl then stir in the sugar.
Pour the butter mixture onto the flour and mix well to a smooth batter.
Stir in the dark and milk chocolate and spoon into the prepared baking dish.
To make the sauce, bring 300ml water and the sugar to the boil in a saucepan, then add the cocoa and whisk until smooth. Pour over the top of the batter then bake for 25-30 minutes. The top of the sponge will be just firm to the touch.
Thanks to local chef and Guest Blogger, Grant Dicker for this self-saucing chocolate pudding recipe – Find Grant on Facebook. Now head to Fresh Choice Nelson for your baking goods.
Fresh Choice Nelson welcomes back our Guest Blogger, Maddy Bellcroft; This week Maddy is talking gluten free – Find Maddy on Facebook.
I really enjoy writing these columns as I often get to try new products that come in store so that I can write about them. The latest exciting new arrival comes in the form of Sorghum.
I heard about this ancient gluten free grain a while ago before it was easily available in New Zealand but now Ceres Organics have released it for our eating pleasure.
Sorghum is a staple food in North Eastern Africa, it has a chewy nutty texture somewhat similar to barley. it takes around fifty minutes to cook, absorbs a lot of liquid and you can soak it to reduce cooking time.
I love using it as a wheat free couscous replacement. It's also fantastic in soups or made into a salad with roasted veggies. Last night's dinner consisted of broccoli, mandarin and roasted hazelnut salad made with this delish grain.
The other product that i have been playing with is green banana flour. this is made from drying green bananas and grinding them into a flour. The result is a mild tasting wheat flour substitute that is low in sugar and is almost sixty per cent dietary fibre. You can substitute 3/4 cup of it per cup of normal flour or even add it to smoothies. I have been mixing it with other gluten free flours to make pastry and bread.
The last product highlight this week is the Explore Cuisine green lentil lasagne sheets, these are vegan and gluten free and make a super yummy lasagne. Because they are made of lentils they also pack a good protein punch. Roast your favourite winter veggies with fresh herbs and then layer with the lasagne sheets, cannellini beans and Napoli sauce before baking in the oven.
There are plenty more exciting things in store at Fresh Choice Nelson so come on in and get creative with your cuisine today.
Organic Meat from Wash Creek.
Here at Fresh Choice Nelson your organic choice just got even better, we're now buying your organic meat direct from the farm so we can absolutely guarantee the provenance of the product from the farm to shelf. Our latest addition to your chilled meat selection comes from Wash Creek in Canterbury.
They fill their bellies on organically grown forage including fruit salad pastures of chicory, clovers, lucerne and plantains. This nutrient rich mixed diet is chosen to naturally deter parasites.
The good farmers at Wash Creek practice clean grazing regimes for the sheep; young lambs at their most vulnerable graze on lets which did not see lambs in the previous year.
Wash Creek Hereford and Angus breed cattle are crossed with Friesian cows from local dairy farms, which means the mothers can provide huge amounts of milk to suckle their calves. Young cattle share the best quality forage with the lambs, and over winter they eat hay and brassicas.
Wash Creek farm and its livestock is certified organic by BioGro.
This sustainable, organic practice and clean eating gives Wash Creek meat outstanding flavour, colour and texture, which in turn gives your taste buds a real party!
Fresh Choice Nelson is currently exclusive stockist of Wash Creek organic meat; you can visit their website here, or find them on Facebook.
It's The Grocer's latest article from our wine expert, Neil Hodgson, this week Neil is talking Aussie red wine!
Winter has been late arriving but it looks like we are headed for some decent cold weather and that means two things, satisfyingly warming foods and rich red wine.
Winter is the perfect time to open a bottle of deep, rich Australian red wine; something from South Australia that has big, ripe fruit flavours, fits the bill nicely.
In January and February temperatures in the Clare, Coonawarra, Barossa and McLaren Vale hit the 40-degree mark for days on end and these high temperatures are a key to deliciously intense fruit flavours in Shiraz and Cabernet Sauvignon grapes the region is famous for, to the point of being almost jam-like in intensity.
Some of Australian's best and most expensive wines are produced in South Australia, wines like Penfold's Grange and Henske Hill of Grace that both sell for many hundreds of dollars a bottle come from Barossa but because the state is so big a wide range of delicious everyday drinking wines at really good prices are readily available.
The Grocer at Fresh Choice has a big range of fruity treats for you to choose from including wines from the ever reliable Taylors, Wynns, Wyndham Estates, Wolf Blass and Wirra Wirra in the very affordable $12 to $20 price range.
The Taylors Shiraz made from fruit grown in the Clare Valley will cost you $15.99, a $3 saving on normal retail, and is a wine simply packed with big, ripe berry and plum flavours with a delicious twist of soft chocolate to add complexity.
Sister's Run Shiraz from McLaren Vale is on promotion for $19.99, a saving of about $6, and a glass is almost as good as being wrapped in a nice woollen blanket in front of a roaring fire. Rich, chocolate covered berry fruit flavours with silky tannins make it seductively easy to drink.
For a nice warming winter red to pair with a winter casserole pick a wonderful rich red from South Australia.


text:
Edward Zane Carroll Judson Sênior ( Harpersfield, Nova York —  Stamford, Nova York), conhecido por seu pseudônimo Ned Buntline, foi um romancista, escritor, jornalista e editor americano.

Juventude e serviço militar
Judson nasceu em 20 de março de 1821, em Harpersfield, Nova York. Ele se mudou com seus pais para Bethany, Pensilvânia, em 1826, e mais tarde para Filadélfia em 1834. Seu pai, Levi Carroll Judson, era advogado e queria que seu filho fosse um clérigo.

Em novembro de 1834, Judson fugiu para o mar como soldado de guerra e, no ano seguinte, embarcou a bordo de um navio da Marinha. Alguns anos depois, ele resgatou a tripulação de um barco atropelado por uma balsa Fulton no East River, em Nova York. Como resultado, ele recebeu uma comissão como aspirante na Marinha do presidente Martin Van Buren em 10 de fevereiro de 1838, e foi designado para o USS Levant. Mais tarde, ele serviu no USS Constellation e no USS Boston.

Como marinheiro, ele serviu nas Guerras Seminole, mas viu poucos combates. Após 4 anos no mar, ele renunciou. Durante a Guerra Civil, ele se alistou no primeiro rifle montado em Nova York e ascendeu ao posto de sargento antes de ser desonrosamente dispensado por embriaguez.

Esforços literários iniciais
A primeira publicação de Judson foi uma história de aventura em The Knickerbocker em 1838. Ele passou vários anos no Oriente criando jornais e jornais, mas a maioria deles falhou. Um sucesso inicial que ajudou a lançar sua fama foi The Mysteries and Miseries of New York, uma história em série corajosa do Bowery e favelas da cidade de Nova York. Ele era um homem opinativo e defendia fortemente o nativismo e a temperança; ele também se tornou um líder no movimento Know Nothing. Em 1844, ele adotou o pseudônimo de "Ned Buntline". "Buntline" é o termo náutico para uma corda na parte inferior de uma vela quadrada.

Em 1841, o pai de Buntline, Levi Carroll Judson, sua esposa e sua filha se mudaram para Pittsburgh, onde Levi estabeleceu um escritório de advocacia e sua esposa e filha Irene abriram uma escola seleta no porão da Primeira Igreja Batista. Aqui, as famílias Judson e Allen se conheceram. Rebecca Allen e Irene Judson davam aulas na época e se tornaram amigas sociais. Por meio dessa conexão, William e George Allen, irmãos de Rebecca, tornaram-se amigos de Buntline quando ele chegou a Pittsburgh em dezembro de 1843, aparentemente para estudar direito com o pai, mas na realidade para começar uma revista literária. Buntline publicou apenas duas edições da Ned Buntline's Magazine em Pittsburgh em 1844 antes de admitir que ela falhou.

William e George eram coproprietários do barco a vapor Cícero e convidaram Ned para acompanhá-lo em uma viagem em janeiro de 1844 a Cincinnati. Neste cruzeiro, Buntline contou aos irmãos Allen sobre seu recente casamento em St. Augustine, Flórida, com Seberina Escudero, que ele descreveu aos dois irmãos em termos entusiasmados. Escudero juntou-se ao marido em Pittsburgh em maio de 1844. Em agosto de 1844, Buntline e Escudero se mudaram para Cincinnati, onde Ned fez parceria com Lucius Hine e Hudson Kidd em um esforço para comprar o Western Literary Journal. Esta revista também falhou.

Separado de sua família e em dificuldades financeiras, Buntline pediu dinheiro emprestado aos irmãos Allen e penhorou as joias de sua esposa para custear suas despesas. Em outubro, William Allen contratou Buntline para ajudar em seu barco a vapor, onde Ned aceitou uma nota de $ 10 falsificada e perdeu um barril de uísque. Enquanto seu marido andava de barco a vapor, Escudero costurava camisas em Cincinnati por 12 centavos e meio cada. Em outubro de 1844, o Knickerbocker publicou um artigo de Ned intitulado "Running the Blockade", no qual o herói da história era William Allen. Em janeiro de 1845, com a ajuda dos irmãos Allen, Buntline mudou-se para Nashville, onde Hudson Kidd garantiu alojamento temporário para Escudero enquanto seu marido ia passar algum tempo em St. Louis. Em janeiro de 1846, ela estava morando na Gordon House em Smithland, Kentucky.

Buntline lançou uma terceira revista, a "Buntline's Own", nessa época. Costuma-se dizer que foi publicado em Nashville, mas os diários dos irmãos Allen sugerem que as primeiras edições pelo menos foram impressas em Smithland. O diário de George Allen de 25 de janeiro de 1846 dizia que, após seu retorno a Smithland, ele foi visitar Escudero e soube que ela havia morrido ali dias antes. William Allen mais tarde afirmou que ela foi enterrada em Smithland.

Em 1845, seu empreendimento em Cincinnati, Western Literary Journal e Monthly Magazine, estava à beira da falência e ele fugiu de Ohio. Em Eddyville, Kentucky, ele recebeu uma recompensa de US$ 600 pela captura de dois assassinos "com apenas uma das mãos". Ele se mudou para Nashville, Tennessee, e usou o dinheiro para começar uma revista, Ned Buntline's Own.

Judson teve um romance com a esposa adolescente de Robert Porterfield em Nashville em 1846. Em 14 de março de 1846, Porterfield desafiou Judson para um duelo, e Judson o matou. Em seu julgamento por assassinato, Judson foi baleado e ferido pelo irmão de Porterfield e, durante o caos, escapou da custódia. Ele foi posteriormente capturado por uma multidão de linchadores e enforcado em um toldo, mas foi resgatado por amigos. Um grande júri do Tennessee recusou-se a indiciá-lo por assassinato.

Em 1847, o editor de Boston e autor de romances baratos Maturin Murray Ballou pagou a Judson US$ 100 para escrever "The Black Avenger of the Spanish Main: or, The Fiend of Blood", um romance melodramático e violento sobre piratas. Isso foi seguido no mesmo ano com "The Red Revenger; Or, The Pirate King of the Floridas". Buntline mudou a "Ned Buntline's Own" para a cidade de Nova York em 1848.

Por meio de suas colunas e de sua associação com as notórias gangues da cidade de Nova York do início do século XIX, Buntline foi um dos instigadores do "Astor Place Riot", que deixou 23 mortos. Ele foi multado em US$ 250 e condenado a um ano de prisão em setembro de 1849.

Após sua libertação, ele se dedicou a escrever histórias sensacionais para jornais semanais e sua renda supostamente ascendeu a US$ 20 000 por ano. Em 1852, ele se envolveu em um motim nativista em St. Louis, enquanto era membro do Partido "Know Nothing". Ele iludiu as autoridades, mas foi preso em 1872 enquanto fazia uma turnê e promovia sua peça na cidade.

Embora bebesse muito, ele viajou pelo país dando palestras sobre temperança. Ele foi um republicano fervoroso até a eleição de 1884, quando se recusou a apoiar James G. Blaine. Em uma de suas viagens de palestras sobre temperança, ele conheceu William F. "Buffalo Bill" Cody.

Buffalo Bill
Buntline estava viajando por Nebraska quando soube que Wild Bill Hickok estava em Fort McPherson. Buntline tinha lido um artigo popular sobre Hickok e esperava entrevistá-lo e escrever um romance barato sobre ele. Ele encontrou Hickok em um salão e correu até ele, dizendo: "Aqui está o meu homem! Eu quero você!" A essa altura da vida, Hickok tinha aversão a surpresas. Ele ameaçou Buntline com uma arma e ordenou que ele saísse da cidade em 24 horas. Buntline acreditou em sua palavra e saiu do salão. Ainda procurando obter informações sobre o assunto, Buntline começou a encontrar os amigos de Hickok. Provavelmente foi assim que ele conheceu Buffalo Bill.

Buntline pegou um trem em 1869 da Califórnia para Nebraska, onde deu palestras sobre as virtudes da temperança. Lá, ele conheceu William Cody, que estava com um grupo de homens que havia participado recentemente de uma batalha contra os Sioux e Cheyenne.

Viajando com o gregário Cody, Buntline tornou-se amigo dele e mais tarde afirmou que criou o apelido de "Buffalo Bill" para o herói de seu romance em série "Buffalo Bill, the King of the Border Men", publicado no New York Weekly a partir de 23 de dezembro de 1869.

Originalmente, Buntline iria escalar Cody como um ajudante de "Wild Bill" Hickok, mas ele achou o personagem de Cody mais interessante do que o de Hickok. Buntline apresentou Cody como um "compêndio de clichês"; no entanto, isso não impediu o dramaturgo de Nova York Frank Meader de usar o romance de Buntline como base para uma peça sobre a vida de Cody em 1872. No mesmo ano, Buntline e James Gordon Bennett Jr. convidaram Cody para ir a Nova York, onde Cody viu a peça no Bowery Theatre. Em dezembro daquele ano, Buntline também escreveu uma peça de Buffalo Bill, "Scouts of the Prairie", que foi interpretada pelo próprio Cody, Texas Jack Omohundro, a bailarina italiana Giuseppina Morlacchi e Buntline.

Durante algum tempo, Carlos Montezuma, de 6 anos, também foi apresentado no programa como "Atzeka, o filho apache de Cochise", sendo o único índio americano genuíno no palco, enquanto seu pai adotivo, o fotógrafo italiano Carlo Gentile, era contratado para produzir e vender cartões de visita promocionais dos membros do elenco.

Cody no início era um ator relutante, mas acabou gostando dos holofotes. "Scouts of the Prairie" estreou em Chicago em dezembro de 1872 e estrelou Cody. Foi desabonado pelos críticos, mas mesmo assim foi um sucesso. Foi apresentada em cinemas lotados de todo o país durante anos. Cody serviu como batedor do Exército no verão; quando a campanha parava para o inverno, ele subia ao palco. A peça de Buntline serviu de treinamento para o show posterior do Velho Oeste de Cody.

Últimos trabalhos e morte
Buntline continuou a escrever romances baratos, mas nenhum teve tanto sucesso quanto seu trabalho anterior. Mais tarde, ele embelezou sua carreira militar, alegando ter sido chefe dos "scouts" nas Guerras Indígenas, com a patente de coronel, e ter recebido 20 ferimentos em batalha. Ele também usou esses pseudônimos: Capitão Hal Decker, Scout Jack Ford e Edward Minturn. Ele se estabeleceu em sua casa em Stamford, Nova York, onde morreu de insuficiência cardíaca congestiva em 18 de julho de 1886. Ele já foi um dos autores mais ricos da América, mas sua esposa teve que vender sua amada casa, o "Ninho da Águia", para pagar suas dívidas.

Os romances de Buntline podem ter tido consequências indesejadas. Alguns leitores ávidos ficaram entusiasmados com as façanhas dos bandidos ocidentais e, para eles, os romances glamorizaram o crime. As bandidas Little Britches e Cattle Annie, por exemplo, liam romances baratos, que supostamente despertaram seu interesse na gangue Doolin e podem tê-las levado a uma vida juvenil de crime.

O Buntline Special

Stuart N. Lake, em sua biografia amplamente fictícia Wyatt Earp: Frontier Marshal (1931), escreveu que Earp e quatro outros conhecidos homens da lei ocidental - Bat Masterson, Bill Tilghman, Charlie Bassett e Neal Brown - receberam cada um um revólver Colt Single Action Army como um presente de Buntline, em agradecimento por sua ajuda em contribuir com seus depoimentos em seus textos de faroeste.

Os revólveres teriam sido compartimentados em .45 Colt com canos de 12 polegadas, coronhas de ombro removíveis, miras padrão e cabos de madeira com o nome "Ned" esculpido. Esses revólveres passaram a ser conhecidos coletivamente como "Buntline Special". De acordo com Lake, Earp manteve o seu comprimento original de 30 centímetros, mas os outros quatro que receberam os revólveres reduziram seus canos para 18 centímetros. Pesquisadores modernos não encontraram nenhuma evidência em fontes secundárias ou documentos primários da existência das armas antes da publicação do livro de Lake.

Lake se esforçou muito tentando rastrear essas armas por meio da empresa Colt, da Masterson e dos contatos de Earp no Alasca. Os pesquisadores não encontraram nenhum registro de um pedido recebido por Colt e a suposta conexão de Buntline com Earp foi amplamente desacreditada por William B. Shillinberg, que apresentou um caso detalhado para refutar a lenda do "Buntline Special".

Massad Ayoob, em "Greatest Handguns of the World", afirmou que "os historiadores debatem se Wyatt Earp possuía um 'Buntline Special' (o autor está inclinado a acreditar que sim), mas a Colt fabricou muitos na segunda metade do século 20".

Retratos de Buntline na cultura popular

O corpulento ator cômico Dick Elliott interpretou "Major Ned Buntline" no filme de 1935 Annie Oakley com Barbara Stanwyck no papel-título. O ator vencedor do Oscar, Thomas Mitchell, interpretou Ned Buntline no filme de 1944 Buffalo Bill.

De 1955 a 1958, Lloyd Corrigan interpretou Buntline em seis episódios da série de faroeste da ABC The Life and Legend of Wyatt Earp, estrelado por Hugh O'Brian.

C. Lindsay Workman desempenhou o papel de Buntline na série de televisão de Western da ABC/Warner Bros. chamada Colt .45, no episódio de 1959 intitulado "A Legend of Buffalo Bill", com Britt Lomond como Cody. Neste episódio, o personagem da série Christopher Colt, interpretado por Wayde Preston, enquanto investiga uma série de invasões na ferrovia, conhece Cody, que se oferece para vender pistolas Colt .45. O episódio implica falsamente que Colt deu a Cody seu apelido de Buffalo Bill.

Burt Lancaster interpretou Buntline (referido como "o Legend Maker") no filme de Robert Altman de 1976, "Buffalo Bill and the Indians".

No filme Unforgiven, de Clint Eastwood, o personagem W.W.Beauchamp é inspirado em Buntline.

Buntline é um personagem do romance Buffalo Girls de Larry McMurtry.

Bibliografia

Leitura adicional

Ligações externas

 Wyatt Earp and the Buntline Special Myth
 The "Biography" That Made Colt Buntline Revolvers Famous

Nascidos em 1821
Mortos em 1886
Escritores do século XIX
Escritores dos Estados Unidos
Romancistas dos Estados Unidos
Jornalistas dos Estados Unidos
Pessoas do Velho Oeste dos Estados Unidos
Republicanos de Nova Iorque

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
Home Intelligence Deep Dive Victoria probe told Crown official lied about China arrests
Victoria probe told Crown official lied about China arrests
A Royal Commission investigating Crown Resorts in the Australian state of Victoria was told by a compliance officer from the regulatory authority that the company lied to him about the arrests of its employees in China in 2016.
Timothy Bryant, a compliance officer at the Victorian Commission for Gambling and Liquor Regulation, said he was "frustrated" in his efforts to get to the bottom of the incident.
He has accused Crown Resorts employees of giving "misleading", "false" or "not completely fulsome" information during his investigation into Crown, saying that staff had lied to him in the interview about what they were and weren't aware of in relation to the gambling promotional efforts that were being conducted in China.
Mr. Bryant said that Crown employees underplayed the warnings they received about China's crackdown on the casino industry, and misled the regulator saying the Chinese government's crackdown was about corruption, rather than foreign casino promotion.
Crown had also assured the regulator it was operating in a "low key" manner in China at the time, and that staff was told not to distribute gambling material, however, it was later revealed through evidence that this was not the case.
Bryant also said his investigators were not provided with "full and frank" information needed for the investigation – as the supply of documents were fragmented and some had redactions.
Monday was the first day of the Royal Commission inquiry. The company is also facing a probe in Western Australia and is working towards regaining its license in Sydney after a probe there found it was "unsuitable."
Crown lied to watchdog investigation on China arrests (Sydney Morning Herald)
Regulation & Legal
Your Daily Asia Gaming eBrief: Surprise! Full steam ahead
Your Daily Asia Gaming eBrief: The sting in the tail
Your Daily Asia Gaming eBrief: Everyone is an expert, no one is Satoshi
Your Daily Asia Gaming eBrief: All in well in Macau


text:
Pricing & FAQ
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How to create a Facebook Page for your blog (plus PRO tips)
September 5, 2019 By Ivana Cirkovic 3 comments
Wondering how to create a Facebook Page for your blog knowing that you really do need one? Follow our in-depth guide and learn how to create and manage an attractive and successful Facebook Page!
Although it has been around since 2004 and much is known about it, there are still a significant number of people who don't use Facebook properly. Whether you are a hairdresser, a furniture factory, a company, a government institution, or any other business or organization, you need to have a Facebook Page, not Profile. Facebook Profile is meant for people and non-commercial use, while Facebook Page is for businesses.
What is a Facebook Page?
That being said, a Facebook Page is a public profile for brands, companies, celebrities, organizations, all types of businesses. So, if you want to promote your business, run ads, sweepstakes, contests on Facebook, interact with your target audience – Facebook Page is a way to do all that and more.
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Now, many brands, despite clear and unambiguous rules, have reached out and opened profiles – either out of ignorance or to try and cheat. Often some brands make fake sexy profiles that quickly collect up to 5000 friends and then convert that profile into a Page. Facebook was more or less tolerant about this kind of things; however, not anymore:
If you have a Profile instead of a Page, don't be surprised if you see this message when trying to log in to Facebook. The rules are clear: legal entities must create a Page, private ones a Profile.
The difference between Facebook Profile and a Facebook Page
One of the main differences between A Facebook Profile and a Page is that a profile is for actual people while Page is associated with a business. You can't and shouldn't open a Facebook Profile for your brand, company, cause, etc. Why? Having a Facebook Profile as a business means you are, you are automatically violating the rules of use of this social network, which can lead to the removal of your profile.
You have the option to create a Page and convert a profile to it, or – if you have both a Page and a Profile – to merge everything into one, with your Profile friends becoming fans, but you lose all the interaction and content you post, which is why it's essential that – before merging – download and save everything to your computer.
The benefits of Facebook pages, in addition to not breaking the rules, are numerous:
you can create a fan base without restrictions in one place (within the profile there is a limit of up to 5000 friends);
get insight into detailed statistics – tracking and measuring performance (Facebook Insights);
and there is also the option of advertising – both the site itself, the video, the link to the site, and the promotion of a particular publication.
Five steps to creating a Facebook Page for your blog
Now that we got basics covered let's see how you can create a Facebook Page for your blog.
Note: Anyone can create a Page, but only official representatives can create a Page for an organization, business, brand, or public figure.
The steps for doing it are quite easy and go like this:
1. Log in to your Facebook Profile
2. Click on Create option in the upper right corner of your feed and choose Page
3. Choose the type of Page you want to create
4. Name your Page and add a category to describe your Page (type a word or two that best describe your Page, then choose a suggested Category)
5. Click on Get started and follow the on-screen instructions that include adding a profile picture and a cover photo.
And that's it! All you need to create a Facebook Page for your blog successfully. But wait, that couldn't be all, could it? And now what?
See also: Writing the perfect meta description in WordPress
Filling your Facebook Page
First thing first – you need to fill your Facebook page with basics like adding a Profile and a Cover Photo (step 5) and creating a Page Username.
It might seem like an easy task, but let's think about it for a second. Both Profile and a Cover photo need to be compelling, to grab attention, and aligned with your brand and its colors. If you're yet to defines them, then this blog post about brand color palette tools to make your perfect blog colors is a great place to start from.
If you feel confused about this, just look at these well-known examples:
Or these bloggers:
Create and go
All of them use defined brand colors and/or some form of CTA in their cover photo area. And it's something you should consider doing as well.
Afterward, it's time for the About section. It's the very place people go to find more about your Page and blog. And it's where you include all the business details about your blog, starting from:
Phone number (if you want)
About description, a brief summary of your Page
Then, always include a story about you and your blog. You'll need to write an attention-grabbing description of yourself and your blog, including a link to it, of course. And, just like when writing a blog post, you want to include the most important information first. That would be the description of your blog and what it has to offer, a little bit about yourself and what type of value fans and followers can get out of Page and blog as well.
Many bloggers skip this step, but the truth is, having it all filled with relevant content and information makes your Facebook Page more professional and good looking! It's all in the little details, right?
Pro tips to improve your blog's Facebook Page
Don't put and publish just any image; make sure they have the right dimension and type (PNG preferred). So, here is the most current recommendation:
Profile photo: 180×180 pixels (and higher)
Cover photo: 820×312 pixels (the maximum resolution 1958x745px)
Facebook Page photo post (the upper limit is 2048px):
492×492 pixels (square)
492×738 (portrait)
492×276 (landscape)
Luckily, nowadays we have so many photo editing apps to helps us create exact photos Facebook asks, so it's no trouble at all.
Claim your Facebook vanity URL
Crucial tip. Once you hit 25 Likes, make sure to claim your vanity URL. That means you can change a generic Page URL from this:
facebook.com/pg/32988438758776
facebook.com/YourBlogName
Much more user-friendly, memorable, not to mention easier to promote 😊
Include social signals on your blog
Make sure to put Like button on your blog, which will make people easier to interact and connect with your content, improve followers ratio and, overall; it's a great CTA! And if your blog is on WordPress, there are plenty of Social Media plugins to choose from, to help you integrate Facebook with your blog.
See also: WordPress table plugin – our top 4 suggestions
Get familiar with Insights
It's the very place where you learn about your audience, their habits, activity, which further help you in creating the most relevant content. Also, it will help you determine when's the best time to post on Facebook.
Type of content to post
Think of your Page as a shop window of your blog, which means you'll post only the best possible content out there. Your best blog posts, short videos, visuals, and images that further enhance your message. Not in a spam way, but at a dose that suits your followers. And, try not to overpromote yourself, you know, go overboard with me-me-me posts. For example: if you are a photography blogger, include various tips and trick of the trade, shoot a short explainer video, share relevant curated content.
Automate and save time
One of the great things about Facebook Page is that you can pretty much automate all of your postings! Schedule, backdate or save draft – it's all doable right from within the Create Post feature:
So, if you think you can't find the time to manage your Facebook Page, think again! You can easily have a month (two, three…) of content scheduled in advance and come to Page only to interact with fans when they post a comment or to check on the Page's Insights for future content strategy and such.
The power of friends
Don't hesitate to ask your friends for help, as in to like your new Page. What better way to kickstart its life and get at least that first 25 likes needed to change the name, than from your friends and family? Not to mention, it's always better to have some likes than none when promoting it on your blog and other channels.
Having a Facebook Page for your blog is a great promotional tool that brings results. If you follow these steps and create it in a way that brings more value and benefit to your readers, followers, target audience. Knowing that 1.59 billion people on average log onto Facebook daily, it really is a must-use marketing tool for your blog.
Tags: blogging tips, Facebook Page
Read more in: Tips & tricks
How to embed Facebook video in WordPress
5 questions to ask about WordPress security
How to easily change or reset a WordPress password?
How to make WordPress landing pages like a boss
Ivana Cirkovic
Ivana is a Digital Marketing, PR and Social Media consultant with over nine years experience in the field. She is also a WordPress enthusiast and an active member of WordPress community who lives online almost 24/7. In love with Twitter, WP, photography and NYC.
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text:
Hunsader Farms Pumpkin Festival
Hunsader Farms 28th Annual Pumpkin Festival
Hunsader Farms got its start in 1967 when three Hunsader brothers left their Wisconsin dairy farm to try their hands at growing vegetables in the sunny south. The brothers cleared the land by hand and planted their first crop of 80 acres of tomatoes in the fall of 1967. The operation prospered and grew and in 1990 was handed down to their sons who gave it the name Hunsader Farms.
Through the years it has added many events and activities in an effort to share with the community a little piece of its farming heritage. In 1990 it built the barn style Farm Market, then added the petting zoo in 1991. In 1992 it kicked off its first Pumpkin Festival, while the summer of 1995 was spent building a playground and picnic area for families. The year 1997 brought the construction of its modern-day outhouse. In 2002 it built its craft and antique store, The Farmer's Wife, and in 2005 turned it into an ice cream and gift shop. In 2013 it opened its antiques barn. The old town was added in 2014.
Hunsader Farms hopes you come visit and catch a glimpse of days past when life was a little slower, a little sweeterand a lot simpler.
The 28th annual Pumpkin Festival is each Saturday and Sunday from Oct. 12 through Oct. 27.
Each day of the Pumpkin Festival consists of craft show, live music, 14 live shows, pumpkins, charity pumpkin games, Pioneer Trades Village, hayrides, pony rides, chainsaw sculptor, corn maze, scarecrow displays, homemade ice cream, farm roasted sweet corn, rock climbing wall, power jump, petting zoo, barnyard playground, face painting, children's train ride, big train ride, fresh produce, butterfly experience, frog jumping championship, zip line, food and much more. Admission is $10, children 10 and under are free and parking is $5. Hunsader Farms is at 5500 C.R. 675, Bradenton. For more information, visit www.hunsaderfarms.com/pumpkin-festival
© , ↑ The Observer News (South Shore, Riverview, Sun City Center and North Manatee)


Searching for Leadership Management Agenda Templates?
Then you have come to the right place! The purpose of a leadership meeting is to make decisions and to assure organization alignment and execution. Senior leaders should set precise objectives for each meeting, outlining what they want to focus on and what they intend to achieve. This will allow you to create an agenda that focuses on the most pertinent topics.
Although it is important to have a general guide to follow, it may be best to develop a leadership meeting agenda template. This will assist you in streamlining the leadership meeting process.
Here is a sample leadership meeting agenda template that was made with a meeting management software application called MeetingBooster.
Start Making Leadership Agendas with MeetingBooster Today!
Want to make your own leadership meeting agenda template?


College Fit: Finding the Right Academic, Social, and Financial Fit" is a community presentation to guide students and their families to make informed decisions about finding the right fit for college. This free presentation is suitable for high school students and their families. Younger students and their families are also welcome to attend.
The Hawaii Association for College Admission Counseling is a non-profit organization of professionals working in the realm of college admissions, both on the secondary and post-secondary levels. HACAC members are dedicated to helping students transition to post-secondary opportunities through education, collaboration, and community building.


The Heir ET Smart Mattress offers 11 inches of memory foam comfort at an affordable price. It features heat-dissipating, gel-infused, high-density memory foam quilted into a Euro top cover for a cooler night of sleep. Three inches of soft and highly adaptable memory foam provides support and comfort as well as reducing the motion transfer between partners. The core includes 7 inches of high-resiliency base foam for an even distribution of pressure across the mattress, creating an extremely elastic optimal support for your body.
The elasticity of high-resiliency foam prolongs the comfort and life of your mattress. The higher the resiliency, the longer you can expect the mattress to retain its showroom level of comfort.
How many times have you wished you could throw your mattress in the washing machine? Well, now you can! The plush cover of the Heir ET Smart Mattress can be removed for easy cleaning. You can keep your mattress looking new by zipping off the top layer and throwing it your own washer and dryer.
It also has Low Volatile Organic Compound (VOC) emissions for indoor air quality (less than 0.5 parts per million). While you may associate environmentally-friendly with a steeper price, the Heir ET is an affordable memory foam mattress. That way, you can afford you the sleep you deserve!


Spiteri, Narasky & Daley, LLP has over 25 years of experience in the affordable housing industry.
Initially formed as a general accounting practice, the firm started concentrating on HUD audits and cost certifications. The Tax Reform Act of 1986 created the low-income housing tax credit program, and the firm subsequently included audits, cost certifications, and carryover allocations of LIHTC properties as services provided to our clients.
As the firm grew, experienced associates were added to our staff. Our associates are highly trained and the firm is committed to obtaining timely and relevant education courses for all of our associates. We believe that this better enables us to provide high quality, affordable services to our clients.
We serve clients in many states, including Hawaii, and currently service over 200 clients, many of whom have engaged us to prepare their housing audits and related tax returns for many years.


text:
Manuel Gonçalves Cerejeira, portugalski rimskokatoliški duhovnik, škof in kardinal, * 29. november 1888, Lousado, † 2. avgust 1977.

Življenjepis
1. aprila 1911 je prejel duhovniško posvečenje.

23. marca 1928 je bil imenovan za pomožnega škofa (s osebnim nazivom nadškofa) v Lizboni in za naslovnega nadškofa Mitilen; škofovsko posvečenje je prejel 17. junija istega leta.

18. novembra 1929 je postal patriarh Lizbone; 16. decembra istega leta je bil povzdignjen v kardinala in imenovan za kardinal-duhovnika Ss. Marcellino e Pietro.

Leta 1966 je bil imenovan za vojaškega apostolskega vikarja Portugalske.

10. maja 1971 se je upokojil iz patriarhalnega položaja in naslednje mesto še kot vojaški vikar.

Glej tudi
 seznam portugalskih rimskokatoliških nadškofov
 seznam portugalskih kardinalov

Sklici

Zunanje povezave
- v angleščini:
 Catholic-hierarchy.org

Portugalski rimskokatoliški duhovniki
Portugalski rimskokatoliški nadškofje
Portugalski kardinali
Pomožni rimskokatoliški škofje Lizbone
Patriarhi Lizbone
Vojaški apostolski vikarji Portugalske
Portugalski vojaški kaplani
Kardinali, ki jih je imenoval papež Pij XI.