text:
Salt, Arterial Pressure, and Cardiovascular and Renal Damage
Dinko Susic, Hassan Fares and Edward D. Frohlich
Ochsner Journal December 2009, 9 (4) 197-203;
Dinko Susic
Hypertension Laboratory, Basic Science Research, Ochsner Clinic Foundation, New Orleans, LA
For correspondence: dsusic@ochsner.org
Hassan Fares
Edward D. Frohlich
This brief review deals with some novel developments regarding the possible role of salt in the pathogenesis of cardiovascular and renal disorders. Studies in both humans and experimental animals are discussed. Increased salt intake is usually associated with an increase in arterial pressure although some controversies still exist. Salt sensitivity of arterial pressure (defined as an increase in arterial pressure on dietary salt overload) was demonstrated in many animal species as well as in humans. However, findings in rats, the most often used animal model, also demonstrated that this salt sensitivity was not uniform; some strains are salt sensitive, while other strains are salt resistant. Salt sensitivity of arterial pressure in humans is also not uniform; less than one-third of normotensive individuals and less than one-half of hypertensive individuals are salt sensitive. Of great importance are findings that excessive salt intake may damage target organs (cardiovascular system and kidneys) irrespective of arterial pressure. Together with an ever-growing consensus that sodium intake in acculturated societies is high, these findings also emphasize the need for reduction in salt intake. Therefore, the adverse cardiovascular and renal effects of salt continue to be a subject of intense study. Current data indicate that a reduction in salt intake should ameliorate, if not prevent, cardiovascular and renal morbidity and mortality, particularly among individuals with hypertension.
Cardiovascular injury
The association of salt, hypertension, and cardiovascular and renal disease has been known for a long time, but there are still many unanswered questions and controversies regarding the role of salt in the pathogenesis of hypertension and cardiovascular and renal injury.1,2 For instance, extreme dietary salt restriction was once considered a valid therapeutic approach in the treatment of hypertension,3 yet more recent findings demonstrate that dietary salt reduction has small, inconsistent, and controversial effects on arterial pressure and that there is little relationship between the magnitude of reduction in sodium intake and the blood pressure effect.4 Furthermore, the results of the Intersalt study,5 a large-population study involving more than 50 centers around the world, demonstrated that sodium intake (or urinary sodium output) correlates with the rise in arterial pressure with age but not with the prevalence of hypertension. In the same study, a better correlation of arterial pressure with obesity and alcohol consumption than with dietary sodium was also found. A recent meta-analysis6 that evaluated 11 long-term randomized trials demonstrated only a meager, albeit significant, effect of reduced dietary salt on arterial pressure (a decrease in systolic pressure of 1.1 mm Hg was obtained with 25% salt reduction). Whereas arterial pressure in a population as a whole is only modestly affected by alterations in salt intake, some individuals experience large changes in arterial pressure and are characterized as salt sensitive. Perhaps the best experimental model of salt sensitivity is represented by the salt-sensitive and salt-resistant rats in a study by Dahl et al.7 When exposed to dietary salt overload, salt-sensitive rats experience large and rapid increase in arterial pressure, whereas salt-resistant rats remain normotensive under the same circumstances. Thus, the arterial pressure response to variations in dietary sodium load is not uniform and depends on numerous factors, including genetic, hormonal, humoral, neuronal, and other variables.
Some experimental and clinical studies8–10 indicate that salt excess may induce cardiovascular and renal injury in a manner independent of arterial pressure. The results of early and recent studies,8–11 both experimental and clinical, demonstrate a good correlation between salt intake and cardiovascular and renal injury as assessed by left ventricular (LV) hypertrophy, microalbuminuria, arterial compliance, and other findings. Therefore, the available evidence demonstrates that salt may have a significant role in the pathogenesis of hypertensive disease and its target organ damage, but the exact long-term effect of salt on cardiovascular and renal morbidity and mortality still remains to be defined. The debate about the role of salt in the pathogenesis of cardiovascular and renal disease extends from scientific to political grounds. An editorial12 in Kidney International suggests that the Salt Institute, a powerful group of salt manufacturers supported (among others) by the prepared food industry, managed to introduce a piece of legislation into the national budget that will help them to avoid regulatory rulings. This in turn provoked more pro and con discussion.13–15 The objectives of this brief review are to avoid controversies and to discuss some recent research developments, with emphasis on experimental studies from our laboratory.
DIETARY SALT INTAKE AND ARTERIAL PRESSURE
The effect of salt on arterial pressure has been studied in a number of animal species, including chimpanzees.16 However, most studies were conducted in rats. The results of early studies17,18 demonstrated that normotensive rats are not salt sensitive (ie, arterial pressure remained unchanged in rats exposed to short-term or long-term salt excess). These studies also demonstrated that renal mass is critical in determining salt sensitivity; arterial pressure increased in response to salt overload in normotensive rats in which partial nephrectomy had been performed. Later findings established the existence of rat strains with different salt sensitivity and indicated the role of genetic factors in determining arterial pressure response to salt loading.7 Still more recent studies8,9,19–23 from our laboratory and others' confirmed previous results on the salt resistance of normotensive rats and extended the observations on the role of salt excess in the pathogenesis of hypertension and cardiovascular and renal structural and functional injury. Our studies8,9,20 demonstrated salt sensitivity of arterial pressure in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRs) and indicated that advancing age is also a factor that influences salt sensitivity. Young rats (8 weeks old), either normotensive Wistar-Kyoto rats (WKYs) or SHRs, also had increased arterial pressure in response to salt load.20 In contrast, young adult rats (17 weeks old) are far less sensitive; WKYs remain normotensive in response to salt load, and arterial pressure rises only slightly in SHRs.20 Of great significance is the finding that regardless of arterial pressure response both normotensive and hypertensive rats developed structural and functional cardiovascular and renal damage.8,9,19–23
Physiologically, the relationship between salt intake and arterial pressure is defined by the ability of kidneys to excrete sodium.24 Normally, variable daily sodium intake is excreted by the kidney with minimal changes in arterial pressure. The relationship between arterial pressure and urinary sodium output is best described by renal function curves that may be obtained by plotting arterial pressure (x-axis) against urinary sodium excretion (y-axis).24 Investigations in various mammals, including humans, demonstrated that arterial pressure changes little over a wide range of salt intake (and consequently sodium excretion).25 Therefore, salt-induced hypertension can develop only when the ability of the kidney to excrete sodium is impaired, resulting in the shift of the renal function curve to higher arterial pressure values.25
Numerous factors may influence salt sensitivity of arterial pressure, and all of them may affect the ability of the kidneys to excrete sodium. There are 3 major groups of factors. First are alterations in the activity of various humoral systems such as the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system, kallikrein-kinin system, prostaglandins, atrial natriuretic peptides, catecholamines, and others.11,26,27 The latest addition to this group is renalase, an amine oxidase that metabolizes circulating catecholamines and may regulate sympathetic tone.28 It is secreted by the kidneys, and its deficiency may increase the plasma catecholamine concentration, with consequent increase in arterial pressure.28 Second is the sympathetic nervous system, particularly changes in the sympathetic nerve activity to the kidneys and changes in baroreceptor activity.27 Third are genetic factors7,27 and obviously alterations in renal structure and function.
There is an overwhelming number of epidemiologic, observational, interventional, prospective, and other studies in human subjects on the relationship between salt intake and arterial pressure. For this review, we selected only a few that represent various types of studies and simultaneously give an insight into the complexity of the problem.
Intersalt Study. The Intersalt study5 was a multicenter observational study involving more than 10,000 men and women, aged 20 to 59 years from 52 centers in 39 countries, that used state-of-the-art techniques to measure arterial pressure and urinary sodium excretion. The results obtained from 48 centers around the world demonstrated no significant correlation between salt intake and arterial pressure.5 The remaining 4 centers included tribal populations in remote areas of Brazil, Kenya, and Papua, New Guinea. Salt and alcohol intake in subjects from these centers was extremely low, the subjects were lean, and they had low arterial pressure. The prevalence of hypertension among these 4 centers ranged from 0% to 3%. When the results from these centers were analyzed together with those from the other 48 centers, a weak but significant correlation between salt intake and arterial pressure was found.5 Thus, the results of this comprehensive and large observational study did not resolve the existing controversy. A reanalysis of the entire data from the Intersalt study was performed several years after the original study. The results demonstrated a positive association of urinary sodium with systolic pressure of individuals within the total population.29 However, this reanalysis was criticized for its statistical methods and for the use of unsubstantiated claims.30,31
A few more findings of the Intersalt study deserve comment. Individuals from the 4 centers who had extremely low salt intake also had low arterial pressure, practically no hypertension, and no increase in systolic pressure by age 55 years, suggesting that aortic stiffness is not increased with aging.5 A possible interpretation of these findings is that salt has a "permissive" role in the development of essential hypertension and progressive stiffening of the large arteries. Similarly, salt is necessary for the development of mineralocorticoid-induced hypertension and myocardial fibrosis.32
Vanguard Study. The Vanguard Study33 was designed to evaluate factors affecting the blood pressure response to nonpharmacologic maneuvers in otherwise untreated hypertensive and normotensive individuals with or without hyperlipidemia. The results demonstrated that urinary sodium excretion was not correlated with basal arterial pressure or diet-induced changes in arterial pressure.32,33 However, arterial pressure was inversely related to urinary potassium excretion and directly related to urinary calcium and magnesium excretion.33,34 Although the Vanguard Study did not confirm the role of dietary sodium in arterial pressure regulation, the results suggested the importance of other minerals in the pathogenesis of hypertension. An earlier study35 also indicated the role of various ions in the pathogenesis of essential hypertension.
Trials of Hypertension Prevention (TOHP). The Trials of Hypertension Prevention (TOHP) were designed to identify effective nonpharmacologic means of preventing or significantly delaying the onset of hypertension in subjects with prehypertension. In the first phase of the TOHP (at 18 months), adults with high-normal diastolic blood pressure were randomly assigned to 1 of 7 nonpharmacologic interventions; only weight loss and reduction of dietary sodium (sodium excretion decreased by 44 mmol/d) proved to be effective strategies for reducing blood pressure.36 In TOPH phase II (at 36 months), reductions in sodium excretion and arterial pressure were maintained, together with an 18% reduction in the incidence of hypertension.37
Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH) Trials. Originally, the Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH) trial38 was designed to compare the effects of a standard diet low in fruit and vegetables and with fat content that is typical of the average diet, a diet rich in fruit and vegetables, and a "combined" diet rich in fruit and vegetables and with reduced saturated and total fat. The results demonstrated that the combined diet substantially lowered arterial pressure (11.4 and 5.5 mm Hg for systolic and diastolic pressures, respectively) in subjects with hypertension.38 A subsequent study39 examined the effect of different dietary sodium levels in conjunction with the DASH diet. The results demonstrated that a reduction of sodium intake below 100 mmol/d and the DASH diet both lower arterial pressure, with greatest effect in combination.39 A further study40 analyzed the effect of changes in sodium intake on arterial pressure in a wide variety of subgroups; subgroups defined by combinations of age, race/ethnicity, and sex were analyzed. The findings demonstrated that within each subgroup lower sodium intake resulted in lower arterial pressure.
Analysis of Data on the Relationship Between Sodium Intake and Arterial Pressure
Evidence in experimental animals demonstrated salt sensitivity of arterial pressure (defined as an increase in arterial pressure on dietary salt overload) in many animal species, including primates.16 However, findings in rats, the most often used model, also demonstrated that this salt sensitivity was not uniform; some strains are salt sensitive, while other strains are salt resistant.7 In contrast, the arterial pressure response to salt loading within a certain strain of rats is fairly uniform, probably reflecting genetic similarities because most strains are highly inbred.
On the other hand, the results of the studies on the relationship between arterial pressure and sodium intake in humans are not so clear-cut as the findings in animals. As already discussed, no correlation between salt consumption and arterial pressure was found in some studies.32,33 Furthermore, even in the studies6,34,36–40 in which a correlation was found, it was weak, and arterial pressure change was modest compared with change in sodium intake (a meta-analysis6 of 11 trials found a mean reduction in arterial pressure of 1.1 mm Hg for a 25% reduction in salt intake). There are a number of reasons for this inconsistency. Salt sensitivity of arterial pressure in humans is not uniform; less than one-third of normotensive individuals and less than one-half of hypertensive individuals are salt sensitive.9,41–43 Therefore, in any given study and for any given change in salt intake, the results obtained in salt-resistant individuals will attenuate the magnitude of arterial pressure response obtained in salt-sensitive persons. There are also age differences in response to salt; older individuals are more salt sensitive than younger individuals,43 and inclusion of younger people will also include more salt-resistant ones. Intake of other ions such as potassium, calcium, and magnesium may affect arterial pressure or salt sensitivity, and the ratio of salt to other ions should be used instead of salt intake alone for evaluation.34 In general, the investigations of sodium intake and arterial pressure are also complicated by the use of different methods for estimating salt intake, by simultaneous hypertension treatment, by effects of sodium that are independent of arterial pressure, and by the duration of interventions.44 Despite these inconsistencies, there is an ever-growing consensus that sodium intake in acculturated societies is high and should be reduced (gradually, in collaboration with the food industry) from the present mean of 150 mmol/d (3.5 g of sodium or 8.7 g of sodium chloride) to below 100 mmol/d.2,11,26,45,46 This recommendation is further strengthened by the findings that excessive salt intake may damage target organs irrespective of arterial pressure (discussed herein).
DIETARY SALT INTAKE AND CARDIOVASCULAR AND RENAL INJURY
In addition to increased arterial pressure, excessive salt intake is linked to cardiovascular and renal injury.2,9,11,26,44 Increased arterial pressure causes target organ injury; consequently, salt-induced cardiovascular and renal injury may be related to concomitant increase in arterial pressure. However, there is a plethora of evidence from animal and clinical studies demonstrating that in addition to this arterial pressure–mediated effect there are direct adverse effects on cardiovascular and renal function and structure. Herein, a brief summary of studies indicates the deleterious effects of excessive salt intake on the cardiovascular system and kidneys.
As already mentioned, a number of rat strains do not develop increased arterial pressure in response to dietary salt excess; nevertheless, they developed adverse cardiovascular and renal effects.8,9,19–23 Thus, arterial pressure did not increase in normotensive Wistar rats or normotensive WKYs exposed to salt overload, but they developed an increase in LV mass, LV remodeling, and cardiac and renal fibrosis.8,9,19–23 Furthermore, our early studies8,19 demonstrated that dietary salt excess increases LV mass in normotensive and hypertensive rats and alters cardiac β-adrenergic responsiveness in SHRs. More recently, we studied salt-induced cardiovascular and renal injury in greater detail.20,47–50
We first examined cardiac responses to salt loading, including myocardial collagen content, in young adult and old adult SHRs.47 To this end, SHRs (ages 8 and 20 weeks) were given regular rat chow (0.6% salt) or an increased (8%) salt diet. Echocardiographic examination and determinations of arterial pressure and LV hydroxyproline concentration (as an index of ventricular collagen content) were performed at 16 and 52 weeks in the young adult and old adult SHRs, respectively. Salt excess increased arterial pressure, LV mass, and myocardial collagen. In addition, diastolic function demonstrated impaired LV relaxation as manifest by prolonged isovolumic relaxation time, decreased early and atrial filling velocity ratio, and slower propagation of E wave in all SHRs.47 Furthermore, 25% of the young adult salt-loaded SHRs developed heart failure with systolic and diastolic dysfunction, with still greater LV mass and ventricular fibrosis. These findings demonstrated that sodium sensitivity in SHRs was manifest by increased arterial pressure and by significant LV functional impairment that was most likely related to enhanced myocardial fibrosis. Moreover, the young adult SHRs were more sensitive to salt-induced cardiac damage than the old adult ones.47
Next, we examined the effects of salt excess on the function of both ventricles (right ventricular [RV] and LV) and on coronary hemodynamics.20 In young adult normotensive WKYs and SHRs (age 16 weeks at the end of the study), we determined the effects of salt excess (8% in food for 8 weeks) on arterial pressure, RV and LV function (maximal rates of ventricular pressure rise and fall, as well as diastolic time constant), coronary hemodynamics (microspheres), and ventricular collagen content (hydroxyproline assay and collagen volume fraction).20 The salt excess only modestly elevated arterial pressure in both strains, but it markedly increased LV mass, especially in the SHRs.20 Furthermore, the salt overload impaired RV and LV diastolic function in the SHRs but only LV diastolic function in the normotensive WKYs. Furthermore, the collagen content was increased interstitially and perivascularly, and the coronary flow reserve was diminished, as demonstrated by an impaired vasodilatory response to dipyridamole infusion. The latter adverse diminished coronary hemodynamic response was observed in both ventricles of the SHRs but not in the normotensive WKYs.20 These severe effects of salt loading on both ventricles in the SHRs, but not the normotensive WKYs, strongly suggested that nonhemodynamic mechanisms participated pathophysiologically in mediation of salt-induced cardiovascular injury.20
Finally, we examined whether the renin-angiotensin system may be mediating the adverse cardiovascular effects of salt overload.48 To this end, 8-week-old SHRs were given an 8% salt diet, whereas control rats received standard chow. One-half of the rats on either the high-salt or regular diet were given the angiotensin II receptor blocker (ARB) candesartan cilexetil (10 mg/kg/d by gavage). The ARB failed to prevent the salt-induced rise in arterial pressure, but it attenuated LV remodeling (mass and wall thickness), myocardial fibrosis, and the development of diastolic dysfunction. Moreover, the ARB also prevented the salt-induced deterioration of coronary and renal hemodynamics but not large-arterial stiffening (as determined by pulse wave velocity).48 These data clearly demonstrated that angiotensin II, at least in part, participated in the arterial pressure-independent effects of dietary salt overload on cardiovascular damage in hypertension.48
We also examined the role of salt overload on renal function.49 The effects of salt loading were evaluated on renal function, systemic and renal hemodynamics, and glomerular dynamics (as determined by renal micropuncture). Beginning at age 8 weeks, the SHRs were given a regular diet, or their chow contained 4%, 6%, or 8% salt for the ensuing 8 weeks.49 Proteinuria and albuminuria were quantified weekly in all rats. The mean arterial pressure increased only minimally, and the glomerular filtration rate increased in all salt-loaded rats.49 Proteinuria and albuminuria increased significantly in proportion to the magnitude of salt loading from the second week of feeding. Most important, the renal plasma flow decreased, the renal vascular resistance increased, and the serum creatinine concentration increased in the rats receiving 6% and 8% salt diets.49 Moreover, their micropuncture results revealed decreased single-nephron plasma flow and increased afferent and efferent arteriolar resistance.49 These findings further supported the notion of a strong causal relationship between salt excess and renal and cardiovascular injury. Our subsequent results clearly demonstrated that angiotensin II may be involved in the mediation of salt-related renal injury, as 2 structurally different ARBs (losartan potassium and candesartan) prevented salt-induced renal injury, again without affecting arterial pressure.50 Findings from these studies in experimental animals strongly suggest a causal relationship between salt excess and target organ injury that is independent of a sometimes coincidental increase in arterial pressure. Although it is well known that salt loading suppresses the release of renin and the systemic renin-angiotensin system, local renin-angiotensin systems in the heart and kidney seem to be stimulated, which may mediate the adverse effects of salt overload (D. S. et al., unpublished data, April 2009).
Few studies have directly examined urinary sodium excretion and cardiovascular and renal disease end points. The results of the Scottish Heart Health Study51 indicated a correlation between a single determination of elevated sodium excretion at the beginning of the study and coronary heart disease after 7.6 years of follow-up, although statistical significance was shown only in women. A prospective study52 in Finland involving 2435 men and women demonstrated that higher urinary sodium excretion was associated with increased coronary heart disease and all-cause mortality but not with risk of stroke. These results also seem to point to the local effects of salt loading rather than effects on arterial pressure.
The results of a long-term follow-up study53 of the 2 TOHP trials have been recently published. Participants of the TOHP I trial were observed for up to 15 years after the end of the original trial, whereas the TOHP II subjects were observed for up to 10 years. The results demonstrated that those participants with prehypertension who were originally assigned to the reduced salt group demonstrated a 25% reduction in cardiovascular end points.53 There was no difference in this effect when confounding factors such as age, sex, race/ethnicity, and body mass index were taken into account. Urinary sodium excretion was not measured during the follow-up period. However, questionnaire data suggested that subjects from the original reduced salt group continued to consume less salt.53
Finally, the results of another population study54 in Finland strongly argue for the adverse cardiovascular effects of dietary salt excess. Finland instituted a policy of reduction in salt intake, and salt intake was reduced by one-third over the past 30 years. This national program reduced arterial pressure and mortality from stroke and coronary heart disease and increased life expectancy by 5 to 6 years. Because both body mass index and alcohol consumption increased during the same 30 years, this reduction in salt intake was obviously a major contributory factor to the improved morbidity and mortality.54
The results of most studies, either in the experimental laboratory or in human subjects, have demonstrated that increased salt intake is a contributory factor to arterial pressure elevation and to hypertensive disease. However, the relationship between excess salt intake and the magnitude of arterial pressure response is unclear, and much controversy still exists. Furthermore, the results of numerous studies so far demonstrated that excessive salt intake is related to cardiovascular and renal injury. The extent of the relationship between salt intake and arterial pressure strongly suggests that the structural and functional effects of salt overload seem to be direct; the coincidental increase in arterial pressure may be contributive. The adverse cardiovascular and renal effects of salt continue to be a subject of intense study. Current data indicate that a reduction in salt intake should ameliorate, if not prevent, cardiovascular and renal morbidity and mortality, particularly among individuals with hypertension.
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Karppanen H.,
Mervaala E.
(2006) Sodium intake and hypertension. Prog Cardiovasc Dis 49(2):59–75, pmid:17046432.
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text:
Gregory M. Krause
Print Brief PDF
Honors & Leadership
J.D., MBA, Case Western Reserve University
B.A., College of Wooster
Greg Krause has an extensive litigation background and experience defending employers of all sizes in employment-related claims, including representing a major automotive manufacturer in a breach of collective bargaining agreement and the successful representation of a private university in a discrimination case involving alleged discrimination on the basis of sex and national origin. Greg has experience in claims involving the Americans with Disabilities Act and the Family Medical Leave Act, and has represented employers before the Michigan Court of Appeals and the Michigan Supreme Court, the U.S. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission and state anti-discrimination agencies.
Greg's background working with clients from a wide spectrum of industries makes him uniquely valuable defending employers in complex matters.
• Obtained a complete reversal from the Michigan Supreme Court of a Michigan Court of Appeals' decision in a case for a major automotive manufacturer involving the alleged breach of a collective bargaining agreement, federal preemption under the Labor Management Relations Act and the ability of an employer and union to bargain on behalf of retirees with respect to non-vested benefits.
• Won summary disposition in favor of a private university against claims of sex discrimination, national origin discrimination and defamation by a former tenure track professor. Representing the university on appeal, the Michigan Court of Appeals unanimously affirmed the trial court's decision and the Michigan Supreme Court declined the plaintiff's application for leave to appeal.
• Secured summary judgment in favor of national occupational healthcare provider against claims of ADA and FMLA discrimination/retaliation brought by a former physician.
• As principal counsel, obtained summary judgment in favor of a national bank in a case involving federal and state law claims of age discrimination by a former teller.
• Successfully represented defense contractor against claims of race, sex and religious discrimination, resulting in favorable settlements in three related cases.
•Defended an international cosmetics company against a claim of religious discrimination by a former retail employee, resulting in a favorable settlement.
• Successfully represented national clients before the U.S. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission and state anti-discrimination agencies in connection with Charges of Discrimination.
• Defended dairy producer/manufacturer in case brought by the U.S. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission alleging sex discrimination, resulting in a favorable settlement.
• Successfully defended national cereal manufacturer against claims of race discrimination, retaliation and of maintaining a racially hostile work environment, resulting in a favorable settlement.
• Provided advice and counsel to private primary school with respect to termination of its Head of School and the hiring of an interim Head of School.
• Represented national manufacturer of baked goods against claims of national origin and age discrimination.
• Represented environmental services company against claims under the Equal Pay Act and sex discrimination under Title VII.
Top 5% of graduating class
Law Review Articles Editor
Anderson Publishing Book Award - Top graduating student in Professional Responsibility
Labor Attorney Gregory Krause Joins Miller Canfield

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Q: Use sessions in laravel APIs To create a Two-factor SMS verification in larvel 5.5 and via dingo package, I follow this Simplified workflow:
First check isTwoFactorActive is true or false in your login function if its true send SMS and give the response to get SMS code which is received. If its false directly return token.
Route::post('auth/login', function () {

    $credentials = Input::only('email', 'password');

    if ( ! $token = JWTAuth::attempt($credentials) )
    {
        // return the 401 response
        return Response::json(['error' => 'invalid_credentials'], 401);
    }

    if(Auth::user()->isTwoFactorActive) {

    $code = rand(1000,9999);  //generate sms code

    $send_sms = SendSMS($code,Auth::user()->phone);  //write your own code here to send SMS to user mobile

    $data= collect(array('sms_code'=>$code,'token'=>$token));  // save sms_code and token in an array

    Session::push(Auth::user()->id, $data); // save array into session.

    return Response::json(array('login_status'=>'success','user_id'=>Auth::user()->id,'sms_required'=>'yes'));

    } else {

    return Response::json(array('login_status'=>'success','token'=>$token));

    }
});

Now on front end check the response if the token present, then go ahead and show homepage or show enter SMS code screen and capture the SMS code in a form and then post the details to this API again.
Route::post('sms/verification', function () {

    $user_id = Request::input('user_id');
    $code= Request::input('code');

    $data = Session::get($user_id);

    if($data->sms_code == $code) {

    return Response::json(array('status'=>'success','token'=>$data->token));

    } else {

   return Response::json(array('status'=>'failed','msg'=>'Invalid sms code!'));

   }
});

As you can see I used session to store created token to send it after successful two-factor authorization. But seem we can not use session in laravel  and APIs.
what can I do in this case?

A: The Laravel API default setup doesn't include session. But I believe you can add them manually. Here is a link I quickly found.
Laravel 5.3 - How to add Sessions to `API` without CSRF?
But the Laravel documentation for Sessions and Middleware may also be useful.

A: I'm using Laravel 8 and this changes worked very well for me:
Find your App\Http\Kernel.php and make following changes to 'api' guard value of $middlewareGroups:
    protected $middlewareGroups = [
        'web' => [
            \App\Http\Middleware\EncryptCookies::class,
            \Illuminate\Cookie\Middleware\AddQueuedCookiesToResponse::class,
            \Illuminate\Session\Middleware\StartSession::class,
            \Illuminate\Session\Middleware\AuthenticateSession::class,
            \Illuminate\View\Middleware\ShareErrorsFromSession::class,
            \App\Http\Middleware\VerifyCsrfToken::class,
            \Illuminate\Routing\Middleware\SubstituteBindings::class,
        ],

        'api' => [
            \App\Http\Middleware\EncryptCookies::class,
            \Illuminate\Session\Middleware\StartSession::class,
            \Illuminate\Session\Middleware\AuthenticateSession::class,
            'throttle:api',
            \Illuminate\Routing\Middleware\SubstituteBindings::class,
        ],
    ];

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


Bang and Olufsen is known for two things: unique design and high prices. Sometimes, the cost isn't so much of an issue if the design is matched by quality audio or a solid display panel. The company's new BeoPlay A6 is a $1,000 wireless speaker with three modes to change its sound based on where it's placed in a room. With Sonos and others already offering similar products for a fraction of the price, I was unsure if B&O's latest product would live up to steep asking price. Unfortunately, my suspicions were correct.
To complete the high-end look, the front is covered in a wool fabric developed with the help of textile maker Kvadrat. The company is known for its textile designs and is also based in Denmark, allowing B&O was able to maintain its Danish design, as it were. While you see the included gray option here, there are a few more wool covers in different hues, but they cost extra. By covering the entire front of the device in wool fabric with a zig-zag stitched line across the middle, B&O created a sophisticated feel that looks high-end. Of course, there's a silver etched logo on the left side as well, so all of your friends know just who made the device.
The A6 is also pretty large compared to other wireless speakers, measuring 21.1 inches (536 mm) wide and 11.73 inches (298 mm) tall. It's big. It's huge compared to Sonos' Play:5, and it's significantly larger than several others too, including the Sony SRS-X77. While that may not be a dealbreaker, it will probably factor into your decision, as the A6 requires ample space.
Around back is where I started to question B&O's design choices. The speaker's backside is made of rather plain-looking white plastic. Sure, there's a molded handle so you can move the unit with ease and a grid of dots punched in for a bit of design flair along with the speaker grille, but it's still standard-looking plastic. B&O says the grille on the back is designed to not only be "pleasing to the eye," but to accommodate the the sound. There's also a fifth speaker that faces backwards, hence the need for the grille-like holes on that side. Perhaps I'm being picky here, but if B&O felt that the best sound for the A6 required a rear-facing speaker, I would've preferred for that panel to look a little better.
On the top edge of the device, B&O added some nice touch controls that go a long way to redeeming the A6 for me. In addition to power and pairing buttons, there's a touch slider that allows you to swipe a finger or two across the top to adjust volume. You can also tap in the center to mute the speaker (to take a call, for example) or near the power button to skip to the next song. The touch controls are great, but this is hardly the first speaker to offer this feature. Besides, you'll have to leave your chair to use them. In fact, I found myself making adjustments from my phone most of the time.
Speaking of phones, B&O's BeoSetup app is where you'll get the A6 connected to your home WiFi. After a couple tries, I was able to pair the speaker and from there, I had music playing as quickly as quickly as I could open Spotify. To play audio from the streaming service, the B&O A6 employs Spotify Connect like other WiFi-enabled audio gadgets. It also lets you play music with AirPlay and Bluetooth if you prefer. Once I got everything up and running, the system ran just fine; the only times I had to reconnect were when I unplugged the device to move it. Additionally, the A6 has an Ethernet jack, so you can skip the WiFi if you'd like. The BeoSetup app is also where you can make adjustments like setting a maximum sound level, a playback time limit and download updates as they become available. Unfortunately, though, you can't make any adjustments to the EQ here. Bummer.
Rather than selecting the speaker location modes in the companion app, there's a selector switch beside the power jack at the bottom of the backside. It's also under a removable panel, so if you move the A6 from a bookshelf to a corner, you'll have to remember to manually make the mode change. I suppose if you're not going to move the speaker around much, it's not really an inconvenience, but I could see myself forgetting it's there if I needed to make a change. The A6 has modes for situating the speaker in a corner, on the wall or out in open space. Based on the option you select, the unit adjusts how the speakers perform to offer the best sound for where it's placed in the room.
Does it work? I honestly wasn't able to detect a huge difference in sound between the modes. However, I will say that the audio sounds good no matter which of the three locations I chose. The A6 sounds just as good standing by itself, in a corner or up against the wall. And if you ever decide to move it, there's an easy way to get the best sound wherever you put it.
In terms of overall audio quality, I found the A6 to be consistent with the sound I've experienced on other B&O products. There's a nice clarity to everything, so when you're listening to bluegrass, for example, you can easily pick out individual instruments and tones. Unlike some of the company's other gear that I've tested, the A6 manages low-end tones well. I did notice a couple hip-hop and electronic songs that have even more bass on other speakers, but overall, the A6 performed admirably across genres. The clarity of sound on the speaker keeps the vocals at the forefront, but makes sure that the highs, mids and lows are all appropriately represented. I'd prefer the vocals to be a bit less prominent, but again, I'm probably being picky. I'd rather have everything blend nicely rather than have one part stand apart from the rest.
Despite my issues with some of the material choices B&O made here, the company has built another highly capable speaker. Unfortunately, it's priced too high to be considered by most. When you consider that one of these A6 speakers costs the same as two of the new Sonos Play:5s, the appeal quickly fades. Heck, for $1,000, you could likely put a Sonos Play:1 in each room of your house or apartment (that would be five total). The fact of the matter is, there are simply too many attractive options priced between $200 and $500 for me to recommend the A6. Unless, of course, you just have money burning a hole in your pocket or an affinity for Danish luxury goods. Just know that you can get far more than a single speaker for that sum. The A6 sounds good, and it looks great (at least from the front), but the price is way too steep. For the money, I'd expect perfection, and while this speaker is good, it's far from flawless.


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I left the campground near the North Fork Ranger Station a little after 7. The morning started off with the trail winding through green mountains, with a patchy ceiling of clouds. Then, the trail dropped nearly 2,000 feet into the valley between mountains, containing the (tiny) Santa Clara River.
I took a snack break at yet another picnic area with trash cans and toilets just before the road into the town of Acton (which I would not be visiting), the river, and a set of railroad tracks. Just past some railroad tracks, is a small monument commemorating the completion of the Pacific Crest Trail, on June 5, 1993. Beyond there, the trail wound up and around the mountains, eventually paralleling and dropping below California Highway 14, passing under the highway through a drainage tunnel.
By the time I got to the end of the CA 14 underpass tunnel, after about 15 miles of hiking, my feet were massively unhappy, and almost felt like they were on fire. I took a break to air them out and give them a rest. If it wasn't for that, though, I could have kept going. I otherwise wasn't especially hungry or tired.
Starting almost immediately after the tunnel, a series of signs named a number of local plant species. This continued into the Vasquez Rocks Natural Area, which includes rocks that have been uplifted by the San Andreas Fault. The park appeared to have a self-guided tour, but my feet hurt so much I knew I wouldn't be able to enjoy it; I'll have to come back some time to visit the park properly.
Quoi's plan was to camp somewhere in the park; apparently, you can camp, but tenting is not allowed. I was a little dubious of this plan to begin with (seeing no indication in my guide that this was correct), but with my feet practically on fire, I decided that, permitted or not, I needed to continue into Agua Dulce. The town center was only another mile and a half further, and I could get something to eat and get off my feet for a little while, at least, before continuing to Hiker Heaven. Plus, staying in the park would entail having to find Quoi, and there was no telling how long that would take.
From the park, the trail continued alongside the road into town. There was actually a packed dirt trail to follow, and not just walking alongside the road. There was also a separate horse trail part of the way that dipped away from the road.
I got lunch at the Sweetwater Bar & Grill, and got a Teriyaki Burger there. The burger was pretty good, but I was there during a shift change, and they forgot about me after bringing my food.
I ran into Happy Feet as I was leaving the restaurant — she had just finished eating at the Mexican restaurant across the street. We chatted for a short while, and then she hiked on out of town; given her pace, I think it's highly unlikely I'll ever see her again. I made the mile trek down Darling Road (which, in addition to having a hiker-friendly walking path on the side of the road, was nearly completely lined in horse ranches) to Hiker Heaven.
Hiker Heaven, run by the Saufleys out of their home, with help from a few volunteers, is a true hiker oasis. For a few months a year, the Saufleys open their backyard and guest house to hikers. There's plenty of space to pitch a tent (or go cowboy inside two largeish tents), and they have free showers and laundry, as well as a shuttle to and from town every hour and a half. After three long days to get here, it's a perfect respite, and I'll be zeroing here tomorrow to resupply and take care of some gear issues.
After a shower, I caught a shuttle into town for dinner; I again ate at the Sweetwater Bar & Grill. This time sitting at the front bar, the TV was playing directly in front of me. For a while, they had on an Iron Chef show where the contestants seemed to take turns sniping at and providing commentary on the other contestants. It was weird. Then, Jeopardy! came on, and it was one of the most difficult episodes I've ever watched (as a spectator, and for the contestants as well). Also with me at the diner was Justin, who was also getting carry-out food for his hiking partners Karen and Laura. They were slow in getting him their orders, so he wound up missing the shuttle, but was able to get a ride back to Hiker Heaven from a local who was eating there.
The great thing about towns (or places like Hiker Heaven) is that they serve to collect people who have been spread out on the trail, so I got to see some hikers I haven't seen in awhile, including Bob Dog and Bandit (Rowdy). Back at Hiker Heaven, I chatted with my fellow hikers for a few hours, before finally turning in somewhat later in the evening than I had planned.


text:
Q: The difference of two Brownian Processes This is a homework problem. Please tell me if my solution is correct and if not please point out my error.
Problem
$W_{1}(t)$ and $W_{2}(t)$ are two independent Brownian processes with variance parameters $\alpha_{1}$ and $\alpha_{2}$. X(t) is a new random process s.t. $X(t) = W_{1}(t) - W_{2}(t)$ Find $R_{XX}(t_{1},t_{2})$ and the pdf $f_{X}(x,t)$
Solution
For $R_{XX}(t_{1},t_{2})$
This is the difference of 2 normal Random Variables so
$\mu_{X} = \mu_{W_1(t)} - \mu_{W_2(t)}$ and $\sigma_{X}^{2} = \sigma_{W_1(t)}^{2} + \sigma_{W_2(t)}^{2}$
$R_{XX}(t_{1},t_{2}) = E[(W_1(t_{1}) - W_2(t_{1}))(W_1(t_{2}) - W_2(t_{2}))] =$
$E[W_1(t_{1})W_1(t_{2}) - W_2(t_{1})W_2(t_{2}) - W_1(t_{1})W_2(t_{2})+W_2(t_{2})W_2(t_{1})]  =$
because $W_1$ and $W_2$ are independent I can separate the expectations of the products
$R_{W_1}(t_{1},t_{2}) - E[W_2(t_{1})]E[W_1(t_{2})] - E[W_1(t_{1})]E[W_1(t_{2})] + R_{W_2}(t_{1},t_{2}) =  $
$R_{W_1}(t_{1},t_{2}) - 0 \cdot 0 - 0\cdot 0+ R_{W_2}(t_{1},t_{2}) $
because the expectation of a Brownian Process is 0
$= \alpha_{1}min(t_{1}, t_{2}) + \alpha_{2} min(t_{1},t_{2})$
To find the pdf, X(t) is the linear combination of independent normal random variables
$\therefore X(t) \sim n(0, (\alpha_{1}+\alpha_{2})t) $

A: $$R_{XX}(t,s)=E[X_tX_s]-\underbrace{E[X_t]E[X_s]}_{=0}=E[(W_{1,t}-W_{2,t})(W_{1,s}-W_{2,s})]= \\ =E[W_{1,t}W_{1,s}]-\underbrace{E[W_{1,t}W_{2,s}]}_{=0}-\underbrace{E[W_{2,t}W_{1,s}]}_{=0}+E[W_{2,t}W_{2,s}]$$
Assume wlog $s<t$. We have
$$E[W_{j,t}W_{j,s}]=E[((W_{j,t}-W_{j,s})+W_{j,s})W_{j,s}]=\alpha_js \ \ \ \ \ j=1,2$$
$$R_{XX}(t,s)=s(\alpha_1+\alpha_2)$$
therefore $R_{XX}(t_1,t_2)=\min(t_1,t_2)(\alpha_1+\alpha_2)$.
$$P(W_{1,t}-W_{2,t}\leq x)=\int_{\mathbb{R}}P(W_{1,t}\leq W_{2,t}+x|W_{2,t}=y_2)f_{W_{2,t}}(y_2)dy_2= \\ =\int_{\mathbb{R}}\int_{(-\infty,y_2+x]}f_{W_{1,t}}(y_1)f_{W_{2,t}}(y_2)dy_1dy_2= \\ =\int_{\mathbb{R}}\Phi\bigg(\frac{y_2+x}{\sqrt{t\alpha_1}}\bigg)f_{W_{2,t}}(y_2)dy_2$$
$$\partial_xP(W_{1,t}-W_{2,t}\leq x)=\int_{\mathbb{R}}f_{W_{1,t}}(y_2+x)f_{W_{2,t}}(y_2)dy_2$$
This is the autocorrelation of two Gaussian densities with mean zero. The Fourier tranform would be
$$\varphi_{X_t}(\omega)=\exp\{-0.5t(\alpha_1+\alpha_2)\omega^2\}$$
which transformed back results in
$$\partial_xP(W_{1,t}-W_{2,t}\leq x)=\frac{1}{\sqrt{2\pi t(\alpha_1+\alpha_2)}}\exp\bigg\{-\frac{x^2}{2t(\alpha_1+\alpha_2)}\bigg\}$$


text:
Q: I need to make my flexbox items no bigger than my browser window but they ignore height I need to make my flexbox items no bigger than my browser window but they ignore height, tried different methods but it doesn't work, position properties can't be used. And the height of the chat-box should change depending on the height of the header and footer. I can't figure out how this can be done. JS is not allowed.
* {
    box-sizing: border-box;
    margin: 0;
    padding: 0;
    font-size: 20px;
    word-wrap: break-word;
}

.main {
    width: 100vw;
    height: 100vh;
    border: solid 3px rgb(161, 129, 129);
    display: flex;
    flex-wrap: wrap;
    flex-basis: content;
    /* flex-shrink: 1; */
}

.header {
    min-height: 50px;
    border: 1px solid rgb(50, 4, 4);
    flex-grow: 1;
    flex-shrink: 1;
}

.footer {
    min-height: 100px;
    border: 1px solid red;
    flex-grow: 1;
    flex-shrink: 1;
}

.chat-box {
    /* height: calc(100% - 550px); */
    height: 100%;
    border: 1px solid rgb(72, 0, 255);
    display: flex;
    flex-grow: 1;
}

.chat-users {
    min-width: 200px;
    max-width: 200px;
    height: 100%;
    border: 1px solid rgb(203, 110, 110);
    /* overflow: auto; */
    overflow-y: scroll;
}

.chat-window {
    height: 100%;

    width: 100%;
    border: 1px solid rgb(102, 239, 146);
    overflow-y: scroll;

    /* overflow: auto; */
}

<!DOCTYPE html>

        <meta charset="UTF-8" />
        <meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge" />
        <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0" />
        <title>Document</title>
        <link rel="stylesheet" href="style.css" />

                    HEADER Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet consectetur adipisicing elit.
                    Reprehenderit sed quidem omnis quaerat, obcaecati aliquam cum
                    voluptate numquam, exercitationem similique eaque aspernatur nobis
                    fugit ad molestiae soluta magnam atque in quibusdam sunt doloribus
                    vitae laboriosam esse! Excepturi pariatur iusto perspiciatis dolores
                    alias ipsam asperiores inventore neque facilis labore minima placeat
                    ipsa fugit eaque exercitationem vitae illum sapiente dolor adipisci
                    est, id quis, provident nulla. Inventore distinctio explicabo aliquid
                    tempore saepe, quae asperiores adipisci excepturi quibusdam
                    dignissimos? Iusto, fuga cupiditate. Praesentium impedit ipsa odio
                    magni, rem dolorum magnam laboriosam architecto ut quibusdam corporis
                    odit fuga ea quasi dicta saepe quisquam distinctio?

                        USERCHAT
Lorem, ipsum dolor sit amet consectetur adipisicing
                        elit. Pariatur deleniti, iure hic quis quasi temporibus incidunt
                        nostrum ab fuga sunt atque. Rem, debitis minima totam nemo iste
                        nobis impedit qui quae laudantium, soluta fugiat natus pariatur,
                        ipsum quasi ut sint. Veritatis tenetur, provident ratione cum
                        reiciendis nisi facilis vero voluptatum. Fuga autem dolorum, dolores
                        esse voluptate voluptatem est rerum expedita debitis repellendus
                        temporibus quasi reprehenderit pariatur eaque explicabo, commodi
                        dolore, porro ad officia ducimus! Minima molestiae, accusamus
                        aliquid quos optio fugit assumenda aliquam nesciunt magnam et,
                        expedita aperiam blanditiis distinctio consectetur sunt saepe
                        eveniet, consequuntur quibusdam facere! Veniam, amet a.

                        USERWINDOW

                        Lorem, ipsum dolor sit amet consectetur adipisicing elit. Corporis
                        dolorum blanditiis fuga minima sequi iusto temporibus laborum quam
                        totam animi nisi excepturi a asperiores porro id quis, neque hic
                        doloremque dignissimos soluta esse ducimus. Architecto omnis eaque
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                        tempore omnis sint reiciendis. Quibusdam animi autem a adipisci hic,
                        cumque impedit, omnis odit nesciunt eveniet voluptas pariatur
                        nostrum laudantium corrupti voluptates aliquid mollitia commodi! A
                        possimus, repellat dolorum enim beatae, tempore ad mollitia quae et
                        quidem veritatis reiciendis tenetur in dicta molestias labore quo
                        laboriosam voluptates maiores cumque unde. Unde, possimus odit! Esse
                        culpa vel laborum ullam exercitationem cupiditate. Quo porro beatae
                        amet accusamus a fugiat. Expedita nobis totam, molestiae fugit neque
                        aspernatur impedit incidunt corporis possimus velit! Nobis aut
                        exercitationem et, incidunt, architecto accusantium voluptates at
                        ratione officiis nisi in itaque consequatur dolorum quisquam velit
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                        delectus et nesciunt ab doloremque, pariatur commodi! Quaerat eos
                        eveniet pariatur! Consectetur consequatur enim voluptatibus sequi
                        perspiciatis. Voluptatum officia quos tempore facilis, quae ipsam
                        nisi consectetur aspernatur, harum consequuntur voluptatem rerum
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                        consequuntur tempora, quibusdam, obcaecati maxime. Repudiandae vel
                        cum animi! Eius, in possimus? Aperiam cupiditate pariatur temporibus
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                        facilis, nemo quia.

FOOTER

A: You can use vh unit to make the containers have a max-height.
I tried setting the .main div to max-height: 100vh; and the subcontainers to max-height: 50vh; or 40vh combined with some overflow-y: scroll; and it seemed to do the trick.
CodeSandbox here:
https://codesandbox.io/s/unruffled-hypatia-x2vfti?file=/src/styles.css:0-918


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Home / Hyundai / News / 2022 Hyundai Ioniq 5 Has Living-Room Comfort, Hatchback Utility | Mini Auto
2022 Hyundai Ioniq 5 Has Living-Room Comfort, Hatchback Utility | Mini Auto
Góc chia sẻ 'Of Nhân Hyundai, News
We still can't tell you how Hyundai's first of its new EV subbrand drives, but we can say the Ioniq 5 makes a mean smoothie.
After first getting an online look at the electric Ioniq 5 in February, we finally got to see it in person. There was no driving yet, but we did get to slide the console back and forth, admire its contemporary hatchback design, and make a smoothie in its cargo area. (That's thanks to the 120-volt outlet in the charging handle that can power anything from an air compressor to our item of choice, a blender.)
The name "Ioniq" will recur. It's a subbrand specifically for electric vehicles, and Hyundai says there are a bunch of those coming, all based on the new Electric-Global Modular Platform (E-GMP). The Ioniq 5 is the first to be released, a compact SUV intended to compete with fellow electrics from Ford (the Mustang Mach-E) and Volkswagen (the ID.4). Because it's built on a platform designed solely for electrics, the 5 packs a roomy interior into a relatively small exterior package. The Ioniq measures 182.5 inches in overall length, 6.5 inches longer than the compact Hyundai Tucson, but with a 1.8-inch-shorter overall height, giving it more of a carlike feeling from the outside—it's a very sporty hatchback in profile.
Here's where the dedicated electric platform does its magic. Because the designers don't have to work around placing an engine in the front or allowing room for a transmission tunnel underneath, the wheelbase and the cabin can stretch out. The 5's wheelbase, at 118.1 inches, is almost four inches longer than that of the much bigger Hyundai Palisade, which should make for a pleasant ride quality. Because the design allows for a totally flat floor, Hyundai can offer more legroom in the middle back seat, and neat features like the sliding console in the front of the top trim Ioniq 5 Limited. Good news for those who carry a bag: there's room in the console, and in front of it, to put a purse or backpack. Bad news for those who didn't want to go top trim: the sliding console is on the Limited only.
Like many new electric offerings these days, the Ioniq 5 will be available in a single- or dual-motor configuration. The rear-drive single motor generates 225 horsepower and 258 pound-feet of torque, which Hyundai says will propel the 5 from zero to 60 mph in 7.4 seconds. The all-wheel-drive dual-motor version gets you 320 horses and 446 pound-feet of torque. It's quicker, too. According to Hyundai, it should be able to hit 60 mph in 5.2 seconds.
Oh, but how far can it go and how fast can it charge? Those are the big electric-car questions, right? The Ioniq 5 has an 800-volt operating system, similar to what we've seen from quick-charging luxury electrics like the e-tron GT and the Porsche Taycan. At a compatible charger, the 5 can go from 5 to 80 percent in less than 20 minutes and get you 68 miles of range in just five minutes. You can charge at a slower charger, of course . . . it's just going to take longer. Final numbers for range haven't been released, but Hyundai is hoping for 300 miles from the RWD version and around 270 from the racy AWD one. We couldn't test any of that in the studio, but we were able to explore the interior.
The first thing you'll notice when you step inside is a sense of space. It's funny how embedded the hump of a transmission tunnel is in our idea of what a car interior will look like. Not seeing it is almost like walking into a formerly cluttered room where someone has removed the excess furniture. The result is a clean and open cockpit with lots of room front and rear. The front seats recline and have a footrest, for maximum napping during your 18 minutes of recharging. The materials in the interior are made from a variety of recycled fabrics, but compared to those in some of Hyundai's recent gas SUVs, they seem a little bland. There are no cool patterns, no interesting textures. To liven things up, the door panels feature a glowing speaker surround and a floating armrest, and the instrument cluster and infotainment screens stretch across the dash for 24 inches of glowing interactivity. To the left of the gauges, a fun addition: there's a magnetic square of dash for sticking family photos or parking garage tickets.
When we get to drive the Ioniq 5, we look forward to testing the head-up display with its augmented navigation, which projects directions and distances "into" the real world through the HUD display. The 5 also comes with Hyundai's Highway Driver Assist 2 (HDA 2) which includes such smart cruise control features as automatic lane changes and junction-crossing.
Before we left the studio, Hyundai suggested we test out the Vehicle 2 Load feature, which is an integrated 12-volt outlet in the charging handle that can power lights, compressors, small refrigerators, or, for our test, a smoothie blender. BYOB (Bring Your Own Blueberries). The Limited trim also has a 120-volt outlet in the cabin.
If you're excited about the 5 but are wishing it was bigger, or smaller, more sedanlike, or offering a third row, all of that is yet to come. Because the E-GMP platform is so configurable, Hyundai will be able to stretch, shorten, raise, or widen it to fit all manner of upcoming electrics. And there are a lot of them. Hyundai says it's planning 23 new electrics by 2023, and we'll also be seeing versions from Kia, and Genesis. So if the 5 doesn't charge you up, stay tuned for more, and if it does, we should start seeing them here in the States by fall of 2021.
2022 Hyundai Ioniq 5 Has Living-Room Comfort, Hatchback Utility | Mini Auto Reviewed by Góc chia sẻ 'Of Nhân on May 31, 2021 Rating: 5


Marine-i is here to help your business grow through putting you in touch with the right specialist resources and support you need for marine technology development.
Take advantage of the most comprehensive marine research and innovation programme ever designed for the marine sector in Cornwall and the Isles of Scilly - designed to help your business reach its full potential.
Within our project support team, we have experienced marine industry advisors with an established network of contacts. They understand exactly what business support and assistance you need to develop your project to its full potential and can guide and advise you at every stage of your marine innovation.
Through Marine-i you can access the world-leading network of thought leaders and marine research facilities at University of Exeter and University of Plymouth. Dedicated Business Research Fellows and post-graduate level research staff are available to support marine businesses in areas of research, testing and evaluation, working within or alongside businesses.
Take advantage of the specialist expertise of Research Fellows in Electrical, Mechanical, Ocean Science and Technology.
This is a delegated marine grant scheme that has been specifically designed to drive marine sector research, development and innovation and help bring new marine products, processes and services to market. Subject to eligibility, reimbursable grants of £2,000 to £150,000 are available for projects with growth potential.
Businesses can also now access Rapid Innovation Grants. These are 100% grants of up to £2000 to help accelerate your innovation. The money can be used to purchase services or equipment to help take your idea or innovation to the next level.
Housed in the new Marine Building at the University of Plymouth, the Coastal, Ocean and Sediment Transport (COAST) laboratory provides physical model testing with combined waves, currents and wind, offered at scales appropriate for device testing, array testing, environmental modelling and coastal engineering. This is a flexible facility with the capability to generate short and long-crested waves in combination with currents at any relative direction, sediment dynamics, tidal effects and wind.
We partner with the Offshore Renewable Energy Catapult (OREC), which is the UK's flagship technology innovation and research centre for advancing wind, wave and tidal energy. OREC can offer testing facilities which help to reduce the risks and costs associated with marine renewables projects. OREC provide an open access and fully controlled onshore saltwater environment to perform verification activities, reliability and performance appraisals of new mechanical and electrical subcomponents and whole systems.
Financial support is available to companies who take on graduates to help undertake innovation projects, for a period of 3,6 or 9 months. They are subject to payment of a minimum salary of £18k pa (pro rata) working a minimum of 3 days a week. A business development manager will work with businesses to scope projects, find suitable candidates and support the graduate throughout the project, while mentors will provide technical project focused advice and support to graduates in order to maximise the contribution of the graduate to the business.
Marine-i hosts regular special events which bring together thought leaders from industry, representatives from market-leading organisations, technology companies and research experts to discuss market challenges and potential solutions. These events offer great opportunities for you to network and share knowledge, exchange ideas on marine innovation and meet potential future partners.


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Goodness gracious, it's been nearly seven years since I updated this front page. I remember a few years ago Ezell wrote me and said, "Update Coldsmoke. It's like you've been in a coma."
In that time a lot has happened. On this page, of the original fourteen links in "The Link Farm", only seven still linked to opertaional sites. And of those seven, only one linked to a site which had been updated in the past year. Particularly poignant was the link to Spinks' old site that lived under his then fiancee's host. His site is gone; her's is still there, and it feels strange and voyeuristic to look in on it and imagine her without him.
There used to be a coldsmoke.net which would get confused with coldsmoke.com; I promised the owner back in 2002 that I wouldn't sell him this URL but would link to him, and now it's no longer extant. Garden.com, while still maintaining a web site, is long gone, shuttering in December of 2000 (you can remember what the site looked like by clicking on the invitiation to the 2002 reunion). Since then, I've chewed through six different jobs, gotten married, been to Italy, and swollen to an enormous size. For the past three years, I've been sacrificing my life to Warcraft as a main tank and raid leader.
Even the source of this site looks and feel differently. I moved the original site over to Dreamweaver in 2000 or so. There were some very helpful things (such as library items), but WYSIWYG editors were still terrible back then and I have not used it in years. At the same time, CSS was not viable at the time, so there was a lot of madness using tables and non-breaking spaces to format everything. It's a strong difference between this and the code at either the wedding site or ghostfence. Which reminds me to renew the hosting fee for ghostfence... heh.
The original spooky, smokey coldsmoke logo was drawn up my old friend, B.D. Buck. Brian died approximately three years ago, a victim to a nine year fight with cancer. When I built a new computer shortly after he died, I named it in honor of him. A fairly minor honor to be sure, but I think Brian would've appreciated the gesture.
Meanwhile, our mutual friend Jennifer is expecting to have a baby in a few short weeks. Jennifer is a single mom and has asked Michelle to be her "birth partner". There is something comforting in the thought; one soul is lost, another is born. Life continues unabated.
Here is the fundamental problem. After the last update, I started a very happy relationship with my now wife. When I look back on my journals, and on coldsmoke, I find that I have always been driven to write most when I have been least happy. Writing was always therapeutic to me; and writing on the web, what them kids call "blogging", was as good as talking to a therpist. The sense of invisible unknown listeners that could grasp the words tossed out into the void always added in an element of dialectic, if only in my own mind. Better than a diary, the vast and unseen presence of the web provided a link to both everyone in the world and no one at all.
So the fundamental problem is this: good times make bad stories. How do you preserve the urge to write while avoiding the urge to, ahem, bleed all over the page? I've written in fits and starts over the past 18 months. I don't often feel the irresistable toreent of words I felt at the height of when I was writing for this site. It makes me wonder if shall feel them again.
Enough of that. The site will either get updated or it won't. To get a sense of what I have updated in the long quiet times, look to the projects directory. The raid playbooks, the wedding website, and the 2007 Christmas letter are all there.
This web site was last updated on 1/1/2008. Unlike the song said, some things do change on New Year's Day.


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'Better than I ever imagined' - happy Skegness couple tie the knot on same day as Prince Harry and Meghan Markle
Laura and Patrick Justice didn't know they'd be competing with the most anticipated wedding of the year
Holly O'Flinn
Keep up to date with every Skeggy story by signing up for our free email updates
It may not have been the Royal Wedding which was seen by millions of people, but for Laura and Patrick Justice, tying the knot in Skegness was a "perfect" day to remember.
While Prince Harry and Meghan Markle were saying 'I do' in the most anticipated wedding of the year, Laura and Patrick were preparing to do just the same, an hour later.
The loved-up newlyweds from Skegness then continued their celebrations at the Grosvenor House Hotel, where they danced the night away - but not before getting some picturesque photographs taken at Tower Gardens and Skegness Pier.
Lincoln crowds shed tears of happiness as Prince Harry and Meghan marry
Laura said it was 'so much more perfect then I could have imagined'. (Image: Laura Justice)
"It was amazing," said Laura. "It was so much more perfect then I could have imagined.
"The hotel was amazing and decorated so beautifully. We had a lovely carvery then danced the night away.
"It was literally the best day ever. So much happiness and love - having all our family and friends with us every step of the way made it so much better."
The weather was a scorcher for their big day. (Image: Laura Justice)
Laura said she was embroiled in her own day and didn't really get a second to watch the Royal Wedding.
"The only point I paid attention to her was to see her get out the car for her dress," she said.
In the days leading up to the Royal Wedding, Laura said she "couldn't wait" to see Meghan's dress.
She has given her verdict and told Lincolnshire Live that she thought she looked "stunning".
Prince Harry and Meghan Markle exchanged vows in a ceremony watched by millions across the world on Saturday, May 19.
The Duke and Duchess of Sussex married at St George's Chapel on Saturday before enjoying a lavish, festival-themed party at Frogmore House hosted by James Corden for 200 of the couple's closest friends and family.
Prince Harry and Meghan Markle were saying 'I do' just an hour before Laura and Patrick. (Image: Laura Justice)
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Concerns raised over military support for Lincolnshire's ambulance service
East Midlands Ambulance Service"It seems that when anything seems to hit the proverbial fan, we call them in."


Religious are often asked to tell our vocation stories: why and how did we feel called to religious life? What were the signs, the areas of certainty; what were the struggles and doubts? And how did we come to our particular congregation? How did we know that this was the place and way of life God was calling us to?
Recently, though, I have found myself musing on the other side of the coin. I know why I felt and still feel called to religious life within the Society of the Sacred Heart, but... what reason did God have for calling me to this? And why does God continue to call me to be an RSCJ?
Over the years I have often wondered why God has called me, with all my foibles, weakness and limitations - and not someone more saintly or seemingly worthy. In more recent years I have wondered less, accepting that for some mysterious reason, despite my limitations, God has indeed called me: so I know, with increasing certainty, that this is what I was created for... and now the question has shifted slightly, as I find myself wondering why. No longer why me? - but now why this? Why RSCJ?
What deep need did God see in me, and in the world, that would be satisfied by my becoming an RSCJ? What gifts and qualities waiting to be enhanced; what scars and weaknesses in need of healing and redemption; what places and people I would not otherwise have known; what hunger to love, which would be most satisfied and filled by my being RSCJ? What was God's purpose and dream in calling me to the Society of his Heart?
Twenty-five years ago I had a profound experience of God's immeasurable love for me, and knew that I was called to give as much love as I could in return for such great love. In the words of a well-known hymn I experienced a call To prove some love for such unmeasured love - semi-understood words suddenly brought into stark relief by Mother de Lescure's letter.
And so I know that, beneath all the layers and calls within calls, God has called me to be an RSCJ simply, fundamentally, because of Love. It was not because you were more numerous than any other people that the Lord set his heart on you and chose you... It was because the Lord loved you... (Deut 7.7-8) The fact that I am an RSCJ is sure proof of God's love for me: but within that, even more fundamentally, I am reminded yet again that my vocation is to be the manifest proof of God's unmeasured love to all those I encounter. May I live up to that.


Hot tub heated all year and sauna.
Centre. Ski lift 7 mins. Ski bus 100m.
Log fire. Games room with table football.
Chalet Le Kiwi Vert is an ecologically renovated, 180m2, 4 bedroom, 5 bathroom chalet, sleeping 9 in the height of comfort. It is superbly equipped with families and groups in mind, complete with hot tub, sauna, log burner and games room. Located in the heart of Samoens village, opposite the impressive new ice rink and just 100-200 metres from the tourist office, crèche, ski bus stop, and many excellent restaurants and a vast array of shops. The Grand Massif Express ski lift is approximately 7 minutes walk from the chalet and if you chose to use one of our partner rental shops, ski equipment storage is available at the top or bottom of the ski lift. During the height of the winter season Chalet Le Kiwi Vert is adjacent to the ski de fond circuit, with a stunning track to the local lakes, which can also be enjoyed by walkers.
For non ski activities and during other seasons, the chalet is 5 minutes walk from the beautiful lakes, swimming pools, tennis courts, horse riding, and activity/adventure park. Plus this position provides direct access onto biking and hiking trails, or easy walking routes around the medieval village. It truly offers the perfect base for year round holidays. The chalet is set in large grounds, with flat gardens and sunny terraces ready to be enjoyed.
This property is privately owned and has been carefully selected to feature in Alps Accommodation's premier portfolio. It has a Sunday changeover, however in low season and for last minute bookings, flexible arrival day and length of stay may be available. Discounts are also available for small groups of 6 or less in the summer. Contact us for more information.
The chalet is well arranged on three floors, over an impressive 180m2 of stylish living. The light and spacious living area is located on the entrance level and boasts 3 comfy sofas and an impressive log burner, providing the perfect place to relax after a day of activities. It comes equipped with flat screen satellite TV, Wi-Fi, DVDs and games. French doors lead out to the south facing balcony, providing a bright and sunny room.
Leading off the lounge is the open plan kitchen and dining area. The kitchen is superbly equipped throughout with dishwasher, fridge freezer, full size oven and hob, microwave and extras such as a DeLongi coffee machine and raclette machine for cheese lovers. The stunning red worktop is surprisingly made from recycled glass and really adds a fresh and modern alpine look to the kitchen. Next to the kitchen area, you find dining area, complete with an antique table and seating for 12 with an additional leaf. Access again through double doors, onto the south facing balcony, which is also equipped for outside dining, or simply relaxing with a drink and watching the cross country skiers or ice skaters across the way.
The chalets entrance level, with a clever mix of slate tiles and old reclaimed wood, provides home to the ski and boot room, with boot warmers to help create comfy boots for the start of the day. Plenty of storage and a cloak room with sink and wc are also located near the entrance.
Take the beautiful hand crafted stairs to the lower floor of the chalet, to reach the sauna and the games room. This room is treat for all ages to enjoy. Equipped with table football, further TV, Wii, and 2 comfy sofas, one of which is a sofa bed to allow for flexible sleeping arrangements. The games room also provides further access to the gardens and hot tub. There is a utility room with second fridge freezer, washing machine and tumble dryer also found on this level, as well as a further wc and shower, offering great convenience to its guests.
For flexible sleeping arrangements, the games room has a double sofa bed. The sofa bed does not have to be put away each night and there is a shower next to this room. However this room is used to access the hot tub so is not 100% private like the other bedrooms. Please note, even with the sofa bed this chalet is for a max of 9 people.
The chalet exterior provides plenty of facilities for enjoyment for all tastes and ages. The wonderful cedar wood hot tub, provides a fabulous aroma and is heated for stays at all times of the year. Dressing gowns and Crocs are provided for your comfort. Set in large flat lawned grounds, the chalet offers plenty of private off street parking for numerous cars. Guests can enjoy the boules/petanque court and a game of badminton, or in autumn and winter, you can simply nip across the road to the ice skating, creating a real winter playground. There is a terrace leading off the dining and living areas with outside tables and chairs, as well as sun loungers and a BBQ.
A large supermarket is situated just a short 2-minute drive from Chalet Le Kiwi Vert. Alternatively, you can walk to it in about 10 to 15-minutes. Just next-door to the supermarket is Samoëns' River Bowl, a bowling alley with restaurant and bar that's open year-round.
What a wonderful week we've had, super skiing, great weather. The chalet was perfect for us. Lots of fun in the games room, sauna and hot tub. Can't wait to come back.
Excellent chalet - it was the perfect position, with access to all facilities in the village; ski bus etc. A real home from home with everything you needed to enjoy the holiday. The owners were very responsive, and just wanted to give clients a memorable holiday. Hayley from Alps accommodation couldn't have done more to support us with lift passes etc delivered to door. Thank you to everyone for a wonderful experience.
Our group really enjoyed the stay at Chalet Kiwi. I've missed not waking up to the view of the Criou and the ice rink. The chalet was perfect and so toasty and warm and the hot tub and sauna were a big hit. Along with the great conditions made for a fantastic new year trip.
Two weeks went by very fast. Fantastic weather and scenery and a first class chalet. Thank you for having us. We've had a wonderful holiday.
A wonderful chalet, ideal for a large group. We really appreciated the cake, and also the sauna and hot tub have been very popular. It has been ideal for our mixed ability group, and there's plenty to do in town. A great venue. Thank you.
We had a wonderful holiday here. The boys loved the hot tub! We really appreciated the well-appointed kitchen and lovely toiletries. Great location for adventures, thanks! Fabulous Kiwi jam - I had about half a jar on toast! Nice touch, and the scrummy cake. Will defo recommend to friends for winter and summer.
We had 2 great weeks here. We appreciated this chalet for all it qualities - space, games, hot tub, calm...we thank Martin and Jane (the owners) and Gaelle and Graham (the property managers) for their kindness and their helpful information! We discovered Samoens was perfect for all of us - parapenting, biking, walking, climbing...We didn't have enough time to do everything we wanted! We hink of the next time we will come! Thank you for these nice days.
We were so happy here, everything is so comfortable and beautiful! The tub, the sauna are real bonus! Thank you and we would love to come back one day.
"We have holidayed with you for the last three years and this property surpassed our expectations. Outstanding, and on the verge of being perfect. We honestly couldn't have wished for a better holiday, from comfortable beds, quality furnishings and a really handy 800m walk to the lifts. Brilliant!!!!! p.s. Your staff were excellent as ever and answered and dealt with any issues expertly. WE LOVE SAMOENS!
This owner accepts payment in sterling or euros - Please enquire for more details.


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The story of Army Public School, Dhaula Kuan began way back in 1953 at King Edward Road, now Maulana Azad Road (MAR). In the MAR Officers' Hostel, a group of enterprising officers' wives decided to start a school with 35 students in Nursery and KG. Mrs. Mercy Benjamin was its first Principal. In 1962, Mr AET Barrow inspected the school and accorded it recognition for affiliation to ISC. The school now, has around 5000 students and 200 teachers on its roll. The school is run under the aegis of the Army Welfare Education Society. More than 67 years have elapsed since the school was initially raised, and 49 years since it moved to its present location.
The foundation of the school at Dhaula Kuan was laid in 1964 by Shri YB Chavan, the then Defence Minister. In 1966 the school was renamed Defence Services Public School and by 1971 it had 600 students, 32 teachers, and Lt Col AW Shaw (Retd) was its Principal. The school shifted to its present location in 1971. The main block, as we know it today, was the only building at that time, and the school had 16 staff quarters and a girls' hostel, which now functions as the Ridgewood Boys' Hostel.
Initially, the school was run by the three services. However, from 1976, the name was changed to Army Public School, with the Army running the school. Another change that occurred was the change in the school motto from 'Learn to obey' to 'Truth is God.' As we take you through a brief tour via the portals of APS, DK it must suffice to say that we march ahead on the straight but narrow path that will give India worthy citizens, with our feet firmly on the ground, our heads held high and our hearts beating with patriotic fervour.
Jai Hind!


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Scott Schertzer
"Marion's intermodal is our doorway to North America. The CSX-served Marion Industrial Center has created over 1000 jobs in our community by connecting local employers to national and global markets through efficient and affordable freight rail service. As we look to continued economic development, freight rail will remain a core advantage that attracts employers and raises our community's quality of life."
Scott Schertzer is serving his third term as Mayor of the City of Marion. Prior to being elected as Mayor, Schertzer served the City of Marion as an At-Large City Councilman for nine years and was also an educator in Marion County for 13 years. The mayor has been active in government for many years, working for both the State Treasurer's office and the Secretary of State's office.
Schertzer is a graduate of the University of Toledo, where he received a B.A. in Social Studies Education. Schertzer and his wife have two daughters.
Getting Greener all the Time: Five Amazing Rail Sustainability Stats


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Funny Photos That Have Our Heads Spinning
November 4, 2021 by Elizabeth Grillo
Sometimes we come across something so out of the ordinary that we can't figure out how it came to be. Whether it's an optical illusion or a rare find, it takes something very extraordinary to prove how amazing the world around us really is. More than we ever realized. You don't have to be an adventurer, or someone particularly special. Maybe you just need to be someone particularly lucky to come across one of these creative visions.
You may have to travel places to see some of these amazing things, but you'd be surprised that something rare and unusual can come right out of a box of salt. You're about to be stunned by images that you never thought could possibly exist because that tree is too weird, that rock is too perfect, that Jenga doesn't make any sense. We don't even understand rainbows anymore. Keep reading. You'll see what we're talking about.
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BHS Stage 3 riding training programme is an excellent progression from the Stage 2 course. It is a packed practical course for those wishing to become professional equestrians. Learners will develop effective yet sympathetic riding, while maintaining a balanced, correct and supple seat in all gaits. You will need to be capable of jumping cross country fences at 3ft and show jumping fences at 3ft 3in. This course is intended as a brush up of skills prior to taking the BHS assessment.
Tacking up from 7.30 to 8pm, Riding 8pm to 8.45 and untacking from 8.45 to 9pm.
Enthusiasm and willingness to learn new skills. For riding, you should have achieved BHS Stage 2 riding. All riding has a weight limit of 13.5 stones.