text:
using System;
using System.Collections.Generic;
using System.Linq;
using System.Text;
using System.Threading.Tasks;

namespace EthicalHackingSimulator
{
    /// <summary>
    /// Class to represent the Exploit module.
    /// Launched from within the MegasploitFramework class.
    /// </summary>
    public class MSModule_Exploit : ITerminal
    {
        private ExploitDB exDB;
        private TargetList tarList;
        public MSExploit createdExploit { get; private set; }
        public bool exitCondition { get; private set; }

        //Constructor
        public MSModule_Exploit(ExploitDB exDB, TargetList tarList)
        {
            this.exDB = exDB;
            this.tarList = tarList;
            this.createdExploit = null;
            this.exitCondition = false;
        }

        //Exploit Module console
        public void Terminal()
        {
            string tag = "msf exploit > ";
            char[] splitDelimiters = { ' ' };

            LaunchText();

            while (true)
            {
                Console.Write(tag);
                string input = Console.ReadLine();

                //Returns to the Megsploit Framework console
                if(input == "back")
                {
                    Console.WriteLine("Quitting Module: Exploit Module...\n");
                    System.Threading.Thread.Sleep(1000);
                    break;
                }

                //Prints the help menu for the Exploit Module
                else if(input == "help")
                {
                    PrintHelp();
                }

                //Clears the console
                else if(input == "clear")
                {
                    Console.Clear();
                }

                //Prints out a list of the exploits available, along with a description of what they are and how they work
                else if(input == "exploits")
                {
                    PrintExploitInfo();
                }

                //Creates an exploit, depending on given input
                else if(input == "create")
                {
                    string exploitName = GetExploitName();

                    if(exploitName != null)
                    {
                        createdExploit = CreateExploit(exploitName);
                    }
                }

                //deploys the exploit to the target
                else if(input == "deploy")
                {
                    Console.Write("Enter Target IP Address: ");
                    string ip = Console.ReadLine();
                    Target destination = null;

                    //Attempts to parse the IP to obtain the target
                    try
                    {
                        destination = tarList.FindTarget(ip);
                    }
                    catch(Exception)
                    {
                        Console.WriteLine("That is not a valid target.\n");
                        continue;
                    }

                    //Obtains the port number and attempts to parse it to a real port.
                    Console.Write("Enter port number of service: ");
                    string p = Console.ReadLine();
                    int port = 0;
                    try
                    {
                        port = Int32.Parse(p);
                    }
                    catch (Exception)
                    {
                        Console.WriteLine("That is not a valid port number.\n");
                        continue;
                    }

                    //If the destination is a Target
                    if (destination != null)
                    {
                        createdExploit.Deploy(destination, port);

                        if(createdExploit.name != "SQL_Injection")
                        {
                            exitCondition = true;
                        }
                    }
                    else
                    {
                        Console.WriteLine("That is not a valid target.\n");
                    }
                }

                //Else, Invalid command
                else
                {
                    Console.WriteLine("That is not a valid command.\n");
                }

                if(exitCondition)
                {
                    break;
                }
            }
        }

        //Prompts the user for the name of the exploit they wish to create, depending on input
        private string GetExploitName()
        {
            System.Threading.Thread.Sleep(500);
            Console.Write("What exploit do you wish to create? (Case Sensitive!) ");
            string exName = Console.ReadLine();
            Console.Write("For which service? (Case Sensitive!) ");
            string serviceName = Console.ReadLine();

            //Checks if the Exploit and Service are real.
            bool validExploit = ValidateExploit(exName);
            bool validService = ValidateService(serviceName);

            //If valid, execute.
            if (validExploit && validService)
            {
                Console.WriteLine("Initialising creation of {0} exploit for service: {1}\n", exName, serviceName);
                System.Threading.Thread.Sleep(2000);
                return exName;
            }
            else
            {
                Console.WriteLine("That is not a valid exploit name.\n");
                return null;
            }
        }

        //Validates the exploit name
        private bool ValidateExploit(string exName)
        {
            var exploitList = exDB.exploits;
            bool valid = false;

            for (int i = 0; i < exploitList.Count; i++)
            {
                if(exName == exploitList[i])
                {
                    valid = true;
                    break;
                }
            }

            return valid;
        }

        //Validates the service name
        private bool ValidateService(string sName)
        {
            var serviceList = exDB.services;
            bool valid = false;

            for(int i = 0; i < serviceList.Count; i++)
            {
                if(sName == serviceList[i])
                {
                    valid = true;
                    break;
                }
            }

            return valid;
        }

        //Parses the exploit name and creates the appropriate exploit
        private MSExploit CreateExploit(string exName)
        {
            switch(exName)
            {
                case "Buffer_Overflow":
                    var bufferOverflow = new MSExploit_Buffer_Overflow(exName);
                    bufferOverflow.Create();
                    return bufferOverflow;

                case "Reverse_TCP_Shell":
                    var reverseShell = new MSExploit_Reverse_Shell(exName);
                    reverseShell.Create();
                    return reverseShell;

                case "SQL_Injection":
                    var sqlInjection = new MSExploit_SQL_Injection(exName);
                    sqlInjection.Create();
                    return sqlInjection;

                case "Arbitrary_File_Upload":
                    var fileUpload = new MSExploit_File_Upload(exName);
                    fileUpload.Create();
                    return fileUpload;

                case "DoS_Heap_Overflow":
                    var heapOverflow = new MSExploit_Heap_Overflow(exName);
                    heapOverflow.Create();
                    return heapOverflow;

                default:
                    return null;
            }
        }

        //Loading Text
        private void LaunchText()
        {
            Console.WriteLine("Launching Module: Exploit Module...\n");
            System.Threading.Thread.Sleep(1000);
            Console.WriteLine("Exploit Module successfully loaded! Type help for more information!\n");
        }

        //Prints the Exploit Module Help Menu
        public void PrintHelp()
        {
            //Title
            string title = "Megasploit Exploit Module Help Menu:\n\n";

            //Exploits
            string ex1 = "Exploit List: exploits\n";
            string ex2 = "Lists all available exploits along with their descriptions.\n\n";
            string exploits = ex1 + ex2;

            //Exploit Creation
            string create1 = "Exploit Creation: create\n";
            string create2 = "Begins the process of creating exploits.\n";
            string create3 = "Input the name of the exploit and the service which it's for and the exploit will be created (Case Sensitive).\n\n";
            string creation = create1 + create2 + create3;

            //Exploit Deployment
            string deploy1 = "Exploit deployment: deploy\n";
            string deploy2 = "Begins the process of deploying the created exploit to the target.\n";
            string deploy3 = "Input the target's IP address and port number of the service to deploy the exploit.\n\n";
            string deployment = deploy1 + deploy2 + deploy3;

            //Clears the console
            string clear = "To clear the console screen, type 'clear'\n\n";

            //Go back to Megasploit Framework
            string back = "To return to the Megasploit Framework, type 'back'\n\n";

            //Displays the help menu on the screen
            string help = title + exploits + creation + deployment + clear + back;
            Console.WriteLine();
            Console.WriteLine(help);

        }

        //Prints the Exploit List and gives descriptions of each
        public void PrintExploitInfo()
        {
            //Title
            string title = "Exploit List:\n\n";

            //Buffer Overflow
            string bo1 = "Buffer Overflow: Memory failure when data being written to a buffer overruns the buffer boundaries and overwrites adjacent memory locations.\n";
            string bo2 = "By corrupting the adjacent memory locations with No-Op machine instructions, the program will execute these until it meets a Jump instruction that will place the program into malicious shellcode created by the attacker.\n";
            string bo3 = "This is called a Stack Buffer Overflow NOP Sled.\n";
            string bo4 = "Useful in executing malicous code that can render a program useless.\n\n";
            string bufferOverflow = bo1 + bo2 + bo3 + bo4;

            //Arbitrary File Upload.
            string afu1 = "Arbitrary File Upload: Allows for a file to be uploaded onto the targetted service.\n";
            string afu2 = "These files can be harmless or malicious, depending on their contents. FOr the purposes of this simulation, these will be malicious in nature.\n";
            string afu3 = "There are three types of malicious files that can be uploaded in this simulation: Virus, Worm, and Trojan.\n\nArbitrary File Upload Types:\n";
            string virus = "Virus: A malicious file that attaches itself to a host program. This virus will delete key system files on the target's machine.\n";
            string worm = "Worm: Self propagating malicous file that transfers itself through netowrk protocols. This worm will bottleneck bandwith on the target's netowrk.\n";
            string trojan = "Trojan: Malicous file that is disguised as an innocuous program. This trojan will log key strokes on the target's machine and relay them back to the attaker.\n\n";
            string fileUpload = afu1 + afu2 + afu3 + virus + worm + trojan;

            //DoS Heap Overflow
            string dho1 = "Denial of Service Heap Overflow: Memory failure in which the dynamically allocated memory for the program is corrupted to remove memory pointers.\n";
            string dho2 = "By corrupting memory linkages in the Heap memory of a program (Collection of memory available to the program), one can overwrite key memory pointers in the program, rendering it useless.\n";
            string dho3 = "The program will become unresponsive and fail to work until it is restarted, leading to a Denial of Service.\n\n";
            string heapOverflow = dho1 + dho2 + dho3;

            //Reverse TCP Shell
            string rev1 = "Reverse TCP Shell: A script that allows for a remote connection to the target's machine.\n";
            string rev2 = "Spawns a shell on the attacker's machine that will control the target's machine.\n";
            string rev3 = "This is done by the target unknowingly activating the script that will connect to the attacker's machine which will be listening on a specific port number.\n";
            string rev4 = "This type of exploit is extremely powerful as it gives the attacker almost full control of the target's system.\n\n";
            string reverseShell = rev1 + rev2 + rev3 + rev4;

            //SQL Injection
            string sql1 = "SQL Injection: An SQL command that can be sent to an SQL database through an insecure field such as a Username/Password login.\n";
            string sql2 = "The SQL command is not escaped so when sent to the database, the command will be executed and will return the desired information.\n";
            string sql3 = "Powerful exploit as it can lead to comprimising a list of usernames and passwords.\n";
            string sql4 = "Most passwords will be encrypted that can be cracked with other programs but some systems still store passwords in plain text - a massive security flaw.\n";
            string sql5 = "in this simulation, the obtained information could perhaps be used in Telnet...\n\n";
            string sqlInjection = sql1 + sql2 + sql3 + sql4 + sql5;

            string exploits = title + bufferOverflow + fileUpload + heapOverflow + reverseShell + sqlInjection;

            Console.WriteLine(exploits);
        }
    }
}


Players in Europe report lower PP prices this week now that supply has relatively improved, buying appetite is not vivid and feedstock costs were driven down given the slumping energy costs. Most PP sellers are offering decreases ranging between €20-40/ton following rollover requests from December while they are not willing to concede to the full drop on January propylene contracts.
A South European producer reported having improved supply this month. "We initially announced rollovers for January, before trimming our prices down by €30/ton. Nonetheless, we had allocated most of our January volumes at the end of December," a source from the supplier noted.
A distributor in Belgium initially unveiled PP rollovers for this month. "We are offering January PP volumes lower albeit with smaller decreased than the propylene settlements. We received good orders so far. Our availability is normal. We project that demand will slow down in the coming weeks," reported the seller.
Buyers' reports about receiving import offers confirm relatively improved PP availability in the region. "We paid €20/ton drops to a West European supplier, while we are negotiating with another source to obtain €40/ton decreases from last month. We were also offered import PP block copolymer from South Korea this week," a converter mentioned. A trader in Italy even claimed to have received a €50/ton reduction from his PP supplier who had initially announced a rollover for the month thanks to the producer's increased supply.
Players voice their expectations for further price cuts in February citing low crude oil and naphtha costs in Europe in addition to eased tightness. ICE Brent crude futures almost sank to $30/barrel this week and even touched very slightly below this threshold which pushed spot naphtha costs down to almost $300/ton CIF NWE recently.
PP prices in Europe had followed a firm trend in the last month of 2015 as sellers had applied price hikes prior to Christmas holidays supported by generally tight PP supplies across the region. January propylene contracts settled down €50/ton month over month.


Limpsfield in Bloom judging took place on a very hot Thursday 6 July. The village looked lovely and the theme of harmony and hedgehogs resulted in displays of pinks, purples, whites and blues. The children at Limpsfield school have learnt about hedgehogs and had a poster competition to tell everyone of the dangers to hedgehogs. The three winners of the competition were delighted to receive a hedgehog each as their prize.


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How do I return a pair of shoes?
You have 30 days right of return when you shop online at SHOE THE BEAR. Your return right starts at the receipt of the goods.
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1. All returns must be sent to the following address.
Note: We do not accept any liability for the return package before it is in our possession.
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text:
Q: How do you start a program after X has started? There's a little app called F.Lux that sets your screen temperature based on the time of day. The Linux version is a little spartan with just a console interface but it works perfectly well.
Where can I invoke it so that it starts up after X has started?

A: .xinitrc is the one to use if you start your window manager from there. If you use KDE or GNOME you will need to add the program to the services that autostart on login.

A: first of all, read 'man X':
 STARTING UP

   There are two main ways of getting the X server and an initial  set  of
   client  applications  started.   The  particular method used depends on
   what operating system you are running and whether or not you use  other
   window systems in addition to X.

you will learn, that, depending on how you bring up the xserver, 2 scripts are used for starting things after the xserver came up:

*

*.xinitrc (for when you launched the session via startx (which fires up xinit))

*.xsession (for when you logged into your system via a display manager (xdm))

(i personally ln -s .xinitrc .xsession, so it does not matter, how i bring up the xserver).
depending on what you use to log into your system (and i think it is either gdm or kdm these days), things get a bit different. normally gdm and kdm (and other display managers as well) offer the user to select the "user session" or something similar labeled. if you pick this "user-session" then mostly these display managers will launch ~/.xsession. you would be responsible for bringing up your applications AND the desktop environment / windowmanager.
the other possible solution is to find out how the different desktop environments / windowmanagers support the concept of "autostart". i personally avoid these mechanisms and stick to the good old .xinitrc / .xsession way.
an example .xinitrc would look like:
xmodmap ~/.Xmodmap
xsetxkbmap de
autocutsel &
xflux -l 52
exec /usr/bin/fluxbox

A: Try placing a script named .xinitrc in your home directory. KDE and Gnome also have the ability to run scripts/applications on login if you're using one of those. I believe .Xstartup or .xstartup might also do what you want if .xinitrc doesn't. My linux is getting a bit rusty it seems. >.>

A: The XDG Autostart Specification works for any XDG-compliant desktop environment, including Gnome, KDE, XFCE, and others.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
/* $Id: matrix.h,v 1.1 1996/09/13 01:38:16 brianp Exp $ */

/*
 * Mesa 3-D graphics library
 * Version:  2.0
 * Copyright (C) 1995-1996  Brian Paul
 *
 * This library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or
 * modify it under the terms of the GNU Library General Public
 * License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either
 * version 2 of the License, or (at your option) any later version.
 *
 * This library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
 * but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
 * MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the GNU
 * Library General Public License for more details.
 *
 * You should have received a copy of the GNU Library General Public
 * License along with this library; if not, write to the Free
 * Software Foundation, Inc., 675 Mass Ave, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
 */

/*
 * $Log: matrix.h,v $
 * Revision 1.1  1996/09/13 01:38:16  brianp
 * Initial revision
 *
 */

#ifndef MATRIX_H
#define MATRIX_H

#include "types.h"

extern void gl_compute_modelview_inverse( GLcontext *ctx );

extern void gl_rotation_matrix( GLfloat angle, GLfloat x, GLfloat y, GLfloat z,
                                GLfloat m[] );

extern void gl_Frustum( GLcontext *ctx,
                        GLdouble left, GLdouble right,
                        GLdouble bottom, GLdouble top,
                        GLdouble nearval, GLdouble farval );

extern void gl_PushMatrix( GLcontext *ctx );

extern void gl_PopMatrix( GLcontext *ctx );

extern void gl_LoadMatrixf( GLcontext *ctx, const GLfloat *m );

extern void gl_MatrixMode( GLcontext *ctx, GLenum mode );

extern void gl_MultMatrixf( GLcontext *ctx, const GLfloat *m );

extern void gl_Viewport( GLcontext *ctx,
                         GLint x, GLint y, GLsizei width, GLsizei height );

extern void gl_Rotatef( GLcontext *ctx,
                        GLfloat angle, GLfloat x, GLfloat y, GLfloat z );

extern void gl_Scalef( GLcontext *ctx, GLfloat x, GLfloat y, GLfloat z );

extern void gl_Translatef( GLcontext *ctx, GLfloat x, GLfloat y, GLfloat z );

#endif

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


I was infatuated with the X by Trollbeads bird skull when it first came out but never managed to get around to buying one. I completely forgot about my love for it until I want to Weymouth the other day. In the Fossil Beach shop ( the precious beads and souvenirs shop), they had loads of necklaces and I saw a little bird skull hanging from a leather thong and it all came back to me. How goth it looked and how unusually it would be to wear. This one is much smaller then the X one, which I prefer. I picked it up right away and have been wearing it ever since. Also adds to the slight punk aesthetic I seem to have found myself with. My silver septum ring bleached hair and now my bird skull.
A chance encounter with a Harris Hawk at the beach was so serendipitous that we couldn't not have photos together.


text:
DEPOPULATION: Haunted by fears of what teeming masses of humanity will do to this planet? Don't be, writes JOHN IBBITSON from Washington, because relief is on the way. Fertility rates are falling almost everywhere and experts now feel global population growth will halt within a generation. The trouble is, that's not necessarily a good thing
Globe and Mail, Saturday, March 2, 2002 – Print Edition, Page F1
Imagine a world of lonely children. They are lonely because there are so few of them. They long for brothers or sisters, cousins, classmates, friends. They share the world with old, tired people, who are dying slowly, selfishly.
The old people are lonely too, and they are poor. Because there are so few young people, pension funds are drying up, jobs are going begging for want of workers, knowledge is stagnating for want of innovative young minds, economies are shrinking for want of consumers.
Is this a sad world? In many ways, no. Hunger has largely disappeared. The environment is rebounding. Europe, though rapidly growing empty, has never looked more quaint. Best of all, much of the developing world has been developed.
Unless things go badly. Maybe Europe struggles with race riots. Maybe Japan is bankrupt. Maybe China has started to gobble up eastern Russia. Maybe the Hispanic president of the United States has decreed Spanish as America's second language. Maybe the French language in Canada is about to disappear.
Why imagine any of this? Because what is perhaps the most common assumption of modern times, that the world's population is exploding, is no longer true.
We all know that women in the West long ago stopped producing the 2.1 babies apiece that are needed to maintain population stability. This month, Statistics Canada will release the first hard data culled from the 2001 census on the state of the nation's inhabitants. It will portray Canadians, especially those born here, as a people who are growing ever older and bearing too few children to sustain their numbers.
Now, the developing world is embracing the trend. Sasigarn Eampornchai, a 30-year-old diplomatic staff worker in Bangkok, says her mother had four children, but "I am not going to have any." She is single, and has decided that, even if she marries, "it is too difficult to bring up a child" in today's troubled economic climate.
This in teeming Thailand, whose population has tripled from 19 million to 60 million in the past 50 years? But for years the government has plastered the countryside with propaganda advocating smaller families. "It used to be normal to have lots of children," Eampornchai says. "Now, it is normal not to."
According to the latest data from the United Nations Population Division, the birth rate in many countries we still think are baby-booming has fallen very near, if not below, the replacement level. China. Brazil. Practically the entire Caribbean.
Elsewhere, former population factories such as India, Indonesia and even Bangladesh are plummeting toward population stability. Only in sub-Saharan Africa and the Islamic Middle East are birth rates still high, and even here they are starting to drop, even plunge.
In as little as 40 years, growth could halt and the planet's population start to decline. Like all trends, that decline will be long-term and, at least for a while, inexorable. The world will be gripped by depopulation.
The aging and shrinking of humanity "will become the transcendent political and economic issue of the 21st century," says Peter G. Peterson, chairman of the Council on Foreign Relations and the Institute for International Economics.
"This is not a crisis as speculative as, say, global warming, which we have spent a lot of time talking about," adds Peterson, who served U.S. secretary of commerce under Richard Nixon. After all, he says, "the people have already been born."
In some places, the shrinking has begun. The number of Russians is already in steep decline. After the fall of the Soviet Union, the fertility rate plunged, from 1.9 in 1975 to 1.1 now. At the same time, the health infrastructure deteriorated and the Russian male's notorious fondness for cigarettes and vodka lowered his life expectancy to 60.
From 1992 to last year, the population slipped from 148 million to 145 million, and is expected to decline by 12 million more in the next 15 years. At this rate, Russia estimates it will have only 85 million people by 2055. More drastic estimates put it at 55 million. And next door to that vast, empty land will be 1.2 billion Chinese.
"The fact of population decline will colour all sorts of social, political and economic aspects of life in ways that will be both subtle and direct," says Nicholas Eberstadt, a political economist at Harvard University and a consultant to the World Bank and U.S. State Department. "It will be the overarching context to everything in life."
It is already the overarching context of life in Japan, which never had a baby boom, because of the ravages of the Second World War, and whose fertility rate is now a mere 1.3 children per woman.
As a result, the Japanese population will start to decline by 2007. Unless Japanese women start having more babies -- many, many more babies -- the country will lose 30 per cent of its population by 2050. By 2100, it will have declined by half. To extrapolate to the ridiculous: If current population trends in Japan continue unabated, according to one estimate, by 3000 a mere 500 Japanese will remain.
The solution, of course, is immigration. But Japanese obsession with racial purity is deeply rooted; it is difficult to emigrate there and almost impossible to obtain citizenship. And to sustain its population, Japan would need to open the floodgates. By 2040, the Japanese will be losing 800,000 people a year.
Japan is not alone. German researchers predicted last year that, unless immigration limits were lifted, their population would decline from 82 million to 60 million by 2050. By then, the number of Italians will have fallen from 57.5 million to 43 million, and Bulgaria's population from 7.7 to 4.5 million.
Fine, but there are two worlds: a developed world, where the birth rate is low, and much, much larger developing world, where the birth rate remains high. Right?
Throughout the developing world, fertility rates are dropping rapidly. Some of the world's most populous countries are at, or below, the magic replacement rate of 2.1 children per woman needed to keep a population from going into decline. China (because of Draconian family-planning policies): 1.8; Thailand (because of more enlightened family planning): 2.0 and dropping fast; Brazil (for reasons no one can quite fathom): 2.2.
Nat Eampornchai says years of government campaigning paid off and even Thai couples keen to have kids got the message. "The concept of having two children for each family was very popular."
Now, populations are being brought under control in many parts of Asia. Birth rates in prosperous southern India are declining so rapidly that, by 2015, the national figure is expected to be comparable to Europe's today. Indonesia will reach replacement rate by around 2005; the Philippines by around 2015. Taiwan is already at 1.8.
The same is happening in Latin America. In the past quarter-century, the fertility rate in Mexico has gone from 5.3 to 2.5, in Colombia from 4.3 to 2.6, in Guyana from 4.0 to 2.3. Even in regions where fertility rates remain high -- the Islamic Middle East and sub-Saharan Africa -- there are marked signs of a slowdown. Syria's birth rate has declined in 20 years from 7.4 to 3.7. Algeria's has gone from 7.2 to 2.8. Kenya, once considered out of control, has gone from to 4.2 from 7.9. As well, Africa faces an especially sorrowful form of population control: the scourge of HIV-AIDS.
The drop is such that demographers are now debating when the worldwide population will plateau, and when we may actually start to see global population decline.
The UN's official projection sees the global figure, now 6 billion, expanding rapidly until 2040, when it will hit 9 billion, and then growing much more slowly until it stabilizes at 11 billion in 2100.
That scenario is called the "medium variant," but the UN also has a more extreme "low variant" that assumes birth rates continue to decline rapidly. It sees the global population topping out at only 8 billion, around 2040, and then starting to shrink.
This is by no means an academic debate. The United Nations, the World Bank and hundreds of governmental and non-governmental agencies spend billions on family-planning assistance to developing countries, predicated in part on the assumption that global overpopulation is a real and pressing issue. But if in fact the population is stabilizing, is all that aid necessary?
That such questions should even be asked deeply worries Stan Bernstein, senior resident adviser to the UN Population Fund. First off, he doesn't buy the low-variant projections. Yes, only last week a delegation informed the UN that Iran had officially reached replacement fertility rate. But other countries, such as Nigeria and parts of Latin America, are not having great success.
Obsessing on fertility rates, Bernstein says, ignores the larger issue. It is not simply how many babies a woman has, but the quality of care she receives in planning for and raising her family.
Regardless of what happens by 2050, he says, before then "we are talking about adding three billion people more than we have now." And "just focusing on a number doesn't tell the story. It doesn't capture its diversity, and it forgets the fact that, of the 6.1 billion people we have now, half of them are living at under $2 a day."
In some ways, of course, depopulation will be a boon. In overcrowded Japan, "low population density means more space -- more available land, greenery, and housing," Makoto Atoh, deputy director-general of the National Institute of Population and Social Security Research, noted recently. "These benefits might even create a spiritually affluent society."
But not a materially affluent one. Japan's economy has been stagnant or in recession for a decade. "I can't help but wonder whether Japan's industries and the economy can take" losing 800,000 people a year, Atoh worries. "Economic management would be hard, economic growth would plummet, and living standards would worsen."
It's no secret why the world's population exploded in the 20th century. Women kept having babies at the same rate they had always had babies. But vastly improved nutrition, sanitation and medical care both lowered the infant-mortality rate and extended life spans.
The reasons for the impending depopulation are more complex. The ongoing rural-to-urban migration has something to do with it. (Children are a help on the farm, a hindrance in town.) Improving economies and literacy rates around the world make parents aware of the cost of large families and the birth-control techniques for avoiding them.
But the biggest cause must surely be the growing empowerment of women. As women become better educated, as they are able to make choices about how much emphasis to put on career and how much on family, they invariably decide to marry later and to have fewer children. From Tijuana to Taipei, the most reliable sign of a maturing economy is a decreasing birth rate, which also means that women in that society are gaining control over their bodies and their lives.
"It is a combination of economy and society," concludes Nat Eampornchai in Bangkok. Many of her friends, she adds, are childless and most plan to limit themselves to families of one or two. There is just no time. "We go to school more and we work more, and by the time we're ready for a child, we're already 30."
Even in places where economic and social development lag, reproduction is falling off. Bangladesh is one of the world's poorer nations,but the fertility rate has dropped from 5.7 in 1975 to 3.5 today, en route to an expected 2.1 in 2025.
"I have argued," says Eberstadt, the Harvard economist, "that the people who would best explain this change are not social scientists but novelists, because novelists are much more in touch with the Zeitgeist, with the spirit of the times, with individual motivations."
But Valerie De Fillipo, director of the international arm of the Planned Parenthood Federation of America, sees the declining fertility rates as "a success story," proving that international efforts to provide couples with reproductive choices are bearing fruit. "Individual choice on a global scale contributes to a better environment for all of us. But it doesn't in any way inspire complacency," she says. "It is just another statement that access to family planning is a key and critical issue in sustainable development."
Among developed countries, the United States has the healthiest fertility rate, steady at about 2.1. Afro-Americans' family sizes have dropped greatly over the past decade, because of increasing black affluence as well as campaigns to discourage teenaged pregnancy. Latino birth rates, however, remain high, pushing Hispanics past blacks as the largest non-European population in the country.
In Canada, however, deaths will outnumber births by 2025. By then, thanks to our open-door immigration policies, the population will have grown from 30.7 million to 36 million. But that growth will be concentrated in Ontario, Alberta and British Columbia. Other areas are expected to remain stagnant or decline, like Saskatchewan, Newfoundland and perhaps New Brunswick.
Quebec is in particular trouble. It accounts for about one-fifth of Canada's population, but receives only 12 per cent of its immigrants. It also has a very low birth rate, and expects an absolute decline in population by 2018.
What will it be like to live in a world that is losing people every day? Ever the extremist, Pat Buchanan predicts the end is near for Western civilization.
Back in 1960, observes the perennial presidential candidate and conservative gadfly in his new bestseller, The Death of the West,people of European origin represented one-quarter of the world's population. Today, it's one-sixth, and will slip to one-10th by 2050. "Western women are terminating their pregnancies at a rate that represents autogenocide for peoples of European ancestry," he declares. His solution: ban non-European immigrants from European-based nations, and promote a spiritual revival that will increase fecundity.
It is to laugh. But Europe, Russia and Japan have some difficult choices ahead. They can either try to run their countries with dramatically shrunken populations, or they can embrace immigration -- something that doesn't sit well with many Europeans. The issue colours elections and gives life to extreme right-wing parties.
News item: Spain was gripped last month by the death of an Ecuadorean immigrant -- he drowned after being thrown into Barcelona's harbour by a bouncer who refused to let him enter a bar. The number of immigrants in Spain has doubled in the past six years to one million, leading to much social tension.
News item: Two Oslo youths described as neo-Nazis were convicted last month in the slaying of Benjamin Hermansen, a 15-year- old Norwegian of Ghanaian descent who was killed because he was black.
Friction like this will only increase, as the need to bring in newcomers to bolster sagging populations clashes with Europeans' ancient sense of civilization and identity.
The immigrants may not wait for the Europeans to make up their minds. "Around 1900, Africa's population was a third that of Europe's," observes Thomas Homer Dixon, director of the Centre for the Study of Peace and Conflict at the University of Toronto. "Today, they're roughly equivalent. By 2050, Africa's population is projected to be three times that of Europe."
Even though fertility rates are coming under control, populations in Third World countries will continue to swell as the burgeoning generation of the young enters its reproductive years. Resources will dwindle, and the temptation to move to increasingly empty Europe, invited or not, will become irresistible.
"We're seeing riots outside the Chunnel in France. We're seeing dead bodies wash up on Spanish shores. Lots of people and already trying to get in, and that's only the beginning of what we're going to see, which for these societies will be very destabilizing," Homer Dixon predicts.
The United States also struggles with racial tensions. Increasing Hispanic immigration has prompted some whites to demand a constitutional amendment declaring that English is the only official language in the United States. Prompted by groups such as English First, Pro-English and U.S. English, 24 states have laws requiring that government business be conducted in English.
Nonetheless, U.S. society is robust, as is its birth rate. And a high tolerance for immigrants -- perhaps the single greatest asset of a developed country in an era of depopulation -- should ensure that neither the American nor Canadian population ever goes into decline.
Does that mean that we are immune to the demographic scourge being inflicted on Japan, Russia and Europe? Hardly. Our populations may be stable, but their makeup is undergoing a revolution of its own: aging.
Over the next 10 years, the number of workers under 30 will decline by 25 per cent. By 2030, people over 65 will have gone from one in seven to one in four. Immigration can mitigate, but can never reverse, the twin effects of lower fertility rates and increased longevity -- what some now call "the perfect demographic storm."
"Starting from now, right now, the working population will never again be as large," says Paul Hewitt, director of global aging at Washington's Center for Strategic and International Studies. "This means that sometime during this decade, all of the major industrial countries are going to make a historic shift, an epochal transformation, from an era when the primary source of social crisis was unemployment to one in which the primary source of social crisis is labour shortage."
No Western country is ready to deal with the issues that depopulation and aging raise. None has a pension system that's fully prepared to go from a large work force and a small retired population to the exact opposite. No country really has contemplated the economic impact of a steady decline in the number of people who buy homes, and a steady increase in the number of people living in nursing homes.
A shrinking consumer base will certainly shake the Canadian and American economies. Hewitt argues that it will send Europe and Japan into a permanent economic decline -- in fact, he thinks it's already contributing to the weakness of the euro.
Ironically, this could be good news for the world. Capital flows to where markets expand. As markets shrink in developed countries, as workers become scarcer and scarcer and consumers fewer and fewer, corporations will seek new markets, new places to invest.
Provided that Third World nations take steps to lessen the risk to investors, by introducing reliable and impartial legal systems and educating their citizens, the 21st century could witness an unprecedented shift of capital to the developing world. It would raise living standards and finally attack the roots of poverty.
But even the developing world is not immune to depopulation's down side. As Third World countries tame their birth rates and improved health care increases people's life spans, their populations are starting to go grey. Ten years ago, India had 56 million people who were over 60; by 2021, the number is expected to almost triple to 137 million. Who will look after them?
Finally, there are the more ephemeral questions. What will a world with fewer children be like? Will they be cosseted and protected, or will they find themselves pushed relentlessly to produce, produce, produce, to pay the doctors' bill for their parents, their grandparents and their great-grandparents?
Will creativity and invention wither, with fewer young minds available to create and invent? And will the young rebel by having lots and lots of children? Will they say: "I'll never forgive my parents for making me an only child -- it was so lonely. My children are going to have brothers and sisters. We're going to be a real family."
Global trend lines do not change easily or swiftly, but they do change. A generation or two down the road, parents may start having babies again, perhaps for reasons we cannot yet fathom.
It won't be easy. From his vantage point at Harvard, Nicholas Eberstadt speculates that reversing the tide "will require something on the order of a religious revival, a change in ideology -- a maybe not-terribly-pretty nationalism or ethnocentrism.
"It would have to be in the order of a mass movement. Nothing less would do it."
But that is a destination far distant. For this century, the story is the baby bust. It is a story full of unanswerable questions and uncertain hopes. Many of us won't live to watch its fruition. But some will, and for them, every year the world will have more empty space.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
MNNOFA NEWS
Facebook's new Stories feature for event sharing actually sounds useful
Home 2019 January 14 Facebook's new Stories feature for event sharing actually sounds useful
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admin, January 14, 2019 January 14, 2019 , Technology, 0
Facebook continues to undergo the most contentious period in its history, as it struggles with the fallout from numerous scandals related to data privacy, misinformation, and fake news, as well as larger issues around the social network's corrosive role in democratic societies.
But as young users abandon the platform for the hipper Instagram and the site's reputation keeps taking a hit, one key feature has remained absolutely vital: events. Facebook is still the best place to organize a calendar of social events, birthdays, concerts, and other real-world meetups, thanks to the existing social graph on Facebook and the fact that businesses and event organizers still largely treat it as the preeminent promotion platform. For an older user like myself, the event-related features are why I'm still using Facebook beyond Messenger.
Stories for events actually makes a ton of sense
So it makes sense then that Facebook would turn to Events as the next destination for its Stories product. The company said today that it plans to start testing a way "to share the events you're interested in and coordinate to meet up with friends IRL" using Stories. The test will take place in the US, Brazil, and Mexico, and it should be available for mobile users on both iOS and Android.
Unlike your standard Stories feature, which Facebook initially cribbed from Snapchat for use on Instagram to help it become exceptionally more popular, this specific implementation is designed to share the details of an event with your friends. That way, you can see who may want to come to an upcoming show or some other activity that has a corresponding event page. The stories will come with tappable stickers for revealing event details, and friends can toggle themselves as "interested" or "going" to the event right from within the story. There's also a link to the event page built in and a way to start a group chat on Messenger with friends who responded.
To be fair, for as uninteresting as Stories can be outside of Instagram, this is actually a very smart strategy that remixes the conventional format and does something genuinely useful with it. The issue, of course, is convincing your friends to actually check Facebook Stories, which, for most people, is a secondary priority after their Instagram or Snap Story or it's not used at all. (Inexplicably, Facebook says its Stories products for the main Facebook app and Messenger have a combined 300 million daily users, yet not a single one of my friends appears to use it.) But I could see this being one of the more successful attempts Facebook has deployed throughout its seemingly never-ending quest to make Stories happen in the main mobile app.
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The United Nation's Security Council is meeting today in New York. The declared subject is, "Open Debate - Middle East." According to the Council's president, Olof Skoog, he hopes the meeting will "trigger action towards a two-state solution" between Israel and the Palestinian Authority. Will it? Live-streamed here, see for yourself.
Mostly behind closed doors and for eight years, the US Obama administration has relentlessly argued its solution to peace between Israel and the Palestinians. What are those arguments? Now we know. In almost 10,000 words, US Secretary of State John Kerry, revealed everything on 28 December 2016. This is a complete copy, and video record, of his words. Its official title, notably, is "Remarks on Middle East Peace."


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Confederate Solider Honored
THE VICTORIA ADVOCATE
BY BECKY COOPER
The Rev. Ralph Baidoo holds a memorial ceremony for the Confederate soldier Juan Elias Lozano Saturday at La Bahia Cemetery in Goliad to dedicate a tombstone at the foot of his grave. Standing to the left of Baidoo is Lozano's great-granddaughter Estella Zermeno, who along with her brother Benny Martinez, have researched for the last two years the role their great-grandfather played in the Civil War.
GOLIAD - In a solemn ceremony fit for any war hero, the family of Juan Elias Lozano on Saturday dedicated a tombstone at the foot of his grave marking his years of service to his country as a Confederate soldier.
The ceremony was held in the rain-soaked La Bahia Cemetery nestled in the shadows of the Presidio La Bahia and the monument to Col. Fannin and the men killed in the Goliad Massacre.
His descendants, Estella Zermeno and her brother Benny Martinez, have worked for about two years researching the role their great-grandfather played in the Civil War. Once they completed the work, it took about four months to get the grave marker - a flat white marble slab with an inscription to his service information.
"I went to the veterans service officer here and he helped me get it", Zermeno said. "I had to send to Washington (D. C.) to get his service records."
She and Martinez began researching the family history in the 1960s. Then in the 1970s, their cousin Abel Rubio joined in on the research.
Before joining the Confederacy at age 19, Lozano volunteered in 1860 Home Guard in Refugio. The following year, he mustered in San Antonio, served in Company C, 4th Regiment Texas Mounted Volunteers, Sibley's Brigade.
"He kept a diary of where they traveled. It's hard to read, but I have been able to make out some of the places where they went," Zermeno said. They traveled throughout Texas and Louisiana with a final stop in Jackson, Mississippi.
Lozano returned home and in 1867 married Trinidad de La Garza at the Presidio La Bahia. She was the granddaughter of Manuel Becerra, the alcalde of the ayuntamiento of Goliad, Presidio La Bahia land grantee, and guide of Steven F. Austin, according to family history. They the moved to Refugio and lived and worked for 10 years on de La Garza family land. They had one daughter Paula. Lozano was killed on august 28, 1877, at the age of 36 by land grabbers trying to farce the family off the land.
"My grandmother (Paula) used to tell us a stories about her father and mother. She said after her father's death, her mother would sit at the door of their home every night holding the gun he used in the in the war because they were harassing her to get off the land. She could hear cries coming from the cemetery made by people trying to scare her away, Zermeno said."
"We grew up hearing these stories. I remember her telling us how he would ride the horses across Copano Bay when the water swelled up. Even the current was too rough, he would make it across."
Trinidad and Paula then six, stayed on the land another year before taking everything they owned moving to Goliad - just across the modern highway across the cemetery. Zermeno believes Trinidad had her husband's grave moved when she moved. A tall white tombstone black from years of exposure to the elements marks the grave. A heavy wrought iron fence surrounds the grave setting it off from the other graves.
Using the tools and animals she brought with her, Trinidad made a home for two of them. Martinez said on his way in from Houston Saturday morning he was thinking they had picked a bad day to have the ceremony because of the rain, "but the I realized it was a good day. We are only 100 years late in doing this, but it is a good day. We may get wet, but it is a small price to pay today compared to what (Lozano) did to defend this land."
Martinez read a poem written by his daughter Loretta Martinez Williams that told the saga of the Lozano - de La Garza family.
It ended by saying, "Saint Peter is there standing at the gate, Come Juan Elias, do not hesitate, come her take my hand. Now all of this is your land."
The Rev. Ralph Baidoo held a memorial ceremony and blessed the grave before a color guard made up of Zermeno's brother Eloy Martinez and his daughter Delia Martinez, both veterans of the Army, brought the flags forward.
A 21 - gun salute by the Bee County Veterans Honor guard was followed by a duet "Taps".
Most of the approximately 50 people in attendance were descendants of Lozano.


By Monday afternoon, firefighters said they had saved the structure of the cathedral and stopped the fire from spreading further.
Atlanta's Archbishop Wilton D. Gregory released a statement shortly after 6 p.m.
"At the beginning of Holy Week, the people of Paris have been asked to embrace a very heavy cross with the fire at their beloved cathedral. Notre Dame is a treasure for the Catholic Church, for European history and culture, and for the world of art. We praise God that apparently there is no loss of life in this tragedy. Paris would not be Paris without Notre Dame," Gregory said.
Many Georgians took to social media to express their shock and sadness. Here are some of the reactions from your fellow Georgians.
Our hearts are heavy, today.
I took my first photo in front of Notre Dame, when I was in my early twenties and the memories I've taken with me, from that day are simply magical.
News of this disaster pains me.


Many professionals have a great store of technical knowledge and an impressive professional vocabulary, but lack the essential interpersonal commnunications skills necessary for effective management. This book solves the problem technically trained managers face by providing a clear, practical set of principles and methods that will enable them to work effectively and successfully with subordinates, peers, and superiors. Author Dale Jackson, himself a technically trained chemist, draws upon his own experience and the experiences of other professionals who have been thrust into management situations to offer practical, workable techniques that will be useful to anyone attempting the often difficult transition from the world of a technical profession to that of people within organizations.


This record was published by Natural England on 19 September 2006 .
The aim of the project was to review two important aspects of any attempts to increase wildlife on improved, relatively fertile grasslands. These issues are firstly, the value to invertebrates, birds and other vertebrates of particular grassland plants that could be introduced into such swards or maintained in them, and secondly the agronomic potential of such species, so that the fit of these swards into viable farming or equine business can begin to be assessed.


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Cork to clinch promotion
It's set to be another relatively quiet weekend with the Cork footballers looking to maintain their unbeaten run, and with it promotion to Division 2, as Louth are visitors to Páirc Uí Chaoimh.
Following their win over Kilkenny last Sunday, the Cork senior camogie team play Offaly where a win will strengthen their position at the top of Group A.
Of course, the big question right now is, how much longer games can continue given the current health issues in the country?
We can only wait and see what evolves in the coming days or weeks.
Cork vs Louth
It's a case of top versus bottom in this clash. Cork are on full points while Louth have yet to pick up a point in their five games to date and are set to face relegation to Division 4.
Games between these counties are rare enough, without doubt the most memorable - especially for the men from the Wee County - was the 1957 All-Ireland Final which Louth won by 1-9 to 1-7.
Among those playing that day was the famous entertainer Dermot O'Brien for Louth, while Padraig Harrington's father Paddy was right half-back on the Cork team.
Their most recent meeting was in the league in Páirc Uí Rinn two years ago, a match which Cork won by 2-12 to 0-11.
Cork's form has been impressive for the most part throughout the league to date, but their failure to see out games has frustrated manager Ronan McCarthy and this was very evident in the win over Derry last time out.
Cork led at one stage by 3-11 to 0-10, yet only won by two points in the end and McCarthy was disappointed with that.
"I thought for the most part of the last ten minutes we just seem to switch off and allowed Derry back into the game."
Overall though, he's delighted at the position they find themselves in.
"Yes we are almost certain to be promoted, and we get another game in Croke Park which will benefit the lads going forward. We have faced a lot of challenges in this group and we have worked our way through them which is good."
The other plus that can be taken from the games is the number of players that have been given game time.
Injuries ruled several players out of some matches while others, like Mark Collins, have yet to play.
Brian Hurley featured just once, which has allowed players to gain invaluable experience of intercounty football.
The starting 15 for Sunday will be interesting; Liam O'Donovan and Luke Connolly picked up knocks against Derry while Ruairi Deane was injured for that match and may not be ready for this encounter.
Mattie Taylor, Killian O'Hanlon, Ian Maguire, Paul Kerrigan, Sean Powter - who has been a revelation in every game he has played in, John O'Rourke and Tom Clancy all look set to feature when Cork go about securing their place at the top of the table, with a trip to Longford to come a week later.
It's been a tough campaign for Louth and their loss to Leitrim in the last round was a real blow, especially as they were playing at home.
They do have some good players in Ryan Burns, Dan Corcoran, Emmet Carolan and Sean Mulroy and they will be keen to try and at least salvage something from a poor run of results.
The reality, though, is Cork will have too much class and power all over the field and a win is on the cards.
It's a 2pm start and it's live on C103.
Cork travel to Banagher in Offaly on Saturday for a game that was postponed a few weeks ago, and based on the manner in which they saw off Kilkenny last weekend, it will take a big effort from Offaly to deny Cork another win.
With just the group winners qualifying for the final, another win will make Cork strong favourites to advance and face Munster rivals Tipperary in the decider. Tipp ended Galway's reign as league champions last Sunday to reach a first final in 11 years.
Cork were very impressive in defeating Kilkenny. Laura Tracey and Chloe Sigerson were excellent in defence, Ashling Thompson brings a real cutting edge to midfield, while in attack the pace of Amy O'Connor, Orla Cronin and Linda Collins is a handful for any defence and they should be too strong for the girls from the Faithful County.
Meanwhile on Sunday on the back of their comfortable win over Kildare last week, it's Leinster opposition again this week for the Division 2 side with Westmeath travelling to Castle Road for a 2pm start.
An interesting development at last weekend's Annual Congress where a Dublin motion that would have seen greater co-operation in relation to dual players was surprisingly heavily defeated.
The reaction of most players, particularly in Cork who seem to be affected more than others, was one of surprise and in some cases disappointment.
It seems strange that in a year when the emphasis is very much on the promotion of more participation in ladies sport with the 20x20 campaign that such a decision should be arrived at.
Read Also: Vital games for Cork's camogie teams
Read Also: Must win game for hurlers
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Manual Testing and Automated Testing
Using Python to Interact with the Operating System
4.7 (4,213 classificações)
120K aprendizes inscritos
Curso 2 de 6 no Automação da TI do Google com Python Certificado profissional
Transcrição do vídeo
By the end of this course, you'll be able to manipulate files and processes on your computer's operating system. You'll also have learned about regular expressions -- a very powerful tool for processing text files -- and you'll get practice using the Linux command line on a virtual machine. And, this might feel like a stretch right now, but you'll also write a program that processes a bunch of errors in an actual log file and then generates a summary file. That's a super useful skill for IT Specialists to know. We'll kick off by exploring how to execute Python locally, and organize and use code across different Python files. We'll then learn how to read and write different types of files, and use subprocesses and input streams. We'll also dive into Bash scripting and regular expressions -- both very powerful tools for anyone working with systems. We'll even touch on automatic testing, which allow us to automate how we check if our code is correct. To finish, we'll put all this together by using the tools that we've acquired to process data and generate automatic reports. We'll also explain how to set up your own developer environment in your machine. This is a key step in being able to write and deploy powerful automation tools.
Visualizar o programa do curso
Habilidades que você aprenderá
Setting up your Development Environment, Regular Expression (REGEX), Testing in Python, Automating System Administration Tasks with Python, Bash Scripting
The course really came together in weeks six and seven, but the reading materials in weeks 1-5 were lackluster, containing one or two links without context, pointing to a narrow topic of that week.
Definitely a course you need to take. Not easy but that's the point, depending on your knowledge you might start slow on the first lessons but at the end you'll be amaze on how natural you code.
Na lição
Testing in Python
In this module, you'll learn how to create tests in Python. We'll cover what testing is all about and dive into the differences between manual versus automated testing. Next, we'll explore what unit tests are intended to do and how to write them. Then, we'll learn about other test concepts like black box versus white box tests and how test-driven development can frame how you design and write your code. Finally, you'll learn about errors and exceptions, and how to combat them.
Intro to Module 5: Testing in Python1:31
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Manual Testing and Automated Testing3:21
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One of the tasks that programmers had to do when writing code is test it to make sure that it behaves the way that they expected to. Having good tests for our software can help us catch mistakes, errors, and bugs before we deploy our scripts to perform real-world automation tasks. The most basic way of testing a script is to run it with different parameters and see if it returns the expected values. We've done this manual testing for some of the code that we've written this course already. Executing a script with different command-line arguments to see how its behavior changed is an example of manual testing. Using the interpreter to try our code before putting it in a script is another form of manual testing. Formal software testing takes us process a step further, codifying tests into its own software and code that can be run to verify that our programs do what we expect them to do. This is called automatic testing. The goal of automatic testing is to automate the process of checking if the returned value matches the expectations. Instead of us humans running a function over and over with different parameters and checking the results are what we expected them to be, we let the computer do this for us. Automatic testing means we'll write code to do the test. Why would you write more code to test code you have? Because when you're testing your code, you want to check if it does what it's supposed to do for a lot of different values. You ought to verify that it behaves the way you expect it to have as many possible values known as test cases. Say you're writing a script that updates a list of email addresses to use a new domain, similar to the one we wrote a while back. You'll want to test what happens when your list of emails has one element, two elements, or 10 elements. You want to test what happens if the new domain is one character long, or 20 characters long, or even an empty string. You'll also want to test what happens if the list contains only emails that need to be updated, only emails that don't need to be updated, or a mix of them. As you can see the list of things that you want to test for can get very long, very fast. The more test cases that you include in your test, the better tested your code is and the more you can guarantee that your code does what you expect it to do. If we're testing this manually, it's unlikely that we'll go through all the cases whenever we change our code. We'll test just a few, possibly, letting a bug slipped through. Not ideal. This is why we don't want to perform these tests manually and instead, want to make a computer do it for us. Just like with any example of automation, the advantage of automatic tests is that we can run them as many times as necessary and will always get the same results. The computer will do the same checks over and over and we'll always make sure that the return value matches our expectation. When for some reason the results don't match the expectations, the code will raise an error, so we can check the code and find out what's going on. There's a bunch of different types of tests that we can write to perform automatic testing. The one that we're going to concentrate on in the next few videos is called unit testing. Once we've covered unit testing, we'll talk about other kinds of testing and once you use each. But before that let's check that we're on track. Does it always talk about testing making want to take a quick quiz?
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A Baptist missionary was walking in Africa when he heard the ominous padding of a lion behind him.
"Oh Lord," prayed the missionary, "Grant in Thy goodness that the lion walking behind me is a good Christian lion." And then, in the silence that followed, the missionary heard the lion praying too: "Oh Lord," he prayed, "I thank Thee for the food which I am about to receive."


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Persone
Andreas Thom  – calciatore tedesco
Eleanor Thom  – scrittrice scozzese
René Thom  – matematico e filosofo francese

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IITs and the IIMs: neither the best nor ideal
IITs and IIMs setup with the help of Americans in the 60s are not the best intuitions of learning that we can create. The elite that they are creating is much too imperfect and incapable of leading the society. Were the IITs and IIMs created for producing elite management cadres for the American market? Surely something is wrong, more so when, most IIT and IIM graduates are moving into marketing and not in the manufacturing sector for which they trained.
http://taazakhabarnews.com/%EF%BB%BF%EF%BB%BFiits-iims-neither-best-ideal">
How many IIT and IIM graduates have actually served the needs of indian Industry?
What good is learning all this when you are going to eventually land up in a marketing job… That too not in India but abroad
By Parsa Venkateshwar Rao Jr
1991 – is a silly milestone, fake landmark. Many things were happening long before and long after what we have come to identify as the reforms revolution. Many of us, including myself argued that Indian Institutes of Management (IIMs) and Indian Institutes of Technology (IITS) are symbols of Indian pride, progress and excellence. And that, there was no need anymore to feel embarrassed about being Indian.
It was a delirious and hysterical response in the first flush of what seemed India's arrival on the world stage. The world – that is the West that is Europe and the United States – was knocking on India's doors, and the country was in a position to present best – the IIT-IIM-trained managers. Looking back one is embarrassed to have argued for the IITs and IIMs as the best of what educated India had to offer.
The IITs and the IIMs need to be critically evaluated for two reasons. First, many are convinced that India's economic growth and progress requires scores, and even hundreds, more IITs and IIMs. The underlying belief is that they are the best of institutions, and we simply must have more of them.
In the last 20 years, a number of IITs and IIMs have sprung up in smaller places. Some of the early IITs and IIMs were set up away from the metropolises. For example, the IITs in Kharagpur and Kanpur were in relatively small places, though the other three IITs were set up in Bombay-Mumbai, Delhi, Madras-Chennai. Two of the first three IIMs were set up in Ahmedabad and Bangalore-Bengaluru, apart from Calcutta-Kolkata. There are now IIMs in Lucknow and Kochi, two places away from the metropolises. It is supposed to be a case of the percolation, or trickle down, of excellence. The assumption has to be scrutinised.
The second reason to critically look at these institutions is because of criticism, mainly from the leftist intellectuals stuck somewhere in the 19th century industrialised Europe and North America. They refuse to move beyond the 1930s. The leftists argue that the IITs and IIMs symbolize capitalist privilege and bourgeois elitism which does not make economic or moral sense in a country where millions of poor cannot afford food or schooling.
I too once argued foolishly that the public schools have no place in democratic India and that they should be dismantled. Then a friend, who had studied at The Mayo College in Ajmer, that instead of banning them, every student should have access to a quality education offered in the public schools. His argument made more sense than mine; I have to concede. The left critique is unhelpful because it full of fury and little sense at a time when the market economies are flourishing, and the socialist alternatives have failed.
Many of the IIT and IIM students came from modest, and even humble, middle-class and lower middle-class backgrounds. The institutes were means for social mobility even as the colonial universities were in an earlier period. These were indeed elite institutes, but they helped form, however imperfectly, a new meritocracy, another name for the elite. Of course, we are familiar with hereditary elites, but they are almost history. What we have now is the new elite of self-made successful, rich individuals.
It however does not mean that IIMs and IITs should stop functioning just because there is an argument against them.
They are not the best that we have created or can create. One has to keep in mind the complex realities and contradictions behind setting up of the IITs and the IIMs in India. The IITs and the IIMs do not constitute the pinnacle of good, quality education. They do not constitute education in the proper sense of the term at all. The elites that they have created are much too imperfect and incapable of leading a society. Though they can form a good bulwark in an achieving society.
Most IITs and IIMs were set up in the early 1960s, and with American help. We have to remember that though Nehru and Congress had declared in the party's Avadi (in Madras, now Chennai) session in 1955 that India will work for a "socialist pattern of society". The IITs and the IIMs are on the face of it an antithesis to the socialist idea. The socialist ideology would have demanded the setting up polytechnics, and even the IITs and the IIMs, should have been patterned as working class institutes. Whatever the contradictions, it seemed in the 1990s that Nehruvian socialist India did well in investing in the IITs and the IIMs and that it had paid off. At one level, there cannot be any contradiction between the IITs and the IIMs and socialism because socialism at heart is the fulfilment of a technological society. Socialism should never be confused with pastoral idyll. Socialism and capitalism are twins born of a dystopian industrial civilisation.
The IITs and the IIMs pose a problem in the first place because they were set up as independent institutions, away from the general run of colleges and universities. There seems to have been certain hostility towards the university spawned by the British colonial rulers, who wanted to create English-speaking clerks in government offices and nothing more. The IITs and the IIMs were to counter the colonial university system with its internal syllabus and grading. These classy institutions could never become part of the educational system in the country. This dichotomy between general educational institutions like colleges and universities and the institutes of excellence juts out like a sore thumb.
A similar mistaken belief was behind setting up scientific research institutes in the country as well. The supposedly quality science research institutes were set up apart from the universities. Disadvantages seem to outweigh the advantages of this system.
An interesting anomaly behind the IITs and the IIMs in the 60s and 70s, to some extent in the first half of 1980s is that graduates from these institutes could not be absorbed in the country. The industry was not big and diversified enough to take them, and it was not in a position to offer them the lucrative and challenging jobs. What became apparent was that the IITs and the IIMs became skilled manpower exporters of the country, and it these graduates who formed the seed of the non-resident India community in the United States. Secondly, many of the IIT-educated engineers and technologists did not stay on the technology side but moved on to a more attractive management/marketing sector. The familiar route of progress was from IIT to IIM to the US of A. The manufacturing sector's need for chemical, engineering and electronic engineers was not met. They got absorbed in the general marketing side. There was also no place for many of the potential managers from the IIMs in India.
In the initial about two decades, the IITs and the IIMs produced an elite management cadre for the American market. And strangely enough, a few of them joined the Indian Administrative Service (IAS) and went on to occupy important positions in the all-powerful bureaucracy. The tide has turned after the 1990s, when the Indian market was able to absorb more of the IIT and IIM graduates. Here too, not many went into the manufacturing sector. They went into marketing. One of the reasons that Indian manufacturing sector remains less-than-mediocre is because there are not enough qualified technology-oriented workforce at the shop-floor level.
The moot question, therefore, is: Do the IIT-IIM pass outs qualify for elite tag? Do they have the abilities to Lead the society or are they just glorified journeymen. Or are they like the highly qualified artisans of medieval India and Europe – who did their societies proud but were not really the people with ideas or vision expected of leadership? The guildsmen and guild-masters of the medieval period were superior to the IIT- and IIM-trained workforce because they were part of the general society, and they shared the civilisational ethos. They could absorb local workforce and even train them. The IIT and the IIM crowd are not in a position to mould the workers around them in a constructive manner. They have not inculcated the new work culture in the places they work in though the systems are slowly emerging in many of the new set-ups. They have failed the leadership test in their field of work.
What is the sense of values of the IIT and the IIM managerial workforce? They tend to be middle-class liberals, who respect and appreciate individual rights and to the extent they would support the idea of corporate social responsibility at least in name. They would also favour a free market economy in a naïve manner. Ironically the IITs and IIMs are government-supported institutes, and they are not an outgrowth of private sector initiative. Birla Institute of Technology and Science (BITS), Pilani is an exception, an initiative of private industry. They do not have clear ideas about market regulations and about the norms of fair competition. Their education does not allow or equip them to think of frameworks and much less about values in general.
Are they good at problem-solving, which is the key expectation from a managerial workforce? They do not seem to be so. They are quite comfortable in a workplace where the systems are in place, but they cannot create systems keeping in mind the local challenges. It is a relatively uneducated small shop-owner or the small businessman and businesswoman who appear to be adept in managing the workforce.
The IIT and IIM crowd is charmingly conservative in social mores, reflective of their middle-class backgrounds. They follow traditions even when they break the small barriers of caste, community and language. They are God-fearing. They love the country, and they stand by their immediate nuclear family.
What they are not good is at thinking, thinking new ideas and projects. They are incapable of being adventurous in their thinking. They will rarely break a dominant thought paradigm though they may tweak an existing one without causing too much commotion all around.
India needs this conservative, conformist IIT-IIM crowd. It is a dependable, solid middle class that provides social stability. They are not good at doing new things, thinking new things. Blame should not go to them. That too for not doing something, they can't.
Parsa Venkateshwar Rao Jr. is an editorial consultant with the DNA newspaper in Delhi
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This Gal decided to take a Sunday inSpring and enjoy a NYC Village Pub Crawl. With list in hand my companion and I made our way via bus and subway to the Village. First stop was to be Jimmy's No.43 but just a couple of doors prior we came to McSorley's Old Ale House. This wasn't on the list since my goal was to hit places I've never been to but then again it's McSorley's so a stop was required. It's been years since I last visited and nothing has changed, same saw dust on the floors, same cobwebs and dust hanging from the lamps. The only change seemed to be my furry four legged cat friend was no longer around.
Same beer is available as well. McSorley's serves two types of beer light and dark. Yup, it's that simple so, of course, I ordered a round of dark. A round still consist of 2 small mugs of beer for only $5.50. The dark is a smooth tasty dark lager and makes for easy drinking. McSorley's is an institution with a great atmosphere which is why one visits this historic place.
After my round of dark it was time to visit the first stop on my list Jimmy's No. 43. However, a bit more planning should have been involved since Jimmy's didn't open until 4:30pm and it was only 1:30pm. Strike #1 Sigh…so next up was Good Beer.
We had hope things would improve and they did. Several more blocks and we arrived at the #1 spot on my list to try. Alphabet City Beer Co. (ABC Beer Co.) I've heard a lot good things about this place and I was hoping it would live up to it's reputation. ABC is a craft beer store and bar with a cool laid back atmosphere. The bar itself is small and only sits a handful of folks but there's a large communal table in the back for hanging with friends plus a few comfy high back chairs that just beg for someone kick back with a book and beer. A limited food menu is offered and it appears all the food is made behind the bar. My friend and I decided to grab two seats at the bar and I went to work studying the tap list. There are 12 taps that rotate often so you never know what you may find. The one draw back about the tap list, well, I found it hard to read. At first glance you might thing there were only 6 beers on tap but look closely and you'll see all 12.
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Barrier Beech Street Wit 5.1% – I was so happy to have this beer placed in front me. I was hot and this beer was crisp and refreshing with wonderful wit hints of orange and coriander and just slight undertones of banana.
This Gal always gets excited to see a brown ale on tap and wished I would see them more often. This is a well done medium body English brown that's creamy and offers just the right balance of nuts, malts and whole bread goodness.
I love Farmhouse ales! Love, love, love! This has the classic cloudy yeasty body associated with this style. Crisp, sour, yeast, fruit, pepper and a hint of saison funk all add up make this an enjoyable Farmhouse ale.
We decided to just walk around and see what restaurant caught our eye on the way back to the subway when I spotted a little gem called the Drop Off Service. This looked like my kind of bar! The Drop Off Service is an bar located in an old laundromat building. Now this was EXACTLY what this Gal was looking for – a cool off the grid beer bar with a grungy, laid back, old work feel to the place with lots of bring, wood and iron.
Besides a killer tap list they also offer wine and cocktails but no food. However, one can bring in food from the outside. Now that I had time to relax, cool off and enjoy some beer at ABC Beer Co. it was now time for a stout.
YES! I don't care that is was freaking hot out I still love me a stout and this stout had everything I was looking for. Roasted malts, chicory, chocolate and bourbon undertones.
I wasn't sure just how strong the lemon would be and hoped it wouldn't overpower the other flavors. The lemon was pretty strong but the coriander was still there. Still it was a bit too lemony for this Gal.
Humboldt Brown Hemp Ale, Humboldt Brewing, CA 5.7% – Two brown ales in one day? I must be in OZ. This is a very mild creamy brown with earthy flavor accented by roasted nuts and malt. Good but not great still worth trying.
The Drop Off Service offers Happy Hour everyday with $5 craft beers until 8pm. Why is craft beer cheaper in NYC than Central NJ?! The Drop Off Service was the favorite stop of the day! Now it really was time for us to move on in search of some food…until next time NYC.


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UiO Faculty of Humanities Literature, Cognition and Emotions (LCE)
LCE Annual Lecture
Talks, Seminars and Lectures
News and events > Events > LCE Annual Lecture
The annual lecture invites guest authors, literary researchers and thinkers in the field of Literature, Cognition and Emotions to hold an open talk at the University of Oslo.
Siri Hustvedt speaking at LCE's Annual Lecture in 2019.
Photo: Screenshot / UiO
POSTPONED: Annual Lecture 2020: Stefan Collini - Beauty and the footnote: the place of "literature" as an academic discipline
This year's LCE Annual Lecture will be held by Stefan Collini.
Time and place: May 4, 2020 2:00 PM–4:00 PM, Aud 1, Georg Svedrups Hus (Postponed due to coronavirus)
The study of literature in modern languages has become an established, even central, part of the university curriculum over the past century or more. But in some ways literature has been an awkward recruit in an institution that has understood its role largely in terms of the accumulation and transmission of impersonal empirically-grounded knowledge. From its beginnings as an academic discipline, the study of literature has been derided as 'merely subjective' and 'too impressionistic', criticisms that have been extended in our time to include representing it as a 'soft' or 'useless' subject, irrelevant to the needs of the labour market. This lecture examines some of the justifications that have been put forward to justify the inclusion of literary study in the curriculum, and especially on the tensions between the cognitive and aesthetic claims made on its behalf. It addresses such issues as the imaginative enlargement of human sympathies, the idea of a 'national literature', the emphasis on 'personal response', and relations between scholarly and lay literary cultures.
Stefan Collini is Professor Emeritus of Intellectual History and English Literature at Cambridge University, and a Fellow of the British Academy. He is the author of, among other books, Public Moralists (1991), Matthew Arnold: a Critical Portrait (1994), English Pasts: Essays in History and Culture (1999), Absent Minds: Intellectuals in Britain (2006), Common Reading: Critics, Historians, Publics (2008), Common Writing: Literary Culture and Public Debate (2016), and, most recently, The Nostalgic Imagination: History in English Criticism (2019). He is also a frequent contributor to The London Review of Books, The Times Literary Supplement, The Guardian, The Nation, and other publications. In addition, he has contributed to international debates about higher education, principally through his 2012 book What Are Universities For? and its sequel Speaking of Universities (2017).
Literature, Cognition and Emotions
Annual Lecture 2019: Siri Hustvedt on Poetic Logic
Siri Hustvedt, renowned author of novels, poems, essays as well as non-fiction, used her own mother and Jane Austen as starting point for a discussion of the cognitive sciences and the workings of the mind in a lecture entitled "Poetic Logic".
Time and place: May 27, 2019 4:00 PM–6:00 PM, Georg Sverdrups Hus, Auditorium 1
"Poetic Logic" opens with a story about Hustvedt's mother's vivid recollection of a passage from Austen's Persuasion despite the fact that she is suffering from dementia. Her mother's failing memory and the Austen text serve to ground Hustvedt's discussion of cognitive science, memory and emotion and the mind/body bifurcation of first generation theory in CCTM as well as the complexities and disagreements of second generation embodied theory. The foci here are on emotion and consolidation, mental space in comprehension of literature, and the development of intersubjectivity as crucial to understanding cognition. Poetic logic is borrowed from Vico, the anti-Cartesian, who is discussed, as are ancient spatial memory systems, neuroscience findings, but always returning to her mother as reader and the Austen text.
Siri Hustvedt is the author of a book of poems, four collections of essays, seven novels, and several works of nonfiction. In 2012 she was awarded the International Gabarron Prize for Thought and Humanities. Her novel The Blazing World was longlisted for the Man Booker Prize and won the Los Angeles Book Prize for Fiction 2014. Hustvedt has a PhD in English from Columbia University and is a lecturer in psychiatry at the Dewitt Wallace Institute for the History of Psychiatry in the Psychiatry Department of Weill Medical College of Cornell University. Her work has been translated into over thirty languages.
Rolf Reber, Literature, Cognition and Emotions
Published July 13, 2020 10:55 AM - Last modified June 29, 2021 12:17 PM
Literature, Cognition and Emotions (LCE)
Managing editor HF


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