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Home Chevron down icon Jasper
There is a wide variety of Jaspers, characterized by color, form, and similarities to places or animals found in nature. Many are named for the regions where they are mined; others are named by those who discovered them. Though far too extensive to cover here, we will mention a few of the more popular and familiar Jaspers, some with their own pages and additional metaphysical properties. Multi-colored Jasper carries the properties of its dominant color, or colors, while still drawing energies from its subtle hues.
Black Jasper, or Basanite, is a flinty form, one of the rarer Jaspers. It empowers supreme physical and mental efforts, and is highly shielding against curses, threats, and danger in high risk occupations. In polished form, it is an excellent scrying stone for discerning what is hidden. Black Jasper has the ability to take one deep into an altered state of consciousness, and facilitates prophetic dreams and visions
Blue Jasper forms in various shades of blue, often swirled with dark patches or veining, and is sometimes artificially treated to enhance the color. Linked with nobility of spirit and purpose, it imparts the courage to speak out against injustice and to risk unpopularity to defend the vulnerable. It is the perfect anti-stress stone for those in charge of others' well-being, and for older children and teenagers to carry to resist being led into unwise behavior or risky situations.
Brecciated Jasper (Jasper containing Hematite), is predominantly brick red, veined or patterned with brown, black and beige, often with clear crystal inclusions. Its strong, grounding energies are remarkable for attaining emotional stability, and bouncing back after dealing with a conflict or crisis. It increases vitality and rejuvenation, and promotes self-confidence and creative inspiration.
Brown Jasper ranges from deep chocolate brown, gold- to reddish-brown, to tan or ivory, and is characterized by artful banding, flow patterns and veining. It includes some specific formations such as Picture Jasper, Bruneau Jasper, and Bat Cave Jasper. Brown Jasper is connected to the Earth and encourages a deep ecological awareness. It brings stability and balance, and is particularly grounding as a worry stone, or for dissolving a sudden rush of fear, anger, or panic. It facilitates deep meditation and centering, and grants access to past lives for karmic healing.
Dalmation Jasper is pale gray, cream or beige-brown with dark spots and resembles the coat of a Dalmatian. It is a protective and healing stone, fortifying the spirit and encouraging a sense of playfulness. It counters disillusionment, cynicism and skepticism, strengthens family bonds and long-term friendships, and has a calming influence for children and animals
Green Jasper though a component of many of the multi-colored Jaspers, is most rare and prized when it forms as a single green color. It ranges from pale spring green to a deep tea or olive green, and has been revered since antiquity for its powers to soothe the spirit, banish ghosts and evil thoughts, increase fertility, and bring in rain. Green Jasper also balances obsessive tendencies and restores harmony to the emotional body, allowing one to gain control over thoughts. It is the ultimate sleep stone
Kambaba Jasper sometimes called Green Stromatolite Jasper, contains swirls and orbs of deep green and black; one of the more exotic Jaspers. It contains the earliest records of life on Earth, fossilized algae and other primeval microorganisms, and is a marvelous stone for bringing peace and tranquility to troubled minds. It strengthens those whose hearts have been deeply hurt, and provides grounding and protection in ancient places when tuning in to the people who once lived there.
Leopardskin Jasper is Orbicular Jasper, usually in dominant shades of green or orange, with dark leopard-like banding and glassy inclusions. It reflects the duality between dark and light, teaching one to recognize dark as a complement to light rather than the opposite. This is a shamanic shape-shifter's stone, helpful in journeying and getting in touch with one's power animal. Leopardskin also strengthens the sense of self, attracting the right energies into one's life to heal and move beyond past traumas, while being guided to new opportunities.
Mookaite Jasper or Mookaite (Chert), carries a predominantly reddish-rose color, marbled or striped with bands of yellow, cream, tan, white or brown; named for the Mooka Creek area in Western Australia where it is mined. Mookaite is an Aboriginal Mother Earth stone known for its healing and connection with the positive energy currents of the Earth. It increases life force in the physical body, and promotes an ageless spirit willing to accept change and seek new experiences. It awakens the energy of one's own instinct, and is an excellent stone for pregnant parents to communicate with their unborn child
Ocean Jasper also called Sea Jasper, is rare Orbicular Jasper collected from the remote shores of northwestern Madagascar and can only be mined at low tide; it is sometimes referred to as The Atlantis Stone. Its multi-colored circles, contour lines, and bands of opaque stone are interspersed with druse, and spiritually represent the interconnectedness of all things. It carries a gentle nurturing energy that, when used regularly, assists in developing self-love and empathy for others. Its orbicular pattern facilitates circular breathing and enhances meditation. Ocean Jasper may be used to connect to Atlantis and unlock the mystic knowledge held within the stone.
Orbicular Jasper describes several varieties of Jasper displaying perfect circles throughout the stone that create its focal point, and usually its dominant color. Its flow of energy is steady, and encourages patience and the acceptance of responsibility. A helpful stone for getting things done, it is particularly conducive to pursuits based on service. The circular markings resonate with circular breathing and make a wonderful transition aid in meditation. Orbicular patterns are most prominent in Ocean or Sea Jasper, Leopardskin Jasper, and Poppy Jasper.
Picture Jasper is said to be the Earth Mother speaking to her children. It forms in remarkable bands and flow patterns of browns, black, tan, blue and ivory, and exhibits a hidden message or "picture" from the past. It is marvelous for inner journeying to sacred sites and ancient civilizations, and for connecting with Earth's consciousness. An excellent stone for creative vision, initiative and boosting confidence, it is an ideal aid for starting one's own business. Wear for long periods of time to bring hidden thoughts, grief, fears, and hopes to the surface for examination.
Picasso Jasper has strong metaphysical qualities with a message that is to celebrate life. It is told that this stone can most assist in transformations in the area of relationships. It is said to attract like-minded people who become loyal and trusted friends. It can also help to renew old friendships that have been lost. Like the artist that it is named after, Picasso Jasper reminds us that the greatest achievements of the master was his breaking of all the rules, and painting in the child-like freedom of now.
Poppy Jasper is a variation of Brecciated Jasper characterized by orbicular patterns of bright red "poppies" amid mottled shades of brown, black, yellow or white. A joyful stone associated with poppies and remembrance, Poppy Jasper brings cheerfulness and vitality, reminding humanity to help one another. This stone can be gently stimulating, or fiery in passion and intensity as needed. It provides the impetus for variety and new experiences, and encourages the development of fresh ideas.
Rainbow Jasper, also called Fancy Jasper or Multi-colored Jasper, is a steady wholesome healer, resonating with all the chakras to bring balance to the physical body, and focus to the mind and intellect. It tempers procrastination and helps organize an overactive mind into more linear thought, preventing one from getting caught up in worry over the past or future, and inspiring one to work through issues of the present. It is also ideal for rejuvenating one's creative power and refining mental processes in order to work through intricate thoughts, ideas or puzzles
Rainforest Jasper is opaque Jasper in dominant shades of moss green and white, swirled with veins of earthy hues. It is a stone of connection to the Earth and living things, and honors the highest spiritual teachings from Nature. It awakens a sense of joy at life's simplicity, and carries a healing, invigorating energy of hope and renewal. It is a marvelous stone for Earth-healing and working with the devic realm, and may also be used in retrieving knowledge of herbal-healing from the far past, especially wisdom passed through one's ancestral matriarchs
Red Jasper is red to terracotta brown, sometimes mixed with other minerals. A stone of physical strength and energy, Red Jasper stimulates gently and steadily, enhancing stamina and endurance, and increasing the amount of chi, or life force, in one's aura. It is a stone of health and passion, and brings the courage to face unpleasant tasks and to rectify unjust situations. It provides vivid dream recall, and is a powerful stone for those who work with Earth energies to make a deep connection with Earth spirits and guardians of the leys and sacred sites.
Royal Plume Jasper, also called Purple Jasper or Plum Jasper, forms in shades of purple with plume-like markings. This is a noble Jasper of spiritual wisdom and is conducive to working with archangels or deity figures from different cultures. It also makes a great power stone for studying a formal spiritual path, healing tradition, or training for mediumship. Stimulating the Crown Chakra, this stone creates an aura of wisdom and authority, and can enhance one's status and power. It assists in preserving one's dignity, and helps reduce contradictions that make decision-making or clear action difficult. It calms the emotional body, increases memory skills, and has the ability to focus multiple energies together for a single purpose
Unakite Jasper is a combination of Red Jasper and Epidote solidly bound together, and is the crystal of harmonious relationships. Its pink and green colors balance aspects of the heart, lifts spirits when one is down, and helps to release deep-seated emotions in a slow and gentle way. It promotes patience and persistence, and gradually eliminates bad habits and the thoughts and patterns that perpetuate them. It is a great stone for children's sensitive emotions, and is particularly good for helping them bounce back from sorrow, grief or disappointment. This stone is wonderful for anyone who feels a little lost, overwhelmed, or has trouble focusing on the here and now.
Yellow Jasper is mustard, sandy or burnished yellow with subtle flow patterns or veining. It is a stone of endurance, perseverance and tenacity, and shields against others' negativity. Worn for long periods of time, it eases chronic worries and builds self-confidence, attracting others for friendship or to help with a goal. It supports steady learning, and transmits healing and empowering Earth energies, especially when meditating outdoors.
Mookite Jasper Tumbled Stones - Emotional Growth
Approximate Dimensions: 35mm x 25mmApproximate Weight: 40gramsLocality: Australia Mookaite's grounding energies supports and sustains during times ...
Mars - Ocean Jasper Skull
Weighs: 1.28kgMeasures: 10.7cm D x 7.1cm W x 15.3cm HLocation: MadagascarItem Code: OJ350 This skull is named Mars, after the Roman God of War, as ...
Polychrome Jasper Hearts - "What needs to be changed?"
Approximate Dimensions: 61mm W x 50mm H x 26mm ThkApproximate Weight: 113gLocality: Madagascar Polychrome Jaspers are Earthy, and grounding; and th...
Ocean Jasper Palmstones - Healing the Root Cause
Approximate Dimensions: 40mm W x 60mm LApproximate Weight: 75ggLocality: Madagascar This is an energetic and grounding stone that can assist to b...
Ocean Jasper Buddhas - Calming & Nurturing
Approximate Dimensions: 36mm W x 38mm L x 22mm ThkApproximate Weight: 38gLocality: Madagascar This is an energetic and grounding stone that can ass...
Ocean Jasper Mushroom
Approximate Dimensions: 103mm W x 56 mm DiaApproximate Weight: 436gLocality: Madagascar This is an energetic and grounding stone that can assist to...


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Wons Phreely
Stars (feat. The Horses)
Restless To Run
Wons Phreely is no ordinary solo artist. He is a drum machine-wielding, electric guitar-swinging, punk poet with a knack for tunes. Live he is just as comfortable playing alongside rock bands like Death Cab for Cutie, as he would be supporting a solo artist like Jarvis Cocker or Bright Eyes. On stage he is fun and intelligent with his geek-chic swagger, he comes off like a young Elvis Costello or Billy Bragg. Starting out producing demos and mixes from his bedroom and still giving away free songs on his http://www.facebook.com/WonsPhreelyMusic the last 12 months or so has seen a dra… read more
Wons Phreely is no ordinary solo artist. He is a drum machine-wielding, electric guitar-swinging, punk poet with a knack for tunes. Live he is just as comfortable playing alongside rock bands like Death Cab for Cutie, as he would be supporting a solo artist like Jarvis Cocker or Bright Eyes. … read more
Wons Phreely is no ordinary solo artist. He is a drum machine-wielding, electric guitar-swinging, punk poet with a knack for tunes. Live he is just as comfortable playing alongside rock bands like Death Cab for Cutie, as he would be supporting a solo artist like Jarvis Cocker or Bright Eyes. On stage he is fun and intelligent with his geek-chic swagger, he comes … read more
great lyricist
alternative pop/rock
Jason Ferris
Numbers Radio
Daniel Lee Kendall
The Night Has an Alibi
1 listener
D.I.S.C.O
The Night Has An Alibi (Furzenberg Remix)
The World Has A Bank Account
20 Dec 2012 · 1 track
15 Jul 2010 · 6 tracks
Seabellies
Laura Imbruglia

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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Apple Reveals New iPad Air and iPad Mini
Home Telecom
Subscribe 5/21/2019 10:00:00 AM
Rejoice! The new Apple iPads are now available!
Apple is famous for their new product releases--and the accompanying fanfare--so you may have missed this news. The new iPads were unveiled with a humble press release and update to the Apple Store last month.
But don't worry, if you feel like you've been missing out, we're here to catch you up with an overview of everything you need to know about these stunning devices.
First off, the new iPad Air is a great value. At $499, the price point provides a nice middle ground for shoppers. The old 10.5-inch Pro was $649 while the basic iPad was priced at $329, leaving a big gap for those looking for a device in between the two. And the extra $170 you'll have to spend to upgrade past the basic iPad sure goes a long ways. Here's what's included:
The iPad Air has an A12 processor, 3GB of RAM, and starts at 64GB of storage (a 256GB option is $150 more).
The iPad Air is slightly bigger (9.8 x 6.8 inches to the iPad's 9.4 x 6.4 inches), leaving a larger display area, but it's also a few grams lighter and 1.4 millimeters thinner. Talk about a win-win.
For fans of the Apple Pencil, this is the first iPad Air to be compatible with the company's stylus.
According to tests run by Macworld, the battery life is 35% longer than that of the basic iPad.
If you're looking for the cutest device to launch this year, look no further than the new iPad Mini. For the first time in over three years, Apple has updated the Mini. Newcomers may be surprised to learn that the Mini is actually a little bit pricier than the larger basic iPad, but there are good reasons for this. Mainly:
Equipped with the blazing fast A12 Bionic chip with Neural Engine, this powerful processor is what powers the latest iPhones.
A 7.9‑inch Retina display with True Tone Display capabilities and wide color. It's also brighter.
At 0.66 pound and 6.1 mm thin, it's compact and portable. Add to it the compatibility with the Apple Pencil and you can take out of a pocket or bag whenever inspiration strikes.
Over 3 million pixels are packed into the small display, leaving you with true-to-life detail and razor-sharp text.
You can't go wrong with either of these new devices. They're both stunning and each of them helps usher in the new generation of iPad.
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Bangkok – Recently, Bangkok Airways by Mr. Puttipong Prasarttong – Osoth, Airline's President, (Middle) welcomed its latest Airbus A319 atSuvarnabhumiAirport.
Bangkok Airways has progressively achieved with the arrival of its 22nd aircraft. This type of aircraft consists of 138 economy class seats and will be served both domestic and international routes such as Chiang Mai, Phuket, Samui, Krabi, Yangon (Myanmar), Siem Reap (Cambodia), Mumbai (India), and Dhaka (Bangladesh).
Presently, Bangkok Airways' fleet consists of 22 aircrafts; 8 ATR72s, 5 A320s, and 9 A319s.


Alexander Hamilton has always been known as a central player in America's early history, but the smash Broadway musical Hamilton has focused new attention on the life and career of this fascinating individual. This multimedia presentation draws on both Hamilton's biography and his depiction on stage to examine his accomplishments, discuss his relationship with Aaron Burr, and reflect on the accuracy of the musical. It includes recordings from the musical's soundtrack and interviews with its creators.
Dan Sherman (Cornell PhD, Labor Economics, 1985) is a native of Maine and a part-time resident of Williamsburg. He works as an economist at American Institutes for Research (AIR) and has taught more than 20 adult education courses in the area on musical theatre, opera, and history. He is a volunteer docent at Anderson House mansion in DC.


Why not come along early and pass the time in our light and airy Café Bar?
The Café Bar serves nice pizzas and salads as well as great coffees and cakes. It also has a good choice of alcohol and soft drinks.
Monday to Friday: 10.30am - 2.30pm. Food is served between 11am and 2pm. Note that in conjunction with Taliesin Theatre performances the bar opens from 90 minutes before start of performance until the conclusion of the interval. Food is served from the opening until 30 minutes before show commences.
The Café Bar is closed on Saturdays & Sundays except on Taliesin performance days. On performance days the bar opens from 90 minutes before start of performance until the conclusion of the interval. Food is served from the opening until 30 minutes before show commences.
Telephone: 01792 205678, ext. 4702.
The Great Hall Café Bar offers an excellent menu of sandwiches, salads, platters and tapas to share. It also serves a selection of coffees and soft drinks as well as award-winning beers and fine wines.
Monday to Friday: 11am – 3pm.
Closed on Saturdays and Sundays with exception of cultural events.


Keep your ears warm, listen to your favourite music and look cool all at the same time. These knitted earmuffs are soft and warm with modern technology on the inside with a traditional thick knitted covering on the outside.
Tryble Earmuff Headphones are the new look this winter, when it's cold you'll always have warm ears and your favourite tunes on the go.
Tryble Earmuff Headphones are the perfect music accessory for when it?s cold outside. Each set of headphones has its own woolly winter pattern, super-soft earmuff lining and high-quality speakers. They are also adjustable to fit and have a detachable cable for use as earmuffs only.


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HomeIT Management
Merry Christmas From The RIAA
By Roy Mark
The music industry dropped 751 copyright-infringement lawsuits in the
mail today, bringing the total number of legal actions this year
against alleged peer-to-peer (P2P) infringers to more than 7,000.
The John Doe lawsuits filed Thursday cite individuals for illegally
distributing copyrighted music on the Internet through P2P services, such as
LimeWire and Kazaa. In addition to the John Doe suits, the major music
labels also filed lawsuits against 105 named defendants.
"At stake is the music industry's ability to invest in the next generation
of music and a chance for legal online music services to flourish," Cary
Sherman, president of the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA),
said in a statement.
The latest batch of RIAA lawsuits comes a day after market research firm NPD
Group issued numbers claiming illegal
downloads have fallen 11 percent since the Supreme Court ruled in June that Grokster and other P2P companies were operating illegal businesses.
Those numbers, however, were disputed by Eric Garland, CEO of media
measurement firm BigChampagne.
"In fact, in every month since Grokster, P2P activity is actually higher
than it was in May/June, or at any other point," he said in an e-mail to
internetnews.com.
Whether the amount of illegal P2P downloading is up or down, the RIAA
pledged to continue its lawsuits.
"We must do everything to protect the integrity of the marketplace. That
means educating fans about steering clear of pirated products and continuing
to enforce our rights to send a clear message that stealing music will bring
consequences," Sherman said.
The John Doe lawsuits included students at Drexel University, Harvard and
the University of Southern California.
Roy Mark
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S. Nicholl Furniture specialises in handmade furniture for your home. Based in rural Hertfordshire, we specialise in unique bespoke furniture made to your exact requirements. Combining traditional and modern techniques and offering both technical and artistic expertise during the entire design process, S. Nicholl Furniture can create handmade furniture that will perfectly suit your home.
S. Nicholl Furniture is located in the Whitwell, Hitchin area of Hertfordshire. There are at least 10 other listings in the SG4 postcode area.
M Towler Services provides a professional painting and decorating service. All aspects of decorating work is undertaken. This includes painting, paper hanging, plastering, joinery, wooden flooring and carpet fitting. All work is fully insured. M Towler Services is based in Welwyn Garden City, Hertfordshire and work in all surrounding areas including Bedfordshire, Buckinghamshire and London. We are reliable, trustworthy and professional. Quality is always ensured to give the job the attention to detail which is always needed. No matter how big or small the job is please contact us for a free quotation.
With over 30yrs experience, we endeavor to bring affordable solutions to yours property needs.
We're the leading supplier of high quality wood joinery in Hertfordshire. Call us for a wide array of bespoke timber windows & wooden exterior doors today!


SKU: R/636.N6639. Availability: In stock Size: N/A Categories: Tank Tops, Womens Clothing. Tags: Empyre, Grey.
Add some sass and some sweet to your wardrobe with the Casey Vibes Floral Tank Top from Empyre. The Casey tank offers a loose fit, and a two-toned design with a burgundy floral back and "Don't Kill My Vibes" printed on the charcoal gray front.
26" from racerback trim to center bottom hem.
Casey Vibes Floral & Charcoal Tank Top from Empyre.
"Don't Kill My Vibes" screen printed on front.
U-shaped hemline with side slits.
Contrasting burgundy floral print back.


Our hearts go out to the victims of the recent California wildfires in Santa Rosa, Mendocino, Colusa, Glenn, Whiskeytown, Redding & Shasta Counties. While it is impossible to replace what was lost, California Modulars can help you reform & rebuild your home in a way that will save you time, money and result in a modern, green, efficient home.
With many structures being destroyed to these fires and the communities being brought down without support structures in place, We would like to do our part and provide a solution.
1. A complementary site visit and feasibility assessment to discuss rebuilding options with you. Contact us today for a quick online assessment and to schedule a site visit.
2. A reduced drawing preparation fee that will cut our design fee in half, when you select one of our standard model home designs.
3. Fast track design, so you can get a complete set of drawings ready to submit for a permit.
We have built homes in many California jurisdictions, including Walnut Creek, San Jose, Santa Clara, Stockton, Mendocino & Santa Rosa counties, so we are familiar with the local approvals process.
With our homes, you don't have to start from scratch and go through a lengthy design process with countless decisions to make. We will work with you to select one of our models that meets your needs and works well on your site. We've researched and selected modern, green finishes and fixtures that are economical and sustainable with good design in mind. This allows for an expedited design process, so you can have plans ready to submit for plan check in a fraction of the time when hiring an architect. While the floor plan may be set, you can still make the home uniquely yours by selecting from a wide variety of interior and exterior finish colors and upgrade to kitchen appliances that meet your needs.
1-2 months of drawing preparation. Before we can get too far into drawing preparation, we will need a survey of your property and in many jurisdictions, like Sonoma county, a soils report will be required to test the soils after your site has been cleared. Getting these items can add another 1-2 months to your project schedule.
1-2 months of local approvals. We anticipate there will be a push to increase staffing in local building departments to help expedite this process, however this timeline may vary by jurisdiction.
6 months to build your new home depending on the size.
While no home can be fire proof, there are steps to take that can create a more fire resistant home. Our homes don't have eaves, which prevents flying embers from blowing up into the attic and starting a fire. The roofs of our homes are a class A rating and are effective against severe fire exposure. Just like all new homes in California, our homes are equipped with a fire sprinkler system. In high fire hazard areas, our exterior sheathing and finishes can be made of non-combustible materials. All of our exterior doors and windows are dual pane glass to reduce the chance of breakage from the extreme heat in a wildfire.
For more information on steps to take to "harden" your home to resist flying embers, see this webpage by CAL FIRE.


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Dan Nelson
Artist & Author
Characteristics II
Imperial Services
Put-Ons
Untitled Pieces
Text Paintings
Make an Artist a Millionaire Phase 4
Imagining Post-Capitalism
Brand Attempt
Clearinghouse Publishers
140 Ways to Make a Cassette Unlistenable
All Known Metal Bands
Dodecadiscoteca
The Origin & Future of the Blood
Origins & Futures
Illustrations for 'Winterreise'
Photems
Work by Medium
Work by Subject
Make an Artist a Millionaire Phase 3 (2012-14)
A multi-phase project designed to allow me to practice art full time, and to contribute to a discussion about the financialization of art. Donate by sending money to thedannelson[at]protonmail.com at Paypal.com or to @thedannelson at Venmo.
This phase entailed writing a letter to each of the people on the Forbes 400 list (i.e. the wealthiest individuals in the US) and asking them to donate to MAAAM. Rather than sending a form letter, I researched each recipient and crafted a personalized plea. This phase became more about sussing out human nature and how to get through to the kind of person who, on the surface, couldn't be more different from the average artist: the business person. The same challenge of seeking patronage rather than an exchange that exists on the lower end of the scale of quantity–$1–was amplified many times in approaching millionaires and billionaires. As in many of my projects, I was taking on the impossible, with the odds stacked against me.
Make An Artist A Millionaire: 400 to 1: Anne Cox…
Make An Artist A Millionaire: 400 to 1: Anne Cox Chambers
Phase 4 of "Make an Artist a Millionaire" is called "400 to 1." It entails writing a letter to each of the people on the Forbes 400 list to solicit a donation. What at first seemed simply like a euphemism for "your project will never succeed" grew into, if not a more effective approach to getting the million, at least a challenge. More interesting than asking people over and over for a dollar, which in the end possibly just reinforced the idea of the artist as an undeserving beggar, someone who steps out of line when they expect a reward for their gifts.
Download This
Make An Artist A Millionaire: 400 to 1: John Glen…
Make An Artist A Millionaire: 400 to 1: John Glen Sperling
Phase 4 of "Make an Artist a Millionaire" is called "400 to 1." It entails writing a letter to each of the people on the Forbes 400 list to solicit a donation. Rather than sending a form letter to each member of the Forbes 400, the intent is to research each person and craft a personalized plea.
Make An Artist A Millionaire: 400 to 1: Kirk Kerkorian
Phase 4 of "Make an Artist a Millionaire" is called "400 to 1." It entails writing a letter to each of the people on the Forbes 400 list to solicit a donation. My stepmom, who has a lot of experience and success in university development, collaborated on this project. It was she, in fact, who planted the seed for "400 to 1". After listening to me describe MAAAM, she made the offhand comment "Honey, it would be easier for you to get one person to write you a check for a million dollars than to get a million people to each give you a dollar."
Make An Artist A Millionaire: 400 to 1: Sanford Weill
Phase 4 of "Make an Artist a Millionaire" is called "400 to 1." It entails writing a letter to each of the people on the Forbes 400 list to solicit a donation. The project is more about sussing out human nature and understanding how to get through to the kind of person who, on the surface, couldn't be more different from the average artist: the business person. The same challenge of asking for something in return for nothing that exists on the lower end of the scale of quantity--$1--is amplified many times in approaching millionaires and billionaires.
© 2021 Dan Nelson. built by j.kulp.


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RYERSON RAMS ALUMNA MARIAH NUNES SIGNS PROFESSIONAL CONTRACT IN SPAIN
Photo Courtesy: Alex D'Addese / Ryerson Rams
TORONTO - Ryerson Rams women's basketball graduate Mariah Nunes has signed her first professional contract, joining Oviedo Club Baloncesto (Oveido CB) based in Oviedo, Asturias, Spain.
"I'm super excited, I've been waiting for this for a really long time," said Nunes. "I've always dreamt of playing professionally and now I'm finally living my dream."
HOW THE NEW RPI FORMAT WOULD HAVE IMPACTED LAST SEASON'S OUA WOMEN'S BASKETBALL PLAYOFFS
Photo: Alex D'Addese / Ryerson Rams
As discussed in my previous article on the release of the 2016-17 OUA Women's basketball schedule, the way in which the RPI Rankings are calculated has changed for the upcoming season.
This year the rankings will be based on regular season results against all conference teams. Previously, it had been calculated based on the records against teams that were in a playoff position, or the top three teams in each division. This makes losses to non-playoff teams as detrimental as losses to playoff teams.
To see how this may affect the upcoming season, let's compare how the new format would have affected last season's women's basketball postseason.
2016-17 OUA WOMEN'S BASKETBALL SCHEDULE RELEASED
Photograph: Greg Mason | Ottawa Gee-Gees
TORONTO — The OUA released the 2016-17 OUA women's basketball schedule Monday afternoon.
The defending OUA-champion Ryerson Rams will kick off their #KeepTheCritelli, title defence campaign on Saturday, November 5th against the Laurier Golden Hawks in a 1:00PM matinee in Waterloo.
RAMS BOLSTER BACK COURT, SIGN KELLIE RING.
The defending-OUA Champion, Ryerson Rams have added veteran experience to their back court by signing former Ottawa Gee-Gee standout, Kellie Ring (Ottawa, ON).
Ring who spent the last four years with the Ottawa Gee-Gees, will be a welcome addition to the 2016-17 Rams roster, who will be without the services of their three departing fifth-year seniors: Siki Jez (Kitchener, ON), Mariah Nunes (Ajax, ON), and the CIS Player of the Year, Keneca Pingue-Giles (Winnipeg, MB).


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Health inequality and the uses of time for workers in Europe: policy implications
J. Ignacio Gimenez-Nadal1,2 &
Jose Alberto Molina1,3
IZA Journal of European Labor Studies volume 5, Article number: 2 (2016) Cite this article
This paper analyses the relationship between health inequality and the time allocation decisions of workers in six European countries, deriving some important policy implications in the context of income tax systems, regulation of working conditions, and taxes on leisure activities. Using the Multinational Time Use Study, we find that a better perception of own health is associated with more time devoted to market work activities in all six countries and with less time devoted to housework activities for both men and women. However, the evidence for the associations between health and leisure is mixed. This study represents a first step in understanding cross-country differences in the relationship between health status and time devoted to a range of activities for workers, in contrast with other analyses that have mainly focused only on market work. A better understanding of these cross-country differences may help to identify the effects of public policy on inequalities in the uses of time.
JEL codes: D13, J16, J22
In this paper, we analyse the important relationship between health inequality and the time devoted to different activities by workers in six European countries. Despite that the prior literature has focused on the relationship between health status and labour market outcomes (Currie and Madrian; 1999; Au et al., 2005; Disney et al., 2006; Barnay, 2010; Jones et al., 2010), little is known about the relationship between health and non-labour market outcomes, which include time devoted to household production and leisure. The analysis of other uses of time is important for several reasons. Time is a crucial factor in well-being (Kahneman et al., 2004; Kahneman and Krueger, 2006; Krueger, 2007; Stiglitz et al., 2009), and its scarcity may lead to problems in reconciling work and family spheres (Hochschild, 1990; Schor, 1991, Gimenez-Nadal and Sevilla, 2011). Furthermore, a great amount of time is allocated within the household in the form of household production (Becker, 1965), which has substitutes in the market, such as outsourcing activities, that contribute to the Gross Domestic Product of the country. Considering Grossman's seminal work on the concept of health capital and the demand for health (Grossman, 1972a, 1972b), health can be considered a component of the stock of individual human capital that enters as durable stock capital. Under this framework, investments in health increase the amount of time available to produce money earnings in the future. But time is also required to produce/maintain health and to obtain medical care. Thus, an analysis of the non-market work time of workers, and its relationship with health inequalities, is important for policy issues.
To the best of our knowledge, only three studies have directly analysed the relationship between health and time allocation decisions other than market work time. Podor and Halliday (2012) analyse the relationship between health and time allocation in the USA and find that better health is associated with large positive effects on home production, and similarly large positive effects on market production, but with lower consumption of leisure. Gimenez-Nadal and Ortega (2013) analyse the relationship between health status and the time devoted to both market and non-market work in Spain and find that better health is associated with an increase in the hours of market work and a decrease in the time devoted to non-market work. Gimenez-Nadal and Molina (2015) analyse the relationship between health status and the time devoted to different uses for a sample of working and non-working individuals in six European countries and find that a better perception of own health is associated with less time devoted to sleep, personal care, and non-market work, for both men and women, and with less time in leisure for men, while it is associated with more time in market work for both men and women. However, none of these prior studies have focused on the relationship between health status and time allocation decisions for the specific case of workers.
We contribute to the literature by analysing the relationship between the self-reported health inequalities of workers and the time devoted to sleep, personal care, market work, non-market work, and leisure for a variety of countries, revealing several consistent patterns but also some inconsistencies. We acknowledge that our approach is mainly descriptive, and we can only talk about associations and not about causality, as in Podor and Halliday (2012) and Gimenez-Nadal and Molina (2015). First, the use of self-reported health measures may introduce a source of endogeneity (reverse causality) that can affect the estimated relationship between health and time allocation decisions (Stern, 1989; Kerkhofs and Lindeboom, 1995; Dwyer and Mitchell, 1999; Kreider, 1999: Crossley and Kennedy, 2002; Benitez-Silva et al., 2004; Lindeboom and Van Doorslaer, 2004; Cai and Kalb, 2006; Lindeboom and Kerkhofs, 2009). Second, there may be unmeasured factors (unobserved heterogeneity) related to both the responses to the self-assessed health measures and to the different uses of time, which can introduce bias in the estimated relationships.
We examine time diary data for the following European countries: France (1998), Germany (2001), Italy (2002), the Netherlands (2000 and 2005), Spain (2002), and the UK (2000 and 2005). We offer descriptive evidence on the relationship between health and the time devoted to a range of activities while controlling for demographic and household observable characteristics. We find that a better perception of own health is associated with more time in market work activities during working days, while it is associated with less time in sleep and household production in Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, and Spain for both men and women. For the rest of the uses of time, we find no clear cross-country evidence. These results are consistent with the results obtained by Podor and Halliday (2012) for market work in the USA, but not for non-market work and leisure. The results here are consistent with Gimenez-Nadal and Molina (2015) for market work, non-market work, and sleep, but not for leisure.
By examining data from several countries, our work crucially adds to the study of the relationship between health inequality and time allocation decisions, including the most recent work by Podor and Halliday (2012), Gimenez-Nadal and Ortega (2013), and Gimenez-Nadal and Molina (2015). Specifically, we are able to improve our understanding of how better self-reported health status relates to market and non-market work activities, leisure, and personal care for workers in European countries. In contrast to the reported relationship between health and time allocation decisions in the USA, we fail to find such relationships for home production and leisure in our six countries. Whereas prior research (Garcia-Gómez 2011) has shown that differences in healthcare systems have a significant effect on a range of factors, our findings indicate that differences in healthcare systems do not condition the relationship between the use of time of workers and health status, and we argue that more focus should be placed on analysing differences in tax systems and cultural factors.
Our paper also expands the prior evidence on the relationship between health inequality and the time workers spend in the labour market (Currie and Madrian; 1999; Au et al., 2005; Disney et al., 2006; Barnay, 2010; Jones et al., 2010). If results are similar across different countries, it is difficult to say that neither cultural nor institutional factors are shaping this relationship, shedding light on the possible channels through which health and labour market outcomes are related. Finally, we contribute to the field of health inequalities (Batana 2010; Halliday, 2011 European Commission 2013), a topic that has been largely ignored in the literature. The analysis of how differences in health status are related to the daily lives of individuals proves to be important for policy issues.
The paper is organised as follows. Section 2 describes the data and the variables and presents some descriptive evidence. Section 3 describes our empirical strategy, and Section 4 presents the main results. Section 5 presents a discussion of the main results and some policy implications, while Section 6 sets out our main conclusions.
Data, variables, and descriptive evidence
In this paper, we use the Multinational Time Use Survey (MTUS), an ex-post harmonised cross-time, cross-national, comparative time use database coordinated by the Centre for Time Use Research at the University of Oxford.Footnote 1 It is constructed from national randomly sampled time-diary studies, with a common series of background variables and total time spent in 41 activities (Gershuny, 2009). The MTUS provides us with information on individual time use based on diary questionnaires in which individuals report their activities throughout the 24 h of the day. The 41 MTUS activities are defined as the 'primary' or 'main' activity individuals were doing at the time of the interview. Thus, we are able to add up the time devoted to any activity of reference (e.g. paid work, leisure, TV watching) as 'primary' activity. The advantage of time-use surveys over stylised questions, such as those included in the data bases of ECHP, BHPS, and SOEP (where respondents are asked how much time they have spent, for example, in the previous week, or normally spend each week, on market work or housework, etc.) is that diary-based estimates of time use are more reliable and accurate than estimates derived from direct questions (Juster and Stafford, 1985; Robinson and Godbey, 1997; Bianchi et al., 2000; Bonke, 2005; Yee-Kan, 2008).
The existing time use literature has shown that the time allocation decisions of men and women differ and that the same factors affect men and women differently (Kalenkoski et al., 2005; Aguiar and Hurst, 2007; Connelly and Kimmel, 2009; Gimenez-Nadal and Sevilla, 2012; Gimenez-Nadal and Molina, 2013). Furthermore, Schneider et al. (2012) find that the responses to health perception questions vary between male and female respondents. Therefore, we carry out our analysis separately by gender.
For the sake of comparison with existing studies (Aguiar and Hurst, 2007; Gimenez-Nadal and Sevilla, 2012), we restrict the sample used throughout our analysis to working individuals between the ages of 21 and 65 (inclusive). We include all individuals whose labour status is "working" according to the variable "empstat" included in the MTUS.Footnote 2 However, despite that we have information on whether the individuals worked part- or full-time, in many other cases, we do not have information about the hours of work per week (11.14 % of the observations), and thus, our selection sample includes both part-time and full-time workers. Also, this limitation in the part- or full-time status prevents us from controlling in our estimated models for the type of participation in the labour market.
For the countries, we select those with information about individual health. To measure the health of individuals, we use the question about self-reported health status included in the survey, where respondents typically answer the question 'how is your health in general?' with five possible responses: 'very poor health' (1), 'poor health' (2), 'fair health' (3), 'good health' (4), and 'very good health' (5). The CTUR team has recoded the categories to include the following values: 'very poor/poor health' (1), 'fair health' (2), 'good health' (3), and 'very good health' (4). The availability of information on health in the surveys leaves us with the following countries: France (1998), Germany (2001-02), Italy (2002-03), the Netherlands (2000 and 2005), Spain (2002), and the UK (2000 and 2005).Footnote 3 The information gathered by this question is known as the 'Self-Assessed Health Status' (SAHS) measure.
Although SAHS measures are increasingly common in empirical research (Deaton and Paxson, 1998; Ettner, 1996; Podor and Halliday, 2012, Gimenez-Nadal and Ortega, 2013; Gimenez-Nadal and Molina, 2015), the literature has identified a number of reasons why self-reported measures of health status may cause biases (e.g. Bound, 1991; Banks and Smith, 2012), as individuals may use health as a justification for leaving the labour force early. This phenomenon has been referred to as the 'justification hypothesis'. When subjective health assessments measure leisure preferences rather than 'true health capacity', estimates of health effects will tend to be biased in the direction of poorer reported health driving retirement. Those who enjoy their work will downplay their health problems and work longer, while those who dislike their work may exaggerate health problems and retire sooner. Several studies have confirmed the endogeneity of self-reported health measures (Chirikos and Nestel, 1984; Anderson and Burkhauser, 1985; Bazzoli, 1985; Bound, 1991; Haveman et al. 1994; Gimenez-Nadal and Ortega, 2013).
For the classification of time use activities, we follow the prior literature (Burda et al., 2008; Gimenez-Nadal and Sevilla, 2012; Gimenez-Nadal and Molina, 2014, 2015) and define the following time use categories: sleep, personal care, market work, non-market work, and leisure. Additional file 1: Table S2 shows how the activities of the MTUS have been included in the various time-use categories. Figure 1a, b shows, for each country, the overall time devoted to the five time-use activities according to the health status of men and women, respectively. We average, for each country and health status, the time devoted to these activities. For instance, for France, we average the time devoted to sleep, personal care, market work, non-market work, and leisure by men and women reporting 'poor health', 'fair health', 'good health', and 'very good health'. For the computation of average values, we use the demographic weights included in the survey.Footnote 4 We then (scatter) plot the average time devoted to the reference activity (y-axis) on the health status of individuals (x-axis). We have also added a linear fit to see the extent to which scatters are distributed following a linear relationship. For both the scatter plot and the linear fit, we must take into account that the number of workers reporting 'very good' health may be different from the number of workers reporting 'poor' health, for instance. Thus, we need to weight each observation (average time in the reference activity/health status of workers) by the number of diaries included in the calculation of the average time. We include proportional weights in both the scatter plot and the linear fit, where the weights are built as the ratio of the number of diaries to the total number of diaries. This explains why dots have different sizes, as the size of the dots is proportional to the proportion of diaries included.
Time allocation and health status of respondents. a Males. b Females
In the case of sleep time, we observe a negative relationship (a negative slope of the linear fit) between health status and the time devoted to this activity for both men and women, with the only exception being males in the UK, where better health is associated with more time in sleep. Other uses of time that have a negative relationship with health status are personal care and non-market work for both males and females and for all countries, with the exceptions being for personal care of females in Spain and Italy, where better health is associated with more time in this activity. In the case of market work time, we find for both men and women and for all countries a positive relationship between health status and the time devoted to this activity. Finally, for the case of leisure, we find mixed evidence, and we cannot extract a clear pattern across countries.
These graphs also allow us to analyse cross-country differences in the amount of time devoted to the different activities. In the case of men, the most time devoted to sleep is found in France, the Netherlands, and Spain, while the least time is found in Germany. For personal care, males in Italy devote the most time to these activities, followed by Germany and Spain, while the least times are found in the Netherlands and the UK. Regarding time in the labour market, there are few differences, as most countries have average values around 7 h per day, although the most time devoted to these activities is found in Italy and the least time in Germany. Considering non-market work, we can define two groups of countries: Germany, the UK, and the Netherlands, where males devote around 2.5 h per day to these activities, and Italy, Spain, and France where males devote around 1.5 h per day to these activities. Finally, in the case of leisure time, the most time devoted to this activity is found for males in the UK, while the least time is found in Italy and Spain. All these cross-country differences are consistent with prior studies (Gimenez-Nadal and Sevilla, 2012).
In the case of women, we observe a larger cross-country dispersion in the different uses of time. Regarding the time devoted to sleep, the most such time is found in France, followed by the Netherlands and the UK. The least time devoted to sleep is found in Italy and Germany. Considering the time devoted to personal care, the most time is found in Italy and Germany, while the least time is found in the UK, followed by the Netherlands. For market work, we can group countries in two categories: the group of Italy, France, and Spain, where female workers devote around 5 h per day to market work activities, and the group of the UK, the Netherlands, and Germany, where female workers devote around 4 h per day to these activities. If we now look at non-market work activities, the most time is found in Italy and Germany, followed by Spain, while the least time devoted to these activities is found in France and the UK. Finally, for leisure time, we can group the countries again in two categories, the group of the Netherlands, Germany, and the UK, where female workers spend around 5.25 h per day to leisure, and the group of Italy, Spain, and France where women spend around 4 h per day on leisure. These cross-country differences in the range of activities are consistent with Gimenez-Nadal and Sevilla (2012).
If we compare workers according to their gender, we find that men devote comparatively more time to market work activities, while women devote comparatively more time to non-market work activities, consistent with prior evidence (Gimenez-Nadal and Sevilla, 2012). Additionally, we find that women in Spain and Italy have comparatively less leisure time than their female counterparts in other countries and less than men in general. This is consistent with prior evidence showing cross-country differences in social norms regarding the gender distribution of total work, defined as the sum of market and non-market work time (Burda et al., 2013). According to this evidence, Mediterranean countries have entrenched gender norms, where women are mostly responsible for housework activities (Sevilla, 2010; Gimenez-Nadal et al., 2012), making women in these countries bear the burden of household chores. Thus, women in these countries add their labour market responsibilities to their household responsibilities, which reduces the amount of leisure. This leads to women enduring a 'second burden' or a 'second shift', and prior evidence finds this especially among working women with children, who have less leisure time (Gimenez-Nadal and Sevilla, 2011).
Tables 1 and 2 show, for each country, gender and self-reported health status, the time devoted to the five time use activities, the differences in the time devoted to the reference activity between individuals reporting 'very good health' and 'poor health' and the P value of that difference. A positive value of the difference indicates that individuals who report having 'poor health' devote less time to the reference activity compared to individuals with 'very good health'. Negative values of the difference indicate that individuals who report having 'poor health' report more time spent in the reference activity, compared to individuals with 'very good health'. A P value lower than 0.05 indicates that the difference between individuals reporting 'poor health' and 'very good health' in the overall time devoted to the reference activity is statistically significant at standard levels. Despite that Fig. 1a, b shows a gradient between health status and the uses of time, we must test whether such differences are statistically significant.
Table 1 Sum stats of time devoted to time-use categories, by self-reported health status, males
Table 2 Sum stats of time devoted to time use categories, by self-reported health status, females
We observe clear patterns for the relationship between health status and the time devoted to market work activities in all countries, while the evidence is mixed for the remaining activities. Regarding market work activities, we find that the difference in the daily hours between men reporting 'poor health' and those reporting 'very good health' are 1.459, 1.044, 2.020, 5.691, 1.628, and 1.976 h per day in France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Spain, and the UK, respectively, while the differences for women are 2.582, 1.014, 0.953, 2.510, 1.747, and 2.119, respectively. Descriptive evidence shows a negative relationship between poor health and the daily hours devoted to market work activities. In this sense, this relationship not only affects the labour force participation (i.e. lower participation in the labour market for those who report having poor health) but also the number of hours of work for those who participate.
For the hours per day devoted to sleep, we find differences in the daily hours devoted to this activity between men reporting 'poor health' and those reporting 'very good health' in France (−0.990), Italy (−0.688), the Netherlands (−0.972), and Spain (−0.688) and differences for women in France (−0.878), Italy (−0.676), the Netherlands (−1.266), and Spain (−0.526). Regarding personal care, we find differences in the daily hours between men reporting 'poor health' and those reporting 'very good health' in France (−0.277), Italy (−0.308), and Spain (−0.209) and differences for women in France (−0.519), Germany (−0.200), and the UK (−0.275), while women in Italy with 'poor health' devote more time to this activity (0.239) than those reporting 'very good health'.
When we focus on non-market work, we find differences in the daily hours devoted to this activity between men reporting 'poor health' and those reporting 'very good health' in Italy (−0.552), the Netherlands (−3.006), Spain (−0.384), and the UK (−0.534), while for women, these differences are found in Germany (−0.410), Italy (−1.063), Spain (−1.125), and the UK (−0.671). For leisure, the evidence is mixed, and while we find differences in the daily hours devoted to this activity between men reporting 'poor health' and those reporting 'very good health' for men in Germany (−0.764), the Netherlands (−2.007), and the UK (−1.285), for women, we find a negative difference for the UK (−0.972) and a positive one for Italy (0.559).
Thus, while we find consistent cross-country evidence on the negative relationship between bad health and daily work hours, for the remaining activities, the evidence is far from robust. However, here, demographic factors may condition the time devoted to the different activities. Accordingly, in the next section, we estimate models to control for the observed heterogeneity of individuals.
Empirical strategy
We estimate lineal regressions on the time devoted to sleep, personal care, market work, non-market work, and leisure (although results using the Tobit model are consistent and available upon request).Footnote 5 The statistical model is as follows. For a given individual 'i' and country 'j' (j = 1,2…5), let S ij , PC ij , MW ij , NMW ij and Leisure ij represent the daily hours that the individual reports being spent on sleep, personal care, market work, non-market work, and leisure. Let X ij be a vector of socio-demographic characteristics, and let ε sij , ε pcij , ε mwij , ε nmwij and ε lij be random variables that represent unmeasured factors. We estimate the following equations:
$$ {S}_{ij}={\alpha}_s+{\beta}_{s1}{\mathrm{SAHS}}_{ij}+{\beta}_{s2}{X}_{ij}+{\alpha}_s{\mathrm{Day}}_{{}_{ij}}^n+{\delta}_s{\mathrm{Month}}_{{}_{ij}}^k+{\varepsilon}_{sij}, $$
$$ P{C}_{ij}={\alpha}_{pc}+{\beta}_{pc1}{\mathrm{SAHS}}_{ij}+{\beta}_{pc2}{X}_{ij}+{\alpha}_{pc}{\mathrm{Day}}_{{}_{ij}}^n+{\delta}_{pc}{\mathrm{Month}}_{{}_{ij}}^k+{\varepsilon}_{pcij}, $$
$$ M{W}_{ij}={\alpha}_{mw}+{\beta}_{mw1}{\mathrm{SAHS}}_{ij}+{\beta}_{mw2}{X}_{ij}+{\alpha}_{mw}{\mathrm{Day}}_{{}_{ij}}^n++{\delta}_{mw}{\mathrm{Month}}_{{}_{ij}}^k+{\varepsilon}_{mwij}, $$
$$ NM{W}_{ij}={\alpha}_{nmw}+{\beta}_{nmw1}{\mathrm{SAHS}}_{ij}+{\beta}_{nmw2}{X}_{ij}+{\alpha}_{nmw}{\mathrm{Day}}_{{}_{ij}}^n+{\delta}_{nmw}{\mathrm{Month}}_{{}_{ij}}^k+{\varepsilon}_{nmwij}, $$
$$ {L}_{ij}={\alpha}_l+{\beta}_{l1}SAH{S}_{ij}+{\beta}_{l2}{X}_{ij}+{\alpha}_l Da{y}_{{}_{ij}}^n+{\delta}_l Mont{h}_{{}_{ij}}^k+{\varepsilon}_{lij}, $$
where SAHS ij is the variable indicating the self-reported health status of individual 'i' in country 'j', X ij is a vector of personal and household characteristics, \( {\mathrm{Day}}_{{}_{ij}}^n \) is a vector of day-of-week dummy variables (ref.: Saturday, n = 6), and \( {\mathrm{Month}}_{{}_{ij}}^k \) is a vector of month dummy variables (ref.: December, k = 11). These dummy variables take value '1' if the diary of individual 'i' in country 'j' refers to the nth day/kth month and '0' otherwise. Thus, reference diaries refer to Saturdays in December. In the case of the Netherlands, the survey was carried out during October only, and thus we do not include dummies to control for the month of the diary.
The vector X ij includes personal and household characteristics (Hallberg and Klevmarken, 2003; Kalenkoski et al., 2005, 2009; Kimmel and Connelly, 2007; Connelly and Kimmel, 2009; Gimenez-Nadal and Molina, 2013): age and its square, secondary and university education, the number of children under 18 in the household, household size, whether the youngest child is under 5, whether the youngest child is 5–12, whether the youngest child is 13–17, and civil status (ref.: not in couple).Footnote 6
Following Goryakin et al. (2014) as an alternative analysis, we create the 'good health' variable that takes value '1' if individuals reported 'good' or 'very good' health, and value '0' when individuals report 'poor' and 'fair' health, and we include this dummy variable in Eqs. (1) to (5) as a measure of self-reported health. We transform the dependent variable to its log form, so that coefficients can be interpreted as follows: the dependent variable changes by 100*(coefficient) per cent for a one-unit increase (i.e. changes from 'poor health' to 'fair health', from 'fair health' to 'good health', and from 'good health' to 'very good health') in the independent variable, while all other variables in the model are held constant.
Tables 3 and 4 show the SAHS and good health coefficients obtained from estimating Eqs. (1) to (5) on the time devoted to sleep, personal care, market work, non-market work, and leisure for men and women, respectively.Footnote 7 Regarding results for men, we observe that in all countries, both the SAHS and the good health variables are associated with increases in the time devoted to market work and in most countries are negatively related to sleep and non-market work, while for leisure and personal care the results are not robust across countries. These results are consistent with the results obtained by Podor and Halliday (2012) for market work and leisure in the USA, but not for non-market work, given that those authors find that better health is associated with large positive effects on home production.
Table 3 Estimates of the effect of health status on various time-use categories using MTUS data, males
Table 4 Estimates of the effect of health status on various time-use categories using MTUS data, females
Specifically, and focusing on the SAHS variable, an increase of one category in the health status of men is associated with decreases in the time devoted to sleep of 1.7, 1.2, 0.6, 1.6, and 1.3 % in France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, and Spain, respectively, increases in the time devoted to market work of 6.3, 3.7, 11.4, 7.6, and 6.1 % in France, Germany, the Netherlands, Spain and the UK, and decreases in the time devoted to non-market work of 2.1, 2.0, 7.1, and 2.5 in Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, and Spain. For the remaining time use activities, an increase of one category in the health status of men is associated with decreases in the time devoted to personal care of 1.4 and 2.5 % in France and the Netherlands and in the time devoted to leisure of 2.8 and 3.8 % in the Netherlands and the UK. We observe that the strongest associations between health status and the time devoted to market and non-market work are found in the Netherlands and Spain.
Results for women are very similar to those of men, as we observe that in all countries, both the SAHS and the good health variables are associated with decreases in the time devoted to sleep and increases in the time devoted to market work, and in the majority of countries, there is a negative relationship between health status and non-market work time. Considering the time devoted to personal care and leisure, the cross-country evidence here is mixed. Again, these results are consistent with the results obtained by Podor and Halliday (2012) for market work and leisure in the USA, but not for non-market work, given that the authors find that better health is associated with large positive effects on home production.
Focusing on the SAHS variable, we find that an increase of one category in the health status of women is associated with decreases in the time devoted to sleep of 1.8, 1.0, 0.9, 2.7, 1.0, and 1.3 % in France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Spain, and the UK, respectively, increases in the time devoted to market work of 7.1, 5.1, 10.6, 6.2, and 8.5 % in France, Germany, the Netherlands, Spain, and the UK, and decreases in the time devoted to non-market work of 2.1, 3.1, 5.4 and 3.7 in Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, and Spain. For the remaining time-use activities, an increase of one category in the health status of women is associated with decreases in the time devoted to personal care of 2.1, 1.6, and 2.0 in France, Germany, and the Netherlands, while associated with an increase of 1.5 % in personal care in Italy and with increases in the time devoted to leisure of 2.8 % in the Netherlands and the UK.
Discussion and policy implications
Regarding the factors affecting the relationship between health status and time allocation decisions, differences in healthcare systems have been shown to have a significant effect in a range of factors from health to the probability of employment (Garcia-Gómez 2011), with cross-country differences in social security regimes helping to explain differences in the estimates for the effects of health shocks. However, in our context, we find robust cross-country evidence of the relationship between health status, on the one hand, and the time devoted to market work, sleep, and non-market work, on the other, which may indicate that other factors are also important in explaining such relationships and not only the type of healthcare system. Cross-country differences in social security arrangements are responsible for differences in the health status of individuals, which in turn are related to inequalities in the uses of time.
Another factor that may influence the relationship between health and time allocation decisions is employment regulations. For instance, Barbieri and Cutuli (2015) find a detrimental effect of unbalanced passive and active labour market policies on inequality, while temporary employment, if compared with unemployment, may still play a role in reducing individual subsequent unemployment risks. Additionally, working conditions seem to affect workers' mental health (Lucifora and Cottini, 2013). In this sense, working conditions in most European countries have progressively deteriorated, with evidence of growing strain in some countries and selected workforce groups (OECD 2015). Lucifora and Cottini (2013) show a positive causal effect of adverse overall working conditions (working in shifts, performing complex, and intensive tasks and having restricted job autonomy), with labour market institutions and health and safety regulations explaining a significant part of cross-country differences in mental health.
In the current context, we have countries with large differences in labour market regulations, as labour markets are comparatively more regulated in Mediterranean countries, such as Italy and Spain, with strict rules concerning the hiring and firing of workers, and the types of employment arrangements permitted, which results in women in Italy participating less in the labour market (Del Boca, 2002). Also, the rates of temporary and full-time contracts differ by country. Also, working conditions across European countries are different (Lucifora and Cottini 2013). All these factors lead to differences in the health status of workers, and an exploration of our data shows that the health status of workers in the Netherlands and the UK is comparatively higher than in Germany, Italy, and Spain. The average health status reported by male and female workers in the Netherlands (2.189 and 2.124) and the UK (2.309 and 2.270) is comparatively higher than the average health status reported by male and female workers in Germany (1.877 and 1.884), Italy (1.905 and 1.814), and Spain (2.076 and 2.057). To the extent that mental health is an important component of general health, differences in labour market regulations may lead to differences in mental health and, thus, inequalities in the use of time.
Another factor possibly affecting the relationship between health status and the time devoted to market work, non-market work, and leisure is the marginal income tax rate of the country. For instance, Alesina et al. (2005) analyse the differences in the consumption of leisure between Americans and Europeans and find that differences in marginal income tax rates affect the consumption of leisure. They note that the marginal tax rate in Europe is much higher, which makes it less attractive for people to work more hours. In this sense, when individuals suffer a health shock, the effect of it on the time devoted to market work is presumably higher in Europe than in the USA as Europeans may have more incentives (higher taxes to be paid) to stop working. Thus, income taxes affect how individuals allocate their time and the relationship between health status and inequality in the use of time. Furthermore, the price of leisure activities may also affect the relationship between health status and the uses of time, as higher prices may reduce the elasticity of leisure activities regarding health shocks, making market and non-market work more sensitive to these shocks. Part of the price of leisure activities is composed of value added taxes (VAT) as they increase the price. If the VAT in a country is comparatively higher, the price will probably be higher, and thus the consumption of leisure will be lower. In the specific case of the analysed countries, we find cross-country differences in the marginal income tax rates and VAT, which may have an influence on the elasticity of market work, non-market work, and leisure, regarding health. Given the complexity of tax systems, we leave this issue for future research.
Finally, another factor that may shape the relationship between health status and time allocation decisions is that of household gender roles. Gimenez-Nadal et al. (2012) classify a group of European countries according to the gender inequality in the time devoted to childcare activities, and while France and Germany are classified among the most egalitarian, Mediterranean countries, such as Italy and Spain, are classified among the most inegalitarian, which may indicate that gender roles in those Mediterranean countries impose tougher household responsibilities on women compared to their female counterparts in other countries. Table 5 shows, for three questions related to the work-life balance (e.g. I have come home from work too tired to do household jobs; It has been difficult to fulfil family responsibilities because of time spent on job; I have found it difficult to concentrate at work because of family responsibilities), the percentage of individuals who report having problems several times a week, and we observe, first, that while there are gender differences in Italy, Spain, and the UK, where we find a higher proportion of women reporting having problems related to the work-life balance, the difference is much smaller in the other three countries. Thus, gender roles imposed though the household responsibilities of women in certain countries may be related to inequalities in both health and in the uses of time.
Table 5 Work-life balance measures in analysed countries, 2003
Based on prior research (Garcia-Gómez 2011) showing that differences in healthcare systems have a significant effect on a range of factors, including wages and employment probability, one could conclude that the universalisation of health care would help to reduce such impacts, but our results show that this is not necessarily the case for inequality in the use of time. Specifically, given the finding that differences in healthcare systems do not condition the relationship between the use of time of workers and health status, the policy implications are that more focus should be placed on analysing differences in tax systems and cultural factors. However, here, we must acknowledge that our analysis is not causal, and we can only talk about correlations between health and uses of time; thus, the results must be interpreted with caution.
This paper analyses the relationship between health status and time allocation decisions for workers in six European countries. Using the Multinational Time Use Study, we find that a better perception of own health is associated with less time devoted to sleep and non-market work, while it is associated with more time in market work.
Our paper will be of interest to economists and policymakers given the current general interest in inequality, including in the field of health. Inequalities in health are increasing in Europe, leading to increased vulnerabilities in populations as well as increased differences in health behaviours and outcomes between population groups. Thus, there is an increasing interest of policy makers for health information, as shown by several projects initiated at the international level to analyse how health systems impact on inequality (see, for instance, the 'Inequalities in health system performance and social determinants in Europe' project being developed by the WHO/Europe, WHO/Europe Project). To the extent that leisure time has value (Kahneman et al, 2004; Kahneman and Krueger, 2006; Krueger, 2007, Sevilla et al., 2012), the evidence presented in this paper provides a promising line of research for understanding cross-country differences in well-being. Additionally, since unhealthy people work less and devote more time to personal care activities, our results help to explain a possible source of income inequality, both at the individual and the country level.
One limitation of our analysis is that our data is a cross section of individuals, and it does not allow us to identify the effect of health net of both (permanent) individual heterogeneity in preferences and of reverse causality. This is particularly important in our context, as health may be endogenous to time allocation decisions. Alternative datasets with a panel data structure, such as the British Household Panel Survey (BHPS), the Panel Study of income Dynamics (PSID), or the European Union Statistics on Income and Living Conditions (EU-SILC) (where individual fixed effects can be used to net out the effect of individual unobserved heterogeneity) become important at this stage of research. Although they do not contain information on personal care and leisure, they do contain information on market work and housework time, which would allow us to compare and measure the extent to which our results are affected by endogeneity issues. Given the prior literature on the relationship between health and labour outcomes, we argue that our results show an upper value of the positive relationship between good health and market work hours, while identifying a lower limit for the relationship between personal care and non-market work.
Furthermore, prior findings have shown that there is heterogeneity across selected workforce groups (e.g. the self-employed, managers…) in terms of mental health and psychological well-being (Lucifora and Cottini, 2013), which may lead to differences in the uses of time across workforce groups within countries. We leave a more detailed analysis of the relationship between health and inequality in the use of time for several groups of workers as a future topic of research.
Information on the variables and on how to access the data is available on the MTUS website: http://www.timeuse.org/mtus. See Fisher et al. (2011) for a full description of the MTUS documentation. We use version W53 (accessed in October 2010) of the MTUS.
Given the focus of the journal on European labour markets, we focus on this group of workers. However, other groups, such as the unemployed and those who do not participate in the labour market, could also be interesting to analyse. But sample selection issues may be important in this context, and thus, we are prevented from analysing other potential groups of workers. Furthermore, workers are more restricted in their daily activities compared to non-workers, as they must fulfil their work and household responsibilities, while non-workers do not have to fulfil their market work responsibilities.
However, we have analysed the relationship between health and time allocation decisions for both the unemployed and non-workers, and we still find that better health is associated with less time in sleeping and personal care, and more time in non-market work, in most countries, evidence that is similar to the main results obtained for the sample of workers. Results are available upon request.
Table 1 in the Appendix shows the technical information of the surveys included in the study.
These weights (PROPWT) are computed to take into account the distribution of the population and days of the week, and thus, all the days of the week are equally represented in the sample. To promote consistency among the datasets, and to prevent surveys from countries with larger populations swamping the surveys from countries with smaller populations, original survey weights are deflated in the computation of PROPWT. More information on how weights are computed can be found in http://www.timeuse.org/sites/ctur/files/9727/mtus-user-guide-r7-february-2015.pdf.
There can be some controversy regarding the selection of alternative models, such as that of Tobin (1958), given the high proportion of non-participation in some activities such as non-market work. Foster and Kalenkoski (2013) compare the use of Tobit and linear models in the analysis of the time devoted to childcare activities, finding that the qualitative conclusions are similar for the two estimation methods.
We do not include the labour status of respondents (e.g., part-time or full-time), as it may lead to endogeneity problems since the labour status of individuals probably influences the time devoted to all activities.
We do not show the coefficients for other controls (age, education, children, day of the week); they are available upon request.
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This paper has benefited from funding from the Spanish Ministry of Economics (Project ECO2012-34828).
Responsible editor: Martin Kahanec
Department of Economic Analysis, Faculty of Economics, University of Zaragoza and CTUR, C/Gran Via 2, 3rd floor, 50005, Zaragoza, Spain
J. Ignacio Gimenez-Nadal
& Jose Alberto Molina
CTUR, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
IZA, Bonn, Germany
Jose Alberto Molina
Search for J. Ignacio Gimenez-Nadal in:
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Correspondence to J. Ignacio Gimenez-Nadal.
The IZA Journal of European Labor Studies is committed to the IZA Guiding Principles of Research Integrity. The authors declare that they have observed these principles.
Appendix: Supplementary Tables (DOCX 15 kb)
Open Access This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made.
Gimenez-Nadal, J.I., Molina, J.A. Health inequality and the uses of time for workers in Europe: policy implications. IZA J Labor Stud 5, 2 (2016) doi:10.1186/s40174-016-0055-4
Multinational time use study
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Q: The Fredholm index is locally constant Let $X$ and $Y$ be Banach spaces, and let $\mathsf{Fr}(X,Y)\subseteq\mathcal{L}(X,Y)$ denote the set Fredholm operators from $X$ to $Y$. For $F\in\mathsf{Fr}(X,Y)$ we can define the Fredholm index of $F$ as
$$\operatorname{ind}(F):=\dim(\ker(F))-\dim(\ker(F^*)).$$
How can I show that the index is locally constant, i.e. that for every $F\in\mathsf{Fr}(X,Y)$ there exists some open set $U\subseteq\mathsf{Fr}(X,Y)$ containing $F$ such that for all $L\in U$ we have
$$\operatorname{ind}(L)=\operatorname{ind}(F).$$
I'm not sure how to approach this problem, so any hints would also be appreciated.

A: From what I remember you need to prove that
$$\textrm{ind}\colon \textrm{Fr}(X,Y) \to \mathbb{R}$$
is continuous and that its image is contained in $\mathbb{Z}$. Given $F \in \textrm{Fr}(X,Y)$, let $k=\textrm{ind}(F)$ and choose an open set on $\mathbb{R}$ containing $k$ but not $k-1$ nor $k+1$, e.g., $(k-1,k+1)$.
Then the open set $U$ you want is the connected component of $\textrm{inf}^{-1}(k)$ that contains $F$.

A: We will use two basic results on Fredholm operators: (1) an operator $L\in\mathcal{L}(X,Y)$ is Fredholm if and only if there exists some $R\in\mathcal{L}(Y,X)$ satisfying $$LR=\mathrm{id}_{Y} + K_Y,\qquad RL=\mathrm{id}_X + K_X$$ where $K_X,K_Y$ are some compact operators. (2) if $K$ is a compact operator then $\operatorname{ind}(\mathrm{id}+K)=0$. I will write $\mathcal{L}=\mathcal{L}(X,Y)$. Similarly, I will write $\mathcal{K}=\mathcal{K}(X,Y)$ to denote the set of all compact operatos $X\to Y$.
Note that $\mathcal{K}$ forms a two-sided ideal in $\mathcal{L}$. Now consider $\pi:\mathcal{L}\to\mathcal{L}/\mathcal{K}$ and note that by result (1), $$\mathsf{Fr}(X,Y)=\pi^{-1}((\mathcal{L}/\mathcal{K})^\times),$$
where $(\mathcal{L}/\mathcal{K})^\times$ is the set of units of $\mathcal{L}/\mathcal{K}$, i.e. the set of elements which are invertible.

Now show that $(\mathcal{L}/\mathcal{K})^\times$ is an open set.

Using this and the fact that $\pi$ is continuous gives us that $\mathsf{Fr}(X,Y)$ is open in $\mathcal{L}$. So for every $F\in\mathsf{Fr}(X,Y)$ there is an open set $U\subset\mathcal{L}$ with $F\in U\subset\mathsf{Fr}(X,Y)$.
Now fix an arbitrary $F\in\mathsf{Fr}(X,Y)$. Let $G$ be the "quasi-inverse" of $F$ given in result (1). Use this and (1) once more to

Show that for every $L\in\mathcal{L}$ satisfying $\|L\|\leq\frac{1}{\|G\|}$ we have $F+L\in\mathsf{Fr}(X,Y)$.

Let $R$ denote the quasi-inverse of $F+L$ you find above. Then you should use the composition rule of the Fredholm index and (2) to find that
$$\operatorname{ind}(R) + \operatorname{ind}(F+L)=0.$$
Continuing in this way and using the specific form of $R$ you should be able derive that $$\operatorname{ind}(F+L)=\operatorname{ind}(F).$$

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