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Э́тнос ( — народ) — в некоторых теориях этничности — исторически сложившаяся устойчивая совокупность людей, объединённых общими объективными либо субъективными признаками, в которые различные авторы включают происхождение, единый язык, культуру, хозяйство, территорию проживания, самосознание, внешний вид и другое, синоним термина «народ».

В советской и российской этнографии считался основным типом этнической общности. В русском языке также синонимом термина «этнос» с 1926 года оставалось и остаётся понятие «национальность». В научный оборот понятие «этнос» было введено в 1923 году русским учёным-эмигрантом С. М. Широкогоровым. В настоящее время в отечественной науке этот термин употребляется всё меньше, в связи с отходом от теорий этничности, созданных в советское время.

Этничность
Этничность можно представить как форму общественной организации, состоящей из тех культурных характеристик, которые сами члены этнической общности считают для себя значимыми и которые лежат в основе их самосознания. К этим характеристикам относится одно или несколько общих самоназваний, представление об общем происхождении и, как следствие, наличие общей исторической памяти. При этом члены общности ассоциируют себя с особой географической территорией и им присуще чувство групповой солидарности.

Определение этничности строится также на основе культурной самоидентификации этнической общности по отношению к другим общностям (этническим, общественным, политическим), с которыми она находится в фундаментальных связях. Как правило, присутствует значительная разница между внутригрупповым и внешним представлением об этничности: для определения этнической общности присутствуют как объективные, так и субъективные критерии. В качестве таких критериев используются различия в антропологическом типе, географическом происхождении, хозяйственной специализации, религии, языке и даже чертах материальной культуры (пище, одежде и т. п.).

Концепции и теории этноса
В среде этнологов отсутствует единство в подходе к определению этноса и этничности. В связи с этим выделяется несколько наиболее популярных теорий и концепций. Так, советская этнографическая школа развивалась в русле концепции примордиализма. В настоящее время в официальной этнологии России ведущее место занимает развитие концепции конструктивизма, известным сторонником которой является В. А. Тишков.

Примордиализм

Данный подход предполагает, что этническая принадлежность человека является объективной данностью, имеющей свою основу в природе или в обществе. Поэтому этничность невозможно создать искусственно или навязать её. Этнос является общностью с реально существующими регистрируемыми признаками. Можно указать на признаки, по которым индивид принадлежит к данному этносу и по которым один этнос отличается от другого.

Однако в настоящее время этот подход подвергается критике. Так, В. Шнирельман пишет:
Приведу простой пример. В 1991 г. мне довелось проводить исследования среди индейцев-тлингитов на Аляске. По моим данным, уже во второй половине XX в. процент межэтнических браков у них достигал 60%. Но это нисколько не размывало их самосознание — они продолжали считать себя тлингитами. Мне могут возразить, что это, мол, результат современных процессов. Но я побывал в семье, где женщина пожилых лет происходила из атапасков и, кстати, узнав, что я из России, продемонстрировала мне свое генеалогическое древо, составленное американским антропологом, где обнаруживалась и парочка русских (и это на уровне середины XIX в.). Сын этой женщины был женат на белой американке, а их дети были тлингитами.

Является ли все это результатом именно современности? Массовые материалы показывают, что в традиционных обществах были очень распространены обычаи адопции (т.е. усыновление или удочерение, причем речь шла не только о детях, но и о взрослых). И родство там имело социальный, а не генеалогический, характер. Иными словами, чтобы стать членом клана, надо было пройти обряд инициации. Сегодня таким образом в члены племени нередко принимают белых американцев. Но в прошлом речь могла идти о представителях соседних племен (хайда и др.).

Эволюционно-историческое направление
Сторонники этого направления рассматривают этносы как социальные сообщества, возникшие в результате исторического процесса.

Образование этносов часто связано с распадом государственных образований. Например, после монгольского нашествия Северная Русь оказалась под властью Золотой Орды, а остальные части Руси вошли в состав Великого княжества Литовского и Польского королевства. Это привело к разделению русского, белорусского и украинского народов. При этом определяющее значение имели именно государственные границы, а не языковой фактор. Так, согласно «Опыту диалектологической карты русского языка в Европе» (М., 1915) вся Смоленская губерния входила в зону диалектов белорусского языка, но бoльшая часть её жителей всегда считала себя русскими (великороссами), а не белорусами. Это связано с тем, что Смоленская земля уже в 1514 году вошла в состав Московского государства и с тех пор с небольшим перерывом в 1611-1654 годах находилась в пределах России.

Дуалистическая теория этноса

Данная концепция была разработана сотрудниками Института этнографии АН СССР (ныне Институт этнологии и антропологии РАН) во главе с Ю. В. Бромлеем. Эта концепция предполагает существование этносов в двух смыслах:

 В узком смысле этнос получил название «этникос» и понимался как «исторически сложившаяся на территории устойчивая межпоколенная совокупность людей, обладающих не только общими чертами, но и относительно стабильными особенностями культуры (включая язык) и психики, а также сознанием своего единства и отличия от всех других подобных образований (самосознанием), фиксируемом в самоназвании (этнониме)».

 В широком смысле был назван «этносоциальным организмом (ЭСО)» и понимался как этнос, существующий в пределах государства: «ЭСО — та часть соответствующего этникоса, которая размещена на компактной территории внутри одного политического (потестарного) образования и представляет, таким образом, определённую социально-экономическую целостность».

Социобиологическое направление
Данное направление предполагает существование этничности благодаря биологической сущности человека. Этническая принадлежность примордиальна, то есть изначально свойственна людям.

Теория Пьера ван ден Берге
 переносил на человеческое поведение отдельные положения этологии и зоопсихологии, то есть предполагал, что многие явления общественной жизни обусловливаются биологической стороной человеческой природы.

Этнос, согласно П. ван ден Берге, — это «расширенная родственная группа».

Существование этнических общностей ван ден Берге объясняет генетической предрасположенностью человека к родственному отбору (непотизму). Суть его заключается в том, что альтруистическое поведение (способность приносить себя в жертву) уменьшает шансы данной особи на передачу своих генов следующему поколению, но в то же время увеличивает возможность передачи его генов кровными родственниками (косвенная передача генов). Помогая родственникам выжить и передать свои гены следующему поколению, индивид тем самым способствует воспроизведению собственного генофонда. Поскольку такой тип поведения делает группу эволюционно более устойчивой, чем другие аналогичные группы, в которых альтруистическое поведение отсутствует, то «гены альтруизма» поддерживаются естественным отбором.

Пассионарная теория этноса (теория Гумилёва)

Оригинальная пассионарная теория этногенеза создана Л. Н. Гумилёвым.

В ней этнос — естественно сложившийся на основе оригинального стереотипа поведения коллектив людей, существующий как системная целостность (структура), противопоставляющая себя всем другим коллективам, исходя из ощущения комплементарности, и формирующая общую для всех своих представителей этническую традицию.

Этнос является одним из видов этнических систем — всегда входит в состав суперэтносов — и состоит из субэтносов, конвиксий и консорций.

Уникальное сочетание ландшафтов, в котором образовался этнос, называется его месторазвитием.

Критика понятия «этнос»
Со второй половины 1960-х годов в социальной и культурной антропологии стали распространяться принципы социального конструктивизма. В исследованиях целого ряда учёных были подвергнуты критике традиционные подходы к трактовкам таких понятий, как «раса», «класс», «нация», «этнос», которые были охарактеризованы, как политические и интеллектуальные конструкции исследователей. В числе прочего вместо устаревших принципов примордиализма и эссенциализма в понимании природы этнических сообществ был предложен новый конструктивистский подход.

В рамках этого подхода представители направления социального конструктивизма, к числу которых в отечественной науке принадлежит, в частности, В. А. Тишков, отрицают само понятие «этнос» («Забыть о нации», 1999, «Реквием по этносу», 2003). Этносы расцениваются как фикция, «воображаемые общества», не существующие в реальности. Вместо понятия «этнос» В. А. Тишков предлагает распространённую в западной науке конструктивистскую концепцию «этничности», которая не имеет стабильных и обязательных признаков, может изменяться у индивида или у группы людей, а также может иметь множественный характер. По мнению Л. С. Клейна, в российском научном мире концепция В. А. Тишкова была принята небольшой частью учёных — против неё выступили не только многие этнографы, но и философы. В то же время отрицание понятия «этноса» было поддержано российской властью как «удобное идеологическое средство для борьбы с растущим национализмом, особенно с сепаратизмом национальных окраин». В свою очередь Л. С. Клейн считает, что критикуя примордиалистскую концепцию этноса, не следует устранять само понятие «этнос». Как и Ю. К. Чистов, он предлагает рассматривать этнос как понятие социальной психологии со стержневой объединяющей идеей общего происхождения (не обязательно верной), которая дополняется материальными признаками (язык, культура, религия и т. д.) по отдельности или в комплексе, индивидуально для каждого этноса.

Этногенез

Основные условия возникновения этноса — общность территории и языка — впоследствии выступают в качестве её главных признаков. При этом этнос может формироваться и из разноязычных элементов, складываться и закрепляться на разных территориях в процессе миграций (цыгане и т. п.). От ранних дальних миграций «хомо сапиенс» из Африки и до современной глобализации всё большее значение приобретают этносы как культурно-языковые общности, свободно перемещающиеся на всей территории планеты.

Дополнительными условиями сложения этнической общности могут служить общность религии, близость компонентов этноса в расовом отношении или наличие значительных метисных (переходных) групп.

В ходе этногенеза, под влиянием особенностей хозяйственной деятельности в определённых природных условиях и других причин, формируются специфические для данного этноса черты материальной и духовной культуры, быта, групповых психологических характеристик. У членов этноса появляется общее самосознание, видное место в котором занимает представление об общности их происхождения. Внешним проявлением этого самосознания является наличие общего самоназвания — этнонима.

Сформировавшаяся этническая общность выступает как социальный организм, самовоспроизводящийся путём преимущественно этнически однородных браков и передачи новому поколению языка, культуры, традиций и т. п.

Антропологическая классификация. Этнос и раса
Наука признаёт несовпадение расового и этнического деления человечества: члены одного этноса могут принадлежать как к одной, так и к разным расам (расовым типам) и, наоборот, представители одной расы (расового типа) могут принадлежать к разным этносам и т. д.

Довольно распространённым является заблуждение, выражающееся в смешении понятий «этнос» и «раса», и как итог употребляются ошибочные понятия, например такие, как «русская раса».

Отдельные этнические общности обычно включают разные антропологические типы. Например, русские из Ростовской области, большей частью черноволосые и темноглазые, заметно отличаются от русских из Архангельской области, в основном, русоволосых и голубоглазых.

Этнос и язык
Как правило, каждый этнос говорит на одном языке. Однако довольно широко распространяется двуязычие (билингвизм), когда часть этноса или даже целый этнос постоянно пользуется двумя языками. Такое часто встречается в многонациональных государствах, где национальные меньшинства обычно используют как родной язык, так и язык наиболее многочисленного или доминирующего этноса.

Родной язык наиболее тесно связан с этническим происхождением и часто используется в статистике как объективный признак этноса. Однако нередко этническое происхождение человека и язык, который он считает родным, не совпадают. Малочисленные этнические группы, живущие в окружении других этносов, часто переходят на их язык.

Различия между разными языками и диалектами одного языка нередко являются достаточно условными. Этнологи в качестве основного их разграничителя считают факт существования того или иного этноса с утвердившимся самосознанием и самоназванием.

Этнос и культура

Культура — дать универсальное, всеобъемлющее определение для этого понятия трудно и, пожалуй, даже невозможно. То же самое можно сказать и об «этнической культуре», поскольку она проявляется и реализуется различными способами и образом, поэтому её можно понимать и толковать по-разному.

Как известно, культура вообще имеет множество определений. Некоторые специалисты насчитывают их до нескольких сотен. Но все эти определения «укладываются», по сути, в несколько основных значений (аспектов), благодаря чему становятся более или менее обозримыми.

В изучении культуры существует несколько подходов:

 ценностный (аксиологический — связь общечеловеческих ценностей);
 символический (культура — система символов);
 организационный;
 деятельностный подход.

Выделенные аспекты культуры — аксиологический, символический, организационный, деятельностный — тесно взаимосвязаны, и представляются наиболее актуальными. Так, базовые представления о мире и верования этноса (символический аспект) реализуются и отражаются в укладе его жизни (организационный аспект). И в конечном итоге оформляются в определённую ценностно-нормативную систему — со своими приоритетами и своеобразными связями между отдельными ценностными ориентирами (аксиологический аспект), а образ жизни и система ценностей в свою очередь обусловливают форму поведения и способы деятельности членов этнической группы (деятельностный аспект).

Наконец, типичная форма поведения и способы деятельности служат подкреплением и опорой господствующим в этнической группе представлениям и верованиям (подобно тому, например, как систематическая молитва поддерживает в человеке веру, не даёт ей ослабеть и угаснуть).
Известно, что так называемая этничность — это прежде всего культура этноса, именно ею определяются «границы» этноса, отличия каждого из них от других.

Многочисленные исторические исследования учёных-этнологов из разных стран убеждают нас, что на протяжении всей человеческой истории (от первобытного состояния до наших дней) у людей существовала и существует потребность в знаниях не только о своей жизни, традициях и обычаях, но и о культуре окружающих народов. Наличие таких знаний позволяет сейчас легче ориентироваться в окружающем мире, надёжней и уверенней чувствовать себя в нём. Несколько тысячелетий продолжается накопление сведений и данных различного рода о многих народах мира, при этом уже в древности предпринимались попытки не ограничивать эти знания только простым изложением или описанием. Так, ещё в античную эпоху некоторые авторы предпринимали попытки привести многочисленные эмпирические материалы в систему, классифицировать различные народы на основе их хозяйственных и культурных признаков. Однако эти попытки носили в основном умозрительный характер и поэтому не достигали поставленных целей.

Этнические и межэтнические общности

Этническая общность
Этни́ческая о́бщность — устойчивая социальная группировка людей, исторически возникшая и обладающая общей этничностью. В отечественной науке различаются как по типам, свойственным мощным историческим периодам (племя, народность, нация), так и по таксонометрическому уровню (метаэтническая общность, этнос, субэтнос, этническая группа). Основным типом этнических общностей считается этнос, более дробные общности называются элементарными или микроэтническими, а общности, объединяющие несколько этносов — макроэтническими. Термины «этническая общность» и «народ» очень близки в этнографическом смысле.

Этнические общности
В советской этнографии была выдвинута идея иерархии этнических общностей, связанная с тем, что один человек может принадлежать (причислять себя) одновременно к нескольким этническим общностям, одна из которых полностью включает в себя другую. Например, русский может считать себя донским казаком и одновременно славянином.

Эта иерархия такова:
 элементарные этнические единицы (микроэтнические единицы). К этому уровню, главным образом, относится семья — элементарная общественная ячейка, которой принадлежит немалая роль в воспроизводстве этноса. Так же к этому уровню можно причислить человека (этнофора) как непосредственного носителя этнических свойств.
 субэтнические подразделения и этнографические группы. Субэтносы занимают промежуточное положение между консорциями и конвиксиями с одной стороны и этносами с другой.
 основное этническое подразделение. Это и есть собственно «этнос».
 макроэтнические общности или метаэтнические общности — образования, охватывающие несколько этносов, но обладающие этническими свойствами меньшей интенсивности, чем включаемые в неё этносы. Выделяются следующие макроэтнические общности: метаэтнополитические, метаэтнолингвистические, метаэтноконфессиональные, метаэтнохозяйственные и т. д.

Этнографические общности
В отличие от этнических общностей, принадлежность к этнографической общности людьми не осознаётся, и, следовательно, такие общности не имеют самоназваний, а выделяются в результате научных исследований.
 этнографическая группа
 историко-этнографическая область

Иерархическая классификация этносов
В советской школе этнографии в русле дуалистической концепции этноса была принята следующая градация этносов в широком смысле (ЭСО), впоследствии эта градация была перенесена на этнос вообще:
 Род — группа людей, которая основана на кровных связях.
 Племя — этнос эпохи первобытно-общинного строя или периода его разложения.
 Народность — окончательно не сформировавшееся сообщество людей, объединённых общим пространством, культурой, языком и т. д., в котором ещё присутствуют значительные внутренние различия.
 Нация — в настоящее время чаще всего используемое понятие в этнографической литературе. Соответствует развитому индустриальному и постиндустриальному обществу с сильной самоидентификацией. При этом в советской этнографии было принято деление на социалистические и капиталистические нации, которое в результате крушения социалистической системы потеряло смысл.

Этнос и нация
Между понятиями «этнос» и «нация» часто ставится знак равенства. В советской литературе, посвящённой этому вопросу, обычно уточняли, что нация — это не просто этнос, а высшая его форма, пришедшая на смену народности.

Тем не менее, некоторые исследователи чётко формулируют отличия нации от этноса, указывая на разную природу происхождения понятий «этнос» и «нация».

Так, для этноса, по их мнению, характерна устойчивость, повторяемость культурных образцов. В противоположность этому, для нации определяющим становится процесс собственного осознания на основе синтеза традиционных и новых элементов. При этом этнические идентификационные критерии: язык, быт и т.п. отходят на второй план.

У нации на первый план выходят те аспекты, которые обеспечивают надэтничность, синтез этнических, межэтнических и иноэтнических компонентов (политическая, религиозная и др.).

В энциклопедии «Народы мира» описывается неоднозначность термина «нация», и резюмируется: «Разнобой в употреблении слова "нация" повсеместный. На уровне обыденного разговора это не страшно, ведь по смыслу понятно, о чём речь. Но в научном тексте такой разнобой недопустим.»

Этнос и государственность
Этносы подвержены изменениям в ходе этнических процессов — консолидации, ассимиляции, экспансии и т. п. Для более устойчивого существования этнос стремится к созданию своей социально-территориальной организации (государства). Современная история знает немало примеров того, как различные этносы, несмотря на свою многочисленность, так и не смогли решить задачу социально-территориальной организации. К таковым можно отнести этнические группы евреев, палестинских арабов, курдов, разделённых между Ираком, Ираном, Сирией и Турцией.

Примеры успешной или неуспешной этнической экспансии — расширение Российской империи, арабские завоевания в Северной Африке и на Пиренейском полуострове, татаро-монгольское нашествие, испанская колонизация Южной и Центральной Америки.

Этническая идентичность

Этническая идентичность — составная часть социальной идентичности личности, осознание своей принадлежности к определённой этнической общности. В её структуре обычно выделяют два основных компонента — когнитивный (знания, представления об особенностях собственной группы и осознание себя как её члена на основе определённых характеристик) и аффективный (оценка качеств собственной группы, отношение к членству в ней, значимость этого членства).

Одним из первых развитие у ребёнка осознания принадлежности к национальной группе исследовал швейцарский учёный Ж. Пиаже. В исследовании 1951 года он выделил три этапа в развитии этнических характеристик:

1) в 6 — 7 лет ребёнок приобретает первые фрагментарные знания о своей этнической принадлежности;

2) в 8 — 9 лет ребёнок уже чётко идентифицирует себя со своей этнической группой на основании национальности родителей, места проживания, родного языка;

3) в младшем подростковом возрасте (10 — 11 лет) этническая идентичность формируется в полном объёме, в качестве особенностей разных народов ребёнок отмечает уникальность истории, специфику традиционной бытовой культуры.

Внешние обстоятельства могут заставить человека любого возраста переосмыслить свою этническую идентичность, как это произошло с жителем Минска, католиком, родившимся в пограничной с Польшей Брестской области. Он «числился поляком и считал себя поляком. В 35 лет поехал в Польшу. Там убедился, что с поляками объединяет его религия, а в остальном он белорус. С этого времени осознает себя белорусом» (Климчук, 1990, с. 95).

Формирование этнической идентичности часто является достаточно болезненным процессом. Так, например, мальчик, родители которого переехали в Москву из Узбекистана ещё до его рождения, говорит по-русски в семье и школе; однако в школе из-за азиатского имени и смуглого цвета кожи получает обидное прозвище. Позднее, осмыслив эту ситуацию, на вопрос «Кто ты по национальности?» он может ответить «узбек», а, может быть, и нет. Сын американца и японки может оказаться изгоем в Японии, где его будут дразнить «длинноносым», и в США, где его будут дразнить «маслоедом». В то же время у ребёнка, выросшего в Москве, родители которого идентифицируют себя как белорусы, скорее всего, таких проблем вообще не возникнет.

Выделяют следующие измерения этнической идентичности:
 моноэтническая идентичность со своей этнической группой, когда у человека преобладает позитивный образ своей этнической группы при позитивном отношении к другим этносам;
 изменённая этническая идентичность человека, живущего в полиэтнической среде, когда чужая этническая группа расценивается как имеющая более высокий статус (экономический, социальный и т. п.), чем своя. Это характерно для многих представителей национальных меньшинств, для иммигрантов во втором поколении (см. также статью ассимиляция (социология));
 биэтническая идентичность, когда человек, живущий в полиэтнической среде, владеет обеими культурами и осознаёт их как одинаково позитивные;
 маргинальная этническая идентичность, когда человек, живущий в полиэтнической среде, не владеет в достаточной мере ни одной из культур, что приводит к внутриличностным конфликтам (ощущение неудачливости, бессмысленности существования, агрессивность и т. д.);
 слабая (или даже нулевая) этническая идентичность, когда человек не относит себя к какому-либо этносу, а декларирует космополитическую идентичность (я — азиат, я — европеец, я — гражданин мира) или гражданскую идентичность (я — демократ, я — коммунист).

Этническая идентичность в рамках институционального подхода
Институциональный подход позволяет проследить взаимосвязь идентичности и правил поведения. С институциональной точки зрения идентичность является алгоритмом селекции правил выбора тех или иных предпочтений. Этническая идентичность рассматривается как социально осознанный выход из ситуации институциональной неопределённости, когда одновременно социальный агент должен следовать правилам и нарушать, по крайней мере, некоторые из них. Институциональные особенности этнической идентичности состоят в том, что индивиды могут довольно свободно и, как правило, без негативных последствий нарушать принятые правила в области использования языка, культурных традиций, религиозных верований и пр., не ставя под сомнение свою принадлежность к этногруппе. Другие формы социальных идентификаций (например, профессиональная), как правило, ограничивают возможности индивидов по нарушению или интерпретации правил поведения. Устойчивость многих этноидентификаций (например, русской, армянской и пр.) состоит в их институциональной слабости: довольно легко оставаться в составе этногруппы, которая толерантна к институциональным девиациям. Если достаточно большая группа людей предпочтёт использовать в повседневном поведении схожие отклонения (институциональные исключения) от привычных для этногруппы правил поведения, может сформироваться субэтническая идентичность. В этом случае первоначальные отклонения в социальном поведении (например, использование языкового патерна, отличающегося от языка, используемого в «прежней» этнической группе) становятся основой для новой идентификации, и индивиды будут оцениваться в зависимости то того, соблюдают ли они новые нормы поведения или нет. Таким образом, на формирование идентичности влияет институциональный распад правил этнического поведения.
Графически процессы институционального воспроизводства этнической идентичности можно представить в виде следующей схемы:

См. также

 Этническая группа
 Межэтнический конфликт
 Суперэтнос
 Панэтнос
 Этническая элита
 Этнология
 Этнополитика
 Этноконфессиональный конфликт
 Этнотерриториальный конфликт
 Этнопсихология
 Этноцентризм
 Этноцид

Примечания

Литература

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 Алымов С. С., Подрезова С. В. Этнос на карте: географическое воображение школы Ф. К. Волкова // Этнографическое обозрение. 2017. № 5. С. 85-103.

 Барбашин М. Ю.  2-е изд., расшир. и доп. Ростов-на-Дону: ИПО ПИ ЮФУ, 2013, 356 с.
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 Гуляихин В. Н. Этноколлективное бессознательное как детерминанта социально-политического развития // Вестник Волгоградского государственного университета. Серия 7: Философия. Социология и социальные технологии. 2007. № 6. С. 76-79.
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 Гумилёв Л. Н. Этнос — состояние или процесс? (Ландшафт и этнос: ХI). // Вестник ЛГУ. — 1971. — № 12. — Вып. 2. — С. 86-95.
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 Козлов В. И.  // Исследования по общей этнографии. — М., 1979. — С. 5-23
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 Семёнов Ю. И.  // Этнографическое обозрение. — 2000. — № 2.
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Этногенез
Этнография
Этнология

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No need to bag up or remove food, medications, inside plants fish aquariums, board pets, etc.
If I fumigate my house how long will the termites stay away?
Termites swarm every year, so it is possible to have termites infest your home again at any time, even immediately after fumigation.
Will fumigation solve my Subterranean Termite problem?
Fumigation will not solve your Subterranean Termite problem. Since Subterranean Termites live under ground, it is necessary to use various methods of soil treatment.
How do you fix fungus damage?
In very minor situations, fungus damage/dryrot can be scraped out and treated with a fungicide. The area can then be filled with wood filler and primed. In more severe cases of fungus damage/dryrot, the wood must be removed and replaced with new material. More importantly, the moisture condition that created the fungus should be corrected if practical.
Do termite inspectors only look for termites?
No. Termite inspectors are trained to identify all wood destroying pests and organisms including wood destroying fungus, wood destroying beetles, wood destroying ants and wood destroying bees in addition to termites.
What are Section 1 and Section 2 items?
Section 1 on the report are items that are already a problem with regard to termites, fungus/dryrot, wood destroying ants, bees, and beetles. Section 2 on the report are items deemed likely to lead to an infection or infestation such as faulty grades, excessive moisture from a plumbing leak, water stains, earth to wood contacts, etc.


Police believe a dead body found in Falkenberg in western Sweden is that of a 12-year-old boy who went missing three days ago.
A body was found at a power station at 3.40pm on Friday, police told a press conference at 5.15pm. The person had not been formally identified at the time of the press conference, but police said they believe it is likely that of 12-year-old Dante, who went missing on Tuesday afternoon.
"We have informed the family that it is most probably Dante," local police chief Christer Bartholdsson told reporters.
"Our thoughts go out to Dantes friends and especially his family," he said, also thanking everyone who had taken part in the three-day search efforts.
Dante disappeared near his home in Tröingeberg, Falkenberg, at 5pm on Tuesday while walking the family dog. The dog returned home without him.
Police, military and around 3,000 volunteers from the non-profit organization Missing People have been part of the huge search party that have been looking for him since Tuesday evening.
Prior to Fridays find, police had launched a criminal investigation into his disappearance. Although there were no immediate signs that the boy had fallen victim to a crime, police said they launched the probe because it would make it easier for them to investigate how and why he went missing.
Police did not want to comment on who found Dante, or how the discovery was made.


text:
Secondary education deputy director/vice principal jobs in Beijing
Head of Secondary School(ID: 485)
Expiring tomorrow
Dehong Beijing International Chinese SchoolBeijing
Start date01/08/20201
Reports to
Director of Education, Dehong
Purpose of Role
The Head of Secondary School has a key strategic and operational role and is a member of the Dehong School Leadership Team (DSLT). Members of the DSLT have joint responsibility for all aspects of the whole school relating to the education and development of students and staff; each has a focus of responsibilities, but all contribute to the whole and support the work of others.
Learning and Teaching Standards A
Overall Responsibilities:
Ensure the best possible learning and teaching, in the best possible environments, placing students at the heart of all decision making
Take responsibility for the safeguarding of students in her/his school, in line with the DCI safeguarding framework, policies and code of conduct and in collaboration with the Principal
Ensure the highest standards of Health and Safety in her/his school, in collaboration with the Principal and Director of Business and Administration
The day-to-day business management of the School, including the deployment of resources and of the budget
Provide support, guidance and leadership and be a model of good practice for all staff
Understand and address the needs of all stakeholders within the school community
Curricular and Academic Responsibilities
Ensure that the delivery of the curriculum, in both Chinese and English, matches the aims of the school and reflects the needs of students
Maintain an understanding of curriculum developments around the world, with a view to Dehong developing as a model of outstanding practice in learning and teaching
Ensure that measures of achievement are accurate and readily available so that students and their parents can take an active interest in performance and reflect upon progress.
Responsible for monitoring the progress of students from first placement in the school to the time they leave
Maintain open dialogue between the school, students and their parents on all educational matters
Ensure curriculum planning, design and management, in liaison with the School Leadership Team and teaching staff
Recognise the importance of transitions and vertical articulations
Produce the curriculum handbooks in liaison with appropriate staff
Timetabling and resource management
Organise the overall management of the school selfevaluation and improvement strategies
Ensure performance management and line management is effective
Oversee and implement, monitor and evaluate the school's learning and teaching policy, including the promotion of the Dehong ethos and values
Organise and present, as appropriate, at parental curriculum and information evenings
Learning and Teaching Standards B
Quality Management and Support for Staff
Encourage strong collaboration
Respond to the need for staff professional learning, making recommendations for this to DLT and the Professional Learning Lead
Oversee the performance management programme in the school
Lead the school recruitment process in collaboration with the Principal, ensuring the highest quality of staff join the School
Manage the induction of new staff into the School
Take responsibility for the learning environment, both indoors and outdoors, ensuring it is in good order and reflects an atmosphere of learning, discovery and interest
Oversee the deployment of support staff
Take primary responsibility for the wellbeing of the students in the school from the time of their admission to the time that they leave, liaising with the other members of the DSLT to ensure that practice is consistent across the whole school, and that appropriate guidance programmes are in place to offer students support as they transition between the various stages of their education and between countries
Oversee and implement, monitor and evaluate the school's wellbeing policy, including the promotion of the Dehong ethos and values
Coordinate procedures for student admissions, in liaison with the Admissions team
Encourage and develop parental support and involvement in the work of the school
Ensure high quality marketing, in conjunction with the Principal, Director of Admissions, Marketing and Communications
Maintain regular and proactive communication with parents through regular online updates and information in the newsletter
Leadership Expectations
Organisation, Leadership and Management
Establish, review and develop the school aims, policies, structures, procedures and job descriptions in line with whole school policies
Lead the school's strategic planning, including the production of the senior school
Improvement Plan (based on the whole school Improvement Plan)
Control budgets in the school, including delegation to subject departments as appropriate
Oversee line management and support for all teaching and support staff in school
Ensure high quality staff meetings, school leadership team meetings, curriculum committee meetings and attend meetings of the Dehong Leadership Team
Lead the production of Staff and Parent Handbooks
Coach and / or mentor leaders within the school
Additional Expectations
Extra-Curricular Leadership
Be responsible for the effectiveness of the programme of school co-curriculur and ECAs, assemblies, school trips, the House system, and all school activities which take place outside the formal classroom
Relationships and Influence
Able to act as ambassador and professional advocate for the School,with strong personal credibility and the capacity to build relationships with a diverse range of stakeholders including students, parents, community, alumni, school bodies and external government agencies
Demonstrated experience in successfully engaging and working with government authorities and regulatory bodies
Creates a sense of purpose/meaning for the team that generates followership and engages others to the greater purpose for the school as a whole
Person Specifications
The successful candidate will have the ability to be an inspirational and innovative leader who can secure the full engagement of staff and all other stakeholders in the delivery of the school's objectives. She/he will show leadership and moral values through action and example in her/his daily conduct.She/he will engage superbly with the community, be a respected ambassador for Dehong, motivate others, and achieve excellent academic results within a truly holistic environment. The successful candidate will have the following key skills, experience and attributes:
Dehong Brochure - 2020.pdf
School prospectusPDF, 5.2 MB
Dehong Beijing International Chinese School
Block #7Luneng GrassetownBifu RoadTongzhou DistrictBeijingChina
Dehong Education is a dynamic and rapidly growing family of International Chinese schools in major cities in China. Our next campus, Dehong Beijing, will open its Elementary School in September 2019 in the attractive setting of Beijing Grassetown pre...

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


GEORGETOWN - The Southwestern University football team crossed the endzone with 1:31 to play in the fourth quarter to make it a 21-19 game against Louisiana College; however, the two point conversion fell just a yard short while the ensuing onside kick was recovered by the Wildcats as Louisiana College escaped Birkelback Field with a win on Saturday night.
MARSHALL, Texas - The Southwestern University football team could not overcome five turnovers as they fell to the East Texas Baptist Tigers 51-21 in ASC play on Saturday evening at Ornelas Stadium.
ABILENE, Texas - The Southwestern University football team rushed for 352 yards and amassed 551 total yards as they rolled to a 37-6 victory over McMurry on Saturday evening at Wilford Moore Stadium.
GEORGETOWN - Sophomore running back Kalon Heim had seven touches for 150 total yards and three scores while the Southwestern University defense forced three turnovers to go with four sacks as the Pirates overcame a slow start to knock off Denison University in their season opener, 42-21, on Saturday evening at Birkelbach Field.
MINNEAPOLIS, Minn. - Senior Nik Kelly was named to the 2017 D3football.com All-American Team on Friday evening, earning a spot on the honroable mention team.
DAYTONA BEACH, Fla. - Senior defensive backs DeeJay Johnsona and Nik Kelly were named to the 8th Annual 2017 National Bowl set for Daytona Beach Stadium on December 10, 2017 which will including 33 Pro Souts and 13 NFL Teams on hand.
MINNEAPLOIS, Minn. - Senior defensive back Nik Kelly earned a spot on the 2017 D3football.com All-South Regional Team on Tuesday. He was named to the second team after yet another outstanding season.
GEORGETOWN - For the first time in the young history of the Southwestern University football program, a student-athlete was named to the CoSIDA Academic All-District Team.
RICHARDSON, Texas - In the final release of the year, sophomore Frederick Hoevr took home the ASC Offensive Player of the Week for the third time this season after another outstanding performance, this time in a win over Texas Lutheran.


Dr. Anju Sethi is a Diabetologist in Sector 46, Chandigarh and is affiliated with multiple hospitals/clinics in the area, including Karanehas Wellness. He received his medical degree in Diploma in Naturopathy & Yogic Science (DNYS) and has been in practice for 7 Years. He'll be available on MON|SAT11:00AM|7:00PM.


text:
The 1968 Czechoslovak presidential election took place on 30 March 1968. Ludvík Svoboda replaced Antonín Novotný as the President of Czechoslovakia. It was the only time during Communist regime that the elected president didn't receive 100% of votes.

Background
The election was held as a result of Novotný's resignation during Prague Spring. Discussions about his successor started. The reformist wing of the Communist Party of Czechoslovakia wanted an independent candidate and nominated Josef Charvát while others supported Ludvík Svoboda. Another suggested candidate was Čestmír Císař who was supported by students. It was eventually decided that Svoboda will be the only candidate in the election.

Voting

The election was held on 30 March 1968. 288 MPs participated. Svoboda received 282 votes and became the new president.

References

Presidential
1968
Single-candidate elections
Elections in Communist Czechoslovakia


text:
require File.expand_path('../../../spec_helper', __FILE__)
require File.expand_path('../fixtures/methods', __FILE__)
require File.expand_path('../shared/now', __FILE__)

describe 'Time.new' do
  it_behaves_like(:time_now, :new)
end

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


Online booking for dental health checks and hygiene visits is currently being rolled out. For regular patients of the practice you will be sent a link on your email reminder letter to the booking site. For new patients to the practice online booking will be available direct from the website.
We hope to have everything up and running by early next week, we are currently adjusting the various different systems in turn so we apologise if you have had an email with the online booking link and this has not been activated on our site yet.


People lie all the time. They tell small lies to their boss, to a casual friend, and even to themselves. They tell bigger lies to get themselves out of trouble or to avoid conflict. We all try to be honest, but sometimes it seems as if it's crucial to lie.
There are times that people tell tall tales in order to seem more interesting, and when questioned about the validity of their story they become defensive and hostile.
Lies can cause serious damage, like when you're scammed in business, cheated out of money, betrayed by a loved one, or cheated on by a spouse. Lies can destroy a relationship, or if doesn't totally obliterate the relationship it can wreck the trust that was once there.
Unfortunately, we can't always tell the difference between someone not being honest and someone telling a huge, life-changing whopper of a lie. For the most part, we want to give people the benefit of the doubt as we do''t want to think of them as liars and cheats, and when we discover the truth, it can be heartbreaking.
In an article on Business Insider, they discuss how, when someone is lying to you, they indicate they're lying through certain types of body language.
Dr. Lillian Glass is a behavioral analyst and body language expert. Dr. Glass has worked closely with the FBI on identifying signals of deception. She says that in order to know if someone is lying to you, you need to be familiar with their behavior when they're not lying. Then you'll want to observe their facial expressions, body language, speech patterns, and even their online writing patterns.
In her book The Body Language of Liars, Dr. Glass gives some hints on how to uncover the signs of deception, from bluffing to flat-out fraud.
1. Their head position changes.
One of the major tells of lying is when the person suddenly changes the position of their head when you ask them a question directly.
"The head will be retracted or jerked back, bowed down, or cocked or tilted to the side," says Dr. Glass.
When someone is nervous and lying to you, they start breathing heavily. It's a reflex action and their voice may become shallow.
"They are out of breath because their heart rate and blood flow change," says Dr. Glass. "Your body experiences these types of changes when you're nervous and feeling tense."
3. They stand rigidly still.
We've all seen the way the nervous person is portrayed on TV and movies as being very fidgety. But don't overlook those people who stand scarily still, as someone in a rigid stance is a major red flag.
4. They repeat words and phrases.
When someone is repeating words and phrases, they're trying to buy some time to gather their thoughts. They're working hard to try to convince you, and themselves, that what they're saying is the truth.
The liar isn't aware that when they lie they often touch or cover their mouth. It's a way to avoid answering a question.
6. They instinctively cover vulnerable body parts.
When someone subconsciously covers the vulnerable places on their body — such as their throat, chest, head, and stomach — it's an indication that they're lying.
7. They point a lot.
They tend to become defensive when they think you're onto them, which results in a great deal of pointing.
8. They give way too much information.
A person who isn't telling the truth will often give an excess of details.
"Liars often talk a lot because they are hoping that, with all their talking and seeming openness, others will believe them," says Dr. Glass.
9. They find it difficult to speak.
When liars find it difficult to speak, it's not because their lies are hot and uncomfortable to say — it's because when we're stressed and lying, our mouths get dry. Be alert for sudden lip-biting and pursed lips.
10. They stare without blinking much.
Liars believe that if they can maintain eye contact with you, you'll believe they're telling the truth, so they overcompensate with staring and less blinking.
"When people tell the truth, most will occasionally shift their eyes around and may even look away from time to time," says Dr. Glass. "Liars, on the other hand, will use a cold, steady gaze to intimidate and control."


Goliath & Our Hidden Power – Welcome to your transformation!
The scriptures were written by a lineage of individuals who had made contact with their extra-dimensional selves. They learned to live in the spiritual world and the physical world simultaneously experiencing and sensing both as one. In writing the bible they infused deep spiritual codes about infinite realities inside our souls into the stories. Behind the stories, within the words there exist deep spiritual truths about the power inside of each of us. The bible is History (His Story the Creator) of Mysteries (My Stories & your story) about our true nature as spiritual beings. The Story of David and Goliath is one of those stories that contains deep and powerful truths in relation to our lives and how fear is related our evolution.
Recently while doing a word study, I was lead to look up the meaning of the word Goliath. I was amazed to find that the word meant "splendor" and "that which is uncovered or revealed". My spirit instantly resonated with this though my mind had not yet caught up to its meaning yet. Splendor is always a word that has positive connotations, so this was interesting. While pondering this, I decided to look up the meaning for Philistine, which is the tribe that Goliath was a part of in which Israel was about to engage in battle. The word Philistine meant "immigrant". Seeing this, it all clicked. The Philistine's represented the deep insecurities, fears, and anxieties that immigrate illegally into our minds and soul often without our noticing. They travel into our minds through our experiences and interactions with others disguised as the opinions and beliefs of others, hiding as our own. It is only when we come into circumstances of great challenge that these immigrant fears and crippling insecurities, who in our avoidance have grown in mass are uncovered and revealed. This is our Goliath the champion of those fears (1Samuel 17:4) manifest, in the moment of our greatest obstacles.
This is where the other greater part of us comes into play with David. His name means "Beloved". In the book of Samuel he is described as the youngest son of his Father's children. Yet he as the youngest and smallest of them has over taken both bears and lions protecting his Father's sheep. David is the part of us that basque in the awareness of being the Beloved of the universe. The part of us that always exist and remains certain of our connection to the Creator, possessing the power to bend and transform our reality. If the Goliath in us is the frequency of deep insecurity, fear, and paralyzation, then David is the frequency of Love's power in manifestation. We must starve the Goliath frequency and feed the David frequency in our times of fear.


Compare the dividend stocks in the FTSE 100 index by dividend yield, payout ratio, Price/Earnings, earnings per share (EPS), dividend per share (DPS).
The FTSE 100 Index (the 'footsie') is a share index of the 100 most highly capitalised UK companies listed on the London Stock Exchange and is by far the most widely used UK stock market indicator. FTSE 100 companies roughly represent 80% of the market capitalisation of the whole London Stock Exchange.
Note to foreign investors: net dividend = declared dividend (there is no withholding tax). However, a real estate investment trust (REIT) is required to deduct tax at 20% from certain dividends.
This step-by step guide to luxury lifestyle design teaches: how Tim went from $40,000 dollars per year and 80 hours per week to $40,000 per MONTH and 4 hours per week; how to outsource your life to overseas virtual assistants for $5 per hour and do whatever you want; how blue-chip escape artists travel the world without quitting their jobs; how to eliminate 50 per cent of your work in 48 hours using the principles of a forgotten Italian economist; and, how to trade a long-haul career for short work bursts and frequent 'mini-retirements'. This new updated and expanded edition includes more than 50 practical tips and case studies from readers.


text:
Q: How can I find out the linebreak penalty at a given point of text or a math formula? How can I find out the linebreak penalty at a given point of text or a math formula? An example would be the point before and after the equals sign here: \(a + b = c\).
If I write complex formulas, I sometimes want to manually insert \penalty values, but the choice of number to get the effects I want (e.g., Do I really need \penalty10000 to prevent a linebreak after some particular \mathrel in some particular formula?) often amounts to a long process of trial-and-error. Knowing what effective \penalty value there would be at a certain point within a formula without manual intervention will help reduce the space for experimentation.

A: TeX automatically adds penalties after binary operations and relation symbols, but only at the outer level of a formula (for instance, not for formulas inside a {...} group or between \left and \right; also the arguments to \mathbin and similar commands make a subformula).
The value of these penalties is stored in the parameters \binoppenalty and \relpenalty. The default values are
\binoppenalty=700
\relpenalty=500

These automatic penalties are not inserted if an explicit penalty follows a binary operation or relation symbol. To wit,the following Plain TeX input
\showboxbreadth=1000 \showboxdepth=1000

$a+b=c$\showlists

$a+b=\penalty100 c$\showlists

\bye

produces, in the log file,
### horizontal mode entered at line 4
\hbox(0.0+0.0)x20.0
\mathon
\teni a
\glue(\medmuskip) 2.22217 plus 1.11108 minus 2.22217
\tenrm +
\penalty 700
\glue(\medmuskip) 2.22217 plus 1.11108 minus 2.22217
\teni b
\glue(\thickmuskip) 2.77771 plus 2.77771
\tenrm =
\penalty 500
\glue(\thickmuskip) 2.77771 plus 2.77771
\teni c
\mathoff

for the first line, while it gives
### horizontal mode entered at line 6
\hbox(0.0+0.0)x20.0
\mathon
\teni a
\glue(\medmuskip) 2.22217 plus 1.11108 minus 2.22217
\tenrm +
\penalty 700
\glue(\medmuskip) 2.22217 plus 1.11108 minus 2.22217
\teni b
\glue(\thickmuskip) 2.77771 plus 2.77771
\tenrm =
\penalty 100
\glue(\thickmuskip) 2.77771 plus 2.77771
\teni c
\mathoff

for the second line.
If you add \penalty0 after = you simply make that a feasible break point; with the usual 500 a break is possible, with 10000 it is forbidden.
You can't know in advance what's a good value for getting a break. The only way to be sure to get a break after = is to add \penalty-10000. The line breaks are chosen by TeX by considering the paragraph as a whole.
Penalties that affect line breaking are only added in a few cases:

*

*math formulas, as seen above;

*after an explicit hyphen or ligature that ends with a hyphen, the parameter is \exhyphenpenalty;

*after a discretionary item (that might have been inserted by the hyphenation process), the parameter is \hyphenpenalty;

*at the end of the paragraph TeX adds
\unskip\penalty10000\hskip\parfillskip\penalty-10000

to finish it off.
The result of this is that there is no concept of "linebreak penalty at a point". Penalties are just one of the factors TeX keeps into account for computing a series of line breaks, in order to get the fewer demerits.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


Phonetics For Pronouncing 'Froid, Froide'?
'Froid, froide' *(adj) is French for 'cold'. Be careful - the feminine version, 'froide' is pronounced differently from the masculine 'froid'.
How do you say 'cold' in Italian and Spanish?


text:
Q: Cannot open any applications on windows server 2008 R2 Standard edition I have a server running on Windows server 2008 R2. It is recently added as a member of a domain. I am not able to start any applications in thew server. When I tried to open Event viewer it errored out saying "The page file is to small to complete the action".
I am experiencing same problem when I tried to open Sql server Management studio, task scheduler or any other application. The windows server serves as a production database server, but our applications are not experiencing any problems. Can someone please help?

A: What i would try:

*

*Put the server in a temporary OU in Active Directory, and bock GPO inheritance. Then replicate accross DC + gpupdate on this server. If it works again, it comes from GPO

*You may use Process Monitor, from Microsoft, to understand what it fails to do.

*Did you try to first launch a Cmd prompt with elevated rights (right click, run as admin..) and then launch eventvwr ?

If you get the CMD but eventvwr fail, can you try this:
wevtutil qe Application /c:3 /rd:true /f:text
wevtutil qe System /c:3 /rd:true /f:text


Published 04/20/2019 09:19:49 pm at 04/20/2019 09:19:49 pm in Porcelain Tiles For Outdoor.
porcelain tiles for outdoor our porcelain tiles look stylish whilst providing a frost resistant low maintenance flooring solution both inside and outside the house porcelain tiles for outdoors.
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text:
Q: Phpmyadmin no me deja hacer registro sin contraseña (usuario: 'root' pass:'' ) estoy Montando un servidor en win10 sin wampp ni similares, paso a paso, el caso es que la instalacion de apache, y su virtual host, mysql y php han salido bien, pero a la hora de phpmyadmin, cuando sale la pantalla de registro, me sale un error que dice que no se permite el registro sin contraseña.
Mirando por foros la unica solución que he visto era en la configuración de phpmyadmin poner la parte de AllowNopassword en True (lo tengo ya en true) también probe a directamente ponerle una contraseña(root) en el mismo archivo de configuración y tampoco funciona en ese caso me sale otro error de acceso denegado para el usuario root(using password: yes).
Es para un trabajo de clase, con esto quiero decir que todavia no soy ningun experto en levantar servidores y me estoy volviendo vastante loco.
Gracias de antemano

A: Por lo que indicas entiendo que cambiaste el archivo /phpmyadmin/config.inc.php activando la siguiente linea:
$cfg['Servers'][$i]['AllowNoPassword'] = TRUE;

Luego reiniciaste el servicio?
Todas las pruebas las hiciste sobre localhost verdad?
Sino pasame versión de MySQL (he visto por ahí que nuevas versiones de MySQL van a prohibir acceso sin pass para root)


Back in 2015, I wrote an obituary of Adrian Frutiger for the Guardian. In it, I mentioned that his typeface Ondine had become oddly popular with the designers of Chinese restaurant menus. Today I spotted this awning over a Moroccan restaurant in Clarendon Street, Dublin.


text:
Q: Converting Curl Request Into C# ASP.NET Web Request Stripe Payments API curl https://api.stripe.com/v1/charges
\ -u sk_test_BQokikJOvB432343iI2HlWgH4olfQ2:
\ -d amount=400
\ -d currency=usd
\ -d card=tok_15CVG02eZvKYlo2CDVUHUs56

I'm new to curl and need to convert the above curl request into an ASP.NET web request. I believe the -d are post parameters, but I am unsure how to pass in the -u and what -u stands for. Below is the code I have so far. FYI this is for the Stripe Payment Gateway, I can't use the ASP.NET Library because I can add any dlls to the solution I am running so I am using their CURL API.
string formencodeddata = "amount=400&currency=usd&card=tok_15CVG02eZvKYlo2CDVUHUs56";
byte[] formbytes = System.Text.ASCIIEncoding.Default.GetBytes(formencodeddata);

//Create a new HTTP request object, set the method to POST and write the POST data to it
var webrequest = (HttpWebRequest)WebRequest.CreateHttp("https://api.stripe.com/v1/charges");
webrequest.Method = "POST";
webrequest.ContentType = "application/x-www-form-urlencoded";

using (Stream postStream = webrequest.GetRequestStream()) {
    postStream.Write(formbytes, 0, formbytes.Length);
}

//Make the request, get a response and pull the data out of the response stream
var webresponse = (HttpWebResponse)webrequest.GetResponse();
Stream responseStream = webresponse.GetResponseStream();
var reader = new StreamReader(responseStream);

string result = reader.ReadToEnd();

A: This was my final solution:
var postUrl = new StringBuilder();

postUrl.Append("card=");
postUrl.Append(token);
postUrl.Append("currency=usd");
postUrl.Append("&x_amount=");
postUrl.Append(transactionAmount.ToString());

byte[] formbytes = System.Text.ASCIIEncoding.Default.GetBytes(postUrl.ToString());

//Create a new HTTP request object, set the method to POST and write the POST data to it
var webrequest = (HttpWebRequest)WebRequest.Create(Url);
webrequest.Method = "POST";
webrequest.UserAgent = "Stripe Payment Processor";
webrequest.ContentType = "application/x-www-form-urlencoded";
webrequest.Headers.Add("Stripe-Version", "2014-12-22");
webrequest.Headers.Add("Authorization", String.Concat("Basic ", (Convert.ToBase64String(Encoding.UTF8.GetBytes(string.Format("{0}:", this.PrivateKey))))));

using (Stream postStream = webrequest.GetRequestStream())
{
    postStream.Write(formbytes, 0, formbytes.Length);
}

//Make the request, get a response and pull the data out of the response stream

StreamReader reader = null;
string stripeResponse;
try
{
    HttpWebResponse webresponse = (HttpWebResponse)webrequest.GetResponse();
    Stream responseStream = webresponse.GetResponseStream();
    reader = new StreamReader(responseStream);
    stripeResponse = reader.ReadToEnd();
}
catch (WebException exception)
{
    using (WebResponse response = exception.Response)
    {
        using (Stream data = response.GetResponseStream())
        using (reader = new StreamReader(data))
        {
            stripeResponse = reader.ReadToEnd();
        }
    }
}


Sweden's state-run alcohol retail monopoly Systembolaget has demanded an extra tax on box wine equating a price hike of up to 25-30 percent in order to curb the thirst for bag-in-box wines.
A wine box typically contains the equivalent of four bottles of wine, but typically costs as much as three - a discount that the Systembolaget wants to see removed.
"We want to look over the possibilities for adapting alcohol taxes so that the quantity discount on box wine declines," said Systembolaget's press spokesperson Lennart Agén to the TT news agency.
The idea was described as "interesting" by a spokesperson for public health minister Maria Larsson.
Agén observed that a boxed wine is 15-30 percent cheaper than the equivalent quantity in bottles.
"The discount encourages the purchase of larger volumes and alcohol is no product which should be sold with a quantity discount," he said.
Lennart Agén explained that the purpose of a higher tax would be to get Swedish people to buy less wine by the box.
"If you pay as much for a box as for four bottles of wine the effect is that consumption declines," he said.
Sales of box wine have increased steadily in recent years and now account for around 60 percent of all wine sold at the Systembolaget.
According to the latest figures Swedish average alcohol consumption declined somewhat in 2009, but remains high in a historical perspective.
Average alcohol consumption, measured as litres of pure alcohol, amounted to 9.3 litres per person aged 15 and over, according to a report published in February by The Centre for Social Research on Alcohol and Drugs (SoRAD) at Stockholm University.
Systembolaget's sales accounted for 62 percent of total sales with wine the most popular drink of choice, accounting for 41 percent of consumption, followed by beer and spirits on 35 and 22 percent respectively.


No covers, sorry (scanner's broken).
This goes out to all the posters and users of AvaxHome, especially alejx007 and iceshoweronfire, who have contributed so much. Per bully's request, I am no longer including a list of my previous posts in my publications. I will be uploading a list of my publications to Rapidshare, and I will be including that link in my publications from now until the "search by user" function is added.
I welcome all comments, questions, and requests (if I can fill them, I will). My only requirements are civility and respect. Also, I do not use any other service than Rapidshare, no lossy encoder other than LAME MP3 at 320 kbps, and no lossless encoder other than FLAC. All my publications to date have been personally ripped by me from my collection, but when I post things ripped by others, I will make it abundantly clear. Thanks to everybody here, and I look forward to sharing the gems of my collection with all of you!!


US forces will help Iraq set up a logistics hub in a recaptured airfield to use for a push on Mosul, Islamic State's largest stronghold.
US Defense Secretary Ash Carter made the announcement before making an unannounced visit to Baghdad on Monday.
Iraqi government forces said they took back control of Qayara airbase, 60 km south of Mosul, from the militant group on Saturday, backed by air cover from a US-led military coalition.
"The seizure of the Qayara West airfield ... will be followed. Its purpose is to create a logistics hub there, so there will be US logistics support," Carter told reporters.
The airfield is "one of the hubs from which ... Iraqi security forces, accompanied and advised by us as needed, will complete the southern-most envelopment of Mosul," he added.
A senior US defence official compared the Qayara site to the Taqaddum airbase west of Baghdad, an operations centre closer to the fighting in Anbar province from where American troops have advised Iraqi forces since 2015.
"The fight for Mosul ... is the culminating battle, and so we need a strong location from which to project and to support the Iraqis," the official said.
US officials said Carter would meet Iraqi Prime Minister Haider al-Abadi and Defence Minister Khaled al-Obaidi in Baghdad.
He would also see US Army Lieutenant General Sean MacFarland, the head of the US-led coalition battling Islamic State, which swept through large swathes of Iraq and neighbouring Syria two years ago.


Arrest for DUI may be made by any highway patrol officer, sheriff or his duly commissioned deputies, any police officer in any incorporated municipality, any officer of a state supported institution of higher learning campus police force on campus property, any security officer appointed and commissioned pursuant to the Pearl River Valley Water Supply District, in their area, Park Ranger on federal property, Military Police on military bases, and constables in their counties.
The arresting officer issues the person arrested a traffic citation or affidavit that conforms to the Uniform Traffic Citation Act under § 63-9-211 (3)(b) Miss. Code Ann. (1972). This citation is a multi-copy form, and the person arrested should be provided with a copy. The original citation should be presented by the arresting officer to the city or justice court in the city or county where the arrest took place. The arresting officer swears that the arrested person/defendant committed the DUI, and the court clerk takes the sworn citation to begin the case.
The defendant accused of driving under the influence is arrested by an officer and is either placed in a city or county jail to await trial or is allowed to make bond to come back and attend an arraignment.
The first court appearance for a DUI is called an arraignment. The person accused of a DUI and/or his attorney appears before the court to either plead guilty or not guilty. If a defendant pleads guilty, the judge makes a finding and should explain to the defendant that he has the right to counsel and that if he cannot afford counsel one will be appointed. The court will have the defendant sign a "waiver of rights" form that will become part of the record. The judge can make a finding of guilty, then sentence the defendant according to the penalties set forth under § 63-11-30 Miss. Code Ann. (1972), and in this web site under DUI statutes, including jail terms, fines, community service, state assignments and attend Mississippi Alcohol Safety Education Program (MASEP). The court clerk will then send an abstract of the conviction entered by the judge to the Mississippi Highway Patrol where it will be entered into that person's driving record. The Patrol will then send notice to the defendant of his license suspension and requirements for license reinstatement which are, proof of SR-22 insurance, completion of the license suspension period, and a reinstatement fee. The suspension times can be shortened by attendance and completion of the MASEP for first offenders. Should the accused person enter a plea of not guilty, then the court clerk will set the case for trial.
At the trial, the arresting officer and any other witnesses for the prosecution, will present the case for the State of Mississippi. The defendant has the right not to testify. At the close of the trial, the judge will decide if the defendant is guilty or not guilty. Should the judge find the defendant guilty, he will sentence him according to the penalties set forth under § 63-11-30 Miss. Code Ann. (1972), and in this web site. Should the judge find the accused not guilty, that person is released.
Should the person accused be found guilty in the justice or municipal court, he may appeal to the court or circuit court for a new trial. In order to appeal, the defendant must file a notice of appeal to the higher court, along with an appeal bond to ensure his appearance, and a cash bond that reflects the circuit court fee and state assessments.
The DUI case appealed from the city or justice court is set on the calendar of the county or circuit court for dates to include pretrial motions, pleas, and for trial.
The DUI trial may either be held before a trial judge or jury at the discretion of that judge. If the trial is a jury, then either six (6) or twelve (12) persons may hear the case.
The jury hears the case and renders a verdict of guilty or not guilty, and/or the jury may be unable to decide and will report this to the court. Upon a finding of guilty, the judge can declare the defendant to be guilty and sentence him according to the penalties set forth under § 63-11-30 Miss. Code Ann. (1972) and in this web site. Should the defendant be found not guilty, the judge can release him. Should the jury be unable to decide either guilty or not guilty, then the judge can declare a mistrial and the defendant can be retried for the DUI.
The defendant in county or circuit court for a DUI may, under certain circumstances, appeal the conviction to the appellate courts. The appeal is governed by the appellate rules of court, and is completed by legal briefs and arguments from the county or circuit court trial.


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text:
Home > Forum > Surnames > Lawrence
1800's Lawence's in Va, Sc, Tenn, Ill
By genealogy.com user August 03, 2001 at 12:45:10
I am stuck at finding where in Virginia (or possibly North Carolina) the Lawrences came from.......
Here is the summary of the information of the Lawrences of Fayette/Marion County, Ill. that I have so far.........If you have information please let me know of any possible connections.........It's pretty exciting to find others doing similar Lawrence research!!!!!
My ggg grandfather was William T. Lawrence....He was born in Virginia in 1817, and somehow arrived in the Vandalia, Ill area by 1839, where he married Amanada Maria Phipps..........They had several children (i.e., Mary, William Harry Harrison, and Margaret)............He William T, died in 1856.......
William Harry Harrison was my gg grandfather, and was born near Vandalia in 1843......He married Caroline Wilson, and had several children, including William A., Mary, James Martin, Margaret, Eva and Harry Harrison....William H. died in 1880, just months before the birth of his last son, Harry Harrison.....
Harry Harrison Lawrence was my great grandfather and was born in 1880 around the Vandalia area........He married Mamie Linton, and they had three children, Clyde, Ruby and Opal.........Harry died in the 1950's in Decatur, Ill.
Clyde Lawrence was my grandfather and was born in 1911 around the Vandalia area......He and his parents moved to Decatur, Ill in the 1920's.......While there he married Laura Marie Limes........They had several children including Betty, Gerald, Joanne, Sandy and Sherilyn...............Clyde Lawrence died in 1976....
Gerald Lawrence Sr. was born in 1933 in Decatur, Ill. He married Shirley Williams in 1953 and had 5 children: Rebecca, Gerald Dwayne Jr. (myself), Kimberly, Anthony, and Douglas Harrison.......
I am stuck at trying to find out where in Virginia my ggg grandfather William T. Lawrence was born.......All I know is that he was born there and arrived in Illinois by 1839........
I also know there were other related Lawrences in the area, because in the 1850-1890 censuses there is a John T. Lawrence who is also mentioned in Land deals with my ancestors (i.e., William Harry Harrison Lawrence), but I am not sure how he is related......I do know John T. was born in Virginia around 1835, married Narcissus Washburn, and had children, Mary, Susan, Maria, Abbey, James E., Hester E., John Thomas and William Ezra.........He died in the late 1890's.
There was also a James E. Lawrence in the censuses of this time who died in 1868....I do not know when or where is was born.........His wife was Julia Agnes, and they has several children...His children includes Sarah, Susan, John S., William N., Amanda M., Simeon J. and Hester A.......
There was also Yelverton Peyton Lawrence, from Tennessee, who moved in with my ggg grandfather William T. Lawrence, in the 1840's (he is listed as living with William T. in the 1850 Fayette County census).....Y.P. married Sarah Yolton, had children, and died while residing around the Vernon, Illinois area in 1914....he is buried in Meador Cemetary:
Row G
4. LAWRENCE, Samuel
5. LAWRENCE, Mary
6. LAWRENCE, Y.P.
b 1832 - d1914
Cpl Co H 63rd Ill. Inf
7. LAWRENCE, Sarah
w/o Y.P.
b 1837- d 1914
8. LAWRENCE, Cynthia M.
b 1879 - d 1916
9. LAWRENCE, Mamie
b 19 Jan 1873 - d 1 May 1947
10. LAWRENCE, May L. V.
27 July 1871 - d 5 Oct 1872
11. LAWRENCE, Samuel W.
s/o Y.P. & S
b 4 Jan 1869 d 24 Mar 1869
12. LAWRENCE, Susan F.
w/o W.C.
d 19 Nov 187_ - 42 Yr. 1 Mn. 17 Da
13. LAWRENCE, Wesley C.
d 10 Feb 1875 - 40 Yr 11 Mn. 18 Da.
If you have additional Lawrence information and leads please let me know.......and I will share with everyone.............
My address and phone number are:
Gerald Lawrence Jr.
61 Wood Crest Lane
Hoshcton, Georgia 30548
phone (706) 658-2576..........
........Thanks, Gerald Lawrence Jr.
Re: 1800's Lawence's in Va, Sc, Tenn, Ill
John Land 4/30/04
Glenn Kennedy 11/28/01


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Biochemical Causes Of Depression 2019
March 7, 2018 by Richard
Biochemical Causes Of Depression 2019 5 out of 5 based on 178 ratings.
There is no single known cause of depression. Rather, it likely results from a combination of genetic, biochemical, environmental, and psychological factors. Trauma, loss of a loved one, a difficult relationship, or any stressful situation that overwhelms the ability to cope may trigger a depressive episode.
Mar 19, 2013. Depression is a symptom, or set of symptoms, that allows the physician to pinpoint a cause and treat the patient effectively. There are multiple possible causes of biochemical depression, including hypothyroidism, dehydration, inadequate protein intake, inadequate vitamin and mineral intake,
It is generally believed that all mental disorders are caused by a complex interaction and combination of biological, psychological and social factors.
What Is Senile Depression Physicians used to think that anyone who came in with memory complaints had depression and not dementia. Dementia in the elderly was called senile dementia or. Alzheimer's disease is the most common form of senility, where people experience signs of senility or memory problems such as difficulty remembering past events (especially the more recent ones)
Depression is a chronic disorder, which if not immediately treated subjects the sufferer and his or her immediate social network to a very poor quality of life.
Common Symptoms of Depression: Feeling sad, blue, and incapable of feeling pleasure. Change in appetite. Eating too much or not enough. Changes in sleeping habits. Feeling hopeless, worthless, guilty, low self esteem. Loss of energy, no motivation, no interest or pleasure in activities. Persistent physical symptoms such as aches, pains,
Jul 8, 2014. The belief that this condition is caused by inharmonious brain chemistry is now widespread. A recent Australian study found that 86% of people thought " chemical imbalance" was a likely or very likely cause of depression. And it was the most frequently mentioned cause Americans named in another survey.
Oct 23, 2013. Causes of Depression. • Disease: • Biochemistry: • Innate temperament: • Environmental influences: • Life-altering events: • A history of events: • Common factor – personality:.
Learn about the specifics of mental illness including: causes, symptoms, treatment, and recovery and wellness.
The causes of depression may be situational or biochemical and can be improved through diet, lifestyle changes and nutritional supplements.
Speech Problems In Depression Use- friendly and evidence-based information on the link between alcohol and depression, written the Royal College of Psychiatrists Speech Problems = Anxiety? Many people with anxiety suffer from speech issues. Are you one of them? Find out more about your anxiety and what you can do to control it by taking my free 7 minute
This condition (involving about 20 percent of schizophrenics) is characterized by delusions, severe depression, obsessive/compulsive behavior, and blank- mindedness, and often results in a diagnosis of schizo-affective disorder. Treatment revolves around anti-folates such as calcium, methionine, and the prescription drug.
See How Researchers & Patients Work To Prevent & Treat Depression
Feb 2, 2018. If so, it is unclear whether low serotonin levels contribute to depression, or if depression causes a fall in serotonin levels. Drugs that. Serotonin is created by a biochemical conversion process that combines tryptophan, a component of proteins, with tryptophan hydroxylase, a chemical reactor. Together.
Related: Depression And Manic-depressive Psychosis
Depression isn't a simple condition with a known cause. Learn more about symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment.
Britain (e.g., Furnham & Kuyken, 1991), Ireland (McKeon &. Carrick, 1991), and Turkey (Cirakoglu, Kokdemir, & Demirutku, 2003), laypersons have consistently endorsed psychosocial over biochemical factors as likely causes of depression. We would note here that such views may change over time (though this is unclear).
What if I told you that there's a 90 percent chance of figuring out the root cause of your depression from 4 simple lab tests (3 blood and 1 urine) that.
Jan 4, 2015. Both cytokines and inflammation have been shown to rocket during depressive episodes, and – in people with bipolar – to drop off in periods of remission. Healthy people can also be temporarily put into a depressed, anxious state when given a vaccine that causes a spike in inflammation. Brain imaging.
What are the possible causes of clinical depression? The fact is, despite decades of research into this question, scientists at the U.S. National Institute.
The drugs provided clues to chemical processes involved in depression, which fueled attempts to formulate hypotheses for neurobiological causes of depression. These hypotheses were first formulated by looking at the biochemical effects of antidepressant drugs and attempting to infer the neurobiological abnormalities.
New studies are questioning the theoretical underpinnings that depression is caused by a chemical imbalance. Some of the writings blame the media for.
Parathyroid gland overview. Parathyroid location, function and parathyroid disease discussed. Hyperparathyroidism, parathyroid surgery, and complications.
Dec 11, 2017. Are you struggling with depression? Don't resort to dangerous antidepressants. Learn 5 common causes of depression and what you can do about it, naturally.
by Dr. Mark Force — Certain distinct biochemical imbalances that trigger depression have been found to respond well to diet and nutritional supplementation.
Feb 14, 2012. Genetic vulnerability and stress are key factors in its aetiopathogenesis. Dysregulation of the hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis reduces hippocampal volumes and prefrontal cortex (PFC) activity in depressed patients and disrupts homeostasis within the neurocircuit of depression. Antidepressant.
Jan 28, 2015. But inflammation may be present in excessive or harmful levels in depressed people, perhaps triggered by an illness, stress or for some other unknown biochemical reason. For example, many studies have shown that depressed patients have higher blood levels of cytokines, compounds created by the.
Causes of Depression in Women vs. Causes of Depression in Men. Causes of depression in women and men include all of the above, but there are certain risks more common to each gender. An environmental cause of depression in men is more likely to be job-related while an environmental cause of depression in women is more likely to involve their.
Biochemical Causes of Unipolar Depression. A few years ago many of us didn't expect our doctors to nail down the causes of our illnesses;.
[ Back to Articles ] Biochemical Causes of Depression: Find the Cure by Finding the Cause. Depression is a medical illness that involves your thoughts, mood, and body.
Many things are quoted as 'medical causes' of depression, including the good old 'chemical imbalance'. Which are really causes, and which symptoms?
What is the chemistry of depression? How do changes in neurotransmitters, the messengers of the brain, cause symptoms and respond to medications?
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The Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) causes infectious mononucleosis, also referred to as "mono" and the "kissing disease." The viral infection.
. to focus on biochemical mechanisms by which environmental factors may influence genetic expression and the onset of psychological disorders.(4) The following studies illustrate the complex nature of gene by environment interactions by providing a sample of research on the causes of schizophrenia and depression,
Depression as a disease. Depression can not be said to be a disease, because it is not primarily a biological disorder – that is, the root cause of the symptoms are.
Aug 30, 2004. One option is to look and investigate an alternative model that relies less on the drug/psychotherapy model. The psycho-nutritional model aims to look at the causes of depression from both a nutritional and biochemical point of view. We could start off with the idea that all biochemical reactions is our body.
New research confirms why some people suffer from the winter blues while others get through the winter without any problems. A longitudinal study has found that that.
Abstract. Biological markers for depression are of great interest to aid in elucidating the causes of major depression. We assess currently available biological markers to query their validity for aiding in the diagnosis of major depression. We specifically focus on neurotrophic factors, serotonergic markers, biochemical.
Chronic stress can occur in response to everyday stressors as well as to exposure to traumatic events.
Learn All About Depression: General info, Causes, Diagnosis, Treatment, Medication, etc. Free online information, discussions, support, book recommendations, and more.
The cause of depression is hard to pinpoint but the main causes of depression are physical and psychological. Read trusted info on causes of depression.
Biochemical Causes of Depression: Find the Cure by Finding the Cause: Depression is a medical illness that involves your thoughts, mood, and body.
Biology of depression. theories that seek to identify a biochemical origin of. the biologically based cause of depression have been.
A literal ton of research has been done on the causes of depression. Below is a brief discussion of the multiple biological, psychological and social factors that.
Sociologists study how people get along together in groups. They study culture, social institutions and they affect individuals. The sociology of de
One in six women suffer from postnatal depression.
Jul 19, 2013. Researchers at Duke Medicine have discovered biochemical changes in people taking antidepressants, but only when depression improves. These results suggest the metabolism of serotonin in the pineal gland may be a significant component in treatments outcomes and causes of depression.
Looking at depression from the point of view of the biochemical causes is like looking at a problem the wrong way around. Depression cannot possibly be due to.
Dsm 4 Criteria Major Depression In DSM-5 (APA 2013), dysthymic disorder and major depressive episode were combined under the umbrella disorder of persistent depressive disorder. Generally, cognitive. A diagnosis of persistent depressive disorder must meet all of the following criteria (American Psychiatric Association, 2013):. The individual must be. Identification of risk loci with shared effects on five major psychiatric disorders:
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What causes depression?. there are many possible causes of depression, Each of us has a biological clock that regulates the circadian.
The disease diagnosis is subjective because it can present a number of different symptoms and the exact causes of it are not understood. They also would like to dig deeper into the underlying metabolic pathways of these five molecules to see if they can uncover how these biochemical pathways play into the disease.
Description Panic disorder can be very difficult to distinguish from other mental illnesses such as major depression, other anxiety disorders, or.
Teen depression: Teen depression can occur as a result of genetics, long standing pessimism, trauma, self-esteem difficulties and an overall negative view of self, the world and the future.cognitive behavior therapy and mindfulness may help improve / resolve these difficulties.
Depression is a complex disease. WebMD explains what research has discovered about the causes of depression – from genetics to illnesses and medications to major life.
Research suggests that depression doesn't spring from simply having too much or too little of certain brain chemicals. Rather, there are many possible causes of depression, including faulty mood regulation by the brain, genetic vulnerability, stressful life events, medications, and medical problems.
Living In Japan Overcoming Depression: Sep 17, 2015. Plenty of research has been done on depression and its dark allies. from utter dejection to ultimate delight, from a life ridden with desires and. Feb 16, 2016. These are all the Japanese cars made in the USA. 15 scientific tricks to be...
Can Depression Be A Chemical Imbalance: There's not enough of it, and that's what's causing the chemical imbalance. like talk therapy — can work just as well. One critic I talked to said the serotonin story distracted researchers from lo. Nov 8, 2017. Most people believe depression is caus...
Theoretical Explanation Of Depression: Get information, facts, and pictures about Great Depression at Encyclopedia.com. Make research projects and school reports about Great Depression easy with. Classification, clinical description and criteria for diagnosis of disorders of mood are. The...
Statistics Of Depression In California: Nov 9, 2016. Some teens are more at risk for depression and suicide than others. "I could have very easily become one of the statistics -one of those. California shows wide geographic variation in rates of serious mental illness. The state's poo...
Mental Health Scale Depression: The Good Place actress has revealed why she's made it her mission to change how we view depression. Kristen Bell has not alwa. Singer Michelle Williams has checked herself into a mental health facility, she revealed Tuesday. Last year, Williams reve....
Chronic Dehydration And Depression: Dehydration happens when your body doesn't have as much water as it needs. Without enough, your body can't function properly. You can have mild, moderate, or severe dehydration depending on how much fluid is missing from your body. Depression Linked ...
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President Barack Obama has issued a directive to key members of his Cabinet, outlining an action plan that supports today's ethanol production and ensures that the fuel will continue to provide economic, environmental, and energy security benefits into the future.
In the May 5 memorandum, the President explained that he is forming a Biofuels Interagency Working Group, to be led by the heads of the Department of Agriculture, Department of Energy, and Environmental Protection Agency.
Brian Jennings, Executive Vice President of the American Coalition for Ethanol, finds the Working Group and the action plan to be a positive for ethanol.
Developing a comprehensive national biofuel market development program, which is to include policies to increase flexible fuel vehicle production and assist retail marketing efforts.
USDA Secretary Vilsack is to immediately identify how existing USDA programs can assist corn ethanol producers, and, within 30 days, issue rules for how Farm Bill programs can help provide loan guarantees and other forms of financial support to ethanol facilities for reducing energy use and producing advanced biofuels.
"President Obama has outlined a proactive and visionary action plan for biofuels, one that will carry considerable benefits to the American economy and our nation's quest for energy security. The American Coalition for Ethanol and its members are grateful to President Obama for outlining how biofuels will continue to play an integral role in our nation's economic and energy security policy," Jennings said.
Some are suggesting that indirect land use changes be counted against the carbon tally of biofuels, while ignoring the indirect emissions associated with locating, extracting, and protecting the world's supply of fossil fuels. This methodology has made it into the models being used by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency on the Renewable Fuels Standard 2 rulemaking, as well as by the State of California where its Air Resources Board has just passed the nation's first Low Carbon Fuel Standard (LCFS). The LCFS counts both direct and indirect greenhouse gas emissions toward biofuels, while counting only direct emissions toward fossil fuels, the Board stating that it has not identified any other significant indirect effects for petroleum.
"The President's Interagency Working Group is the perfect place to peer review and scrutinize the assumptions that have been made to date by EPA and CARB regarding the carbon intensity of biofuels and fossil fuel, and to ensure that science drives how clean energy policies are crafted in the future," Jennings said.