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1 WHAT S NEW IN Microsoft Dynamics NAV 2013 Microsoft Dynamics NAV 2013 Get ahead. Shape your own future. Today more than ever, small and midsize businesses like yours need solutions that drive success. Microsoft Dynamics NAV 2013, a complete business solution from Microsoft, delivers loads of enhancements and new features designed to help you accomplish this mission by gaining greater control over your business, improving your margins, and driving growth. KEY BENEFITS: Powerful application functionality like Cash Flow Forecast, Cost Accounting, Assembly Management, Timeline Visualization, and other capabilities like improved query and charting enhance data access, analysis, and presentation for more users. This fosters deeper insight into the operations and processes that drive your company, helping you to gain greater control. Improved margins can follow when you empower more of your people to work more efficiently and productively. Exciting new features and enhancements like Microsoft Dynamics NAV 2013 web client, SharePoint client, refined RoleTailored capabilities, and increased general ledger flexibility extend the power of Microsoft Dynamics NAV 2013 throughout your organization. Faster time to value is possible because it s easy to learn Microsoft Dynamics NAV 2013 and get it installed and running quickly, whether you deploy on-premises or in the cloud. We can help Success is about more than growing your business in the near term. It s about sustaining profitable growth over the long term. Getting the most out of your business investments, including your IT, contributes to this goal. Your Microsoft Dynamics Business Ready Enhancement Plan (BREP) helps you: Upgrade to the latest technology to increase the productivity of your team. Get more out of your IT investment. Chart a technology roadmap that keeps your business on the forefront of innovation. You re in control Microsoft Dynamics delivers the vision, tools, and support you need to get ahead of changing business conditions and the competition but at the end of the day, you re in charge. Set the pace that fits your situation. Deploy on-premises or in the cloud. It s your choice. You re in command. Microsoft SharePoint integrations in Microsoft Dynamics NAV 2013.
2 2013 Business is changing. You notice it every day. The tempo is quicker. Customer tastes and competitive dynamics change in a heartbeat. Your market is evolving, with customers and prospects in new cities, and maybe even new countries. The way people work is changing too. A more virtual world creates opportunities for businesses that support efficient remote and mobile employees. And when every interaction and transaction counts, you need greater visibility, insight, and control to make the informed decisions that boost your bottom line. Reacting to change can stretch your current accounting software and business applications. Every new tax, regulation, and business requirement seems to expose a new deficiency. IT creates patches and workarounds to bridge gaps and squeeze one more drop of productivity out of your systems, but this approach cuts into margins, and a growing portion of your IT budget disappears into software maintenance instead of funding projects that add business value and drive growth. Upgrading your accounting and business software becomes more urgent every day, but you worry about complications. Along with budgetable expenses, you wonder about the potential for unforeseen costs. Factor in the risk of project delays and interruptions to critical business processes. All in all, it s tempting to delay an upgrade until you gain more confidence that the result will be predictable and positive. Microsoft is committed to help you upgrade with confidence by delivering a comprehensive vision and solution for your business. The next release of Microsoft Dynamics NAV renews our promise to deliver ongoing value and innovation. Consistent product releases, costeffective to deploy and easy to implement at your pace, help you transform your business. With Microsoft Dynamics NAV 2013 you can: Gain end-to-end visibility and greater control over what s going on in your business, helping your people make smart, timely decisions and get more done. Get ahead of changing conditions, and stay ahead, by streamlining your business processes. This helps you control expenses, improve the bottom line, and drive business growth. Optimize your IT investments and shorten the time to value with a flexible solution that s simple to learn and use. Microsoft Dynamics NAV 2013 works like and with other Microsoft technologies such as Microsoft Office and SharePoint, and with other business software you may already use. All of this improves your margins and enhances the bottom line, generating cash to drive business growth and helping you to shape your own future. Put your people in command of your business Give them fast, convenient access to the information they need to collaborate and manage, and you will empower them to control your future. Cost Accounting: Gain greater visibility and insight into how your business is performing by monitoring budgeted and actual operating costs, departments, products, and projects. Synchronize cost information with the general ledger and allocate costs to different cost centers and objects. Spot budget variances as soon as they occur and take appropriate action. Cash Flow Forecast: Analyze cash flow and take action quickly. Understand your current cash position, forecast short-term cash flow, and monitor cash receipts and disbursements. Create multiple cash flow forecasts for different time periods. Deliver roleappropriate cash flow information via Role Center screens.
3 Assembly Management capabilities help you optimize inventory levels while maintaining superior customer service in assemble-toorder and assemble-to-stock processes. Assembly Management integrates with the complete Microsoft Dynamics NAV supply chain suite, including Sales, Supply Planning, Warehousing, Inventory Management, and Item Tracking, to help streamline operations, reduce costs, and expedite order fulfillment. Reporting Enhancements: Take advantage of new reporting enhancements made possible by the tight integration of Microsoft Dynamics NAV 2013, Microsoft Excel spreadsheet software, and other Microsoft technologies to help boost productivity for more users and drive decision-making processes for better control. Item Availability by Timeline and Event: Use new business data visualization capabilities, including Timeline Visualization, to view and analyze item availability in Microsoft Dynamics NAV Availability Timelines offer an immediate graphical view of expected inventory for a specific item or SKU over time, or by demand or supply event. Supply Planning Enhancements help control planning suggestions and optimize supply according to inventory and ordering cost. Specific enhancements include new reorder period fields for time bucket, rescheduling period, lot accumulation period, and overflow level. Streamline Warehouse Operations: Strengthened integration between Manufacturing and Warehouse Management, Service Management, and Assembly Management to improve inventory accuracy and reduce stocks, freeing capital for other investments. Move items to and from internal departments more efficiently, and align the process of shipping service items with warehouse operations. Job and Service Management: enhancements deliver greater insight into and control of work-in-process calculations and service processes by allowing you to see all supply and demand associated with specific items. Enhanced Cash Flow Forecast in Microsoft Dynamics NAV 2013 helps you to analyze cash flow and take action quickly. Microsoft OneNote Integration is supported by Microsoft Dynamics NAV 2013, so you can use this flexible productivity tool on a rolespecific basis for tasks such as creating Help and Information messaging, and for sharing information, including photos, videos, and other unstructured information, more efficiently.
4 Drive efficiency up and cost down Make more users more productive. Simplify day-to-day functions and processes, and you will decrease operating expenses while improving cash flow. Extending the Reach of Microsoft Dynamics NAV 2013 through Microsoft SharePoint and the Web Client: Empower users throughout your company to access Microsoft Dynamics NAV from virtually any device that supports a web browser. Microsoft Dynamics NAV 2013 Web Client, a simplified version of the RoleTailored client, allows more employees, especially occasional users, easy, security nhanced access to relevant information without the requirement for complex system customization work. Through Microsoft SharePoint, you can set up websites to share Microsoft Dynamics NAV 2013 data and information, such as pages and reports, with more people inside and outside the company. Any changes to Microsoft Dynamics NAV 2013 pages on a SharePoint site are updated instantly in Microsoft Dynamics NAV RoleTailored User Experience Enhancements expand RoleTailored functionality for users through improved charting capabilities and other productivity enhancements. End-User Charting: Take advantage of unique charting and visualization capabilities in Microsoft Dynamics NAV 2013 to help users see and understand data from across your business, and then to take prompt, informed action. Flexible, configurable chart types and charting capabilities give users a simple way to drill down into details from a chart or visualization, fostering improved analysis and better control. With new configuration and data aggregation tools and more chart types available in the RoleTailored client, it s possible to add a chart to individual Role Centers or other areas within the application, change the chart definition, show it in three dimensions, flip its axis, and print it. From any list place, you can change the view of the data to display it in a chart format. And you can add a FactBox that contains a chart, which can be customized. Grouping on Pages: New functionality enables display of content in tabular format. Query: A data pump capability improves impromptu reporting through improved access to data in OData (Open Data Protocol) web service allows you to create compelling self-service business intelligence solutions. Visual Updating of Client to Office 2010: The Action Pane redesigned and renamed the Ribbon and improvements to Fast- Tabs and FactBoxes add to the ease-of-use of Microsoft Dynamics NAV User Productivity Improvements: A host of enhancements, including Select All, Copy/Paste, Link Sharing and Copy Link, Find, Quick Entry, and the ability to enter filtering formulas and save variables, all familiar actions to users of other Microsoft products, now empower your people to work smarter, more efficiently, and more collaboratively with Microsoft Dynamics NAV General Ledger Table Locking Architecture and Dimension Posting and Storing Redesign: Speed up posting processes by enabling more users to post sales and purchase orders at the same time. Improve analytical capabilities with more robust capabilities for storing data dimensions. New and unique charting and visualization capabilities allow users to see, understand, and act on data from across the business and display compelling KPIs in the Role Center.
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text:
Low-Dose Aspirin Reduces Cardiovascular Events
DURHAM, N.C. -- Taking low-dose aspirin daily reduces the
risk of heart attack and stroke, as well as the risk of dying,
among patients who previously have had a heart attack or stroke
but whose cardiovascular disease has stabilized, according to a
new analysis by Duke University Medical Center
cardiologists.
The study also found that taking low-dose aspirin daily
increases a patient's risk of bleeding, but the researchers
said the protective benefits of aspirin outweigh this side
effect. A daily dose of aspirin is considered low if it is
between 81 milligrams and 325 milligrams.
"Among patients with stable cardiovascular disease, we found
that low-dose aspirin reduced incidence of heart attack, stroke
and death," said cardiology fellow Jeffrey Berger, M.D., who
presented the results of the study on Wednesday, Nov. 15, at
the annual scientific sessions of the American Heart
Association, in Chicago.
"We also saw an increased risk of bleeding among patients
taking aspirin, but as in the decision-making process involving
any therapy, there is always the weighing of benefits and
risks," Berger added. "Since a great majority of patients can
tolerate aspirin, the benefits appear to outweigh the risks.
Aspirin is a drug that has been used for many years. It is
well-understood, effective, inexpensive and widely available.
In aspirin we have a proven life-saver."
The study was supported by Duke's Division of
Cardiology.
Aspirin exerts its protective effect by preventing the
clumping together of platelets circulating in the blood,
according to the researchers. It is this anticlotting action
that also causes unwanted bleeding.
In the Duke study, Berger and colleagues combined the data
from six clinical trials that enrolled patients with stable
cardiovascular disease or stable angina, or chest pain, and
gave them low-dose aspirin. In total, the trials included 9,853
The researchers found that patients who took low-dose
aspirin had a 26 percent reduction in the risk of a nonfatal
heart attack, a 25 percent reduction in the risk of stroke and
a 13 percent reduction in risk of death, compared with similar
heart patients who did not take aspirin. Taken together, Berger
said, patients on low-dose aspirin had a 21 percent reduction
in risk of experiencing a major cardiovascular event, a
measurement that is the combination of the rates of nonfatal
heart attack and stroke and of cardiovascular death.
In terms of aspirin's effect in promoting bleeding, the
study found that one patient out of 111 who received low-dose
aspirin experienced a bleeding episode, Berger said.
Putting the results another way, Berger said, the results
suggest that treating 83 patients will prevent one nonfatal
heart attack, treating 40 patients will prevent one stroke,
treating 30 patients will prevent one major cardiovascular
event and treating 71 patients will prevent one death.
"When compared to other medications that have been proven
effective in preventing cardiovascular events, aspirin comes
off looking very good," Berger said.
For example, 91 patients would need to be treated with ACE
inhibitors to prevent one death, compared with 71 patients for
aspirin, he said. ACE inhibitors dilate blood vessels, making
it easier for the heart to pump blood. Ninety-one patients
would need to be treated with the inhibitors to prevent one
heart attack, compared with 83 for aspirin, and 167 would need
to be treated with the inhibitors to prevent one stroke,
compared with 40 patients with aspirin.
"These comparisons show that a cheap and inexpensive
medicine like aspirin is just as good, if not better, than
other expensive medicines," Berger said.
Still, there is room for improvement in aspirin therapy, he
said. In particular, he said, more study is needed to identify
what dosage in the low-dose range -- from 81 milligrams to 325
milligrams a day -- will provide the best benefit-to-risk
profile.
Other members of the research team were Richard Becker of
Duke and David Brown of the State University of New York-Stony
Brook Medical Center.
Previous New Test May Identify Cardiovascular Disease Earlier
Next Combination of Personality Traits Increases Risk for Heart Disease

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


You will have to start and restart sotalol oral solution in a setting where your heart will be watched nonstop. Talk with your doctor.
Do not change from one form of sotalol oral solution to another without talking with the doctor.
What do I need to tell my doctor BEFORE I take Sotalol Oral Solution?
If you have an allergy to sotalol or any other part of sotalol oral solution.
If you are breast-feeding. Do not breast-feed while you take sotalol oral solution.
This is not a list of all drugs or health problems that interact with sotalol oral solution.
Tell your doctor and pharmacist about all of your drugs (prescription or OTC, natural products, vitamins) and health problems. You must check to make sure that it is safe for you to take sotalol oral solution with all of your drugs and health problems. Do not start, stop, or change the dose of any drug without checking with your doctor.
What are some things I need to know or do while I take Sotalol Oral Solution?
Tell all of your health care providers that you take sotalol oral solution. This includes your doctors, nurses, pharmacists, and dentists.
Avoid driving and doing other tasks or actions that call for you to be alert until you see how sotalol oral solution affects you.
You will need an ECG before starting sotalol oral solution and during treatment. Talk with your doctor.
This medicine may affect certain lab tests. Tell all of your health care providers and lab workers that you take sotalol oral solution.
Do not stop taking sotalol oral solution all of a sudden. If you do, chest pain that is worse and in some cases heart attack may occur. The risk may be greater if you have certain types of heart disease. To avoid side effects, you will want to slowly stop sotalol oral solution as ordered by your doctor. Call your doctor right away if you have new or worse chest pain or if other heart problems occur.
This medicine may make it harder to tell if you have signs of an overactive thyroid like fast heartbeat. If you have an overactive thyroid and stop taking sotalol oral solution all of a sudden, it may get worse and could be life-threatening. Talk with your doctor.
If you have had a very bad allergic reaction, talk with your doctor. You may have a chance of an even worse reaction if you come into contact with what caused your allergy. If you use epinephrine to treat very bad allergic reactions, talk with your doctor. Epinephrine may not work as well while you are taking sotalol oral solution.
Tell your doctor if you are pregnant or plan on getting pregnant. You will need to talk about the benefits and risks of using sotalol oral solution while you are pregnant.
How is this medicine (Sotalol Oral Solution) best taken?
Use sotalol oral solution as ordered by your doctor. Read all information given to you. Follow all instructions closely.
Take sotalol oral solution at the same time of day.
Keep taking sotalol oral solution as you have been told by your doctor or other health care provider, even if you feel well.
Do not take antacids that have aluminum or magnesium in them within 2 hours of sotalol oral solution.
Measure liquid doses carefully. Use the measuring device that comes with sotalol oral solution. If there is none, ask the pharmacist for a device to measure sotalol oral solution.
Do not use a household teaspoon or tablespoon to measure sotalol oral solution. Doing so could lead to the dose being too high.
Heart failure has happened with sotalol oral solution, as well as heart failure that has gotten worse in people who already have it. Tell your doctor if you have heart disease. Call your doctor right away if you have shortness of breath, a big weight gain, a heartbeat that is not normal, or swelling in the arms or legs that is new or worse.
What are some other side effects of Sotalol Oral Solution?
How do I store and/or throw out Sotalol Oral Solution?
Some drugs may have another patient information leaflet. Check with your pharmacist. If you have any questions about sotalol oral solution, please talk with your doctor, nurse, pharmacist, or other health care provider.


Last month the reference librarians at the Library were assigned to read Setting the Table: The Transforming Power of Hospitality in Business by Danny Meyer. Since I sit in on the meetings of this group, I also read it. My expectations were similar to other books on customer service: good ideas, but pretty dry reading.
Therefore, I was pleasantly surprised that Setting the Table was also an entertaining read for the most part. The last pages pertaining to criteria use to determine whether or not to invest time, money and effort into new business ventures only tangentially applies to my work in selecting new programs to conduct.
Meyer describes his early life growing up in St. Louis although he traveled around the world with his parents who were in the hotel business. In doing so he tasted many different cuisines. Food actually interested him more than the other cultural experience he had, so much so that his journals describe his dining experience rather than any other experiences. Eventually he figures out that what he really wants to do is open a restaurant in New York City.
As his career as restaurateur continues and he opens more restaurants, he develops a long term philosophy of success by prioritizing the five stakeholders in his business: 1) employees, 2) guests, 3) community, 4) suppliers, 5) investors. By putting his employees first, he can count on them taking care of the customer.
Meyer also learns a few things about leadership which have helped him become a better leader in his company. All of these are important for any leader in any circumstance.
1) To motivate people you must trust them.
2) Employees need to be seen and acknowledged.
3) Set high standards and hold people accountable.
4) Own up to your mistakes.
5) A leader must be emotionally intelligent to understand and work with people.
6) The road to success is paved with mistakes well handled.
Setting the Table is an engaging compendium of innovative and valuable insights that can be helpful to any business. Meyer's restaurants and chefs have perennially earned awards and high rankings in the New York Zagat surveys, a testament that his business practices work.


An intermediate network device intercepts a packet flow associated with a communication session between a client device and a server, splits the intercepted packet flow of the communication session into a plurality of application-layer data channels, wherein each application-layer data channel represents an independent stream of application-layer data within the communication session, performs Quality of Service (QoS) processing on the application-layer data channels, combines the plurality of QoS-processed application-layer data channels into a combined packet flow, and outputs the combined packet flow onto the communication session between the client device and the server.
The invention relates to data transmission in computer networks and, in particular, to quality of service (QoS) for delivery of communication flows within the computer networks.
A typical computer network, such as an interne protocol (IP) network, supports communications between various network devices. When two network devices communicate, the devices establish a communication session using a communication protocol, such as the Transmission Control Protocol (TCP). Devices, such as routers and switches, forward packet flows associated with the communication session through the physical network that connects the devices. Each TCP session, for example, typically includes two packet flows in opposite direction between the devices. Each flow of packets between the devices for a TCP session is commonly referred to as a TCP flow or a TCP stream. The devices may provide quality of service (QoS) to TCP sessions to reduce latency, delay, or jitter in communications between the devices. For example, the devices may assign priority among multiple TCP sessions.
In general, the invention relates to techniques for providing improved transmission of communication sessions over a network, such as the Internet or a service provider network. In particular, the techniques allow an intermediate (IM) device to intercept and dynamically modify packet flows for a communication session between network devices to perform Quality of Service (QoS) processes at the application layer upon individual "channels" within the communication session. As used herein, the terms "channel" and "data channel" refer to independent streams of application-layer data that are transmitted in a common (i.e., single) communication session, such as a single TCP session. The techniques may allow the IM device to apply QoS processing to packet flows within the context of the individual channels, while still presenting the network devices with a single communication session.
For example, the network devices may use an application protocol such as Microsoft™ Remote Desktop Protocol to exchange data via a communication session for providing remote access to one network device from another network device. In this example, the communication session may be composed of multiple data channels that have been combined into a single communication session. For example, individual channels may contain application-layer data associated with different functions, such as application-layer data associated with display operations and different application-layer data associated with print jobs or file access operations.
An IM device located between the client and server is configured to transparently intercept packets associated with the communication session, dynamically split the communication session into its constituent data channels based on the application-layer data conveyed by the packets, and perform application-layer QoS processing on data channels within each of the data channels. During the process, for example, the IM device may re-order data packets within a single data channel, may reorder data packets within the communication session for one data channel relative to another so as to reorder the sequence in which application-layer operations are communicated, and may re-block the application-layer data into different data packets entirely. The IM device may analyze for dependencies in application-layer data across the channels, and account for these dependencies when applying the QoS processing. The IM device then re-combines the QoS-processed channels into a single outbound packet flow, and injects the outbound packet flow into the communication session towards the network device for which intercepted the packet flow was destined.
In this manner, a communication session containing a plurality of data channels may be intercepted and the contents of the packet flow within the communication session altered to provide application-layer QoS processing on a per-channel basis. The IM device may perform these functions transparently to the network devices. In one example embodiment, the communication session may be a TCP session. The techniques described herein may reduce latency and jitter in the network and enhance user experiences within the network.
In one embodiment, a method comprises intercepting, with an intermediate device, a packet flow associated with a communication session between a client device and a server, and splitting, with the intermediate device, the intercepted packet flow of the communication session into a plurality of application-layer data channels, wherein each application-layer data channel represents an independent stream of application-layer data within the communication session. The method further comprises performing QoS processing on the application-layer data channels within the intermediate device, combining, with the intermediate device, the plurality of QoS-processed application-layer data channels into a combined packet flow, and outputting the combined packet flow from the intermediate device onto the communication session between the client device and the server.
In another embodiment, an intermediate device comprises an interface card for intercepting a packet flow associated with a communication session between a client device and a server, and a demultiplexer for splitting the intercepted packet flow of the communication session into a plurality of application-layer data channels, wherein each application-layer data channel represents an independent stream of application-layer data within the communication session. The intermediate network device further includes a QoS module for performing QoS processing on the application-layer data channels, and a multiplexer for combining the plurality of QoS-processed application-layer data channels into a combined packet flow. The interface card outputs the combined packet flow onto the communication session between the client device and the server.
In another embodiment, a system comprises a wide area network (WAN), and a client device that exchanges network communications with a server across the WAN via a communication session. The system also includes an intermediate network device that intercepts a packet flow associated with the communication session, and splits the intercepted packet flow of the communication session into a plurality of application-layer data channels, wherein each application-layer data channel represents an independent stream of application-layer data within the communication session. The intermediate network device further performs QoS processing on the application-layer data channels, combines the plurality of QoS-processed application-layer data channels into a combined packet flow, and outputs the combined packet flow onto the communication session between the client device and the server.
In yet another embodiment, a computer-readable medium comprises instructions for causing a programmable processor to intercept, with an intermediate device, a packet flow associated with a communication session between a client device and a server, and split, with the intermediate device, the intercepted packet flow of the communication session into a plurality of application-layer data channels, wherein each application-layer data channel represents an independent stream of application-layer data within the communication session. The computer-readable medium further comprises instructions for causing a programmable processor to perform QoS processing on the application-layer data channels within the intermediate device, combine, with the intermediate device, the plurality of QoS-processed application-layer data channels into a combined packet flow; and output the combined packet flow from the intermediate device onto the communication session between the client device and the server.
FIG. 1 is a block diagram illustrating an exemplary network system in which an intermediate network device performs Quality of Service (QoS) processing upon individual channels within a single communication session between network devices.
FIG. 2 is a block diagram illustrating an exemplary intermediate network device capable of performing QoS processing upon individual channels within the single communication session in accordance with the techniques described herein.
FIG. 3 is a timing diagram illustrating example operation of the intermediate network device in splitting a communication session into individual channels and performing QoS processing upon the individual channels.
FIG. 4 is a flowchart illustrating example operation of the intermediate network device performing QoS processing upon individual channels of a single communication session.
FIG. 5 is a block diagram illustrating an exemplary network system in which two intermediate network devices perform QoS processing upon individual channels within a single communication session at either end of a Wide Area Network (WAN).
FIG. 1 is a block diagram illustrating an exemplary network system 10 in which an intermediate (IM) network device 12 performs Quality of Service (QoS) processing upon individual channels 14 within a single communication session 16 across a Wide Area Network (WAN) 18 between a network device 20A and a network device 20B ("network devices 20"). For example, communication session 16 may be a Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) session. Although the techniques are described herein in reference to TCP communications for exemplary purposes, they may readily be applied to other network communication protocols. Network device 20A may be a client network device, while network device 20B may be a server network device. Network device 20A may be any client-side computing device used by an individual end user, and may be located within a remote office of an enterprise or other location. Network device 20B represents any resource with which network device 20A establishes a communication session, such as TCP session 16. For example, network devices 20 may comprise personal computers, laptops, workstations, personal-digital assistants (PDAs), wireless devices, network-ready appliances, file servers, print servers, routers, or other devices. Network devices 20 exchange communications using TCP session 16, which typically includes two streams of TCP packets flowing in opposite directions between the network devices.
Network devices 20 may communicate using an application protocol that employs a plurality of channels for different functions. For example, network devices 20 may use an application protocol such as the Microsoft™ Remote Desktop Protocol, which utilizes different "data channels" for communicating application-layer data for operations such as user-interface-related operations (e.g., key presses, mouse movement, display updates, clipboard transfers, audio), file access operations (e.g., print jobs, file transfers, file read/write), and other functions. As other example, the application protocol may be a video conferencing protocol that uses different data channels for communicating application-layer data for operations such as video, audio, instant messaging, whiteboard, and shared applications. As further examples, the application protocol may be the Secure Shell (SSH) protocol, the Blocks Extensible Exchange Protocol (BEEP) protocol, or a database protocol. The application protocol invokes the TCP protocol to establish TCP session 16 between network devices 20A and 20B, and sends the application-layer data as a combined plurality of channels on TCP session 16. Similarly, network device 20B may use the application protocol to send a combined plurality of channels to network device 20A via TCP session 16.
There are several reasons an application may be designed use a single TCP session to send multiple channels, as opposed to sending each channel over a separate TCP session. This configuration may be simpler because the channels are all connected to a single server, which avoids the situation in which a load balancer routes the individual channels to different servers. This configuration also avoids the situation where one of the multiple TCP sessions gets broken. This configuration may be more secure because only one TCP session needs to be authenticated and securely managed. As a result, network devices 20 need not determine whether a second TCP session belongs to the same user as a first TCP session.
In accordance with the principles of the invention, IM network device 12 is configured to transparently intercept a packet flow 17A associated with TCP session 16 and divide the packet flow 17A into its constituent application-layer data channels 14. In this process, IM device 12 may snoop or inspect the payloads of the intercepted packets so as to classify the packet with respect to application-layer operations. That is, IM device 12 is configured so as to be application-layer aware for certain protocols of interest, such as Microsoft™ Remote Desktop Protocol, so as to be able to determine whether the packets relate to certain application-layer operations. Based on the classification, IM device 12 splits the intercepted packet flow into constituent application-layer data channels 14. In one embodiment, data channels 14 represent the categorized packets without modification. Alternatively, IM device 12 may process the data channels 14 to reassemble the independent, application-layer data associated with the different application-layer operations.
In either case, IM network device 12 is further configured to apply QoS processing at the application layer to each of the channels 14. IM network device 12 may alter the contents of the packet flow 17A during the QoS processing, such as by reordering or dropping packets. As one example, assuming communication session 16 is associated with a remote terminal server software application executing on network devices 20, IM device 12 may identify a first channel 14 that carries application-layer data associated with file operations, such as print jobs or file accesses issued by the network device 20A. IM device 12 may also identify a second data channel that carries application-layer data associated with user interface related operations, such as key stokes, mouse movements, or display updates at network device 20A. IM device 12 may then apply QoS processing, such as reordering the application data with the intermediate device so that the second application data (i.e., the user interface related operations in this example) is earlier in the communication session relative to the first application data (i.e., the file operations). IM device 12 may reorder entire blocks of reassembled application-layer data, or may simply reorder the intercepted packets of session 16 based on the identified application-layer data carried by data channels 14. IM network device 12 recombines the channels, repacketizing the application-layer data if necessary, and outputs a modified packet flow 17B to network device 20B via TCP session 16.
Network devices 20 may also apply QoS processing to TCP session 16. However, network devices 20 may not have a sufficient view of network system 10 as a whole, and do not know what policies are in place, how much bandwidth has been guaranteed, and how much other traffic is present in the network. Moreover, conventional QoS implementations apply QoS across multiple TCP sessions (such as by providing priority to one session over another), but do not reorder the contents of a single TCP session or modify the data within the TCP session. As a result, the QoS provided by network devices 20 may be inadequate, particularly if several hops exist between the network devices 20. In contrast, IM network device 12 is aware of the conditions of network system 10, and IM network device 12 applies the techniques of the invention to reduce latency and jitter in communications between network devices 20 to provide an improved overall user experience. IM network device 12 may also provide additional transparent processing of TCP sessions, such as acceleration or intrusion detection.
In one embodiment, IM network device 12 is a network acceleration device. In other embodiments, the techniques described herein are incorporated within a proxy server, load balancer, router, gateway, intelligent switch, intelligent hub, or other type of intermediate network device. An administrator may configure IM network device 12 to enable IM network device 12 to split TCP session 16 into its constituent channels 14 and apply QoS processing to the channels for a particular protocol of interest. This may include, for example, installing an application-layer plug-in software module for each protocol of interest so as to provide the application-layer intelligence necessary to categorize the intercepted packets and optionally reassemble the application-layer data conveyed by the packets. IM network device 12 may be transparent to both network device 20A and network device 20B. In another embodiment, IM network device 12 may operate in a full proxy mode between network devices 20 so as to maintain separate communication sessions with the devices. In some embodiments, network system 10 may include multiple IM devices 12 that operate at different locations within network system 10.
WAN 18 may be a public or a private network. For instance, WAN 18 may form part of the Internet. Moreover, connections within network system 10 may be wired or wireless and may consist of any network communication medium. The techniques are described herein in reference to TCP communications for exemplary purposes, and may readily be applied to other network communication protocols. Similarly, although described in terms of a Remote Desktop Protocol, the principles of the invention may be used for other protocols having multiple channels combined within a single communication session. Moreover, the term "flow" is used herein to refer to the packets associated with the same communication session, e.g., a TCP session, and a single flow may include packets communicated from both the source to the destination and the destination to the source.
FIG. 2 is a block diagram illustrating an exemplary IM network device 12, described above with respect to FIG. 1, in further detail. In general, IM network device 12 is capable of interacting with network devices 20 to facilitate transmission of data through WAN 18. In particular, IM network device 12 is capable of performing QoS processing on individual channels within a single packet flow received via a communication session, such as a TCP session. IM network device 12 may be a network accelerator, proxy server, load balancer, router, gateway, intelligent switch, intelligent hub, or other type of intermediate network device.
In the illustrated embodiment, IM network device 12 includes interface cards (IFCs) 22 that receive packets on inbound links 24 send packets on outbound links 25. IFCs 22 are coupled to inbound links 24 and outbound links 25 via a number of interface ports (not shown). IM network device 12 also includes control unit 26 that provides an operating environment for network communication protocols such as TCP protocol 28. In other embodiments, other network communication protocols may be executed within control unit 26. IM network device 12 may use TCP protocol 28 to intercept and/or establish TCP sessions, such as TCP session 16 (FIG. 1). IM network device 12 sends and receives packet flows using TCP protocol 28.
In the illustrated embodiment, control unit 26 includes application-specific plug-ins 30A-30N ("application plug-ins 30"). Each of plug-ins 30 corresponds to a different network application for which IM device 12 is configured to snoop communications and transparently provide QoS services. As one example, application plug-in 30A may be a plug-in for Citrix Systems™ Independent Computing Architecture (ICA) protocol. The application-layer plug-ins may additionally be version-specific, i.e., control unit 26 may include a separate protocol plug-in for different versions of a protocol. The application plug-ins 30 may contain protocol-specific information used by channel demultiplexer 38, by rules engine 42 for performing dependency analysis, and by QoS module 32 in performing QoS processing for respective protocols, as described in detail below. IM network device 12 may determine which of application plug-ins 30 to access based on information contained in the packets of the received packet flows.
For example, application plug-ins 30 may contain application-specific information and software routines based on the particular format, timing requirements, error handling, messaging sequence and other requirements of a particular network application. As another example, application plug-ins 30 may contain information regarding specific fields or data types within packets that indicate a priority level of application-layer data conveyed by the packets. For instance, the application plug-ins may contain information necessary to identify priority bits and a byte count of an ICA framing header, and handle the packet accordingly. The application plug-ins 30 may be installed within control unit 26 as one or more dynamically linked libraries (DLLs) or other mechanism.
Control unit 26 may also include a decrypter 34 to de-encrypt intercepted packet flows that have been encrypted, and a encrypter 36 to re-encrypt the processed packet flows for outputting back into the network via the communication session. Control unit 26 further includes a channel demultiplexer 38 ("Channel DEMUX 38") to demultiplex an intercepted packet flow into its constituent channels for processing. In this process, channel demultiplexer 38 may snoop or inspect the application-layer data within the payloads of the intercepted packets so as to classify each packet with respect to application-layer operations. Channel demultiplexer 38 may invoke application plug-ins 30 during this process to determine whether the intercepted packets contain recognized application-layer data and, if so, to classify the packets. Based on the classification, channel demultiplexer 38 splits the intercepted packet flow into constituent application-layer data channels. In one embodiment, channel demultiplexer 38 further processes the data channels so as to reassemble the independent, application-layer data associated with the different application-layer operations.
Rules engine 42 performs dependency analysis among packets associated with the various channels based on the application-layer operations described in the packets. Rules engine 42 may invoke application plug-ins 30 as necessary to obtain protocol-specific information for performing the dependency analysis. Rules engine 42 may perform dependency analysis by applying rules stored in rules data structure 44. As one example, a rule may require that when a packet(s) carrying application-layer data associated with a mouse movement is followed by a packet(s) carrying application-layer data associated with a keystroke, rules engine 42 must maintain the packets associated with the mouse movement and the keystroke in the same order, since the mouse movement may affect where the typing is directed. As another example, a rule may dictate that rules engine 42 deliver sound ±2 seconds from when the sound otherwise would have arrived. This may prevent a sound associated with another operation from being delivered much later than the operation, which could result in user confusion.
As yet another example, a rule may dictate that rules engine 42 reorder packets associated with certain application-layer operations, for example, reordering packets associated with display updates to place the packets before packets associated with print jobs within the communication so that display updates occur prior to the print job being executed. Moreover, in accordance with rules 44, rules engine 42 may determine that IM network device 12 should drop packets if network conditions will not allow for timely delivery, such as by discarding redundant mouse movements. Similarly, rules engine 42 may determine that IM network device 12 should replace some audio data with silence to avoid jitter. Control unit 26 may maintain rules data structure 44 in the form of one or more tables, databases, link lists, radix trees, databases, flat files, or any other data structures.
QoS module 32 performs typical Quality of Service processing on each of the individual channels, within the constraints identified by rules engine 42. For example, QoS module may check priority bits within the packets to determine a priority level of each packet. QoS module 32 may re-arrange the contents of the data within the channels according to the QoS processing, such as by putting high priority packets ahead of low priority packets. If the protocol applies any form of window sizes, QoS module 32 may use this feature to control the flow rate of the channels. The QoS processing may be significantly more effective when applied on a per-channel basis than when applied to the TCP stream as a whole. In some situations, applying QoS processing alone to the individual channels may worsen the user experience; however, IM network device 12 prevents such problems by applying both dependency analysis and QoS processing to each channel.
QoS module 32 may employ measures to prevent "priority inversion," in which dependency of a higher priority operation upon a lower priority operation causes execution of the higher priority operation to be delayed until the lower priority operation has been handled. Priority inversion may occur since data within the different channels is marked with different priority levels. As one example, QoS module 32 may employ "priority elevation," which boosts the priority level of the lower priority operation to match the priority level of the higher priority operation. QoS module 32 may access application plug-ins 30 as necessary to obtain protocol-specific information for performing QoS processing on the channels.
Control unit 26 also includes data reblocker 46, which may reblock the application-layer data within each channel. For example, data reblocker 46 may consolidate data packets to reduce the proportion of header data to payload. As another example, data reblocker 46 may divide large packets into multiple smaller data packets. This may be done for print data, since it may be undesirable to have a large chunk of print data blocking a transmission line for an extended time. After control unit 26 is finished processing the channels, channel multiplexer 40 recombines the channels back into a single packet flow to be output onto a TCP session. In some embodiments, QoS module 32 may apply QoS processing to the outgoing TCP session, as well as to each channel within the TCP session. While the dependency analysis, QoS processing, and data reblocking are respectively performed by rules engine 42, QoS module 32, and data reblocker 46 at the application layer of the network stack, control unit 26 maintains TCP sequence numbers at the transport layer for the intercepted session.
Channel multiplexer 40 ("channel MUX 40") multiplexes the processed data channels into a packet flow for outputting back into the network. That is, after QoS processing, channel multiplexer 40 multiplexes the packets associated with the different application-layer operations to inject the multiplexed packets back into the intercepted communication session.
FIG. 3 is a timing diagram illustrating example operation of the IM network device 12 in splitting a packet flow received via a TCP session into individual channels 14 and performing dependency analysis, QoS processing, and reblocking on the individual channels. IM network device 12 intercepts an inbound packet flow 48 associated with communication session 16 from network device 20A (FIG. 1). Inbound packet flow 48 may consist of packets 50A-50E. As shown, packets 50A-50E may be of differing lengths. If necessary, decrypter 34 de-encrypts packet flow 48.
IM network device 12 uses channel demultiplexer 38 to demultiplex packet flow 48 into its constituent channels 14, either by snooping on the application-layer data carried by the packet payloads or by reassembling the application-layer data. IM network device 12 then applies analysis and processing on a per- and inter-channel basis. In the example shown, assume packet 50A contains application-layer data related to a display update, and packet 50D contains application-layer data related to a sound associated with the display update. By referring to rules data structure 44, rules engine 42 may perform dependency analysis to determine that packet 50A and packet 50D must remain within a certain distance of one another, although their order may be reversed. For example, rules engine 42 may maintain at least a minimum number of intermediate packets between packet 50A and packet 50D in the outbound packet flow 52 based on the dependency analysis. QoS module 50 applies QoS processing to each individual channel 14.
Data reblocker 46 may reblock the data, and channel multiplexer 40 multiplexes the channels 14 together into a single packet flow 52, which IM network device 12 outputs onto communication session 16. As shown, packet 50E is large, and packets 50B, 50C are small. In this example, data reblocker 46 combines packets 50B, 50C into a single larger packet 50F, thereby decreasing the amount of header data required to send the data within original packets 50B, 50C. Data reblocker 46 also splits packet 50E into two smaller packets 50G, 50H, so that one large packet will not tie up the network link for a longer time. IM network device 12 may update a database or other structure so as to accurately track and mimic TCP sequence numbers and other information related to the intercepted session. If necessary, encrypter 36 re-encrypts the packet flow 52, and IM network device 12 sends packet flow 52 out to network device 20B onto communication session 16.
FIG. 4 is a flowchart illustrating example operation of IM network device 12 performing QoS processing to individual channels of a single communication session. IM network device 12 intercepts a communication session via one of inbound links 24 of an IFC 22 (60). If the packet flow associated with the session is encrypted, decrypter 34 de-encrypts the packet flow. When the communication session is composed of a plurality of channels, channel demultiplexer 34 invokes application plug-ins 30 to analyze the application-layer data for the intercepted packets and assist in demultiplexing the communication session into its constituent application-layer data channels (62).
Rules engine 42 performs dependency analysis among the channels in accordance with rules 44 to determine if any dependencies exist between packets across different channels (64). Rules engine 42 accesses application plug-ins 30 as necessary to perform the dependency analysis, such as by retrieving application-specific rules specified within the plug-ins. QoS module 32 performs QoS processing to each of the individual channels (66), similarly accessing application plug-ins 30 as necessary. Additionally, if rules engine 42 or QoS module 32 determines that packets should be dropped or reordered, control unit 12 drops or reorders the packets accordingly (68).
Data reblocker 46 may reblock the data within the channels, such as by combining smaller packets into single larger packets or splitting packets up, as described above (70). Channel multiplexer 40 reassembles the processed individual channels into a single outbound packet flow (72). IM network device 12 outputs the packet flow back onto the communication session via one of outbound links 25 of an IFC 22 (74).
FIG. 5 is a block diagram illustrating an exemplary network system 60 in which two intermediate network devices 62A and 62B ("IM network devices 62") perform Quality of Service (QoS) processing upon individual channels within a communication session 63 at either end of a WAN 18. In some embodiments, each of IM network devices 62 may operate substantially similarly to IM network device 12, described above. In other embodiments, IM network devices 62 may perform certain functions in common with IM network device 12, but not others. However, instead of recombining channels 64 into a single communication session 63 after IM network device 62A performs dependency analysis, QoS processing, and data reblocking upon each of channels 64, IM network device 62A outputs each of the channels 64 using separate communication sessions 66.
IM network device 62B is located across WAN 18 from IM network device 62A, and receives the packet flows associated with the separate communication sessions 66 from IM network device 62A. IM network device 62B also performs dependency analysis, QoS processing, and data reblocking upon each of the channels 68 associated with the communication sessions 66. IM network device 62B then combines the processed application-layer channels 68 into a single outbound communication stream, and outputs the communication stream on single communication connection 16B so that both IM devices 62 are transparent to network devices 20. In some embodiments, communication session 63 may be a TCP session. IM network devices 62 may also intercept packets flowing in the opposite direction from network device 20B to network device 20. In this case, IM network devices 62 may be substantially similar to IM network device 12 as illustrated in FIG. 2.
In other embodiments, IM network devices 62 may include only one of channel demultiplexer 38 and channel multiplexer 40, depending on whether the IM network device 62 receives or outputs a single communication session containing multiple channels. Although not illustrated, network system 10 may include other intermediate devices that perform QoS actions to communication sessions 66.
outputting the combined packet flow from the intermediate device onto the communication session between the client device and the server.
2. The method of claim 1, wherein splitting the intercepted packet flow comprises snooping payloads of packets within the intercepted packet flow to classify each of the packets with respect to application-layer operations.
wherein the user interface-related operations of the second application data for the communication session are key strokes, mouse movements, or display updates at the client device.
4. The method of claim 1, wherein performing QoS processing comprises performing dependency analysis upon the application-layer data of the data channels to determine any dependencies between the data channels.
5. The method of claim 4, further comprising reordering the packets associated with the application data based on the dependency analysis.
6. The method of claim 4, further comprising discarding a subset of the application data based on the dependency analysis.
7. The method of claim 4, further comprising maintaining at least a minimum number of intermediate packets within the combined packet flow between packets associated with a first one of the data channels and packets associated with a second one of the data channels based on the dependency analysis.
8. The method of claim 4, wherein performing dependency analysis further comprises retrieving application-specific rules specified by an application-specific plug-in within the intermediate device to determine the dependencies.
9. The method of claim 1, further comprising reblocking data packets associated with the data channels by combining one or more data packets to form fewer packets.
10. The method of claim 1, wherein performing QoS processing comprises analyzing packets associated with one of the data channels to determine a priority level associated with the application-layer data, and reordering the packets based on the priority level.
11. The method of claim 1, wherein splitting the intercepted packet flow comprises invoking one or more application-specific plug-ins within the intermediate device to analyze application-layer data conveyed by packets of the intercepted packet flow and classify each of the packets with respect to a set of application-layer operations described by the application-layer data.
12. The method of claim 1, wherein intercepting a communication session comprises intercepting a Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) session.
13. The method of claim 12, wherein intercepting the packet flow comprises intercepting a plurality of TCP packets of the packet flow, wherein the TCP packets for the packet flow comprise a common source port, a common destination port, a common source Internet protocol (IP) address, a common destination IP address, and a common protocol identifier, and wherein splitting the intercepted packet flow of the communication session into the plurality of application-layer data channels comprises sorting the intercepted TCP packets of the packet flow of the communication session into the respective application-layer data channels based on application-layer data of the intercepted TCP packets of the packet flow that comprise the common source port, the common destination port, the common source IP address, the common destination IP address, and the common protocol identifier.
14. The method of claim 1, wherein the communication session comprises an established communication session between the client device and the server that was established prior to intercepting the packet flow.
wherein the interface card outputs the combined packet flow onto the communication session between the client device and the server.
16. The intermediate device of claim 15, wherein the demultiplexer splits the intercepted packet flow by snooping payloads of packets within the intercepted packet flow to classify each of the packets with respect to application-layer operations.
17. The intermediate device of claim 15, further comprising a rules engine for performing dependency analysis upon the application-layer data of the data channels to determine any dependencies between the data channels.
18. The intermediate device of claim 17, wherein the intermediate device reorders the packets associated with the application data the data based on the dependency analysis.
19. The intermediate device of claim 17, wherein the intermediate device discards a subset of the application data based on the dependency analysis.
20. The intermediate device of claim 17, wherein the intermediate device maintains at least a minimum number of intermediate packets within the combined packet flow between packets associated with a first one of the data channels and packets associated with a second one of the data channels based on the dependency analysis.
21. The intermediate device of claim 17, wherein the rules engine performs dependency analysis prior to the QoS module performing QoS processing.
22. The intermediate device of claim 15, wherein the QoS module analyzes packets associated with one of the data channels to determine a priority level associated with the application-layer data, and reorders the packets based on the priority level.
23. The intermediate device of claim 15, further comprising a plurality of application-specific plug-ins, wherein the demultiplexer invokes one or more of the application-specific plug-ins to analyze application-layer data conveyed by packets of the intercepted packet flow and classify each of the packets with respect to a set of application-layer operations described by the application-layer data.
24. The intermediate device of claim 15, wherein the intermediate device comprises one of a network accelerator, a proxy server, a load balancer, a router, a gateway, an intelligent switch, and an intelligent hub.
25. The intermediate device of claim 15, wherein the interface card intercepts a Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) session that includes the plurality of data channels.
outputs the combined packet flow onto the communication session between the client device and the server.
output the combined packet flow from the intermediate device onto the communication session between the client device and the server.
Mogul 2003 TCP Offload Is a Dumb Idea Whose Time Has Come.


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text:
Pliskova beats Williams for 1st win at WTA Finals
Sandra Harwitt
6:59 AM EDT
PMN Sports
SINGAPORE — Third-seeded Karolina Pliskova cruised to a 6-2, 6-2 win over fifth-seeded Venus Williams at the WTA Finals on Sunday.
"I felt really good," Pliskova said. "I think everything was fine with my game today. I think I was just a little bit better, even from the baseline, even on my service games, so there was no need to panic with anything in my game."
In Sunday's other match, second-seeded Garbine Muguruza of Spain posted a 6-3, 6-4 win over seventh-seeded Jelena Ostapenko of Latvia.
Pliskova raced to a 3-0 lead in the first set, but Williams regained her composure to break back in the fifth game.
Pliskova broke the Williams serve again in the sixth and eighth games to secure the first set. Williams double-faulted to 30-40 and then sailed a backhand long on the final two points of the set.
In the second, Pliskova saved two break points in the third game, and the Czech then broke the Williams serve in the fourth game to take a 3-1 lead. She broke Williams again in the final game of the match.
"I definitely was playing better in the second set but she just seemed to have all the answers," Williams said. "Some days that's how it is. Hopefully, I will have more luck in the next ones."
Pliskova, making her second consecutive appearance in the WTA Finals, and Muguruza are now 1-0 in round-robin action in the White Group.
Williams, the only player of the eight in the WTA Finals not to win a title this year, and Ostapenko fall to 0-1 in the group.
There were 15 break points in Sunday's second match. Muguruza broke serve on five of seven chances, while Ostapenko took advantage of three of eight opportunities.
"What I learned from the past (here) is that every game counts, every set, because at the end only two are going to pass," said Muguruza, the reigning Wimbledon champion.
Ostapenko, who won her first career title at this year's French Open, is making her debut at the year-end event.


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We ought to take a moment to discuss a particular player who is lighting the NBA on fire right now, doing things that few in league history have ever done. He is a 22-year-old big man who played one season for the legendary coach of a prominent college basketball program before declaring for the 2012 NBA Draft. His name is not Anthony Davis.
Right now, as of this moment, Andre Drummond is averaging 20.3 points and 19.5 rebounds per game while leading a surprisingly potent, 3-1 Detroit Pistons team. Head coach Stan Van Gundy has his players coalescing not so much like a wall as like a charging stallion, and Drummond, as much as anyone, is to thank for that.


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MUNICH, Germany, 5 December 2017 – Coriant, a leading supplier of packet optical, IP, and SDN solutions to Tier 1 global service providers and web-scale Internet operators, today announced that Japan Internet Exchange Co., Ltd. (JPIX), a leading Internet Exchange (IX) provider in Japan, has deployed the Coriant Groove™ G30 Network Disaggregation Platform to scale network capacity in its Tokyo and Osaka metropolitan area networks and support the cost-efficient delivery of high-performance interconnect services, including 10G, 40G, and 100G. Delivered in cooperation with Coriant's strategic local partner UNIADEX Ltd., the Coriant Groove™ G30 solution will help JPIX meet the increasing Internet exchange traffic demands of its domestic, regional, and international customers.
As Japan'€™s largest IX service provider in terms of customers, JPIX continues to invest in best-in-class technology innovation to support its mission of providing a high quality Internet infrastructure. The JPIX network today serves over 160 customers, including Tier 1 service providers, ISPs, content providers, Content Delivery Networks (CDNs), cloud providers, cable operators, and digital media companies. JPIX selected the Coriant Groove™ G30 based on its industry-leading ultra-low power consumption, high-density systems architecture, client-side interface diversity, and pay-as-you-grow scalability. The Tokyo and Osaka network deployments include programmable 200G coherent optical transmission between multiple data center sites.
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text:
Brawling women probably state wives
I missed this story until I found time to rifle through the pages of the DomPost later in the day. It's basically a brawling story with little to recommend the victim either, although the reporting is somewhat ambiguous. 8 women set upon a single woman in retaliation for an earlier incident. The attack was vicious and happened late in the evening in Stokes Valley.
Acting Senior Sergeant Donna Rider said the attack was linked to an ongoing dispute but said the behaviour was "disgusting". "I'm horrified at the level of violence from these women. The other aspect to it is that two of them are pregnant and several others claim to be pregnant.
"One of them is eight months pregnant ... [you] can only guess at what kind of parents they'll make."
"Claiming" to be pregnant to avoid court-ordered consequences no doubt. Exploiting their babies even before they are born.
My heart, and maybe yours, goes out to the innocent babies that these women will bring into the world. But it won't be going out to them for long.
A few years down the track they will have grown into replicas of their mothers, in some form or fashion. And it is quite probable that they will all be raised on your money. Time to coin a new phrase. Add to state houses, state wives. Like many state houses they symbolise a seedy side of New Zealand that social policy makers seem unremittingly determined to sponsor.
An optimistic view on the future of freedom
The following is an excerpt from an interview with Gary Becker which appeared in the Wall St Journal (distributed today by the NZ Business Roundtable). Beautifully written by a former speech writer to Ronald Reagan, it's well worth 5 minutes of your time. And it's quite uplifting to boot.
"No, no. Not at all."
So says Gary Becker when asked if the financial collapse, the worst recession in a quarter of a century, and the rise of an administration intent on expanding the federal government have prompted him to reconsider his commitment to free markets.
Mr. Becker is a founder, along with his friend and teacher the late Milton Friedman, of the Chicago school of economics. More than four decades after winning the John Bates Clark Medal and almost two after winning the Nobel Prize, the 79-year-old occupies an unusual position for a man who has spent his entire professional life in the intensely competitive field of economics: He has nothing left to prove. Which makes it all the more impressive that he works as hard as an associate professor trying to earn tenure. He publishes regularly, carries a full-time teaching load at the University of Chicago (he's in his 32nd year), and engages in a running argument with his friend Judge Richard Posner on the "Becker-Posner Blog," one of the best-read Web sites on economics and the law....
....My last question involves a little story. Not long before Milton Friedman's death in 2006, I tell Mr. Becker, I had a conversation with Friedman. He had just reviewed the growth of spending that was then taking place under the Bush administration, and he was not happy. After a pause during the Reagan years, Friedman had explained, government spending had once again begun to rise. "The challenge for my generation," Friedman had told me, "was to provide an intellectual defense of liberty." Then Friedman had looked at me. "The challenge for your generation is to keep it."
Fewer abortions, but Pacific rate up
The abortion rate is down for 2 years running now. The tables show that the biggest drop is among young NZ European women with a 4.1 percent reduction in the number of abortions since 2007. For Maori the drop is 4 percent. For Asian, 1.9 percent. But the Pacific total is up 3 percent.
Of the 8 countries provided for 2008 NZ (19.7 per 1,000 women aged 15-44) ranks second behind Sweden (21.3)
The largest drop in abortion rate is among 15-19 year-olds, followed by 20-24 year-olds.
The only thing to be concluded for sure is that there are fewer abortions. Any other statement could be wrong. There are fewer unwanted pregnancies? Not necessarily. A pregnancy can be unwanted but the mother nevertheless decides against abortion.
Further, there isn't any evident strong correlation between the abortion rate and the birth rate for 15-19 year-olds (where the abortion rate has dropped the most).
Graphing the information shows that loosely speaking, more young women were having abortions and not giving birth until the lines converge and now more are giving birth and the same and most recently, fewer, are having abortions.
(There is improved ethnicity information over the past two years so the apparent rise in Pacific abortions could simply be that more are identifying their ethnicity.)
New painting
During my last exhibition I noticed a young man taking notes about one of my paintings so approached him. He was very animated because he had made a connection with the painting. We got talking and he told me he was travelling the world and interested in the varying characteristics of the facial traits of different ethnicities. At his request I agreed to paint a version of any photo he wished to send me. He seemed keen to develop some sort of collaborative project. Being Spanish his English was fairly good. Much better than my Spanish anyway :-) He duly emailed me a photograph taken somewhere in South America and this is the result.
Fatherhood is the new 'privatisation'
This illustrates how welcome the advanced intervention of the state is in some quarters. Benefits introduced solely for single parents subsidised the rapid rise of (mainly female) single parenthood. Now that governments want to reduce or remove these benefits here's a feminist calling the process 'privatisation';
That public policy is what we call welfare-or what anti-welfare reformers of the mid-1990s named Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF). At the time welfare reform policy was enacted, it was widely hailed for transforming single mothers into breadwinners by forcing them to take low wage jobs in the labor market. While compulsory labor market work is a feature of welfare reform, the reform equally emphasized the compulsory introduction of fathers into single mother families.
Indeed, the guiding principle of welfare policy is that the economic security of families requires mothers to have relationships with fathers. This is a privatizing move, tying the economic well-being of families to the presence of fathers' wages. It also is a patriarchal move, conferring economic security only to those mothers who conform to traditional father-mother norms.
Posted by Lindsay Mitchell at 12:23 PM 1 comment:
Bo hoo Brown
Cactus blogs about the "weird" Mayor of Manukau, Len Brown, this morning. His histrionics of yesterday provoked a similar wave of amusement, distaste and finally, disdain in me. Len Brown is described as an emotional man. We are all emotional. Some learn how to control it. Maybe over-control it. Unfortunately the under-controllers are a growing force. Watching Fair Go last night I found myself cringing, God, he's no going to cry is he, about a man whose cladding had gone wrong. Increasingly we are subjected to dripping apologies. Never has Shane Jones appeared on the list of people I respect, but at least he had the fortitude to resist a sobbing self-flagellation. The it's-ok-for-a-man-cry movement can pat itself on the back. While it might want far more wet stuff yet the general direction males are going in is right on target. Well, it doesn't impress me. Browns performance was sodden with self-indulgence. But we should thank him for reminding us what self-indulgence looks like. So we can all try and avoid it.
Of course my daughter will remind me that I cried during Hotel For Dogs, at the movies no less! Well that's right. But at least I had the good grace to slink down in my seat and feel embarrassed about it.
Times-on-line - it won't work
Most days I check out the Times-on-line. Today I found a redesigned site. Looks better, I think, more traditional and less magaziny. But tai ho. I click on a headline that interests me and I get a message telling me to register for a 'free' trial. Bugger off. A/ I am interested but not that interested and B/ I don't have the time.
I don't know what the future of newspapers is, but it isn't through on-line subscription.
Last resort?
This is a statement to ponder over;
However, the vast majority treat welfare as a last resort.
First I ask myself, what constitutes a vast majority. Over 90 percent? A small majority would be between 50 and 60 perhaps. A large majority, say 70 odd. But vast is a lot, isn't it?
Something is clearly wrong when 324,814 working-age people – 12 per cent of the total – were on a main benefit on March 30 this year.
Indeed. But if my 'vast majority' prescription is applied, 292,332 people are using welfare as a last resort.
Give me a break. Recall Paula Rebstock's figures;
• In 2008, after a decade of economic growth and prior to the
recession, New Zealand had reached the point where roughly 1
in 10 working age New Zealanders were receiving a benefit.
• To put these numbers into context: in the mid-1960s about
30,000 people were receiving a benefit. That was only 2% of
the working age population.
Professor Bob Gregory made an observation about welfare reform at the WWG forum. That if eligibility is tightened some people will just disappear. Because they don't need to be there anyway.
After the US AFDC was replaced with TANF (open-ended entitlement transformed into temporary and conditional assistance) in 1996, the number of families relying on it dropped from 5 to 2 million (or thereabouts).
Some of the reasons were that people didn't believe they would meet the new criteria. Or they didn't want to comply with the work or activity requirements. Or people simply stopped going on to it. Possibly because they were saving up their 5 year allotment for when they really needed it. When it truly was a 'last resort'.
Stupidest comment
Can't get past this story about the pilot who crashed near a Sydney school. Nor can I listen to the final transmissions he made. He would have been desperately searching for green space, for his own sake and for the safety of those on the ground. He may have been heading for the school field. But he didn't have the height to make it. Worst of all he would have had full, or fairly full tanks being on the outward leg
Engine failures are rare. Most aerodromes are near built-up areas for public convenience. What on earth was this about?
Jodie Weir, 42, a resident of nearby Clifford Avenue, said: ''We regard it as an accident waiting to happen.''
Benefit numbers rise but are 'below forecast'
If she can find something good to say about them, the Minister of Social Development releases monthly benefit numbers;
The number of New Zealanders receiving a benefit increased slightly over the month of May by 0.6 percent, but overall numbers remain below forecast.
"With seasonal work winding up, we expected to see a slight increase in Unemployment Benefit figures, but it is much lower and has occurred later than it did last year," says Social Development Minister Paula Bennett.
All benefit types have increased by 1,887 in total.
An extra 729 people have gone onto a Sickness Benefit, 342 more people on the DPB and 391 more on an Unemployment Benefit.
Two things interest me. First a reason is offered for the rise in unemployment benefits but not for the rise in other benefits. So are we expected to assume that other benefits are a proxy for the dole? A net increase of 729 on the sickness benefit in one month is high. (The way this is depicted by the Minister is incorrect.)
Secondly, the best thing the government can say about the numbers is that they are below forecast. That amused me because at a Treasury session during the Welfare Working Group conference, which addressed the subject of benefits, projections and how to make provision for those projections, the presenter used the word "embarrassing" when he described how the projections are made. They are based on an assumption that the numbers are fixed proportions of age groups. Hence, the forecasts:
Of course, in the past the lines have been far from flat, and will be in the future.
What prison over-crowding really looks like
I had been looking at this photo from a Californian prison for a while before realising that the beds are bunks.
The accompanying article is about the prospect of the Supreme Court intervening in a 3 federal judge ruling that the state must release 40,000 prisoners to relieve over-crowding.
"I don't get out of that bed," said Fernandez, 47, gesturing to the top of a three-tiered bunk in the malodorous heart of a human warehouse. "In a cell, you only have your cellie to deal with. But here, you got 200 different attitudes. Some guy gets a bad letter from his wife and he's going to be a problem for everyone around him."
Mule Creek was designed to house 1,700 prisoners when it opened in 1987. Today it holds 3,900, with two to a cell and 500 crammed into what used to be common areas for recreation. That is typical of all the state's prisons, which hold twice the number of inmates for which they were designed.
It looks bad, very bad. But so does this. Have a look. 302 homicides this year in the LA county mapped. Look at the victims faces.
The violent crime rate is trending down in the US. Unlike NZ.
Borrow for bariatric bypass
Why isn't a loan an acceptable option for people who want a gastric bypass?
If the state can only afford to fund 5 to 7 in 500, it would be fairer to offer interest free loans.
The operations cost between $17,000 and $35,000. Students take out loans that size. People buy similarly priced cars on time payment; take out mortgages 10 times that amount. Assuming a morbidly obese person will have a much greater chance of earning an income if they can get back to a normal weight, why don't they make the investment in themselves?
Aided and abetted by MPs, why does the argument always revert to a demand that the state pay? It doesn't help or advance their cause.
Paula Rebstock's WWG speech
The following is Paula Rebstock's opening speech to the Welfare Working Group forum. Worth reading it all:
Welfare Working Group – June Forum
Paula Rebstock, Chair
• Minister Bennett, speakers and delegates, I would like to
welcome you all to this Forum, hosted by the Welfare Working
• The Working Group has been set up to look at long-term
welfare dependence and the growing number of people on
benefits in New Zealand.
• Our terms of reference are clear and require us to address
some big issues, including how work outcomes for sole parents
can be improved; how disabled people and those suffering from
ill health who have some work capacity can be supported into
work and independence; and to learn from the experience of
ACC and the insurance industry.
• Since we started just over a month ago, we have been listening
to a wide range of views. We've held a series of workshops
around the country involving people with personal experience of
the benefit system, as well as the providers and agencies who
work in the social services sector.
• This Forum builds on these workshops and brings together a
range of perspectives. We want to broaden the public debate
and provide wider context for what is happening in New
Zealand and internationally.
• By the end of the next two days, the Welfare Working Group
wants to have identified the range of issues that will enable us
to drive real change in the benefit system.
• We need your help to do this.
• So, why is this important?
• Put simply, the New Zealand benefit system affects all of us.
• As of March 2010, nearly 325,000 people or roughly 1 in 8
working age New Zealanders were receiving a main benefit.
• Current expenditure on the benefit system (and excluding the
tax credits) accounts for 11.5% of core government expenditure.
• The large numbers of people currently on benefits reflects longterm
underlying trends, rather than just the recent recession.
• Two central questions the Welfare Working Group therefore
faces are: why does New Zealand have so many people on a
benefit? And why are some people on a benefit for so long?
• We are not alone in looking at these issues. They are being
debated around the world. And the good news is that we can
learn from the evidence and experience of other countries.
• As we begin to define our way forward here in New Zealand, I
want to start by acknowledging the reason we have a welfare
system. At some point in their lives many New Zealanders need
some form of support because they experience a period of
unemployment, or they get sick or lose a partner.
• Importantly, most people who need this support and use the
benefit system in these circumstances, do so for only a short
• But when we look more closely at the statistics about people on
benefits, and discuss these issues openly in our communities,
we see there are also a large number of people who are using
the benefit system more or less permanently. For them the
safety net has become a trap.
• Of the nearly 325,000 people on a benefit in March this year,
roughly 30% have been on a benefit continuously for four or
more years. Nearly 12% have been on benefit continuously for
over a decade.
• And even these depressing statistics mask the true story
around those receiving benefits for long periods of time.
• If we consider the fact that many people have multiple periods
of benefit receipt, the true extent of long-term benefit
dependence becomes even clearer.
• Of the people on a benefit in June 2009, 177,500 of them had
spent seven or more years on a benefit since 1993.
• That's the equivalent of the entire population of the cities of
Dunedin and Invercargill who have spent more than seven
years on a benefit.
• That we have such numbers of people on benefits for such long
periods of time should be deeply concerning to everyone.
• We know that being on a benefit long-term is a corrosive
experience, and many of the people who are on a benefit more
or less continuously are actually able and willing to work.
• New Zealand has the third lowest measured rate of
employment of sole parents in the OECD, and we have to ask
whether the structure of our benefit system is contributing to
this result.
• For some people with disabilities or illness, we need to ask
whether the benefit system focuses too heavily on what they
can't do, instead of what they can do.
• According to the evidence, the wellbeing of people who are
disabled or unwell and on benefits could be improved by getting
back into work sooner. But they need the right support from the
community and employers.
• The current system, established in a previous century and
tinkered with by successive Governments, is not effectively
responding to the demographic, economic and social realities of
New Zealand in 2010 and beyond.
• For many individuals and their families we need a fundamental
rethink of the support we are offering to people in need of
income support.
• The old approach emphasised the 'security' of a modest benefit.
• But I don't think the old approach provides real security. It
simply locks many people into life on a benefit and robs them of
their potential.
• For most people, real security is provided by the earnings,
confidence, the social contact, better health and the future
prospects that participation in the workforce offers.
• For those who have no capacity to work, we have a
responsibility to meet the real cost of their support. We also
have a responsibility to ensure they are able to participate
effectively in their community.
• For those whom work is possible, we must refocus our efforts
and resources.
• Children growing up with a parent or parents long-term on
benefit don't get security. They get limited aspirations and
• The human cost this represents is surely a concern to every
New Zealander.
• The financial costs are also a concern. Right now we are
spending around $7.5 billion of core government expenditure
on benefits.
• We need to consider whether the investment we are making in
the current system is actually delivering the results we expect
or want.
• A recent study estimated that the future fiscal liability of people
currently on benefit in 2009 was in the order of between 24%
and 31% of GDP. This is a very large figure, and we need to
ask whether we are investing enough, and investing in the right
areas, in order to reduce these future costs.
• Our task is not easy. The challenge over the next two days is
for every person in this room is to debate the issues and
contribute to the process in a constructive way.
• We need to confront some complex and difficult questions.
Here are some to kick-start the debate:
• What can be done to reduce the cycle of benefit receipt
between parents and children? We know from research that the
family environment is vital in nurturing hope and aspirations.
One in five children currently lives in a family that is receiving a
benefit. Is this an outcome we want ?
• Why are so many young people leaving school without the skills
they need to support themselves, ending up on a benefit and
staying there far too long? What are the hard questions we
should be asking of our education system?
• And, what do we need to do to improve the prospects for those
who have been receiving sickness or invalid's benefits for long
periods? What are the supports and attitudinal changes that
need to be put in place?
• We might not all agree on the answers, but these questions
need to be asked. We need to engage in a clear dialogue, as
we cannot keep doing what we have been doing and failing to
address the problem of long-term welfare in New Zealand.
• We need solutions that are innovative, we need the best
possible evidence, and we need to be ambitious for what we
can achieve.
• We have a lot to learn, share and consider over the next two
days. Every one of you here has an important role to play.
• To be successful we need to respect the differences of opinion
and be open to testing the boundaries.
• We have a unique opportunity to challenge some old myths and
engage in a dialogue about one of New Zealand's most
pressing issues.
Posted by Lindsay Mitchell at 10:12 AM 1 comment: