text:
German Super Cup Preview, Predictions & Betting Tips
Bayern Munich defeated Eintracht Frankfurt 5-0 in the 2018 German Super Cup (Getty Images)
The German Super Cup or DFL-Supercup is an annual football match in Germany contested by the winners of the Bundesliga and the DFB-Pokal or German Cup. The DFL-Supercup is organised by the Deutsche Fußball Liga or German Football League.
The competition was founded in 1987 as the DFB Super Cup and run by the Deutscher Fußball-Bund or German Football Association. Bayern Munich defeated Hamburger SV 2-1 at the Waldstadion in Frankfurt to win the first edition.
In 1997 the competition was known as the DFB-Ligapokal before being called the T-Home Supercup in 2008 when Bundesliga champions Bayern Munich took on DFB-Pokal finalists Borussia Dortmund.
The Supercup returned in 2010 and was called the DFL-Supercup due to it being organised by the Deutsche Fußball Liga. Since 2010, if one team wins the domestic Bundesliga and DFB-Pokal double, then the Bundesliga runners-up qualify to play the league champions.
Since 2011 the venue for the German Super Cup has been the home stadium of the club that won the DFB-Pokal. No extra time is played in the case of a draw after 90 minutes, the match is then decided by a penalty shoot-out.
Bayern Munich have won the most German Super Cup's with seven in total and Borussia Dortmund next best having won the competition five times. Werder Bremen are next best with three with four clubs winning one German Super Cup: 1. FC Kaiserslautern, Schalke 04, VfB Stuttgart and VfL Wolfsburg.
The top goalscorer in German Super Cup history is Robert Lewandowski who has scored five goals playing for Borussia Dortmund and Bayern Munich. New Zealand striker Wynton Rufer scored four goals for Werder Bremen with three players having scored three German Super Cup goals: Thomas Müller, Arjen Robben and Jürgen Wegmann.
The current champions are Bayern Munich who defeated Eintracht Frankfurt 5-0 Commerzbank-Arena in Frankfurt in 12 August 2018. It was the third consecutive and seventh overall title for FC Bayern with a Robert Lewandowski hat-trick and goals to Kingsley Coman and Thiago Ancantara.
The 2019 German Super Cup will be played between the Bundesliga winners and winners of the German Cup unless one club wins both competitions, in which case the Bundesliga winners will play the Bundesliga runners-up.
Recent German Super Cup Winners and Runners-Up
Bayern Munich Eintracht Frankfurt
2017 Bayern Munich	 Borussia Dortmund
2015 Bayern Munich	 VfL Wolfsburg
2012 Borussia Dortmund Bayern Munich
2011 Borussia Dortmund Schalke 04
2010 Bayern Munich	 Schalke 04
Football Previews, Predictions and Betting Tips
Kilmarnock vs Connah's Quay - Scottish club backed in the handicap market
Rangers vs St Joseph's - Scottish giants set to dominate minnows
Senegal vs Algeria - Back Desert Foxes to clinch second AFCON title
Manchester United vs Inter Milan - Under 2.5 goals the play in tight contest
Liverpool vs Dortmund – Over 3.5 goals the play in glamour fixture
Spain U19 vs Italy U19 - Strong Spain squad can punish poor Italy defence
Portugal U19 vs Armenia U19 - Title holders Portugal to show their class
Benfica vs Guadalajara - Benfica tipped to ease past Mexican outfit Guadalajara


text:
Anakin Skywalker (Tatooine, 41 ABY - Estrella de la Muerte, 4 DBY), más tarde Darth Vader, es el personaje central de la famosa saga de Star Wars del director George Lucas. La saga se centra en su conocimiento de la Fuerza, su caída al lado Oscuro y, finalmente, su redención y muerte. En las tres primeras películas de la saga hace su aparición como el antihéroe principal, Darth Vader (interpretado por David Prowse, con la voz de James Earl Jones), y al final en Star Wars: Episodio VI - El regreso del Jedi es personificado con el actor Sebastian Shaw cuando se retira la máscara. En la trilogía precuela, es interpretado por el actor Jake Lloyd como un niño de 9 años en el Episodio I: La amenaza fantasma y por Hayden Christensen en el Episodio II: El ataque de los clones y en el Episodio III: La venganza de los Sith, así como también en la serie de Disney+ Obi-Wan Kenobi.

En un principio Anakin fue un Caballero Jedi al servicio de la República para ser corrompido por Darth Sidious. Es el padre de Luke Skywalker y de la princesa Leia. Hasta su caída en desgracia, Anakin fue un gran guerrero y un hombre divertido y simpático, aunque ya mostraba frecuentes ataques de ira y arrogancia, que le acabarían conduciendo al Lado oscuro. Fue un gran héroe de guerra, combatiendo por la República en las Guerras Clon. Sus andanzas en dicha guerra pueden ser vistas en la serie de televisión The Clone Wars.

Historia
Un personaje llamado "Anakin Skywalker" aparece en uno de los primeros borradores de Star Wars ocupando un rol muy similar al de Luke Skywalker, un muchacho de 16 años hijo del respetado guerrero. Para The Phantom Menace, George Lucas cambió la edad del joven Anakin de 16 a 9 años con la finalidad de hacer que el personaje estuviera más ligado a su madre.

Descendencia

Creación y conceptos
La imagen de Darth Vader fue creada cuando el artista conceptual Ralph McQuarrie dibujó la primera escena donde Vader y sus Stormtroopers abordan la nave rebelde. En un principio se había imaginado que Darth Vader podría volar por el espacio para entrar en la nave, necesitando un traje y una máscara para respirar.

El famoso sonido de la respiración del personaje fue creada por el Ingeniero de Sonido Ben Burtt, quien creó el sonido grabándose a sí mismo respirando en un "snorkel".

El traje de Vader es una de las áreas en las cuales el interés de Lucas por la cultura japonesa (en particular de los guerreros samurái) se pone de manifiesto. Según John Mollo, el casco de Vader se tomó de los cascos alemanes de la Segunda Guerra Mundial.

Intérpretes
David Prowse desempeñó el papel de Darth Vader, durante las voces de Vader, Lucas decidió reemplazar la voz de Prowse por la de James Earl Jones, en parte debido al fuerte acento de Prowse (originario del Oeste de Inglaterra). Lucas finalmente, le ofreció a Jones, hacer la voz de Vader en todas las películas de la trilogía; Jones se ha identificado estrechamente con el papel.

Para la escena de El Retorno del Jedi en que Luke le quita la máscara, Lucas optó por el actor Sebastian Shaw para retratar al recientemente reformado Sith.

En la versión en DVD de El Retorno del Jedi, dicha escena, así como la aparición final del fantasma de Vader fueron retocadas y se sustituyó a Sebastian Shaw por el actor Hayden Christensen.

El papel de Darth Vader ha sido desempeñado por muchos dobles, el más notable es el instructor de esgrima Bob Anderson. Anderson participa en todas las escenas de lucha de The Empire Strikes Back y  Return of the Jedi. En una entrevista a Mark Hamill, en 1983 dijo: "Bob Anderson fue el hombre que verdaderamente hizo de Vader en las escenas de lucha. Se supone que esto era un secreto pero, finalmente le dije a George que no creía que fuera justo. Bob trabajó muy duro y se merecía algo de reconocimiento. Es ridículo mantener el mito de que todo fue hecho por un solo hombre".

Para Revenge of the Sith, Hayden Christensen, que hizo de Anakin en la trilogía de precuela, vistió la armadura de Vader en lugar de Prowse. Pero Christensen era más bajo que Prowse y cierta perspectiva engañosa fue usada para hacerlo ver tan alto como este: el traje tenía extensiones en las botas y el casco; y algunas de las tomas de Vader en pie al lado de Palpatine fueron grabadas usando una perspectiva forzada.

Actores
En las películas de George Lucas, Anakin Skywalker está interpretado por:

 David Prowse En los episodios: IV - A New Hope, V - The Empire Strikes Back y VI - Return of the Jedi.

 Sebastian Shaw (adulto) Edad: 45 años, en el Episodio VI: Return of the Jedi, Sebastian Shaw aparece desde el momento en que Vader se quita la máscara para volver a ser Anakin, y en forma incorpórea junto a Obi Wan Kenobi y Yoda al final de la película en la edición original. (En la edición especial para DVD de 2004 es reemplazado en un fotomontaje por Christensen).

 Jake Lloyd (niño) Edad: 9, en el Episodio I, La amenaza fantasma

 Hayden Christensen (joven y adulto) Edad: 19, 22 y 32, en los Episodios II, El ataque de los clones, III, La venganza de los Sith, y próximamente en la serie de Obi-Wan Kenobi respectivamente. También, en la edición especial de la primera trilogía, Hayden aparece en forma incorpórea en el final del Return of the Jedi, substituyendo así a Sebastian Shaw.

El actor Spencer Wilding interpretó al personaje en la película Rogue One: una historia de Star Wars, aunque la voz original durante el filme fue interpretada por James Earl Jones.

Voz y doblaje
 James Earl Jones (inglés).

 Constantino Romero (Español de España).

 Carlos Petrel (1° doblaje en español latinoamericano) - En Episodio IV.

 Isidro Olace (1º doblaje en español latinoamericano). - En Episodio V y Episodio VI.

 Federico Romano (2º doblaje en español latinoamericano) - En Episodio III, Episodio IV, Episodio V y Episodio VI. (como Darth Vader)

 Irwin Daayan (doblaje en español latinoamericano) - En Episodio II, Episodio III, Star Wars: Guerras Clónicas y Star Wars: La Guerra de los Clones (película y serie). (como Anakin Skywalker)

 Sebastián Llapur (3º doblaje en español latinoamericano) - Star Wars Rebels y Rogue One: una historia de Star Wars. (como Darth Vader)

Véase también
 Star Wars
 Padmé Amidala
 Luke Skywalker
 Obi Wan Kenobi
 Guerras Clon
 Anexo:Personajes de Star Wars

Referencias

 Star Wars - Episodios I - II - III - IV - V - VI
 "Skywalker, Anakin (Behind the Scenes)". Star Wars: Databank. Lucasfilm. Retrieved on 2008-05-06.

Enlaces externos

 Biografía de Anakin Skywalker  (Español)

Jedi
Sith
Villanos ficticios
Asesinos en serie ficticios
Pilotos ficticios
Aviadores ficticios
Caballeros ficticios
Pilotos de automovilismo ficticios

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
Most Recent Top Rated Most Read
Smokies Hikes for Healing: Great Smoky Mountains Association
By Janine Doyle posted 08-11-2020
In June 2020, Great Smoky Mountains Association teamed up with their park's Superintendent Cassius Cash to create Smokies Hikes for Healing. Additionally supported through aid-to-park funding from Friends of the Smokies , this collaborative program aims to connect strangers to have difficult conversations about racism and social justice in a natural setting. Read on to learn more about their efforts (originally posted in Smokies LIVE and written by Frances Figart, GSMA Creative Services Director): In late May, as the park began to resume operations after being fully closed for 46 days, a shock wave rang out around the world when George Floyd was tragically ...
Creating Refuges in Your Own Backyard
The Friends of Valle de Oro National Wildlife Refuge is dedicated to helping shape and support the development of Valle de Oro National Wildlife Refuge. They foster a community conservation ethic by promoting environmental and cultural awareness through public educational programs and recreational opportunities. One of the Friends of Valle de Oro's newest endeavors is their ABQ Backyard Refuge (ABQBYR) program, which allows public land management agencies and community members to work together to restore and maintain robust habitats for wildlife and people to seek refuge. Read on for more about this program from the Friends of Valle de Oro Executive Director ...
Composing in the Wilderness: Alaska Geographic
Alaska Geographic (AG) has been creating deeper connections to Alaska's wild lands for over 60 years as the nonprofit education partner of the state's spectacular national parks, forests and refuges. In partnership with the Fairbanks Summer Arts Festival, the National Park Service (NPS) and the U.S. Forest Service (USDAFS), AG supports Composing in the Wilderness , a shared wilderness experience for adventurous composers at all levels. Below is our interview with AG executive director Andy Hall about this program. When did the Composing in the Wilderness program begin, and what was the motivation behind starting the program? Hall: The Composing ...
Overdue Renovations Become a Reality for 40-Year-Old Fish Ladder
Ballard Locks Fish Ladder Renovations Concept The Fish Ladder Viewing Gallery at the Hiram M. Chittenden (Ballard) Locks in Seattle has not been renovated in over 40 years, despite being the site of approximately 2 million visitors per year. Seeing the great potential of one of the Locks' most popular educational attractions, PLA member Discover Your Northwest (DYNW) decided to team up with the Army Corps of Engineers (USACE) and The Corps Foundation in order to raise the capital funds needed to renovate the structure. Below is our interview with DYNW Executive Director Jim Adams about this project. What prompted the Fish Ladder renovations project? ...
Wulfert Bayous Acquisition Protects Key Wildlife Habitats - Ding Darling Wildlife Society
Wulfert Bayous, Sanibel Island, Florida "Land, water and vegetation are just that dependent on one another. Without these three primary elements in natural balance, we can have neither fish nor game, wild flowers nor trees, labor nor capital, nor sustaining habitat for humans." - Jay Norwood "Ding" Darling Jay Norwood "Ding" Darling, a Pulitzer prize-winning political cartoonist, often focused on the theme of conservation and wildlife preservation in his work. In addition to his artistic endeavors, "Ding" headed the U.S. Biological Survey, a predecessor of the Fish and Wildlife Service, initiated the Federal Duck Stamp Program, and pioneered leadership ...
Preservation Through Conservation: Mojave Desert Land Trust
Photo by Brandy Dyess/Mojave Desert Land Trust A champion of conservation, the Mojave Desert Land Trust (MDLT) protects over 24.5 million acres of land within the entire California portion of the eastern Mojave and Colorado deserts. In fact, MDLT has donated more tracts of land to the national park system nationwide than any other non-profit since 2006. PLA had the opportunity to interview MDLT's Executive Director, Geary Hund, who has worked as a conservation professional for more than 40 years, beginning as a ranger and then as an ecologist with California State Parks. What does "conservation" mean to MDLT, and why is it so important? Hund: ...
Protecting Safe Spaces - Friends of Kenilworth Aquatic Gardens
Photo credit: Tim Ervin Engaging Communities Through Education and Recreation Summer is in full swing, and there is no better time to visit the Kenilworth Aquatic Gardens as their signature lotuses and water lilies are in magnificent bloom. One of the gardens' supporting partners is PLA member Friends of Kenilworth Aquatic Gardens (FoKAG). Founded in 2001 by a small but mighty team of 10 volunteers, FoKAG has now grown to utilize more than 900 volunteers and bolster its impact on the park as well as the surrounding community through stewardship, engagement and educational programs. One of the ways FoKAG engages those who live near the park is through ...
Eastern Sierra Interpretive Association - A Champion of Supportive Partnerships
Eastern Sierra Interpretive Association works to educate students about the wildlife and natural landscapes of their communities. Continued Learning to Strengthen Partnerships Established in 1970 to help the U.S. Forest Service provide interpretive education about the surrounding environments, the Eastern Sierra Interpretive Association (ESIA) is one of the longest serving nonprofit agency partners. Today, in addition to their work with USFS, they have grown to partner with the National Park Service and Bureau of Land Management at the following sites: Inyo National Forest Humboldt-Toiyabe National Forest Tahoe National Forest Death ...
Supporting Teachers Through Place-Based Education in the Flathead Watershed
Glacier National Park (GNP) Education Specialist, Laura Law, and teachers reflecting on how science and culture are inter-twined (at Two Medicine Lake). In 2013, the Glacier National Park Fund and the Glacier Association merged into the Glacier National Park Conservancy (GNPC) in order to better serve the Park by providing support for preservation, education and research through philanthropy and outreach. One component of their educational support is to help Glacier National Park staff provide high quality, professional development opportunities for teachers about park resources. The Park's education staff works with researchers and community partners ...
Friends of the Smokies Supports Youth Environmental Leadership
Youth Environmental Leadership Program (YELP) is a paid internship program for youth of color that focuses on experience in Science, Technology, Math and Engineering (STEM) careers, particularly in the park service and conservation fields. Since 1993, Friends of the Great Smoky Mountains National Park has raised more than $68 million to fund historic preservation, wildlife management, environmental education and more in Great Smoky Mountains National Park (GSMNP). This partnership has flourished over the years, building up a list of accomplishments such as the reconstruction of the historic Mt. Cammerer Fire Tower, the reintroduction of elk to the Smokies ...
Rocky Mountain Conservancy Engages Youth to Become Life-Long Stewards
By Amanda Keith posted 01-24-2019
Corps member helps local youth plant native wildflowers in Rocky Mountain National Park. Since 1931, Rocky Mountain Conservancy has provided education and interpretation to visitors of Rocky Mountain National Park as a nonprofit partner. Since then, they have expanded their education programs through their Field Institute and Conservation programs and have identified a variety of ways to engage youth and young adults. This year, the Conservancy is leading programs that engage young people from ages four to twenty-five to learn about the park and become lifelong stewards. Through elementary school programs, fellowship programs and a Corps program, they ...
Redwood Parks Conservancy Teams up with Partners to Save the Grove of Titans in Northern California
California State Parks Acting Sector Superintendent Brett Silver points to the damaged duff layer at the base of a redwood tree in the Grove of Titans. Increased foot traffic has caused the ferns to die and has exposed the roots of the tree. Photo Credit: Max Forster. In Jebediah Smith Redwoods State Park in northern California stands some of the world's largest and oldest redwood trees. The majestic Grove of Titans was discovered by researchers in the 1990s and was relatively hidden from the public for several years. Recently, however, the location of these redwoods has been popularized online and through social media and hundreds of visitors per week ...
Festival of the Cranes Celebrates Birds, Partnerships and Communities in the Middle Rio Grande Valley
Snow Geese and Ross's Geese at Bosque del Apache National Wildlife Refuge; Photo Credit: Beverly Sinclair. You will hear the rumble of snow geese before you see them. At the first light of dawn, they cover the water of Bosque del Apache National Wildlife Refuge and there they rest as a blanket of snow. As the sun rises, they begin to stir. You hear a low, roaring thunder and you look out. The water is moving, the birds are flapping their wings and then, they ascend above you in thousands. Their screaming calls fill the sky and block your view of the lingering stars. The geese fly overheard en masse and a moment later they are gone; a snow patch in a distant ...
Hawai'i Pacific Parks Association Faces Challenges and Responds to Park Needs in Wake of Volcanic Events
Fissure 8 of the Kīlauea Volcano effusing voluminous lava on the Island of Hawai'i. Photo taken June 22, 2018. Photo Credit: USGS. On April 30, 2018, Pu'u 'Ō'ō , the main vent of an eruption on the East Rift Zone of Kīlauea Volcano, emptied and collapsed. In early May, an eruption commenced on the Lower East Rift Zone and then a 6.9 magnitude earthquake shook the Island of Hawai'i. Explosive events at the summit of Kīlauea began a few days afterward and the majority of Hawai'i Volcanoes National Park (HAVO) closed. Ash plumes, some ascending up to 30,000 ft. deposited ash at the summit and in communities downwind. Most destructively, a series of over ...
Sierra State Parks Foundation Works Collaboratively to Fund and Enhance Parks in Northern California
Sugar Pine Point State Park along the western shores of Lake Tahoe, CA. In California, there are more than 280 state parks managed by the California Department of Parks and Recreation. These parks contain diverse natural, cultural and recreational resources and many of them are supported by nonprofit partners who raise funds and manage operations to ensure that the parks are open and enjoyed by park visitors. In northern California, Sierra State Parks Foundation (SSPF) supports seven of these parks in the western shores of Lake Tahoe and Donner Lake area. SSPF is one of 89 cooperating associations that partner with the state parks system and, while many ...
San Juan Mountains Association Responds to Wildfires and Provides Visitor Services in Southwest Colorado
The 416 Fire in the San Juan National Forest in early June 2018. Photo Credit: Jim Mackensen; Source: San Juan National Forest Facebook Page. On June 11, 2018, a rapidly growing wildfire in Southwest Colorado forced the U.S. Forest Service (Forest Service) to close visitor access to the entirety of the San Juan National Forest for the first time in history. What later became known as the 416 & Burro Fire Complex burned approximately 55,000 acres and shut down entry to the forest for ten days. While the Forest Service acted swiftly to respond to the fire, the nonprofit, San Juan Mountains Association (SJMA) also stepped up to help visitors and the local ...
The Corps Foundation Promotes Recreation, Visitor Safety and Visitor Education at USACE Sites
The U.S. Army Corps of Engineers manages 5,000 recreation areas at 403 lakes and rivers across the country. In September 2006, a group of retired U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (USACE) employees and leaders from the private sector came together to create a nonprofit that would support lakes and waterways across the country. An official nonprofit partner of the USACE, The Corps Foundation (Foundation) developed out of a growing concern for decreases in federal funds for USACE sites and with an interest in supporting these programs and facilities to keep these treasured resources vibrant. The nonprofit now operates as a volunteer-run organization with a ...
Katmai Conservancy Celebrates 100 Years of Volcanic Landscapes, Cultural History and Bears at Katmai Park and Preserve
Colorful ash at the Valley of Ten Thousand Smokes in Katmai National Park and Preserve. Photo Credit: NPS. In southern Alaska, at the northern end of the Alaska Peninsula, Katmai National Park and Preserve is home to thousands of Alaskan brown bears, spawning salmon and a landscape of active volcanoes. In 1918, the site was declared a national monument to protect Mount Katmai and its surrounding area. In 1980, it was then expanded to become a park and preserve that furthered protections and allowed native Alaskan communities to continue to practice subsistence hunting. Helping to the tell the story of this public land while celebrating 100 years since its ...
C&O Canal Trust Tackles Infrastructure Needs and Engages Diverse Communities in Historical Park
Walking, running, and biking are three popular activities along the C&O Canal towpath, shown here near Carderock. In the 19th and early 20th centuries, the Chesapeake and Ohio Canal served as a shipping route along the Potomac River from Cumberland, Maryland to Washington D.C., fulfilling a dream of George Washington to utilize America's waterways to connect resources from the west to markets in the east. However, with the construction of the Baltimore & Ohio Railroad, canal boats were soon outrun by train cars. Due to competition with the railroads and destructive flooding, the canal closed to boat traffic in the 1920s. Then, in 1971, the canal, ...
PLA Staff Visits Public Lands Nonprofit Partners in New Mexico
This April, the Public Lands Alliance (PLA) gave me the opportunity to do a whirlwind trip to visit public lands nonprofits in New Mexico. If you've followed Newswire for a while, you may have read about my adventures last year in California which involved me driving across the state in a rental car to visit an inspiring group of nonprofit partners. This trip to New Mexico was no less exhilarating, and as Marketing and Communications Manager for PLA, I am amazed and humbled by the stories nonprofits had to share with me and to witness the innovative ways they serve public lands visitors. Through this photo blog, my goal is to shed some light on the ...

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


preventing your email from getting spam mails is some thing one should take note of.this is because we engage our self in online activities like registration with an unknown site, free stuff to be sent to your emails, sharing of email with friends etc. without considering the junk emails you may receive. so one should maintain a free spam email account by preventing it from getting spam mails. some of us have used our email for so many things online.
as a result of this,our email will be filled up with spam mails and you may begin to wonder what actually resulted to the bombarded spam mails from site you barely knows.the simple truth is that some of us do register with numerous site that may even be a spam website that will give out your email address to other third parties or it may be at your own end because of the free stuffs you registered for hoping to get it delivered to your email.
this is so annoying to the extent that your email spam folder will be so much that the only choice left for you, is to deactivate the email or delete all the sspam mails. so if you find your self in this situation, their is way you can prevent your email from being bombarded with spam emails.
email disposable account is a free email service that allows you to use their service for any junk mail form you intend to fill online.with email disposal or junk mail account, you can save your yahoo or gmail account from getting spam mails by using the junk mail service to do any registration with a site you no noting about.this will help you to reduce the rate at which spam emails get to you main email accounts.
so how do i prevent my email from getting spam mails.
there are many junk or disposable email service online.if you search for disposable or junk email service online, you will see a lot of them.but the one i personally use is called mailinator.mailinator is a free junk mail provider that will allow you to use their service email to do any form filling or registration online in other to prevent your email from being spam.so if you use a junk mail service to fill a form or registration, they will send the message to the junk email then you can now decide to forward it to your email if you choose to forward it.NOTE:any message that is sent to that junk mail will be deleted within 24hours by the junk mail service provider to free the email for other people to use, so should in case you have an important message in the spam mail,you can forward it to your yahoo or gmail account immediately.so any time you want to use a spam mail, just visit mailinator.com to get one.it does not require any registration.ENJOY.
2 Responses to "how to prevent your yahoo and gmail account from getting spam emails"
This information is really helpful.for how long are they going to keep the mails.
It depends on the spam mail service.it may be an hour or more.so if you have important mails,do not hesitate to forward it.


Image Title: In Floor Heating For Ceramic Tile Heated Cost Throughout Bathroom Intended Plan 17. Post Title: Bathroom Floor Heating. Filename: in-floor-heating-for-ceramic-tile-heated-cost-throughout-bathroom-intended-plan-17.gif. Image Dimension: 606 x 339 pixels. Images Format: jpg/jpeg. Publisher/Author: kelzongroup. Uploaded Date: Saturday - September 29th. 2018 01:45:30 AM. Category: Architecture. Image Source: decoist.com. Electric Floor Heating Indoor Solutions With Regard To Bathroom Plan 10. Remodeling A Bathroom Part 10 Electric Radiant Floor Heat YouTube Within Heating Prepare 0. BATHROOM REMODELING HEATED RADIANT FLOOR Vista Remodeling Within Bathroom Floor Heating Remodel 1. Elektra Underfloor Heating From UK LTD Pertaining To Bathroom Floor Decor 6. Radiant Bathroom Floor Heating Ideas Safe Home Inspiration With Designs 2. Bathroom Floor Heating Best Home Interior Intended For Decor 18. How Does Radiant Floor Heating Work DIY Regarding Bathroom Ideas 8. Bathroom Heat Floor Modest On Intended Radiant Mats Matden With Heating Designs 4. Electric Underfloor Heating For Your Bathroom Inside Floor Decor 3. Electric Floor Heating Underfloor Inside Bathroom Ideas 19.


The typical treat rates of the SulfurPurge™range depend on a variety of factors, including the amount of H2S to be removed, operating conditions and efficiency of the injection system. Our expert team provides tailored solutions to meet our customers' specific requirements.
The treat rate of SulfurPurge™is typically 10 to 15 times H2S concentration in the liquid phase.
SulfurPurge™HC is an oil soluble H2S scavenger which produces a water soluble reaction product. The additive requires minimal mixing and is ideal for treating storage tanks and ships.
The treat rate of SulfurPurge™HC is typically 10 times H2S concentration in the liquid phase.


If you need more life insurance because of your poor health, you should consider purchasing a rider instead of a new policy. A rider is an addition or change to a current policy. Therefore, a rider is usually not as expensive as purchasing an additional policy, which will keep your premium low.


If you run a business in South Florida, you've probably at least considered the idea that an employee works for the competition. It may be a fleeting thought, or it may be a serious concern. Would you know? You can't track the employee 24 hours a day, and even the least sophisticated employee can operate a camera phone and reveal trade secrets. Can a Miami private investigator prove an employee works for the competition?
Yes! In this scenario, when you're wondering if you're being double-crossed by an employee, a private investigator in Miami is the perfect place to turn. You have some basic information that you can provide – why you suspect the employee, who you think they may be working for. From there, it's up to your Miami private investigator. So how does this work?
How Does A Miami Private Investigator Prove An Employee Works For The Competition?
To start with, your private investigator will perform surveillance on the employee and learn their habits, their usual travels, and the places they frequent. An investigator can covertly gather evidence that you would not be able to acquire. How is the information being transferred? How much information is going to the competition? How much is the Judas employee being paid to betray you and all you've worked so hard to build?
There are too many variables involved for you to investigate the situation yourself. Besides, you're the boss – the employee would notice you in a minute or less and be tipped off that you suspect. That's not the desired result. A private investigator in Miami will have access to a number of people and a number of vehicles, allowing surveillance to remain unnoticed by the subject.
When evidence has been gathered to prove an employee works for the competition, your private investigator will compile a complete report indicating what the evidence shows, how the evidence was gathered, and any recommended actions. While you may want to run it past legal, your first stop with the information is likely to be HR, if you have an HR department. They'll be experienced in how to get the employee out of your office or shop with the least amount of problems.
If things go south at that point, though, you'll need help. Torres Protection Group isn't just a Miami private investigator firm. TPG also provides employee termination security to help ensure that all intellectual property is properly returned to your company and that the employee knows the consequences of becoming violent or problematic in the process of being removed from the premises.
When it comes to investigating employment issues and trying to prove an employee works for the competition, you need more than just a Miami private investigator. You need the comprehensive services of Torres Protection Group to solve the problem and keep you and your employees safe as you investigate and remove the employee from the premises.
You know that employee issues are sensitive issues that need to be handled with discretion. In the same way that surveillance of the subject is always covert, assisting the subject off the premises is handled delicately so as not to raise any concern with your other employees. Only Torres Protection Group has the resources to handle the entire matter properly and correctly, while minimizing risk to you and your organization.


President Clinton signed the 1994 federal Crime Bill into law on Sept. 13, 1994, including the Violent Crime Control and Law Enforcement Act of 1994, which made it a federal crime for a private individual to possess or transfer (sell, give, etc.) a "semiautomatic assault weapon" (AW) manufactured after that date. [18 U.S.C. 922(v)]. AWs manufactured on or before that date, and legally within the U.S., are "grandfathered" (not banned). Government agencies and their agents (the military, police departments, etc.) are exempt from the law. The law requires that AWs manufactured after Sept. 13, 1994 be stamped with their date of manufacture. Regulations require that AWs made after that date be stamped "Restricted Law Enforcement/ Government Use Only." These provisions are scheduled to expire on Sept. 13, 2004.
A semiautomatic shotgun that has at least two of the following: a folding or telescoping stock; a pistol grip that protrudes conspicuously beneath the action of the weapon; a fixed magazine in excess of five rounds; and an ability to accept a detachable magazine.
"Large capacity ammunition feeding devices." The Clinton ban also prohibits a private individual from possessing a "large capacity ammunition feeding device," defined as "a magazine, belt, drum, feed strip, or similar device . . . that has a capacity of, or that can be readily restored or converted to accept, more than 10 rounds of ammunition; but does not include an attached tubular device designed to accept, and capable of operating only with, .22 caliber rimfire ammunition." Those manufactured on or before Sept. 13, 1994, including those made outside the U.S., are not defined as "devices" and are legal to possess, transfer and import. Those manufactured after that date must be stamped to indicate the date of manufacture. The law places the "burden of proof" upon the government, not the individual, in the event of a criminal charge relating to possession of a "device."
Banning guns because of attachments. Under the ban, various firearms are defined as AWs because they have more than one attachment listed in the ban. Consider the two AR-15s below. The ban says that the one on the left is an AW, because it has a flash suppressor on the end of the barrel and a bayonet mount under the front sight. The attachments have nothing to do with crime and, as the illustrations show, the distinction between the two rifles is superficial.
flash suppressor and bayonet mount.
"Armor-piercing ammunition." A 1986 law prohibited the manufacture or importation of "armor piercing ammunition," defined as "a projectile or projectile core which may be used in a handgun and which is constructed entirely (excluding the presence of traces of other substances) from one or a combination of tungsten alloys, steel, iron, brass, bronze, beryllium copper, or depleted uranium." The 1994 crime bill added to the definition, "a full jacketed projectile larger than .22 caliber designed and intended for use in a handgun and whose jacket has a weight of more than 25 percent of the total weight of the projectile."
Federal Firearm Licensees. The law requires an FFL applicant to submit fingerprints and photographs to BATFE; notify his chief local law enforcement officer of the application; and certify that the business to be conducted is not prohibited by state or local law, that no business will be conducted until in compliance with state and local laws, and that such laws will be complied with within 30 days after approval of the FFL. FFLs must report to BATFE and local law enforcement authorities the theft or loss of a gun within 48 hours and respond within 24 hours to a BATFE request for information about the disposition of guns related to a criminal investigation. BATFE must notify state and local law enforcement authorities of the names and addresses of persons to whom FFLs are issued, and may inspect licensees' records during a criminal investigation. The law extends to 60 days the period BATFE has to act on applications.
Restrictions relating to juveniles. The law prohibits the transfer to, or possession by, a juvenile (person under age 18), of a handgun or handgun ammunition, with exceptions for employment, target practice, hunting, firearms training, service with the Armed Forces or National Guard, in defense against an intruder at the residence of the juvenile or a residence in which the juvenile is an invited guest, and other circumstances with prior written consent of the juvenile's parent or guardian.
Other federal laws affecting "assault weapons" and other semi-automatic firearms. 18 U.S.C. 925(d)(3), imposed by the GCA and later amended, requires the Treasury Secretary to approve for importation any firearm "generally recognized as particularly suitable for or readily adaptable to sporting purposes," with exceptions. BATF has regulatory authority to interpret the provision.
In early 1989, following a crime committed with an imported semi-automatic rifle, BATF suspended importation of 43 makes and models of foreign-made semi-automatic rifles (all previously approved for importation), pending a review of their eligibility for importation. BATF concluded that "Assault Type Rifles" were no longer eligible for importation due to their having a folding or telescoping stock, an angled pistol grip, a bayonet lug, a flash suppressor, etc. BATF found insignificant the fact that comparable rifles have been used for a half century in formal target shooting competitions, such as the NRA National Championships and the Civilian Marksmanship Program National Matches. Manufacturers and importers removed the attachments and BATF approved the modified rifles for importation.
In 1998, President Clinton ordered BATF to suspend importation of about 50 models of modified rifles. Treasury and BATF later issued a report asserting that "Large Capacity Military Magazine" rifles were ineligible for importation because they use such magazines. In 2000, BATF prohibited importation of repair and replacement parts for the guns.
In 1993, BATF reinterpreted the importation provision to prohibit importation of "assault pistols." In 1994, the Secretary of the Treasury placed the Street Sweeper and Striker-12 revolving cylinder shotguns, and the USAS-12 semi-automatic shotgun, under the National Firearms Act. Also in 1994, President Clinton, by Executive Order, banned importation of firearms and ammunition from Red China, then a major exporter of AK-47-type semi-automatic rifles.
18 U.S.C. 922(r), imposed in 1990, prohibits "assembling from imported parts any semi-automatic rifle or any shotgun which is identical to any rifle or shotgun prohibited from importation." BATF's regulation [178.39, Commerce in Firearms] prohibits using more than 10 "imported parts," from a list of 20 parts, such as trigger, hammer, barrel, etc. (BATF had proposed prohibiting using more than two imported parts.) The provision was adopted to prohibit restoring modified rifles to pre-law configuration after importation.
A Partial List Of Firearms Classified as "Assault Weapons"
153. Springfield Armory SAR 8 H-Bbl.


text:
POSTSCRIPT / December 10, 2020 / Thursday
Pinay administers first vaccine in UK
FOCUSING on the Filipina nurse who administered Tuesday the first shot in the world's first COVID-19 mass vaccination is the nearest we could force our involvement in that historic event in the United Kingdom.
By the most optimistic estimate, however, it would be next year yet when the Philippines can start its own mass vaccination. While the more alert countries have scrambled to close deals to buy the vaccines, we were busy chasing protesters, hounding critics, among other priorities.
The first UK recipient of the Pfizer/BioNTech vaccine was 90-year-old (she turns 91 next week) grandmother Margaret Keenan who was injected at 6:31 a.m. by Pinay nurse May Parsons at her local hospital in Coventry, 151 km northwest of London.
Parsons, who is from the Philippines, has worked in the UK National Health Service for the last 24 years and been at University Hospitals Coventry and Warwickshire since 2003.
Tuesday, dubbed by some as V-Day, saw the rollout of the first of 800,000 doses of the vaccine. The UK expects up to four million more by the end of December. First recipients are people aged 80 years and older, and health and care personnel.
As the day's inoculation went on, the UK government reported 616 more people had died within 28 days of a positive test, raising their total deaths to 62,033.
Watching Keenan on TV being injected by Parsons, we were struck by the absence of officials around them. If that were in Manila, the frame would have top executives and the ubiquitous presidential aide crowding around for the photo opportunity.
We were also waiting for Keenan to grimace or cringe as the needle pierced her upper arm, but she did not flinch. Parsons the nurse must be that experienced, we thought, reminded of when we had our flu shot in late October and hardly felt the injection.
Keenan will receive a booster shot in 21 days. A former jewelry shop assistant, she retired four years ago. She has a daughter, a son and four grandchildren. She came from Enniskillen, Northern Ireland, and has lived in Coventry for over 60 years.
She told BBC News: "I feel so privileged to be the first person vaccinated against COVID-19, it's the best early birthday present I could wish for because I can finally look forward to spending time with my family and friends in the New Year after being on my own for most of the year.
"I can't thank May and the NHS staff enough who have looked after me tremendously, and my advice to anyone offered the vaccine is to take it – if I can have it at 90 then you can have it too!"
Parsons said: "It's a huge honor to be the first person in the country to deliver a COVID-19 jab to a patient, I'm just glad that I'm able to play a part in this historic day. The last few months have been tough for all of us working in the NHS, but now it feels like there is light at the end of the tunnel."
Among the lingering questions about mRNA (messenger-RNA) vaccines such as the Pfizer/BioNTech variety, is: While it may protect the person inoculated, will it prevent his passing on the virus to others?"
An mRNA vaccine transfects molecules of synthetic RNA into human cells. Once inside the cells, the RNA functions as mRNA, reprogramming the cells to make the foreign protein that would normally be produced by the pathogen, or by cancer cells.
• Rattan measuring sticks or batons?
IF A COP swings a rattan stick or baton at you, he's just measuring how close you are. That is how Malacañang explains why policemen assigned to crowds and protest marches, and sometimes to round up or disperse them, would be wielding yantok (rattan) batons.
In a media briefing, presidential spokesman Harry Roque sought to deflect criticisms against a reported order to the police to use rattan sticks on individuals in street marches who do not follow COVID-19 protocols on keeping a safe distance.
Police Lt. Gen. Cesar Binag, PNP deputy chief for operations, reportedly said that yantok sticks would be used "to hit hardheaded individuals" as health officials warn of a possible surge in COVID-19 infections after the holidays.
The Philippine National Police denied there was such an order. It said it was PNP chief Debold Sinas who had ordered the use of the yantok sticks or batons.
The Commission on Human Rights, among other groups and individuals assailing the use of rattan sticks or batons on quarantine violators, said that was not the best way to address the pandemic.
Roque clarified that the rattan sticks were being carried by policemen to measure social distancing. He added: "You can't use that to hit someone because that is not allowed by the law or even within PNP's regulations."
The police started to use the rattan sticks, such as in swarming crowds at Divisoria where pre-Christmas shoppers have been flocking, after Chinese anti-riot policemen in Hong Kong were noticed to be using similar batons on street protesters.
Are they batons or sticks? The sizes and the intent of the policemen will matter. If the yantok is ¼ inches thick and 36-39 inches long, it could pass off as a measuring stick, especially if it has inch or centimeter markings along the length.
But if it is about an inch thick and 28-32 inches long, it is more of a baton that can be used as a weapon for defense or attack – much like the rattan poles used in arnis de mano, a native martial arts form.
(First published in the Philippine STAR of December 10, 2020)


Suppose r is a vector valued function of a parameter t not necessarily time and consider the following picture of the points traced out by r.
r(t+ h)− r(t) |r(t+-h)−-r(t)| ≡ Th.
′ r(t+-h)−-r(t) |r(t+-h)−-r(t)|-r(t+-h)−-r(t)- r (t) ≡ hli→m0 h = hli→m0 h |r(t+ h)− r(t)| |r(t+ h)− r(t)| = hli→m0 ------h-------Th = |r′(t)|T.
as suggested by the picture below.
is the velocity of the object. This is the physical significance of the derivative when t is time. In general, r′(t) and T(t) are vectors tangent to the curve which point in the direction of motion.
. This is because of Theorem 8.5.5 on Page 419, which says that the term in (9.2) gets close to a vector v if and only if all the coordinate functions of the term in (9.2) get close to the corresponding coordinate functions of v.
. Find the velocity vector when t = 1.


The Municipality of Sopron Urban County, along with Pan European Picnic '89 Foundation respectfully invite You Sunday, 19th August 2018 to a festive commemoration of the 29th anniversary of the Pan-European Picnic and Breakthrough.
The local municipality of Sopron and the Foundation of the Pan-European Picnic '89 are jointly celebrating the 28th anniversary of the Pan-European Picnic and the Border Breakthrough on the 19th August 2017, Saturday.
The Municipality of Sopron and the Páneurópai Piknik '89 Foundation invite you and your partner to the commemoration of the 27. anniversary of Pan-European Picnic and border breakthrough on 19th August 2016, Friday.
The Pan-European Picnic of 19th August 1989 and the following border breakthrough was commemorated at the Pan-European Picnic Memorial Park near the Austro-Hungarian border.


A yoga instructor in "barefoot," or minimalist, shoes.
When I ran cross country in high school, the fastest guy on the boys team ran barefoot. I remember thinking this was wacky, especially given that a lot of the "cross country" courses were on asphalt. He had come to Connecticut from the West Coast, so I assumed at the time it was some kind of California thing. It wasn't until many years later, in reading Christopher McDougall's "Born to Run," when I realized that this kid was onto something and, apparently, that the padded-shoe industrial complex was out to get me.
In "Born to Run," McDougall sets out to learn why he is constantly getting injured as a runner and discovers a group of Indians in Mexico who can run incredible distances without shoes or sandals. The author concludes that running barefoot is the key to staying uninjured, and that virtually anyone can run marathon distances or more. Reading this book, it's hard not to conclude that the only thing standing between you and a successful showing at Leadville, a 100-mile race in the mountains of Colorado, is the wrong pair of shoes. And it's not surprising that barefoot running has trended way up since the book's publication in 2009.
The answer is no. Little would suggest that those who are happily running in minimalist running shoes should stop, but the answer to whether there is any reason to start is a bit more complex.
Let's start at the beginning. Prehistoric man did not have cushioned running shoes, and humans have evolved to run long distances. This has led some to conclude, perhaps logically, that running barefoot is the optimal way to run. On the flip side, technology has improved many aspects of our health — an infant mortality rate below prehistoric norms of 50 percent comes to mind — so it's not obvious that running with padded shoes couldn't also be an improvement. Also, prehistoric man didn't exactly leave notes about his excruciating shin splints, so we don'tknow about injury rates.
What is clear is that the mechanics of running are different if you are barefoot vs. in traditional shoes. Runners wearing standard padded running shoes typically land on their heels and then transition to the toe as the stride completes (this is called a rear-foot strike). Runners who are barefoot, and those in minimalist running shoes, typically land on their front foot first (a front-foot strike). Shoe type is not perfectly predictive of strike pattern, but the correlation is high.
What is also pretty clear is that for a given distance and speed, people use less energy — perhaps 5 percent or so less — running barefoot or with minimalist shoes. This is something people figured out a while ago. You'd never see an elite runner clomping along in a race in giant padded shoes.
The debate is more complicated when it comes to the role shoe type plays in injuries. The difference in motion — rear vs. front-foot strike — stresses different parts of the body. Several papers summarize the common injuries, which biodynamics suggest would be associated with the two strike patterns. A rear-foot strike is associated with higher risk of knee pain, possibly higher risk of shin stress fracture and more plantar fasciitis, a common running injury that causes heel pain. Toe stress fractures and Achilles tendonitis are more commonly associated with front-foot strike.
Based on this evidence, it is possible that the rate of injury could be higher with either shoe type. The injuries may not be the same, but it's not obvious whether people prefer a toe stress fracture to a shin stress fracture or vice versa.
The evidence one would like to see — and presumably what the court would have liked to see from Vibram — is some large-scale randomized data on injuries with minimalist vs. traditional running shoes. An ideal experiment would randomly assign half of the group studied to use minimalist shoes, and half to stay with traditional shoes, and we'd follow their injury rates over time. It's not impossible to imagine such a study, but it hasn't taken place yet. This is not to say that there is evidence to favor padded shoes, either. One review article searched the medical literature for evidence to support the use of running shoes with elevated and cushioned heels, and concluded that no studies of this kind existed.
The best evidence we have, as I see it, comes from two small studies. The first is a randomized study of treatment for plantar fasciitis. Twenty-one participants were randomly assigned to exercise programs with either a traditional running shoe (control group) or a minimal running shoe (treatment group). The minimal shoe group reported faster reduction in pain than the control group.
The second study is observational: Researchers studied 52 college runners and compared injury rates for those who had a rear-foot strike pattern with those who had a front-foot strike pattern. It is worth noting that this paper does not actually compare shoes, although we know that shoe choice and strike pattern are correlated.
The authors find that those runners who use a front-foot strike have fewer injuries overall. This result is driven by the fact that injuries typically associated with a rear-foot strike are more common among rear-foot strike runners, but those associated with a front-foot strike are actually not more common among the front-foot strike runners. This suggests that although the biodynamics of front-foot strike suggest susceptibility to these injuries, the data does not suggest they are more common in this group. The researchers also show that rates of traumatic injuries (e.g. muscle soreness and strains from speed work) are similar across the two groups, which is a nice way to test whether one group is more injury-prone.
To give a sense of the magnitudes: The study finds a rate of five moderate or severe repetitive injuries per 10,000 miles among front-foot strikers and 8.7 per 10,000 miles among rear-foot strikers. In other words, if you run 5 miles a day every day, you're predicted to suffer 0.9 injuries per year if you're a front-foot striker and 1.6 injuries if you're a rear-foot striker.
I found this paper useful and somewhat compelling, although the study is small and randomization data would be more useful. It also is worth noting that the research is partially funded by Vibram, although the authors said the funding sources didn't have any role in the research design or their analysis.
And so there is very little evidence either way, although I'd say that if you are running with whichever type of shoe and are happy with it, there is no reason to switch. On the other hand, if you're experiencing an injury associated with the type of shoe you use, then you might consider switching.
On the all-important question of what to do if you are new to running and have to pick, I'd ultimately lean slightly toward the minimalist option. Unless, of course, you do your running on glass shards.


text:
The Northern Sea Route perspectives and hurdles
13.07.202025.02.2021By Boris Martsinkevich
At the end of December 2019 Dmitry Medvedev's government presented Rosatom with a really nice holiday gift as the "Northern Sea Route development plan for the time period until 2035" was approved. One year before Russian law 525-ФЗ was enacted on December 27, 2018 paving the way for the State Atomic Energy Corporation "Rosatom" to receive commission as the infrastructure operator of the Northern Sea Route (NSR).
The law 525-ФЗ is not so easy to comprehend because it stipulates changes to several other federal laws: "Concerning the State Corporation Rosatom", "Concerning the Internal Sea Waters, the Territorial Sea and the Contiguous Zone of the Russian Federation", "Concerning the Seaports of the Russian Federation", and a slew of other regulatory documentation. This is nothing to be surprised at since many of the laws had not changed since 1990's. It was the period when Russia found itself in dire straits, so that other more immediate tasks and problems had priority over the development of NSR. If we put intricate legal and bureaucratic details aside, broadly speaking the meaning of 525-ФЗ is rather straightforward: Russia is returning to the Northern Sea Route in a big way, intending to promote it for the benefit of the country's economic advancement, and NSR shall attain the position that enables this transportation route to grow into a real competitor to the southern sea route connecting Europe and Asia. Naturally Rosatom shoulders the bulk of the job for NSR development. This makes perfect sense. Since the time when the world's first nuclear-powered icebreaker "Lenin" was commissioned Atomflot has become the the master of NSR and uncrowned champion of the Arctic. The sea route that had always been challenging to put it mildly, was turned into a stretch of navigable waters thanks to the peaceful use of atomic energy — a feat never seen before.
NSR development blueprint is not just about icebreakers
525-ФЗ can be fairly described as the law about Rosatom, it elevated our national atomic corporation to the status of infrastructure operator for the whole of NSR, giving it the mandate to oversee development and operation of all the seaports and their installations. Now Rosatom is responsible not only for escorting commercial vessels with its nuclear-powered icebreakers, but also for providing icebreaker service to all the NSR seaports, conducting hydrographic surveys, supplying power to port installations, and upgrading seaports so that they meet modern requirements. According to the law 525-ФЗ, in order to enable Rosatom to manage the extensive range of tasks the company was authorized to become the main budget holder of the state finances slated for the development of NSR. As has always been the case the budget cannot be spent just for the devil of it with no strings attached, so the law 525-ФЗ stipulates that Rosatom should come up with detailed roadmap for NSR development, complete with the implementation schedule for every stage of the plan. The plan has to be agreed upon by all the relevant state offices and ministries that will take part in its implementation and finally it has to be approved by the government. This is perfectly reasonable as the government holds the purse strings of the state budget. The jumbo investment into NSR should not throw the state finances off balance. Both the financing mechanism and the accountability for expenses must be stipulated.
Vyacheslav Ruksha, Director, Northern Sea Route Directorate
And so Rosatom started to advance its plan based on the above. For Rosatom managing the whole of NSR is a new challenge, consequently a new executive branch has been created within the corporation, it was christened NSR Directorate. At the helm is Mr. Vyacheslav Ruksha, the former head of Atomflot for 10 years. Such personnel solution was perfectly logical because there is no other living person on our small planet who has a comparable degree of experience and intimate knowledge of the Arctic and all the nooks and crannies of NSR, complete with deep understanding of "Severny Zavoz" which means regular deliveries of cargo to the northern territories of Russia. Such shipments are of critical importance for communities along the Arctic Ocean coast. This is the reason why the plan for NSR development is unusual, unlike the multitude of development programs produced by various ministries and departments of the government. The plan takes into account suggestions by the official executive bodies, administrative branches, scientists and ecologists, carriers of cargo, and resource-extracting companies located in the Arctic zone of Russia. In this particular case the opinion of ecologists carries a lot of weight. Natural habitats of the Arctic Ocean and its seaboard are unique and fragile; it would be a folly to repeat mistakes that accompanied development of the Arctic during the Soviet period as such errors take many years to correct.
Three whales and a turtle for NSR and the Arctic
Before we take a look into the development blueprint for NSR a couple of preliminary steps are needed. The government-approved plan spawned by Rosatom cannot be the only foundation for the development because NSR is just a waterway across the Arctic. The shipping route provides essential support for commercial ventures on the Russian mainland, the islands, and the Arctic ocean shelve. NSR is inseparable from events taking shape on the firm ground, it cannot be a "thing in itself". It is the NSR shipping that supplies communities all over the polar zone as they cannot survive on their own and have no other means of life support. On the flip side the NSR shipping is the backbone of transportation of natural resources extracted in the Arctic to their end users; from the standpoint of logistics it is the one and only option that makes such exploitation possible at all.
In April 2019 Russian president asked the officials to prepare not one but three documents outlining development of the polar zone. Just like our planet is allegedly supported by three elephants, the Arctic will rest on this tripod foundation. The Russian government's task had been to come up before the end of last year with "The basics of state policy in the Arctic region" and "The strategy for development of the polar zone of the Russian Federation". This is what should transform the plan for NSR development into an integral part of systematic multi-faceted expansion instead of being a solo project. Such systematic approach is bound to instill optimism into the proverbial turtle on whose back the elephants are standing. The "turtle" is the future of Russian economy and society, a benefit for the whole country and a possibility of sustained development for the near future, a blueprint that will remain in effect until 2035.
The available toolbox of drivers for Russian economic advancement is far from limitless. Development of the polar zone is quite important and potentially very lucrative. First and foremost we need to develop the Arctic region for our own good as year-round navigation along the NSR route can and should become the foundation of yet another important project: it has potential to evolve into the centerpiece of international North-West passage, the shortest shipping route connecting Europe and Asia. The scope of such advancement is not limited to a lot of work waiting to be done. From our perspective this is a momentous challenge for Russia that may have historic significance, the result can dwarf any bunch of projects dedicated to extraction of commercial minerals, whatever the size. International trade relies on transit routes that sometimes keep on humming for centuries. Such routes generate value not only to their final destinations but also to all those countries that are lucky enough to be situated along the way. Territorial maritime belt of a country is limited to 20 nautical miles from its shoreline according to regulations of maritime commerce, but the limit does not apply to NSR thanks to certain quirks of nature and climate. Packs of ice floe that cover the Arctic Ocean make it impossible to plot a sea route northwards of our arctic islands. Caravans of vessels can sometimes venture out of Russian territorial waters but ultimately they are compelled to come back and navigate passages between our islands or between our islands and the mainland. This is why the NSR route is one-of-a-kind, its unique advantage can be negated only by the much-touted global warming. Theory aside, ice situation over the NSR area presents yet another challenging issue.
Ice monitoring in the polar zone is all year round activity that goes on for almost a hundred years – understandably within limitations of available technologies. The area covered all over by pack ice was the smallest in 2008; it grows slowly but steadily ever since, even though it is now much smaller than the vast area of ice sheet observed in the 1950s to 1980s period. It is generally accepted by scientific community that the Arctic Ocean is in no hurry to get rid of its ice cover. If only Russia succeeds in the development of NSR so that it becomes an integral part of the North-Eastern passage, and if we make the northern route economically feasible for shipping lines, our future generations will enjoy substantial economic benefits for hundreds of years to come. To put it short, Russia is now attempting to turn into reality a project that ushers in a new historic turning point for the country and may bear fruit for centuries to come. We should always remember that any discussion about the NSR – be it numbers reflecting growing output of oil, natural gas, LNG, coal, or all the other mineral resources – is ultimately focused on the strategic goal, even though it is not always mentioned.
Nuclear-powered icebreaker "50 Years of Victory"
Admittedly we are riding before the hounds since the existing versions of "The strategy for development of the polar zone of the Russian Federation" and "The basics of state policy in the Arctic region" cover the period until 2020; both documents have expired, and the updates are still missing. Our Analytical journal Geoenergetics.com can be blamed for being overly sympathetic towards Rosatom, but the fact remains that the nuclear corporation succeeded with the assignment put forth by the Russian president; their plan for NSR development took shape and received the all-clear from the government, while the government itself failed to complete on time the task outlined by Vladimir Putin. In February 2020 deputy head of of the new (as well as the previous) Russian government Yury Trutnev who is in charge of overseeing development of the polar zone announced presentation of a new iteration of the development strategy at the International Economic Forum in St. Petersburg (SPIEF) which was expected in June. Meanwhile "The basics of state policy" were approved by the Security Council of the Russian Federation. Both documents are continuing their drift towards the State Duma (the parliament). No one seems to be in a hurry and no one has been reprimanded; at the same time there is one Arctic-related document that has made it all the way to the scrutiny of lawmakers; it is a blueprint of new law outlining tax breaks for companies that have their projects carried out in the polar zone. Such law is important indeed but the overall style of doing things seems like putting the proverbial cart before the horse. While no strategic action plan for the Arctic region exists and there is no concrete state policy, the law outlining corporate benefits is already in the State Duma. This is what Rosatom creating its blueprint for the NSR development had to take into account; obviously implementation of quite a few of the plan's components will depend on particular details of some cornerstone legislation that does not yet exist.
There is little doubt that the new Russian Prime Minister Mikhail Mishustin has a hell of a time dealing with the loose ends inherited from his predecessor. We can only hope that the new government will be able to clear up the "arctic" backlog in short order. For the sake of reference Yury Trutnev was promoted to the position of deputy prime minister in charge of the polar zone affairs on February 26, 2018. On the same day Alexander Kozlov was appointed to the position of minister overseeing the development of the Far East and the Arctic. In addition to that a reshaped 84-strong state commission dedicated to development of the Arctic and headed by Dmitry Rogozin was approved by the government decree №203-р on February 10, 2018. The commission is in place, the minister and the deputy prime minister have been appointed but the state plan and its strategy for development of the Arctic are nowhere to be seen, and those responsible for the failure to meet time constraints for the legislative blueprints are nowhere to be found. This is just a statement of facts; anyone is free to draw conclusions.
The plan for NSR future drawn up by Rosatom is already in place; only time will tell the extent of changes in the plan that may follow the passage of all the above paperwork through the State Duma and the Council of Federation. It should be noted that Rosatom remains the operator of NSR infrastructure for almost two years while day to day operations are carried out by its subsidiary company, "NSR Directorate". There is also a second manager of the operations: "NSR Administration", which is a federal state budgetary institution within the framework of Agency for marine and inland water transport of the Russian transportation ministry. From open sources it is impossible to glean any adequate understanding of the boundary between the authority of NSR Directorate and the one of NSR Administration.
Arctic Ocean view from "top of the world".
There is an important non-political issue to be discussed before we switch over from this foray into the state policy and start scrutinizing the plan for NSR development. The issue is a wonder in itself. Notwithstanding the glut of info about our projects and plans for the Arctic region, have you ever seen the Arctic Ocean map in general and the Northern Sea Route map in particular? Let us remember that the Arctic Ocean is rimmed not only by the Russian shoreline; it borders Norway, Greenland (Denmark), Iceland, Alaska (USA), Canada, and you can see the North Celestial Pole is in the midst. The correct map that provides adequate understanding of the ocean's shape is a bit odd as the perspective is different. A look from above the Northern Pole is "scientific view" of the Arctic Ocean.
The map is scalable, you may take a closer look at the historic challenge that Russia is facing over its development of the Northern Sea Route.
First things first, let us define some terminology. According to the Federal law №155-ФЗ of July 31, 1988, NSR is defined as "long-standing, historically formed national transportation artery of Russia; it is navigable in line with generally accepted principles and regulations of international law, international agreements wherein Russia is a party, and the national legal regulations". Let us put aside our arguments with those international partners who are not happy with the historical affiliation of NSR; it is a broad-ranging topic that can be discussed at great length. Broadly speaking the problem for these partners is that they are dissatisfied with NSR's traditional affiliation as a matter of principle. Let us skip the arguments until next time and focus on the NSR route. According to Article 5.1 of Russian Federation's Merchant Shipping Code the NSR waterway is defined as follows:
"Water area adjacent to the northern shore of Russia, inland seas, the adjacent zone and the exclusive economic zone of Russia. To the east NSR water area is delimited by the line separating respective water areas of Russia and USA, and the geographic parallel of Cape Dezhnev in Bering Strait; to the west NSR water area is delimited by the meridian of Cape Zhelaniya of Novaya Zemlya archipelago, the eastern shoreline of Novaya Zemlya archipelago, and the western inlets of Matochkin Strait (you can see this strait on the map between the two major islands of Novaya Zemlya archipelago), Kara Strait and Yugorski Shar (not shown on the map; this strait is located between Vaigach island and the mainland)".
Such broad and fuzzy definition of NSR borderlines has a reason: the waterway does not have a single fixed route. It follows a general pattern but at the same time is prone to "migration" up and down geographical latitude between the mainland shoreline and the North Pole depending on ice situation. The route of NSR might change within a single navigation period. This is how NSR is plotted on a map that outlines the ice situation:
You may notice that Federal law №155 does not stipulate a particular geo referencing for NSR, apparently it does not have fixed borders. The western border is outlined only in the Merchant Shipping Code. Article 5.1 of the Code is effectively cutting off the seaports of Arkhangelsk and Murmansk from the NSR water area, together with Indiga deep-water seaport and all the projects associated with these sites. Rationale for the current version of the Code is obscure while the federal law 155-ФЗ does not provide exact definition of NSR whereabouts.
Weather conditions and hydrographic features
The route of NSR can be notionally subdivided into three zones that differ by their climate and conditions for navigation: Atlantic, Siberian, and Pacific. The Atlantic zone is under the residual influence of Gulf Stream; it encompasses the Barents Sea, western section of the Kara Sea, and a section of the Arctic Ocean to their north. It is the warmest part of NSR with temperatures along the shore of western Kara Sea rising to +6 oC (+43 oF) in summer. Around the Barents Sea summer temperatures can reach as high as +7 oC (+45 oF). Even in winter the climate of Barents Sea is relatively balmy as the average temperature in this zone of NSR is about -20 oC (-4 oF). The weather is a tad cooler along the shore of Kara Sea where the temperature in winter routinely drops to -28 oC (-18 oF). The obverse case of a warmer climate is manifesting itself in frequent storms with the waves reaching 7 meters (23 feet) high, while summertime niceties include frequent precipitation and foggy weather. NSR's Siberian climatic zone includes eastern part of the Kara Sea, the whole of Laptev Sea, and western part of the East Siberian Sea. Winter temperatures there are as low as -34 oC (-29 oF) on average while the summer highs reach +1 oC (34 oF), but the storms and dreary weather are less frequent than in the other two climatic zones.
NSR's Pacific zone encompasses eastern part of the East Siberian Sea, and the whole of Chukchee Sea. In winter it remains under the influence of Pacific Ocean which makes the climate somewhat milder in comparison with the Siberian zone, but precipitation is much higher, while in summer it is often quite foggy due to the temperature differential which can be quite substantial. Snowstorms are behooved to the the entire NSR area: up to 14 days in any given winter month there can be blizzards. Navigation is directly influenced by the prevailing winds, their direction, speed, consistency and the propensity to push ice floe either out into the Arctic Ocean or in the opposite direction, the latter may increase both the floe prevalence and the associated tending. Ocean waves are influenced by winds and local depths; in September and October situation all over the NSR area becomes especially complicated as the waves reach as high as five meters (sixteen feet) on average. The problem of high waves dissipates by November as the whole water area of NSR freezes over, with the exception of southern Chukchee Sea. By the end of October the ice sheet is usually 25-30 cm (0.8-1 ft) thick, by December it grows to 70-90 cm (2.3-3 ft), by May it becomes 140-210 cm (4.6-7 ft) while in northern areas the thickness of ice can be over three meters (ten feet).
The most challenging navigation choke point of NSR is adjacent to New Siberian Islands. The draft limit of Sannikov Strait is only 11.6 meters (38 feet) which makes it the most shallow section of NSR route. Another complication comes from incessant sea currents. The ever-changing seafloor relief warrants nautical surveying which is not conducted yet on a regular basis. The draft limit is about the same in Dmitri Laptev Strait connecting the East Siberian Sea and the Laptev Sea. The strait is located between the mainland shoreline and Bolshoy Lyakhovsky Island. If the event of ice situation mellowing so much that it allows navigation northwards of New Siberian Islands the restriction becomes less stringent as the draft limit there is 18 meters (59 feet). Kara Strait has about the same depth with 21 meters (69 feet) draft limit.
There is one main reason why the above numbers are important: let us remember that the depth of Suez Canal is 50 meters (164 feet). Most of the available set of NSR nautical charts comes from hydrographic surveys dating back to the age before 1990. New updates started appearing only in 2010, following delegation of the job to "The Hydrographic Enterprise". In February 2019 a Federal State Unitary Enterprise "The Hydrographic Enterprise" was transferred from under the umbrella of Russian Ministry of Transportation to the auspices of Rosatom as the latter is the designated operator of NSR infrastructure. This does not look like a sophisticated move at first glance but "The Hydrographic Enterprise" operates eight land bases and nine vessels for hydrographic surveys; three auxiliary vessels; a combined expedition for hydrographic surveying of the Arctic; a combined radio navigation unit; navigation equipment service that operates 1043 onshore assets and 195 floating warning signs in the Arctic; naval safety information center in St. Petersburg; NAVTEX station in the port city of Tiksi; pilot service for the Arctic, and also supervises port construction and infrastructure works management. Both Rosatom and "The Hydrographic Enterprise" have their work cut out for them as seabed survey data with resolution better than 500 meters (547 yards) covers only 28% of the Kara Sea, 35% of the Laptev Sea, 15% of the East Siberian Sea and only 9% of the Chukchee Sea area. To put it mildly, our understanding of submarine relief of the NSR area is based on a number of fixed measurements of depths and terrestrial coordinates. What does this mean in practice? Suppose there is a vessel chugging along one of the traditional routes where all the shallows and cays have been laid down upon the chart in great detail. An ice floe can force deviation from the known route which entails a certain risk of getting into real trouble. Our shipowners are not very happy about this, ditto foreign operators who send their vessels by the way of NSR. There is another problem in a similar vein: there are nearly not enough vessels for rescue, towing and fire-fighting operations as major seaports that make up NSR waypoints are few and far between.
Tiny icebreakers and enormous icebergs
One reliable feature of the ice situation is its instability since ice floe can be carried about rather quickly by currents and winds. Escort by ice-rated vessels of at least Arc 4 ice class is a must. Ice situation over the NSR route is never dull: for example during the summer shipping season of 2017 Vilkitski Strait was chockablock with icebergs so that even nuclear icebreakers had to beat a retreat and find an indirect route through Shokalsky Strait (between Bolshevik Island and October Revolution Island of Severnaya Zemlya archipelago). Unrivaled best-practice method for dealing with such situations has been developed by specialists of "Arctic and Antarctic Research Institute" and Rosneft. A historic first for Russia occurred in September of 2016 when "Kapitan Dranitsyn" icebreaker supported by research vessel "Akademik Tryoshnikov" towed several icebergs away as a matter of experiment. Only two out of 18 such towing attempts were unsuccessful while the largest iceberg weighed over a million metric tons.
"Kapitan Dranitsyn" icebreaker
Million ton iceberg is a block 150 by 150 meters (approximately 490 by 490 feet) in size, its invisible part is submersed to the depth of over 100 meters (approximately 330 feet), while the displacement of "Kapitan Dranitsyn" is only 15 thousand metric tons. In spite of the mismatch the icebreaker and its equipment were not damaged while towing this wonder of nature. The expedition was financed entirely by Rosneft; its main outcome is the proof that icebergs can be manipulated by humans, as theoretical prediction of such solution to the problem of roaming icebergs was successfully put into practice. According to Alexey Chernov who was the head of the "Iceberg — Summer 2016" expedition, in the future it may be feasible to tow away six to eight icebergs daily, if only there is sufficient manpower and equipment. The story seems like science fiction but the fact remains: a diesel icebreaker with the crew of 60 proved to be sufficient for the task, no nuclear-powered icebreakers required. Icebergs visit the area of NSR not so frequently, it may be sufficient to have icebreakers of "Kapitan Sorokin" series on duty. By the way, such stand-by duty would not become a trying ordeal for the crews, as "Kapitan Dranitsyn" icebreaker has 49 cabins with private bathrooms, complemented by such amenities as restaurant, bar, gym, sauna with warm seawater, library, and a small hospital. The setup seems appropriate for the XXI century.
Another challenge thrown up by the Arctic environment had been insurmountable in the past: communication was patchy at best due to technology limitations. Indeed 70-75 degrees north latitude is the limit for satellite communication services by Inmarsat, Thuraya, GlobalStar, and further to the north there is no connection at all as attested by foreign vessels on exploratory voyages. There is yet another complication which is hard to describe without using strong language:
"Office hours of the NSR Administration are: Mo-Thu from 09:00 to 18:00, Fri from 09:00 to 16:45".
Let us remember that time difference between the seaport of Murmansk for example and the seaport of Pevek is 9 hours. To what extent such "intensive" schedule of work at the NSR Administration can further the increase of cargo turnover by foreign shippers and carriers is anybody's guess. There is nagging suspicion that the result of such working practice is on par with icebergs choking Vilkitski Strait or towering waves coupled with thick fog in the Chukchee Sea.
NSR and world oil prices
Rosatom's plan for development is not based on the definition of NSR water area that can be found in the Merchant Shipping Code; instead it stems from a more fuzzy definition originating from the federal law 155-ФЗ which says that NSR is "long-standing, historically formed national transportation artery of Russia". Our hope is that the Code is going to be changed really soon. As you can see even the abridged list of problems and tasks that the NSR Directorate has to tackle is several pages long. Also there is a more straightforward proof that the task needs to be done. It is often said that the volume of shipments along the NSR route is already 4-5 times higher than the top score achieved in the old days of Soviet Union. This is true indeed and we are justifiably proud of the achievement. Following the departure of 14 former Soviet republics the remaining rump of post-Soviet Russia singlehandedly surpassed the totals of the former larger country. We have the tangible million-ton proof that all the wailing by liberal and pseudo-left political circles that "everything is lost, the industrial base and science have both crumbled" have no basis in reality. For such achievements to come within grasp we need to see not only our track record of victories but also a whole raft of problems ahead.
Below is some statistics on transit sea freight volume in recent years. The top result scored by NSR in its behind-the-scenes competition with the Suez Canal dates back to 2013 when the transit volume reached 1.3 million metric tons of cargo. Things have changed dramatically since then: 2014 – 300 thousand metric tons of transit cargo, 2015 – 39.6 thousand tons, 2016 – 194 thousand tons, 2017 – 194 thousand tons, 2018 – 491 tons. The total result for 2019 is not yet known; the available number is for October 1 – by that date the volume of NSR transit stood at 441.8 thousand tons. Some may think that the abysmal situation is the result of Western sanctions levied against Russia but this is really not the case. We are accustomed to newsfeed that puts it short and simple: "The NSR route is much shorter than the southern option", but maritime cargo transportation is provided by shipping companies that take down-to-earth view of things. Let us do the same.
Distances (in nautical miles) between the main seaports of Europe and Asia, and the advantage of North-Eastern passage expressed in percentages:
Rotterdam ⇒ Yokohama – 7'381 miles along the NSR route, 11'180 miles along the Suez route, the NSR advantage estimated at 34%
Rotterdam ⇒ Shanghai – 8'417 miles along the NSR route, 10'525 miles along the Suez route, the NSR advantage estimated at 20%
Let us not forget that the NSR route has variable length. It can range from 2'700 nautical miles if plotted close to the North Pole to 3'500 miles if it clings to the mainland shore. In other words, the unpredictable ice situation can render the advantage less significant. Also let us not forget that 2014 was marked not only by the onset of sanctions targeting Russia, but also by dramatic drop in oil prices. If we combine this reasoning with all the above mentioned risks it can provide the clue why foreign shipping companies are not exactly queuing up to have their vessels escorted through the NSR route. The queue will appear no sooner than Russia on its own solves all the problems or minimizes all the obstacles described in this article.
A few words about budgeting
It is not just year-round NSR navigation that Russia needs, not only new advanced nuclear icebreakers that would empower it to resolve all the other remaining issues. Each step of the work backlog requires some heavy lifting in project financing. Sufficient to know that the cost of a new nuclear-powered icebreaker of LK-60 series is 37 billion roubles while our current estimate for the futuristic "Leader" series is over 100 billion roubles per unit. Furthermore we have one single "Zvezda" shipyard having the capability to build "Leader" icebreakers and that shipyard is still under construction. A return on such investment is only possible from fees generated by icebreaker support to ever increasing volume of cargo shipping. It is the same volume of cargo shipping that is expected to underpin the financing for the whole amount of work to be done by "The Hydrographic Enterprise", modernization of its technological capabilities and replenishment of its fleet of specialty vessels. There is no other source of funding besides the state budget and fees generated by the icebreaker support to finance a fleet of now rescue vessels and deployment of extra constellations of satellites capable to provide communication, hydrographic and meteorological monitoring services that will cover the sea area of NSR. In order to start year-round navigation all over the NSR its seaports must be able to load and unload cargo regardless of the season. This is possible only with steady supply of diesel-electric icebreakers for the port auxiliary service fleet of "Portoflot", which is yet another subsidiary of Rosatom.
The main waypoints most often mentioned in the media are seaports of Varandey, Sabetta, Dikson, Dudinka, Igarka, Khatanga, Tiksi, Provideniya, Pevek, and Egvekinot. Other ports such as Naryan-Mar, Amderma, Zeljony Mys, Beringovsky, Anadyr, Chersky, Peschanka, and Keperveyem are mentioned much less often. The point is, Russia has over 70 seaports and wharves in the Arctic overall. They were built to facilitate "Severny Zavoz" (cargo deliveries to the northern territories of Russia), and were busy at the time of peak economic activity around Nenets Autonomous Okrug, Yakutiya, Chukotka, and Magadan Oblast, but nowadays they are more dead than alive. Increasing turnover of the main NSR seaports can contribute to the solution of major issues. With the advancement of solutions to the old problems it will gradually become less expensive to operate "Severny Zavoz" and the string of long-neglected ports; such development will bring knock-on effect of resurrecting old projects in the Arctic zone and starting new ones. At the heart of NSR development plan is its economic engine, more specifically the icebreakers and major seaports. Obviously there should be more of such major seaport waypoints. As follows from definition found in the Merchant Shipping Code, the NSR area has just a couple of major seaports that are capable to increase their cargo turnover in the future – Varandey and Sabetta; at the same time Murmansk and Arkhangelsk seaports which are integral to the Russian development plan for transportation infrastructure development, and Indiga seaport are outside of the area. Is there any logical reason behind this voluntary and artificial limitation, considering for example the ongoing construction of new terminals for coal in Murmansk, as our main customers for this energy resource China, Japan and India are well aware of the benefits resulting from supplier diversification? Such question seems rhetorical and the answer can be found in the above mentioned Rosatom's plan for developing NSR that has got the seal of approval from the Russian government.
Indeed our Analytical magazine Geoenergetics.com does not claim that this one article fully describes all the obstacles created by the environment, geography and geology that make the Northern Sea Route so difficult to tame for hundreds of years. Following the first acquaintance it would be appropriate to describe in more detail the contribution of Rosatom to the NSR development plan, the time sequence for implementing some individual components of the plan, what exactly Rosatom is going to do on its own, and which of the plan's components are beyond its power and authority.
Original text: geoenergetics.ru
Arctic, Atomflot, Northern Sea Route, Rosatom
Previous ЗаписьA radioactive man in a radioactive world
Уведомление: Buy Backlinks
Уведомление: Thiet ke web
Уведомление: Dịch vụ marketing online
Уведомление: hotmail.app.br
Уведомление: My Homepage
https://youtu.be/eYjMdXitHfA
analytics ANS Arab Light Arctic Atomflot Brent China coal COVID-19 decarbonization Dubai crude economics energy energy superpower Europe gas Gazprom geoenergetics Iran LNG Mexico Nord Stream 2 Northern Sea Route oil OPEC politics Power of Siberia production radiation radioactivity resourses Rosatom Rosatomflot Rosneft Russia Saudi Arabia Saudi Aramco Turkey Turkish Stream Ukraine Urals USA Venezuela Vladimir Putin WTI
Geoenergetics.com © 2020-2021 / All rights reserved
Мы используем файлы cookie, чтобы обеспечивать правильную работу нашего веб-сайта, персонализировать рекомендуемые материалы. Нажимая «Принять», вы соглашаетесь на использование ВСЕХ файлов cookie.
Cookie settingsПРИНЯТЬ
Теперь редакторы в курсе.


Flooding occurred in many areas of Queensland during late December 2010 and early January 2011, with three quarters of the state declared a disaster zone. FLOOD OF IDEAS is a forum gathering diverse and creative ideas for how we could plan and respond to floods and natural disasters in our community. Here's a post from Alan Hoban, Manager of the Water by Design program at the SEQ Healthy Waterways Partnership.
Last summer I was followed by floods. First, a soggy Christmas at Bundaberg, then I managed to get back down the highway to Brisbane in the few days it was open. Then, as everybody now knows, it rained. Really rained.
Almost everyone we spoke with during and after the floods had some bright ideas about what we could do differently; ideas about ways as a society we could become more flood resilient.
Understandably, under great public scrutiny, our partners in state and local government had to be risk averse and not entertain wild ideas. But we knew from international experience that the floods were a catalyst for new thinking about floods.
I was inspired by the work of James Surowiecki in his book The Wisdom of Crowds: Why the Many Are Smarter Than the Few(2004)which is about the aggregation of information in groups, resulting in decisions that, he argues, are often better than could have been made by any single member of the group.
Others had been thinking the same way so we initially partnered with the State Library and Institute of Architects to get the Flood of Ideas project happening. Ideas are coming in daily. We'll have an exhibition, and then some focussed workshops analysing and recombining the ideas, and hope to be able to make some useful recommendations to government.
This week the ABC's Science Show on Radio National visited the new Earth Surface Dynamics Laboratory at the California Institute of Technology. This laboratory is designed to facilitate physical experiments and models to study the processes that erode, transport, and deposit sediment on the surface of the Earth and other planets.
The laboratory's latest showpiece is a new state-of-the-art tilting flume, which can tilt up to a massive 30% slope over its 20m length, corresponding to a 6m vertical fall.
There are only a handful of labs like this in the world according to Michael Lamb, Assistant Professor of Geology. The flume has a huge 75,000L collection reservoir, allowing experiments to run continuously with a flow rate of over 30,000L/min (0.5m3/s), continually cycling both sediment and water. With its high tilt and pumping capability, the flume can produce hydraulic forces sufficient to move particles up to 100mm in diameter.
The researchers hope to use this to learn more about geomorphic response in catastrophic river floods, mudslides and debris flows — hopefully saving lives as a result.
Some amazing photographs of various planned burns undertaken by the Victorian Department of Sustainability and Environment can be found here.
You'll need a Facebook account to view them.
Today I opened the newspaper to see what our Prime Minister Julia Gillard and Treasurer Wayne Swan had budgeted for our future. I scanned The Age for any leadership (and cash) on managing our catchments and waterways and, finding nothing, stepped up to The Australian, still with no results. Realising it was time to go to the source I read the transcript of Wayne Swan's speech to Federal Parliament presenting the 2011-12 Budget.
The most notable aspect of the speech for me was the total absence of environmental and indigenous affairs.
Those of us who have focused our careers on improving the health of our catchments and rivers know firsthand the level of investment that is required to turn around the last 200 years of our management. If the level of degradation and loss of species is not sufficient motivation, then we can now draw on a larger pool of science that describes the value of ecosystem services and the intrinsic link between health of the environment and health of communities.
Over the past few years I have been active in reviewing the way we measure and communicate success of our NRM investment and I have concluded we are not good at collectively telling a compelling story of our successes and the scale of challenges we face. If we are ever going to make a real impact in Canberra, we need to get better at working together. Service providers, catchment management authorities, state and federal NRM organisations need to firstly figure out how to reduce duplication, increase sharing of data and resolve issues of trust. From there we can then work out how to collectively come together to tell a compelling story regarding the issues of our environment and most importantly to communicate clearly how the investment to date has been instrumental in moving towards longer term outcomes.
It is a challenge, but if we want to create a step change in funding for natural resource management, one key element is our ability to collectively tell our story of issues and success in a much more compelling way.
The local resident "River Warriors" did most of the manual work and are quickly becoming a very skilled work force dedicated to the Pasig River cleanup. This section of works was opened in early April by the tireless force leading the project, Gina Lopez, Director of the ABS-CBN Foundation. The opening was attended by President Benigno S. Aquino III of the Philippines in a show of national support for this ambitious project.
The physical transformation of the Paco River certainly looks amazing. It will now be interesting to follow the operation of the treatment and see the impact of the floating islands on water quality.


Club members. If you are participating in the 3 v 3 next weekend please make sure you enter under the Club name to receive 20 dollars off the entry fee.
Let Jorge know so that he can inform the tournament director.


This year's theme T-shirts worn by players read, simply, ZONE IN — as if the prey is in the crosshairs and the Dolphins are poised for the kill.
Ryan Tannehill, Miami Dolphins quarterback, talks to the media about winning on Sunday and his son at practice.
That alone qualifies as a brave goal, considering Bill Belichick and Tom Brady's New England Patriots have dominated the AFC East seemingly since fans crank-started Ford Model Ts to get to games. And now — even as the Dolphins plot a hostile takeover of the Pats — here comes USA Today predicting that New England will not only win the Super Bowl (again) but do so a perfect 19-0.
Second-year coach Adam Gase loves bravado in his players but also rightly preaches that a 10-win season entitles you to nothing. Maybe that's why those ZONE IN T-shirts bear this reminder on the right sleeve: 0-0. Because everything starts anew. Everything must be proven all over again.
And have no doubt: The Fins still have much to prove after last season ended with a humbling 30-12 playoff ouster in Pittsburgh, and this one starting with most Las Vegas betting over/unders on Miami wins a modest 7 1/2, not a playoff number. No other returning playoff team is projected to fall so far.
Clearly, the heat is on the Dolphins in a way that it hasn't been for a long while. When you're mired in a 7-9/8-8 rut, merely getting out is a triumph. Well, they're out. Now what?
Which is right: The Dolphins' optimism? Or the dire Vegas forecast?
The stepped-up schedule: It is appreciably tougher. Miami last year was 4-0 in non-division games versus teams that won five games or fewer. In 2017, the Fins will play only one such game.
Mike Pouncey's hips — You almost felt they were going to throw a parade Thursday because Pouncey had been declared fit to start training camp, but save the celebrating until his chronically tender hips go a full season without calamity. Despite so-so guard play, this has a chance to be a stout offensive line, but only if the veteran center stays right in the middle of it.
Miami Dolphins coach Adam Gase talks to the media on the first-day of training camp on July 27, 2017.
Repairing the sieve on run defense — Can we expect what was pretty rancid last season (140.4 run-yards per game, 4.8 per carry) to be appreciably better? When the run-stoppers start with Ndamukong Suh, and when you clearly targeted defense in both free agency and the draft, it better be.
The linebacker quality — Kiko Alonso and a rookie, Raekwon McMillan, surrounding an aging Lawrence Timmons, and backed by uninspiring depth, invites one to wonder whether the LB corps, so vital against both run and pass, is even average.
The cornerback quality — In addition to that guy from New England (twice), QBs facing Miami this year will include Philip Rivers, Drew Brees, Matt Ryan, Joe Flacco, Derek Carr and Cam Newton. Is a unit led by Byron Maxwell and Xavien Howard good enough?
Ryan Tannehill and his knee — This QB needs to be solid and good, not great, and has shown he can be. But the brace on his repaired left knee is a reminder that any team's fortunes rely on good luck with injuries and health.
Charles Harris' first step — Gase said it again Thursday, of his No. 1 draft pick: "His get-off-the-ball is outstanding." With Cam Wake now 35, Miami needs Harris to parlay that terrific first step to become an instant-impact sack man.
Familiarity breeds success? — This is the second season for Gase's offensive system and for the defensive scheme. Players think that's huge. A year ago, they spent much of camp learning. Now it's about fine-tuning and achieving max comfort and confidence.
By the way, Tannehill's baby boy, Steel, an infant just days old as camp began last year, just turned one.
"He's not throwing yet," Dad said with a smile.