With World Cup around the corner (almost 6 months from now), India will be eying their 3rd title. To which, Hardik Pandya can play a big role who is focusing on his fitness and mental strength. India last won the ICC World Cup in 2011 at home where Yuvraj Singh played a crucial role as an all-rounder. Eventually, he later went on to win the man of the tournament. Hardik Pandya will have to play the same role if India wants to win the title in England and Wales in 2019.
Hardik Pandya who is recovering from an injury has been playing all three format. However, he hasn't been consistent with his performance and therefore, he has faced criticism from some of the greats of the game. In an interview given to TOI, he talked about his role in the team, how Virat Kohli has been a constant support to him, his favorite all-rounder and many more.
When can we see you back on the field?
My recovery is on track. I've been busy with my fitness sessions and physiotherapy. I don't know when (I'll return to action), but right now I'm only focusing on getting fully fit.
It must've been heartbreaking to go down injured against Pakistan?
It wasn't about Pakistan. It was disappointing to get injured like that. You can't control these things. Now I've got the time to get fitter and stronger. I always take things positively. This injury was a blessing in disguise. I got time off from cricket. After this, I won't get much time off.
Changing hairstyles, hair colors, tattoos, earrings, hats, fashionable clothes, there's a perception that Hardik Pandya is more bothered about his style than cricket. Your comments.
In India, you enjoy the freedom of speech. People can say what they want to. I like to carry myself in a stylish manner. And if you can look good, why not? But nothing can come between me and my cricket.
The World Cup obviously is the big goal for you.
My individual, and the team goal, right now is getting the World Cup back. It's my biggest goal. I want to give more than 100% to make sure that we win the World Cup. That's why right now, I'm focusing on improving my skills, fitness, mentally I want to get stronger. Because that 10-15% (extra) would be very critical. I'll give 100%, but if I can give 10-15% more to my game, then it would give me great comfort, and I'd be able to do a lot of things which I'm not able to do now.
You scored a half-century and picked 5-28 to help India win the third Test against England at Nottingham, but do you feel you could've done more in England?
There's always scope for improvement in everything that you do in life. No one is perfect in life. I still remember Sachin (Tendulkar) sir said many times that he was improving and learning cricket. Even if I would've scored 1,000 runs, there would've still been scope for scoring more runs. So, I take it that way. Obviously, I could've done more.
In the first Test in England, we were chasing 194 in the fourth innings. You were the last batsman out for 31, and we lost by 31 runs. Do you think that if you'd taken India home, people would've have spoken positively about your ability?
I don't regret it, but there's still a lot of things where one can say after something happens: 'yeh hot toh maza aata (wish this would've happened). I don't live in an imaginary world. I live in reality. The team and I didn't do it. I'm still there. Nothing has changed. And, as you said, people love to talk. Let them talk, enjoy. They like it. The good thing is that I don't read it.
But does it hurt when greats like Michael Holding and Sunil Gavaskar say that they don't consider you as a Test all-rounder?
No sir. Why would it hurt? They've played so much cricket. Let them say it. It's OK. I've heard them so much. I respect that. I'm worthy enough that they're talking about me. If I wasn't, they wouldn't have said anything about me! I take it in a positive way.
There's a theory doing the rounds that you may be rested from the Tests to keep you fresh for the World Cup. Have you had a word with the team management or the selectors about it?
Not yet (spoken to the team management or the selectors). I'm not thinking about anything. It's completely the (team) management's call. That's how I've played my cricket till now. I do whatever they (captain and the coach) and my team require me to do. If they want me to play any particular format, I'm OK. If they want me to play all three (formats), I'm completely fine.
Post the tours of South Africa and England, do you still enjoy the same kind of faith from the team management and the selectors?
Nothing changes for me. I still have faith in myself, in the team, and they're happy with me.
Do you think that if you improve your batting, it strengthens your case as an all-rounder?
Not only my batting, but I also've to improve my whole game. I want to be 100% in everything. There's nothing called 50% in batting, 100% in bowling or vice versa. So, I want to improve my overall game. Even if I do or don't do well, it doesn't matter. There's always a scope for improvement, and I always look to improve.
Would you like to bowl more in Tests? You were perhaps a bit under-bowled in England.
If my team wants me to bowl more, I'll do it.
How has skipper Virat Kohli's influence been on you?
He's been a great support. He's helped me improve my game, which is a fantastic quality in him. Till now, I've grown with him. My career started under MS, then Virat took over. I've improved under both of them.
Who's the all-rounder you look to emulate?
I love Jacques Kallis. The way he managed his workload, the number of games. He played in all the formats of the game and was still fit. My goal is to be as fit as him.


Our pool is available for patrons of all abilities and fitness levels (18 & over) to participate in independent exercise. We welcome all members of the public, not just our patients, during open pool hours. Drop-ins are welcome; however, during treatment hours, our maximum occupancy is 4 open swim participants per hour. We therefore highly recommend making a reservation in advance at MINDBODY (book directly using calendar below) or by calling the pool (#805-845-1231).
To participate in open swim, you must be able to safely and independently enter & exit the pool or bring a caregiver to assist you. Our pool is approximately 20' x 40' and is not designed for lap swimming, so if you choose to swim, you must use a swim tether. All equipment is available for your use. Some items are limited, and physical therapy patients will receive priority for equipment and space during treatment hours.
Note: Schedule will change slightly starting 5/6/19, with open swim available on Tues/Thurs from 9-12 and 2-5pm, and on Fridays from 9-11, 12-1.
Patient rate: $5/hour for current patients (+ 1 month after discharge). Must pay at pool to verify discounted rate.
Unlimited: $100/month. Package begins on date of first visit and ends 30 days later.
You must cancel at least two hours prior to your scheduled open swim session to avoid a cancellation fee. Cancellations may be done online by logging into your MINDBODY account (or app) or by phone (805-845-1231). You will be charged $10 for each missed open swim session unless extenuating circumstances exist.
If you have questions, please contact the pool directly at 805-845-1231.


Sweet! Excited to see what's to come!
good for you van! i know you've been wanting to draw more. looking forward to what you come up with.
love the toadstools. you seem like a classic creative soul: lots of avenues for creative expression. looking forward to more!
I think it's great! Anytime you can share part of yourself on your website or blog it helps to set your site apart and lets you connect with others. When I started my site I decided to incorporate family photos and stories for this very reason....plus it's fun to be creative!
Jacqueline: I was thinking of doing something like that. I have so many thrifted items that inspire me to make art!
Van - Those icons are freakin' adorable. You're killing me with that little robot!
I must say I miss the markers sometimes! I used to draw so much when I was in fashion design that it just flows, now I bet it looks like 4yr olds drawing haha I love the Idea and I think is a great way to personalize. I've been wanting to try and do some sketches and paint them on photoshop, but me and photoshop are starting to bond... so maybe in the future it will come more naturally. You should keep showing us your brainstorming around these. Sorry for the super comment!
I AM BATMAN!So....The whale kinda looks like something i saw in a litle mermad book tho.And you need more robots.And mushrooms.AND a Giant Japanese mushroom robot that i will name MOSHOROOMUROBOTO!!!!
Well you know that I love it!
Anonymous: Stop reading my MIND!


At CrossFit Sydney we focus on Coached Group sessions to create a learning atmosphere for strength and conditioning formats. Read more about what you can expect at CFS.
Want to get expert advice on technique and movement? From Barbell Basics to Olympic Lifts and Kettlebells, Read more about our Speciality Sessions.
At some stage whether through individual goals, sport specific goals or your own desire to improve you will need individual programing to go further with your development. Read more about our Coach Programming service.


text:
Tom Cruise and Scientology are reportedly freaking out about Leah Remini's tell-all book
By DeadState Staff
The Church of Scientology reacted typically, threatening Remini with lawsuits and making attempts to discredit her character.
Tom Cruise is allegedly "freaking out" about Leah Remini's new book, Troublemaker: Surviving Hollywood and Scientology, where the former "King of Queens" star speaks frankly, specifically mentioning Cruise's weird dealings inside the church.
New reports of Cruise's issues with Remini follow last week's report that Cruise was angry that his ex-wife Katie Holmes reached out and apologized to Remini for her actions in the past.
"He thinks [Remini's book is] a major betrayal. Leah is what the church calls a 'suppressive person,' so she's evil in his mind," an anonymous source told Us Weekly, adding: "He wipes the memory of any SP out of his life. He's letting the Scientology people discredit her."
Remini was active in the Church of Scientology from the age of nine until 2013. In her book, she claims that she has spent millions on training and donations, and further alleges that she donated $1 million before she was able to meet Tom Cruise.
Cruise and Remini's troubled history started at Cruise's 2006 wedding to Katie Holmes. At the wedding, Remini gained the label of a "troublemaker" after she allegedly asked David Miscavige about his wife, who has not been seen in public for several years. In 2013, Remini filed a missing persons report for Michelle Miscavige, and although police dismissed the report after allegedly meeting Miscavige in person, she has still not been seen in public.
Holmes filed a complaint against Remini, both for her questions and for telling Holmes and Cruise to "get a freaking room" after she saw Tom "forcibly kissing Katie" during the ceremony. The church forced Remini to undergo $300,000 worth of "retraining" after the incident.
Katie Holmes and Tom Cruise in happier times (Flickr).
Holmes, who left the church after divorcing Cruise, apologized to Remini last month, which allegedly triggered Cruise's anger.
Remini's book mentions Cruise several times, and details Cruise's extravagant Rome wedding and parties that the movie star often threw at his house. Remini recounts one celebrity-filled party where Cruise started a game of hide-and-seek with Will Smith.
Cruise, who reportedly does not usually follow the news, found out about Remini's tell-all and Holmes's apology through contacts in Scientology. The US Weekly source further alleges that Cruise is particularly angry about Holmes's apology since she signed a non-discolsure agreement. Holmes's one sentence apology did not reveal any personal information, and simply apologized to Remini and wished her the best.
Leah Remini Recalls Katie Holmes Showing Up Late To Her Wedding https://t.co/6nYxxzLKpF
— Gina Delgado (@Gindelgdo) November 4, 2015
In an official statement, the Church said "She needs to move on with her life instead of pathetically exploiting her former religion, her former friends and other celebrities for money and attention to appear relevant again."
Featured image via US Weekly
Related Items:cults, Leah Remini, Leah Remini slams Tom Cruise, Scientology, Tom Cruise
Video allegedly shows Scientologists blatantly ignoring social distancing rules
Cops shut down Scientology facility after finding patient held against his will
'My Name is Earl' star Jason Lee has ditched the Church of Scientology

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Chicago police officer dies by suicide, 6th in department this year
by: Patrick Elwood
CHICAGO — The Chicago Police Department is mourning the loss of one of their own after confirming that another active-duty officer died by suicide.
CPD has not released the officer's name but does say she was a five-year veteran and worked as a tactical officer assigned to the 1st District, which covers a fair portion of downtown.
A source told WGN News that she was found Tuesday morning on the city's West Side with an apparent self-inflicted gunshot wound.
City officials sound off following WGN Investigates report on deficiencies within CPD's mental health program
Chicago police Supt. David Brown said in part, "I ask that you keep her family, friends and all those who worked with her in your thoughts as they mourn her untimely passing.
"News like this is never easy to hear and it will take time to process. Please reach out for help if you need to talk or are struggling. We need to lean on each other to get through this."
The department says six active duty police officers have died by suicide in 2022, including Patsy Swank, who worked 22 days in a row with 12-hour shifts amid a staffing shortage to tackle summer crime.
City Council committee examining CPD responses to officer mental health, PTSD
Ryan Clancy, Swank's brother, spoke with WGN News after her passing as part of a report on CPD's employee assistance program that some officers have claimed is poorly staffed and run.
"She was an incredible human being," he said. "Someone who just wanted to help people."
In late summer, Supt. Brown announced changes to the department's time off policy to help alleviate the stress of so many officers having to work several consecutive days.
If you or someone you know is struggling with mental health, resources are available 24/7 on the National Suicide Prevention Lifeline website or by calling 988.
WGN News Daily Update


The Gay European Tourism Association is here to help all businesses and organisations that are involved in gay tourism in Europe to prosper and grow. Members get access to a wealth of research, directories, articles and information - all designed to help you tap into the gay travel market.
The only criteria for joining GETA are that your business relates to travel and tourism and that you welcome gay, lesbian, bisexual and transsexual people. So why not take 5 minutes to join today - membership is free so you have nothing to lose.
GETA has just launched the Gay Welcome website. With over 3,000 hotels, guesthouses, B&Bs and holiday houses and apartments across Europe, it's the most comprehensive gay travel site in Europe. It's also easier to use than other gay travel websites..
If you're the owner or manager of accommodation in Europe, then you can add your property to the Gay Welcome website for free.
In your Member's Page, click 'ADD A LISTING' under the 'MANAGE YOUR GAY WELCOME LISTINGS' panel.
Add your hotel, B&B, guesthouse or holiday property now - you've got nothing to lose!
Who are gay tourists? What are their needs and preferences? Find out what makes them tick.
How do you develop products and services that will appeal to this high-spending market?
How do you best reach gay tourists? What marketing techniques and messages work best?
GETA Guru is the best way for tourism businesses to understand gay tourism. GETA Guru tells you all about gay tourists, how to ensure that your product appeals to them and how to market to them.
Each month GETA Guru will focus on a different element of gay tourism combining research, articles, case studies and forums to provide a comprehensive, interactive examination of a particular subject which will help your business to grow.
Over the years GETA Guru will build into a comprehensive library which will be an invaluable resource for members.
Our first GETA Guru post looks for the first time ever at the size of the European gay tourism market. Future posts will examine issues such as what gay consumers expect and how to promote your business to gay people.
All GETA members will receive a synopsis of the latest GETA Guru posting. Executive members will have access to the full posting.
GETA Guru gives you the information and advice that you need to make your business a success.


WildHealthFood.com - Roger and Anna Wild with healthier ways to eat.
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Your web site is not a toy! What to avoid when developing a web site.
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'But I'm tired,' says Daddy.
How can a little girl get her daddy ready for school when he has a missing sock to find and a bus to catch?
In every household with children, from the moment the sun rises, the morning time ritual is full of fun and frustration, mess and missing socks.From getting out of bed to eating breakfast to packing your lunch, Time for School, Daddy flips the fun on schooltime, celebrating the special relationship that fathers share with their children.
From the talented author and cartoonist, Dave Hackett, comes a perfect-for-Father's-Day picture book that flips the fun on the nightly bedtime routine.


Since their inception, Ontario community colleges have encouraged their English teachers to instruct students in the linguistic conventions of their chosen occupations. In promoting a view of literacy that has the workplace as its central focus, administrators have met with considerable - some would say surprising - resistance from the English faculties responsible for literacy within the community colleges.
Despite their commitment to providing education which has immediate, if not future, economic relevance, college English faculties remain largely devoted to the language of the liberal humanist tradition - the language of Matthew Arnold, as codified in Fowler's Modern English Usage. Ironically, the group supposed to provide students with workplace literacy skills often disdains the very language it is hired to impart. Currently, literacy instruction in Ontario's community colleges is caught between false and crippling polarities: on the one side, an insistence on rigidly contextualized occupational writing, and on the other, an inclination to contextless and timeless writing, based upon the best that has been thought and said. I want to sketch the background to these positions, and to show why college administrators have promoted very narrow definitions of literacies; how literacy is diminished when its orbit is constrained by an occupational gravitational pull, and why faculty are suspicious of initiatives linking literacy instruction to specific contexts. Finally, I want to show how college writing instruction fails to provide students with the essential knowledge and literacy skills required to function effectively in their groups or communities.
In the battle between literacy in specific vocational contexts and literacy in the contextless space of liberal humanism, the first skirmish arose over the issue of general education. When the colleges were formed, it was understood that general education was to accompany vocational training.
This duality was conveyed in Bill 153, The Department of Education Amendment Act, which embraced the principle that the colleges would be dedicated to "total education, [both] vocational and avocational" and "must develop curricula meeting the combined cultural aspirations and occupational needs of the students." However, Claude Bissell, then president of the University of Toronto, said the colleges should have a "strong vocational and technical bias." And it was this view which prevailed over the more inclusive vision of York University's Murray Ross, who argued for "a dual curriculum, technical and academic … [without general education] the colleges would be better named technical institutes." Despite their eventual evolution into institutions of technical training, in their earliest stages the colleges didn't have the staff or curricula needed to deliver the specialized technical education promotedby Bissell and others of like mind. Thus, while the goal of increased specialization was never abandoned, most colleges began with strong general education components.
In light of then-fashionable rhetoric about "democracy's colleges," many of the first teachers in the system naively mistook the provisional mixture of a technical and general curriculum, cobbled together to get colleges up and running, for commitment to a Deweyan synthesis of avocational and vocational education. Such noble goals were rarely in the minds of those administrators charged with the task of creating Ontario's community colleges.
The English curriculum soon became one of the mainstays of the general education programme. Initially, most college English departments offered a diluted version of the university English curriculum, and like the model they sought to emulate, had an abiding concern with teaching English literature.
These programmes most often taught writing skills through literature. Thus, there was widespread and usually well-founded criticism throughout the colleges that English faculties were more interested in teaching literature than in teaching writing.
Of course, this was not surprising; the English faculty were themselves products of university English departments in which the quotidian business of "instrumental" or "applied" writing (business, technical, and legal writing) was, and generally still is, held in low regard. Very early on in the colleges' evolution, the English curriculum was criticized for not being technically or vocationally relevant.
Following Sam Bronfman's suggestion that "the path between the campus and the plant be open and unhindered," college administrators equated teaching with skill training for specific occupations. It was argued that there was limited time for CanLit, or existentialism, or Shakespeare, when students were unable to write letters ofapplication, memos, or reports - the kinds ofwriting tasks that awaited them in "the real world." The college English departments would have to dispense with their traditional notions of literacy, and to get on with training for the workplace. And that meant that English would be redefined as "Communications," which was a significant shift in terminology. "English" presumes the existence of a common idiom derived from a body of esteemed canonical texts: a tradition. But "Communications" offers an implicit critique of the privilege accorded this idiom, based on the now-familiar argument that language use varies with context. "Communications" recognizes the existence of a variety of "discourse communities" - of speakers and writers who use a more or less common language to accomplish collective projects.
It was argued that students should be trained in the specialized literacies required by their choice of vocational fields: e.g., early childhood education, or golf course maintenance, or business administration, or engineering technology. Students were expected to master context-specific and context-bound language skills in preparation for their lives at work.
There is a limited place for community college students within the discourse communities to which they wish to belong. This statement deserves clarification.
Discourse communities have characteristic epistemic, rhetorical, and social dimensions. They determine what members recognize as knowledge. Discourse communities also establish conventions which govern the representation of that knowledge.
Kim Fedderson, a former college administrator, is an Assistant Professor of English at Lakehead University, in Thunder Bay, Ontario.


text:
"Friends Come in all Ages & Places"
The Institute for the Physically Handicapped
4, Vishnu Digamber Marg
E-mail: iphalumni@hotmail.com
http://iphalumni.tripod.com
The Institute for the Physically Handicapped came into existence as an autonomous body in the year 1975, when the Government of India took over the then Jawaharlal Nehru Institute of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation. The Institute was registered under the Societies Registration Act of 1860 with effect from November 12, 1976 and has been running under the administrative and financial control of Ministry of social welfare Government of India.
The Institute for the Physically Handicapped is managed by the General Council and the Standing Committee comprising of the representatives from the Government of India and experts in the field of rehabilitation, medicine, surgery and allied subjects and lay down the guidelines and the policies for the achievement of aims and objectives of the institute. The President of the General Council is the Secretary of the Ministry of Welfare, Government of India whereas the Joint Secetary in the Handicapped Welfare division is the Chairman of the Standing Committee.
The Institute aims to serve the orthopedically handicapped of all age groups. In its pursuit of alleviating the sufferings of disabled people, the Institute runs the following programmes:
Physical Therapy (PT)
Prosthetist & Orthotist Engineering (POE)
Workshop for fabrication of Orthotic and Prosthetic appliances
PT, OT, Speech therapy outpatient services
Special education school upto Primary level for the Orthopedically Handicapped children.
Vocational Rehabilitation of the Orthopedically Handicapped.
Source: IPH handout
About IPH	 Physical Therapy
Occupational Therapy	 Prosthetic Orthotic Eng.
Members Alumni	 Related Links
Therapist's Resource	 Job Listing)
Sign IPH Guestbook View Alumni Guestbook
'IPH' logos are registered official mark of IPH.
This site is not sponsored by or affiliated with IPH.
For official information please contact IPH directly by postal mail.
Home page background courtesy of Microsoft
This site was established on 15th March 1999.
All the graphics & text in this site are protected under copyright.
IPH Alumni


text:
A lightweight PHP/JS router and MVC framework, build for hand written web applications.

## Main goals

* clean code: write web applications with ease and keep your code structured
* easy to learn: uses well known patterns and design paradigms
* painless setup and use: own namespace, no globals
* use the same model on both, client and server side: send and receive PHP/JS objects in a smooth transition
* no include/require chaos

## Requirements

* PHP (latest version recommended)
* JS
* .htaccess support (RewriteEngine and FollowSymLinks)
* MySQL (optional)

## Contribute

In order to contribute, please create a pull request and/or use the issue tracker on GitHub. You can also send me an e-mail: baseframework@marvinblum.de
You can find some tasks that needs to be done in [ToDo.md](ToDo.md).

## License

MIT

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
Lion cubs - from agony to ecstasy
MADRID to JOHANNESBURG LX2027/LX288 – TWO LION CUBS ON BOARD
As we approached the October 15th departure date, we started to panic. Two important documents from SA were still missing; the veterinary import permit and the Cites import permit. Worse yet, nobody could tell us when they would be available. We were forced to move the departure date to the 28th of October. We cancelled our reservations and notified everyone that we were not coming. Disappointment loomed everywhere. The building of the transport cage had to be delayed. The cubs were growing daily. We were worried that the internal dimensions of the transport would not be large enough. The cubs were putting on 300 to 400 grams per day. They were growing fast. In order to continue building the transport, and be prepared for departure, we needed to measure the cub's height and length daily which was not an easy thing to do as they never really kept still. Yame thought the tape measure was a new toy and chased it around. There were dimension limitations from cargo as well and it all became frustrating guess work.
Every day that passed our anxiety increased exponentially. We were calling SA everyday to ask about the permits, the forwarder, and Swiss cargo to make sure they were ready to act as soon as the last permit became available. Finally, October 24th, late in the afternoon, just before the weekend started, we got the expected news – all permits were available. The rush was on to tie up all the loose ends. With only three working days left and our blood pressures rising, we decided to move the boys on the 30th. We still needed to get airline confirmation from cargo for that date, get our tickets, inspect and complete the transporter by the eve of departure, and get final veterinarian health certificates for travelling, etc. Everything fell into place on October 30th and we got the green light to go!
Many people gathered at the center Fauna y Accion to see the boys off and wish them well. As Tete, (The Lion Whisperer of Spain and the love of the cub's life), pulled the dolly up to load the boys into their transport, a lot of tears were shed by all the people at the center who had spent over three months of their lives caring for and loving dearly little Yame and George.
Yame wanted nothing to do with getting into that unfamiliar box that had nothing to do with the life he had come to know. Tete had to push him from behind but Yame had his brakes on and it took a big, big shove to move him forward and inside. George, of course was less of a problem. The only thing he wanted was to be with his brother and entered into the transport quite calmly. However, neither of them were happy.
Tete loaded the transport into the truck and we started down the road. Everyone waved good-bye. We were on our way to the airport and another adventurous chapter in the lives Yame and George.
The cubs were already stressed when we arrived to the airport and I thought, "Oh dear me. They haven't even started the trip yet. This is not going to be easy."
We found the airport cargo area packed with the Spanish Guardia de Civil, airport security personnel, veterinarians, and numerous other airport officials. At first we thought there was a VIP around or something of that nature. When we pulled up to the cargo loading zone, we found that all of the fuss was about the cubs. All of the people there were either there for the security and protection of Yame and George, veterinary processing, curiosity, and well wishers. There must have been 30 people hanging around and we were overwhelmed by such support and kindness. The cubs were unloaded and disappeared into the Swiss Air Cargo building.
We said good-bye to Tete and his wife Paty. Luis and I may have rescued little Yame and George from a horrible fate which probably would have meant their death if we hadn't, but Tete and Paty gave them their lives back by the love and amazing care they gave them. We knew nothing about healing sick lions and we are so very grateful for those at Fauna y Accion who gave so much unconditionally for the boys.
After checking ourselves on to the same flight with the boys, we were able to watch them being loaded on the plane. It was quite an emotional moment – a very impressive handling of the operation by Swiss Air Spanish employees - very professionally and smoothly done. Interestingly enough, we found that our own seats on the plane coincided with Yame and George situated right below us. If only they could have heard our familiar call. We were finally on our way to South Africa and the new home of Yame and George with Kevin Richardson.
It wasn't a long flight via Zurich. Under two hours. When we landed, the captain of the plane sought us out and asked if we were the people with the lions on board. He escorted us personally to where the cubs were being unloaded from the cargo area of the plane and we were able to talk with them. They were stressed but in good condition. Remember though, this was a short flight and the biggie was yet to be taken.
I cannot remember the last time I had suffered such anguish - just thinking about the boys and what they must be going through. When we finally arrived to our destination we were greeted by members of our CACH team. All of us went directly to cargo looking for the cubs. It wasn't hard to find them as there was a crowd circled around something that we knew must be the cub's transport. Kevin Richardson was there and a few reporters. Little George was very stressed and he had lost some fur and skin in various places on his face. It was mandatory to have a divider between the cubs during flight. They were together and could see each other but they couldn't reach each other. George had rubbed his face trying to get to his brother. He looked pitiful. He had gone through a trauma once again.
The ride to Kevin's sanctuary was a long one and I kept telling myself that at least this was the end of it. They would suffer no more. They were going home finally forever.
Waiting for Yame and George at Kevin's Wildlife Sanctuary was a lovely, open, peaceful, enclosed area from where they can see the golden Savannah fields, the acacia trees, and Africa's wildlife roaming freely around in front of them. This area is to be their home for the time being while their new enclosure is being built. Once that is ready, they will reside there for a few more months while Kevin performs "his magic" and makes the right decision for where he wants "his boys" to become a part of his family of lions.
So, how do Luis and I feel now? LOST! We have spent the last three and a half months of our lives loving Yame and George. We started the process of healing their little bodies and repairing their broken spirits. We have hugged them and cuddled them - all of which was necessary as they never knew what a mother's love could mean. And most important, helped them to learn how to trust again. We are going to be very lonely without them. Our lives have changed forever. But we feel such joy in our hearts knowing that they will have such special lives and grow into very big lions and will forever be ambassadors for their own kind. Hopefully, others all over the world will learn from them. We need to change the hearts of people. Compassion and love will win through. These two little boys will see to that.
We will carry our love for Yame and George in our hearts and will forever be grateful to them for all that they have taught us. We started this rescue thinking that we would teach THEM about love and forgiveness and trust, but they are the ones in the end that taught us. "We love you our little lions."
We wish to thank Swiss Cargo for their generosity and Swiss crew and personnel for all of the support given to us in making this move for Yame and George to South Africa possible.
Fauna y Accion - Madrid
Thursday 30th October - time to leave for SA
Yame and George - arrive at Kevin Richardson's sanctuary
Barbara von Pfeil
SOO heartwarming - I feel as if I know these two little fellas personally ... Thank you for sharing in such detail.
Looking forward to many more updates as George and Shame settle in and grow bigger :-)
CJ and Luis : you look so sad in the photos - maybe it's time you find a way to relocate to RSA ? The cubs will always recognize you even when they are adults :-). Thank you for your love and dedication !! God bless !!
stephanie evers
CJ I can only imagine how you and Luis and the rest of your team in Spain feel. You all did an amazing job from the bottom of your hearts to give Yame n George the best possible life. I cannot thank you enough
cry green
What a wonderful ending to their tragic start in life. What a wonderful man Kevin Richardson is, and her is truly a hero for lions. May God richly bless everyone that helped rescue these beautiful cubs and we hope to hear about their progress in the future.
Emma in Oregon
The bittersweet story of George & Yame; such a tragic beginning that has been transformed into a beautiful, ongoing story. Once again, CJ brings tears to my eyes as I read her words which bring the story to life, and look at the pictures of those little darlings. I can only imagine how the team in Spain must be feeling now with the cubs so far away. I am so grateful for the existence of your group and all the kind hearts who have given of their time, energy, and money to heal the little bodies and spirits of these beautiful cubs and to bring them to a safe and loving home. Thank you to everyone involved in Spain and SA, all the people who have gifted cash or valuables to raise the necessary money, and to Kevin for accepting George and Yame! I'm so excited to watch their progress as they continue to grow in their new home! :-)
Sherie
Been following the boys....wow what a relief that they made it home!!!!!.
That is to thanks to some very extraordinary people.
Luis Jr.
I have been trying to avoid sending any comments throughout this adventure, as I have personally been involved with these cubs in some way and didn't want to draw any attention from George and Yame, but now that they are safe in South Africa and a new life to look forward to, I have to say that I am so DAMN PROUD of my parents. They have sacrifised so much for George and Yame, not for anything but for their love for lions, wildlife, and life itself. My mother has put her life on the line in a way you all can't imagine and it has not been easy for a son to let that happen, but deep down I knew this is her purpose in life and that it made her happy being part of such an adventure, to give an example and let many of us in this world realize what we are doing and how we are destroying it.
George and Yame will always be in our hearts.
We can't change the world with a click of a button but taking baby steps we can try to move in the right direction. I know my parents will not stop here and they have my full support.
Chris Voets
Luis Jr, you have the right to be proud of your parents - they have been such warriors for the past months! This is about so much more than saving the lives of two cubs......
Luis Jr,
You have wonderful parents and they raised an awesome son in you. It takes a lot of sacrifice from many people to do what they did. Truly, it took a world community to step in and help these two cubs.
Thank you for commenting here. I know it must have been hard not to during the little ones time in Spain. It's great to hear from your Mom and you about this experience.
What a beautiful comment to make off the back of such a fantastic couple! These Cubs are lucky to have everyone involved with their life so far and from a lion lovers point of view, you are all so lucky to know and be able to help these amazing beautiful beings.
Gary and Aleta
Love following this Blog too and totally agree with everything you wrote. Amazing to see the transformation in these cubs lives. Am sure your folks will eave a part of themselves in SA. Beautiful journey and beautiful legacy.
Luis Jr you have brought me to tears. I am lost for words on how proud you must feel. Your parents have brought such hope in their journey with these precious souls and they hold a place in so many hearts.
Amanda>M
This is so moving and impressive! It shows in stark relief what can be accomplished when caring people work together. You all pulled in so many people who wanted to help and did a truly amazing thing! Be Proud of yourselves! And Thank You!
Irene Polchet
This is so precious, wonderful that they are in such a good space now.
God bless you a for saving these little ones. Xx
Suzanne Ohlson de Fine
Oh my beating HEART!! Words fail me. CJ, Luis, the whole Spanish team and our own Kevin Richardson - thank you guys for making this wonderful story have a happy ending..... love all of you.
Jo Hayden link
They had such an awful start and you guys gave them the love they'd never had. Thank you for doing what so many of us would love to do - the light is burning bright in their little eyes again and you are responsible for that. Big love to you all x
Dear CJ, Luis and Luis Jr, you are the most incredible people for rescuing Yame and George, lavishing so much love and attention on them, knowing that they would be homed somewhere so far away from your home. I salute you, you will be in their hearts forever, I am sure.
Virtuel Bliss link
Thank you so much for the update of beloved Yame and George. They look so adorable, healthy and happy. Please keep sharing updates on them. Please have videos, if possible. Please visit my blog dedicated to the sacred lions. http://notch-masaimara.blogspot.com/2014/04/blog-post.html
anry hasibuan
Thank you so much CJ and Luis..
it so inspiring, how we all as a human should be..
God, please bless CJ and Luis


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Home Cars technology Getting To Know The All-New 2020 Toyota GR Supra
Getting To Know The All-New 2020 Toyota GR Supra
by Admin 12:59 AM
Performance, capability and style are on full display with today's launch of the all-new 2020 Toyota GR Supra campaign, "This Is Our Sport." In a nod to Toyota's sports car heritage, the campaign reflects how Supra drivers will feel the excitement of an iconic car designed with them in mind - a car that pushes the limits.
"The return of the Toyota Supra has been a long time coming, and it's well worth the wait," said Ed Laukes, group vice president, Toyota Marketing, Toyota Motor North America. "The new campaign highlights the thrill of getting to know the 2020 GR Supra and a rediscovered appreciation for the simple joy of driving."
Broadcast & Digital
The 30-second, 15-second and 6-second broadcast and digital spots were directed by Ozan Biron. These unique spots highlight the Supra's exhilarating blend of power, precision and agility and inspire drivers to own the sports car they always dreamed about.
In "Track Day", Julie Andrews' "Getting to Know You" provides the soundtrack as driver and car glide harmoniously around the iconic Road Atlanta track, showcasing the Supra's indisputable performance and style as they get to know each other.
The 6-second spots, appropriately titled "0 to 60", "Balanced", "Face Off", "Joy", "Ribbon", "Sport Mode", and "Walks On Water", demonstrate the spirit of a new sports car - sleek, stylish, powerful and ready to command any road.
The campaign creative was led by Saatchi & Saatchi with Zenith Media responsible for TV and Outdoor media buying.
The return of the 2020 GR Supra was announced with a TV spot in February's "Big Game". The high-energy spot, "Wizard", set the stage for the return of Toyota's iconic sports car after a 21-year hiatus.
"Track Day", the 30-second spot from the new campaign, will air across motorsports TV programming; a custom long-form video called "Game Of Horsepower" will feature a unique twist on the classic game of H.O.R.S.E. and will appear on Reddit, YouTube, Facebook, Instagram and Twitter; additional custom brand integrations include GQ, Twitter's @Marvel LIVE as well as exclusive auto partner of Sports Illustrated's Fashionable 50 event. Print media includes a custom French Door cover where Motor Trend and Road & Track subscribers will receive an exclusive pull-out poster tapping into the nostalgia of '90s car posters. The Road & Track partnership also features a custom Augmented Reality (AR) integration, which will allow users to virtually see the Supra in their driveway or garage.
Digital partners include Google, Amazon, CBS, IGN and Fast Company with Amobee for programmatic. Social partners include Twitter, Reddit, Facebook and Instagram while audio extensions include Tune In and Gimlet. Out-of-home (OOH) will include high-impact billboards in 17 markets. Additionally, spots will air on national and digital radio as well as within select movie titles in theaters nationwide in conjunction with National CineMedia.
The broadcast and digital spots are available for viewing here. For images and credits, please click here.
About the All-New 2020 GR Supra
The all-new Supra is now on sale and available in two grades – 3.0 and 3.0 Premium, as well as a Launch Edition which is based on the 3.0 Premium grade. Enthusiasts can get their 2020 Supra at a Manufacturer's Suggested Retail Price (MSRP) starting at $49,990, with the Launch Edition models starting at $55,250. Both will be powered by a 3.0-liter turbocharged inline six-cylinder engine that produces 335 horsepower and 365 lb-ft of torque and is mated to an 8-speed automatic transmission with paddle shifters. For more information, visit: http://www.toyota.com/supra.
Toyota (NYSE:TM) has been a part of the cultural fabric in the U.S. and North America for more than 60 years, and is committed to advancing sustainable, next-generation mobility through our Toyota and Lexus brands. During that time, Toyota has created a tremendous value chain as our teams have contributed to world-class design, engineering, and assembly of more than 38 million cars and trucks in North America, where we have 14 manufacturing plants, 15 including our joint venture in Alabama (10 in the U.S.), and directly employ more than 47,000 people (over 36,000 in the U.S.). Our 1,800 North American dealerships (nearly 1,500 in the U.S.) sold 2.8 million cars and trucks (2.4 million in the U.S.) in 2018.
Through the Start Your Impossible campaign, Toyota highlights the way it partners with community, civic, academic and governmental organizations to address our society's most pressing mobility challenges. We believe that when people are free to move, anything is possible. For more information about Toyota, visit www.toyotanewsroom.com.
SOURCE Toyota
Getting To Know The All-New 2020 Toyota GR Supra Reviewed by Admin on 12:59 AM Rating: 5
Tags : Cars technology


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How a simple, little known startup managed to get listed in the Panama Papers.
They've all been named in the Panama Papers, one of the biggest data leaks of all time that reveals the names of people who have formed offshore companies.
In 2015/16, a collection of 11.5 million documents containing details about 214,488 offshore entities were leaked from Mossack Fonseca, an international legal firm head quartered in Panama. Organizations and individuals listed in the Panama Papers included the NYU School of Medicine; the trustees of Columbia University; the founders of Linksys; golfer Tiger Woods; chess grand master Bobby Fischer; actors Jackie Chan, Emilio Estevez and Emma Watson; filmmaker Stanley Kubrick; Simon Cowell of America's Got Talent; the Duchess of York, former wife of Prince Andrew; and a little known company called YAYWORLD.
Actor Jackie Chan.
Hold on - not everybody is a bad guy!
As you enter the Panama Papers website, the ICIJ is quick to state that there are legitimate uses for offshore companies and trusts, and not all companies in the database have broken the law or acted improperly. This story is about how and why my little startup YAYWORLD, ended up in the Panama Papers database.
Harry Potter star, Emma Watson.
We were living in Paris when my husband and I separated in 1997 and I needed a steady income to support my young family, but didn't read and write French well enough (raised in the UK) to be employable. Then I heard about something called the 'Internet' and quickly realized it was a potential solution for me to be able to work from home while taking care of my two toddlers. So I signed up with the only public internet service provider in France at the time. Receiving their 5" floppy disk connection kit was on a par with opening a box containing the latest iPhone!
As an avid traveler and collector of hotel travel guides, creating an online guide of French hotels seemed a no-brainer. So I put together a group of local mothers to help me enter the details of over 6,000 hotels into a database. Next, I leased a server in the US, hired a web designer, and launched Frenchhotels.com.
Online booking engines didn't exist yet, so I found a company in the US that could send reservation details that were submitted to my website, as a fax to each hotel. The website was subscription based and hotels paid an annual fee.
France was not entrepreneur friendly, and its bureaucracy exhausting. Knowing I could now work from anywhere in the world, I considered moving to other English speaking countries.
Nelson 'Madiba' Mandela. One of the most remarkable political figures of the century.
Nelson Mandela was the president of South Africa. His compassion and wisdom was winning the hearts of people around the world, and the country was a fast growing tourist destination. I envisioned my boys growing up outdoors, climbing mountains and walking with lions. (OK - maybe I watched too many Disney movies with the kids!) In late 1997, we moved to Cape Town, where I founded a company called Internet Hotel Guides and launched a second website called SouthAfricanHotels.com.
The only search engines at the time were Lycos, Yahoo and AltaVista and their simple algorithms ensured keyword heavy urls dominated search results, and that my two websites ranked #1 for matching search queries. This caught the attention of a small California startup that had just developed an online hotel booking engine. Worldres invited me to join as an affiliate because they needed to increase website traffic. Partnering with them meant I could stop paying a fortune for faxes and provide clients instant and secure online booking. The result was a win-win collaboration.
The complications associated with doing business in an emerging market country
In 2002, I also partnered with Sabre and Amadeus, two of the biggest global distribution systems in the travel industry, and also with WorldChoice Travel (later acquired by Travelocity). Users were now able to book cars and flights on our websites, and so I changed the company name to Online Travel Group and registered the business as OTG Limited.
Managing multiple databases containing thousands of hotels was laborious, because each database inevitably contained duplicate hotels from the other databases. Then I noticed hotels charged different room rates depending on which booking engine they had listed with. So, I designed an application to query all four databases in real time, select the lowest room rate and display it on our websites. I needed skilled programmers to develop the application, but there were very few qualified programmers in South Africa, and most worked full time for large companies. The only solution was to work remotely with developers in the USA.
Online banking was embryonic, and wire transfer was the method of choice for international payments since decades, so I didn't foresee any issue paying US developers from South Africa.
Boy, was I wrong! The movement of money from South Africa to another country was (and still is) strictly regulated by South African Exchange Controls Regulations. The sender of money was required to provide justification for the transfer overseas, and could only transfer money with prior approval from the South African Reserve Bank (SARB) – regardless of how small the amount.
In 1999, Mandela stepped down as President and in the years that followed, banking regulations grew more complicated as the government tried to discourage businesses from leaving the country. Government became increasingly corrupt and crime was on the rise. It was time to leave.
Following the growing Asian tiger
By 2004, Asian economies were growing at record pace. More importantly, they were among the safest countries on the planet. Low crime and strong traditional family values were exactly what I was looking for.
We had four dogs and a cat, so moving to Singapore or Hong Kong wasn't an option as both countries had strict animal importation restrictions, and pets relocated from Africa were held in quarantine for 12 months upon arrival. Vietnam and China were Communist so forming a company as a foreign national was impossible. Malaysia and Indonesia were managing their own political scandals. That left Thailand. Crime was low, foreign exchange regulations seemed simple enough, and there were lots of international IB schools to choose from. So I moved my two sons, four dogs and a cat to Chiang Mai in northern Thailand.
When politics turns everything upside down
I registered OTG Limited as a Thai company in accordance with regulations of the Thai Foreign Business Act, a law that limited foreign ownership of service businesses, and required companies to be majority-owned by Thais. However, the law did not prohibit foreigners from being the majority on a board of directors and didn't prohibit differing voting rights - a loophole that allowed thousands of foreign-controlled businesses to operate in Thailand.
A series of events in 2005 lead to a military coup the following year that overthrew the Thai government and its democratically elected leader. Coalitions were quick to propose changes to government, including the redrafting of the Foreign Business Act to limit foreign businesses in Thailand.
The military on the streets of Chiang Mai.
I consulted with three international tax firms and all advised the same thing - protect your company by moving it to an offshore jurisdiction, or leave Thailand and move to another country. The latter wasn't an option. I couldn't pull my boys out of school in the middle of the school year and relocate them again.
I was referred to an American lawyer in Bangkok representing an international legal firm called Mossack Fonseca. I looked at the tax implications of each offshore jurisdiction and decided to register OTG Limited in the British Virgin Islands because of my ties to the United Kingdom. Two years later I partnered with Booking.com, added new websites to my network and rebranded the company YayHotels.com.
Google's Penguin and Panda algorithm updates in 2011 and 2013, and the huge advertising budgets of TripAdvisor and Booking.com, resulted in big brands crowding out smaller players, making it difficult and uneconomical for small travel websites like mine to compete. It was time to come up with another business.
Both my sons went to university in the USA. When my eldest graduated, his classmates came to stay with us in Thailand. For most, it was their first trip outside of the US and every day they posted stories about their travel experience. Then I discovered none of them had secured jobs and all were struggling with college debt. And that's when I came up with the idea for YAYWORLD - a marketplace where young people can monetize their creative skills by creating content for local businesses. And in 2016, I changed the name of the offshore company to YAYWORLD Inc.
My story is simply to explain that not all companies listed in the Panama Papers are conducting inappropriate or illegal business. Those that are, will hide the names of the directors and owners in order to avoid paying taxes. Registering a company offshore is no different to registering a company under a specific structure in Ireland, the Netherlands or the United Kingdom. In fact, in the USA, states like Delaware, Nevada or Wyoming operate similarly to a classic offshore center. What's important is to do your homework and choose the right business structure for your company. Today, YAYWORLD is an American company operating in the USA, and living the American dream.
More Tech in United States...
New technology has radically changed advertising – none more so than virtual reality.
What you should know about being a writer on YAYWORLD and how to get sponsors.


Hey, what happened to the funny noises? That's bound to be any fan's first reaction to Wilco's latest metamorphosis, yet another sharp turn, in sound and mood, for a band that seems compelled to change with every album. And in its own way, it's as eerie as anything Wilco have recorded yet.
Last time around, Wilco were dropped by Reprise Records because songwriter Jeff Tweedy and mixer Jim O'Rourke baked all sorts of buzzes and creaks into the songs on Yankee Hotel Foxtrot. Wilco put the songs online, and a more sympathetic label, Nonesuch, picked up the album, which debuted at Number Thirteen.
Though O'Rourke returns as co-producer, A Ghost Is Born is no sequel. Where Yankee Hotel Foxtrot sounded dense and surreal, the bulk of Ghost is spare and earthy, with streaks of Crazy Horse, the Band, the Beatles and the Replacements. Where YHF tried to assess America's soul, Ghost looks inward.
For most of the album, Wilco use guitars, bass, drums and keyboards, recorded with distinct realism and often played together live in the studio. Many tunes are slow and desolate, pausing occasionally as if unsure how to go on. While they ruminate, odd things sprout from within: spiraling electric-guitar jams, sustained feedback howls and, in "Less Than You Think," a meditative twelve-minute electronic coda that begins as quietly as an air-conditioner hum and opens out into a forest of sounds. "Spiders" starts out as metronomic one-chord kraut rock, launches Tweedy into spiky, scrabbling electric-guitar leads and, four minutes in, riffs its way into cantankerous rock.
Yes. Instead of grand solutions, Tweedy offers illuminating curiosity about what can happen in a song. It's not experiment for experiment's sake. There's a sense that every note and sound on Ghost, even the spontaneous ones, have been selected for private but rigorous reasons. A drum tap here, a glimmering hammer dulcimer there, a jab of distorted guitar, an echo suddenly opening new spaces —on Ghost, they say what words cannot.


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Brazilian Journal of Chemical Engineering
Braz. J. Chem. Eng. vol.25 no.3 São Paulo July/Sept. 2008
THERMODYNAMICS AND SEPARATION PROCESSES
Performance prediction and validation of equilibrium modeling for gasification of cashew nut shell char
M. Venkata Ramanan*; E. Lakshmanan; R. Sethumadhavan; S. Renganarayanan
Institute for Energy Studies, College of Engineering, Anna University, Phone:+(91) (44) 2220-3269, Fax:+(91) (44) 2235-3637, Chennai, Tamilnadu, PIN: 600025, India. E-mail venkat@annauniv.edu, E-mail: madhavanvenkat@gmail.com, www.annauniv.edu
Cashew nut shell, a waste product obtained during deshelling of cashew kernels, had in the past been deemed unfit as a fuel for gasification owing to its high occluded oil content. The oil, a source of natural phenol, oozes upon gasification, thereby clogging the gasifier throat, downstream equipment and associated utilities with oil, resulting in ineffective gasification and premature failure of utilities due to its corrosive characteristics. To overcome this drawback, the cashew shells were de-oiled by charring in closed chambers and were subsequently gasified in an autothermal downdraft gasifier. Equilibrium modeling was carried out to predict the producer gas composition under varying performance influencing parameters, viz., equivalence ratio (ER), reaction temperature (RT) and moisture content (MC). The results were compared with the experimental output and are presented in this paper. The model is quite satisfactory with the experimental outcome at the ER applicable to gasification systems, i.e., 0.15 to 0.30. The results show that the mole fraction of (i) H2, CO and CH4 decreases while (N2 + H2O) and CO2 increases with ER, (ii) H2 and CO increases while CH4, (N2 + H2O) and CO2 decreases with reaction temperature, (iii) H2, CH4, CO2 and (N2 + H2O) increases while CO decreases with moisture content. However at an equivalence ratio less than 0.15, the model predicts an unrealistic composition and is observed to be non valid below this ER.
Keywords: Equilibrium modeling; Gasification; Cashew shell char; Producer gas,
Cashew (Kingdom - Plantae, Division - Magnoliophyta, Class - Magnoliopsida, Order - Sapindales, Family - Anacardiaceae, Genus - Anacardium, Species - A occidentale, Binomial name - Anacardium occidentale L) (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cashew), native to eastern Brazil, was introduced into India, just as other commercial crops like rubber, coffee, tea etc. by the Portuguese nearly five centuries ago. The cashew was introduced into India in Goa, from where it spread to other parts of the country. In the beginning it was mainly considered as a crop for afforestation and soil binding to check erosion. The nuts, apple and other by-products of this crop are of commercial importance. Because of its adaptability to a wide range of agroclimatic conditions, it has become a crop of high economic value and has attained the status of an export-oriented commodity, contributing considerably to the foreign exchange earnings of the country (http://dacnet.nic.in/cashewcocoa/cashew.htm).
Presently, India is the largest producer, processor and exporter of cashews (http://www.cashewindia.org). Cultivation of cashews in India is confined mainly to the peninsular areas. It is grown in Kerala, Karnataka, Goa and Maharashtra along the west coast and Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh, Orissa and West Bengal along the east coast (Agricultural Statistics Division, Ministry of Agriculture, Government of India, 2003).
The cashew tree, generally a spreading, evergreen tree, has simple, alternate, glabrous, penninerved leaves. The true fruit of the cashew tree is a kidney or boxing-glove shaped drupe that grows at the end of the pseudo-fruit. The cashew fruit (Figures 1 and 2) is unusual in comparison with other tree nuts since the nut is outside the fruit. The cashew apple is an edible pseudo fruit, attached to the externally born nut by a stem. In its raw state, the shell of the nut is leathery, not brittle. It contains thick vesicant oil, cashew nut shell liquid (CNSL), within a sponge-like interior. A thin skin, called the testa surrounds the kernel and separates it from the inside of the shell. The primary products of cashew nuts are the kernels which are valuable as confectionery nuts, CNSL – an important industrial raw material for resin manufacture and the shells – burnt (combusted) inefficiently for meeting thermal energy requirements.
CASHEW PROCESSING
Traditionally, extraction of the kernel from the shell of the cashew nut has been a manual operation. The nut is roasted, which makes the shell brittle and loosens the kernel from the inside of the shell. By soaking the nuts in water, the moisture content of the kernel is raised, reducing the risk of it being scorched during roasting and making it more flexible so it is less likely to crack. The CNSL is released when the nuts are roasted. The shell can be cracked either manually, using a hammer or mechanically. Manually operated blade openers are relatively inexpensive. Once the kernel is removed from the shell, it is dried, the testa is peeled off and the kernel is graded. Figure 3 gives an overview of cashew nut processing and the various choices of method.
The cashew nut shells (CNS), generated as a waste by-product, are being sold at a throw away price. Due to their low cost and abundant availability, cashew shells are utilized in an inefficient manner. These shells are burnt in a way that is generally regarded as a disposal option rather than a source of energy. The CNSL is reported to be 15-20% by weight of the unshelled nut in Africa, 25-30% by weight in India and 25% overall (Piyali Das and Anuradda Ganesh, 2003).
GASIFICATION OF CASHEW SHELL
Owing to the rise in the cost of conventional fuel and its difficult sourcing problems, attention is now being focused towards an efficient utilization of cashew shells. Gasification is one of the effective and efficient bioenergy conversion technologies – known for its modularity, turn down ratio and fuel versatility – available for harnessing this renewable bioenergy resource. Attempts have been made to convert these shells into a burnable low btu gas. However the inherent CNSL content of these shells make the gasification technology infeasible in the long run (IES, Anna University, 2006). In order to overcome the drawback posed by CNSL, the shells were charred in a chamber, thereby de-oiling them for consequent gasification. The characteristics of raw and charred cashew nut shell (charred CNS) are presented in Tables 1 and 2. The bulk density of charred CNS was measured to be 190 kg/m3, indicating its amenability for gasification.
The main objective of this study was (i) to investigate the feasibility of gasification of cashew nut shells in a down-draught gasifier in the long run and (ii) to ascertain the effect of equivalence ratio (ER), moisture content (MC) and reaction temperature (RT) on gasification of cashew nut shells. Figures 4 (a), (b) and (c) depict a schematic diagram and a photograph of the experimental setup.
An induced air, closed-top, 20 kWe, down-draught gasifier was chosen for the study. Provision for air entry into the gasification system was made through two inclined tuyeres, unclosed at the throat. A grate made of SS was used for holding the feedstock. The region between throat and grate functioned as a reduction zone. The hot gas generated was passed along the annuli of the reduction zone for maintenance of high reaction temperature and minimization of heat loss. A cyclone separator was placed at the gasifier outlet ahead of the ID blower to remove particulates. An aerated burner was used for flaring the producer gas generated. The whole gasifier assembly was mounted on a toughened helical spring, enabling it to vibrate to ensure a smooth fuel flow. A poking rod was fixed at the bottom and linked to the grate. Pushing and pulling the poking rod created an impact on the grate, thereby disintegrating and discharging any clogged residual particles into the ash box. Provisions were made for measuring the temperature, pressure and gas composition at appropriate location in the gasifier. A stand with a ladder arrangement was used for feeding the raw material in at the fuel feed port.
PROCESS INSTRUMENTATION AND CONTROL
The base fuel characteristics were established with a proximate analyzer (muffle furnace + micro weighing balance with associated auxiliaries). The parameters studied included moisture content (ASTM D 3173-73), volatile matter (ASTM D 3175-73) and ash content (ASTM D 3174-73). The remainder was fixed carbon (FC). The calorific value of cashew shell was established using a standardized (benzoic acid-based) bomb calorimeter and the result was observed to match well the correlations framed for estimation of calorific value for biofuels (Parikh et al. 2005). A Junkers gas calorimeter was used for determining the calorific value of producer gas. Producer gas composition was analyzed using a Siemens Oxymat 61 online gas analyzer (which estimates O2 using the paramagnetic principle), Ultramat 23 (which estimates CO, CO2 and CH4 using nondispersive infrared multilayer technology) and Calomat 61 (which estimates H2 using the thermal conductivity principle). Details regarding the producer gas composition were recorded on the PC every second using Siprom-GA software. The gas sampling system consisted of a wash bottle, a condensation pot, a coalescence filter, a suction pump, a fine filter, a flame arrestor and a diaphragm pump. Chromel-Alumel (K-type) thermocouples were used for measuring the temperature in different zones (T1 to T6). Thermocouples were fixed permanently and measured continuously in all zones except at the throat (T4). For temperature measurement at the throat, a flexible K-type thermocouple was inserted along the air port at regular intervals. Temperatures from different zones were logged simultaneously using an Agilent (34907 A) data acquisition system. The surface temperature of the gasifier was measured with a Kane infrared thermometer (UEI-INF 200). An Airflow thermoanemometer (TA 35) was used for measuring the air flow to the gasifier. A calibrated S-type Pitot Tube & Comark digital manometer was employed for establishing the producer gas flow. The air entry into the system, and thus the ER, is controlled by a globe valve placed at the discharge end of the blower. Water-filled U-tube manometers were deployed for measuring the pressure buildup across the gasifier bed.
EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE
Preweighed batches of CNSC, each weighing approx 25 kgs, were placed near the system for hassle- free operation during fuel loading. Gasification of CNSC was initiated by keeping the gas valve open, followed by operation of the ID blower and holding a flame near the air tuyere. The flame was sucked into the system due to the draught created by the blower. Within three minutes, flue gas was observed at the flare port. Normally after 5 to 10 minutes, the onset of gasification commenced and producer gas emanated from the flare port. Experimental analysis was started once the system become stabilized. Generally it took 60 to 90 min to achieve stabilization, which was ensured by inferring a constant temperature in the raw gas and the reduction zone. The fuel consumption rate was measured by recharging the gasifier on an hourly basis and filling the gasifier volume to a predetermined level at the top of the gasifier hopper. The ash door was operated at regular intervals to remove the ash that had accumulated on the grate.
The major influential parameters in the performance of gasification system are equivalence ratio, the bed temperature and moisture content of the feed stock. Equivalence ratio was varied by adjusting the air supplied to the gasifier bed. Since, the gasifier used was autothermal, the option of maintaining constant bed temperature for varying equivalence ratio/moisture content was ruled out. The experiments were conducted in various permutations and combinations and the outcomes are compared with the modeled results.
EQUILIBRIUM MODELING
The typical chemical formula of CNS char, based on a single atom of carbon, is observed to be CH0.686O0.32. Equilibrium modeling was carried out, based on this formula, for predicting its gasification characteristics.
The following assumptions are made in the modeling approach:
The ideal gas laws are valid.
All reactions are at thermodynamic equilibrium.
Gases are in equilibrium during flow through the char bed.
The pressure in the char bed is atmospheric and constant.
Reactions proceed adiabatically.
Nitrogen present in both fuel and air is inert.
Ash is inert and is not involved in any of the reactions, either as a chemical species or as a catalyst.
No radial temperature gradients/concentrations exist.
No gas is accumulated in the char bed.
There is no resistance to conduction of heat and diffusion of mass inside the char particles.
There is no tar in the gasification zone.
Carbon conversion efficiency is 100 %
Producer gas comprises only CO2, CO, H2, CH4, N2 and H2O.
Based on the above assumptions, the global reaction of CNS char with air could be written as
The above reaction represents an overall reaction, but a number of competing intermediate reactions take place during the process, of which the following are predominant:
Steam gasification
Boudouard reaction
Methanation reaction
Water gas shift reaction
Of these, only four reactions are independent, the oxidation, steam gasification, Boudouard and methanation reactions. The water gas shift reaction can be considered as the subtraction of the steam gasification and Boudouard reactions. According to Von Fredersdorff and Elliot (1963) the oxidation reaction is typically assumed to be very fast and is completed quickly, while the other three reactions, namely boudouard, steam gasification and methanation, are in equilibrium. As observed, the water gas shift reaction is a combination of the boudouard and steam gasification reactions. Hence, the water gas shift and methanation reaction could be considered to be in equilibrium.
The equilibrium constants for the methanation and water gas shift reactions [Eq. (5)] are
In the global reaction [Eq. (1)], there are six unknowns, x1, x2, x3, x4, x5 and m, representing the molar composition of five unknown species in the producer gas and the oxygen content for the reaction. Hence, to predict the constituents of producer gas, a set of six equations, formulated by balancing the different constituents involved in the global reaction, is required.
Carbon balancing
Hydrogen balancing
Oxygen balancing
Equilibrium constant from methanation [Eq. (5)]
Equilibrium constant from the shift reaction [Eq. (8)]
When moisture content is known, the value of w is a constant.
The reaction process is assumed to be adiabatic, and hence heat balancing of the reactants and products of the global reaction results in the equation shown:
The heating value of the fuel ( ) was determined experimentally with a bomb calorimeter. The heat of formation of the various gases could be sourced from the JANAF thermochemical tables (Stull and Prophet, 1971) and the ΔH° for the gases constituting the present study are presented in Table 3.
The dependence of specific heat on temperature is given by various empirical equations and the most simplified version (Robert and Don, 1984) is
The values of the heat capacity constants, applicable to our equations, are shown in Table 4.
The equilibrium constant K is a function of temperature and could be equated as (Zainal et al. 2001)
The values of standard Gibbs function of formation for various gas compositions involved are shown in Table 5 (Stull and Prophet, 1971)
Heat of formation is basically a function of temperature, and hence Eq. (19) can be integrated as follows (Zainal et al. 2001):
ΔH° could also be equated as (Robert and Don, 1984)
Substituting Eq. (21) into Eq. (20)
The dependence of ΔGº on temperature can be analyzed as
Both J and I are respectively calculated from Eq. 21 and Eq. 23 at temperature 298.15 K.
Two equilibrium equations are required to determine the equilibrium constants K1 and K2. K1 is the equilibrium constant for the reaction in Eqn. (5) and is solved as follows:
C+ 2H2 = CH4
Δ = CH4 – C - 2H2
ΔA, ΔB, ΔC and ΔD can be obtained from the data on heat capacity.
The equations to determine the values of ΔA, ΔB, ΔC and ΔD can be expressed as
ΔA = ACH4 – AC _ 2AH2
ΔB = BCH4 – BC – 2BH2
ΔC = CCH4 – CC – 2CH2
ΔD = DCH4 – DC – 2DH2
Application of these equations reveals the equilibrium constants for K1.
Similarly K2 is the equilibrium constant for the water gas shift reaction (Eq. 6) and could be solved by adopting the same procedure. Figure 5 depicts the calculation procedure for the equilibrium model in a concise fashion.
The molar concentration of individual species could be predicted by using K1 and K2 and solving equations 9 to 16.
Effect of Equivalence Ratio on Molar Concentration
Equivalence ratio (ER) is the ratio of the actual A/F ratio to the stoichiometric A/F ratio. Discarding the fuel component, it could also be defined as the ratio of actual air supplied to the stoichiometric air requirement. For an ideal combustion, the value of ER is 1, while in practical cases it is always greater than 1, being governed predominantly by the type of fuel being combusted. For gasifiers, the value of ER would range from 0.15 to 0.4. In the process of autothermal gasification, part of fuel is burnt to release energy to sustain the endothermic gasification reactions. The lower limit of ER in an autothermal gasifier is fixed by considering a variety of factors like the minimum quantity of air required to burn part of the fuel to release energy for supporting endothermic reactions, required carbon conversion efficiency, the fixed loss of heat that needs to be accounted for in maintaining the reactor temperature etc., Similarly, the upper limit of ER is fixed by factors like tar quantity, gas quality, reactor temperature and ash fusion point.
The effect of ER on gasification of CNSC at a fixed moisture of 7 % and at a reaction temperature of 1373 K is depicted in Figs 6 to 10.
a) Effect of ER on Hydrogen and CO
The yield of hydrogen from the model is observed to follow a decreasing trend with increasing ER. A similar trend is reported by other researchers like Turn et al. (1998).The trend is quite misleading at first sight. It is a common reality that as the ER increases, the temperature of the any oxidation reaction is bound to increase. This trend is applicable only to allothermal systems, where the temperature of the gasifier is controlled externally (McKendry, 2002). In equilibrium modeling, it is assumed that temperature is maintained constant even at different ERs. However for autothermal systems, the increase in ER would have two paradoxical phases, one following the other in a sequential manner. When the ER is increased from low values, the temperature of the system increases, resulting in a marked increase in generation of both gas and its H2 concentration – phase 1. However beyond a governing limit, the oxidation reaction predominates due to availability of excess oxygen and the yield of H2 drops for conversion of H2 to H2O – phase 2. The typical ER reported by Lv et al. (2004) is 0.19 to 0.23 for phase 1 and 0.23 to 0.27 for phase 2. The gasifier adopted for experimenting gasification of CNSC is autothermal. Hence, the bed reaction temperatures varied with different ERs. The model predicts unreasonably high H2 at lower ERs. Ruggiero and Manfrida (1999) described the irrelevance of equilibrium models, which assume perfect gas behavior for very low ERs as these models cannot describe pyrolysis processes due to the presence of liquid hydrocarbons as pyrolysis products. Desrosiers (1981) predicted thermodynamic ER for gasification of dry wood as 0.28. Considering the range of H2 yield, as predicted by the model with experimental values in the ER range of 0.25 to 0.35, the model values compare quite reasonable with the experimented values. At an ER of 1, the H2 is null, indicating the complete combustion and conversion of all H2 to water vapor. The prevailing conditions and criteria quoted for H2 are equally applicable for CO, albeit at a different magnitude.
b) Effect of ER on CO2 and CH4
The molar percentage of CO2 is observed to increase with an increase in ER, similar to the trend established by Altafini et al. (2003). In reality, the trend of CO2 could be correlated with the trend opposite to that for CO. A decrease in concentration of CO2 indicates better gasification efficiency (Zainal et al. 2002). The modeled results for charred CNS indicated negative values of CO2 at lower ERs, which is quite unrealistic. Ruggiero and Manfrida's (1999) statement could be applied to this condition also. However, after a critical analysis of the modeling, it was decided to check the trend of CO2 for other established fuels, for which modeling results had already been reported. Accordingly, the devised model was applied to casuarina wood (C H1.44 O0.65), whose proximate and ultimate analyses are listed in Tables 6 and 7. The trend of CO2 for casuarina wood is observed to be increasing and positive for all ERs (Fig. 11). Other constituents of the global reaction [Eq.1] remain the same, the C/H and C/O ratios of charred CNS are observed to be 2.18 and 2.08 times greater than the C/H and C/O ratios of casuarina. Hence it was inferred that the C/H ratio to some extent affects the model output at lower ERs. This was confirmed by increasing the H/C ratio on the reactant side in the global reaction [Eq.1] by increasing the fuel moisture content and analyzing the molar percentage of CO2 at different ERs. At a moisture level of 40 %, the CO2 yields are all observed to be positive (Fig. 20), indicating the effect of C/H ratio on modeling at lower ERs. Though the values depicted by the model at lower ERs per se would not be relevant to gasification, the cause for it had been reported. It was found that the model predicts well the CO2 concentration at higher ERs and that pertaining to gasification.
Mansaray et al. (1999) inferred that increasing the ER results in a decrease in concentrations of methane and other light hydrocarbons, which have relatively high heating values. The model results validate the claim that CH4 concentration decreases with increasing ER. Conversely, the prediction on CH4 made by the model is lower than the actual ones by a large margin. Pellegrini and Oliveira Jr. (2007) experienced similar differences in CH4 predicted by the model and experiment and referred to the cause as a result of the sudden cessation of gasification reactions at the bottom of the reactor. This cessation is a consequence of the temperatures at the bottom, which are too low to start up the reactions. In an equilibrium model, it is assumed that all reactions achieve a steady-state condition; thus no kinetic effects (such as sudden cessation) are considered. To overcome the differences in mole fractions, a fixed CH4 molar correction needs to be adopted, as reported by Fock and Thomsen (2000).
c) Effect of ER on N2 and H20
Gas analysis was not carried out on a dry basis for want of facilities. Hence the remainder of the measured components, viz., CO, CO2, H2, O2 and CH4 is assumed to be mix of N2 and H2O. The devised model predicted the yield of N2 and H2O individually and the molar concentrations of these constituents were combined as a mix to compare with the experimental values. Generally nitrogen formation could be attributed to the N2 from fuel and N2 from air. With the nitrogen in fuel remaining constant, the increase in ER increases the N2 supplied to the system, and hence the higher yield of N2 at higher ERs. While the majority of researchers had observed a similar pattern, Zainal et al. (2002) reported a decreasing trend of N2 with an increase in ER, which is not quite possible. Water in the product gas also increases with an increase in ER for the ascendancy of the oxidation reaction of H2 at higher ERs. The H2O and N2 mix predicted by the model correlates well with the experimental values.
Effect of Temperature on Molar Concentration
Jayah et al. (2003) observed that a lower temperature reduces the reaction rate and thereby the conversion efficiency. Altafini et al. (2003) stated that equilibrium models are especially good at high temperatures where the reaction temperatures are above 1500 K. The temperatures generally assumed for equilibrium modeling by different researchers were not coherent and were predominantly modeled between 800 – 1000 K. Moreover the zone of the gasifier having this temperature was also not reported. Prins et al. (2006) remarked that for fluidized bed gasifiers, the average bed temperature can be used as the process temperature, whereas for downdraft gasifiers, the outlet temperature at the throat exit should be used. The temperature measured in the throat zone [T4] of the gasifier, using charred CNS, was about 1100ºC. Dogru et al. (2002) reported a throat temperature of 1015ºC using hazelnut shells.
However keeping in mind the veracity of other work in the literature, the model was framed for a wide range of temperatures from 800 K to 1500 K and compared with the experimental results obtained at 1373K (Figs 12 to 16). It should be noted that the deviation in gas composition within the temperature range selected was not very significant. Both exothermic and endothermic reactions occurred in the gasification system. Based on Le Chatelier's principle, it is understood that higher reaction temperatures favor the reactants in exothermic reactions while they favor the products in endothermic reactions. Methane formed in the gasifier at high temperatures underwent endothermic reactions with the already formed water vapor and was converted into CO, CO2 and H2. Hence the yield of CH4 decreased at higher temperatures.
CH4 + H20 = CO + 3H2
CH4 + 2 H2O = CO2 + 4 H2
The yield of H2 in the above reactions is three to four times that of formation of CO or CO2. Hence the increase in molar concentration of H2 is significantly higher than the increase observed in CO or CO2. Hence for gasification systems aimed towards generation of H2, maintaining of higher reaction temperature would be a remarkable advantage.
The endothermic reactions used the water vapor generated in the preliminary gasification process, as a result of which the yield of the N2 + H2O mix was lower at higher temperatures. Since N2 forms the majority of the mix, the dip caused by reduction in moisture was almost insignificant. Precisely, it could be inferred that the cause for the drop in methane at higher temperatures and the increase in CO and H2 was due to the utilization of methane in endothermic reactions (rather a reforming process indeed). The trend obtained matches well with the style established by other researchers for other fuels (Turn et al., 1998; Luiz & Silvio, 2007; Schuster et al., 2001; Philippe and Raphael, 2002; Yang, 2005; Sergrapagna & Ajmal, 1997; Natarajan et al., 1988; Hos and Groeneveld, 1987).
Effect of Moisture on Molar Concentration
Moisture content is one of the most significant properties of any biomass that are known to affect the gasification process. Hos and Groeneveld (1987) detailed the effect of moisture content of the feed material on the composition of the product gas. Bridgewater et al. (1986) cited that moisture constraints for any gasifier fuel are dependent on type of gasifier used. Higher values are possible in updraft systems, but the upper limit acceptable for a downdraft reactor is generally considered to be around 40% on a dry basis. Reed and Das (1988) specified that moisture content of feedstock should be below 33% (d.b.) for generating a burnable, good quality gas, while moisture contents higher than 67% (d.b.) make the product gas too lean for ignition. McKendry (2002) inferred that moisture content above about 30% makes ignition difficult and reduces the CV of the product gas due to the need to evaporate the additional moisture before combustion/gasification can occur. With this background, the present model was analyzed for the impact of moisture content on gas composition and the results were compared with the experimental values. Moisture content in a biomass could be either intrinsic (inherent) or extrinsic (influenced by weather/handling). The moisture in the producer gas is an amalgamation of the moisture sourced from substoichiometric air (relative humidity), water vapor formed due to oxidation of hydrogen in fuel and the intrinsic and extrinsic moisture associated with fuel. Among these contributing factors, the first two absorb only the sensible form of heat for superheating the moisture, while the last component absorbs sensible, latent and superheat for converting the moisture into a superheated vapor form. The higher the fuel moisture content, the higher is the heat absorbed by the moisture, paving the way for a reduced reaction temperature and associated incomplete cracking of the hydrocarbons released from the pyrolysis zone.
Increased levels of moisture and the presence of CO at lower ERs produce more H2 and CO2 by the water gas shift reaction [Eq. 6]. The increased H2 content of the gas produces more CH4 by direct hydrogenation. Pellegrini and Oliveira Jr. (2007) inferred that though more H2 is formed with increased moisture, in order to maintain the process, more energy must be supplied, so exothermic reactions are favored, which promotes CO2 formation. The gain in H2 and CH4 of the product gas does not however compensate for the loss of energy due to the reduced CO content of the gas and therefore gives a product gas with a lower CV (McKendry, 2002). Similar results on the effect of moisture content have also been reported for conventional gasifiers (Bhattacharya et al., 1999; Parikh, 1985; Walawender et al., 1987). The model revealed similar trends for CNSC and the experimental values were observed to follow suit predicted by the model (Figs 17-21).
A comparison of the equilibrium modeling results vs the experimental values obtained upon gasification of CNSC is presented in Fig 22. The deviation observed is very minimal on the ER applicable to gasification, i.e., 0.15 to 0.4 for all constituents except CO2. However the experimental values of CO2 can be observed to match the modeled outputs well at ER > 0.3.
The concept of equilibrium modeling applies well for prediction of the effect of ER, MC and RT in gasification of CNSC.
ER is observed to have a large impact on the composition of the producer gas. The model predicts well the trend for H2, CO, N2 and H20. For CO2, the model depicts negative values, possibly, owing to the effect of the carbon-hydrogen ratio, which had been proven by application of the same model for gasification of casuarina wood.
The contribution of reaction temperature is significant for hydrogen yield. The composition of H2 at an ER of 0.3 maintained at a RT of 800 K is 10.5 %, while at 900 K it is 14 %, an increase of 33 %. However at the same ER, the yield is not so pronounced between 1100 and 1500 K. Higher temperatures favor the formation of CO and minimize the yield of CH4. For temperatures higher than 1200 K, CH4 generation is practically nil.
The model does predict the effect of MC in a relevant manner. The CH4 content increases with moisture content. At an ER of 0.3 and with a fixed RT of 1373 K, the yield of CH4 is 0.14 % at 10 % moisture, while it is 0.25 % at 50 % moisture, an 80 % increase.
The model predicts an unrealistic gas composition at ERs less than 0.15, due to pyrolysis, for all constituents of producer gas. For ER pertaining to gasification and beyond that, the model's prediction is coherent with experimental values.
The financial support provided by the Ministry of New & Renewable Energy, Government of India, New Delhi is thankfully acknowledged. The support rendered by Mr. M. Sundaresan, Fitchner Consulting Engineers, Chennai; Mr. S. Kasiraman, GE-Bangalore; Mr. G. Vidyasagar and Mr. G. Muthukumar are appreciated.
ΔGº
Standard Gibbs function of formation
ΔA, ΔB, ΔC and ΔD
Coefficients for determining specific heat
ΔH°
Heat of formation
A, B, C and D
Constants for the properties of the gases
Cashew nut shell
Cashew nut shell char
CNSL
Cashew nut shell liquid
Specific heat
Cp(am)
Specific heat at arithmetic mean temperature
Equivalence ratio
Higher heating value
Constant of integration
K1 & K2
Equilibrium constants
Amount of oxygen per kmol of wood
Moisture content per mol of wood
Universal gas constant (J/mol k)
Reaction temperature
Reference temperature
Arithmetic mean temperature
Amount of water per kmol of wood
x1, x2, x3, x4 and x5
Coefficients of constituents of the producer gas
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(Received: May 21, 2007 ; Accepted: March 15, 2008)
* To whom correspondence should be addressed
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