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Hardwood floors are rather lovely, however sadly not all individuals can afford to use them in their homes, however that does not imply that you can not get the exact same type of result in your house; if you do not have much of a budget plan for genuine wood flooring, then you need to attempt wood laminate flooring rather. This kind of flooring product has the same look of real hardwood, however you do not have to invest 10s of countless dollars on them. In this article, you will discover practically everything you need to understand about this kind of floor covering and why you should give them a shot.
What Is Laminate Flooring refinish wood floors dallas tx?
Laminates are made up of various products that are bonded, or laminated together to form a stronger composite product. There are some wood laminates are used a more affordable types of wood with a wood veneer glued on the surface, however the majority of the laminates that you can find today are actually made from a melamine-based resin with a photographic applique on the surface. Thanks to today's contemporary printing approaches, laminate floor covering can closely mimic the look of real wood; no one can in fact inform that they are not real wood unless they are informed.
Besides the inexpensive price, there are other reasons that wood laminate floor covering is so popular with many households. Reduce of installation is one of the very best advantages of laminate floors. Almost all wooden laminate floorings are "drifting" or are simply resting on top of a foam underlay that is straight on top of the concrete sub-base without any kind of adhesive. To make it much easier to install, the laminate slabs come with a tongue and groove interlocking system to make sure that they constantly stay attached to each other.
Installing laminates is so easy that you can actually do it yourself in the course of a weekend; you just need a couple of standard tools like a rubber mallet and a saw to trim the edges.
Even though wood laminate floor covering is not technically genuine wood, people can not truly discriminate once they are currently installed on your floorings. The only problem with laminates is that they tend to fade, specifically in high-traffic areas. However if some slabs on your flooring do get damaged, you can quickly replace the broken part without excessive of a difficulty and without investing excessive money.
If you wish to provide your home a little bit of class, then you need to set up wood flooring. Wooden floorings are not simply beautiful to take a look at, they likewise have function. There are a number of advantages that you can obtain from wood floorings that you can not get anywhere else, and a few of them will get covered in this article.
Among the best reasons for having hardwood floors is that they are so simple to keep clean. Unlike carpets which you need to vacuum everyday since dust and other little particles do tend to stick onto the fiber, hardwood flooring just needs that you do a fast sweep over the surface to get rid of most dirt and dust.
And, if you have wood floorings, you do not need to worry about accidental spills leaving a stain. If someone spills any type of drink on the floor, you simply have to wipe it up using a damp rag and you are done; if the very same thing occurs on carpet, then you can be sure that you will be looking at a big bill from the cleaners.
To keep your wood floors refinish wood floors dallas tx looking excellent for several years to come, you only have to apply floor wax or polish monthly or so. The flooring wax gives your floorings a layer of protection versus spills, shallow scratches, and it likewise prevents dust and dirt from choosing the floor. You do not even have to mop the flooring before you use the flooring polish, a great sweep will do fine; and after a good buffing, your floorings will look much like brand-new.
There will always be some times when your pristine wood floorings will get a little damage, like deep gouges or holes, when they do you would be grateful to understand that repair works are easy. For instance, if there are some scratches on the flooring, all you need to do is gently sand the area utilizing some fine-grit sandpaper until the scratches are gone then use an excellent layer of paste wax on the surface then rub it utilizing a soft cloth.
These are just a few of the benefits that wood flooring have over the other products. There are plenty more of them, a lot that they can not fit into this post. If you wish to find out more about the charm of having wood floorings, then you ought to ask around your regional hardware store.
Not all individuals have a budget that will permit them to utilize real wood on their floorings, but that does not mean there is no chance that they can get the very same kind of take a look at an economical cost; this is where vinyl wood slab floor covering can be of fantastic assistance. As the name suggests, this kind of floor covering product is not really made from wood, but from vinyl; so this suggests vinyl slabs are significantly more affordable than real wood, but they still feel and look like the real thing.
Unlike real wood floors that are so hard to set up that you need to get a specialist to do it for you, vinyl plank flooring installation can really be dealt with as a weekend project. You can discover lots of easy to follow how-to videos online so that you know where to begin with the installation and ways to do it correctly.
Wood might be lovely, but they can not be installed in locations where the floors are constantly getting damp, like the kitchen and the bathroom; this is not an issue with vinyl wood plank flooring. Since vinyl is water resistant, they can be set up where other type of floor covering are not really suitable. And, if an accident happens and somebody spills their beverage on the floor, it will just roll off the surface and will not even leave a stain behind.
Thanks to contemporary printing innovation, the applique that is on wooden vinyl floor covering slabs looks similar to genuine wood. They are so persuading that many people who see them could not even tell that they are not really made from wood; it will be your very own little secret that your floors are not truly made from wood.
There are very few floor covering types that have the same blend of charm and affordability that vinyl wood slabs do, which is why they are rather popular amongst homeowners. If you are trying to find a good material for when you remodel your floorings, but your budget can not accommodate pricey products, then try utilizing vinyl wood slab flooring. Not only is this kind of flooring material affordable, considering that you can install them on your own, you also save on labor costs.
Hardwood floors are probably the most stunning floor covering type that you can install in your home. There is something about the organic patterns in the wood's grain that actually makes any room quickly feel cozy. If you are developing a new house for your family, or you are renovating your existing floor covering, then it is extremely suggested that you try using wood rather of other materials. If you are not completely encouraged about utilizing wood as a flooring material, then perhaps the following reasons will assist make up your mind.
There are many types of wood that are perfect for floor covering that you will in fact have a difficult time choosing simply one. They come in many different tones from the reddish oak or birch, the rather dark mahogany, or if you want you can utilize light shades that originate from ash or maple wood. There are even some exotic ranges that have really striking grain patterns, like tigerwood and Brazilian walnut. It does not matter what sort of decoration you have in your home, you can be sure to find the best wood floors to match them.
Other floor covering types need a lot of routine care to make them look pristine, take carpets for instance. When you spill any kind of beverage onto carpet, 10 times out of ten you can be sure that there will be a stain that is left behind, specifically if the carpet is light-colored. Wood floor covering on the other hand does not truly require excessive maintenance to keep its beauty; all you need to do is provide it a light sweeping everyday to prevent dust from settling, and apply floor wax each month to keep the flooring smooth and shiny.
If installed correctly, there are no areas in between the wooden floorboards for any dust or pet hairs to squeeze into, so you can get rid of any allergy causing elements merely by vacuuming over the surface area of the floor. If you have family pets, you will find that getting rid of their fur is easier on hardwood floorings instead of if you have carpets.
These are just some of the advantages of using hardwood as a floor covering product, there are more however unfortunately this short article is not long enough to accommodate them all. Remember that despite the fact that hardwood might be a bit more pricey, the advantages that it gives more than offsets the cost.


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Apple is the most valued company from the past years. It has always maintained its position in the topmost chart.
And after buying these companies Apple is still left with $175.9 Billions.
I hope they make great use of it further.


text:
Dictionary Meanings
Underestimated Definition
Definition Source
Simple past tense and past participle of underestimate.
miscarried
slighted
depreciated
disparaged
minimized
miscalculated
disesteemed
belittled
exaggerated
overestimated
overvalued
Underestimated Sentence Examples
The two assertions are not to be reconciled by pointing out that Professor Tornebohm underestimated, for instance crediting the United States with only 1 1 billion tons, whereas the United States Geological Survey's expert credits that country with from ten to twenty times this quantity; nor by pointing out that only certain parts of Europe and a relatively small part of North America have thus far been carefully explored for iron ore, and that the rest of these two continents and South America, Asia and Africa may reasonably be expected to yield very great stores of iron, and that pyrite, one of the richest and most abundant of ores, has not been included.
The guardsman struck with nonchalance that told Jule just how much he was being underestimated.
Finally, Lydia said, "I told your wife I was going to ask you," then added, "I really underestimated that woman."
He recognized the danger of the recall of the old parlement, but was unable effectively to oppose it, since he had been associated with the dismissal of Maupeou and Terray, and seems to have underestimated its power.
While the political element in the development of the Hanseatic League must not be underestimated, it was not so formative as the economic. The foundation was laid for the growth of German towns along the southern shore of the Baltic by the great movement of German colonization of Slavic territory east of the Elbe.
François de Malherbe
Quotes About Being Confused
John Gerard Bruton
Agis IV
What Happened to Amelia Earhart? Behind Her Last Flight
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Words Near Underestimated in the Dictionary
under-erasure
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text:
cyberlaw:regulation
Textbook: Governing the Internet
About This Textbook: Four Main Themes and How You Can Help
How is the Internet Regulated?
The Liability of Intermediaries
Intermediary Liability for Defamation
Intermediary Liability for Copyright
Intermediary Liability for Trade Mark Infringement, passing off, and misleading and deceptive conduct
Copyright Safe Harbours
Regulating the Domain Name System
Content Regulation and Online Classification
Computer Access and Computer Crimes
Privacy and Surveillance
Regulating Private Intermediaries
Different Ways of Understanding the Layers of the Internet
Infrastructure: The Internet Is a Series of Tubes
The Dawn of the Internet: A Declaration of the Independence of Cyberspace
Barlow's First Claim: The Internet is Unregulable
Barlow's Second Claim: State Regulation of the Internet is Illegitimate
Lessig's Modalities of Regulation: Law, Architecture, Norms and the Market
Code is Law
Case Study: YouTube's ContentID System
Enforcing Law Online
This Chapter provides an overview of how the internet and its users are regulable. It starts by explaining how the internet technically operates, including the different layers of the internet, and how the internet is a decentralised network of networks. The Chapter then explains how early internet enthusiasts, like John Perry Barlow, heralded the internet as a new frontier free from regulation. However, Lawrence Lessig challenged this idealised conception of the internet by pointing out that "code is law "1), or that the rules of software can be as powerful as the laws of nation states that regulate the behaviour of citizens. This Chapter concludes by outlining some the challenges of enforcing law in the decentralised online environment, some of which we will explore in later Chapters.
Video Overview by Nic Suzor:Layers of the Internet
In order to understand how the internet operates, and how regulation can operate in this context, it is important to understand the different layers of the internet. Network engineers generally conceptualise up to seven layers of the internet and distinguish between the physical pipes, network infrastructure and other components of the network. However, for the purposes of this unit, we will conceptualise the internet in terms of three main layers: infrastructure, code and content.
The first layer of the internet is the 'infrastructure' layer (network cables, routers and protocols). This layer is designed around the principle of a 'neutral' network ('end-to-end' principle): the responsibility for determining the content of communications rests with smart servers and users at the ends of the network, and the intermediaries are only responsible for passing messages along the chain. Intermediaries are not expected to examine or interfere with content, in any substantive way, as it passes through their networks. The design principle that intermediaries are merely conduits for passing messages enables innovation at the infrastructure level. As the network itself is open, there is a real separation between the infrastructure (the pipes) and content (the data that flows over those pipes), which means that anyone is free to 'plug-in' to the internet and start providing services over the IP protocol and the hardware that connects all users together. Service providers can design new systems that can operate on top of standardised protocols.
The second layer can be thought of as the 'code' layer - that is, the software that operates at the ends of the network to interact with users. The webserver that sends users the webpages that they requeste, which is customised and tailored for that particular user, is an example of a software program running on a server or farm of servers. The applications ('apps') that connect people to others, that allow users to chat, like, comment on and swipe content created by others, are pieces of software running on mobile devices and personal computers that communicate with software running on the servers somewhere in 'the cloud'. These programs, including their design, the input they accept, the algorithms they use to respond to requests, are responsible for determining who we can communicate with and how.
The third layer of the internet is content, or the material that is transmitted over the network infrastructure, selected and presented by code. For many of us, the information that users express and receive over the internet and the visible components of its networks are some of the first things that come to mind when we think of "the internet". The history of internet regulation is mostly a history of attempts by various parties to regulate content, including offensive communications and pornography, private and confidential information, defamatory statements and copyright content. This is because governments and private actors often have reasons to want to limit the flow of certain information online. Increasingly, however, attempts to regulate content involve struggles at the code and infrastructure layers as pressure mounts on those who provide network infrastructure or services to build certain rules into their systems. The most prominent struggles over internet governance are principally concerned with who gets to decide how networks are structured and how code operates.
Video Overview by Nic Suzor:Internet Infrastructure
The resilience of the internet is often framed in John Gilmore's famous words: "The Net interprets censorship as damage and routes around it."2) To understand this claim, we have to understand some principles about how the internet technically works. As noted above, the internet is often defined as a network of networks. Wikipedia has a useful definition:
The Internet is a global system of interconnected computer networks that use the standard Internet protocol suite (TCP/IP) to link several billion devices worldwide. It is a network of networks that consists of millions of private, public, academic, business, and government networks of local to global scope, linked by a broad array of electronic, wireless, and optical networking technologies.
The Internet as we know it is built on technologies funded by the US Department of Defence, large public investments in infrastructure by academic and other institutions and, from the 1990s, large-scale private investments in the deployment of new commercial and private connections around the world. From its very beginnings, the internet was designed to be resilient. One of its key features is that it relies on an inter-connected web of computers to route information from any point to any other point on the internet. Take, for example, a user in Australia that sends a message via Facebook. Once that user writes a message on their home computer or mobile device, the message is then transmitted along an ISP's network a few times before hitting a major backbone or undersea cable. The message is then passed along the chain by several other networked routers before finally reaching its destination at a webserver in the United States (US). The process of sending a Facebook message could take anywhere from 10 to 20 different 'hops' along this chain. Facebook's webserver in the US will receive that request and send the content back to the user along a similar, but not necessarily the same, path.
The fact that content, including messages, can take any path between the two end points is a foremost reasons why the internet is hard to regulate. Internet infrastructure is designed to resist control and automatically re-route around problems, such as broken links, when and where they might occur. For instance, individual messages are broken down into much smaller 'packets', and the 'internet protocol' provides the standard for communication that enables all connected systems to talk to each other and pass data along the chain. This illustrates Gilmore's argument that,3) if a particular path is blocked or censored, the internet protocol allows computers to find alternative routes to send content to its destination.
Some networks are easier to regulate than others. More decentralised networks, such as 'peer-to-peer' (P2P) file sharing technologies, are more difficult to regulate in part because of the sheer number of largely anonymous end-users who might be sharing content. As we will discuss in the Liability of Intermediaries chapter, parties alleging some kind of infringement often chose to due intermediaries, rather than end-users. Targeting an intermediary, such as an ISP, can be very effective because of the 'customer/server' nature of their networks (i.e. the ISP, or server, largely contractually agrees to provide internet access to end-users, or its customers).
One way of avoiding regulation online is through the use of a Virtual Private Network ('VPN'). A VPN creates an encrypted 'tunnel' from an entry point in one jurisdiction to an exit point in another. By using a VPN, a user can appear to be located in another jurisdiction. This means a user can potentially avoid jurisdiction-based filtering or blocking, such as geo-blocking of online content, and attempt to better conceal their real location and other personal information. Mitch Huges explains how some Australians use VPNs to access overseas Netflix content and ultimately bypass industry agreements that require geographic market segmentation of content.
Edit (cyberlaw:cyberspace)
In 1996, John Perry Barlow released a famous provocation about the limits of state power in regulating the internet. The Declaration, which we encourage you to read or watch in full, begins:
Governments of the Industrial World, you weary giants of flesh and steel, I come from Cyberspace, the new home of Mind. On behalf of the future, I ask you of the past to leave us alone. You are not welcome among us. You have no sovereignty where we gather.... I declare the global social space we are building to be naturally independent of the tyrannies you seek to impose on us. You have no moral right to rule us nor do you possess any methods of enforcement we have true reason to fear.
Barlow's Declaration has played an pivotal role in shaping how we think about online regulation. In this extract, he makes two main claims about online regulation, which we will examine in more detail below. The first is that the internet is inherently unregulable by territorial governments. The second is that state regulation of the internet is illegitimate, or governments should defer to the self-rule of cyberspace.
Overview by Nic Suzor:Governing the Internet
"You have no moral right to rule us nor do you possess any methods of enforcement we have true reason to fear."
Barlow's first claim that territorial states do not have the power to regulate the internet is largely descriptive. This claim is based on a number of factors, including the decentralised nature of the internet, which is a network of networks that spans the globe without any real concern for jurisdictional boundaries. The internet enables billions of people to communicate largely anonymously across the globe, and the sheer quantity of content that is transmitted over the network each day is almost incomprehensibly large. All of these factors mean that, for the most part, any explicit interventions by governments can be trivially circumvented. If a website is shut down in one jurisdiction, it can be back up the next day somewhere else in the world. If a document is removed from one site, it will often quickly be reposted on a dozen more (see, for example, the 'streisand effect').
However, it turns out that regulating the internet isn't quite impossible, just often very difficult. Fundamentally, the internet is not a separate place because the people who use it are real people, in real locations, subject to the very real power of their jurisdictions. The pipes that people use to communicate are cables and wireless links which also have physical presence. Where a Government can target the speakers, recipients or intermediaries involved in a communication, it can have a real effect on what information is transmitted via the internet. Figure 1 below, for example, illustrates the network traffic in Egypt over the period of the January 2011 revolution. You can clearly see the point at which the Egyptian Government had shut down the five major Egyptian internet service providers. The Egyptian Government's intervention epitomises the idea that those who controls the pipes, controls the universe.
The challenge of regulating the internet is finding an effective way to either identify and regulate the potentially anonymous creators of information, the billions of potential recipients, or finding a way to regulate the networks along the chain of communication.
Figure 1: Who Controls the Pipes, Controls the Universe - Traffic to and from Egypt on 27-28 January 2011, from Arbor Networks
(Image (c) Arbor Networks via Wired)
A Case Study: Newzbin
Overview of Newzbin by Nic Suzor
While the internet is not unregulable, there are unique challenges facing regulators. The case of Newzbin, which was a popular Usenet indexing site, is one example from the fight against copyright infringement. Dubbed 'the Google of usenet' by the Motion Picture Association of America (MPAA), copyright owner groups sought to shut down the service that allowed others to easily find copyright films and other works. In a 2010 Decision, the High Court in the United Kingdom (UK) found Newzbin liable for copyright infringement, and the company was wound up and their website shut down.4)
Two weeks later, Newzbin2 rose from the ashes. Someone had copied the entire codebase of the old site and brought it back online on a server in the Seychelles, an archipelago of islands outside of UK jurisdiction. The MPAA went back to court, this time seeking an injunction that would require UK-based ISPs to block access to the website. The Court granted this order, marking an expansion of laws that were originally designed to block websites that hosted child sexual abuse material: Twentieth Century Fox Film Corporation v British Telecommunications PLC [2011] EWHC 1981 (Ch).
The system for blocking websites is not wholly effective. It turned out to be easy to bypass if users encrypted their connections or used a virtual private network to avoid the block. Shortly after the injunction, Newzbin2 released a user-friendly application to 'utterly defeat' the filter, explaining that its app could "break any updated web censorship methods or anti-freedom countermeasures". Ultimately, however, Newzbin2 closed down in 2012. It had lost the trust of its users, who were not sufficiently willing to pay to support the new service. Importantly, copyright owners had also started to target the payment intermediaries that channeled funds to the organisation - intermediaries like Mastercard, Visa, Paypal, and smaller payment processors that use these networks.
The Newzbin case study illustrates how regulating online content and behaviour can be an extremely difficult task. By cutting off the flow of money, the rightsholder groups were eventually successful in shutting down Newzbin. However, this took a lot of time and effort, and there is a good chance that many users of the service simply moved to newer, better hidden infringement networks. Overall, the copyright industry has had some succes in tackling large copyright infringers, but this is an ongoing arms race, as infringers continue to find ways around the regulations.
Overview by Nic SuzorThe Legitimacy of Online Regulation
The second claim that Barlow makes in his Declaration is that state governments should defer to cyberspace self-rule, or what we call 'private ordering'. Barlow explains that:
"We believe that from ethics, enlightened self-interest, and the commonweal, our governance will emerge."
Barlow's argument is that the rules and social norms created by online communities to govern themselves will be better than anything imposed by territorial states. This was expressed by Johnson and Post in a famous 1995 article as a general principle that there is "no geographically localized set of constituents with a strong and more legitimate claim to regulate [online activities]" than the members of the communities themselves.5) In addition to arguing that online communities should be able to govern for themselves, Barlow and Johnson and Post asserted that if territorial governments try to impose their own laws on a borderless internet, users will never be able to work out what set of rules they are subject to. The consequence of governments attempting to prevent online communities from regulating themselves, according to Post, would be:6)
"... the chaotic nonsense of Jurisdictional Whack-a-Mole".
As we will see in the Jurisdiction chapter, the legitimacy of any one nation claiming jurisdiction over transnational communications is still a vexed issue. As the Australian High Court noted in the Dow Jones v Gutnick7) case, nation states purport to have a responsibility to protect their citizens' interests online, and certainly a desire to regulate online content and behaviour.
Edit (cyberlaw:networks)
Video Overviews by Nic SuzorCode is Law and Different Types of Regulation
As law students, we are familiar with thinking of regulation primarily as law. The law generally threatens those who misbehave, or fail to abide by legal rules, with punishment. As Grimmelmann explains, the law 'encourages individuals to choose the "right" course of action by associating sufficient sanctions with the "wrong" one to make it comparatively unattractive".8) We have different bodies of law, causes of action and remedies for resolving disputes between "right" and "wrong" courses of action. The law, however, is not the only form of regulation in everyday life. In his famous book, Code, and Other Laws of Cyberspace, Lawrence Lessig explains that there are four key "modalities of regulation" that attempt to limit or restrain people's behaviour. These modalities are (1) law, (2) architecture, (3) norms and (4) the market.
It is useful here to explain Lessig's conception of the other modalities of regulation. First, architecture refers to physical reality, or "the human built environment".9) Speed humps are an everyday example of regulation as physical architecture. Speed humps have speed control elements that, in conjunction with drivers taking note of warning signs, attempt to reduce the speed of a vehicle in line with target speed limits. Architects and town planners, among others, regularly design and deploy a wide variety of physical restraints, like speed humps, in line with regulatory agendas. Second, even in the absence of black letter law, social norms constrain some forms of behaviour. Take, for instance, norms of everyday conduct that many of us are socially conditioned to adhere to: 'Don't talk to strangers', 'follow instructions given by authority figures', 'respect your elders' and so forth. Norms are informal yet pervasive codes of conduct. Finally, the marketplace can regulate behaviour by putting a price tag on certain behaviours. Examples of market-based regulation include raising the price to petrol to combat speeding, pollution permits for certain industries, and accreditation, licensing and membership certifications. The market can efficiently regulate some scare resources and, like architecture and norms, improve regulation carried out my laws.
Shortly after early cyber-libertarians like Barlow declared the internet to be free from regulation, Lawrence Lessig's famous phrase "code is law" fundamentally changed debates about internet governance and regulation.10) Lessig argues that code is a form of physical architecture that can control online communication, or behaviours, just as effectively as the legal rules of nation states. The hidden ways in which code regulates online behaviours often goes unnoticed, but in every piece of software, in every algorithm, there are hidden assumptions about how the world works or should work. Sometimes this is accidental - for example, many websites are inaccessible to people with print disabilities because they are not designed with this user group in mind. It takes a lot of vigilance to ensure that technologies are developed in a way that does not unintentionally exclude or limit the access of certain groups of people. Other times, though, code acts in a much more sinister way. We have no real understanding of the algorithms that Facebook or Google use to determine which content is visible to us. The news items that popup in our feeds, or the results of our searches, are all determined according to a set of algorithms that are ultimately designed to further the interests of private corporations. These are powerful algorithms – powerful mechanisms of regulation that we really do not understand, and certainly do not know whether or how we should regulate their design or use.
Lessig outlines how code, the physical architecture of the internet, as well as the other modalities of regulation work together in the online environment. For example:
Law: Laws such as copyright, defamation and obscenity threaten ex-post sanction for violation of legal rights;
Architecture: Software and hardware that make cyberspace what it is constrain how you can behave online, by requiring passwords, producing traces that link transactions to you, encryption and code;
Norms: What users can say on particular websites is influenced by the nature of that site; and
Markets: Price structures or busy signals constrain access, areas of the web charge for access, advertisers reward popular sites, online services drop low-population forums.
We can apply these four modalities to different regulatory issues about internet content. Imagine, for instance, that we are concerned about the amount of offensive content on the web. We could create a law against offensive material, but it would be really hard to enforce. In fact, we already have several such laws, including common law obscenity offences as well as a content classification scheme that allows people to make complaints about content online. These laws, however, are all practically useless where content is hosted in foreign jurisdictions. Lessig's other modalities of regulation offer other potential solutions:
A code-based approach to regulating offensive content might be to introduce mandatory filtering at the ISP level;
A market-based approach might include subsidising voluntary filters that parents can install on their home internet connections; or
We might investigate how to develop social norms around acceptable behaviour. This might be a bit harder to articulate, but we see this happening a lot in our society. Imagine the moral outrage, in all of the papers, including outraged quotes from the Prime Minister's office when someone defaces a memorial page on Facebook. This is the work that creates a shared social norm about what content or behaviour is permissible and what is not.
Importantly, Lessig's modalities are never really independent, as they all interact in interested ways. In the context of offensive online content, social media platforms like Facebook, YouTube, and Twitter are modifying their code to allow people to report or flag offensive content, and the market is starting to respond to concerns about offensive content. This market-based initiative, noting that platforms, like Facebook, are private corporations, leverages code and social norms to regulate the massive amounts of material that are posted to these networks every day.
Overview by Alex McKay
Copyright infringement is another example of the interplay between the different modalities of regulation. In the late 1990s, the copyright industries' answer to the problem P2P file sharing network Napster posed was to turn to the courts. The courts eventually held that Napster was liable for copyright infringement, and the service was shut down. When that did not stop filesharing, the industries turned to marketing to try to create strong social norms against copying – you wouldn't steal a car, right? Over the last decade, working with YouTube and others, rightsholders have been able to develop new technologies to detect potential copyright infringement and deal with it automatically. YouTube's ContentID, for example, automatically detects when a person uses copyright music in their video, and copyright owners are presented with an easy choice to block access to the video, remove the soundtrack, leave it alone, or run ads alongside it. This has been a massively important tool for rightsholders. Finally, there have been some market innovations over the last few decades as well. Eventually, iTunes emerged to satisfy some of the demand music fans had to be able to get access to digital downloads in a cheap and easy way. Spotify and now Apple Music have gone further - providing fans with all-you-can-eat subscription so that they can enjoy the abundance that Napster brought, legally.
If you define 'regulation' as a concerted effort to influence or control the way another person behaves, there are many different ways of achieving that goal. Lessig's point is not that governments and state-based law do not matter in the internet age, rather that law is only one of the ways to regulate. This means that when we are thinking about internet regulation, we need to be aware of the ways in which behaviour can be altered, and the limits of any given modality.
Overview Videos by Will McLay on Online Anonymity and Rica Ehlers on 4chan
There are a number of challenges to enforcing law on the internet. The first is the decentralised nature of the internet, in stark contrast to the traditional, centralised conception of government, enables users to communicate across jurisdictional boundaries.11) It is possible for users to redirect their online activities through any number of jurisdictions that might be remote, require inter-governmental cooperation, or lengthily and/or costly legal proceedings. The ability of users to communicate largely anonymously via the internet is another challenge for law enforcement. Anonymity makes it difficult for law enforcement agencies to do a number of things, including obtain personal information and identify a person's physical location, especially when a user might be using a VPN or other de-identifying software. The sheer quantity of content that users transmit over the web also creates practical challenges. It is immensely difficult for law enforcement agencies, and other societal actors like online platforms that are increasingly undertaking policy work at the behest of regulators,12) to effectively review and make determinations about every piece of content. These factors, among others, can raise complex legal questions about choice of law/applicable law, choice of forum, and the recognition of foreign judgments, which we will consider in my more detail in the following Chapter. Lessig's modalities of regulation provide a useful framework for us to attempt to identify and evaluate different solutions to regulatory problems, like law enforcement, in the digital age.
Example: Cloudflare's decision to drop hosting for the Daily Stormer neo-Nazi site
Overview video by Hazza: The Downfall of the Daily Stormer
The neo-Nazi website, Daily Stormer, is a good example of how online content can be regulated by Internet intermediaries. Cloudflare, a content delivery network, provides many advantages to websites on their servers. One of Cloudflare's main selling points is its security capabilities against online attacks, especially against a Distributed Denial of Service attack. It is for this very reason that so many websites seek protection from the company, including the Daily Stormer, one of the largest neo-Nazi websites. After the administrators of the Daily Stormer made hateful comments regarding a woman's murder in the Charlottesville rally in 2017, Cloudflare terminated protection of the website after significant criticism from the public. It was a decision that Matthew Prince, Cloudflare's CEO, struggled to make, being a firm believer in freedom of speech on the Internet. The tipping point for the decision was the team behind the website claiming that Cloudflare were secretly supporters of the site's hateful ideology, which was something the company could not stand for. The Daily Stormer has suffered dramatic losses in traffic and membership, and shows how Internet intermediaries can regulate online content, even if that regulation is only imperfect.
Edit (cyberlaw:code)
1) , 10)
Lawrence Lessig, Code 2.0 (2006), pp 121–26 http://codev2.cc/download+remix/Lessig-Codev2.pdf
Philip Elmer-Dewitt, 'First Nation in Cyberspace' (1994) 49 TIME International http://www.chemie.fu-berlin.de/outerspace/internet-article.html.
Twentieth Century Fox Film Corporation v Newzbin Limited [2010] EWHC 608 (Ch)
David Johnson and David Post, 'Law and Borders–The Rise of Law in Cyberspace' (1995) 48 Stanford Law Review 1367, 1375
Post, 'Governing Cyberspace: Law' (2008) http://www.academia.edu/2720975/Governing_Cyberspace_Law
Dow Jones and Company Inc v Gutnick [2002] HCA 56 http://www.austlii.edu.au/cgi-bin/sinodisp/au/cases/cth/HCA/2002/56.html?stem=0&synonyms=0&query=title(dow%20jones%20and%20gutnick%20)&nocontext=1
James Grimmelmann, 'Regulation by Software' (2005) 1725 https://www.yalelawjournal.org/pdf/209_jbwrex6h.pdf
Note that this does not necessarily mean that the internet is borderless: See Orin S. Kerr 'Enforcing Law Online, Reviewed Work(s): Who Controls the Internet?: Illusions of a Borderless World by Jack Goldsmith and Tim Wu (2007) https://www.jstor.org/stable/pdf/4495619.pdf
Electronic Frontier Foundation, 'Who Has Your Back? Censorship Edition 2018 https://www.eff.org/who-has-your-back-2018
cyberlaw/regulation.txt
by witta


Xcorps 25. MOTOSK8 -seg.5- The Xcorps TV shoot crew rolls coast to coast in this featured episode including crazy west coast action with team MotoSK8 racing gas powered inline skates down California coast highway 101, a trip to the east coast with a look at a music talent factory in Massachusetts followed with the Kottonmouth Kings band recording at their label in L.A. Dynamic duo host team J and RoZ open things up from Burbank rolling into Suburban NoiZe Records on a Sunday to see what the punk rap band Kottonmouth Kings has going. Daddy X talks about the band and the lifestyle company SRH - Supporting Radical Habits. Jason and Roslyn hang with band members DLOC and The TAX man as tracks are laid to their new CD/album. Check out the live miX Daddy X puts down for the Xcams! After that RoZ and J thro to the X Guru Eric Ducharme who introduces the viewer to an eXciting way to roll- on gas powered inline skates- the MotoSK8. Check out the mind blowing action with 7 members of team MotoSK8 ripping down scenic So. Cal coast highway 101 powered by Kottonmouth Kings song UR Done. Lots of fun race action along with resulting chase down by local police. Laws against motorized inlines? See the results. The show then shifts to the East Coast with XC host Jason Lazo visiting his roots hometown, Southbridge Massachusetts where he checks the New England music scene at the ADC - Artist Development Complex created by local Ralph Laconto from a Civil War era factory X cams catch the band Jediah in the cyber studio talking about the complex. Jediah music powered the XC show BASE-2 and it was great to get them on Xcorps in person. Live performance shots of the Ryan Montbleau Band flavors the segment as well. Jason then throws it back to the West coast with the X Guru and team MotoSK8 pulling moves on their motorized skates. Eric D talks with rider Dan Brittson about the 2 stroke blades specs and out of the box top speed. More wild action here along with some good stair jumps and a look at the Kotton Mouth Kings new video King Klick. Then its back to Suburban NoiZe Records for more live tracks from Tax and Daddy X rapping out another fresh tune. The show wraps with Roslyn and J throwing to another MotoSK8 speed stunt by skater Bret Thomas. Thanks to riders Rich Hopkins, Matt Paladini, Dan Brittson, Erin Gendle, and Eric Ducharme for making it happen.


I�m thinking of getting my hair permed for the first time, but want to know what types there are, and if it�s worth me going for one at all. I�ve got medium length, thick but quite fine, un-dyed hair, which is in really good condition (I hardly ever use heat styling/styling products and condition it regularly). But it basically has no style at all, no layers, nothing. I�ve curled (heat and roller) my hair in the past, and it holds shape brilliantly, but I never have the amount of time it takes to style regularly. I�m hoping that a perm would be "self-maintaining" or close enough. Is there a type of perm which gives loose curls (not 80�s corkscrews), won�t do too much damage, and will help? And do I even have the right type of hair? Thank you!
I know that my question is not really related to hair problems, etc. but I would like to know; how can I style my hair if I am wearing a black lace dress? And my other question is: my daughter is 14 years old and she wants to dye her hair (not much lighter than her natural dark brunette hair), though I�m not sure if I should let her dye it or not, what do you think?
There is absolutely nothing wrong with colouring your hair but once you do colour it, you rarely stop so this is something to bear in mind. Coloured hair needs more care to ensure it stays in the best possible condition as it is more prone to moisture loss and damage so is likely to cost more in the long run too to upkeep. I would suggest you try getting your daughter to keep her hair natural for the time being until she is a little older as you don�t want her to do something she might regret. As for your query about a hair style when wearing a black lace dress. I think a simple but classic up do - think Audrey Hepburn is always a winner!
I�m a guy with medium-short hair that is thick, coarse and straight. My problem is that it sticks out at the sides and side burns, rather than growing flat on the sides where the side burns are. My solution so far is to just shave off the sides and have shorter hair that I have to style. My problem with that is that with short hair, my hair stands our everywhere without styling. Would appreciate any advice on that, thanks!
This is a common problem with straight Asian hair. The solutions are as you have been doing take it shorter, but by taking it shorter that doesn�t mean you have to have a military style hair cut, grow the length on top for instance. There are two important things you need done and that is, haircut needs texture, the ends need to be shattered so there is texture difference in length and Product, a strong holding wax if covered all over the head will weigh down and control the protruding hair at the sides. Failing that why not grow it longer, there will come a point when your hair can no longer stick straight out, gravity will take its cause and weigh it down. It needs to be long, so you need to go through that grown out stage, but once longer get a seamless hair cut that encourages movement and texture you will find it much easier.


In the second half of XIX, when the town of Verniy was founded (which later was renamed Almaty), in some kilometers from the town, the aul was built between mountain slopes. The founder of this settlement was the respected entrepreneur Medeu Pusurmanov. After his death the gorge, where the aul was located, was named after him (and later one of districts of Almaty was named in his honor). Not long after in the gorge there was built the health resort and in 18972 the sporting complex "Medeu" was opened, which obtained the worldwide recognition.
During its existence it was awarded to epithet "fabric of records" – more than 120 records were established here. They attribute this to that it is placed on the height of 1691 meters above sea level, and the ice of the skating rink is made of pure mountain water, free of salts dashes. It is the characteristic of ice surface of rink that provides the best results.
Thanks to that it is placed in 15 kilometers from Almaty, and due to big area of rink (10000 sq.m.), Medeo became the popular place of rest for many residents and guests of Southern Capital. The skating rinks works everyday, 8 months in a year. In near future it is planned to construct the dome, which will allow the whole year round operation of the skating rink.
A little higher the gorge there is the mud dam and the ski base Chimbulak, which is also very popular among residents of Almaty. By the way, there is the stairs, which leads to the dam, consisting of 842 steps, and on which the competitions on speed climbing are held very often.
More than hundred years passed after death Medeu, but the memory of him and his acts will remain not only in his children but in the gorge, named after him and in the skating rink, which became the national patrimony.


Welcome to NBN Medical Boutique!
2 Pin Oak Ln, Suite 250, Cherry Hill, NJ 08003.
Our purpose is to be a resource for our families to make their lives easier. Over the years we have cared for many people in the home setting and have seen what products have enhanced their living experiences while dealing with health challenges. This boutique is dedicated to them.


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Basic Folk – Peter Mulvey
Milwaukee-born Peter Mulvey has, along with classical duo SistaStrings, made an anti-fascist record. According to Peter, "to make an anti–fascist record, you must keep kindness and compassion in the foreground." Love is the Only Thing goes from family, to politics, to family, to racism and back to family. It's as optimistic and introspective as it is filled with "running out of a burning building" type of songs. All the while, Peter is joined by powerful, thoughtful and extremely talented musicians in Monique and Chauntee Ross.
Lots has happened in Peter's life since his last album. He originated himself in New England, fell in love and got married, a pandemic, and he's become a father. All these eek their way into the songs on the new album. Particularly poignant is his co-write with his partner, the song about their possible future as parents (good luck not crying to all the parents out there!) Don't worry if you didn't catch all the Buddhist references, we talk about each one in finite detail. Enjoy!
Photo Credit: Joe Navas


Camera shaped keychains– Bring a smile to the face of the photographers by handing out fascinating camera shaped keychains to let them organize their keys.
Photo Umbrella- The photo umbrella can be used as a reflector by the photographer and use the light evenly over every surface. This is a lightweight product which can be easily transported to and fro for a photo shoot.
Camera Lens Mug- The photographers can gulp down their favorite beverage with it because it keeps the drink warm for long hours of shoot.
Camera shaped USB flash drive– USB flash drive is considered as one of the best companions of the photographers to save their works. This camera shape USB flash drive helps the photographer to maintain their love for the camera.
Travel Adapter- Travel adapter comes in quite handy for the photographers while traveling to the outstation. The travel adapter will solve the problem of charging their cameras.


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Dr. Reginald Abraham Mengi
Founder / Executive Chairman of IPP Group
Despite being born into extreme poverty, Dr Reginald Mengi managed to study accountancy in the UK and qualified as a chartered accountant. In 1989 Dr Mengi left the prestigious audit firm of Cooper Brothers (later Coopers & Lybrand and now PriceWaterHouseCoopers- PWC), where he had risen to the position of Managing Partner and Chairman, to concentrate on his own businesses.
Today Dr Mengi is a prominent businessperson who is respected and recognised as the Founder, Owner and Executive Chairman of the IPP Group of Companies.
Dr Mengi is also business visionary who has been vocal about the importance of African businesses and their Governments embracing research, technology and innovation so as to reap the benefits of the 4th Industrial Revolution. Leading by example, Dr Mengi recently set up a company called IPP Research, Technology and Innovation Limited to invest in research, technology and innovation in Tanzania
Dr Mengi is also a prominent philanthropist who has pioneered corporate and individual social responsibility in Tanzania by contributing his time and resources to worthy causes. Indeed, Dr Mengi derives great satisfaction in giving and sharing with humility and views himself as a water pipe that carries water to consumers in society or in other words, a mere conduit. Some of his initiatives have included: poverty eradication and economic empowerment; challenges facing the disadvantaged sections of society especially those with disabilities; education; health; and conservation and protection of the environment. As part of his continuing efforts to support persons with disabilities Dr Mengi has created a foundation known as 'The Dr Reginald Mengi Persons with Disabilities Foundation'.
Currently Dr Reginald Mengi holds the following positions:
1. Founding and current Chairman, Media Owners Association of Tanzania (MOAT).
This is an organization which represents media owners in Tanzania. Dr Reginald Mengi was elected as Chairman in 2003 and has held this position since then.
2. Founding and current Chairman, Dr. Reginald Mengi People with Disabilities Foundation.
This is an NGO which mobilizes funds for people with disabilities. Dr Mengi has been its Chairman since 1992.
3. Chairman, Economic Empowerment Working Group of the Tanzania National Business Council (TNBC).
The TNBC is a public/private sector initiative established to serve as a forum for public-private sector dialogue on strategic direction for promoting investments and accelerating economic growth and poverty eradication.
4. Board Member, Tanzania Private Sector Foundation (TPSF).
TPSF is the apex body for the Private Sector in Tanzania.
5. Patron
Jane Goodall Institute Tanzania, from March, 2018.
6. Trustee,
Centre for Chinese Studies (CCS) part of the University of Dar es Salaam College of Social Sciences (CoSS) from April, 2018.
7. Executive Chairman of;
IPP Research, Technology and Innovation Limited, Bonite Bottlers Limited, East Africa Television Limited,The Guardian Limited, IPP Automobile Limited, IPP Energy Limited, Infocom Technologies Limited, IPP Agro, IPP Resources Limited, IPP Cement Limited, IPP Touchmate Limited, IPP Pharmaceuticals Limited, IPP Export Limited and IPP Angel Investors Limited.
Over the course of his career Dr Reginald Mengi has held many public service positions including:
Chairperson of the Board of Directors, Tanzania Standard (Newspapers) Limited.
Commissioner, Salaries Review Commission.
Chairman of the National Board of Accountants and Auditors Tanzania (NBAA).
Chairman of the National Environment Management Council Tanzania (NEMC) for nine years from 1997 to 2006.
Chairman, Commonwealth Press Union (CPU) Tanzania Chapter from 1997 to 1999.
Board Director of LEAD (Leadership for Environment and Development International) from May 2000 up to 2003.
Commissioner, Tanzania HIV/AIDS Commission (TACAIDS) from 2002 to 2009.
Chairman, Confederation of Tanzania Industries (CTI) from 2005 to 2009.
Chairman, East African Business Council (EABC) for the year 2008.
Chairman, ICC Tanzania (a National Committee of the International Chamber of Commerce) from 2000 to 2007.
Director, Board of the Commonwealth Business Council (CBC) 1998 to 2013.
Chairman Tanzania Private Sector Foundation 2014.
AWARDS, TROPHIES, TOKENS AND CERTIFICATES GIVEN TO DR. REGINALD MENGI
In recognition of Dr Mengi's philanthropic achievements, his unwavering commitment to the fight against social injustice and his public service, Dr Mengi has received several international and national awards over the years including:
1. The Order of the United Republic of Tanzania in 1994.
By His Excellency Ali Hassan Mwinyi, The President of the United Republic of Tanzania.
2. The Order of the Arusha Declaration of the First Class in 1995.
3. The Business for Peace Award 2012.
Awarded in Oslo by the Award Giving Committee of Nobel Laureates of the Business for Peace Foundation.
4. Global Leadership and Humanitarian Award and the 1st United Nations NGO Lifetime Achievement Award 2010.
Awarded by the Global 2000 (2010) International, a registered member of the World Association of Non-Governmental Organisations, member NGO of the United Nations Department of Public Information and
registered NGO in consultative status with UNESCO of the United Nations.
5. The 2008 Martin Luther King Drum Major for Justice.
Award by the United States of America.
6. The East Africa Environmental Network (EAEN) Leadership Award.
7. The International Order of the Lions Award.
By the International Association of the Lions Club.
8. Life Achievement in Philanthropy Award.
By the East Africa Association of Grant makers (EAAG) in 2013.
9. East Africa's Most Respected CEO 2nd position in 2001, 2002 and 2003.
Awarded by PricewaterhouseCoopers.
10. Certificate given to Dr Mengi 2017.
By the Chartered Institute of Taxation for England and Wales marking 50 years of membership.
11. Appreciation of Dr Mengi's service as Chairman of the National Board of Accountants and Auditors of Tanzania
(NBAA) Governing Board 1984 – 2000.
12. The Environmental Conservation Award Grade One 2012.
By His Excellency Jakaya Mrisho Kikwete, the President of the Government of the United Republic of Tanzania.
13. Award of 'the Most Inspiring Entrepreneur' 2015.
By the Dar es Salaam University Marketing Association (DUMA).
14. Letter of Appreciation from the National Economic Empowerment Council (NEEC) 2015.
Under the Prime Minister's Office.
15. All Africa Business Leaders Awards 2014
Dr Reginald Mengi's book - I CAN, I MUST, I WILL: The Spirit of Success On the 2nd July, 2018 Dr Mengi's book 'I CAN, I MUST, I WILL: The Spirit of Success' was
launched in Dar es Salaam at a ceremony graced by His Excellency Dr John Pombe Magufuli, the President of the United Republic of Tanzania.
To be the world's most admired diversified company with regard to employee and customer satisfaction.
To provide sustainable and increasing value to clients, shareholders and staff, through a business model that continually innovates in all that it does.
Our development opt in to the projects they genuinely want to work on, committing wholeheartedly to delivering.
Sorry!, This Section is Being Updated!
IPP Group of Companies Team Members


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Pride and prejudice book conclusion
Posted on 09.04.2019 by Arlinda A.
Review of Pride and Prejudice from The Critical Review - The British Library
Pride and Prejudice is an romantic novel of manners written by Jane Austen. The novel follows the character development of Elizabeth Bennet , the dynamic protagonist of the book, who learns about the repercussions of hasty judgments and eventually comes to appreciate the difference between superficial goodness and actual goodness. A classic piece filled with comedy, its humour lies in its honest depiction of manners, education, marriage and money during the Regency era in Great Britain. Mr Bennet of Longbourn estate has five daughters, but because his property is entailed it can only be passed from male heir to male heir. Since his wife also lacks an inheritance, Mr Bennet's family will be destitute upon his death. Thus it is imperative that at least one of the girls marry well to support the others, which is a motivation that drives the plot.
File Name: pride and prejudice book conclusion.zip
Pride & Prejudice : Full Book Review
A British classic whose success continues, and another of my many favorites. Here are the reasons that make "Pride and Prejudice" a.
Pride and Prejudice: Book Review
BennetMrs. Her plots, highlight the dependence of women on marriage to secure social standing and economic security, a clergyman who will inherit Mr. Bennet's cous. One character is described as an "indolent" man who drinks and gambles.
But once you get started and getting used to the old way of writing and when you An appropriate judgment can only be made by individuals themselves. About these links Common Sense Media, himself, a nonprofit organization. Elizabeth also goes through the same process as she gains more information about Darcy from othe.
Popcornapple: 'I love the wonderful and spirited Lizzie Bennett, with her wit and humour'.
just the way you are lead sheet pdf
Medlemskap krävs
Goodreads helps you keep track of books you want to read. Want to Read saving…. Want to Read Currently Reading Read. Other editions. Enlarge cover. Error rating book. Refresh and try again.
Some people say they love the story because they have watched the movie and they think it to be very romantic! Prejudiice is written in the style of Austen after extensive research into the period and language and published bpok under the pen name of Ava Farmer. It is her favorite movie and she wanted to show it in class. The novel primarily focuses on the personalities and actions of female characters as they strive to gain happiness. One character is described as an "indolent" man who drinks and gambles.
She was born in Hampshire in England 16 December She was the youngest child in a family of seven children. Her father was a country parson and he encouraged Jane to read and write. When she was only fourteen years old Jane started to take interest in writing. She came from a wealthy home and they moved around a lot in the south of England. Jane grew up in a safe England all though there was the France revolution in Europe.
Audiobook Comments As with most old-timey books, right from the beginning of the novel when we have the pleasure of meeting Miss Elizabeth. We see the development of the theme of prejudice, It is far easier for me to listen to them than to read them. Spiritual Content. These characters can be thought of as the good-hearted women.
Elisabeth's oldest sister Jane and Mr. Elizabeth is not going to roll over to whatever man is thrust her way. When she was only fourteen years old Jane started to take interest in writing. The characters in Jane Austen's Pride and Prejudice are not all miserable by the end of the novel.
USA Today. See also: Jane Austen in popular culture - Pride and Prejudice. I would recommend this story to people who have been troubled with similar situations when it comes to judging or leaving a positive impression on others. Liknande arbeten What is a classic?
View all comments. You could not shock her more than she shocks me, Beside her Joyce seems innocent as grass. At the same time, Jane is dismayed to find out that Bingley and the entire Netherfield party have unexpectedly left for London. During the first party the group attends to it becomes clear that the personalities of the two friends are quite different: Bingley is good-tempered, distant and co.
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1 thoughts on "Book Review: Pride and Prejudice by Jane Austen"
Queila A. on 11.04.2019 at 06:29 said:
Book Review - Classic - Pride and Prejudice
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The Tucson Extreme were an American professional indoor soccer team founded in 2012 with the intention of joining the Professional Arena Soccer League.

The Tucson Extreme was originally scheduled to begin play as a Southwestern Division team in the 2012–13 PASL season with home games at the Tucson Convention Center and Randy Soderman as head coach. They scheduled tryouts and advertised ticket sales but, in September 2012, delayed their launch by one year. The Extreme were then scheduled to play starting in the 2013–14 season but disbanded in early 2013.

References

External links
Tucson Extreme official website
Professional Arena Soccer League website

Defunct Professional Arena Soccer League teams
Indoor soccer clubs in the United States
2012 establishments in Arizona
Association football clubs established in 2012
2013 disestablishments in Arizona
Association football clubs disestablished in 2013
Sports in Tucson, Arizona

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


The Scorpion HKII-4225-610* Limited Edition motor for use on 600 class helicopters running on 12-cell Li-Po power. This motor represents the most technologically advanced power source ever offered for a 600 class electric helicopter. Each of the new HKII-4225 Limited Edition motor is wound with a single strand of 1.4mm wire for the highest possible efficiency. This motor is capable of running continuously at an input power of 3550 watts at 80 amps, and can handle peak inputs of 5770 watts and 130 amps.


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Q: How to create user-functions with igraph in R? I'm trying to write a user-function using igraph indexing functions like V(graph)$some_attribute. Specifically, I'm trying to create a function that assigns a color ramp to an igraph vertex.attribute that is already stored in the graph.  I've got some code that specifies the basic idea and where I'm stuck.
g <- erdos.renyi.game(100,.01211)

V(g)$att <- sample(c(1:100),vcount(g),T)

sky_tom <- colorRampPalette(brewer.pal(11,'RdYlBu')) #color ramp

a <- sky_tom(100)[V(g)$att[order(match(V(g)$att,V(g)))]] # core of function

This bit, sky_tom(100)[V(g)$att[order(match(V(g)$att,V(g)))]], ensures that the color from sky_tom is in an ascending order when plotted, otherwise the color wouldn't make sense.
set.seed(1)

par(bg = 'black',mar = c(0,0,0,0))
plot.igraph(g,
     vertex.color = adjustcolor(a,.9),
     edge.color = adjustcolor('skyblue',.25),
     vertex.label = NA,
     vertex.size = 5,
     edge.curve = T,
     layout = layout.kamada.kawai(g))

My issue is getting this in a user-defined function. I get errors or NA's. Thanks very much.
function(x,y){
sky_tom(n_distinct(x)[y[order(match(y,x))]]

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


SnapLogic, the Elastic Integration company, today announced the Fall 2014 release of its SnapLogic Elastic Integration Platform. The new release brings integration platform as a service (iPaaS) to the enterprise with an expanded set of capabilities for big data acquisition, preparation and delivery as well as productivity, performance and scalability updates.
With the Fall 2014 release, SnapLogic customers can specify where integration processing should occur (in the cloud, behind the firewall and/or within a Hadoop cluster) and, if desired, Hadoop-enable a data flow with a single click.
Hadoop-enabled Pipelines: In the multi-tenant, cloud-based Designer, data consumers can select SnapReduce to transform data flows, called pipelines, into MapReduce jobs that run on Hadoop. The Fall 2014 release also introduces support for parsing and formatting additional Hadoop file formats (SequenceFile and RCFile) and document (JSON) processing for MapReduce jobs.
Hadooplex: Certified by Cloudera and Hortonworks, SnapLogic customers can now set, schedule and trigger a multi-source pipeline to run natively as a YARN application. The elastic execution grid can be easily configured by simply selecting the Hadooplex option when running in a Hadoop cluster.
Kerberos Authentication: Many enterprises are deploying Hadoop clusters with Kerberos security enabled. The SnapLogic Hadooplex now supports Kerberos authentication for reading and writing HDFS data as well as launching Hadooplex nodes via YARN and SnapReduce pipelines to MapReduce. Native support for Kerberos in the Hadooplex helps enterprises meet their security requirements while achieving easy-to-use data integration.
Data Mapping and Shaping: The ability to preview a subset of data and its structure before and after it has been transformed, cleansed or otherwise integrated makes big data small, relevant and impactful to analysts and data scientists. The new Data Mapper also introduces progressive schema loading, direct schema-to-schema mapping and map-path highlighting to optimize performance and productivity when working with complex schema.
Hierarchical SmartLinking: To accelerate development and improve the self-learning features within the SnapLogic Elastic Integration Platform, SmartLinking now understands context in JSON and XML documents and adds support for nested hierarchies.
Pipeline Versions: Data flow designers can now easily see previous versions of a pipeline and replace an existing pipeline with a newer one or rollback to a previous version as necessary to improve the development lifecycle.
Snaps are pre-built connectors for specific enterprise applications, data sources and technologies. The Fall 2014 release introduces new and/or updated Snaps for: Expensify, JMS, Oracle, Salesforce.com, SAP, ServiceNow, SFTP, SOAP, Workday, Xactly, File Writer and XML.
SnapLogic is the leader in Elastic Integration, helping companies connect enterprise applications and data in the cloud and on-premise for improved business agility and faster decision-making. With the award-winning SnapLogic Elastic Integration Platform, organizations can more quickly and affordably accelerate the "cloudification" of enterprise IT with a fast, multi-point and modern integration platform as a service (iPaaS). Funded by leading venture investors, including Andreessen Horowitz and Ignition Partners, and co-founded by Gaurav Dhillon, co-founder and former CEO of Informatica, SnapLogic is run by prominent companies in the Global 2000.
For more information, call +1.888.494.1570 or visit http://www.SnapLogic.com.
eshots, a leader in event marketing technology, has released a compelling new case study created for brands and agencies participating in experiential marketing, describing steps that resulted in large financial gains for a global automotive client. With eshots' advance lead capture technology and experience-based strategic consulting, this enterprise-level Client was able to realize a 32% increase in their event marketing ROI which constitutes a 19-times return on investment in the cost of the eshots program.
The Client has a long-running, expansive experiential test drive campaign with multiple activation partners nationwide. Obstacles presented by the Client's strategy included; a lack of dedicated expertise in event data analytics, inconsistent definitions of key success metrics across groups, unclear goals and no unified technology platform to tie all activation partners together.
The highly qualified leads generated were immediately filtered into the Client's CRM and distributed throughout their Dealer network within hours of collection.
As the experiential marketing industry's most trusted provider of lead management and marketing science solutions, eshots helps today's top brands and their agencies maximize their marketing ROI. We develop scalable, high-impact technology and analytic solutions that help brands and maintain connect with their target audiences. For innovative solutions from an experiential marketing technology and analytics partner you can trust.
As the demand to harness the power of big data grows, TARGIT today announced their platform support of big data management with Microsoft Analytics Platform System (APS). The Business Intelligence and Analytics company specializes in Microsoft Dynamics, with over 80 percent of their customers as Dynamics users. The TARGIT Decision Suite now supports APS, and unlike most other tools, TARGIT Decision Suite does not require the use of a programming language. This is just one more way TARGIT has demonstrated its flexibility and ease-of-use for end users.
This means seamless integration of data sources for those business users harnessing the power of big data. Microsoft Dynamics users can pull their APS data directly into the TARGIT platform and immediately begin working with the full power of the TARGIT tool set.
Microsoft APS integration is just one of the updated features of the TARGIT Decision Suite 2014, available this September. In addition to the ability to more easily integrate big data platforms into the TARGIT Management Studio, the system upgrade includes smarter and easier data discovery, improved ability to incorporate personalized gauges, deep integration with platforms like Microsoft SharePoint, and improved sharing and collaboration.
TARGIT, http://www.targit.com, is the maker of the market's most intuitive Business Intelligence and Analytics solution for all business users, the TARGIT Decision Suite. With over 18 years of experience in the Business Intelligence and Analytics segment and over 300,000 users globally, TARGIT has been consistently considered as a top player in the industry by Gartner and BARC. The company is a Microsoft Gold Certified Partner, recognized for strong applications development. The TARGIT Decision Suite is the only BI and Analytics platform that delivers real-time dashboards, self-service analytics, user-friendly reporting, mobile capabilities with notifications, and data-discovery technology in a single, cohesive solution. TARGIT gives companies the courage to act.


Ubisoft have confirmed today that they have closed their Vancouver development studio, previously known for developing titles, Pure Futbol for Xbox 360. Does anyone actually remember it? – As well as Motionsports Adrenaline for the Kinect.
"Ubisoft confirms that we have made the difficult decision to close its studio in Vancouver," a Ubisoft spokesperson told Game Informer. "Unfortunately, we haven't found the right formula for success for the talented team there. We thank our Vancouver team for their hard work and the projects that they have delivered.
Ubisoft giving a little bit of hope to the Vancouver staff by allowing them to have the opportunity to consider positions in other Ubisoft owned studios.


In order to delete quotations from a local database manually, we can use Quotations Editor (Symbol–>Quote Editor), then mark the required range of quotes and press Delete button. To mark a range – it is enough to click on the first line of the range, then scroll to the other line, hold SHIFT and click on the end-line of the range. To multi-select individual lines, hold down CTRL key while clicking on the lines.
The code above is intended to be used from the outside of AmiBroker.


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Outfit inspiration put together by We the Dreamerz with clothes and accessories from their boutique.
Courtesy of We the Dreamerz social media
A look put together by Rachel Reloaded with clothes from their boutique.
Courtesy of Rachel Gai
A look put together by Rachel Reloaded with clothes and accessories from their boutique.
Women small business-owners curate a shopping experience in the internet age
By Emily Urban, emily.urban@iowastatedaily.com
Emily Urban
Boutiques play an integral role in the fashion industry by contributing to the fashion culture in small towns as well as bigger cities.
We the Dreamerz, a boutique in Ames, and others like it strive for their unique style, atmosphere and experience to compete with larger retailers. However, the question remains if these small businesses will survive the onslaught of the internet and online shopping.
Oftentimes a boutique's style reflects the owner's personality and their many changing moods. Owner of We the Dreamerz, Jade Dirks, shows dedication to local artists by filling the store with one of a kind items from a wide variety of people. No cut of pants, shirts or dresses is too represented, no style of clothing is too prominent on the racks. Dirks' store is a reflection of her personality and its many seasons.
After a chance meeting with Dirks at JOANN Fabric & Craft, Rachel Gai, senior in marketing, began selling her clothes at We the Dreamerz. Gai started making her clothes as a way to express herself without having to go shopping. After a brief break at the start of her college career, she came back stronger than ever to build her brand. Rachel Reloaded recently celebrated two years at We the Dreamerz. Gai's marketing major is now a safety net for the emerging artist.
"I think that the need for individuality and custom apparel and being able to find things that work with you and are made for you is very important now," Gai said. "I think that people are looking to stray away from fast fashion brands that are constantly throwing out clothes."
According to EcoWatch, the fashion industry is the second highest contributor to pollution. It takes up to 5,000 gallons of water to produce one t-shirt and a pair of jeans. Cotton alone takes up 10 percent of the world's chemicals, but it only covers 2.4 percent of cropland.
According to Linda Niehm, a professor and the program director in the apparel, merchandising and design department at Iowa State, 75 million Americans in the millennial generation are responsible for the current prevalence of boutiques. The generation holds authenticity and sustainability to a higher value than those before it.
"Consumers – they want an experience," Niehm said. "They don't want just a product. You know if you can make my life better if you can make me feel like I am escaping from the monotony and the stress of my daily life if you can preselect things for me […] it is looking at lifestyle, convenience and enjoyment factors of your customers not just about a product."
With the internet, boutiques need to focus on moving the experience online. Small businesses lack the manpower, capital and sometimes the knowledge to produce a website and successful social media presence. Dirks said she designed her website alone, and she is actively working on learning more about websites.
According to Jessica Hurst, an associate professor in apparel, merchandising and design, boutiques need to focus on highlighting their unique retail strengths online.
"For example, if customer service and their product knowledge is a strength of theirs, they need to also translate that to their online presence," Hurst said. "I think these specialty retailers that offer this customized and special service to their customers need to also translate that to their website if they want to sell online as well."
Hurst made a point to acknowledge the older generation of shop owners may feel uncomfortable with the internet, recalling her time at her internship. The shoe store owner kept all her records by the book and would walk up to the storeroom above the shop and count her sales every night, tallying them up by hand. The thought of doing this online seemed nearly impossible.
"I wanted to take all of her inventory and put it into a Microsoft Excel spreadsheet for her," Hurst said. "She did it all by hand. All by book. She did not trust the computer. The computer would crash. […] It was this daunting process of doing it all by hand when I would have just loved to put it in a spreadsheet for her that can just calculate."
She made the spreadsheet much to the disappointment of her employer. To this day, when she goes back to the store to check in on her former boss, Hurst said she knows the little old woman selling shoes still walks up the stairs, searches through her storeroom and jots each pair of shoes down in her trusty book. Hurst doubts she ever touched the spreadsheet in the first place.
According to Dirks, only 15 to 20 percent of her profits come from her website. Most of her money comes from the two physical locations in Carroll, Iowa and Ames, Iowa. She is even looking into a mobile boutique sometime in the future.
The same goes for The Diva Inside boutiques. Owner Jodi Hamilton even sees a difference between locations with her store in Boone, Iowa, a town of around 13,000 people, taking in more money than her Ames location, a town of around 67,000 people. The Diva Inside also pulls in money from local events.
Along with adapting the experience to the online world, boutiques have to worry about setting prices that won't scare people away. Clothing retailers may charge fees when smaller boutiques can't reach production minimums. Boutiques are put in an awkward position: buy too many or pay the price. The common stereotype is small boutiques charge more, but customers who want authenticity and individuality do not mind the higher price point.
"The first thing I think it is better quality," said Emma VanRyswyk, junior in apparel, merchandising and design, and frequent boutique shopper. "Like going into a small boutique that one person owns and buys for takes a lot of pride in the stuff that they sell. […] I also feel that if I buy a sweater from a boutique and I wear it for my AMD classes, 10 other people are not going to have the exact same thing like if it is from Target. It is more individual to me."
According to Niehm, boutiques should stay away from what she calls "the price game." Boutiques get caught up in the corporate competition between the small businesses and the clothing giants. Successful boutiques need to pay attention to the needs of the customer and what they are willing to spend. Otherwise, Niehm warns, you risk devaluing your products.
"You are never going to be able to go head to head with major retailers, bigger retailers because they are always going to volume buying power," Niehm said. "Price is not something you should be competing on. You should be competing more on those relational aspects, those experiential aspects those other added things that are meaningful to your customer."
It was a purse at the Iowa State Fair that turned Jodi Hamilton, owner of The Diva Inside boutiques, to turn to the world of fashion. After convincing her husband, she opened one room of her house as a test run. The original version of The Diva Inside was little more than a jewelry store, with a few shelves and a chandelier. It had a door separate from the rest of the house, but there was a limit to how many times people could ask to use the bathroom. After about a year of successful business, the Hamiltons bought the first mobile boutique in Iowa.
The duo traveled to community events and girls' nights to serve their little community in Boone. When it wasn't on the road, the mobile shop sat in their driveway. Finally, they decided to open their first permanent location in Boone, Iowa. The Diva Inside had finally graduated from an idea to a full-blown store.
Hamilton and her family have dealt with major challenges with their business, but nothing compares to the internet. The more prevalent the internet became, the more dedicated she had to become to her website and Facebook. She would prefer to spend her time interacting with those that show up in person. Outfits and photos need to be flashy to draw in her audience online. Hamilton worries how long businesses like hers will survive.
"The ones that know how to market to people and do really good with their websites, yes," Hamilton said. "Those of them like me — that I really like to cater to — the people that come in and shop, I don't know."
We The Dreamerz
The Diva Inside
Jade Dirks
Rachel Gai
Linda Niehm
Jessica Hurst
Emma Vanryswyk
Jodi Hamilton
Follow Emily Urban
Iowa State professor shares how she fell in love with teaching
First gen graduate students of color navigate a predominantly white institution
Non-binary police officer finds inclusivity at ISUPD
Student organization provides safe space for intersectional identities
Feminist Friday gives organizational advice for student success
First generation students share their Iowa State experiences
BOLD creates a place to escape for multicultural students


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Man shot with nail gun over traffic dispute in Woodstock
By Matthew Hendrickson@MHendricksonCST Sep 14, 2016, 4:53pm CDT
Share All sharing options for: Man shot with nail gun over traffic dispute in Woodstock
Bret Eder | Woodstock police
A man was shot in the forearm with a nail gun over a traffic dispute Tuesday afternoon in northwest suburban Woodstock.
Officers responded about 3 p.m. to the area of Route 47 and County Club Road after a report of a fight between two men in traffic, according to a statement from Woodstock police.
Upon arrival, officers found a 49-year-old man who had been shot in the forearm with a battery-operated nail gun, police said. The man had been shot following the escalation of a traffic dispute.
Bret T. Eder, 22, of Wonder Lake, shot the 49-year-old with the nail gun after the man threw a bottle out of his car window and struck Eder's car, police said. The man who was shot then got out of his car and the two began to fight.
The victim was treated at the scene and released, police said.
Eder was charged with a felony count of aggravated battery and a misdemeanor count of reckless conduct. He was taken to the McHenry County Adult Correctional Facility, where he was in custody Wednesday afternoon.
No injuries reported in Englewood fire, officials say


In this episode of Beyond Investments, Seth Leishman interviews Eric Little, technology lawyer for high-tech startups and investors.
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