text:
\section{Introduction}

The study of physical properties of systems with reduced dimensionality, such as nanoclusters, has
become one of the challenging field of research in recent years. For semiconductor nanoclusters, there
 is a remarkable increase in the band gap compared to the bulk value, as the size of the cluster
 decreases. This has opened up immense technological possibilities in diverse fields such as solar cells\cite{solar},
 electroluminescent devices \cite{device} and possible electronic devices. Among various
 semiconductor nanoclusters, II-VI semiconductor CdS has received a lot of attention, primarily due to
 the following facts,
(i) CdS is a direct gap semiconductor
with rather large band gap of about 2.5 eV\cite{gap} (ii) quantum confinement effect can be reached quite easily
because of the large excitonic Bohr radius $\approx$ 3 nm \cite{Bohr} (iii) CdS can be synthesized
experimentally rather easily in the size range required for quantum confinement.
The situation, however,
is complicated by the fact that the reduction in particle size seems to influence the structural stability of one
 phase over the other,\cite{new} in a way that is very little understood so far.

Bulk CdS stabilizes in hexagonal wurtzite (WZ) structure. Two other crystal structures, cubic zincblende
 (ZB) and rocksalt structures, in addition to the WZ one or even simultaneous presence of several crystallographic
 phases, have been reported in literature \cite{cubic_results,hexa_results,mixture} for nanoclusters.
 The formation of rocksalt structure is reported only at
 a high pressure,\cite{zbtorsalt} which we exclude from our present discussion, focusing only on the relative
stability of WZ and
 ZB crystal structures at ambient pressure condition. This is an important issue since not only the band gap
depends on the crystallographic structure of the
nanocrystal,\cite{new} all physical properties such as the effective
masses depend on the underlying crystal structure. However, the
structural similarity between WZ and ZB and the associated
small differences in cohesive energies of the order of few tens of meV/atom make the situation complex.
While such an interesting issue has drawn attention in past and have lead to theoretical analysis
based on parametrized tight-binding models, \cite{springborg1,springborg2} to our knowledge no rigorous first-principles
study exist to address this issue. Very little is also known about the details of the experimental situation,
{\it e.g.} the stability of non-stoichiometric versus stoichiometric clusters, the role of passivator
and their influence on structural stability. In absence of detail knowledge of the experimental
scenario which may also vary in different experimental condition like synthesis route, we considered
in the following the {\it ab-initio} theoretical study of stability of both stoichiometric and non-stoichiometric
clusters, naked as well as passivated. Our study shows that the relative stability between WZ-structured
and ZB-structured clusters are governed by the details of surface geometry and surface chemistry.
In case of passivated clusters, we have also studied the associated band gap as a function of
cluster size which depending on specific case also shows highly nonmonotonic behavior.

\section{Building up of clusters}

\begin{figure}
\includegraphics[width=7.5cm,keepaspectratio]{Fig1.pdf}
\caption{(Color online) Crystal structure of CdS in wurtzite (left panel) and zinc blende (right panel)
symmetry. Two differently colored atoms denote Cd and S. Wurtzite structure shows the ABAB$\ldots \ldots$
stacking of atoms along [0001] direction while zinc blende structure shows the ABCABC$\ldots \ldots$ stacking
 of atoms along [111] direction.}
\label{struc}
\end{figure}

The WZ to ZB transformation involves change in symmetry from hexagonal to cubic, while keeping the
nearest neighbor atomic co-ordination fixed at four. The ZB lattice consists of two interpenetrating
face centered cubic lattices of Cd and S, displaced from each other along the body diagonal by
$a_{ZB}/4$, $a_{ZB}$ being the cubic lattice constant. On the other hand, WZ lattice consists of two
interpenetrating hexagonal closed packed lattices, one displaced from another by $3c/16$ along the $c-$axis.
These result into two different stacking sequences: ABAB $\ldots$ along [0001] direction for WZ and ABCABC$\ldots$
along [111] direction for ZB (see Fig.\ref{struc}).

The stable phase also seems to depend on the shape of the
nanocrystal,\cite{nanolett} with majority of the
 experimental results being for spherical nanoclusters. To generate nanocluster of geometry closest to spherical shape,
we have built up the cluster shell by shell. To generate non-stoichiometric clusters, we have taken the
cluster center on a Cd atom or S atom. In both ZB and WZ structures, each Cd(S) atom is tetrahedrally surrounded by S(Cd)
 atoms in its immediate neighborhood.\cite{note1} Therefore, the surface of a non-stoichiometric cluster, generated
via above-mentioned prescription contains
only single species of atoms: a non-stoichiometric nanocluster of even number of shells has same kind of atoms at the surface
and at the center, while a non-stoichiometric nanocrystal with an odd number of shells has two dissimilar types of atoms
at the center
 and at the surface. On the other hand, stoichiometric clusters are generated by putting the center of the sphere
 on the midpoint of Cd-S bond. In this case, each shell contains equal number of Cd atoms and S atoms. Assuming spherical shapes,
the diameters of ZB and WZ clusters of N atoms are given by,
 d$_{ZB}= \left[\frac{3N}{4\pi}\right]^{\frac{1}{3}}a_{ZB}$ and  d$_{WZ}=
\left[\frac{3N}{2\pi}a^2c\right]^{\frac{1}{3}}$ where $a$ and $c$ are the lattice
constants for wurtzite structure in the $ab$ plane and along the $c-$axis.
In Table \ref{tab:size}, we list the cluster sizes in order of increasing shell numbers for
both stoichiometric and non-stoichiometric clusters.

\begin{table}
\caption{\label{tab:size} Number of atoms and diameters of both stoichiometric and non-stoichiometric CdS clusters listed in order of increasing shell sizes for wurtzite structure. The corresponding values for the zincblende
 structure are shown within parenthesis.}
{\begin{tabular}{ccccccc}
\hline
\hline
Shell & & \multicolumn{2}{c}{Stoichiometric}&  & \multicolumn{2}{c} {Non-stoichiometric}    \\
 no.  & & N & diameter($\r{A}$)        &  & N    & diameter($\r{A}$)  \\
\hline
1       &  &  8 (8)            & 7.57 (7.21)                 & & 5 (5)                & 6.47 (6.16)  \\
2       &  &  26 (26)          & 11.21 (10.68)               & & 17 (17)              & 9.73 (9.27)  \\
3       &  &  58 (56)          & 14.65 (13.79)               & & 42 (41)              & 13.15 (12.43) \\
4       &  &  114 (110)        & 18.35 (17.27)               & & 86 (83)              & 16.70 (15.72)   \\
5       &  &  192(184)         & 21.83(20.50)                & & 153(147)             & 20.24(19.02)\\
6       &  &  306(294)         & 25.50(23.97)                & & 249(239)             & 23.80(22.37)\\
7       &  &  452(432)         & 29.04(27.25)                & & 379(363)             & 27.38(25.71) \\

\hline
\hline
\end{tabular} }
\end{table}

\section{Computational Details}

We have carried out first principles electronic structure calculation within the
framework of density functional theory
for the constructed nanoclusters. We have used projector
augmented wave (PAW) basis\cite{paw1,paw2} and
local density approximation (LDA) for the
exchange-correlation functional as implemented in the Vienna
Ab-initio Simulation Package.\cite{vasp} The kinetic energy cut-off of
the plane waves used in the calculations is
280 eV which gives convergence of total energy sufficient to
discuss the relative stability of various phases. To check the
validity of our calculations, we computed the cohesive energy of
bulk WZ and ZB CdS. Our computed values of -2.653 eV/atom for the
cohesive energy of WZ CdS and 9.7 meV/atom for ZB-WZ energy
difference agree well with published results.\cite{bulk} Finite size
cluster calculations were carried out using the supercell technique
where a finite sized cluster is positioned within a cubic supercell.
The cell dimension is set by the condition that each repeated
cluster in the periodic lattice is separated by a vacuum layer of at
least 12 \AA, large enough so as to avoid the interaction between
the clusters. To check the effect of optimization of geometry in certain
specific cases, we relaxed the surface atoms keeping
the core of the cluster fixed at ZB or WZ symmetry. This
is a reasonable approach, considering the fact that previous
studies where relaxation has been carried out for the entire
cluster, \cite{springborg1} showed that the structural relaxation
was mostly confined to the surface layer.
Relaxations are performed using conjugate gradient and
quasi-Newtonian methods until all the force components are less than a threshold value 0.01 eV/\AA.
 The reciprocal space integration in all cases have been carried out with
$\Gamma$ point which is justified by the large dimension of the
cubic supercell.\\
In order to study the role of passivator on the structural stability problem
and the band gap problem we have also considered {\it ab-initio} calculations
in presence of passivators.
The surface of a naked semiconductor nanoparticle often contains
electronically active states because of unsaturated surface bonds or dangling bond states. Surface
passivation aims to rebond these dangling bonds with some passivating agent while maintaining
the local charge neutrality
of the whole system. In experiment, organic molecules
are often used to passivate nanoclusters.
Owing to the complexities and the numerous degrees of freedom of these
passivation agents, it is not
easy to do calculation with such passivators. To mimic the role of passivator in {\it ab-initio} calculation,
several simpler atomistic models have been proposed. \cite{prepassivation,passivation} We will follow the recipe by
Chelikowsky {\it et.al.},\cite{passivation}
which is applicable for both stoichiometric as well as non-stoichiometric clusters.
The proposed recipe
requires use of two different kind of fictitious hydrogen atoms, $H^\ast$, to passivate the dangling bonds of CdS
nanoclusters. To keep the passivated cluster
neutral, one species of the fictitious atoms is chosen to have a nuclear charge of
1+$\eta$ and valance electron charge of -(1+$\eta$), where $\eta$ is a positive number. These atoms are
bonded with Cd atoms. The other species of atoms is chosen to have a nuclear charge of 1 - $\eta$ and a valance electron charge
 of -(1-$\eta$). These atoms are bonded to the S atoms. The value of $\eta$ for which gap is maximum in
 the curve of gap vs $\eta$, is found to be 0.5 for II-VI semiconductor nanoparticles.\cite{passivation}
The bond lengths of $H^\ast$-Cd and $H^\ast$-S were determined from two model systems, Cd$H^\ast_4$ and S$H^\ast_4$, in which
bond length are fully optimized. The orientation of $H^\ast$ around Cd and S is fixed in the same tetrahedral
orientation as it is in ZB or WZ structure.

\section{Results}

\subsection{Energy stability}

\subsubsection{Unpassivated stoichiometric clusters}

Fig.\ref{cohesive_stoi} shows the plot of the computed cohesive energy for unpassivated stoichiometric clusters as a function of growing cluster size, where
we define the cohesive energy per atom as $E_c = \frac{E_{tot}- \sum_{\beta}
n_{\beta}E_{\beta}}
{\sum_{\beta} n_{\beta}}$, $E_{tot}$ being the total energy of the cluster, $E_{\beta}$ being the energy of an
isolated $\beta$ atom ($\beta$ = Cd, S) and $n_{\beta}$ = number of either type of atoms in the cluster.
The cohesive energy shows an overall decrease with the increase of cluster
size for both the ZB and WZ structures due to the reduction in the ratio of surface atoms to bulk atoms upon increasing cluster size.
\begin{figure}
\includegraphics[width=7.5cm,keepaspectratio]{Fig2.pdf}
\caption{Variation of cohesive energy with size for unpassivated stoichiometric clusters
shown by solid dots in ZB structure and by open triangles in WZ structure. For a particular shell number, the diameter of the ZB and WZ structured cluster differ a bit (cf. Table I), therefore the average diameter is shown in the $x$-axis of the plot. Same convention is followed in all the following plots wherever ap
plicable. Chemical formula for each shell is given both
in ZB (upper) and WZ (lower) structures.}
\label{cohesive_stoi}
\end{figure}
However, the variation of cohesive energy is found to be non-monotonic with
increasing size. Connecting the cohesive energies of all the even shell
clusters and that of odd shell clusters separately, we find that the even
shell clusters show higher binding (and therefore lower cohesive energy) than
the odd shell clusters. Further to study the relative stability between
the ZB and WZ symmetry, we show in Fig.\ref{cohesive_diff_stoi} the cohesive
energy difference between ZB and WZ structures at each shell size. Whenever the quantity plotted is negative, it implies that the cubic structure is more
 stable, while a positive value signals the hexagonal structure as the stable phase. Our results, as plotted in
 Fig.\ref{cohesive_diff_stoi}, show a general trend that from 3 shell onwards, the odd shell clusters
 stabilize in cubic ZB structure, while all even shell clusters prefer to form in hexagonal WZ structure.
To check the robustness of our result with respect to structural relaxations
 of the surface atoms, we have also carried out structural relaxation of the surface atoms for 3-shell and 4-shell
stoichiometric nanoclusters, keeping the position of core atoms fixed in ZB or WZ geometry, as explained in section III.
Although the quantitative values change somewhat (by about 4-10 meV),
 the trend remains the same, {\it i.e.} cluster with odd number of shells like 3-shell stabilizes in
cubic ZB structure and with even number of shells like 4-shell stabilizes in WZ structure. This is in
 accordance with the finding by Joswig {\it et. al.} \cite{springborg1}
that total energy upon relaxation of such clusters reduces only little.
\begin{figure}
\vskip 0.5cm
\includegraphics[width=7.5cm,keepaspectratio]{Fig3.pdf}
\caption{Solid dots represent the cohesive energy difference between ZB and WZ structures for each shell size
in case of unpassivated stoichiometric clusters. Solid line through them is guide to eye.}
\label{cohesive_diff_stoi}
\end{figure}
In order to understand the oscillating stability of the WZ and ZB
structures and also the higher stability of the even shell clusters
compared to odd shell clusters in general, we have analyzed the different contributions to the
total energy. For finite sized cluster, surface effect is important and the
surface energy contribution to the total free energy plays the dominant role in
 determining the stable phases. In Fig.\ref{se+sed_stoi} we show the surface energy variation
 as a function of the cluster size, where the surface energy per atom is
defined as, $\frac{E^{clus} - N \epsilon^{bulk}}{N_s}$, $E^{clus}$ being
the total cohesive energy of the cluster, $N$ being the total number of atoms in the cluster,
$N_s$ being the number of surface atoms, and $\epsilon^{bulk}$ being the
bulk cohesive energy per atom. We find that even shell clusters have lower surface energy
 and hence more binding compared to odd shell clusters. The inset of Fig.\ref{se+sed_stoi}
 shows the surface energy difference between ZB and WZ structures for each shell size. The
positive (negative) value of surface energy difference means ZB structure has higher(lower)
surface energy contribution than
WZ structure and therefore ZB structure is less(more) stable. This trend in surface energy variation
and that of its difference is in accordance with the
trend found in the cohesive energy and its difference.
\begin{figure}
\includegraphics[width=7.5cm,keepaspectratio]{Fig4.pdf}
\caption{Variation of surface energy with cluster size for ZB(solid dots) and
WZ(open triangles) structures for stoichiometric clusters. The inset shows the
surface energy difference (SED) between ZB and WZ structures.}
\label{se+sed_stoi}
\end{figure}

Furthermore, to understand the nonmonotonic behavior in surface energy or cohesive energy as a function
of cluster size, we calculated the average number of dangling bonds per surface atom. The number of
dangling bonds are the total number of unsaturated bonds, defined as $\sum_{i} (4 -z_{i})$, where $z_i$
is the coordination of $i$-th
surface atom and the summation over $i$ involves summation over all surface atoms for a particular
cluster size. We find that the average
number of dangling bonds are larger for odd shell clusters, giving rise to increased surface states
and hence larger surface energy contribution, thereby explaining the nonmonotonic behavior of cohesive
energy. While nonmonotonic behavior of cohesive energy has been reported in theoretical
calculations in past \cite{springborg1}, such systematic behavior and its analysis by application of accurate
first-principles calculations, to our knowledge has not been demonstrated before. The analysis in
terms of dangling bonds not only explains the higher stability of the even shelled clusters, but
also explains the relative stability of WZ and ZB structured clusters since the difference
 of average number of dangling bonds per surface atom between ZB and WZ structured clusters
oscillates between positive and negative values, being positive for even shelled clusters and
negative for odd shelled clusters. The difference is zero for 1 and 2-shelled clusters since
the local co-ordination of immediate neighbors is identical between ZB and WZ clusters and
the difference shows up only beyond 2nd nearest neighbor.

\begin{figure}
\includegraphics[width=7.5cm,keepaspectratio]{Fig5.pdf}
\caption{Average number of dangling bonds (DB) per surface atom for unpassivated stoichiometric
clusters in ZB (solid dots) and WZ (open triangles) structures. The inset shows difference between ZB and WZ
structures.}
\label{db+dbdiff_stoi}
\end{figure}

\subsubsection{Unpassivated non-stoichiometric clusters}

Most experimental condition favors synthesize of clusters of non-stoichiometric nature.
It is therefore important to consider clusters having non-stoichiometric composition.
This however leads to complication due to the fact that different cluster sizes have very
different Cd to S ratio, making the comparison of corresponding total energies a difficult
task for which no obvious way exists. However, for a given shell, the Cd to S ratio between
ZB and WZ structured clusters remains almost same\cite{footnote} making the comparison
of their cohesive energy meaningful. In Fig.\ref{nonstoi} we
plot the difference in cohesive energy between the ZB and WZ structured non-stoichiometric
clusters as a function of increasing cluster size. The plot in the upper panel
exhibits the cohesive energy differences for Cd centered clusters. The plot in the
lower panel exhibits the same but for S centered clusters. We note that unlike the
case of stoichiometric clusters where the surface composition always consists of
equal number of S and Cd, for non-stoichiometric clusters the surface is formed
exclusively by either S or Cd atoms. For Cd-centered clusters, the even(odd) shell
clusters are Cd (S) terminated, while it is reversed for S-centered clusters.
From the plot in Fig.\ref{nonstoi}, we find that
nonmonotonic behavior of the relative stability between ZB and WZ phase
persists, on top it shows additional interesting aspect in the sense that whether
an even or odd shell cluster is formed in WZ or ZB symmetry depends on the
terminating layer. Focusing on clusters with shell numbers 4 and 5 in upper pannel
 of Fig.\ref{nonstoi}, 4 shell cluster is found to be WZ structured and 5 shell
clusters is found to be ZB structured for Cd-centered cluster while moving to the
 lower panel of Fig.\ref{nonstoi}, the reverse trend is found for the S-terminated clusters.
  We note that a 4 (5) shell cluster is Cd (S) terminated in the former cases and S (Cd)
terminated in the latter cases. As expected this is driven by the oscillating behavior
of the surface energy difference between ZB and WZ structures (shown in Fig.\ref{SE-non}),
which shows the similar trend as observed in case of the cohesive energy difference.
However unlike in case of stoichiometric clusters, this trend is not explained by the difference
in the average number of dangling bonds per surface atom between ZB and WZ structured clusters
 (shown in Fig.\ref{db-non}). The difference in average number of dangling bonds predicts
that the surface energy of a 4-shell ZB structured cluster to be higher than
 that of a WZ structured cluster, hence a 4 shell cluster must form in WZ structure which
is indeed the case for 4 shell Cd-centered cluster but not for 4 shell S-centered cluster.
 We therefore conclude that an additional effect is operative in case of non-stoichiometric
cluster, namely the surface chemistry effect. The surface chemistry effect
adds on the surface geometry effect in case of Cd centered clusters, while
it acts in an opposite way to that of surface geometry effect in case of
S centered clusters, thereby reversing the trend in the sense odd shell clusters are
now stabilized in WZ structure and even shell clusters are stabilized in ZB structure.
 The relative stability between ZB and WZ structures in case of non-stoichiometric clusters,
is driven dominantly by the surface chemistry rather than
the surface geometry as has been found in case of stoichiometric clusters.

\begin{figure}
\includegraphics[width=7.5cm,keepaspectratio]{Fig6.pdf}
\caption{Cohesive energy difference between ZB and WZ structures for each shell size
in case of unpassivated non-stoichiometric clusters. Solid dots in the upper panel represent
 the results for Cd-centered clusters while the solid triangles in the lower panel correspond
 to results for S-centered clusters. Note, by construction even shell Cd(S)-centered cluster
 is Cd(S) terminated and odd shell Cd(S)-centered cluster is S(Cd) terminated (see text).}
\label{nonstoi}
\end{figure}

\begin{figure}
\includegraphics[width=9.0cm,keepaspectratio]{Fig7.pdf}
\caption{Variation of surface energy difference (SED) between ZB and WZ structures, with increasing shell sizes in Cd-centered (representerd by solid dots in (a)) and S-centered (represented by
solid triangles in (b)) non-stoichiometric clusters. }
\label{SE-non}
\end{figure}

\begin{figure}
\includegraphics[width=7.5cm,keepaspectratio]{Fig8.pdf}
\caption{Average number of dangling bonds per surface atom (DB) for non-stoichiometric CdS
clusters in ZB and WZ structures. The inset shows the difference between ZB and WZ structures. Plot is independent of whether the clusters are Cd-centered or
S-centered. }
\label{db-non}
\end{figure}

In order to investigate the microscopic reasons associated with
the surface that drives this effect, we have computed the average charge
enclosed within a sphere around a Cd atom and that around an S atom within
a given cluster. There is no unique way to divide space in an AB compound
into A and B regions. Therefore, two choices of sphere radius have
been made: in one case, the spheres were taken to be equal sized
with radius as half the Cd-S bondlength, in another case the choice
of sphere radius was guided by the Hartree plot of the potential. We
carried out calculations for Cd-terminated nanoclusters and
S-terminated nanoclusters as well as for that of the bulk with both
ZB and WZ structures in every case. The following results emerge
from these calculations independent of the structure type. While the
Cd-terminated clusters show similar charge distributions as those of
bulk, S-terminated clusters show about 0.2 fraction of less
electronic charge enclosed within the spheres. This is found to be
true for both choices of sphere radii. This, in turn, would indicate
covalency to be stronger in case of S-terminated clusters resulting
into significant amount of charge residing in the interstitial
region between  Cd and S-centered spheres. This is illustrated in
Fig. \ref{charge}, which shows the charge density distribution
($\delta\rho$) around a surface S atom, and that around a surface Cd
atom for a 4-shell non-stoichiometric cluster, after subtracting the charge
density of the isolated atom ($\rho_a$) and that
 of the system without the chosen atom ($\rho_s$) from the actual system ($\rho_t$).
 While Cd terminated cluster shows hardly
any change in the region of Cd-S bond,
 there is a significant accumulation of charge around the Cd-S bond
in case of S-terminated cluster. This provides
a clear evidence for an enhanced covalency and, therefore, reduced ionicity
in case of S-terminated cluster resulting
into increased stability of ZB phase over the WZ phase. In this context, it is interesting to note that the stability
 of the two competing crystal phases, namely ZB and WZ, changes systematically
for the bulk systems, CdS, CdSe and
CdTe. While CdS has the WZ structure, CdTe is known to have the ZB form which
has indeed been explained \cite{soumendu,zunger}
 in terms of increased covalency. This is consistent with the present observation of ZB structure for CdS nanocrystal being stabilized in presence of a S-terminating layer which is also substantially more covalent.
\begin{figure}
\includegraphics[width=8.5cm,keepaspectratio]{Fig9.pdf}
\caption{(Color online) Charge density contribution ($\delta\rho = \rho_t - \rho_a - \rho_s$) around
a surface atom of 4-shell non-stoichiometric CdS nanoclusters. The isosurface is chosen
at .007 e$^{-}$ /($\AA^{3}$).}
\label{charge}
\end{figure}

\subsubsection{Passivated stoichiometric clusters}

In realistic situation, the clusters are grown in presence of some passivating agent.
Although ideally the role of the passivator is to restrict the growth of the cluster by
saturating the unpassivated dangling bonds, which opens up a clear gap in the
energy spectrum without supposedly changing the intrinsic properties of the
clusters, it may also influence the energy stability of the cluster itself.
This is however very complicated and rather unexplored issue due to the complexity
of various passivating agents used in experiments. A good understanding of the
atomic structure of such complex passivating agents like trictylphosphine (TOP)
or trictylphosphine oxide (TOPO) in many cases is unavailable and it is almost
impossible to deal with such large complexes within an accurate first-principles approach. Very
often, therefore fictitious H atoms are used in theoretical calculations
for the purpose of passivation. In absence of any other well-defined procedure
we have therefore considered the passivation by fictitious H atoms and in the
following have studied the effect of the passivation on both stoichiometric
and non-stoichiometric clusters.

\begin{figure}
\includegraphics[width=8.5cm,keepaspectratio]{Fig10.pdf}
\caption{(Color online) Density of states for 4 shell ZB structured stoichiometric cluster.
Upper panel shows the DOS for unpassivated cluster while the
bottom panels shows the DOS for passivated cluster. Black, red, green and blue lines
correspond to total DOS, Cd-contribution, S-contribution and
that of H-contribution (in case of passivated cluster only) respectively.  }
\label{dos_stoi}
\end{figure}

In Fig.\ref{dos_stoi}, we show the computed density of states of a representative
stoichiometric CdS cluster with 4 shell and ZB structure in absence and presence
of passivation. We note that assumed passivation could successfully remove the
states close to Fermi energy, opening up a gap of about 1.5 eV. Similar results
are obtained for clusters with other different shell structures and also with WZ
symmetry. Having been convinced about the proper functioning of the passivator, in
Fig.\ref{cohesive_pass_stoi} we show the variation of the cohesive energy differences
between the ZB and WZ structured stoichiometric CdS nanoclusters as a function of
increasing cluster size. Interestingly we note, that the oscillating behavior
of the relative stability between ZB and WZ structured clusters observed for
naked stoichiometric clusters survives even in presence of passivation, in the
sense the even shelled clusters favor the WZ structure and the odd shell clusters
favor the ZB structure. This presumably is driven by the fact that the difference
in number of bonds with fictitious H atoms between WZ and ZB structures oscillates
as a function of increasing cluster size. As already stated, we have followed in the
above a simplified treatment of passivating agent, the situation in presence of
realistic passivators need to be explored, which however is beyond the scope
of our present study.

\begin{figure}
\includegraphics[width=7.5cm,keepaspectratio]{Fig11.pdf}
\caption{Variation of cohesive energy difference between ZB and WZ structures
with size for passivated stoichiometric clusters.}
\label{cohesive_pass_stoi}
\end{figure}

\subsubsection{Passivated non-stoichiometric clusters}

\begin{figure}
\includegraphics[width=8.5cm,keepaspectratio]{Fig12.pdf}
\caption{(Color online) DOS for 4 shell Cd-centered (left panels) and S-centered (right panels)
ZB non-stoichiometric cluster. Upper panels correspond to unpassivated case while bottom
panels correspond to passivated case. Black, red, green and blue lines
correspond to total DOS, Cd-contribution, S-contribution and
that of H-contribution (in case of passivated cluster only) respectively.  }
\label{dos-non}
\end{figure}

\begin{figure}
\includegraphics[width=7.5cm,keepaspectratio]{Fig13.pdf}
\caption{Variation of cohesive energy difference between ZB and WZ structures
with size for passivated Cd-centered (upper panel) and S-centered (lower panel)
non-stoichiometric clusters.}
\label{cohesive-pass-non}
\end{figure}

In this section, we focus on non-stoichiometric clusters and the role of
passivation in this class of clusters. The passivation has been done following
the same prescription as in case of stoichiometric clusters. Fig.\ref{dos-non}
shows the density of states plot for a representative non-stoichiometric
cluster in absence and presence of passivator. As found in case of stoichiometric clusters, the passivator
removes the surface states appearing close to Fermi energy in the
unpassivated case and shifts them away from Fermi energy, thereby opening up a clear
gap at the Fermi energy. The corresponding variation in the relative stability
of the ZB and WZ structures for the passivated non-stoichiometric clusters are shown
in Fig.\ref{cohesive-pass-non}. The upper panel shows the data for Cd-centered
clusters while the lower panel shows the data for S-centered clusters. The chosen
scheme of passivation seems to have a pronounced effect for the non-stoichiometric
clusters in the sense apart from very small clusters, the tendency towards formation
in ZB phase seemingly is found to be higher than that in WZ phase in general, irrespective
of even or odd number of shell, and terminating layer, although in some cases the energy
difference is indeed tiny (within 1-2 meV) and is within the calculational accuracy. For the non-stoichiometric clusters, study of realistic passivators will be
even more interesting since in many cases the passivating agent itself may have
S/Cd content, giving rise to preferential S or Cd termination of the synthesized clusters.

\subsection{Band Gap Variation with cluster size}

\begin{figure}
\includegraphics[width=7.5cm,keepaspectratio]{Fig14.pdf}
\caption{Calculated band gaps for stoichiometric clusters plotted as a function of
increasing cluster size.Inset shows the positions of HOMO (solid right triangles) and
LUMO (solid left triangles) with respect to HOMO of 6th shell cluster, as a function of
 cluster size.}
\label{gap-stoi}
\end{figure}

\begin{figure}
\includegraphics[width=7.5cm,keepaspectratio]{Fig15.pdf}
\caption{Calculated band gaps for non-stoichiometric clusters plotted as a function
increasing cluster size. Upper and lower panels show the Cd-centered and S-centered
clusters respectively.Inset shows the positions of HOMO (solid right triangles) and
LUMO (solid left triangles) with respect to HOMO of 6th shell cluster, as a function of
 cluster size. }
\label{gap-non}
\end{figure}

The study of CdS clusters in presence of passivator also allows us to investigate
the variation of the band gap as a function of increasing cluster size. In
Figs.\ref{gap-stoi} and \ref{gap-non}, we show the computed band gaps as a function
of increasing shell size for both ZB and WZ phases, for stoichiometric and
non-stoichiometric clusters. The insets show the individual variations of
the highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) and lowest unoccupied molecular
 orbital (LUMO).
First of all, the band gap associated with WZ structured clusters are found to be
slightly higher than that of the ZB structured clusters in most of the cases,
which results due to the fact that the band gap of the WZ phase in bulk is slightly higher
than that of the ZB phase in bulk.CdS being a direct gap semiconductor, the band gaps of
WZ and ZB phases are expected to be similar.\cite{Eg_zunger} As expected, the calculated
band gap shows an overall decrease as a function of increasing cluster size due to
the well known quantum confinement effect, asymptotically approaching the bulk
band gap value in the limit of the infinite cluster size. The calculated band gap for
the clusters are systematically underestimated due to the overbinding problem related with LDA
treatment of exchange-correlation functional.  For non-stoichiometric
clusters, the band gap variation is found to be highly nonmonotonic. The odd shell
clusters for Cd-centered clusters and the even shell clusters for S-centered clusters
show significantly higher value of band gap compared to their respective counterparts.
We therefore conclude that the S-terminated clusters in general show larger band gap
compared to Cd-terminated clusters. As is evident from the variation of HOMO
and LUMO energies shown in the inset, this oscillation is primarily contributed
by the oscillation in the LUMO. The origin of such a behavior lies in the
density of states of the unpassivated cluster itself. Comparing the density
of states of Cd-terminated and S-terminated non-stoichiometric clusters
as shown in left and right panels of Fig.\ref{dos-non}, we found that while
for S-terminated DOS, there exists a well-defined gap in the unoccupied part
of the spectrum, the situation is very different in case of Cd-terminated cluster.
The spectrum is practically gap less or with very small gap in the unoccupied region.
Inclusion of passivating atom, changes the unoccupied spectra drastically in case
of Cd-terminated cluster, while the unoccupied spectra apart from the removal of
the states very close to Fermi energy changes only modestly in case of S-terminated
clusters.

\section{Summary}

Using first-principles density functional based calculations employing plane wave basis set
we present an extensive study of the energy stability and the band gap variation in CdS clusters.
In particular, we have considered the relative stability between ZB and WZ structures. In order to
explore the varied experimental conditions, we have considered non-stoichiometric as well as
stoichiometric clusters, in absence and presence of passivating atoms. Our study shows that
the relative stability depends crucially on the surface structure, both geometry and chemistry
depending on the specific cases. This may give rise to highly nonmonotonic behavior of the
relative stability as a function of the growing cluster size. The band gap variation for
the non-stoichiometric clusters is also found to exhibit strong oscillation.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaArXiv


axis to observe one same Building Design Suite Ultimate 2014, Add, replace, move, or resize Extend Reader functionality using the desktop-based drafting SDK. design production problems in real time Autodesk Building Design Suite Ultimate 2014 discounts long visual feedback about page design, The moment you run any Office application It's also, according to Sicot, the first drafting and drawing software product built on Dassault's compelling 3D graphics Experience platform. That suggests Mechanical Conceptual and Dassault's high-end modeler software for educators will share the same underlying modeling technology. If you are getting an error related to a file in the .
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In view, this was a landslide victory The company issued a statement which read, in part, The first verdict of the Dutch court proves Building Design Suite Ultimate 2014 is a trust worthy product The lawsuits against Building Design Suite Ultimate 2014 speak volumes of it's industry leading product quality, which.


Description Two men shaking hands at Berry Field, during the time of Captain Eddie Rickenbacker's visit to Nashville, Tennessee, circa June 1950. The famous aviator was welcomed at the airport by city officials, the media and admiring fans upon his arrival via an Eastern Airlines jet. Edward "Eddie" Vernon Rickenbacker was an American fighter ace in World War I and Medal of Honor recipient. Rickenbacker became General Manager of Eastern Airlines circa 1933, and in 1938, with a group of investors, bought the company and became its president, managing the enterprise profitably for twenty years. Forms part of Record Group 3, Metro Davidson County Photographer. 1 photograph negative : b & w ; 4 x 5 in.


How do I send parcels with GLS?
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What does GLS do to protect the environment?
You can call our hotline for senders which you will find on the GLS website of your country. Or submit your question in writing using the contact form.


There is nothing more evocative of Italian cities than the courtyard fountain. Whether in a city square or a verdant shaded garden, a cooling trickle or splash of water is a welcome respite in the heat of an Italian summer. This beautifully weathered example is in Vicenza stone.
Enquire about "An Italian limestone courtyard wall fountain,"


The Linyanti Reserve is one of three reserves (including Kwando and Selinda) that lie between Chobe National Park and the Okavango Delta. These three concessions form what essentially is a "mini Okavango Delta," but with the addition of abundant big game that is emblematic of Chobe National Park. This is especially true of elephants, as this entire region has been the center of some of the highest densities of African elephants during August, September, and October each year. These concessions are home to a variety of other animals, including crocodile, hippo, sitatunga, lechwe, southern giraffe, buffalo, lion, wild dog and spotted hyena.
Now that the Savute Channel and Selinda Spillway routinely flow after more than 25 years, much of this big game remains in the reserve or nearby at the Savute Marsh during the dry season (May to November). Linyanti's natural boundaries are defined by the Linyanti River to its north and the Savute Channel to its west. After flowing southeast, the Kwando River intersects the Selinda Spillway and Savute Channel, which forms the natural boundaries of the Selinda Reserve. The river then abruptly begins to flow to the northeast, renamed as the Linyanti River and onto to the Chobe River.


text:
Alexander Vos
alexander@biogeneration.vc
Alexander is a venture partner at BGV since July 2019, serving as CEO at VarmX, a portfolio company of BGV.
Alexander Vos has over 25 years of leadership experience in the biotech industry. After five years at the pharmaceutical practice of McKinsey & Co., he continued at Genzyme Therapeutics Europe, holding several executive positions, including global responsibility for the Genzyme/Pharming JV to develop an ERT for Pompe's Disease. From 2000 to 2004, Mr. Vos served as CEO of MediService AG (Switzerland), one of the leading specialty pharmacy service companies in Europe, which was successfully sold to Galenica AG. Subsequently he joined PAION AG, a publicly listed, clinical stage biopharma company based in Aachen (Germany) as a Member of the Management Board ("Vorstand"), deputy-CEO and COO. In 2010 he became the CEO of PharmaCell BV and helped turn it into the leading European CMO for cell and gene therapy. PharmaCell was sold to Lonza in May 2017 creating a successful exit for investors.
Mr. Vos holds a MS in Pharmacy and Pharmacology from the University of Amsterdam and an MBA from Stanford University

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
John Lennon and Paul McCartney watched George Harrison lost his virginity
photovicky / Pixabay
The legendary rockers were so flippant about sexuality that John Lennon and Paul McCartney once watched with amusement as George Harrison lost her virginity to a German dancer.
"At the end of the 1950s in England, it was not so easy to get it. The girls were all wearing brassieres and corsets, which looked like reinforced steel, "says Harrison in" The Beatles Anthology ".
But things changed in the early 1960s when boys, all teenagers, were noticed and invited to play in Hamburg, Germany, where they shared a room.
"My first group was in Hamburg – with Paul and John and the band's first drummer, Pete Best, all watching," says Harrison. "We were in bunk beds. They could not really see anything because I was under the blanket, but after they finished, they all applauded and applauded. At least they kept quiet while I did it.
In the authorized biography, published in the Sunday Telegraph in London, McCartney said that Germany was "a case of sexual shock." "Suddenly, you have a girlfriend who was a stripper. If you had almost never had sex in your life before, it was pretty great, "says Paul.
"In Liverpool, all the girls wore very rigid belts; it was medieval. Here in Hamburg, they almost flashed it. It was not your sweet average virgin with whom you mingle.
McCartney remembers that he and his group companions were crossing each other all the time during sex.
"It was the intimacy we had … I had fallen on John and I had seen a little background vibrate with a girl under him. It was perfectly normal: you went there, oh … sorry, and get out of the room, he said.
"It was very teenager: 'Do you use this room? I want to have a shag. "And you would take a girl inside. "That's why I've always found it very strange that John was gay … None of us had the impact of catching up with John with a boy," says Paul.
In addition to sex, the Beatles take a lot of drugs. "We found pills, stems. It's the only way to keep playing that long, "said Ringo Starr. "You can buy them at the counter. We never thought we were doing anything wrong, but we would really be connected and continue for days. "
Harrison said Lennon would go mad when he was high. "Paul had a daughter in bed and John came in and took a pair of scissors and cut all his clothes into pieces, then he destroyed the wardrobe," he recalls.
Tags: beatles
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text:
//  ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
//  Copyright Microsoft Corporation
//  Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
//  you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
//  You may obtain a copy of the License at
//  http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
//  Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
//  distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
//  WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
//  See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
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namespace DurableTask.ServiceBus
{
    using System;
    using System.Collections.Generic;
    using DurableTask.Core;
    using DurableTask.ServiceBus.Common.Abstraction;

    internal class ServiceBusOrchestrationSession
    {
        public IMessageSession Session;
        public Dictionary<string, Message> LockTokens;
        public long SequenceNumber;
    }
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


...Asking price: 26,000 PKR. Bedrooms: 3. Bathrooms: 3. More Information and Features: Samanabad, Rent House, House for Rent in Samanabad Lahore.
...Tv Lounge. Three Balcony. Rent 15000/. 900 Sq/ft Contact No. 92300-4521--- +92333-4266--- House no. 16-A-1 Street No. 18-N Gulberg II Lahore.


Since I'm trying to stay focused this month, I'm going to be on #TeamHelpfulTool.
Full disclosure: I could be the poster child for a distracted Internet user. I fall down my fair share of rabbit holes.
But, overall, I am more productive as a writer, because I have access to the Internet.
Track down specialized books on my subject. Thank you Worldcat.org.
Search large and specialty online bookstores for title availability.
Purchase title from an historical society. They had a small online. Instead of calling them or having to put a check in the mail for the book, I was able to find the title and order it in a few moments and outside of their business hours, but during mine.
Conduct several Internet searches for my research subject.
Collect digital copies of files. I'm sort of old school creating PDFs and saving links via email. If I were really tech savvy, I might use Evernote or my Trello boards to collect this data. Babysteps. I am working towards this.
Use EasyBib to create a bibliography to track my sources.
Of course, after all my online tasks, I went offline to read books and take notes. Soon, I'll make an in-person trip to my subject's last home. While some of this could be accomplished via online research, I'm grateful for the opportunity to visit in person. Plus, I will see how a writer many decades ago lived and worked before the Internet and running water.
I try to use the Internet for good whether it's asking for the perfect owl name for a fiction story or speaking with writers on a daily basis about their stories and the process.
The Internet is a good thing for me.
How do you use the Internet to write? What's your most helpful tool?
Stacy, thank you for an introduction to some of your research sites. I'm starting to use One Note more but I'm intrigued by Easy Bib. I can't tell you how many times I think I save something to my favorites and then have to start all over.
Of course the Internet has been a godsend for writers -- just look how many more authors there are since the Internet's inception. Now we just need a way to focus and alleviate attention deficit disorder, my all time weakness. I'll be working away and then...squirrel!!!


The UCSF Naffziger Surgical Society is an organization dedicated to surgical excellence. It has long served as a forum that fosters collegiality between surgeons in multiple diverse settings, from academic medicine to bustling community practices, nationally, internationally, and in the developing world.
In 1929, Dr. Howard C. Naffziger was appointed Chair of the Department of Surgery at the University of California, where he developed the first surgical residency program in the western United States.
During World War II, Naffziger was Chair of the Subcommittee for Neurosurgery of the National Research Council, and in 1947 became the Chair of the first Department of Neurosurgery at the University of California where he trained a generation of neurosurgeons in the Cushing-Halsted tradition.
Naffziger was remembered by his residents and students as a hard taskmaster, often near frightening. Their esteem led to the formation of the Howard C. Naffziger Surgical Society. Naffziger was remembered by the faculty of that period as a man of aristocratic bearing, a man who was not to be counted among one's enemies. He was a member of some eighteen medical societies and served as president of seven of them, including the American Surgical Association, American College of Surgeons, and Society of Neurological Surgeons. He served on the editorial and advisory boards of six journals of surgery and neurological surgery.
The distinguished career of Dr. Naffziger has seeded future generations of surgical excellence at UCSF. His dedication to the field and outstanding service to the community are long lasting and live on.


text:
Q: how can I get the xml files of models for object detection? I'm having a big troubles with the libraries that I have to use in my project .
whenever I tried one of the libraries , a problem appears and I don't have so much time to get lost for all this time :( my project is "Image Understanding"
so I need a "feature extraction" & "image segmentation " & "Machine learning"
after reading , it turned out the " SVM " is the best one
and I want some code to build mine on it and start off .

1- first I looked at "Aforge & Accord" and there was an example named "SupportVectorMachine" but it's not on images .

2- I found a great example in "EmguCV" named "LatentSvmDetector" and it detected any image of cat I tried it !! but the problem was in the xml file !
I just wanted to know how they got it ! and I couldn't find a simple answer
actually I asked you here and no body answers me :(
[link] How to extract features from image for classification and object recognition?

3- I found an example uses opencv here in this site
[link] http://www.di.ens.fr/~laptev/download.html
but the same problem : xml file ?!!!
I tried to take the xml file of this example and tried in the "EmguCV" example but it didn't work either .

4- in all the papers that I read they're using "ImageNet" & "VOC PASCAL" , I downloaded them and they're not working !! errors in the code of the tool !! and I've fixed them all
but yet they're not compailing , those tool are written in "Matlab"
here's my qusetion on this site :
[link] Matlab Mex32 link error while compiling Felzenszwalb VOC on Windows
for god sake can anybody tell me what should I do ?!
I'm running out of time , need your help !
thanks.

A: I'm not sure, because I never used SVM (but used haartraining) but I think that they have trained the detector using a program that outputs a xml file at the end of the training. I have made a quick search and found this link (opencv doc about svm training) and this link (a post with a example). I hope that it helps you and give some light.

A: MATLAB supports xml files - both reading and writing. Try:
 xmlfile = fullfile(matlabroot, 'path/to/xml/file/myfile.xml');
 xDoc = xmlread(xmlfile)

If you don't have xmlread function they you can try this toolbox: http://www.mathworks.com/matlabcentral/fileexchange/4278-xml-toolbox

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


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We typically need 2-3 working days to process and pick your order, plus transportation time of 1-5 working days, depending on your proximity to Buffalo, NY.
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text:
Sports > Outdoors
Spokane man tallies 146 bird species in Pend Oreille County in a big birding day for the books
Thu., July 11, 2019, 6 a.m.
By Eli Francovich elif@spokesman.com(509) 459-5508
Interested in birding?
First, check out the Spokane chapter of the Audubon society at audubonspokane.org/. There you can learn about upcoming events and trainings.
For a downloadable guide to bird watching in Washington search for the Great Washington State Birding Trail, published by the Audubon Society.
Finally, head to eBird ebird.org/home and create an account.
By the time midnight rolled around on June 26, Michael Woodruff was out of bed and in the woods listening intently in the morning darkness.
"I like being up to the middle of the night and just kind of watching the day dawn," the 29-year-old resident physician at Sacred Heart Medical Center said. "For half an hour or so you can't see anything but you can rack up quite a list just by listening."
That predawn attention was only the beginning.
Woodruff and his friend Christopher Lindsey spent nearly 24 hours searching for birds in Pend Oreille County that day. In the process they documented 146 distinct species breaking a 2007 record of 133 species, held by Woodruff and Gina Sheridan.
That kind of marathon birding session is "one of the funnest parts of birding," he said.
Woodruff holds numerous records, the most notable being the record for the most birds counted in a year and the most birds in a day in San Bernardino, California. Woodruff broke both those records while in medical school.
"Breaking a record in almost any county in California is an amazing feat," said Jon Isacoff, an avid birder himself and an environmental studies professor at Gonzaga University.
In addition to the time commitment, big birding days take planning and preparation.
"You want to have a game plan," Isacoff said.
That includes scouting the area you're birding ahead of time and planning a route that will maximize the chances of seeing different types of species.
"It can become quite elaborate," Isacoff said. "It's very similar to the Bass Master tournaments."
Woodruff added, "You have to know the county. You have to now the niches because so many birds have really specific small habits. So you have to plan a route that maximizes all of that."
He and Lindsey started east of Deer Valley, where they heard a flammulated owl. They also had a "bull moose lunge in front of our headlights sometime before 1 a.m. before running ahead of us along the logging road."
For the next several hours, they continued listening for owls, tallying a northern saw-whet and a great horned owl. From there the duo went west to the Horseshoe Lake area, where they tallied a common nighthawk east of Fan Lake.
As dawn broke, the morning birds started to appear and their list ballooned with warblers, wrens, American redstarts, pileated woodpeckers and more.
Eventually they headed north to the Davis Lake marsh where they heard and saw sora and Virginia rail, a blue-winged teal and a solo Cooper's hawk.
By noon, they had 119 species and were near the Pend Oreille River by Cusick, Wash.
"Along the dike road on the Kalispel Reservation, a few Lewis's woodpeckers were easily seen at the dead aspens mid-way along," Woodruff wrote in an email. "Our only kestrel of the day flew by. A least flycatcher (reported over the weekend to eBird) was at the 90 degree turn at the north end, where one was seen last year as well."
From there they headed to the Salmo Mountain area, where they started seeing and hearing American three-toed woodpeckers. By 4 p.m. they'd broken the record with a "beautiful male Townsend's warbler."
"Salmo Mountain is such an incredible place to spend some time," Woodruff said.
They finished their day at Big Meadow Lake, west of Ione, Wash. Heavy cloud cover made the evening particularly dark. Their day ended at 11:15 p.m.
Woodruff, who has been birding since he was 9 years old, loves the accessibility of birding, "anytime we stop the car I can make a short list of birds."
But, beyond the joy it brings, birders like Woodruff provide reams of data to scientists and conservationists.
After a big day, like the one he had in June, Woodruff reports his findings to eBird, a website run by the Cornell Lab of Ornithology.
Woodruff's data, alongside that of roughly 400,000 other birders, is sorted and examined by scientists at Cornell. The data collected by eBird users since the service started in 2002 is considered the largest citizen-science effort ever.
That data has been used to create detailed maps predicting when and to where birds will fly. Recently, that information was used to create safe havens for migrating birds in California, the Washington Post reported. Farmers left water on their fields for longer giving the birds "rest stops."
With 40% of the world's bird species in decline, according to the 2018 State of the World's Birds report, that's important information for scientists, conservationists and land managers to have.
It helps the birders out, too.
"eBird has made everything so much more connected," Woodruff, who started using eBird in 2003, said in an email. "You can, in real time, see where everyone has been birding and can specifically target birds so much better than you used to by looking at a map and all the locations where you might find a species, and how likely. You can get news alerts where you get an email every time birds you haven't seen yet are reported in a particular county or state."
He added, "It's very fun and now it's hard to remember birding without it. I think it has also encouraged a large number of tech-oriented people to be more serious about birding."
Published: July 11, 2019, 6 a.m.
Tags: birding, birds, ebird, outdoors, Pend Oreille, Spokane, Sports
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Ammi Midstokke: When hard mountains make soft spirits …


Johannesburg, 08 November 2017: MullenLowe South Africa, with its characteristic 'Challenger Octopus' marque, has strengthened its full-service offering in South Africa by adding an insightful and flexible public relations tentacle to its hyperbundled approach. The creatively led agency announces its formal partnership with long standing boutique public relations agency Twiga Communications, founded by Franco D'Onofrio and Veruska De Vita.
Globally, MullenLowe is positioned as a creative agency with a challenger attitude that is willing to take risks and underscores a key competitive advantage – harnessing the skills of multi-disciplined talent to create the best ideas – within their hyperbundled offering.
The offering includes brand strategy, creative, digital marketing, media planning and buying, mobile marketing, design and direct response, as well as performance analytics.
Across the US, Europe and Asia, MullenLowe PR and MullenLowe Salt represent its PR capabilities. The formal partnership with Twiga Communications now ensures that Public Relations and Social Media capabilities are fully integrated into MullenLowe South Africa's portfolio and enables the full service agency to deliver strategies that maximize the opportunities for brands with each tentacle harnessing various touchpoints for maximum effectiveness.
As a global creative boutique of distinctive diverse agencies, MullenLowe is rich in local culture with both intimacy and scale, and present in more than 65 countries with over 90 agencies. The MullenLowe South Africa offices in Johannesburg and Cape Town are structured to form a single, nimble and streamlined offering, with a single leadership team.
Twiga Communications, established in 2009, has developed as a highly creative, intrepid, client-centric boutique public relations and communications agency, establishing its solid reputation through building brand profiles, managing reputations, managing stakeholder relations and delivering bold campaigns that capture attention and make audiences sit up, take note and act.
Globally, MullenLowe Group consists of four main brands: MullenLowe, "digital pure-play network" MullenLowe Profero, media agency MullenLowe Mediahub and activation/shopper marketing agency MullenLowe Open.
Following a number of recent major account wins within the retail, motoring and pharmaceutical sectors, MullenLowe South Africa has shown that it is at the forefront of the local advertising industry. Furthermore, its proven successes at the APEX and Loeries awards programmes bear testament to not only its creative strengths, but the agency's ability to deliver creative executions that are effective, significant and successful, whilst generating a substantial ROI for client.
"This partnership with Twiga Communications ensures that MullenLowe SA aligns itself with the global MullenLowe hyper bundled service offering. PR plays a crucial role within the communication mix for all brands and organisations, and is no longer simply a 'bolt-on' at the end, but rather an integral part of the strategy upfront. We have no doubt now that within the local context, we have the ability to deliver on a broader and more effective offering with the addition of PR services," concludes Dexter.
We are consistently ranked among the most awarded creative and effective agency networks in the world, and have topped the Effie Index as the most effective global network in terms of points per dollar revenue for the past 5 consecutive years.


text:
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Stanislao Pugliese
The Queensboro-UNICO Foundation Distinguished Professorship in Italian and Italian American Studies and Professor of History
PHD, 1995, CUNY Gr Sch & Univ Cnt; MA, 1990, CUNY City Coll; BA, 1987, Hofstra Univ
Dr. Pugliese is a Professor of modern European history and the Queensboro UNICO Distinguished Professor of Italian and Italian-American Studies. He also serves as a Fellow of the Hofstra Cultural Center. His research interests cover a wide spectrum of topics related to Italian history, including the study of modern Italy, Italian fascism and anti-fascism, the Holocaust, Italian-American history and culture, and Italian Jews. He is the author, editor or translator of fifteen books; at Hofstra he has been director or co-director conferences on Primo Levi, Italian Studies, Naples, Soccer and Frank Sinatra. With Brenda Elsey, he is co-editor of "Football and the Boundaries of History: Critical Studies on Soccer." With William J. Connell, he is co-editor of "The Routledge History of Italian Americans." With Pellegrino D'Acierno he is co-editor of "Delirious Naples: A Cultural History of the City of the Sun." He is currently working on a new book, Dancing on a Volcano in Naples: Scenes From the Siren City.
Modern Europe; Twentieth Century Italy; Fascism and Anti-Fascism; the Holocaust; Italian American Studies
HIST 012 (HP) WESTERN CIVILIZATN 2 Undergraduate
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HIST 192 READINGS IN HIST 1 Undergraduate
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The Upper C or Upper Colorado River is truly a unique experience compared to the other rivers that we raft in Colorado. The Upper C isn't as much about the whitewater aspect of rafting, but about enjoying the beauty and nature of the Colorado Rockies. The fun you'll have on the water is a different kind of fun that's not all about rowing paddles to press through the big rapid. If you want to take your young kids on a float trip or want a more relaxing, enlightening experience you'll find it on the Upper C.
First of all, the wildlife on this part of the river is amazing. The Upper Colorado River is one of the few areas in Colorado where bald eagles can be spotted quite frequently. Plenty of Canadian geese spend time around the river, these geese will be mingling and floating down the river like a raft.
Going down the river there will be plenty of families rafting down with their own equipment. If you're not a Colorado native you will be amazed by all of the dogs that raft down river with their owners. Fisherman will be lining the shores in certain areas pulling in brown and rainbow trout, rarely you'll be able to see somebody land a Colorado native greenback cutthroat trout.
Some of the cool features of the Upper C are the stopping points on the river. There are jumps rocks in various spots. Around the Radium section you can take a short walk up a hill into some hot springs where you can take a break from the cold river water.
Overall, there is lots of fun to be had on the Upper Colorado River!


text:
package monocle.std

import monocle.function._
import monocle.Traversal

import scalaz.{Applicative, Free, Traverse}

object free extends FreeOptics

trait FreeOptics {

  implicit def freePlated[S[_]: Traverse, A]: Plated[Free[S, A]] = new Plated[Free[S, A]] {
    val plate: Traversal[Free[S, A], Free[S, A]] = new Traversal[Free[S, A], Free[S, A]] {
      def modifyF[F[_]: Applicative](f: Free[S, A] => F[Free[S, A]])(s: Free[S, A]): F[Free[S, A]] =
        s.resume.fold(
          as => Applicative[F].map(Traverse[S].traverse(as)(f)) {
            // Free.roll does not exist in 7.1
            Free.liftF(_).flatMap(identity)
          },
          x => Applicative[F].point(Free.point(x))
        )
    }
  }

}


text:
El VI Campeonato Europeo de Balonmano Femenino se celebró en Hungría entre el 9 y el 19 de diciembre de 2004 bajo la organización de la Federación Europea de Balonmano (EHF) y la Federación Húngara de Balonmano.

Sedes

Grupos

Primera fase

Grupo A

 Resultados

 (¹) -  Todos en Debrecen

Grupo B

 Resultados

 (¹) -  Todos en Zalaegerszeg

Grupo C

 Resultados

 (¹) -  Todos en Békéscsaba

Grupo D

 Resultados

 (¹) -  Todos en Győr

Segunda fase

Una vez se clasifican 12 equipos (tres de cada grupo de la fase anterior), se forman dos nuevos grupos: el I con los tres mejores de los grupos A y B, y el II con los tres mejores de los grupos C y D. Compiten entre sí con los puntos que ya habían logrado en la ronda anterior, pero quitándoles los puntos que obtuvieron al jugar con el equipo no clasificado.

Grupo I

 Resultados

 (¹) -  Todos en Győr

Grupo II

 Resultados

 (¹) -  Todos en Debrecen

Fase final

 -  Todos los partidos en Budapest

Medallero

Clasificación general

2004
Balonmano en 2004
Deporte en Hungría en 2004
Deporte en Debrecen
Deporte en Zalaegerszeg
Deporte en Békéscsaba
Deporte en Győr
Deporte en Budapest

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


Lights, Camera, Action: Nine Questions With A P&O Cruises Captain!
Drinks Package Exclusive: P&O Are Rolling Out Brand New Options!
Exclusives On P&O's Iona, The Largest Ship Ever Built For The British Market!
Onboard Distillery, Gin Bar & Boutique Cinema Announced For This Ship!


text:
Jeff Vlaanderen
Jeff graduated from Heelan High School in May 1978 and attended Briar Cliff University where he obtained his Bachelor of Arts Degrees in business and psychology in 1983. While in college, Jeff first started working in the printing business as a salesman for M&M Copy Quick which, coincidentally, is now one of his competitors. After graduating from Briar Cliff, Jeff worked for Heartland Paper Company from 1983-1986 as a salesman. He sold industrial and fine paper products to local printing companies. He then went to work for Moore Business Forms from 1986-1987 which, at that time, was the largest printing company in the world. His experience as a salesman for these reputable companies gave him the opportunity to master product knowledge and the importance of customer service. These beginning years gave Jeff invaluable insight into the world of printing that would later serve as the motivation to own and run his own printing business.
In 1987, Jeff took advantage of the opportunity to purchase "The Copy Center" which was a printing business located in downtown Sioux City. At the time of the purchase, The Copy Center was barely breaking even by generating a mere $80,000.00 per year in gross sales. Jeff viewed this as a perfect opportunity because he knew that the business model could be run in a more cost-effective and profitable manner. He started with advertising the business both by making personal contacts (hitting the pavement so to speak), as well as a direct mail campaign and radio/television spots. Through these efforts, his business began to grow by leaps and bounds. Jeff's day to day business responsibilities included marketing, sales, project management, consumer relations, business administration, staff management, accounting, etc... In less than seven years, the business grew under his leadership to gross over half a million dollars. Jeff employed and managed a full-time staff of eight people while he continued to sell and market his business.
During this timeframe, the printing business was facing dramatic changes in its equipment and capabilities as the high-tech age of computers, software, high-speed copiers, color copiers, etc… impacted the industry. Jeff researched the new technology and stayed ahead of the curve by implementing this new equipment into his business. Jeff says, "It's hard to believe that no one had a personal computer when I first started in this business, but I can't imagine running a successful business today without staying ahead of the ever-changing technology."
In 1993, Jeff purchased a second company called "Sioux City Blueprint" which sold blueprint supplies to architects, engineers and landscape companies. After operating this business for a little over two years, he was able to sell it for a handsome profit.
In 1994, Jeff formed a partnership with Gene Johnson when they merged their two related businesses into what exists today as "Record Printing." The main reason behind forming this partnership was that Jeff's own business had grown to such an extent that his equipment could not meet the demands of the orders that were being placed. This partnership enabled both Gene and Jeff to further expand their customer base by better serving the needs of their clients.
Jeff has been around the printing business for over thirty years now. He has learned a great deal during his years at Record Printing. He has demonstrated his management skills by running a million dollar company over the past fifteen years, as evidenced by his financial records. Even in these challenging times, Record Printing continues to be a sound and profitable business with a highly qualified staff that are all committed to perpetuating its reputation as a leader in the printing business.


TORONTO, Feb. 4, 2019 /PRNewswire/ – Toronto's leading and first luxury boutique hotel, The Hazelton Hotel, announced today a series of events in partnership with Toronto Fashion Week x RE\SET™. Located in Toronto's prestigious Yorkville neighbourhood, The Hazelton Hotel will open its doors to new and existing guests with exclusive parties, dinners and panel discussions in a luxurious setting on February 5 – 7, 2019.
Beginning each day at 5 P.M. on February 5 and 7, The Hazelton Hotel will host the renowned Fashion Talks panel discussion podcast series inside the exclusive silver screening room. Moderated by CBC's Donna Bishop, panelists will discuss various topics including the newly legalized cannabis business and the power of fashion on socioeconomic landscapes around the world.
February 6 will mark the inaugural installation of STYLE PLATE in partnership with Winterlicious, a curated event series hosted by Yorkville's leading restaurants to showcase the synergies of food with fashion, style and creativity. The Hazelton Hotel's contribution to STYLE PLATE will be a private and exclusive luncheon with designer Mani Jassal, followed by an evening of discussion with celebrity chef, Mark McEwan, and Toronto Life publisher, Ken Hunt, entitled "Food – The New Fashion", which explores the intersection of these two industries, inside the stunning Yorkville Room.
"Our programming is designed to allow our guests and locals alike into The Hazelton Hotel's exquisite space to experience Canadian fashion at its finest. Aside from runway presentations, the hotel will act as a hub for interactive opportunities to allow guests to discover new brands, new flavours and new experiences." continues Roustom.
The Hazelton Hotel's luxurious restaurant and bar, ONE, will act as the official afterparty destination for the city's style-savvy locals and the fashion industry with live DJ starting every evening at 9:30 P.M. Guests can also experience Toronto Fashion Week x RE\SETTM from the luxury of one of The Hazelton suites with a stay, which includes complimentary breakfast, overnight parking, manicure for two at the hotel's exclusive Spa by Valmont and two tickets for a fashion show of their choice.
The Hazelton Hotel's founding partnership with Toronto Fashion Week x RE\SET™ is a mainstay in Toronto's social and cultural calendars, celebrating fashion, food and entertainment. The Hazelton Hotel will play a vital role in ensuring the public experiences all fashion week has to offer with its rich programming, luxury and sophisticated space.


text:
Q: TYPO3 - "The given subject was not a collection" has anyone ever had an error like that:
The given subject was not a collection

from typo3/sysext/extbase/Classes/Validation/Validator/CollectionValidator.php:57 (9.5.13)?
After submitting a form to a controller action this error is thrown before everything is passed to the controller action. The passed form data includes some custom entities used within the submitting template.


In the Artificial Intelligence subject matter there are literally thousands and thousands of fields. Some of these fields are: neural networks, genetic programming, heuristic searches, planning programs, and so forth. This book is concerned about learning machines and human - robot interactions. Based on Mitchell's 6 year design of a learning computer program, he discusses the components that make up the human level artificial intelligence program. Instead of using complex matrixes or lengthy discrete mathematical algorithmns, the author explains the computer program in a basic but comprehensive way. The book also outlines some creative approaches to instill intelligence into robots. Most of the material is written in terms of theoretical analysis and has not been scientifically proven through discrete math or computer science.


text:
The highest decision-making bodies of Norges Bank are the Executive Board, the Monetary Policy and Financial Stability Committee and the Supervisory Council.
Norges Bank top level organisation
The Governor is responsible for the day-to-day management of the Bank, with the Deputy Governors as First Deputy Chair and Second Deputy Chair of the Executive Board.
The general manager of Norges Bank Investment Management (NBIM) is appointed by the Executive Board.
The Norges Bank Act (official Norwegian version at Lovdata) governs the relationship between Norges Bank and the authorities. The Act relating to the Government Pension Fund and the mandate for management of Government Pension Fund Global (GPFG) govern the division of responsibilities between Norges Bank and the Ministry of Finance with regard to the management of the GPFG.
Norges Bank Central Banking Operations comprises
Markets and ICT
In addition, the Bank has an Internal Audit unit.
Norges Bank Administration is responsible for Norges Bank's support functions.
The General Secretariat performs secretariat, coordinating and governance functions on behalf of the Bank's executive management.
Edited 6 March 2020 15:30
Decision-making bodies
The Executive Board
Monetary Policy and Financial Stability Committee
The Supervisory Council
Norges Bank Administration (NBA)
Norges Bank Investment Management
Job description for the Governor


2 Nights In San Francisco – The Start of Our Cross Country Road Trip!
Holy crap San Francisco, I feel like you've become a part of me now – all those steep hills that sucked all the energy out of me, the late night crowds down in Pier 39, Fishermen's Wharf and the hustle and bustle in Chinatown. I couldn't get enough of you SF, even though I was dragging my feet by 6PM.
Friday July 10th 2015, the first day in SF, we headed right for the beautiful Golden Gate Bridge! And by we I mean my boyfriend Dave and myself, as always. We actually drove across it twice! Unfortunately, there was a toll on the way back to the city that we didn't know about, but luckily our rental car was equip with a transponder to pay tolls, otherwise I believe it gets charged to the license plate. If you don't feel like dealing with traffic or tolls you can simply rent a bike and ride it across the bridge! It was a very common thing and groups of people seemed to really enjoy this. Sadly, we didn't have time to do something like that. Next time fo sho.
After check-in, we made our way up to the world famous winding Lombard Street. This street is considered the crookiest street in the world. Apparently there are also landmarked homes on Lombard. I didn't find this out til after we left though!
After a few snap shots at Lombard we decided to head down to the Fisherman's Wharf and Pier 39 for shopping & food. I was hoping to see the barking sea loins, but they weren't there! If you love seafood, the Warf will satisfy your deepest seafood cravings. They had everything, even lobsicles! Pier 39 is shopping and food heaven- boutiques and eateries everywhere. If you're looking for a quick carnival type snack, try Trish's Mini Donuts. They're very cute and bite sized tasty goodness!
Oh and watching the sunset from the end of the pier was pretty breathtaking too. I haven't seen a California sunset in awhile.
Before we went back to the hotel we had to stop and In-N-Out Burger of course!
Saturday, the 11th, we woke up nice and early so we could have a full day to explore San Fran.(It was also Dave's birthday too!) We started our day with a cup of coffee from Notes from Underground. It was a tiny local café with your basic espresso beverages and simple breakfast options. If I was a local, this would probably be my go-to spot.
We then continued on, headed to Chinatown! I felt like I walked right into Hong Kong – totally different feel compared to NYC's Chinatown, plus SF is the oldest and biggest Chinatown outside of Asia! Chinatown is centered on Grant and Stockton street. As soon as you see the hanging lanterns, you'll know you're there!
There were groups of people scrounging the cute-sized bakeries, fish markets, fruit and vegetable stands in search of what they're going to make for dinner. All while tourists are in search of their perfect souvenirs. For me, I prefer magnets, pressed pennies or snap shots!
Downtown bound – to check out some of the skyscrapers, including the Transamerica Pyramid. We wandered up to Union Square where we decided to have a couple of birthday drinks for Dave – time to take in the sights and sounds. Union Square is a very popular place, comparable to the popularity of "The Bean" in Chicago. All the huge designer stores are located in the area too, if that's your thing, including Chanel, Gucci… oh and there's a mega sized Macy's! I think there was an entire floor in Macy's just for handbags alone. The fanciest hotels and eateries were also located in this area too.
Coit Tower was our next uphill hike. We were in search of the wild parrots and of course, the epic views of SF. To get to Coit Tower by foot you have to make your way to Telegraph Hill. Once there, you'll march up a series of stairs that will lead you right to Coit Tower. You could take the bus or drive up to this area, but climbing is much more fun! We found very cool photo spots on the way up that had panoramic views of the city. Oh and the tower itself closed at 6pm, so we couldn't go inside to the top, but the outside still had all the wonderful picturesque views. Also, there were no parrots to be found. I guess it was the wrong time for both but still an amazing site to see.
Our final stop for the evening was a meet up with friends and we took the trolley! Riding the trolley was one thing I really wanted to do. We had to wait at least 30minutes to get on it and it was I believe, $7 per person, but totally worth it in my opinion. No better way to end a full day in SF!
We met our friends at Wayne White and Woodrow White's joint art exhibit at Heron Arts, which was a free, once in a lifetime, father-son-side-by-side art show in SF! It was a unique oppertunity to be apart of and to enjoy. Check out this link to a very cool interview with Wanye White at Hoodline.
Before parting back to our hotel after the art show, our friends recommended that we use Uber to get a ride. I've never used Uber nor did I really know what it was about. It's essentially car service, but it's local people with their normal everyday cars giving normal everyday people lifts. After you download the app to your smartphone, you simply request a ride and then, you'll be able to see the driver, info about them and where they are. It was inexpensive and a great way to socialize with a local. Best idea, thanks friends!
Before we called it a night around 12am we decided to go to a late or early breakfast (depending on how you look at it 😉 ), at Mel's on Lombard.
I think we walked 14 plus miles and about 41 "flights of stairs", according to the health app on the iPhone. That's a lot of walking.
The next morning, Sunday July 12th, we woke up bright and early, packed and were on our way to Vegasssss!
The next stop on this road trip is Las Vegas! I wrote this on Sunday the 12th in the car while we were driving through the dry mountains between SF and Las Vegas.
Various photos credited to Dave.


text:
The social relations of agrarian change
Dzodzi Tsikata
Working paper, -23 pages
PDF 17278IIED.pdf (306.59 KB)
The literature on land grabbing and agricultural commercialization has established that there have been major changes in the agrarian political economy over the last three decades. However, the implications of these for agrarian social relations have not been given full consideration. This paper examines some of these questions, identifying agreements and contestations about the implications of agrarian change for social relations, particularly those of class, gender and kinship, which are key to the production and reproduction of the agrarian political economy. We argue that issues of growing social differentiation and inequalities need to be addressed both by the literature and in policy discussions.
Related IIED project
Africa's evolving food systems
Most rural Africans now live and farm in liberalised markets, which most African and international policy forums assume to be the best basis for economic activities. But there is considerable debate about these developments, particularly in sub-Saharan Africa.
Further publications related to this project
Financing agriculture and rural areas in sub-Saharan Africa: progress, challenges and the way forward
Africa's evolving food systems - drivers of change and the scope for influencing them
Rural futures. How much should markets rule?
Smallholder agriculture in Africa. An overview and implications for policy
Improving policymaking for agricultural and rural development in Africa
Rural economic diversification in sub-Saharan Africa


text:
Меко́нг (, Мэ Нам Кхонг — «Матерь вод Ганг»; ; , Кыулонг — «Река девяти драконов») — река в Китае, Мьянме, Лаосе, Таиланде, Камбодже и Вьетнаме (частично образует границу Лаоса с Мьянмой и Таиландом), самая большая на полуострове Индокитай. Длина — около 4500 км, площадь бассейна — 810 тысяч км².

География

Истоки — в хребте Тангла на Тибетском нагорье. В верхнем течении (Тибет) называется Дза-Чу (), в среднем (на территории Китая) — Ланьцанцзя́н(). Впадает в Южно-Китайское море, образуя дельту. Основные притоки: справа — Эмчу, Мун, Тонлесап; слева — Дзечу, Сан.

В верхнем и среднем течении Меконг протекает преимущественно по дну глубоких ущелий, имеет порожистое русло. При выходе Меконга на Камбоджийскую равнину находится один из крупнейших, наиболее широких, водопадов мира — Кхон (высота около 21 м). Последние пороги — вблизи города Кратьэх, в Камбодже. Ниже города Пномпень начинается дельта Меконга (площадь около ), где русло Меконга делится на два больших рукава, соединённых многочисленными протоками. По главному, левому рукаву, носящему название Тонлетом, проходит около ¾ общего стока. Дельта Меконга выдвинута в море в виде дуги общим протяжением по побережью около 600 км. Обильный твёрдый сток обусловливает рост дельты на —100 м в год. Дельта заболочена и во многих местах покрыта мангровыми зарослями.

Питание преимущественно дождевое, в верхнем течении — также снеговое и отчасти ледниковое. Половодье летне-осеннее. В среднем течении максимальный уровень воды отмечается обычно в августе, в низовьях — в октябре; самый низкий сток бывает в апреле. Размах колебаний уровня воды в горах достигает —15 м, на Камбоджийской равнине и в дельте — до 10 м. Средний годовой расход воды в среднем течении, у Вьентьяна, — 4.6 тыс. м³/с, наибольший — около 21 тыс. м³/с, в нижнем течении (у города Кратьэх) — соответственно  и 33 тыс. м³/с (в отдельные годы — до 67 тыс. м³/с). Меконг замерзает только в верхнем течении на 1—2 месяца; выносит в среднем около 1,5 км³ наносов в год.

Большое регулирующее влияние на сток оказывает озеро Тонлесап, соединённое с Меконгом одноимённым притоком. Во влажный сезон (июнь—ноябрь) озеро пополняется водами Меконга, в сухой (ноябрь—июнь) уровень воды в Меконге становится ниже, чем в озере, и происходит интенсивный сброс озёрной воды в русло Меконга, причём освобождаются обширные удобренные к этому времени плодородным илом массивы сельскохозяйственных земель.

Воды нижнего Меконга используются для орошения. Широкие разливы реки способствуют рисосеянию. Огромные гидроэнергетические ресурсы Меконга (около 75 млн кВт) широко используются в странах бассейна. Построено несколько десятков ГЭС, в том числе такие мощные как  (5850 МВт),  (1750 МВт),  (1570 МВт), , Сяовань (4200 МВт),  — в Китае,  (1075 МВт) — на притоке Меконга — реке  в Лаосе. Крупное гидростроительство ведется во всех странах бассейна.

Реки и озёра бассейна Меконга богаты рыбой (главным образом из семейства карповых), много водоплавающей птицы, сохранились речные дельфины, крокодилы, преимущественно в Камбодже.

Меконг судоходен на протяжении 700 км (в половодье — на 1600 км, до Вьентьяна). Морские суда поднимаются до Пномпеня (350 км). Однако река очень нестабильна, её русло всё время меняется и возникают мели.

Города

На Меконге стоят города:

 Китай:
 Цзинхун,
 Лаос:
 Луангпхабанг,
 Вьентьян,
 Паксе,
 Саваннакхет,
 Таиланд:
 Нонгкхай,
 Мукдахан,
 Камбоджа:
 Стынгтраенг,
 Кратьэх,
 Пномпень,
 Вьетнам:
 Кантхо,
 Митхо,
 Бенче.

Дельта Меконга

Дельта реки Меконг — одна из самых обширных дельт в мире. Располагается на территории Вьетнама.

На территории дельты находится одноимённая экономическая зона Вьетнама (, дословно «Дельта девяти драконов» — по числу рукавов, на которые делится река в дельте), площадь которой составляет . Регион дельты Меконга с центром в Кантхо — один из самых густонаселённых регионов страны.

Если рассматривать дельту как современный регион страны, то начинается этот регион западнее Хошимина, с провинции Лонган, и простирается на самый юг страны, включая в себя 12 провинций и город центрального подчинения Кантхо, с самой южной точкой на мысе Камау.

В XXI веке район дельты Меконга находится под угрозой затопления из-за изменения климата (подъём уровня океана и связанные с этим оползни земли).

История
Первые поселения на Меконге датируются 2100 годом до н. э. Первым государством в этом районе стало царство Бапном. Его преемниками стали Ченла и Камбуджадеша (Кхмерская империя).

Первым европейцем в этих краях стал португалец Антонио де Фариа () в 1540 году. В то время интерес европейцев к этому региону был спорадическим — было основано лишь несколько торговых и религиозных представительств.

В середине XIX века регион попал в зону интересов Франции — в 1861 году был захвачен Сайгон, а в 1863 году установлен протекторат над Камбоджей.

Первая серьёзная экспедиция для исследования Меконга состоялась в 1866—1868 годах под руководством Эрнеста Дудар де Лагре и Франсиса Гарнье. Они прошли от устья до Юньнаня и нашли, что судоходство по Меконгу невозможно из-за порогов и водопадов в районах камбоджийской провинции Кратьэх и лаосской Тямпатсак (водопады Кхон). Истоки Меконга были исследованы в 1900 году П. К. Козловым.

С 1890-х годов Франция распространила свой контроль и на Лаос, образовав Французский Индокитай. После Индокитайской войны Меконг стал принадлежать независимым государствам, на которые распался Французский Индокитай.

См. также
 Огненные шары Наг — природный феномен
 Комиссия по реке Меконг

Примечания

Ссылки
  // Вокруг света, 29 февраля 2004

Реки, впадающие в Южно-Китайское море
Реки Цинхая
Реки Тибетского автономного района
Реки Юньнаня
Реки Китая
Реки Мьянмы
Реки Таиланда
Реки Лаоса
Реки Камбоджи
Реки Вьетнама
Пограничные реки


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Gardnertown Leadership Academy Held their 4th Annual Lighthouse Ceremony for 5th Grade Students inducted to Represent the Student Lighthouse.
The council is inducted with a ceremony, where they invite family members and members of the school community. During the ceremony, they demonstrate their understanding of the seven habits and take a pledge to be effective SLT leaders and council members. The SLT focuses on implementing and modeling the use of the seven habits (The Leader in Me - Covey) and has been modified to more adequately support the LIM values. It's purpose is to support leadership, character development and to model the seven habits for the rest of the school population.
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The student council team is comprised of 5th grade leaders. There are 14 council members, 3 being elected members as president, vice president and secretary and 11 delegates who collaborate with the other teams and take notes during meetings that they can then bring back to the council.