Bullet penetrated underneath shoulder joint, just to left of ribcage. Non-fatal wound, and the bullet went straight through.
It'll be painful, but as long as you don't bleed out it'll be fine. Of course, we already know that he doesn't die, but I couldn't resist the temptation to show off.


Hullo! ^^ Welcome to my profile, stalkers :P I'm not sure why you're wasting your life reading this. You could be saving the world, or learning that you're actually a mutant lizard born to eat cookies and set a world record in cricket. Instead, you read this profile and lose moments of your life you will never get back. So, stop reading now and go feed the homeless or do something worthwhile. Really? You'd rather keep reading this pointless paragraph then feed hungry people chef boyardee? What kind of mutant lizard are you? God.
I like most anime, although I'm a huge nerd for murder mysteries and dramas.
Not the biggest fan of romance and mecha but that doesn't mean I hate them <3 In fact, I ship like crazy in everything.
Darling. Oh, i was a little worried but when i saw you connected to fb sunday i was relieved. How was your trip? camp? whatever you done? Everything is ok?
Emmm send me the link of your fb profile privately. It appears that the link is broken or expired.
Okay. I ll be waiting then :) what are you doing now?
Well, you re right. But i wanted to see you too.
My favourite one is the one of the wolf sleeping. Nice camera though. But why there is no picture of you?


Course contains a variety of general industry safety and health hazards which a worker may encounter.
Students will learn to recognize, avoid, control and prevent hazards on a job-site. Course also provides important information regarding employer responsibilities, workers' rights, and how to file a complaint.
When a student successfully completes an OSHA 10-hour general industry course, they will receive the official DOL / OSHA 10-hour wallet card.
When a student successfully completes an OSHA 30-hour general industry course, they will receive the official DOL / OSHA 30-hour wallet card.
OSHA 10-Hour General Industry Course is intended for employers and workers who need to carry an OSHA 10-Hour Card.
OSHA 30-Hour General Industry Course is intended for employees and workers who need to carry an OSHA 30-Hour Card.


Susan is now offering a Photography Service to assist various businesses with advertising their decorative artwork and/or products to display on Business Cards, Brochures, Web-sites, T-Shirts, Mugs and so much more!
Below please view various sample collages and individual sample photographs. Note that prices will vary depending on number of samples, if a business card is included and the type of layout requested; such as a GRID or CUSTOM arrangement.
Each invidiual photographed sample will include a 'watermark' of your business name using a text format and a copy of your image on a CD.
NOTE: Shipping fees are the client's responsibility and it is required that a RETURN Postage Paid SHIPPING LABEL be included when shipping Samples to be photographed.
Using 'Your Project Photos' - Refer to 'Photo Collage Fees' above.
Custom backgrounds may be additional.
'WATERMARKS' will be in digital text format on margin of collage or header of collage (up to 2 lines will be added and font size is determined by overall balance of collage).
'CUSTOM WATERMARKS' are subject to an additional fee.
Note: Prices are subject to updates.
We welcome your questions and queries. Please see the 'Contact Artist' page for complete contact information.


Please excuse such an abrupt notice, but I am not suppose to be registered for your classes this semester, because I am in Dissertation Seminar.
With this being my first year full-time, this past August I was in the midst of trying to take whatever training classes I was told I needed, get adjusted to being a full-time student, and finishing my comps. Since my comps was a magazine submissions, I was not counted as successful until I edited to the point of needing no more in accordance with the journal of choice's speculations.
I was told, not by my advisors that I needed to be registered for 3 classes, but someone else. If not I stood the chance of loosing my GTA status. I complied with directions given. At this point, however I have fallen behind in my dissertation writing. When I shared this with my seminar instructor, he was shocked and immediately got in touch with my co-chair who was also surprised.
Dr. Hinton Johnson was contacted and it was strongly advised that I withdraw from everything but seminar.
I have attached a signed Pdf of the Add\Drop\Withdraw Form and would like you both to add your signatures where appropriate. I am to return the form with all three signatures to Dr. Hinton Johnson.
Tomorrow I am observing student librarians, but if you need me to come in and collect the signatures, I will try my best to make it to campus.
I have enjoyed your classes the to the utmost this year and am so regretful of this situation.


text:
Q: Can't pass through POST data when redirected through paypal I've set up a site where customers enter their information (name, address, etc.) and want them to be able to pay using a credit card via paypal. That works well. I've set up Paypal instant payment notification and set it up through paypal that the customer gets redirected to my page. It all works properly except that the data isn't being passed along and saved to my SQL database. I know that the code that inserts the data into the database works properly. The problem is that the data isn't being passed to that page since the paypal pages are in between.
Here is the php I have
if (isset($_POST['child_name'])
    && isset($_POST['age'])
    && isset($_POST['hometown'])
    && isset($_POST['boy_girl'])
    && isset($_POST['email'])
    && isset($_POST['first_name'])
    && isset($_POST['last_name'])
    && isset($_POST['address1'])
    && isset($_POST['address2'])
    && isset($_POST['city'])
    && isset($_POST['state'])
    && isset($_POST['zip'])
    && isset($_POST['country']))  {
        $child_name = $_POST['child_name'];
        $age = $_POST['age'];
        $hometown = $_POST['hometown'];
        $boy_girl = $_POST['boy_girl'];
        $email = $_POST['email'];
        $first_name = $_POST['first_name'];
        $last_name = $_POST['last_name'];
        $address1 = $_POST['address1'];
        $address2 = $_POST['address2'];
        $city = $_POST['city'];
        $state = $_POST['state'];
        $zip = $_POST['zip'];
        $country = $_POST['country'];
}

And here is the HTML
<form action="https://www.paypal.com/cgi-bin/webscr" method="post">
<input type="hidden" name="cmd" value="_s-xclick">
<input type="hidden" name="hosted_button_id" value="NT2YC6LP7SWBE">
<input type="image" src="https://www.paypalobjects.com/en_US/i/btn/btn_paynowCC_LG.gif" border="0" name="submit" alt="PayPal - The safer, easier way to pay online!">
<input type="hidden" name="child_name" id="child_name" value ="<? echo $child_name; ?>" maxlength="20"/>
<input type="hidden" name="age" id="age" value ="<? echo $age; ?>" maxlength="4"/>
<input type="hidden" name="hometown" id="hometown" value ="<? echo $hometown; ?>" maxlength="32"/>
<input type="hidden" name="boy_girl" id="boy_girl" value ="<? echo $boy_girl; ?>" maxlength="4"/>
<input type="hidden" name="first_name" id="first_name" value ="<? echo $first_name; ?>" maxlength="32"/>
<input type="hidden" name="last_name" id="last_name" value ="<? echo $last_name; ?>" maxlength="32"/>
<input type="hidden" name="email" id="email" value ="<? echo $email; ?>" maxlength="64"/>
<input type="hidden" name="address1" id="address1" value ="<? echo $address1; ?>" maxlength="64"/>
<input type="hidden" name="address2" id="address2" value ="<? echo $address2; ?>" maxlength="32"/>
<input type="hidden" name="city" id="city" value ="<? echo $city; ?>" maxlength="32"/>
<input type="hidden" name="state" id="state" value ="<? echo $state; ?>" maxlength="20"/>
<input type="hidden" name="zip" id="zip" value ="<? echo $zip; ?>" maxlength="10"/>
<input type="hidden" name="country" id="country" value ="<? echo $country; ?>" maxlength="32"/>
<input type="hidden" name="payment_type" id="payment_type" value ="paypal" maxlength="6"/>
<input type="hidden" name="paid" id="paid" value ="yes" maxlength="3"/>
<input type="hidden" name="mailed" id="mailed" value ="no" maxlength="3"/>
<img alt="" border="0" src="https://www.paypalobjects.com/en_US/i/scr/pixel.gif" width="1" height="1">
</form>

I just took the form that paypal gave me and added the hidden inputs. This works perfectly on another page but that is because the action attribute leads directly to the page that will insert the data. Here the action sends them to paypal's site and the data never makes it to mine. How do I adjust this?

A: You can't do this because of the flow. Two solutions:

*

*Try to store all of the information in Paypal's custom field (255 chars) using a separator character

*Store the custom information in the DB with a unique key and store the unique key in the custom field so you can retrieve it later with the IPN response
You should not be doing anything DB related until you get an IPN response, that is the point of IPN. What you are describing here is PDT which relies on the customer to return to your page after the payment process which doesn't ALWAYS happen.

A: As kalpaitch suggested, you should save your data into session and pull it back when the visitor returns from the paypal pages.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
GM potato trial given the go-ahead in UK
The GM potato has no market and isn't needed
The article below reports that the Sainsbury Laboratory in the UK has gained government approval to conduct field trials of a GM potato, engineered to resist blight.
The article contains the usual absurd statements to the effect that there's no evidence of ill health effects from GM crops.
Such statements ignore the sizeable body of evidence that GM foods have caused toxic and allergic-type effects in animals.
They also ignore the obvious fact, emphasised by the Soil Association's Peter Melchett in the article below, that there have been no studies in humans to check for health effects of GM foods.
In reality, there is no need to take risks with GM potatoes, since non-GM potatoes that resist blight have long been available.
The leader of the GM potato project is Jonathan Jones. Jones co-founded a biotech firm, Mendel Biotechnology, that had Monsanto as its main customer for several years. Mendel owns GMO patents and has partnered with Monsanto and Bayer.
Astonishingly, given his background, Jones doesn't seem to have heard about glyphosate-resistant superweeds in soybeans crops. He claims in the article below that GM "makes it a lot easier to control the weeds in a soy bean crop and get a decent performance".
That might have been true in the early 2000s, but it certainly isn't now. Even the recently published – and generally pro-GMO – report from the National Academy of Sciences admitted that glyphosate-resistant superweeds are a "major agricultural problem".
The Sainsbury Laboratory prepares for blight-resistant GM potato trial
Eastern Daily Press, 11 June 2016
http://www.edp24.co.uk/business/farming/the_sainsbury_laboratory_prepares_for_blight_resistant_gm_potato_trial_1_4573260
* After gaining government consent to field-test a genetically-modified potato, Norwich-based scientists are seeking to prove the agricultural benefits of GM technology – and win public approval from those who still doubt it.
The subject of genetically-modified (GM) crops – and whether their commercial cultivation should be allowed in the UK – has polarised opinions for many years.
And scientific reports in recent weeks have reignited some familiar arguments.
First, the US National Academies of Science (NAS) concluded that GM crops are safe to eat, after reviewing more than 900 studies and data covering the 20 years since they were introduced in America.
That was quickly followed by a report by the UK's Royal Society, which also says there has been no evidence of ill health effects – and although it acknowledges engineered crops may cross-breed with closely-related plants in the wild it says GM crops are no more likely to have "unforeseen effects" than those produced using conventional cross-breeding.
But despite those studies, and the length of time which GM has been in the human food chain, opponents still claim the health and environment implications of the technology have yet to be properly tested, and that any benefits have not been sufficiently proven to justify the expense of the research.
And it is within this melting pot of opinion that a Norwich-based research team hopes to make the case for the agricultural benefits of GM potatoes.
The Sainsbury Laboratory (TSL) has won government approval to conduct field trials on a designated site at the Norwich Research Park between 2016 and 2019.
It is part of a project to develop a Maris Piper potato that is resistant to blight infections and nematode pests, bruises less and produces less acrylamide when cooked at high temperatures.
Prof Jonathan Jones, who is leading the project, said: "We have been looking at wild relatives of potatoes for new sources of resistance to potato late blight, a devastating disease which caused the Irish potato famine.
"It necessitates 10-20 chemical sprays per year for potato growers. The thinking is very simple: Would it not be great to replace all these sprays with genes which confer resistance?
"The analogy I use is that it is like antibiotics. If you just rely on one antibiotic to treat a bug, the bug will find a way around it. But if you find multiple sources of resistance to disease it will be much harder for the bug to work around.
"The aim is to find three resistance genes for blight and stack them into a commercial variety – we hope to be able to trial that next year."
Prof Jones was one of the authors of the Royal Society report, saying he hoped to inform a "rational debate" on new technologies and scientific methods.
He said: "We want a scientifically-enfranchised public, otherwise it is undemocratic. All of these issues require a degree of understanding , so we want the public to be engaged with it.
"One of the main points of the report is that there is absolutely nothing bad about the method itself. GM is just a method to get DNA into plant cells. The question of what purpose we should be using it for is absolutely an important question to think about, but there is nothing wrong with the method itself."
In the case of the potato project, Prof Jones said the method involves using a bacterium called agrobacterium, which occurs naturally in soil and typically causes crown gall.
"We have removed the genes (from the bacterium) that have this undesirable trait of causing uncontrolled growth, and replace it with what we want to put in," he said. "It delivers DNA into the plant cell. It is the Royal Mail of DNA, and the delivery method is completely benign."
In response to suggestions that genetically-engineered crops have not reached their promised yield potential, Prof Jones said: "It is a bit of a 'straw man' argument. "When people talk about yield improvement, they are not talking about the intrinsic performance of the plant. They are talking about the potential to harvest useful output from that crop.
"It (GM) does not improve the intrinsic performance of the soya bean, for example, but it makes it a lot easier to control the weeds in a soy bean crop and get a decent performance. You could get the same result if you used lots of herbicide.
"My question to those who disagree with this is: What is your alternative recommendation to soya farmers about how to control weeds?"
The project team aims to generate enough suitable plants to start testing them in the field in 2017.
A previous field trial in 2011/12 found that a single gene had conferred blight resistance into potatoes, but the aim of the next one will be to assess how that variety performs against potatoes with three sources of resistance to blight, plus other beneficial traits.
TSL researcher Dr Marina Pais said: "We will have our control plants, which are normal Maris Piper potatoes, then we have these transgenic plants with single resistant genes, and then hopefully the stack.
"The idea is we plant them in May and we look at them throughout the season and if late blight comes I want to see if my plants are still alive, while the control plants get infected and die. That would be a good result. In principle, it is best if the infection happens naturally.
"The goal of the field trial is to test the performance of the plants in a real situation, so it will be great to get the plants out of the labs and the glasshouses. I am in plant science to help solve problems. That is what I always wanted to do. So to see plants out in the field is a step towards it."
Peter Melchett, who runs an organic farm near Hunstanton in west Norfolk, was one of 28 volunteers arrested for ripping out a trial crop of GM maize from a farm in Lyng in 1999 – although all were later acquitted of criminal damage.
Now, as the policy director at the Soil Association, he remains steadfastly opposed to GM technologies, including the Sainsbury Laboratory's new blight-resistant potato trial.
"The fundamental problem is two-fold," he said. "Firstly there is no market. You can grow all the potatoes you want, with as many GM-stacked traits you want, but if no-one wants to buy them it is a complete waste of time and money.
"The second problem is that with blight resistance there has been really significant progress by developing through non-GM breeding techniques, and a number of varieties are increasingly resistant. So GM is a solution that no-one wants for a problem that has largely been solved through other methods.
"I think people all over the world are rejecting GM because there is an underlying unease and uncertainty about this technology and what it is doing to our food. This is not the public being frightened or ignorant, this is the public listening to a range of scientific opinions – particularly from those not working with GM research or working for GM companies – who have found reasons to think there may be problems in terms of human health."
On the scientific claims that there is no evidence of adverse health effects in 20 years of GM consumption, Lord Melchett said: "It is a claim that has been repeated endlessly. It is an extraordinary thing for scientists to say.
"No-one has done any research looking at human health over a period of time to see whether eating a GM diet has any adverse effects on your health. "Yet what the NAS and the Royal Society and government ministers are saying is: 'Americans have been eating GM food for 15 years so it must be safe.' But actually American health has got worse over the last 15 years and no-one has done any research to find out if GM is the cause. Absence of evidence is not the same as evidence of absence.
"I am a great supporter of science and there is some wonderful research being done at places [like] the John Innes Centre which could have some practical application for farming, using better techniques than GM. But there are still some scientists stuck in the bygone age of GM."
Field controls
The GM potato field trial will take place on a small area of land, no larger than 1,000 sqm, at the John Innes Centre in Colney.
Approval has been granted from 2016 to 2019, and trials will be performed between May and November.
To contain the GM plants and prevent them from mixing with conventional crops, an isolation distance of 20m to other potato varieties will be observed, and a 3m fence will be built to prevent larger animals coming into contact with the plants.
The Sainsbury Laboratory says the field trial site will be visited regularly by trained lab staff to monitor the trial and to "prevent any adverse environmental effects or adverse effects to human health".
At the end of each season, all harvested material (plant tops and tubers) will be placed in sealed containers and removed to an authorised waste disposal facility. After each season during the three-year trial period, the plot will be left fallow and monitored for volunteer plants and ground-keepers.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Puerto Rico Trip Report
fliboy
Weather has been great since I arrived here on the 25th - it does rain here, but usually it is a light drizzle and it only last 10-15 minutes.
Well, finally my son Brett and I hit the lagoons for Tarpon this morning with Capt. Ormar Orraca - and I'll tell you what - this guy is first class (Note: Steve Moore - thanks for recommending Capt. Omar, you were right on with him). Hit the water at 6:00 this morning and we were into fish by 6:45. What a sight to see schools of these tarpon porpoising after bait. I lost my first Tarpon on a fly rod after the first leap - Capt. Omar said it probably was about 30 lbs. I tell ya - when it first broke water about 7 feet from the boat, my heart was pumping so fast I had no idea how big it was. My son hooked a 30 pounder and lost him after the first jump - in both cases neither one of us broke the line, it was a matter of not getting the hook set hard enough. Well next, all hell broke loose, my son hooked into a fish and all of a sudden this Tarpon came out of the water about 12' off the boat - all 5-1/2 feet of him. This is when teh Capt. said - "we are in trouble!". I had to say - "what do you mean", and he proceed to tell me that he could tell this fish had an attitude, and all 90+ pounds of him didn't want to be hooked. And then he proceeded to tell both of us, he had wanted to wished he had given my son a rod with 12 pound test line, but had given him one with 8 lb. test. Well, to make a long story shorter than this one's going, one and one half hours later the line went slack. It seems after two jumps (completely out of the water), and seven rolling boils, at least 20 runs of 150 feet, and plenty of chasing, the line had broke above the leader.
This gets even better - Capt. Omar says that a fish this size, which he has been trying to catch, is a World Record on 12 pound test line. Had my son been able to bring it into the boat, he could have had the 8 pound test World Record for Tarpon.
Well - we're going again tomorrow, so I'll do another post tomorrow. Brett's in bed early tonight - resting his sore arms. Boy - talk about a great moment - the look on his face was worth a million bucks. I also have pictures, and I'll get with Juro to help me get them posted when I get them back. I think I may have gotten one with that monster on his second jump - not sure how they came out, as the adrenaline was pumping!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
Ladah,
Brett and Dave
What a story! The boys and I are green with envy!!
We hope to "hook up" with you and Brett again this coming season.
Have a great vacation! ( And it sounds like you obviously already have!)
Doug B.
AWESOME! Your story has me gripping the keyboard. I'm convinced that my son and I *need* to go do that together. This is really a trip of a lifetime, something you guys will look back on and talk excitedly about many years down the road, maybe even with the grandchildren.
Looking forward to chapter II!
I agree, even my boys are still talking about our fishing in the Bahamas this past week, even with all the rageing hormones, the fishing memories are on the forfront of their description of the vacation to their friends.. I must conclude that for me.."mission Accomplished".
Glad to hear you're into them. I can honestly say there's nothing I've seen that compares to the sight I saw of a huge school of 50-100 pound of tarpon tearing up the water like a bluefish frenzy in the back of one of those lagoons in San Juan.
If anyone else has the chance to fish the lagoons with Omar, you should take advantage of it. he is a true pleasure to fish with and the winter tarpon fishery can be outstanding. Plus, San Juan is easily accessible from Boston and is also reasonably priced.
Please tell Omar and Fabiola I say hello.
Capt. Steve Moore
artb
I don't know whether they are accessable today, but I was stationed at the old naval station in old San Juan back in 1953 & 54 had fun with tarponright on the base. I forgot whether there was 2 or 3 seaplane ramps at the station had a lot of fun with my Heddon Riptide, which was one of the first fly rods made for salt water use. Glad your having fun Dave maybe see you in RI when you get back, good luck.
artb Mar 1, 2001


Breakroom is a restaurant in New York that serves burgers and tacos with passion.
The restaurant is located in Chinatown, 83 Baxter St, New York, NY 10013 and they open from 10am till 11pm daily.
Their menu includes yummy options like Sesame Sambal chicken, Chopped Cheese Sandwich, Chili Cheese Dog, Fish Taco, Breakroom Burger, Cheesesteak Taco, Tempura Fish & Carnitas Taco and many more.
Below are some of the great food served at Breakroom restaurant.


If you've ever dealt with a teenager, chances are you've been on the receiving end of a lot of eye rolling and maybe rolled your eyes right back. But why do we do it? Is it a cultural thing or does it go deeper? Let's dig into this.
Eye rolling as we know it now really only became common in the 1980s. Prior to that, in western cultures, eye rolling was more associated with lust than disgust. Even so, studies across cultures have found that most cultures have similar movements that involve looking away as a sign of disgust or arrogance.
If you have somehow never been on the receiving end of an eye roll you have somehow never met a teenager.
So, why do we do it? Psychologists have a couple ideas. One is that it's a fairly safe and non-confrontational form of aggression. Chances are your eye roll won't be noticed and even if it is you can always deny or backtrack which you can't do if you just threw a punch.
The other possible reason is even simpler. When we see something that offends or disgusts us we just have an urge to look away.
Regardless of the underlying reason, humans have a much larger white of the eye than other animals, including other primates, and so we can communicate more easily using only our eye movements. Still, if you're going to roll your eyes and cast some serious shade, make sure the cameras aren't rolling so you can pretend it never happened if things get heated.


WHM: SMTP Restrictions - With Exception? Is it possible?
Discussion in 'E-mail Discussion' started by David Farmer, Oct 14, 2014.
I need to enable SMTP restrictions, but I also need to allow the use of two specific SMTP servers for two websites.
Is it possible to enable SMTP Restrictions, but to have a whitelist or IP's or server names?
There are options that allow you to restrict SMTP similar to the SMTP Restrictions option in WHM.
cPanel and LFD/CSF SMTP restrictions?


Smiles All Around for Pringles Tortillas!
A box of the latest Kellogg Canada goodies showed up on my front porch, much to the delight of my family! The kids pretty much went bonkers over the new family size of Kellogg's Krave chocolate cereal, and my youngest child was drawn to the new Rice Krispies Multi-Grain Shapes cereal. I immediately noticed an old favourite: Special K Original, but with a new recipe. Also, I spied Special K Low Fat Granola, now with Vitamin D.
What surprised me in the box, was Pringles Tortillas, as I did not know that Kellogg is linked to this crunchy favourite. My husband was ecstatic for the Pringles Nacho Cheese, Original and Zesty Ranch flavours. And as you can see from the photo above, he was also delighted to receive a fun Pringles t-shirt.
As a family of seven, it did not take long until all the cereal boxes and tins were opened and sampled! Frankly, all the products were very popular, with the Kellogg's Krave cereal vanishing quite rapidly--much to the lament of my 5-year old.
Being a health-oriented parent, I will continue to buy the Special K Original and Special K Low Fat Granola cereals regularly, but save the others as a "sometimes" or "treat" cereal. And I'll stick with buying Pringles Tortillas in Original flavour for dipping into salsa. But wow, did my kids ever fight over the Nacho Cheese and Zesty Ranch flavours!
WIN a Kellogg Canada breakfast and snack prize pack from the SnyMed.com blog! Prize pack may or may not be the same as the one pictured above (1 Pringles adult-sized t-shirt, 1 Kellogg's Krave cereal, 1 Kellogg's Rice Krispies Multi-Grain Shapes cereal, 1 Special K Original cereal, 1 Special K Low Fat Granola cereal, 1 Pringles Tortillas Nacho Cheese, 1 Pringles Tortillas Original, and 1 Pringles Tortillas Zesty Ranch snacks.) Contest open to Canada, and ends on Thursday September 18th, 2014.
Leave a COMMENT below, stating what Kellogg Canada or Pringles product you'd like to try the most (or have already tried). Then, use the entry form below to enter. GOOD LUCK!
would love to try anything new you have coming out love all your stuff yummy.
I like the gluten free rice krispies.
I wold love to try the new tortilla pringles. We love the pizza flavoured pringles here.
I'd like ot try the cheese tortilla pringles.
I would like to try the Krave cereal, it looks yummy.
I have been wanting to try Krave but haven't bought it yet.
the pringles nacho cheese! OMG YUM!
I usually buy Pringles BBQ chips but I'd like to try the Pringles Tortillas Nacho Cheese.
I really want to try the Pringles Tortillas!
Ive had the zesty ranch, so good!
I would most love try the Pringles Tortillas Nacho Cheese.
The Pringles Nacho Cheese look awesome!
Pringles Tortillas Nacho Cheese I can't wait to try!
I'd love to try the Pringles Nacho Cheese!
I would like to try the Nacho Cheese Pringles.
I'd like to try the Rice Krispies Shapes, think the grandkids would like those.
I'd like to try the Pringles Tortilla Original.
I've seen that it's great with invisible dip.
I'd like to try the Rice Krispies Multi-Grain Shapes cereal.
Special K Low Fat Granola cereal would be nice to try and my son would love the Pringles Tortilla Chips!
I would love to try the Nacho Chese Tortilla Chips. Sounds yummy!!
All of the Pringles Tortillas sound good!
I'd love to try the Pringles Tortillas!
I'd love to try anything new love your products!
the new Pringles Nacho Cheese Chips.
I would love to try Pringles tortilla chips! Zesty ranch!!!! Spicy all the way!!!!!
Les pringles tortilla chips, je ne les ais pas encore vue des nos épiceries.
I'd like to try the Pringles Tortillas Nacho Cheese.
I like the dill pickle pringles!
i'd love the try the Pringles tortillas the most!
I'd like to try the Special K Granola or anything Special K. Thanks!
I'm looking forward to trying the Krave cereal.
Would Love to try the Pringles!!
I would love to try the Pringles Tortillas Ranch snacks.
any pringles are delicious, especially in a tent..
I've always loved Rice Krispies so I'm looking forward to trying the Multi-Grain Shapes.


From custom programming to business systems integration, Coalition Computing offers comprehensive IT solutions to businesses.
Representing the integrated accounting, distribution and manufacturing solutions from Microsoft Business Solutions, Coalition Computing offers expertise in total systems integration. We represent Solomon, Great Plains, Small Business Manager and JAAS Advanced Manufacturing Software. We also offer FlexAbility - a data collection solution written to seamlessy integrate with Solomon IV.
Note: The vendor profile above for (Coalition Computing) is not written by Accounting Software 411. Information is provided and maintained by the vendor Coalition Computing and/or by third party sources. Accounting Software 411 confirms basic company data prior to posting a profile. The above information is not a review or endorsement by Accounting Software 411 of the product.


This vibrant church body needed to expand to accommodate for the ever-growing crowd of worshippers in the college town of Ames, IA. Cornerstone's 92 acres of land holds a prime location on the corner of two heavily trafficked highways. The expansion was divided into two phases – the connection of existing spaces with a new 71,800 square foot addition followed by the future build out of offices, cafe and gymnasium/youth facilities.
The facility's focal point is a 2,000-seat worship center equipped with a full stage, meeting ministry goals for outreach through self-produced drama productions aimed at individuals within the regional community. The foyer includes an open baptistry that also serves as a water feature. The addition also includes a black-box theater for youth activities and a large interconnecting lobby area connecting the new and existing facility. Included within the addition is a first round of children's classrooms. The second phase expansion moves offices out of the existing facility to the new administrative wing and also allows for additional youth classrooms.


text:
El Partit Progressista (islàndia Framsóknarflokkurinn) és un partit polític d'Islàndia de caràcter agrarista i liberal fundat el 1916. El partit és membre de la Internacional Liberal. El seu actual líder és Sigmundur Davíð Gunnlaugsson, escollit per al càrrec el 18 de gener de 2009. El seu predecessor va ser Valgerður Sverrisdóttir, qui ocupà el càrrec només per dos mesos.

Entre 1995 i 2007 el partit va estar en el govern formant coalició amb el Partit de la Independència, específicament sota els mandats de Davíð Oddsson i Geir Haarde, els dos del Partit de la Independència, i Halldór Ásgrímsson, del mateix Partit Progressista, qui ocupà el càrrec de Primer Ministre d'Islàndia entre 2004 i 2006 i a més va ser capdavanter del partit entre 1994 i 2006. Encara que el Partit Progressista originalment fou fundat com un partit agrari i encara troba la major part del seu suport en grangers i pescadors, va anar prenent gradualment una posició liberal dintre de l'espectre polític.

Va ser fundat en 1916 com una fusió de dos partits agraris, el Partit dels Grangers (Bændaflokkur) i els Grangers Independents (Óháðanar bændur). A través de la història d'Islàndia com a país independent, el Partit Progressista ha estat considerat com el segon major partit polític del país. Durant la seva existència s'ha unit formant coalicions de govern amb partits tant de dreta com d'esquerra. En gener de 2009 el partit va canviar el seu punt de vista davant la unió d'Islàndia a la Unió Europea, prenent una posició favorable i diferent de la que havia tingut anteriorment.

A les eleccions legislatives islandeses de 2007 el partit va perdre 5 dels 12 escons que tenia. with the deal being signed on May 22, returning the Progressive Party to the opposition. La coalició només tenia majoria d'un escó a l'Alþingi, i el Partit de la Independència va formar un govern amb l'Aliança Socialdemòcrata gràcies a l'acord signat el 22 de maig, tornant pel Partit Progressista a l'oposició. Quan es formà un govern minoritari d'esquerra al febrer de 2009, arran de la crisi financera islandesa, el Partit Progressista acordà defensar-se d'un vot de no confiança, però no forma part de la coalició governant.

A les eleccions legislatives islandeses de 2009, el Partit Progressista va millorar, assegurant un 14,8% dels vots, i l'augment del seu nombre d'escons de 7 a 9. Es va mantenir a l'oposició, però, la coalició de l'Aliança Socialdemòcrata i el Moviment d'Esquerra-Verd contínua governant amb una majoria incrementada.

Referències

Enllaços externs
 Partit progressista Web oficial

Partits polítics d'Islàndia
Partits euroescèptics

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
Children's Fashion
Miramar Kids Children's Club
Events and Prize Draws
Events for Everybody
Prize Draws on Social Media
Miramar Commitments
Plans with F
Starbucks opens in a new store at Miramar Shopping Centre!
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From Monday to Saturday and bank holidays openings from 10:00h to 22:00h
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From Monday to Saturday from 9:00h to 22:00h
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Sunday to Thursday from 12:00h to 23:30h
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Fridays, saturdays and holidays eve, the ticket office closes at 00:30h
2021 BANK HOLIDAYS OPENING DAYS


text:
\section{Introduction}

The Friedmann-Lema{\^\i}tre-Robertson-Walker (FLRW) framework
for describing the cosmology of our universe is highly
successful. Considerable effort is dedicated toward
determining the parameters of the cosmology, e.g.\ the
energy densities of the components and their equations
of state. Another path for cosmological investigation is
to test the framework itself, e.g.\ testing whether gravity
follows general relativity, whether spatial sections have
constant curvature (flat or otherwise), and whether
photons propagate along null geodesics.

Here we focus on the latter path, and in particular probing
spatial curvature in a general manner as well as photon
propagation in terms of the distance duality relation.
A variety of probes can be used in such tests, and the
more independent of cosmological and astrophysical parameters a probe is, the
more general its conclusions may be. This leads us to
explore double source lensing (DSL), where one can form a
dimensionless quantity $\beta$ from the ratio of the
Einstein angular radii associated with each source strongly gravitationally lensed
by a common foreground galaxy. Such a quantity is a ratio
of distance ratios {\it seen by the lens\/}, i.e.\ a
``remote viewing'' of the universe, and furthermore is
independent of the Hubble constant and fairly insensitive
to the exact lens mass model (and even lens and source
redshifts to some extent). As a geometric probe, it is
well suited to testing the spacetime framework.

In Section~\ref{sec:double} we briefly review double
source lensing. Section~\ref{sec:forecast} forecasts expectations for the data set that upcoming wide-field surveys will deliver. Section~\ref{sec:DEconstraints} explores the cosmological parameter leverage of DSL in constraining dark energy using the DSL forecasts. In Section~\ref{sec:curv} we
apply DSL to probing spatial curvature, deriving a consistency
test able to decide between a flat universe, one with constant
curvature, and one that breaks the FLRW framework.
Section~\ref{sec:dual} turns to the question of photon
propagation and the distance duality relation, in particular
examining the systematics requirements for measuring a
violation. We summarize and conclude in Section~\ref{sec:concl}.

\section{Double Source Lensing} \label{sec:double}

Lensed image positions, related to the Einstein radii of the
circle of light imaged from a source aligned with the
lens and observer, are observables. They depend on
the mass of the lens and cosmological distances. Therefore, if one knows the mass of a lens, the Einstein radius is a direct geometrical probe of cosmology.  However astrophysical lenses are galaxies or bigger and the masses of such objects are rarely known with sufficient precision to break the mass-cosmology degeneracy inherent to the Einstein radius. Where multiple sources are present at different distances behind the same lensing mass this degeneracy can be lifted by taking the
ratio of light deflection angles (Einstein radii in special
cases)
\citep{collett2012}. At high precision, the method also requires understanding  the lens density profile and of perturbative lensing from the sources and other mass along the line of sight. For a two-source plane system with one primary lens, the lens equations for the sources are
\begin{eqnarray}
\mathbf{y} &=& \mathbf{x} - \beta_{12} \alpha_l (\mathbf{x})\\
\mathbf{z} &=& \mathbf{x} - \alpha_l (\mathbf{x}) - \alpha_{s1}(\mathbf{x} - \beta_{12} \alpha_l (\mathbf{x}))\ ,
\eea
where $\bf x$ are positions on the image plane, $\bf y$ ($\bf z$) is the unlensed position of the first (second) source, $\alpha_l$ is the deflection caused by the primary lens, and
$\alpha_{s1}$ is the lensing effect of mass of the first source. The
primary quantity of cosmological interest,
the ratio of distance ratios $\beta$ will
be used as the DSL probe, with
\begin{equation}
\beta_{12}\equiv \beta(z_l,z_{s1},z_{s2})=
\frac{r_{ls}(z_l,z_{s1})}{r_s(z_{s1})}\frac{r_s(z_{s2})}{r_{ls}(z_l,z_{s2})} \ , \label{eq:betadef}
\end{equation}
where $r$ are the comoving distances.

Figure~\ref{fig:isocontours} shows how $\beta$
depends on the lensing system redshifts $z_l$,
$z_{s1}$, $z_{s2}$. For a broad range of parameter
space $\beta$ stays near 0.6--0.8.
We also see that for given ratios $z_{s1}/z_l$ and
$z_{s2}/z_{s1}$ the quantity $\beta$ is quite
insensitive to the lens redshift.
DSL also has good complementarity with time delay
distances, also from strong lensing, as seen in
\cite{1605.04910}, is a valuable crosscheck on
the use of time delay lensing in testing the
cosmological framework \cite{1802.04816}, and has
interesting leverage at high redshift \cite{2204.03020}.

\begin{figure}[h]
\centering
\includegraphics[width=0.6\columnwidth]{iso.pdf}
\caption{Isocontours of $\beta$ are plotted
vs $z_{s1}/z_l$ and $z_{s2}/z_{s1}$
for three lens redshifts $z_l=0.3$, 0.75, and 1.
Note the contours vary very little with lens redshift $z_l$ for fixed ratios $z_{s1}/z_l$ and
$z_{s2}/z_{s1}$.
The DSL parameter $\beta$ shows a
broad flat valley between $0.6$--$0.8$
over a wide range of parameter space.}
\label{fig:isocontours}
\end{figure}

\section{Forecasting the future double source plane population}\label{sec:forecast}

Currently, only a small sample of galaxy scale DSL systems is known, and only the so-called Jackpot \citep{gavazzi2008,sonnenfeld2012,collett2020} has been used to precisely constrain cosmology. Collett \& Auger \citep{collett2014} modeled the HST imaging, performing a pixelated reconstruction of both sources, and made a {1.1\%} measurement of $\beta$. Converting this into constraints on dark energy, this single
DSL, with a cosmic microwave background (CMB)
data prior from \citep{planckxvi}, constrains a constant dark energy equation of
state to $\sigma(w)\approx0.2$.
Future surveys are forecast to increase the known galaxy scale population by $\sim100\times$  \citep{Collett2015}, with a similar increase in the compound lens population including DSL.

Euclid satellite \cite{euclid} should discover $\sim1700$ galaxy-scale DSL systems that are suitable for cosmology.
Rubin Observatory's Legacy Survey of Space and
Time (LSST) is forecast to discover a similar number of systems \citep{MandelbaumDESCSRD}.
These forecasts are derived from the {\sc LensPop} package \citep{Collett2015} modified to include multiple background sources; we neglect the mass effect of the first source. We also use more stringent constraints than the {\sc LensPop} defaults: we insist that both sources have one or more image arcs of length $0.3$ arcseconds -- this ensures a reasonable possibility that the density slope of the lens can be recovered from high-resolution imaging alone.

Since follow-up is needed for cosmological inference, we restrict ourselves to the smaller sample of 87 DSL forecasts, representing the number estimated to be discovered in the best-seeing single epoch imaging of LSST. These DSL were used in the LSST Science Requirements Document \citep{MandelbaumDESCSRD} and represent a conservative lower limit for the number of DSL that will have the  high-resolution imaging and spectroscopic follow-up that is critical to do precision cosmology with LSST DSLs. The choice of 87 DSLs is likely to be extremely conservative by the late 2020s: Euclid is expected to find 1700 DSLs, and will provide high resolution imaging of each of them. The 4MOST Strong Lens Spectroscopic Legacy Survey will provide spectroscopic redshifts for tens of thousands of lenses, including compound lenses. Together these surveys will deliver a much larger sample of DSLs without the need for additional followup.

Cosmological forecasts also require us to know the precision with which $\beta$ will be constrained in each DSL. Simulating this inference is beyond the scope of this work, we instead adopt a simple approximation:  we assume that $\beta$ in each system can be constrained with a fractional precision of the quadrature sum of the uncertainties
$0.01({\rm arcsec}/\theta_{E,1})$, $0.01({\rm arcsec}/\theta_{E,2})$, and 0.01. The first two terms mimic the uncertainty with which Einstein radii are likely to be measured with Euclid whilst the extra
1\% sets a floor from the uncertainty on the inferred density profile of the lenses. The results with HST \cite{collett2014} and simulations of Euclid time delay lenses \cite{meng15} indicate that these uncertainties are not unreasonable. In fact,
they may be somewhat conservative -- compare
the 1.1\% precision obtained in 2014 \cite{collett2014}.

\section{Constraining Dark Energy} \label{sec:DEconstraints}

As was pointed out in \cite{collett2012} and \cite{1605.04910}, DSL provide an independent and complementary cosmological
probe from the standard ones. While they will be
highly valuable in the consistency tests of the
following sections, and as complementary data
and as crosschecks, we briefly explore their direct
cosmological parameter leverage due to their
unique combination of distance ratios.
Figure~\ref{fig:mcmc} presents
the results of Markov chain Monte Carlo constraints
from 87 DSL on the matter
density and dark energy equation of state.
For a spatially flat $w$CDM cosmology (with a constant dark energy equation of state, $w$, not fixed to $-1$) and assuming a uniform prior on $\Omega_M$ between 0 and 1, we find $w$ = $-1.09^{+0.15}_{-0.29}$.
Allowing the equation of state to vary with the scale factor of the universe yields a constraint on its current value of $w_0$ = $-1.01^{+0.31}_{-0.32}$, whereas the derivative is poorly constrained: $w_a$ =  $0.6^{+1.0}_{-2.0}$ (assuming a uniform prior between -2.5 and 2.5). Much of the posterior weight is in regions of the parameter space that are already strongly excluded by other cosmological data sets. This is particularly the case for the region with both $w_a \gtrsim 1$ and $w_0 \gtrsim -0.7$ which is ruled out by evidence for the existence of a matter dominated era in our Universe. For regions of the parameter space close to  $\Lambda$CDM, an interesting behavior is observed: the $w_0$ constraint is almost insensitive to $w_a$. Assuming $|w_a|<0.5$ yields very similar constraints on $w_0$ as setting $w_a \equiv 0$.

\begin{figure}[h]
\centering
\includegraphics[width=0.45\columnwidth]{Omegam_w.pdf}
\includegraphics[width=0.45\columnwidth]{w0wa.pdf}
\caption{68\% and 95\% confidence constraints on cosmological parameters. Red shows results from the 87 DSLs considered in this work, grey shows Planck 2018 (plus BAO for $w_0 w_a$CDM) and black shows the combination of both. Left panel shows the $\Omega_M-w$ plane assuming a flat $w$CDM cosmology.
Note the DSL probe alone can give a clear indication of an accelerating universe.
Right panel shows the $w_0-w_a$ plane, marginalizing over $\Omega_M$ in a flat $w_0 w_a$CDM cosmology.
The upper right branch will be ruled out
due to violation of matter domination at high redshift.}
\label{fig:mcmc}
\end{figure}

\section{Spatial Curvature Consistency Test} \label{sec:curv}

In addition to the standard cosmology parameter
constraint estimation, we can also explore
consistency tests of the FLRW framework. In this
section and the following one, this is our
main focus.

Our universe appears to be consistent with being
spatially flat, i.e.\ zero spatial curvature $k$ in
the Robertson-Walker metric
\begin{equation}
ds^2=-dt^2+a^2(t)\left[\frac{dx^2}{1-kx^2}+x^2(d\theta^2+\sin^2\theta\,d\phi^2)\right]\ ,
\end{equation}
where $a(t)$ is the scale or expansion factor and
$x$ is the coordinate distance while the first quantity
in the spatial part of the metric gives the comoving
distance element (squared) while the second quantity
gives the usual spherically symmetric angular part.
We can also write $k$ in
terms of a spatial curvature quantity
$\Ok=-k/(a_0^2H_0^2)$, where $H_0$ is the Hubble scale today
(and we are free to define $a_0=1$). Since $k$
has the dimensions of 1/(distance)$^2$ then one can
write an effective curvature energy density
$\Omega_{\rm curv}(z)=\Ok a^{-2}=1-\Omega_{\rm total}(z)$
scaling as
$a^{-2}\sim (1+z)^2$, where $z$ is the redshift.
Here $\Omega_{\rm total}$ is the total energy density, the
sum of the component energy densities.

Two important questions then are whether $k=0=\Ok$,
hence $\Omega_{\rm total}(z)=1$ for all times,
and whether the Robertson-Walker metric lying at
the heart of the FLRW framework is correct in taking
$k$, equivalently $\Ok$, as constant. One can certainly attempt to
determine the value of the $\Ok$ parameter from
observational data and there is a large and manifold
effort to do so (e.g.\ \cite{2205.10869,2008.11286} and many others). Instead we
focus on the framework itself: if we determine $\Ok$
from the data through a relation
between observables (rather than parameter fitting),
is it the same value at different redshifts (and
then secondarily we can ask if that value is zero).
This is an example of a consistency test: taking a
relation that must hold in FLRW and testing whether
it is in fact always valid.

Geometric probes, i.e.\ those that depend only on
the Robertson-Walker metric and not on the evolution
of matter inhomogeneities, tend to be especially
clean testing grounds. While distances to objects
depend on the spatial curvature, they also depend on
the energy density of all components and these need
to be accounted for to obtain constraints on the
curvature from the distance data.
The consistency tests we refer to instead involve
relations {\it among\/} distances that hold in any FLRW model --
that is, one goes directly from measured distances
to a consistency test of spatial curvature without
adopting a specific model for the energy density contents.

This can be thought of as triangulating points on
a surface to determine its curvature (see discussions
by \cite{weinberg72,1802.04816}), and so we see
that we need not simply distances from the observer,
but distances between remote points to form a triangle.
Such remote distances can be provided by gravitational
lensing, where the distance between the lens and the source
enters. Curvature consistency tests
directly using observables
have explored the
use of time delay distance from strong lens systems,
e.g.\ \cite{1412.4976,1802.04816,1802.05532,1905.09781,1910.10365}.
This quantity does however have sensitivity to $H_0$ and the
lens mass model.

The dimensionless ratio of distance ratios $\beta$
from double source lensing is an interesting alternative
(it was briefly considered in \cite{1905.09781} but
used to fit the value of $\Ok$ rather than for a redshift
dependent consistency test). Since $\beta$ involves
four distances -- the distance to each of the two sources
from the observer, $r_{s1}$ and $r_{s2}$, and from the
common lens, $r_{ls1}$ and $r_{ls2}$ -- this
method actually uses observations to form a concave
quadrilateral rather than a triangle.

The remote comoving distances are related to the
curvature in the FLRW framework by
\begin{equation}
r_{ls}=r_s\sqrt{1+\Ok r_l^2}-r_l\sqrt{1+\Ok r_s^2}\ .
\end{equation}
In terms of the observables $\beta$ and the
various distances we can solve for
the spatial curvature $\Ok$. While we obtain
$\beta$ directly from the measurement of a DSL system,
and can get distance measurements from standardized
candles (Type Ia supernovae: SN) or rulers (baryon
acoustic oscillations: BAO), those distances will not
in general be
at the precise redshifts of the lens and sources in
the DSL system. We, therefore, need a nonparametric
method of obtaining the desired distances; frequently
Gaussian processes are employed for this
(see, e.g.,
\cite{1009.5443,1204.2272,1710.04236,2206.15081}
and many others).

Given the observational data, the spatial curvature
consistency relation for all redshifts is
\begin{equation}
\Ok = \frac{(1 - \beta)^4 r_l^{-4} - 2(1 - \beta)^2 r_l^{-2}\left(\beta^2 r_{s2}^{-2}+r_{s1}^{-2}\right) + \left(\beta^2 r_{s2}^{-2}-r_{s1}^{-2}\right)^2}{4\beta(1 - \beta)\left[\beta r_{s2}^{-2}+(1 - \beta) r_l^{-2}-r_{s1}^{-2}\right]} \ .
\end{equation}
Again we emphasize that this must hold in the
FLRW framework, independent of the specific energy
density components and parameter values.
Any statistically significant deviation from constancy
of $\Ok$ points to either a measurement systematic or
a violation of the FLRW framework. And a constant
value of $\Ok\ne0$ obtained over a wide range of redshifts would
point to potentially more robust evidence against flatness
than a standard parameter fit analysis.

From measurements of the distances and $\beta$
we can propagate their uncertainties to $\Ok$.
Since they come from
different measurements, plus the redshifts are well separated,
it is a reasonable assumption to take the uncertainties to be
independent. Thus we can add them in quadrature when
propagating them to $\sigma(\Ok)$.

Figure~\ref{fig:sigmaok} shows the result for 1\% precision
on each of the four observable quantities, with $\beta$
taken to be from a single DSL system having the $z_l$ shown.
For simplicity we set $z_{s1}=2z_l$ and $z_{s2}=1.5z_{s1}$ as reasonable rules of thumb (this puts $\beta$ in the broad
valley of Fig.~\ref{fig:isocontours}, and see also \cite{2204.03020}).
Note that $\sigma(\Ok)$ improves for higher
redshift systems, leveling off at $\sigma(\Ok)\approx0.2$ for $z_l\gtrsim0.9$.
The uncertainty will reduce
with multiple DSL, so (if all uncertainties can be reduced statistically) for example 16 DSL at $z_l=0.9$ will
deliver $\sigma(\Ok)\approx0.05$, and this can be carried out
at multiple lens redshifts.
The actual result will depend on where the
systematics limits exist for the
distances and the DSL distance ratio.
High redshift lenses at $z_l\gtrsim0.8$, such
as should be readily found by Euclid, will
be especially useful.

\begin{figure}[h]
\centering
\includegraphics[width=0.6\columnwidth]{dOkVsZl.pdf}
\caption{The uncertainty $\sigma(\Ok)$ from a single DSL
with $\beta$ measured to 1\% (plus comoving distance
measurements to 1\% from SN and BAO data) is plotted
vs lens redshift $z_l$. The uncertainty will roughly
square root down with the number of observations at each
redshift, down to some systematics limit. }
\label{fig:sigmaok}
\end{figure}

Similar to in \cite{1802.04816} we can define a
redshift dependent curvature quantity $K$ that is
zero for a flat universe. Since within the FLRW
framework its redshift dependence is predicted, one
can use any measured deviations from this as an
indicator of issues with the framework, or observations.
This  ``$K$ test" in terms of the observables is
(compare Eq.~\ref{eq:betadef})
\begin{eqnarray}
K &\equiv& \beta - \frac{1 - \frac{r_l}{r_{s1}}}{1 - \frac{r_l}{r_{s2}}} \\
&\approx& \frac{r_l}{2}\frac{r_{s2}}{r_{s1}}\left(\frac{r_{s1} - r_l}{r_{s2} - r_l}\right)(r_{s2} - r_{s1})\Omega_k + \mathcal{O}(\Omega_k^{2})\ . \notag
\eea
Note that we always use the full form of $K$ to test curvature,
with the first-order expansion just for intuition.

Figure \ref{fig:fig1} shows these two curvature quantities and their uncertainties as a function of $\Omega_k$ for a DSL system
with $z_l = 0.75$, $z_{s1} = 1.5$, $z_{s2} = 2.25$.
As before, for simplicity, we adopt a fractional $\beta$ precision of 1\%, and lens and source distance precisions (from, e.g., supernova or BAO distances) of 1\%. The intersection point between the curvature quantity ($\Omega_k$ or $K$) curve and its uncertainty curve determines the lower bound on the
ability to measure the curvature parameter for a given, single
DSL system. This is made more explicit in the
right panel showing signal to noise like
ratios. While a single DSL system has $S/N<1$,
multiple DSL can be used in these curvature
consistency tests. Note that unlike the
time delay distance consistency test of
\cite{1802.04816}, the quantities $\Ok$ and
$K$ do carry somewhat distinct information,
with $K$ having more leverage at higher
curvature amplitudes. One can certainly
imagine applying one curvature consistency
test with time delay distances and performing a crosscheck
on any violation with DSL distance ratios.

\begin{figure}[h]
\centering
\includegraphics[width=0.49\textwidth]{fig1.pdf}\
\includegraphics[width=0.49\textwidth]{SN.pdf}
\caption{[Left panel] Absolute values and uncertainties of the two curvature quantities $\Omega_k$ and $K$, derived from measurements of
$\beta$, $r_l$, $r_{s1}$, $r_{s2}$, plotted vs the input $\Omega_k$.
The uncertainties (dotted curves) are for a
single DSL system at $z_l = 0.75$ , $z_{s1} = 1.5$, $z_{s2} = 2.25$ with fractional distance uncertainties on $\beta$, $r_l$, $r_{s1}$ and $r_{s2}$ of 1\% each.
[Right panel] The effective signal-to-noise S/N of each curvature test (with the sign of the signal intact) is plotted vs $\Ok$.
The two curvature tests have nearly the same S/N over the range $\Ok=[-0.1,+0.05]$. The uncertainty should roughly decline as $1/\sqrt{N_{\rm sys}}$ for $N_{\rm sys}$ systems measured, and thus the S/N increase; e.g.\ $\sim25$ systems measured should give signal-to-noise of 1 on determining $\Ok=-0.05$, for example.}
\label{fig:fig1}
\end{figure}

While statistically the uncertainty estimation on
curvature will never be as good as a model dependent
parameter estimation, these consistency tests do
provide an alternate, model independent approach.
Such a more robust method will be highly valuable
if evidence is presented from parameter estimation
of either deviation from flatness or especially
violation of the FLRW framework.

\section{Distance Duality Consistency Test} \label{sec:dual}

The DSL distances ratio involves angular diameter distances
entering the light deflection. We can explore a consistency
test between angular diameter distances and luminosity
distances, such as from Type Ia supernovae,
in a similar way to what we did in the previous section with
spatial curvature. Converting both to comoving distances, we
have
\begin{equation}
r_i^{SN}=d_L/(1+z_i) \quad; \quad r_i^\beta=d_A\,(1+z_i)\ .
\end{equation}
We expect consistency in terms of what is often called the distance
duality relation $d_L=d_A\,(1+z)^2$,
attributable to Tolman, Ruse,
Etherington
\cite{tolman,ruse,etherington} in various degrees
of generality and with formal
proofs by \cite{ellis,weinberg72}). This relation should
hold when four very general conditions are valid
(also see the pedagogical discussion in \cite{2105.02903}):
1) metricity, 2) geodesic completeness, 3) photons propagate
on null geodesics, and 4) adiabaticity. Violation of any one
would have revolutionary consequences for cosmology.

Nevertheless, we can test this by writing
\begin{equation}
r_i^{SN}=r_i^\beta\,(1+z)^\eps \ ,
\end{equation}
and seeing if $\eps=0$ is consistent with data.
(See, e.g., \cite{2210.04228,2010.04155,1906.09588,1511.01318} for a selection of
other analyses using strong lensing.)
That is, from supernova distances we predict what
$\beta$ we should get, and compare it to the observed
$\beta$. However, we emphasize that any discrepancy is
not automatically interpretable as a violation of
distance duality. We therefore consider and compare
three sources of any such discrepancy: 1) violation of
the distance duality, $\eps\ne0$, 2) incorrect cosmological model assumed,
specifically $\Ok\ne0$, and 3) systematics.

Let's begin with systematics. As an
example we consider astrophysics in the form of
an evolution in
power law slope of the lens mass profile with redshift,
\begin{equation}
\gamma=2+\mu\left[\left(\frac{1+z_l}{1.4}\right)^2-1\right]\ .
\end{equation}
Thus, the mass density profile near the Einstein radius,
$\rho\sim r^{-\gamma}$, may have $\gamma=2$ (the singular
isothermal sphere, or SIS, value) at $z=0.4$, but
evolves from approximately $2-\mu/2$ at $z=0$ to
$2+2\mu$ at $z=1.5$. This is just a toy model to
illustrate systematics, e.g.\ for $\mu=0.05$ the
slope would evolve from $\gamma\approx 1.975$ to 2.1.
As the mass density profile affects the light deflection
angle and hence Einstein radius, measuring $\beta$
as the ratio of Einstein radii would give
\begin{equation}
\beta(\mu)=\left[\beta(\mu=0)\right]^{1/[\gamma(\mu,z_l)-1]} \ .
\end{equation}

For considering the effect due to spatial curvature, to evaluate $\beta(\Ok)$ we simply
use the appropriate
distances for a universe with curvature parameter $\Ok$,
as in the previous section.

Finally, in the case of violation of distance duality,
the distances ratio predicted by supernova distances is
(for a flat universe with $\gamma=2$ lens mass profile
-- we vary each potential source
of discrepancy one at a time)
\begin{equation}
\label{eq:betaeps}
\beta(\eps) = \frac{1 - \frac{r_l}{r_{s1}}\left(\frac{1+z_l}{1+z_{s1}}\right)^\epsilon}{1 - \frac{r_l}{r_{s2}}\left(\frac{1+z_l}{1+z_{s2}}\right)^\epsilon} \ \ .
\end{equation}

We can then compare the fractional deviation
\begin{equation}
\left(\frac{\delta\beta}{\beta}\right)_p=\frac{\beta(p)-\beta(0)}{\beta(0)}\ ,
\end{equation}
for each of $p=\eps$, $\Ok$, $\mu$.
Figure~\ref{fig:distduality} shows the percent deviation
in $\beta$ as a function of each offset, for the particular
case of a DSL system with $z_l=0.75$, $z_{s1}=1.5$,
$z_{s2}=2.25$.
The imparted deviations due to distance duality violation
and curvature are mostly comparable in
magnitude, but are swamped by the necessity of tight
systematics control. That is,
before making any claim for violation of distance
duality, one must ensure that the knowledge of the
cosmological model (here specifically spatial
curvature) and systematics is respectively at least as
or much more rigorously known.

\begin{figure}[h]
\centering
\includegraphics[width=0.6\columnwidth]{distduality.pdf}
\caption{Percent deviation in $\beta$ is plotted as a function of offset of each parameter one at a time
from fiducial values zero, for distance duality
violation parameter $\epsilon$, spatial curvature $\Omega_k$,
and mass profile evolution $\mu$,
for a DSL system with $z_l=0.75$, $z_{s1}=2z_l$, $z_{s2}=3z_l$.
}
\label{fig:distduality}
\end{figure}

Figure~\ref{fig:distdualityVszl} shows the dependence
on $z_l$ (keeping the same ratios $z_{s1}/z_l=2$
and $z_{s2}/z_{s1}=1.5$) of the percent deviation,
for the case of $\eps=-0.05$ or $\Ok=-0.05$ or $\mu=+0.05$.
The impacts are roughly linear in $z_l$. Again we find
that equal amplitudes of offset in
distance duality violation or curvature
cause nearly the same
deviation in $\beta$ regardless of which parameter is
offset; however, systematics must be particularly tightly
controlled, by roughly five times better.
Thus  the cosmological model and
especially astrophysical and experiment systematics
have to be well-known before new physics
such as a distance duality violation can be pursued.

\begin{figure}[h]
\centering
\includegraphics[width=0.6\columnwidth]{distdualityVszl.pdf}
\caption{Percent deviation in $\beta$ as a function of lens redshift (keeping $z_{s1}=2z_l$, $z_{s2}=3z_l$) is shown for offsets from zero
of magnitude $-0.05$, $-0.05$, $+0.05$ respectively
for distance duality violation $\eps$, spatial curvature $\Ok$,
and mass density profile evolution $\mu$.
}
\label{fig:distdualityVszl}
\end{figure}

One could constrain the lens mass profile slope, and
hence $\mu$, with follow-up observations of the lenses,
e.g.\ through spectroscopy to measure lens kinematics.
This is certainly the best approach, but we end by exploring
the internal ``self calibration'' of the lens mass profile through
measurements of $\beta$ itself. For this, we restrict to
a standard, flat cosmology and seek to fit $\mu$, together
with the cosmological parameters $\Om$, $w_0$, and $w_a$,
using the mock sample of 87 LSST-like DSL systems. For
a quick estimate we use the information matrix formalism,
assume uniform 1\% uncertainty on each $\beta$, and study
the effect of external priors from the CMB or from
cosmic surveys giving an effective prior on $\Om$ of 0.01.

We find the lens mass profile is not strongly covariant with
the cosmology parameters, with correlation
coefficients $r_{\mu i}<0.84$ for each cosmology
parameter $i$, in all cases. Marginalized constraints
are $\sigma(\mu)\approx0.022$ for no or either prior,
improving to 0.015 if both priors are applied. Note
that $\mu=0.022$ corresponds to the mass profile slope
evolving over $\gamma=[1.99,2.05]$ from $z=0$ to 1.5.
From Fig.~\ref{fig:distduality}, however, we see that
this would still swamp a comparable amplitude
violation of distance duality. Restricting to $\Lambda$CDM
we find $\sigma(\mu)\approx0.012$ for no or all priors.

If we do want to carry out the distance duality test robustly,
simultaneously fitting for the lens mass profile evolution and (flat) cosmology, we indeed find strong
covariance of the distance duality parameter $\eps$ with the mass profile evolution $\mu$.
Figure~\ref{fig:MuEps} shows the degeneracy between $\mu$ and $\epsilon$ using the 87 DSL forecasts.
One can readily see that a vertical cut at $\mu=0$ (i.e.\ fixing to no evolution) gives much tighter
constraints on $\eps$ than in the case marginalizing over $\mu$.
The 1$\sigma$ marginalized uncertainties are $\sigma(\epsilon) = 0.628$, $\sigma(\mu) = 0.029$
for the case with an added $\Omega_m$ prior of 0.01. Adding a CMB
prior gives similar results, with
$\sigma(\epsilon) = 0.701$, $\sigma(\mu) = 0.029$, while
using both priors delivers $\sigma(\epsilon) = 0.291$, $\sigma(\mu) = 0.029$.

\begin{figure}[!bth]
\centering
\includegraphics[width=0.6\columnwidth]{MuEps.pdf}
\caption{1$\sigma$ joint confidence contours on the
distance duality violation parameter $\eps$ and the lens mass profile evolution parameter $\mu$ expected from the 87 DSL considered in this work, with various priors. Note the significant covariance between the parameters, i.e.\ evidence of new physics is only possible with stringent systematics control.}
\label{fig:MuEps}
\end{figure}

\section{Conclusions} \label{sec:concl}

Double source lensing offers a promising probe of
cosmology, including the FLRW framework itself. It has the
useful characteristics of ``remote viewing'' the
universe with some distances
independent of the observer, of being geometric,
substantially independent of structure growth, and
of being dimensionless, independent of the Hubble constant.

The number of DSL will increase some 1000 fold with
the advent of wide-field surveys such as Euclid and
LSST, though the number of the most robust systems
will be limited by follow-up resources, particularly with the inevitable demise of the Hubble Space Telescope, which has provided much of the high resolution imaging for strong lensing cosmology so far.
Even so, we find that a data set of fewer than 100 DSL can have
significant impact on both cosmology parameter
estimation and testing of the fundamental cosmological
framework. DSL can also provide independent constraints
on the dark energy equation of state today, with $w$ = $-1.09^{+0.15}_{-0.29}$; this result is essentially insensitive to the variation of the equation of state with cosmological scale factor. Furthermore, DSL has good complementarity
with other probes \cite{2204.03020}, including time
delay distances from other strong lensing systems
\cite{1605.04910}.

The DSL property of measuring the distance between
distant objects allows a form of triangulation
(really quadrangulation) enabling tests of the
homogeneous, isotropic FLRW framework. One can map
spatial curvature quantities as a function of lens
redshift in a model-independent manner and investigate whether they are zero --
testing flatness -- or constant -- testing FLRW.
While a small number of systems gives modest constraints,
DSL provides an independent consistency test from other
probes (such as time delay distances), and one can
build up larger samples given follow-up resources. Moreover, DSL serves as an
important crosscheck if a violation of FLRW is detected
by another probe, essential for such a revolutionary
result.

We can also check the consistency of foundational
light propagation properties, such as that light
travels on null geodesics, through the distance
duality test. However, we caution, and
quantitatively demonstrate, that other cosmological and
astrophysical effects can mimic the violation of the distance
duality relation if not properly accounted for, such
as spatial curvature and evolution in the lens mass
profile slope. The latter dominates in general, and
such a systematic would need to be controlled at the
$\sim1\%$ level in order to cleanly observe a distance
duality violation even as large as $\sim5\%$.

With upcoming surveys delivering new discoveries
of DSL and other lens configurations, further
probes may be developed as well. With DSL's
ratio of distance ratios, and reduced systematics from
lens modeling, the field of strong gravitational
lensing beyond the standard one source--one lens paradigm
looks quite promising, and worthy of further attention.

\acknowledgments

DS acknowledges the support provided by the Berkeley Physics Undergraduate Research Scholarship (BPURS) from the Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley. TEC is supported by a Royal Society University Research Fellowship. EL is supported by the Energetic Cosmos Laboratory,
by NASA ROSES grant 12-EUCLID12-0004,
and by the U.S.\ Department of Energy, Office of Science, Office of High Energy Physics, under contract no.\ DE-AC02-05CH11231.  For the purpose of open access, the authors have applied a Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) licence to any Author Accepted Manuscript version arising. Supporting research data are available on reasonable request from the corresponding author.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaArXiv


? CARTEL X PABLO DISCOBAR ADE 2017 AT PARADISO Cartel Amsterdam and Pablo Discobar team up during the Amsterdam Dance Event for a thunderous night of authentic house, disco and techno. 3 rooms, 13 artists and 9 hours of non-stop ADE action at Holland's most legendary venue: Paradiso.


text:
Squirting flower may refer to:

 Practical joke device, smell my pretty "flower" (squirt!)
 "Specimen: Unknown", fictional fast-growing alien flowers squirting death
 Spathodea, flowers squirt when squeezed
 Squirting cucumber, although its flowers don't do the squirting


text:
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10 Essential Film Books
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"She's Ours Now:" Gaslighting and Emotional Manipulation in 'The Howling'
Nat Brehmer·
· 28/10/2020 ·9 min read
The Howling is, alongside An American Werewolf in London and The Wolf Man, often cited as one of the best werewolf films of all time. It's a classic. When you think of werewolf movies, it's without a doubt one of the first things that springs to mind. That's fascinating, on one level, because the feature itself actually subverts what we think of as the traditional werewolf movie in almost every way, especially for the time. The werewolves in The Howling are true hybrids of man and wolf, giving us the bipedal lycanthrope that swiftly became the norm. Gone is the full moon, too, as much of The Howling hinges on werewolves that can change shape at any time, a change that looks small at first but has a great deal of impact on how these werewolves are portrayed compared to the ones that preceded them. Almost everything it does, it does differently. It's a precursor to movies like Fright Night, Scream, Cabin in the Woods and that whole ilk, commenting on the tropes and traditions, referencing the history of werewolf movies in ways both big and small—several characters are named after directors of classic werewolf films, for example—in a way that's not too obvious and feels naturalistic.
It is fascinating, then, that a movie that stands out so drastically from what came before it has gone on to genuinely define that genre in many ways. But the difference that still stands out most is its portrayal of werewolves in general, because that is the thing that truly makes this not only superficially and visually different, but a fundamentally different kind of story than what most werewolf movies had been before. At the end of the day, all werewolf stories are to some degree about an internal struggle, about an attempt to—or more often than not, failure to—reconcile with the beast within. The Howling is, on that level, no different. But most werewolf movies are told from the werewolf's perspective, popularized most prominently by The Wolf Man, and are about the tragedy of the transformation, about the fear of losing control and the guilt of having to live with the consequences. In stories like that, death is an ultimate—and in Larry Talbot's case, unattainable—release.
And then, in the opening moments of The Howling, we meet Eddie Quist. There's no build up here, The Howling truly drops us right into the middle of things, as reporter Karen White agrees to meet up with a serial killer who will only speak with her. We don't see his transformation, or at least the beginning of it, before he is shot "dead" by police. But Karen does, even if she can't remember it. There is a sense of tragedy to The Howling that is in some ways almost identical to things like The Wolf Man, but the brilliance of it is that these things by and large don't become clear until the very end. Like Larry Talbot, Karen is doomed from the start, but Larry's curse starts the moment he gets bitten, whereas Karen fate is spelled out long before that. It's the moment she sees Eddie's transformation, so horrific that her mind completely blanks it out, and it might have even started before that. Karen's eventual death is already set in motion the moment Doctor Waggner suggests she move up to a cabin in the woods to spend time at his experimental therapeutic getaway dubbed "The Colony." Because Doc is a werewolf, and so is everyone else at the Colony.
If Karen doesn't remember what she saw, she still saw it. Doc's therapy is, on one hand, on the level, because he is trying to help her remember. But he makes sure that when she does remember, she doesn't do it anywhere else. The werewolves at the Colony have managed to keep their secret this long and, obviously, they have no intention of letting the world discover the truth. Even after Doc himself is revealed as a werewolf like the rest, he's still portrayed as the sympathetic one, and there's a heavy dose of irony to that, given that he's the one who recommended Karen go in the first place, and in doing so signed her death warrant.
The manipulation and gaslighting begin right there, from the moment she arrives at the Colony, because everyone is lying to her about what the Colony really is and who they really are. Karen hears the howling the first night and is terrified, right from the start. But the whole town is rigged against her, there's no one she can turn to, and so when everyone tells her she's not hearing what she's hearing or experiencing what she's experiencing, there's nothing she can do but accept that. This is especially frustrating, because Karen is a reporter and by all accounts a good one. She took on a serial killer by herself. The people at the Colony take advantage of her trauma and hijack her recovery. She's vulnerable and they know it, so to the Colony, Karen never really presents any kind of real threat, even though she normally would. It's a deliberate attempt to either subdue or repress a natural, inherent strength.
Just look at the way Karen is introduced, and it makes her experience at the Colony all the more terrible. When we first meet her, on her walk to meet "Eddie the Mangler," all we hear is what a hero she is, how brave she is. How she didn't tell her husband, Bill, about seeing any of the victims because she didn't want him to worry. These qualities make her a genuine threat to the Colony, and it's possible that that's why Doc even worked with her on catching Eddie in the first place, because he knew it would eventually lead her back to the Colony, where she would be out of the picture, no longer a threat to them if she was one of them, or if she were dead.
At first, the only person she can turn to is Bill, who goes with her to the Colony to help her through her recovery. Her husband is the only close tie that she has there and the number one person she needs to have in her corner if she is going to safely get through this, which makes the gaslighting and manipulation on his part that much more despicable. He's lying to her both about his transformation and about his relationship with the Colony's most free-spirited werewolf, Marsha, even when confronted about that directly. He continues to tell Karen that what she's hearing is nothing, that there's no danger at the Colony, there are no wolves, even after he has learned the truth. That's when it becomes clear that there is genuinely no one in her circle that she can trust. The friends she's made at the Colony all know the truth and keep hiding it from her, they insist there's nothing to be afraid of, from casual acquaintances to law enforcement to Doc himself, who sent her there. Nobody is on her side.
But to some extent, Karen is not the only character being gaslit. The entire Colony is on Doc's hook. Even if he genuinely believes he's helping them, he clearly isn't. Whatever steps are being taken toward integrating werewolves into modern society, it clearly isn't working. And he has to know that. He's giving supernatural monsters the same "beast within" lecture he gives on primetime television and is somehow expecting it to resonate. There's a clear sense of pride to Waggner, as much as he plays at being the "good guy," as much as he tries to show he's not like the others. It's all a load of crap, because what he really hates is the fact that he's a werewolf. He doesn't want to be one, he wants to pretend he isn't one, and from everything the members of the Colony say toward the end, it's obvious that that's what his whole program is based around. When he thanks Christopher for shooting him at the end of the movie, it's probably the first completely honest thing he's said.
Disney+ Still Doesn't Have 'Under Wraps'
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Given that, it's amazing that the two most honest characters are, essentially, our two antagonists. Eddie Quist is clearly in touch with the beast within to an obviously destructive degree, being a serial killer who has left the Colony to terrorize Los Angeles. Whereas every other person at the Colony tries to hide what they are from Karen, tries to keep her completely in the dark, Eddie tries to show her exactly what he is upon meeting her. His sister, Marsha, is similar, except that she sets her sights on Bill, not Karen. Marsha is known for being a free spirit and speaking her mind, to the point that she's literally introduced to Karen as a nymphomaniac. While Marsha does not tell Bill she's a werewolf right away, she makes her intentions incredibly clear, grabbing him and kissing him when he takes a rabbit to her cabin to prepare for stew, the very first time they're alone together. Karen is easily the most hostile toward Marsha, only natural given that her husband is not only leaving her but shedding the remnants of his life and humanity to be with this woman. Yet, Marsha is the only one who is not actively hiding who she is.
Karen's attempts to bring in outside help only get her friend Terri killed and even then, she can't be blamed for that, because with everyone around her insisting that what's going on all around her isn't happening, what choice does she have? Thankfully, Christopher happened to stumble onto some handy silver bullets, which is a small but fascinating detail, because the existence of those silver bullets inherently means that someone has tried to put a stop to the Colony at least once before. Could it have been Donna, who admits she fought against "the gift" at first? The sheriff? Who knows? It could have been been any of them, before they resigned themselves to lycanthropy and sought Doc's guidance. Hell, it could just as easily have been Doc himself, given his clear hatred for his own condition and his inability to come to terms with it. In the end, the deception and manipulation all come crashing down, as does the entire attempt at werewolves co-existing with the modern world, as Karen seeks to flee the Colony while, at the same time, the lycanthropes therein finally reject Doc's teachings, once and for all.
The Howling is fascinating because it's fundamentally a movie about dragging werewolves into the light—literally, too, as the moon has no effect over them in this movie—and yet at the same time literally about their own fear of being exposed. It's a werewolf film for the eighties, and not just because of its spectacular Rob Bottin effects. This was, after all, the age of self-help gurus like Tony Robbins. But it was also an age when cults were at the forefront of the cultural consciousness. Charles Manson was still very much in the recent memory, while Heaven's Gate had already formed and, most obviously, this was only four years post-Jonestown. The Howling is, like all good werewolf movies, about the struggle to come to terms with one's own nature, and yet it does so in a different way than any werewolf feature before or after it. This time, it's about how the inability to accept one's self can take (literally) so many forms. Repression, guilt, it's all ultimately the same snarling monster. And while it's not often talked about as a tragic werewolf story, it might honestly be one of the most tragic of all. Karen, despite everything she's been through, winds up back in the news room where she began, only this time she's using her journalistic skills that the Colony tried to repress by exposing herself as a werewolf, and in doing so, finally exposing the Colony for what it really was. Her on-camera death is harrowing (though undercut by the bizarrely cute FX) but it has meaning—at least until we cut away to the commercials, showing that most viewers simply don't believe what they're seeing, and that at the end of the day, Karen continues to be disbelieved even in death, and the Colony has ultimately won.
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text:
TV star teacher joins Get Into Teaching campaign
Published: 4:59 PM May 25, 2021
Updated: 5:44 PM May 25, 2021
Teacher, Bobby Seagull, from Little Ilford School in Newham. - Credit: Bobby Seagull
An east London maths teacher who is known from the quiz show University Challenge has joined 11 others in a campaign to inspire others into an education career.
Teacher Bobby Seagull from Little Ilford School in Newham features in the film alongside Upminster's Engayne Primary School teacher, Abi Welton.
The film, named My Favourite Subject, aims to encourage people to consider a career in teaching and highlights the teachers' passion for inspiring "the next generation of scientists, mathematicians, artists, and linguists".
Research conducted by Censuswide on behalf of the Get Into Teaching campaign reveals that maths, English and history are the most enjoyed subjects in school.
Many of the 2,000 people surveyed attributed their interest in their favourite subject thanks to a teacher's passion and 63 per cent of people found the knowledge learnt useful in their current job.
Bobby, who teaches 11- to 16-year-olds at the Ofsted-rated outstanding school, is also one of the "brains" on Channel 4's The Answer Trap.
The 37-year-old said: "I show my students the relevance of maths in the real world as it is everywhere. The other day when we did a lesson on ratios and proportions, I adapted my questions to use bake off as an example, as I know my students watch this and I do the same with football.
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"Showing examples to my students that they can relate to makes the subject easier to understand and showing the relevance to real life means that I can later show them the more challenging academic side of maths."
Before working as a teacher, Bobby had been an investment banker and a charted accountant. However, after a sabbatical teaching new students joining the financial industry, he realised he loved teaching.
Engayne Primary School teacher, Abi Welton. - Credit: Abi Welton
Abi said: "For me, you can't beat the moments you see a student's face light up when they learn something new in one of your lessons.
"For me, the best part is seeing the excitement in children when they are captured by a lesson and knowing that I'm a part of that. It makes everything worthwhile.
"I'm so proud to have contributed to today's new film, which celebrates teachers' love for their favourite subjects. I would encourage anyone thinking about their next steps who has the passion and potential to teach to find out more about making it their career."
Visit the Get Into Teaching website at https://getintoteaching.education.gov.uk/
Watch My Favourite Subject: https://vimeo.com/548309545/52a6b3ae54
Newham News
Upminster News


text:
Compensation for unfair suspension pending a hearing
by Jan Truter
It is a well-known fact that an employee who is suspended pending a disciplinary hearing is entitled to be paid. What is not so well known, is that the employee could claim additional compensation if the suspension is regarded as being unfair. In a well-publicised case, the CCMA awarded an employee five months' remuneration in addition to the normal pay that the employee received while on suspension.
It is common practice for employers to suspend employees pending disciplinary action. However, the Labour Relations Act includes 'unfair suspension' as one of the grounds for a referral of a labour dispute to the CCMA. The question arises as to what grounds an employee may be suspended on and how an employer should go about it.
Grounds and procedures for suspension
The case law indicates that a so-called 'precautionary suspension' of an employee pending an inquiry should only be used when there is a reasonable apprehension that the employee will interfere with witnesses, investigations, or pose some other threat. The employee should not be suspended unless there are prima facie grounds for believing that the employee has committed serious misconduct. The employee may then only be suspended once the employee has been given an opportunity to make representations as to why he or she should not be suspended.
The Labour Court has pointed out that the prejudice an employee may suffer as a result of suspension is not limited to financial loss. Where the suspension is linked to suspicions of misconduct, the integrity and dignity of the employee may also be assailed. Pre-suspension hearings are not intended to afford employees an opportunity to prove their innocence; they relate merely to why employees should not be suspended.
The Eskom case
Much publicity was given to the dubious circumstances under which Eskom made significant payments to the companies McKinsey and Trillion. The matter surfaced again in the CCMA award in Suzanne Daniels v Eskom SOC Ltd (March 2018). According to the facts presented at the CCMA, a forensic report provided by an independent attorneys' firm (dated 1 August 2017) linked several senior executives to misconduct. At the time Suzanne Daniels, Group Executive for Legal and Compliance, was very much involved in the matter. She was also instrumental in giving instructions to Eskom's attorneys to send a letter of demand to McKinsey and Trillian to return the amounts that had been paid to them.
In rather obscure circumstances, Ms Daniels received a notice of intention to suspend her for alleged misconduct that had occurred several months earlier. Daniels objected but was, nevertheless, suspended on full pay. No disciplinary action followed, though. That suspension was later withdrawn without any explanation. A second notice of intention to suspend was issued; this time on other allegations. Although Daniels again opposed the suspension, she was served with notice of a disciplinary hearing with charges. It appears that no date was set for the hearing. She subsequently received a notice that she was suspended on full pay. Both suspensions were challenged in the CCMA and consolidated into one hearing.
Analysis of facts
In his analysis of the facts, the CCMA commissioner pointed out, amongst other things, that the newly appointed GCEO did not apply his mind when he confirmed the first suspension; that the charges in the notice of suspend were totally different from the notice of intention to suspend; and that Daniels was not given an opportunity to make representations. As far as the second suspension is concerned, the charges were based on incidents that Eskom had been aware of seven months before suspending her. By the time the matter came before the CCMA almost a year had passed and still no date had been set for a disciplinary hearing. Eskom did not give evidence at the arbitration hearing and had offered no explanation for the delay.
According to the commissioner "the proverbial axe hanging over the applicant's head is more punitive than an actual disciplinary hearing". There was no indication that Daniels would obstruct the investigations or interfere with witnesses. The charges against her were also not serious.
The commissioner concluded that the suspension was more punitive than precautionary. There was no basis for it being so prolonged. On the other hand, Daniels had acted swiftly in challenging her suspension. The suspension was humiliating and had a negative impact on her reputation. It also impaired her dignity. For these reasons the commissioner ordered Eskom to pay Ms Daniels compensation equivalent to five months' remuneration.
One must bear in mind that the considerations in determining compensation in the Daniels-case occurred against the background of rather sinister and extreme circumstances. Let's imagine a different scenario, for example, where an employee is caught stealing, or where an employee repeatedly refuses to adhere to an instruction of the owner of a small business. Assuming there is nothing to indicate that the employee will be tampering with the evidence, interfere with witnesses or pose any other threat. If one were to be guided by the case law to date, there would be no justifiable reason for a 'cautionary suspension'. This does not seem right. Should the tension and discomfort experienced in the workplace not be a good enough reason to suspend, provided the disciplinary hearing occurs soon thereafter? It would be useful if the Labour Court were to contemplate situations such as these and provide appropriate guidelines.
Where does this leave employers?
While most employers are not equipped for the elaborate procedures that large organisations such as Eskom follow before suspending employees, this case does again illustrate that employers should think twice before suspending an employee. At the very least the employer should give the employee an opportunity to state why he or she should not be suspended pending the hearing. If the employer then decides to proceed with the suspension, the disciplinary hearing should be held without delay.
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North Korean nuclear scientist poisons himself after China sends him back, report says
By Alexa Liautaud Dec 29, 2017
A North Korean nuclear scientist who defected from the Hermit Kingdom reportedly committed suicide inside his prison cell after he was forcibly returned by China.
The man, said to be in his 50s, worked at the physics center of the State Academy of Sciences in Pyongyang, an anonymous source told Radio Free Asia on Thursday. "He was showing signs of anxiety over his research projects," the source from North Korea's North Hamyong Province said. He added that the man didn't notify his family.
The source identified the man as Hyun Cheol Huh, though his name has not been officially confirmed.
Although it's unclear when the man fled North Korea, he was reportedly detained with a group of defectors in the northeastern city of Shenyang, China, on Nov. 4 after they crossed the border. Nearly two weeks later, Chinese officials sent them back to the city of Sinuiju in North Korea, just several miles from the border, on Nov. 17, despite the strong likelihood they would be executed or tortured. The group included 10 others, including a child.
The man took his own life by drinking poison just hours after being placed in solitary confinement and before he was interrogated, the source told RFA. It's unclear, however, when he was placed in solitary and how he was able to conceal the poison.
China — which North Korea views as its most significant trading partner — labels North Korean defectors as illegal immigrants, not refugees, and routinely returns them to the reclusive country.
But the man likely never told Chinese officials that he was a nuclear scientist. If he had, Chinese officials likely wouldn't have deported him and instead, kept him in the country to learn what he knew of North Korea's nuclear program, the source said.
China has been "intensifying its crackdowns on North Korean escapees," according to a Human Rights Watch report released in September. The country has detained at least 41 defectors in July and August alone, compared to 51 detained between July 2016 and July 2017. The report doesn't note how many of those detainees were sent back to the North but estimates that 37 North Koreans have been forcibly returned from China since July 2016.
"China has known for years that North Korea security officials use torture as a matter of longstanding state policy and practice, and imprison people who leave the country without permission," said Phil Robertson, deputy Asia Director at Human Rights Watch. "By returning them to a place of torture and persecution, China is clearly violating international law and its obligations as a nation that has ratified the UN Refugee Convention."
Cover image: Large-sized trucks go through from North Korea at the Sino-Korean Friendship Bridge in Dandong, China on Dec.29, 2017. (The Yomiuri Shimbun via AP Images)


Take Good Care of the Skin You're In!
July is National UV Safety Month -- which makes sense, as it tends to be one of the busiest months for outdoor activities where we expose our skin to the sun's ultraviolet (UV) rays. Skin cancer and eye problems are just two issues that can result from over-exposure to the sun. Skin cancer is the most common type of cancer in the United States. Ultraviolet rays from the sun are the main cause of skin cancer. UV damage can also cause wrinkles and blotchy skin.
Help to spread the word during the month of July, and take extra precautions to prevent skin cancer and reduce the risk of UV damage.