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Impacts of Urbanization, Aerodynamic roughness and Land Surface Processes on the Extreme Heavy Rainfall over Chennai, India
J. R. Rajeswari, C.V. Srinivas, V. Yesubabu, Hari Prasad Dasari, B. Venkatraman
In this study, the impacts of urban land surface processes on the extreme heavy rainfall event on 01 December 2015 over Chennai, located in north coastal Tamil Nadu, India are analyzed using convection permitting WRF simulations. A series of numerical experiments are conducted using different land cover data (USGS-1992, NRSC-2004, NRSC-2015), aerodynamic roughness, and land surface models (LSM) to assess their sensitivity on the predicted rainfall. Results suggest that experiments with NRSC-2015 with increased urban extent improved the rainfall prediction in terms of rainfall intensity and its distribution. Though temperatures, sensible heat, and Planetary Boundary Layer height (PBLH) increased due to urbanization in both dry and wet phases, the humidity and Convective Available Potential Energy (CAPE) reduced during the dry phase suggesting thermal convection played a secondary role in rainfall. Considerable increase of surface drag, momentum transport, wind shear and Turbulent Kinetic Energy are found in simulations with updated land use and roughness, which determined the location of the cyclonic circulation, convergence and maximum precipitation. LSM sensitivity experiments indicated that while the five-layer model substantially increased the sensible heat, temperature and PBLH, it reduced the moisture convergence and CAPE relative to Noah and Noah-MP thus resulting in low rainfall. The simulation with Noah-MP enhanced the low-level shear and convergence over other LSMs thus produced a wide spread rainfall along the coast. Our results demonstrated that the momentum transport due to urban drag played a vital role by strengthening the low-level convergence and moist convection, which caused heavy precipitation over Chennai.
https://doi.org/10.1029/2020JD034017
10.1029/2020JD034017
https://repository.kaust.edu.sa/bitstream/10754/668972/1/891286_2_merged_1616165826_small.pdf
KAUST Repository
Dive into the research topics of 'Impacts of Urbanization, Aerodynamic roughness and Land Surface Processes on the Extreme Heavy Rainfall over Chennai, India'. Together they form a unique fingerprint.
aerodynamics Earth & Environmental Sciences 100%
roughness Earth & Environmental Sciences 91%
urbanization Earth & Environmental Sciences 87%
rainfall Earth & Environmental Sciences 65%
potential energy Earth & Environmental Sciences 36%
drag Earth & Environmental Sciences 32%
momentum Earth & Environmental Sciences 29%
Rajeswari, J. R., Srinivas, C. V., Yesubabu, V., Dasari, H. P., & Venkatraman, B. (2021). Impacts of Urbanization, Aerodynamic roughness and Land Surface Processes on the Extreme Heavy Rainfall over Chennai, India. Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres. https://doi.org/10.1029/2020JD034017
Rajeswari, J. R. ; Srinivas, C.V. ; Yesubabu, V. ; Dasari, Hari Prasad ; Venkatraman, B. / Impacts of Urbanization, Aerodynamic roughness and Land Surface Processes on the Extreme Heavy Rainfall over Chennai, India. In: Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres. 2021.
@article{636ef9685f264036974eee9c99545c8f,
title = "Impacts of Urbanization, Aerodynamic roughness and Land Surface Processes on the Extreme Heavy Rainfall over Chennai, India",
abstract = "In this study, the impacts of urban land surface processes on the extreme heavy rainfall event on 01 December 2015 over Chennai, located in north coastal Tamil Nadu, India are analyzed using convection permitting WRF simulations. A series of numerical experiments are conducted using different land cover data (USGS-1992, NRSC-2004, NRSC-2015), aerodynamic roughness, and land surface models (LSM) to assess their sensitivity on the predicted rainfall. Results suggest that experiments with NRSC-2015 with increased urban extent improved the rainfall prediction in terms of rainfall intensity and its distribution. Though temperatures, sensible heat, and Planetary Boundary Layer height (PBLH) increased due to urbanization in both dry and wet phases, the humidity and Convective Available Potential Energy (CAPE) reduced during the dry phase suggesting thermal convection played a secondary role in rainfall. Considerable increase of surface drag, momentum transport, wind shear and Turbulent Kinetic Energy are found in simulations with updated land use and roughness, which determined the location of the cyclonic circulation, convergence and maximum precipitation. LSM sensitivity experiments indicated that while the five-layer model substantially increased the sensible heat, temperature and PBLH, it reduced the moisture convergence and CAPE relative to Noah and Noah-MP thus resulting in low rainfall. The simulation with Noah-MP enhanced the low-level shear and convergence over other LSMs thus produced a wide spread rainfall along the coast. Our results demonstrated that the momentum transport due to urban drag played a vital role by strengthening the low-level convergence and moist convection, which caused heavy precipitation over Chennai.",
author = "Rajeswari, {J. R.} and C.V. Srinivas and V. Yesubabu and Dasari, {Hari Prasad} and B. Venkatraman",
note = "KAUST Repository Item: Exported on 2021-04-28 Acknowledgements: Authors thank Dr. A.K. Bhaduri, Director of IGCAR, for the encouragement and support. The first author is grateful to HBNI for providing the research fellowship and IGCAR DAE for extending facilities to conduct the study. The updated land use/land cover data over the Indian region are obtained from Bhuvan of ISRO-NRSC (https://bhuvan.nrsc.gov.in/bhuvan_links.php). Authors are thankful to Dr. P.V.N.Rao and Mr. Biswadeep, NRSC-Hyderabad for technical discussions on the NICES landuse/land cover data used in the study. Mrs. Deepu Radhakrishnan is acknowledged for the assistance in GIS aided land cover analysis. Doppler Weather Radar reflectivity images and station rainfall data are obtained from the India Meteorological Department. The GPM IMERG precipitation data is obtained from NASA Global precipitation project (https://gpm.nasa.gov/data/directory).",
doi = "10.1029/2020JD034017",
journal = "Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres",
Rajeswari, JR, Srinivas, CV, Yesubabu, V, Dasari, HP & Venkatraman, B 2021, 'Impacts of Urbanization, Aerodynamic roughness and Land Surface Processes on the Extreme Heavy Rainfall over Chennai, India', Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres. https://doi.org/10.1029/2020JD034017
Impacts of Urbanization, Aerodynamic roughness and Land Surface Processes on the Extreme Heavy Rainfall over Chennai, India. / Rajeswari, J. R.; Srinivas, C.V.; Yesubabu, V.; Dasari, Hari Prasad; Venkatraman, B.
In: Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, 2021.
T1 - Impacts of Urbanization, Aerodynamic roughness and Land Surface Processes on the Extreme Heavy Rainfall over Chennai, India
AU - Rajeswari, J. R.
AU - Srinivas, C.V.
AU - Yesubabu, V.
AU - Dasari, Hari Prasad
AU - Venkatraman, B.
N1 - KAUST Repository Item: Exported on 2021-04-28 Acknowledgements: Authors thank Dr. A.K. Bhaduri, Director of IGCAR, for the encouragement and support. The first author is grateful to HBNI for providing the research fellowship and IGCAR DAE for extending facilities to conduct the study. The updated land use/land cover data over the Indian region are obtained from Bhuvan of ISRO-NRSC (https://bhuvan.nrsc.gov.in/bhuvan_links.php). Authors are thankful to Dr. P.V.N.Rao and Mr. Biswadeep, NRSC-Hyderabad for technical discussions on the NICES landuse/land cover data used in the study. Mrs. Deepu Radhakrishnan is acknowledged for the assistance in GIS aided land cover analysis. Doppler Weather Radar reflectivity images and station rainfall data are obtained from the India Meteorological Department. The GPM IMERG precipitation data is obtained from NASA Global precipitation project (https://gpm.nasa.gov/data/directory).
N2 - In this study, the impacts of urban land surface processes on the extreme heavy rainfall event on 01 December 2015 over Chennai, located in north coastal Tamil Nadu, India are analyzed using convection permitting WRF simulations. A series of numerical experiments are conducted using different land cover data (USGS-1992, NRSC-2004, NRSC-2015), aerodynamic roughness, and land surface models (LSM) to assess their sensitivity on the predicted rainfall. Results suggest that experiments with NRSC-2015 with increased urban extent improved the rainfall prediction in terms of rainfall intensity and its distribution. Though temperatures, sensible heat, and Planetary Boundary Layer height (PBLH) increased due to urbanization in both dry and wet phases, the humidity and Convective Available Potential Energy (CAPE) reduced during the dry phase suggesting thermal convection played a secondary role in rainfall. Considerable increase of surface drag, momentum transport, wind shear and Turbulent Kinetic Energy are found in simulations with updated land use and roughness, which determined the location of the cyclonic circulation, convergence and maximum precipitation. LSM sensitivity experiments indicated that while the five-layer model substantially increased the sensible heat, temperature and PBLH, it reduced the moisture convergence and CAPE relative to Noah and Noah-MP thus resulting in low rainfall. The simulation with Noah-MP enhanced the low-level shear and convergence over other LSMs thus produced a wide spread rainfall along the coast. Our results demonstrated that the momentum transport due to urban drag played a vital role by strengthening the low-level convergence and moist convection, which caused heavy precipitation over Chennai.
AB - In this study, the impacts of urban land surface processes on the extreme heavy rainfall event on 01 December 2015 over Chennai, located in north coastal Tamil Nadu, India are analyzed using convection permitting WRF simulations. A series of numerical experiments are conducted using different land cover data (USGS-1992, NRSC-2004, NRSC-2015), aerodynamic roughness, and land surface models (LSM) to assess their sensitivity on the predicted rainfall. Results suggest that experiments with NRSC-2015 with increased urban extent improved the rainfall prediction in terms of rainfall intensity and its distribution. Though temperatures, sensible heat, and Planetary Boundary Layer height (PBLH) increased due to urbanization in both dry and wet phases, the humidity and Convective Available Potential Energy (CAPE) reduced during the dry phase suggesting thermal convection played a secondary role in rainfall. Considerable increase of surface drag, momentum transport, wind shear and Turbulent Kinetic Energy are found in simulations with updated land use and roughness, which determined the location of the cyclonic circulation, convergence and maximum precipitation. LSM sensitivity experiments indicated that while the five-layer model substantially increased the sensible heat, temperature and PBLH, it reduced the moisture convergence and CAPE relative to Noah and Noah-MP thus resulting in low rainfall. The simulation with Noah-MP enhanced the low-level shear and convergence over other LSMs thus produced a wide spread rainfall along the coast. Our results demonstrated that the momentum transport due to urban drag played a vital role by strengthening the low-level convergence and moist convection, which caused heavy precipitation over Chennai.
U2 - 10.1029/2020JD034017
DO - 10.1029/2020JD034017
JO - Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres
JF - Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres
Rajeswari JR, Srinivas CV, Yesubabu V, Dasari HP, Venkatraman B. Impacts of Urbanization, Aerodynamic roughness and Land Surface Processes on the Extreme Heavy Rainfall over Chennai, India. Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres. 2021. https://doi.org/10.1029/2020JD034017


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Tag: Emma Scott
This Chick Read: Full Tilt by Emma Scott
Kacey Dawson is on her way to fame as the lead guitarist in a rock band, she seems to have it all so why does she have to get totally wasted to get through the night? After once again drinking to the point of passing out, Kacey wakes up on the couch of Jonah Fletcher, her limo driver. Jonah can see that Kacey needs a place to get away and dry out and he offers her his place to stay in until she has to leave for her next stop on the tour. Surprisingly, she takes him up on it and they begin an unlikely friendship, finding something in the other that brings their hearts to life.
I have never read a novel by Emma Scott, but after reading Full Tilt I know I will definitely be looking through her backlog for my next fix. Full Tilt was heavy, dark, desperate, uplifting, sad, and joyous. By the third chapter I was all in and I think I must've gone through a box of Kleenex while rooting for this couple to overcome the odds.
I wasn't so sure about Kacey at first. She'd had a hard life, found herself in a sweet spot with fame and then wasn't happy with what that got her. She seemed to be a typical rock chick, at first. Jonah was a little tougher to undertand. He'd shut himself off from everyone but his immediate family and a couple of friends, to protect himself, but to also protect others because he was terminally ill. By doing this he took all of the color out of his own life, which is funny because he was an artist who was building a glass installation full of color and imagery. Kacey was anything but colorless and she filled his life with the technicolor of love. He and Kacey's unlikely friendship turned into a soul changing love story. Not just theirs, but mine too as I read their story. It was heart lifting and heart breaking at the same time.
This is a novel that you just need to throw yourself into. I had put it on my Kindle quite a few months ago after reading a review that made me curious. Other than that Kacey was a rock star who was on the rocks, I didn't remember the plot and I'm glad I went into this one blind. Take my word for it. Get this novel. Don't read the synopsis, just pick it up and take yourself on a journey. It will be heart breaking and yes, you'll ugly cry, but it will also remind you what love is all about. That's why we read romance novels, right? ❤❤❤❤❤
Opinions from around the Blogosphere
"Full Tilt is more than the story of two people. It's the story of Kacey, Jonah, his family and friends, Vegas, hope, loss, art, talent, but ultimately it's about love. The love we have for family, the love we share with friends and the love we leave behind." Reading, Writing and Ramblings
"In the middle of the rubble I found that, actually, Kacey is one of my favorite heroines. Her addiction made me feel deeply sorry for her instead of frustrated with her decisions. And then there is freaking Jonah. He's just as amazing as his name. Seriously. I can't even with how much I adored him — right from the beginning." In Love and Words
Click this link to purchase!* Full Tilt
On April 9, 2019 March 12, 2019 By deborahkehoeIn A Hot Chick Who Reads

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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The Flash Movie Officially Wraps Production After Being in Development For 7 Years
Posted by Bryce West | Oct 18, 2021 | Movies, News, Superheroes | 0
Production for The Flash has officially wrapped after 7 years of development for Barry Allen's first solo adventure in the DCEU.
The director of the film, Andy Muschietti, recently took to Instagram that the long-awaited movie featuring the Scarlet Speedster has officially wrapped production after five months of filming in the UK.
A post shared by Andy Muschietti (@andy_muschietti)
The Flash was initially announced all the way back in October of 2014 when DC announced their slate of films for the DC Extended Universe (most of which have either been scrapped or reworked). The film is one of the very few that are actually going to make it onto the big big screen.
RELATED: EPIC FIRST TEASER FOR THE FLASH REVEALED AT EXCITING DC FANDOME EVENT
Among the canceled films were Justice League: Part Two, Cyborg, Green Lantern, as well as The Batman starring, directed, written, and produced by Ben Affleck. The Batman was later reworked into a new film of the same name directed by Matt Reeves and starring Robert Pattinson.
The original version of the Flash movie would have almost certainly tied into Zack Snyder's Justice League Part Two. However, now that it seems that DC is moving away from Zack Snyder's original vision it's likely that this film will be mostly separate from the Justice League films and will serve as a soft-reboot to the DC Extended Universe.
What Should We Expect From The Flash?
As stated previously, the film is expected to serve as a soft reboot for the DCEU as DC attempts to revise the franchise after multiple failed attempts from the studio. The DCEU was supposed to be DC's answer to the Marvel Cinematic Universe. However, the franchise has seen only lukewarm success with only one film, Aquaman, making over a billion dollars at the box office.
RELATED: THE FLASH: JEFFREY DEAN MORGAN AND LAUREN COHAN STILL WANT FLASHPOINT BATMAN AND JOKER IN THE DCEU
The Flash is expected to explore the multiverse after Barry Allen decides to go back in time to prevent his mother from being murdered. This causes a ripple effect that brings Barry together with Michael Keaton as Batman from the 1989 series of films as well as a newcomer, Sasha Calle as Supergirl.
Ben Affleck is also expected to reprise his role as the DCEU's version of Bruce Wayne / Batman we have seen in Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice, Suicide Squad (2016), and Justice League (2017).
Rumors for the film suggest that Michael Keaton could take over as the main Batman for the DCEU after the events of this film. This would theoretically retcon Batman (1989) and Batman Returns into the DCEU and remove reference to Ben Affleck's version of the character.
This won't be the first time Ezra Miller's Flash ventures into the multiverse as he was previously seen meeting Grant Gustin's version of the Flash in Crisis on Infinite Earths. In the episode, Gustin's Flash actually is the one who gives Miller's Flash the idea for the name 'Flash'.
It seems like The Flash will permanently and drastically change the course of the DC Extended Universe as we know it. Only time will tell if this move will finally pay off for DC and Warner Bros.
The Flash is set to premiere on November 4, 2022, and stars Ezra Miller as Barry Allen / The Flash, Ben Affleck as Bruce Wayne / Batman, Michael Keaton as Bruce Wayne / Batman, Sasha Calle as Supergirl, Kiersey Clemons as Iris West, Maribel Verdú as Nora Allen, and Ron Livingston as Henry Allen, with Saoirse-Monica Jackson and Rudy Mancuso being cast in undisclosed roles.
What are your thoughts on The Flash finally wrapping production? Are excited to see how it's going to change up the DC Extended Universe? Let us know in the comments below! Also, be sure to follow The Illuminerdi on social media to be notified of more DC news and updates like this in the future!
KEEP READING: THE FLASH FILM TO FEATURE SURPRISE GRANT GUSTIN CAMEO: EXCLUSIVE
Source: Andy Muschietti
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Bryce West
Bryce West is an aspiring writer/producer and a Journalism/Broadcasting student at the University of Southern Indiana. When he isn't hosting his show, "The Film Reel", on the national award-winning station, News Channel 15, he is writing articles for The Illuminerdi and watching his favorite movies and TV shows.
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User manual OKI MC562DNW printer - 6 reviews for the OKI MC562DNW Discover the test, trial and comparison with the Printer OKI MC562DNW.
Diplotop - product comparison - gathers OKI MC562DNW users reviews, tests and opinions.With a data base of unprecedented wealth, 6 reviews for the Printer OKI MC562DNW, Diplotop compares the Printer OKI MC562DNW with its competitors in order to find the best.
On average, its users find the user-friendliness of the OKI MC562DNW reasonable.The find it doesn't really stand out for its reliability nor its sturdiness., And, there are many of them who share the same opinion. You can look at the OKI MC562DNW forum to identify problems that users have come across and the suggested solutions.
Its users find it fairly efficient., Moreover, most of them share the same opinion They find that it is very cheap You can download the OKI MC562DNW user manual to ensure that its features correspond to your needs.
Is the MC562DNW easy to use?
6 users answered questions and rated the product on a scale of 0 to 10. The rating is 10/10 if the OKI MC562DNW is very user-friendly.
Is the MC562DNW highly efficient?
6 users answered questions and rated the product on a scale of 0 to 10. The rating is 10/10 if the OKI MC562DNW is, in its domain, the best on a technical level, the one offering the best quality, or offering the largest range of options.
Is the MC562DNW reliable, sturdy?
6 users answered questions and rated the product on a scale of 0 to 10. The rating is 10/10 if you think that the OKI MC562DNW is a sturdy product, which will last a long time before breaking down.
Is the MC562DNW good value for money?
6 users answered questions and rated the product on a scale of 0 to 10. The rating is 10/10 if you think that the OKI MC562DNW is really not expensive considering its features.


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How to Send Money to the Gambia from the UK Instantly?
With an economy heavily reliant on agriculture and livestock, the Gambia is one of the developing African countries. The people of Gambia have been struggling to make ends meet as the economy is not solid and viable enough to create jobs to accommodate the job-seekers whose large numbers enter the market every year, and since they cannot find work, they end up becoming a burden on the economy and society.
In this regard, the people of Gambia travel to the West to find opportunities. The UK is one of the favourite expatriate destinations, and thousands of the Gambians live and work here. Most Gambian expatriates send money to Gambia from the UK for their family's financial support, which simultaneously adds to the country's economic development.
Multiple options are available on how the Gambian expatriates can send money to their native country from the UK, but the two are the most prominent. One is through the banks, and the other is through online money transfer companies. Both have their own merits and demerits.
Let's help you find the most reasonable and fast method for sending money to the Gambia from the UK.
The Most Secure and the Fastest Way to Send Money to the Gambia from the UK
Every expatriate always has unique priorities when deciding on a money transfer service. However, speed, security, exchange rates, and transfer cost are always the most common priorities for everyone. Finding a service that offers all of these features is rare and unquestionably challenging. Let's figure out how to ensure these primary requirements when deciding on a remittance service provider.
Before discussing it, let's first look at some quick facts about the Gambia.
The Gambia in a Nutshell
The Gambia is the least developed low-income economy.
It has a population of about 2.3 million, according to the census of 2020
According to the 2019 estimates, the nominal Gross Domestic Product (GDP) of Gambia was $1.173 billion
In 2019, Purchasing Power Parity (PPP) in the Gambia was $6.448 billion
Its minor GDP rank in 2019 was 167th
Its PPP rank in 2019 was 160th
The GDP growth of Gambia was 4.8% in 2017, 6.6% in 2018, 6.0% in 2019 and 6.3% in 2020. The trends in GDP growth are positive.
The nominal GDP Per Capita Income in the Gambia is $755, according to 2019 estimates.
According to the estimates for 2019, the PPP GDP Per Capita of Gambia was $2,745
The rank of Gambia in terms of nominal GDP Per Capita was 171st in 2019
In terms of GDP Per Capita PPP, the position of Gambia in 2018 was 157th
The Gambia GDP comprises agriculture, 33%; industry, 8.7% and services, 58.3%
In 2020, the inflation rate in the Gambia was 6.5%, with about 9.7% of the population living on less than $1.90/day
The Gambia has an unemployment rate of around 8.6%
These economic facts indicate that the people of Gambia necessarily travel to developed countries. With such a bleak economy, the people of Gambia cannot lead a viable financial life. Therefore they become expatriates in distant lands and send money to Gambia online or through conventional methods to their families to support them financially.
International Money Transfer from the UK to the Gambia
As stated above, there are two ways money transfers to Gambia. One is through the banks, and the other is through online money transfer companies. A quick look at both ways is necessary to understand which method is preferred and why.
Money Transfers through Banks
It is the conventional way of transferring money from one place to another. Typically, the money transferred through banks from one country to another is called a Wire transfer. Earlier, it was the best way to send money to Gambia for the Gambian expatriates. Still, it did not remain with the advent of many credible and efficient online money transfer companies like ACE Money Transfer.
A few issues that expatriates face while transferring funds through banks are as follows.
Sluggish Movement of Funds
Even though technology has increased the speed of almost everything we do nowadays and speeded up life as a whole, banks still take between three to five working days to transfer funds from one place to another. And this time can extend to a large degree if you, by mistake, happen to initiate a transaction towards the end of the week. Either way, the time a bank takes to transfer funds is awful.
Non-Competitive or Fixed Currency Exchange Rates
Banks never offer the best currency exchange rates. As the exchange rates keep fluctuating in the international market, the banks keep their exchange rates static for a specific time, regardless of the current exchange rates in the global market at the time of initiating an international money transfer. This is a disadvantage for the expatriates as if they cannot find competitive currency exchange rates; they risk sending less than what they intend for their family's financial support.
Loads of Paperwork
You will have to approach a bank in person and fill out several forms manually to initiate a transaction. Banks still have you undertake a lot of paperwork to initiate a wire transaction, which is time-consuming and tedious.
Banks are Expensive
Sending money to Gambia from the UK or elsewhere is always expensive as banks charge a high fee for a wire transaction. Banks charge a high fee; they also deduct a handsome amount as a commission when converting foreign currency into local one. You can skip this commission cost only if you have a multi-currency account. But, every bank does not provide this facility, and not everyone can afford a multi-currency bank account. But despite all of this, banks continue to charge a high fees for their services.
Sending Money Digitally with Online Money Transfer Companies
The alternative to the banks, which have substantially challenged banks' monopoly over international money transfers, is the remittances transfer service provider companies. How these companies have challenged the banks' monopoly is due to the following.
Companies are Fast and Efficient.
Online money transfers through companies have been fast and efficient. Many of these companies take between a few moments to a few minutes to deliver the funds online. Although some companies take days to transfer funds, like banks, such companies are few and far between. Most online companies ensure the delivery of funds on the same day on which a transaction is initiated.
Companies Charge a Low Fee.
Many online money transfer companies charge a low fee from the remitters. Many companies charge less than even 1% of the amount being transferred. Some companies keep their service charges static there, whereas others fluctuate their fee and service charges depending on the volume of the amount and the destination country. But even the increase remains a lot less than what the banks charge.
Competitive Currency Exchange Rates
Online money transfer companies offer competitive currency exchange rates. You know that the currency exchange rates keep fluctuating in the international market. Some the companies, like banks, keep their currency exchange rates static, whereas some online money transfer companies link their currency exchange rates with the global market. This allows the remitters to initiate a transaction at a time when they think the currency exchange rates are most favourable.
Wider Accessibility and Round the Clock Availability
Unlike banks, the services of online money transfer companies can be accessed at any time and anywhere in the world through their international money transfer app. Since the services of these companies are available online 24/7, there is no time frame that these companies operate and can only be accessed within that time.
It is also important now to take a quick look at the economy of the UK briefly to understand why people in developing countries get attracted to it for better opportunities.
The Economy of the UK – Fast Facts
The UK economy is the 6th largest worldwide.
In 2020, the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) of the UK was 1.96 trillion GBP
It has an unemployment rate of about 3.9%
UK's inflation rate is 5.5%
The GDP Per Capita income of the UK is 32,555 GBP
The average annual salary in the UK is 31,285 GBP
The GDP growth rate is expected to reach 4.2% in 2022
Taking a look at these statistics will reveal why the UK fascinates expatriates from around the world and particularly the ones seeking jobs and better employment opportunities hailing from less developed countries like the Gambia.
Final Words - The Quickest and Reliable Money Transfer to the Gambia from Overseas
The two ways to transfer money to the Gambia from the UK have been explained amply above. Instant money transfers are based on your well-informed decision in the light of the above information, leading you to choose an institution providing the best international money transfer services worldwide.
Look for the factors that have been highlighted above in the services of a company, and whichever offers all of the above will be your best partner in your fund's movement. Join ACE family and make every money transfer to Gambia more rewarding and advantageous through the quickest processing of funds, the lowest transfer cost, the highest exchange rates, and several opportunities to win exceptional prizes.
How to Make Low-Cost Money Transfers to Pakistan from Overseas?


Shortlisted artists are: Monira Al Qadiri (35 – Kuwait), Yu Araki (33 – Japan), Korakrit Arunanondchai (31 – Thailand), Kasper Bosmans (28 – Belgium), Madison Bycroft (31 – Australia), Alia Farid (33 – Kuwait), Gabrielle Goliath (34 – South Africa), Rodrigo Hernández (34 – Mexico), Laura Huertas Millán (35 – Colombia), Marguerite Humeau (31 – France), Eli Lundgaard (28 – Norway), Taus Makhacheva (35 – Russia), Toyin Ojih Odutola (33 - Nigeria), Sondra Perry (31 – United States), Gala Porras-Kim (33 – Colombia), Emilija Škarnulytė (31 – Lithuania), Jakob Steensen (31 – Denmark), Daniel Turner (35 – United States), Anna Zvyagintseva (32 – Ukraine) and artist collectives Basel Abbas and Ruanne Abou-Rahme and Cooking Sections.
Anna Zvyagintseva is included as the winner of the PinchukArtCentre Prize 2018 - a national contemporary art prize awarded to young Ukrainian artists up to the age of 35.
All other artists were chosen by an international selection committee, which includes: Natalia Valencia Arango, Associate Curator, Estancia Femsa Casa Barragán (Mexico City); Julie Boukobza, Director of Luma Arles residency program and 89plus residency at the Lab of the Google Cultural Institute (Paris); Tatiana Kochubinska, Curator, Research Platform at the PinchukArtCentre (Kyiv). Tumelo Mosaka, Chief Curator for the Investec Cape Town Art Fair; Zeynep Öz, Curator, Turkish Pavilion at the Venice Biennial 2019 (Istanbul) and Richard Riley, independent curator and Chair of the Gilbert & George Centre (London).


TUCSON, AZ (Tucson News Now) – Arizona has more homeless children than most every other state in the U.S.
The findings of a new report card from the National Center on Family Homelessness rank Arizona 45th overall. The state is also low on the well-being of children.
However, Arizona does better when it comes to policy and planning, and how we're addressing the problem.
The recession hit Arizona hard. A story from Tucson News Now. Read on.


Super Bounce Ball Maze endless mode is here!
It's been a while since the last update for Super Bounce Ball Maze and the reason for that is that I've been busy planning a new game mode, Endless.
The levels are great to play but once you've completed them there is nothing to do until I release a new update. So I made a simple yet addictive competitive mode with leaderboard support.
Hope that you will like the new update!
* New Feature: Flag is lowered when you hit it.
* Improved: Full screen ads revised, they will appear less frequent.


[Links] - The task of links today is to bring chaos into order.
Donnemartin/system-design-primer: Learn How To Design Large-scale Systems. Prep For The System Design Interview.
You know the basic of microservices and their pros and cons, but can you successfully maintain them in production?
Disposing Resources At The End Of Asp.net Core Request - Strathweb. A Free Flowing Web Tech Monologue.
Microsoft/visualstudiouninstaller: Visual Studio Uninstallation Sometimes Can Be Unreliable And Often Leave Out A Lot Of Unwanted Artifacts. Visual Studio Uninstaller Is Designed To Thoroughly And Reliably Remove These Unwanted Artifacts.


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Q: How to change raster pixel values inside a polygon
I use Arcgis desktop 10.4.1.
I also both have 3D and Spatial Analyst.
I want to change the pixel values inside the blue polygon in the picture above. It's a river, but for some reason the pixel values inside the red circle is higher than the rest. I want to change all pixel values inside the blue polygon to 120.12, but I can't find any workflow to do this.
Any ideas?

A: I would tackle this by ...
1. Converting the blue polygon to a raster (polygon to raster tool) setting the raster value to 120.12 (lets call the output GRID "blue" and the original raster "original"). You can actually just set it to 1 and have the rest be 0. If it is NoData outside the polygon you can still work with it but it is easier if it is all ones and zeros (or 120.12 and 0).

*Using the Con tool and set the condition to be something like ...
Con(blue = 120.12, blue, original) if you are using the raster set to 120.12 or
Con(blue == 1, 120.12, original) if blue is 1/0.
Once you have this done you can just use the output instead of the original for your analysis. Best to use the original as a "snapping" raster in our Environments settings.
Note: if you have NoData in your "blue" layer you would need to use something like IsNull in the Con expression in order to deal with that (easier to not have the NoData).
Con(IsNull(blue), original, 120.12) would probably work as long as you only have NoData and a single value.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
Ocasio-Cortez Challenges Queens Democratic Party Boss
Leon Pinsky
This year has seen some of the largest protests in U.S. history with women marching against abuse and harassment and students rallying against gun violence. Teachers also revolted in a whole series of states to win wage increases and funding for public education and won real gains through collective action. In Seattle the housing justice movement led by Seattle's socialist councilmember, Kshama Sawant, recently won a historic tax on Amazon and other big businesses to fund affordable housing. All of these struggles prove that we don't have to wait for any wing of the corporate establishment to act on our behalf. Change comes from below.
Events have also inspired a number of activists around the country to run for office on a clear anti-establishment agenda. Many were inspired by Bernie Sanders's 2016 primary campaign and like him have refused corporate money and fight for affordable housing, free higher-education, and Medicare for All. In New York's Congressional District 14, which covers parts of Queens and the Bronx, Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez, a member of the Democratic Socialists of America, is challenging Queens Democratic Party boss, and 19 year incumbent, Joe Crowley, in next month's primaries.
Ocasio was an organizer with the Bernie Sanders campaign and decided to run for office when she participated in the heroic Standing Rock struggle. Her campaign calls for Medicare for All, free higher education, corporate money out of politics, immigration reform (including abolishing ICE), criminal justice reform (including ending private prisons), solidarity with Puerto Rico, and more.
Corporate Politics vs. Working Class Politics
Over fifty percent of residents in District 14 are non-white and almost half are immigrants. Like the rest of the city, the district has seen rapid growth of real-estate power and displacement of working people. Much of that process has taken place under the mis-leadership of Crowley who is the chair of the House Democratic Caucus and of the Queens County Democratic Party. He is one of the most powerful Democrats in Washington and New York State.
Ocasio's campaign is pushing back against Crowley's corrupt machine in Queens which is completely beholden to corporate interests. She was able to get over 5,000 signatures to get on the ballot. She openly refuses to take corporate donations and has recently said that her campaign raised an incredible $200,000 from 8,000 individual donors (average of $25!). Just compare that with Crowley's $3 million, with $241K from security and investment firms, $238K from real estate developers, $154K from insurance, and the list goes on.
It is no wonder that working people in Queens and the Bronx find it increasingly difficult to afford an apartment; college education is more and more unaffordable; political corruption is rampant; and millions of Americans don't have affordable healthcare.
Ocasio is challenging Crowley on all those issues. She has called for a political revolution that brings down the Democratic Party establishment and fights for working class politics. In an April interview with Salon.com she said "I'm running with the accountability and with the spirit and with the support of people who actually live here, and those people are working class. And the best things for working-class people are tuition-free college for their kids, health care for their families . . . feeling like they're protected from superstorms."
In her campaign video she states: "We have to ask – who has New York been changing for? The rent gets higher, health care covers less, and our income stays the same. This race is about people versus money."
Socialist Alternative wholeheartedly agrees with the need to build a political force that really represents working people, but we believe this will require going outside the framework of the corporate dominated Democrats. But, as with the Sanders campaign two years ago, if people are fighting for change within that framework we will not stand on the sidelines but rather engage in the fight while discussing and debating the way forward.
Considering the massive gap between corporate-backed Crowley and Ocasio's working class message, it's truly regrettable that a series of labor unions, including the CWA which backed Bernie Sanders, and progressive organizations, particularly the Working Families Party which endorsed Cynthia Nixon for governor, have decided to endorse Crowley. This flawed strategy of trying to appease the leading candidate has only led the movement to water down its demands in order to get a few crumbs from establishment politicians. History shows that fighting back, rather than lobbying, is the best way to force the billionaires and their representatives to make concessions to working people.
Need for a Bold Strategy
There are real opportunities for socialists to use and win elections as part of a broader fight for change. In Seattle and Minneapolis, Socialist Alternative has shown how socialists can build militant movements and force the establishment to make concessions whether we win elections or not.
In Seattle, socialist city councilmember Kshama Sawant has just a single vote on the council, but rather than making backroom deals, she has used her position to build powerful movements and help win change in the streets. Sawant's 2013 independent socialist campaign in Seattle was the only city council campaign in Seattle to support fast food workers' demand for a $15 an hour minimum wage – no other councilmember or candidate would support it until our campaign helped make it popular.
We didn't demobilize our campaign or stop fighting for $15/hour after winning the election. In fact, that was just the start of our fight. Sawant and Socialist Alternative immediately helped launch 15 Now which built a mass campaign that threatened to launch an independent ballot initiative for $15/hour if city hall couldn't deliver. We won within six months of Sawant taking office. making Seattle the first major city in the country to chart a path to $15/hour and helping spark similar efforts around the country.
In Minneapolis, Ginger Jentzen's socialist campaign in 2017 forced the issue of rent control firmly onto the political agenda. Despite not winning, Jentzen and Socialist Alternative used the momentum of our grassroots election to continued building a mass campaign for rent control, putting the Democratic-controlled city council on the defensive. We want to spread this model across the U.S.: using election campaigns and elected office to build mass struggles from below which history shows are the real motor force for change.
Important to our approach to elected office is advocating the principle that socialist candidates pledge to only take the average wage of the workers they represent. As Sawant has said: "Every Councilmember faces a choice of who they represent and which world they inhabit. My place is with working people and their struggles. As a Councilmember, I recommit to a fundamentally different political outlook. In line with the principles of the political party I represent, Socialist Alternative, I pledged to stay accountable to working people by taking only an average workers' wage."
Unfortunately, at their recent citywide convention, the Democratic Socialists of America in New York City voted against advising their own candidates to take the average workers' wage if elected. But we would encourage Ocasio-Cortez and other left candidates to take up this important principle.
Ocasio's platform is an excellent beginning, but the campaign should also become a discussion with working people about how to achieve these demands. We would also advocate taking up a clearly socialist program. Winning reforms such as healthcare for all and renewable energy would mean taking on some of the biggest industries in the world. It would require a mass struggle of millions of working people and youth to challenge the corporate system of capitalism itself. This is why socialists need to acknowledge the limits of the system and develop a socialist program that goes beyond what is acceptable to big business. Socialist Alternative campaigns to take the top 500 corporations into public ownership as a step toward building a democratically planned socialist society
Beyond the Primaries
Besides DSA, Ocasio is also backed by Our Revolution, Brand New Congress and Justice Democrats, three organizations who set as their target the transformation of the Democratic Party into a "people's party". While Socialist Alternative supports the most ferocious struggle to bring down the leadership of the Democratic Party and sympathizes with any effort to fight the establishment within the party, we do not support the strategy of transforming the Democrats.
The rigged result of the 2016 presidential primary, and countless other examples, show that the party leadership will use any tool in its arsenal to resist these attempts. To actually turn the Democrats into a "people's party" would require creating democratic structures accountable to the membership, refusing corporate money, and actively building mass movements to fight for real change for working people and the oppressed. The corporate leadership uses any opportunity to demobilize genuine movements and would rather split or destroy the party than submit to such a fate. A far more realistic strategy is to begin now to sow the seeds for a new mass party of the working class, using campaigns such as Ocasio's as a the first step.
Socialist Alternative is working with Ocasio's supporters to win the best result in the primary on June 26. It would be a political earthquake if Ocasio defeated the strongest Democrat in Queens who is also rumored to be the next Speaker of the House if the Democrats retake the chamber this fall. If she does win, we would encourage her to use the victory to lay the basis for a real struggle to win Medicare for All and build resistance to Trump by basing herself on building a mass movement on the streets, like Kshama Sawant has done in Seattle.
However, there is also a real possibility that she doesn't win. In such a case, we would urge her to not let the momentum behind her campaign get trapped within the framework of the rigged Democratic Party primary process. If we really believe in the strongest possible challenge to the establishment then this fight deserves to go all the way to November, when most people will be paying attention. This would allow Ocasio's campaign to continue building and organizing a working class force in Queens and the Bronx to fight for a real alternative to the corporate-dominated Republicans and Democrats.
If needed, it is absolutely legal and possible for Ocasio to continue running as an independent under New York election laws. The filing deadline for independent candidates is in July and her campaign has already shown it has the ability to get the required number of signatures.
Campaigns like Ocasio's highlight the growing opportunities to build powerful challenges to establishment politics. Given the historic crisis of U.S. capitalism, it's highly unlikely the anger at corporate politicians can be reconciled within the framework of the Democratic Party and its entrenched pro-corporated leadership. We need our own party. We urge Ocasio to use her campaign to help lay the basis for such a party and we urge DSA and others to join together with Socialist Alternative to run 5-10 independent candidates in 2018 as part of an effort to build a new mass party of working people in the U.S.
Democratic Socialists of America
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