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Le Ghetto de Kletsk (en hébreu : קלעצקער געטאָ)(-) est le lieu de déportation sous la contrainte des juifs de la ville de Kletsk, dans le raïon de Minsk, en Biélorussie, selon le processus de la Shoah, pendant l'occupation des territoires de l'URSS par les armées du Troisième Reich durant la Seconde Guerre mondiale.

Communauté juive de Kletsk
La communauté juive remonte au moins au . Deux synagogues sont construites aux s. En 1897, la population juive qui se monte à  personnes, constitue 73 % de la population de la ville ; en 1921, elle atteint  personnes sur une population totale de  soit 73,9 %.

Occupation de Kletsk

Dans les années d'avant-guerre, la ville de Kletsk comptait une population de  habitants dont  Juifs. Dès le début de la Seconde Guerre mondiale, en , un grand nombre de familles juives qui fuient la Pologne occupée par les nazis viennent s'ajouter à cette population.

La ville de Kletsk se trouve sous occupation allemande pendant 3 ans, du  au  (la date du 25 est également citée).

Les habitants de la ville tentent de fuir, mais seul un petit nombre y parviennent. Les avions allemands tirent sans arrêt sur les réfugiés dispersés sur les routes. Et la plupart de ceux qui atteignent l'ancienne frontière de l'URSS, se voient arrêtés par les gardes soviétiques et forcés de rebrousser chemin.

Depuis les premiers jours de l'occupation, les Allemands dans le cadre de la réalisation du plan hitlérien de la Solution finale de la question juive commencent à pratiquer la terreur contre les Juifs et organisent la collaboration biélorusse pendant la Seconde Guerre mondiale, une police locale composée de Biélorusses et de Polonais, qui recevait les pleins pouvoirs contre les Juifs. Un officier SS du nom de Koch fut nommé commandant de la ville, avec comme adjoint un nommé Noyman, qui ne cachait pas ses inclinations sadiques et battait à mort les juifs condamnés aux travaux forcés avec une matraque en caoutchouc.

Dès le début de l'occupation, les juifs organisèrent un « comité juif d'assistance mutuelle », qui bientôt, par ordre des Allemands et en vue de faire respecter leurs directives fut transformé en Judenräte. Tous les Juifs tombèrent sous la coupe d'ordres sans nombre et discriminatoires. En premier lieu, ils durent sous peine de mort, porter l'étoile de David en brassard, puis bientôt l'étoile jaune sur le dos et sur la poitrine. Il fut interdit aux Juifs de marcher sur les trottoirs sous peine de mort, et ils devaient ôter leur chapeau devant tout Allemand croisé en chemin. Chaque jour, il était procédé à l'arrestation et la fusillade de Juifs. De plus la communauté juive devait payer des «contributions» sous forme de bijoux, d'argent, de vêtements et même de savons.

Le , les Allemands fusillèrent Sophia Taïts et Khana Geller. Le  furent tués 35 juifs parmi lesquels, il faut compter Joseph Joukhovitskiy, Grigory Koval, G.A. Grigory, G.A. Taraboura, M. Rozenfeld. Beaucoup de juifs avaient travaillé au service de nettoyage des chevaux dans les casernes et furent fusillés parce qu'ils ne supportaient pas des travaux aussi durs ou parce qu'ils essayaient de s'enfuir. La veille du nouvel an juif, Roch Hachana, il fut ordonné aux juifs de ramener du centre du marché toutes les marchandises qui se trouvaient dans les hangars, 75 personnes étant affectées à cette charge. Koch et Neumann, sans aucune pitié massacrèrent ensuite ces travailleurs, si bien que le Judenräte rassembla des bijoux pour tenter d'amadouer, autant que faire se puisse, ces deux monstres. C'est un fait établi, que quand Neumann tombait sur une femme juive qui avait oublié de porter son étoile de David il l'emmenait
dans une carrière de sable à l'extérieur de la ville (où furent plus tard tués de nombreux juifs de la ville), la violait puis la tuait.

Durant les trois premiers mois, les forces d'occupations ne distribuèrent aucun produit alimentaire et chacun devait trouver seul ses sources d'approvisionnement en nourriture. Chaque jour la situation des juifs empiraient, les provisions arrivaient à leur fin, et trouver de la nourriture devenait de plus en plus difficile.

À partir de  les Juifs du raïon de Kletsk furent rassemblés dans un ghetto par les nazis.

Création du ghetto
Le matin du , sur ordre du commandement allemand, le Judenrat envoya 34 juifs affectés soi-disant à la récolte des pommes de terre.
Ces personnes furent amenées en camion à l'extrémité de la ville, dans le cimetière catholique dans la rue de Niasvij et furent tuées. Selon le témoignage de témoins :
Ces sadiques allemands se saisirent de moi et me gardèrent deux heures à la Kommendatur, où se trouvait déjà un groupe de 36 juifs qui étaient traités sans pitié. Nous fûmes envoyés au cimetière catholique où il y avait un grand ravin. Ils nous donnèrent des pelles et ordonnèrent : "En une heure il faut creuser un trou pour vous les juifs !" Quand nous eurent terminé, ils ordonnèrent aux 36 Juifs : que par cinq les Juifs s'avancent d'un pas en avant, se déshabillent et rassemblent leurs vêtements : bottines, culottes et chemises. Celui qui ne faisait pas cela à la perfection était battu. Une fois déshabillés ils étaient obligés de s'allonger visage contre terre. Un des tueurs arrivait avec un pistolet, se tenait debout devant le corps du premier prisonnier et lui tirait une balle dans la tête. Puis il faisait de même avec tout le groupe. Nous six, nous devions faire tomber les corps dans la fosse et les allonger les uns à côté des autres. Et ainsi nous comblâmes le fossé avec tous les fusillés les uns après les autres. Certains étaient morts et d'autres seulement blessés.

Le  tous les Juifs de Kletsk furent obligés de se faire enregistrer à la bourse du travail. La rumeur se répandit suivant laquelle un ghetto allait être organisé à proximité de la caserne près de la carrière de sable. À ce moment les Allemands préparaient déjà des fosses pour les fusillades de leur prochaine « action » (c'est par cet euphémisme que les nazis appelaient l'organisation des massacres de masse). Le soir du  l'ordre fut donné à tous les Juifs de se trouver le lendemain matin à six heures sur la place du marché, sans rien emporter. Le matin du  la foule des Juifs qui était arrivée fut placée en rangs. De manière imprévue, des camions étaient arrivés transportant des soldats lituaniens collaborateurs qui entouraient toute la place et qui se mirent à séparer les Juifs par groupes. Un des groupes d'environ  personnes dut rester sur la place du marché, un second groupe d'environ  personnes fut mené dans le bâtiment de la Grande Synagogue. De ce groupe furent retirés les artisans et les ouvriers spécialisés. À l'entrée de la synagogue, le commandant Koch contrôla personnellement ceux qui étaient amenés et séparé environ 500 personnes, surtout des vieillards et les renvoya au marché. Ceux qui restaient, soit environ  personnes furent enfermés dans la synagogue sous la garde de collaborateurs biélorusses et de Baltes lituaniens.

Il restait finalement  Juifs sur la place du marché. Par groupes de 100 et plus, ces personnes furent conduites du côté du cimetière catholique, où avaient été creusées auparavant trois fosses de  de long sur  de large. Les témoins se souviennent : « Les gens étaient obligés de se déshabiller. On les fouillaient à la recherche d'argent, d'or et de bijouterie. Puis on les chassait dans les fossés et on les obligeait à se coucher face contre terre, puis on les fusillait. » Ceux qui n'avaient plus la force de bouger parce qu'ils étaient vieux ou malades étaient tués sur place dans la rue, puis leur corps était jeté sur une charrette et conduit à la fosse. Finalement on recouvrait de terre ceux qui étaient morts mais aussi ceux qui n'étaient que blessés. Quelques Juifs tentèrent de s'enfuir, d'autres opposèrent de la résistance. Ayzik Katsev mit fin à ses jours près des fossés. Les Allemands jusqu'au bord du fossé promettaient la vie sauve à qui leur donnerait de l'or ou de l'argent. Quelques Juifs s'exécutèrent pour donner de l'argent, mais ils furent aussi tués ensemble avec en tout les  autres.

Des forces de la Wehrmacht prirent également une part active à ce massacre des Juifs le 27-. Le général von Bechtolsheim qui était à la tête de la  division d'infanterie dirigea les opérations mobiles de tueries des Juifs. La division, qui ne comptait que deux régiments était déployée de Baranavitchy à Minsk. À l'intérieur de l'ancien territoire soviétique, il employa des éléments du  bataillon de réserve de la police. Ils étaient assistés par des compagnies de la police lituanienne. Du début  au début  il fit exécuter les Juifs des villages de Sloutsk, Kletsk, Smilovitchi, Rudensk, Smolevitchi, Kliniki et Koydanov. Le bilan de ces opérations en Biélorussie fut de  victimes : partisans et criminels en majorité juifs.

Après la guerre, des documents allemands furent trouvés, suivant lesquels dans le rapport du commandement du Reichskommissariat Ostland à Riga était indiqué : « Lors de l'opération de nettoyage (Säuberungsaktion) sur le territoire de Sloutsk-Kletsk le bataillon de police avait fusillé  Juifs »

Le soir de ce jour du , le commandant Koch arriva à la synagogue, montra aux Juifs restant en vie les plans du nouveau ghetto et ordonna que les maisons soient occupées chacune par 34 personnes. Quelques-uns essayèrent de retourner secrètement dans leurs habitations antérieures pour prendre quelques vêtements et un peu de nourriture, mais une partie d'entre eux fut tuée par les policiers biélorusses. Le ghetto fut entouré de barbelés et sévèrement gardé. Les affaires qui restaient dans les maisons des Juifs fusillés furent prises et partagées entre les Allemands. Ceux-ci envoyèrent aussi une partie en Allemagne, quant aux meubles ils les vendirent à vil prix aux habitants locaux.

Immédiatement un nouveau Judenrat fut organisé. Chaque jour les prisonniers du ghetto étaient utilisés pour le travail forcé et à cette fin ils étaient souvent passés à tabac. Quand ils revenaient au ghetto, après le travail, ils étaient fouillés et tout ce que des êtres affamés essayaient de cacher sur eux leur était repris lors de la fouille.

En  les Allemands fusillèrent le président et les membres du Judenrat, les accusant d'essayer d'approvisionner les habitants du ghetto au-delà des normes fixées.

Résistance dans le ghetto

Des prisonniers organisèrent une évasion, avec un petit groupe, pour rejoindre les mouvements de Partisans biélorusses dans les bois. Une partie d'entre eux commença à construire un bunker pour servir de refuge, pour le cas où des pogroms surviendraient. Beaucoup de jeunes se préparaient tellement à la défense et à la résistance, que le Judenrat fut parfois obligé de limiter leurs activités parce que cela mettait vraiment en danger la vie de tous les habitants du ghetto.

Selon les souvenirs de Yegoucha Kochietsky : Nous commencions de travailler à la scierie. Nous y rencontrèrent des paysans de l'endroit, qui nous avertirent que le ghetto serait bientôt complètement détruit et nous conseillèrent de nous rallier aux partisans. Nous transmirent ces renseignements aux Juifs du ghetto et leur proposèrent de s'enfuir dans les bois vers les partisans. Lorsque le Judenrat eut connaissance de cela, on m'y appela et on m'y prévint que si je continuais à agiter les autres le Judenrat me livrerait aux mains des allemands. Je me mis en colère, et leur dit que dans ce ghetto la mort nous attendait sans aucun doute possible. Alors ils ordonnèrent de m'enfermer dans le bâtiment de la grande synagogue. Puis ils me libérèrent, me demandant sur parole de ne plus instiguer les prisonniers du ghetto à la révolte.

Malgré le danger couru, une organisation clandestine de jeunes fut créée dans le ghetto. Ses membres prirent la décision de se frayer un chemin en coupant les barbelés à la limite du ghetto pour s'enfuir vers les partisans. 26 jeunes gens juifs choisirent un comité de personnes (une de celles-ci était Gricha Goldberg) pour organiser la direction du travail clandestin. Il fallait absolument trouver des armes, réfléchir aux moyens de s'échapper du ghetto et trouver le moyen de faire une jonction avec les partisans.

L'organisation grandit rapidement et atteignit le chiffre de 200 personnes, mais le Judenrat, avec à sa tête Tserkovitch, craignant pour la vie des  derniers prisonniers du ghetto, exigea des membres du comité de réduire leurs activités : « Les Allemands apprendront ce que vous faites et nous tuerons tous. Si nous restons calmes, ils ne nous toucheront pas ». Les clandestins répondirent à cela : « Notre problème est de résister et de prouver que nous sommes un peuple qui est capable de se défendre lui-même ».

La situation dans le ghetto empirait de jour en jour, des bruits circulaient à propos de préparatifs d'un massacre de masse. Dans le bois du nom de « Starina » proche de la ville de grandes tranchées avaient été creusées pour des fusillés. Il devint pratiquement impossible de se réunir et de préparer la résistance, les Allemands interdisaient déjà de circuler à deux. Sous la direction de Moshe Fish, les Juifs commencèrent toutefois à se préparer à un soulèvement. Dans chaque maison, ils avaient réussi à préparer des réserves de kérosène et d'essence pour que, lorsque commencerait le massacre, chacun puisse mettre le feu à sa maison et, si la situation le permettait, s'enfuir. Peu d'armes avaient pu être rassemblées : une mitrailleuse, 10 grenades, 2 fusils, 8 pistolets. La mitrailleuse était rangée au second étage de la synagogue. La nuit, des gardes furent organisées par les Juifs pour le cas où une attaque du ghetto était organisée.

Le , comme les prisonniers du ghetto ne furent pas forcés d'aller travailler, tous comprirent que la destruction du ghetto allait avoir lieu incessamment.

Soulèvement et destruction du ghetto

Dans la nuit du , (ou selon d'autres du 21), à 4 heures du matin, les policiers biélorusses, sous le commandement d'officiers allemands, encerclèrent le ghetto, mais rencontrèrent une résistance acharnée.

Les gardes juifs réveillèrent tout le monde, et comme convenu, les Juifs mirent le feu à leurs maisons. À l'entrée du ghetto, les Juifs attaquèrent les nazis et leurs collaborateurs avec les armes dont ils disposaient. Tous les prisonniers sans armes accueillirent la police avec des pierres qu'ils avaient ramassées à l'avance, avec des pelles et des haches. Les habitants de la région témoignèrent, après la guerre, comment les Juifs du ghetto avaient tiré sur les Allemands avec leur mitraillette, installée dans un coin de la synagogue, en face de l'entrée du ghetto. Izaak Finkel et Abraham Pajarik, quant à eux, arrosèrent les Allemands de jets de grenades.

Alter Mierovich, un partisan qui prit part à la lutte, décrit les dernières minutes du ghetto de Kletsk :
« À quatre heures du matin le , la police cerna le ghetto de tous les côtés. Les adultes prirent position et lancèrent sur les meurtriers une avalanche de pierres qui avaient été préparées avant le combat. Chaque homme ressentit dans son cœur : l'ennemi ne nous détruira pas si facilement. Il est mieux de mourir en combattant dans le ghetto que d'être massacré. ».

Trois Allemands et quatre biélorusses furent tués, si bien que les nazis et les collaborateurs n'essayèrent plus de pénétrer dans le ghetto mais tirèrent de loin.
Les rues aux alentours du ghetto étaient pleines de policiers et d'Allemands. Une centaine de juifs moururent immédiatement. Les prisonniers tentèrent de traverser les fils de fer barbelés et de s'enfuir. L'incendie dépassa les limites du ghetto, et les Allemands, dont les plans étaient pour le moins perturbés, étaient obligés pour un temps d'abandonner ceux-ci.

Les Juifs qui restaient en vie, et qui n'avaient pas réussi à s'enfuir, se cachèrent dans les caves et les bunkers. Le deuxième jour qui suivit la destruction du ghetto, les Allemands commencèrent à chercher et tuer ceux qui s'étaient cachés. La majorité des prisonniers du ghetto fut tuée, brûlée ou asphyxiée par la fumée sur le territoire du ghetto. Une partie de ceux qui s'étaient enfuis furent tués par la police biélorusse durant leur fuite ; en tout  personnes juives(A Minsk se trouve un mémorial des victimes du pogrom dans le ghetto juif).

Le , la communauté villageoise de Kletsk, qui comptait 500 ans d'existence, fut exterminée

400 Juifs tentèrent de fuir, mais seules quelques douzaines réussirent à rejoindre la brigade des partisans sous le commandement du général F. Kapousta. Certains créèrent l'unité de partisan juive qui opéra sous le commandement de Lyova Gilchik dans les bois de Kopil.

25 Juifs restèrent en vie dans le ghetto et attendirent cachés la libération en 1944. Cholom Kholavskiy, un des meneurs du soulèvement du ghetto de Niasvij et participant du mouvement des partisans, écrivit : Je n'affirme pas que chaque Juif du ghetto participa au mouvement clandestin et à la lutte contre l'ennemi, mais personne ne rejettera l'affirmation suivant laquelle toute la vie dans le ghetto était clandestine et résistante. Cette vie fut un héroïsme de masse de la part des Juifs.

En tout, durant l'occupation par les Allemands et les collaborateurs locaux, plus de  Juifs furent tués à Kletsk.

Organisateurs et exécuteurs des massacres

Les noms de quelques participants actifs au massacre des Juifs sont connus : le chef de la gendarmerie de Kletsk, Koch, son adjoint Neumann, les gendarmes Paykhel, Zinger et Knol, le bourgmestre de Kletsk Constantin Novik, l'adjoint du commandant de Kletsk pour la population paysanne Ivan Domienik, le commandant de la police Pavel Grouchkevitch.

En  eut lieu à Kletsk un procès des collaborateurs locaux des nazis qui avaient été capturés. Ainsi fut capturé et jugé Nicolas Zadaline, biélorusse de la région, qui participa aux massacres de masse. Fut jugé et pendu un chef de la police appelé Gourine, reconnu responsable pour la mort de Juifs à Kletsk et à Baranovitch. Il fut recherché et capturé par le docteur Narkonsky, un Juif de Baranavitchy qui s'occupait de la capture d'assassins à titre personnel. De même fut jugé et pendu dans la ville de Vroslav un des principaux criminel, Joseph Gournevitch, qui prit part à des massacres sans fin à Baranavitchy, Horodyszcze, Niasvij, Stowbtsy, Kletsk.

Mémoire

Le , la Commission extraordinaire de l'État soviétique pour le raïon de Kletsk mit au jour 6 fosses communes des années 1941—1942 sur le territoire situé entre le camp militaire et le cimetière de la petite ville. La mesure de la première était de  de long sur  de large ( corps), la seconde de  de long sur  de large ( corps), la troisième  de long sur  de large (720 corps), la quatrième de  de long sur  de large (470 corps), la cinquième de  de long sur  de large (600 corps). Dans la sixième se trouvaient séparément les corps de 48 enfants âgés de 2 mois à 15 ans, qui avaient été, selon les témoins, enterrés vivants. Un autre charnier de  personnes fut découvert à deux kilomètres de Kletsk dans le bois du nom de « Starina ». Selon les conclusions de la commission soviétique la majorité des victimes portaient des noms juifs.

Les émigrés de Kletsk vivant en Israël, aux États-Unis et au Canada, ont fait édifier en 1996 un mémorial aux Juifs victimes de l'époque de la Shoah, sous forme de deux pierres tombales : une à la fosse du cimetière et l'autre dans le bois de « Starina » à proximité de la ville. Sur la première pierre était apposée une épitaphe : « ci-gisent des citoyens soviétiques, morts durant la Grande Guerre patriotique ». Aujourd'hui figure un tableau reprenant en hébreu et en russe l'assassinat des Juifs de Kletsk par les nazis. Sur le second monument est posé un obélisque à la mémoire des Juifs de Kletsk morts dans le ghetto.

Voir aussi

Sources

  Jean-Charles Szurek, Annette Wieviorka : Juifs et Polonais 1939-2008,chapitre : par Andrzej Zbikowski : Le début de la seconde guerre mondiale dans les témoignages de réfugiés juifs des confins de l'Est de la Pologne Kresy. Éditeur : Albin Michel 2009, .
  Справочник о местах принудительного содержания гражданского населения на оккупированной территории Беларуси 1941-1944 (Recueil sur les emplacements de maintien par la force de la population civile de la Biélorussie occupée 1941-1944)
  Leonid Smilovitski, Гетто Белоруссии — примеры геноцида, (из книги «Катастрофа евреев в Белоруссии, 1941—1944 гг.» (Leonid Smilovitsky, Ph. D., Diaspora Research Institute of Tel Aviv University)(Les ghettos biélorusses, exemple de génocide) (Du livre : La Shoah en Biélorussie)
  РЕЭ|15608|Клецк;
  Национальный архив Республики Беларусь (НАРБ). — фонд 845, опись 1, дело 6, лист 39; фонд 845, опись 1, дело 57, лист 28;(Archives nationales de la République Biélorusse).
  Государственный архив Российской Федерации (ГАРФ). — фонд 7021, опись 81, дело 102, листы 51, 53, 57-64 (Archives d'État de la fédération de Russie)
  Зональный государственный архив (ЗГА) в Барановичах, — фонд 616, опись 1, дело 70; (Archives locales de l'État à Baranovitch)
  Архив Yad Vashem, М-33/1159;(Archives de Yad Vashem)
  ГА Минской области, фонд 1039, опись 1, дело 167, лист 31; фонд 1538, опись 1, дело 3, листы 2-5, 44; фонд 1538, опись 1, дело 54, листы 70-86;(Voblast de Minsk fond 1039)

Biographie
 Raul Hilberg, La destruction des Juifs d'Europe I, Édition Gallimard (folio histoire), 2006 .
  Relacja Jankiela Gellera o zagładzie Żydów w Klecku, w: Kleck w czasie wojny, w: Nieświeskie wspomnienia, Warszawa 2001, s. 324 (Kletsk pendant la guerre et souvenirs de Niasvij)
  Leonid Smilovitski, Катастрофа евреев в Белоруссии, 1941—1944 гг., Тель-Авив, 2000.(Leonid Smilovitsky, Ph. D., Diaspora Research Institute of Tel Aviv University) (La Shoah en Biélorussie 1941-1944)
  Yitzhak Arad, Уничтожение евреев СССР в годы немецкой оккупации (1941—1944). Сборник документов и материалов, Jérusalem, édition Yad Vashem, 1991,  (Izaak Arad. Extermination des Juifs d'URSS lors de l'occupation allemande 1941-1944)
  Черноглазова Р. А., Хеер Х.|заглавие=Трагедия евреев Белоруссии в 1941— 1944 гг.: сборник материалов и документов|издание=Изд. 2-е, испр. и доп.|место=Мн.|издательство=Э. С. Гальперин|год=1997|страницы=|страниц=398||тираж=1000 (R.A.Tchernoglasova : la tragédie des Juifs de Biélorussie en 1941-1944).
  Bнница Г. Р., Холокост на оккупированной территории Восточной Беларуси (G.R.Vinnitsa : La Shoah dans les territoires occupés de Biélorussie)
  в «Yad Vashem». Протокол НКВД по процессам против военных преступников.(Protocole du NKVD au procès sur les crimes de guerre) Газета «Слово Польске» 20.10.1947 г. Книга «Борьба за жизнь», издана выходцами из Баранович в Израиле 1992 г.(«Lutte pour la vie» édité par les réfugiés de Baranovitch en Israël en 1992 dans la revue «Slova Polskié») (Archives de Yad Vashem : Protocole du NKVD au procès contre les crimes de guerre)(Leonid Smilovitski, Ph. D., Diaspora Research Institute of Tel Aviv University)
  Холом Холявский, Еврейское сопротивление в гетто и в партизанах. «Ялкут морешет», N 49, ноябрь 1990 г. (Cholom Kholiavskiy, La résistance juive dans le ghetto et chez les partisans)
  Victimes de la grande guerre

Articles connexes
 Ghettos de Biélorussie pendant la Seconde Guerre mondiale
 Résistance juive pendant la Shoah
 Soulèvements de ghettos durant la Seconde Guerre mondiale
 Holocauste en Biélorussie

Liens externes
  The Jews of Kletsk -- Their Destruction and Resistance compilé à partir des mémoires de feu Elimelech Benari par son fils Samuel (2005)
   (Holocaust encyclopedia: la résistance et les soulèvements dans les ghettos).
   Témoignages d'habitants recueillis par l'association Yahad-In Unum
  Клецк: Город без памяти (Kletsk : ville sans mémoire)
  Э. Бенари. Евреи Клецка, их сопротивление и уничтожение (E.Bénari :Les Juifs de Kletsk :résistance et destruction)

Notes et références

Kletsk
Kletsk
Kletsk
Histoire des Juifs en Biélorussie
Histoire des Juifs en Union soviétique
1941
1942
Shoah en Biélorussie

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Opinion: A Pro-Choice Guide to Reducing Abortion Rates
By Alyssa McNerney May 23, 2019	 Verified Research
Bias Meter
+45% Left-Leaning
"Don't Like Abortions? Don't Get One."
If you're unfamiliar with that headline, simply replace the word "abortions" with "guns" and you've got yourself a bit of age-old Republican logic! I've always been perplexed by how easily this sentiment can be applied to ownership of weaponry, but overlooked in regards to ownership of one's body.
Before we break down the opposition, I'd like to go over a few widely-proven and well-researched facts about the constitutional right to choice.
Yes, Abortion is a Right Protected by the Constitution
Exactly 46 years ago (in January of 1973) the U.S. Supreme Court completed its landmark decision of adding the right to seek an abortion to the Constitution. As expected, this addition was met with plenty of pushback from the GOP who continually fight for the following proposals:
To outlaw abortion directly except to save the life of the mother
To extend the constitutional definition of person to all human beings from conception
To give states the power to criminalize abortion
However, for nearly five decades, justices from courts all across the nation have repeatedly halted such proposals before they could become actual legislation. Why? Because the majority agree with the Supreme Court's ruling in Roe v. Wade: the "recognition of the right of the woman to choose to have an abortion before viability and to obtain it without undue interference from that state" (505 U.S. 833, 846).
Additionally, the courts have recognized time and time again that the trimester timeline does not matter. The "line in the sand" when it comes to an individual state's power to prohibit abortion is, again, viability.
Why Viability Matters, and Why Medical Facts Outweigh Pro-Life Opinions
Viability determines the capability of living. Essentially when a fetus is viable, it can survive outside the womb. A fetus pre-viability relies solely on the pregnant person for survival at the cost of their physical and mental health. This pre-viability relationship between a fetus and a pregnant person is arguably identical to almost every parasitic relationship found in nature.
Viability is recognized in Roe v. Wade starting around 24 weeks (it's worth noting that this doesn't mean there is a high chance of survival –– it merely means this is the point at which survival outside the womb even begins to be feasible).
There are numerous studies to confirm this claim, including this one that places viability's beginning at 23 weeks and another that examined viability limits between 20-26 weeks only to discover the same.
Just so we're clear: any pro-life attempt to hijack the narrative of when life begins is scientifically null and void. If the consensus of medical professionals, court justices and individuals who have spent lifetimes studying pregnancy and abortion is that no one can truly assert the specific point at which life begins… I'm still trying to figure out why Chad with a MAGA hat and a business degree thinks he knows any better.
How Pro-Lifers Use Sex as a Fear Tactic to Control Women, Nonbinary, and Trans Individuals
Another major problem with the pro-life movement is its unwavering dedication to the idea that sex is for reproductive purposes only. (In reality, you'll witness men being praised for their sexual explorations while womxn are typically seen as "sluts" or "have no respect for themselves" when they do the same.)
If you really think about it, what exactly is logical about those with a uterus carrying the ideological burden of life vs. choice? Women, nonbinary, and trans individuals can get pregnant (at most!) twice in one year from puberty till menopause, whereas a man could theoretically impregnate multiple womxn every single day for nearly his entire life.
What would happen to abortion rates if vasectomies were a requirement that could only be reversed when a man and his partner were ready to conceive? What if the responsibility of taking birth control was shifted to men?
For those who read the questions above and immediately said, "wow you can't just force something on men and their bodies!" Congrats. You're so close to finally grasping the point.
If you know anything about birth control for womxn, you must be aware that it comes with a never-ending list of side effects AND usually a hefty cost. (Especially when nearly 80% of American workers are living paycheck to paycheck and a lot of us still don't have access to affordable healthcare!)
So, when you insinuate that those with a uterus who "can't afford" or "aren't ready" for a child "should just use birth control" or "shouldn't have sex" what you're actually stating is:
Women, nonbinary, and trans individuals struggling with poverty aren't allowed to have sex
Women, nonbinary, and trans individuals who can't take birth control because of mental and/or physical side effects aren't allowed to have sex
Women, nonbinary, and trans individuals who never want children aren't allowed to have sex
How to Decrease Unwanted Pregnancies and Abortions
Because no form of contraception is 100 percent effective, abortion is a necessary solution to unwanted pregnancy. Meaning if one wishes to eliminate abortion while simultaneously claiming to value freedom, they would focus on solving unwanted pregnancies – NOT dictating the personal choices of women, nonbinary and transgender people.
It takes two seconds to blurt out "adoption"… And another 20 to look up the six-figure number (about 108,000) attached to children waiting to be adopted.
While you're checking out adoption info, it's worth mentioning a few articles that highlight the GOP's recent agenda of banning LGBTQ+ couples from adoption services.
Additionally, there is an undeniable correlation between victims of child sex trafficking and children stuck in our subpar foster care system.
Adoption aside, the pro-lifer's best bet to stop unwanted pregnancy would be to advocate and fight for:
nationally-mandated sexual education courses on reproductive health, consent, etc.
access to affordable healthcare for all, including fully-paid paternity leave
a living wage
funding towards birth control research/normalizing male birth control
It should come as no surprise that teaching abstinence instead of realistic expectations is an underlying reason why the highest rates of teen pregnancy happen in the ultra-conservative "Bible Belt."
The average hospital bill for one birthing procedure can reach up to $50,000 without insurance (and start around $5,000 with insurance). The average annual salary of Americans ages 20-24 is under $28,000 while ages 25-35 is barely $40,000.
Let's also not forget which side of this argument has a habit of shaming those in poverty who do choose life, but require welfare assistance to do so.
Recent advancements in birth control are making it a considerable option for men, although side effects similar to birth control have slowed down the testing process (again, pretty weird those with a uterus were/are just told to deal with such results while cisgender men can use them as an excuse to shirk off responsibility…).
I must end with a final rebuttal to any pro-lifer that made it this far with one argument on their mind: "my tax dollars shouldn't fund abortion!"
They haven't since 1980.
Written ByAlyssa McNerney
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So you're headline is basically bullsh*t. Your "article" just regurgitates the same bullet points that have been thrown around by women for decades since the beginning of the debate. Nowhere do you give any advice in trying to actually reduce the number of abortions, yet you take every opportunity to slam pro-life pundits and their opinions. Also, linking to a story about GOP reps in GA giving ADOPTION AGENCIES (which will always be in regards to Faith based ones, nothing preventing secular ones) the right to refuse adoptions to gay couples is ignorant pandering and a shameful tactic.
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Deseret Book placed eight books online for free download. All of these were 'backlist' titles. This study tracked what happened as a result of those books being available.
For the article, David Wiley and John Hilton III interviewed ten authors who had made some or all of their books available for free on the Internet. Most of the authors they interviewed used Creative Commons licenses.


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Posts Tagged: Climate Change
UC ANR research to determine future climate change impacts today
Scientific evidence of a warming climate in California and across the globe is clear, but the impacts on ecosystems and agriculture are still difficult to predict.
Sophisticated computer models are used to forecast future climate. Understanding that temperature and precipitation levels will change in the future does not tell the full story: UC Agriculture and Natural Resources researchers also want real-world experience under those future conditions.
Moreover, some agricultural operations have higher sensitivity to the changes than others. Rangeland forage is particularly sensitive to climate changes since, unlike irrigated agriculture, ranchers rely solely on precipitation. They have no control over how much and when it rains.
"It's tricky business," said rangeland expert Jeremy James, the director of the UC Sierra Foothill Research and Extension Center in Browns Valley. "It's not easy to forecast. We have to address the uncertainty in a realistic manner."
SFREC director Jeremy James stands next to a small chamber designed to simulate effects of warming air and soil temperatures on rangeland grasses. The poly carbonate hexagons slow rates of heat loss from plots, allowing scientists to artificially warm plants and soils in the chambers. (Photo: Linda Forbes)
Discovering climate change impact on rangeland
In order to study different climate projections on rangeland, James and Maggi Kelly, director of the UC ANR Informatics and Global Information Systems special program, have begun development of a research site that will allow scientists to manipulate the temperature and rainfall on sections of rangeland to understand what would happen under predicted weather scenarios.
The new research facility is currently under construction. (Photo: Linda Forbes)
With a $220,000 National Science Foundation grant, construction is now underway on a four-acre site at the research center that will help scientists learn how temperature and precipitation will impact growth and diversity of forage that ranchers use to raise their livestock.
"We need to know how rangelands will respond when conditions change," James said. "Will we grow more, but dry out earlier? Will we have more medusahead (an undesirable rangeland weed) or more soft chess (a high quality forage)?"
When complete, 16 shelters on steel tracks will be connected to computer systems and hydraulic motors to move them up or down a research plot. The shelters and other equipment will allow scientists to precisely control the amount of precipitation (or irrigation water) that rains onto the plot. Other systems will give researchers control of air temperature.
"This facility isn't designed for one type of research," James said. "It is designed to conduct a wide variety of research by scientists over the next several decades. With this setup, we can look at the effect of climate change on soil biological communities, soil carbon, insect communities, plant-insect interactions and oak seedling recruitment."
The research results from the project should provide ranchers and land managers a better understanding of how climate change may impact agriculture and ecosystem function on rangeland while also providing important information on how to minimize impacts of these changes.
Some aspects of the research facility's development are not covered with funding from the National Science Foundation. The scientists are looking for additional support to complete the project.
For more information, contact James at jjjames@ucanr.edu.
The Sierra Foothill Research and Extension Center is one of nine centers across the state of California UC Agriculture and Natural Resources manages for applied research.
Current work underway at the Sierra Foothill Research and Extension Center
The Sierra Foothill REC, a 5,000-acre facility on the Yuba River, has supported research, education and outreach in the Sierra foothills since 1960. Multiple lines of research are being conducted at SFREC. During a recent workshop, scientists from UC Davis, UC Berkeley and UC Cooperative Extension shared a sampling of their work at SFREC.
UCCE livestock and natural resources advisor Dan Macon described a project aimed at helping ranchers make decisions about maintaining a cattle herd when faced with impending drought. Ranchers are reluctant to sell off their cattle even when the near future weather forecast is dire.
"Science tells us you shouldn't feed your way out of a drought," Macon said. "But you want everything to stay the same. You want to maintain your genetic potential and keep cows that are familiar with the area."
Working with ranchers, the research project will compare management practices to determine the best way forward when the future looks meteorologically bleak.
"We're assigning cows to a traditional weaning and early weaning groups," Macon said. "They'll be out on the range from March to early September under different parameters. We're also tying in economics, the value of genetic potential and the value of having cows who know the landscape."
UCCE advisor Dan Macon, far left with cap, speaks to participants at the workshop.
Research by University of Oregon post doctorate researcher Ashley Shaw is looking into whether compost applied to rangeland will help mitigate climate change by sequestering more carbon, and also benefit forage under drought by increasing the soil's water-holding capacity and improving nutrient delivery.
Preliminary results are promising. A single application of 1/4-inch of compost resulted in forage production that was higher than areas where no amendment was applied and areas that were treated with a chemical fertilizer.
"The biggest impact was under drought shelters," said Shaw, referring to PVC frames that were covered with plastic during rain events to understand the impact of the treatment under dry conditions. "In the drought plots, the areas where compost was applied are staying green longer."
A defining research tool at SFREC is a dataset that includes information on monthly rainfall and forage production going back 40 years.
A review of the data shows surprising variations and correlations at the center, where forage production averages 3,000 pounds per acre, but ranges from about 1,000 pounds per acre in 1987, to over 5,000 pounds per acre in 2018, when there was so much growth, "we didn't have enough animals to graze," James said.
The dataset paints a spectrum of the variation that ranchers across the state must navigate to manage their livestock and rangeland in a way that is profitable and ecologically sound. Research at the Sierra Foothill REC offers invaluable information to help them better understand the ecosystem and make informed decisions.
Posted on Tuesday, May 28, 2019 at 8:36 AM
Author: Jeannette E. Warnert
Tags: climate change (36), Dan Macon (1), Jeremy James (2), rangeland (15), Sierra Foothill Research and Extension Center (2)
Focus Area Tags: Agriculture Environment
UC Cooperative Extension ramps up its climate change response
While scientific reports continue to mount confirming that global climate change is increasing temperatures, causing more frequent weather extremes and raising the sea level in California, UC Cooperative Extension is working to ensure the worst predictions are avoided and California residents and businesses will be able to adapt to the change.
Each year, a diverse group of UC Agriculture and Natural Resources academics and program implementation professionals meet to share and collect the latest climate change experiences, ideas, science and solutions. The team works with farmers across the state to improve production practices and minimize environmental impact, conduct agricultural and natural resources conservation research, and coordinate programs like California Naturalist and UC Master Gardener, which recruit and educate volunteers to reach out to communities statewide to extend research-based information.
A possible climate change outcome in California may be returning farmland to less-intensive uses, such as grazing.
Reaching real people
In 2019, extension practitioners explored new approaches to delivery of information and services. For example, the first speaker addressed the way climate change impacts may be viewed through the lens of African-American or First Nation experiences, influenced by poverty, historical trauma and even spirituality.
Theopia Jackson, clinical psychologist at Saybrook University in Oakland, encouraged the team to consider whether assisting Americans navigating the changing climate or suffering the consequences of extreme weather events have "the bandwidth to take in one more helping hand." Jackson has a long history of providing therapy services, specializing in serving populations coping with chronic illness and complex trauma.
Jackson suggested helpers ask themselves, "Are we inadvertently causing more stress than good? Do I have a sense for what they are already dealing with before bringing something new into the community?"
Jackson said the conversation about climate change in many communities might be more productive focused less on whether climate change exists or not, and instead on how to "join with them around the human experience."
"If I'm trying to 'talk them into it,' I need to step back," Jackson said. "The conversation could be about scarcity or lifestyle. We need to find a way to join and hope they will get it before we've done irreversible damage."
The careful selection of terminology and approach in climate change conversations was also raised by Dan Sonke, director of sustainable agriculture for Campbell's Soup. The company's primary and best-known product is soup, but it owns other familiar brands, including Pepperidge Farms, Snyder Pretzels, Kettle Chips and Emerald Nuts.
In California, Sonke works closely with farmers producing fresh produce to be used in Campbell's products, particularly processing tomatoes. During his career, he also worked in Campbell's marketing, based on its "corporate purpose."
"We make real food for real people," says the Campbell's corporate purpose. "People love that our food fits their real lives, fuels their bodies, and feeds their souls. And they appreciate knowing what goes into our food, and why — so they can feel good about the choices they make, for themselves and their loved ones."
Sonke was hired to increase the use of sustainable farming practices by the company's producers and help farmers apply for grant funding from the state to implement climate-smart irrigation practices. The company was able to track a 20 percent reduction in water use and document a significant reduction in the emission of nitrous oxide, a greenhouse gas. The program is successful, but isn't driving their farmer communications or soup sales, Sonke said.
"Farmers don't think in terms of climate change, but they respond to what they know," Sonke said. "Consumers don't respond to climate change adaptation in terms of what products they buy. They respect sustainability, but have no understanding of 'sustainable agriculture' and 'carbon sequestration.'"
More extreme weather events - such as heavy rain, flooding, cold snaps and heat waves - are expected due to climate change.
Growing UCCE climate mitigation, adaptation and resilience programs
UC ANR is working on new ways to reach out to farmers and the public with information on climate change. Six community education specialists have been hired and four more are being recruited to work in counties around the state to help farmers access programs that will help them reduce greenhouse gas emissions on farms and dairies, build resilience to climate change and increase profit.
The Climate-Smart Farming Program is a collaborative effort with the California Department of Food and Agriculture focused on implementing on-farm solutions to improve soil health, nutrient management, irrigation management, on-farm composting and manure management.
The CDFA programs involved are:
State Water Efficiency and Enhancement Program
Healthy Soils Program
Alternative Manure Management Program
The new community education specialists are already deployed in Mendocino, Glenn, Yolo, Santa Cruz, Ventura and San Diego counties. The four positions under recruitment will serve Imperial, San Joaquin, Fresno and Kern counties. To get information about these programs, contact:
Fresno County, UCCE advisor Dan Munk, dsmunk@ucanr.edu
Glenn County, UCCE advisor Betsy Karle, bmkarle@ucanr.edu
Imperial County, UCCE advisor Oli Bachie, obachie@ucanr.edu
Kern County, UCCE advisor Brian Marsh, bhmarsh@ucanr.edu
Mendocino County, UCCE advisor Glenn McGourty, gtmcgourty@ucanr.edu
San Diego County, UCCE advisor Laurent Ahiablame, lmahiablame@ucanr.edu
San Joaquin County, UCCE advisor Brent Holtz, baholtz@ucanr.edu
Santa Cruz County, UCCE advisor Mark Bolda, mpbolda@ucanr.edu
Ventura County, UCCE advisor Ben Faber, bafaber@ucanr.edu
Yolo County, UCCE advisor Morgan Doran, mpdoran@ucanr.edu
Climate stewards
To reach a broad swath of California residents with research-based information on climate change mitigation and adaptation, UC ANR's California Naturalist program is leveraging its well-established partnerships with formal and informal science education institutions across the state to create a legion of climate stewards. At the team meeting, CalNat coordinator Greg Ira announced that the California Naturalist program has hired an academic coordinator to develop curriculum that will allow existing partners to deliver the material as part of the California Naturalist program. The graduates of this California Naturalist course focused on climate change will be encouraged to engage in volunteer service that helps build community resilience to climate change. These include participation in local adaptation planning efforts, community and citizen science projects, or addressing issues of social justice. The coordinator begins Feb. 19.
Areas where peaches and cherries have flourished in the past may no longer provide adequate winter chilling due to climate change.
Renata Brillinger of the California Climate Action Network shared optimistic thoughts about the opportunities for climate change mitigation, adaptation and resilience. In terms of politics, she said California leadership has accepted climate change as a settled matter and are supportive of programs to address the issue. At the federal level, it is not easy to talk about climate change, but "that will change," she assured.
Brillinger said biodiversification of California is an exciting area for climate change adaptation. Research is needed to understand how to shift crop locations for future production, and determine where, for example, water-intensive crops or orchards with chill requirements should be grown. More information is needed, she said, on how healthy soil will relate to climate resilience in agriculture.
"We have to reinvest in extension and Resource Conservation Districts," Brillinger said.
Other possible climate change outcomes in California may be returning farmland to less-intensive uses, such as grazing. Fallowing land was one way that the agriculture industry coped with the drought of 2011-16, and implementation of the Sustainable Groundwater Management Act – a direct result of the drought – is estimated to take 1 million acres of farmland out of production. This approach won't be a solution for all farmers and ranchers, said David Lile, UC Cooperative Extension natural resources advisor.
"Ranchers and farmers interested in long-term sustainability, keeping the farm in place, will need help to integrate competing forces," Lile said. "Economics will not be the only driving force."
Posted on Sunday, April 21, 2019 at 6:29 PM
Tags: Climate change (36)
Focus Area Tags: Agriculture Natural Resources
New project to build climate resilience through improved land management
ANR is partnering with UC Merced and UC Irvine scientists to develop new tools and methods for better land management.
A $4.6 million grant to UC Merced and UC Irvine will help UC Agriculture and Natural Resources researchers develop new tools and methods for California land owners to better manage the state's forests, shrub lands and grasslands.
California's Strategic Growth Council agreed to fund the Innovation Center for Advancing Ecosystem Climate Solutions, a three-year program co-led by UC Merced Professor Roger Bales and UC Irvine Professor Michael Goulden. The money comes through California Climate Investments, a statewide initiative that puts billions of cap-and-trade dollars to work
The goals include reducing wildfire risk, improving long-term carbon sequestration and bolstering resilience in the face of climate change, with an emphasis on California's rural regions and low-income communities.
"Our part of the project is to work with stakeholders and identify areas where we can focus management practices to promote healthy forests, minimize wildfires, improve water security and increase carbon sequestration," said Toby O'Geen, UC Cooperative Extension soil resource specialist at UC Davis.
"Right now, many of California's forests, shrub lands and grasslands are carbon sources, and we need to change them into carbon sinks," said Bales, director of the Sierra Nevada Research Institute and distinguished professor of engineering. "Our research will address information bottlenecks to guide decision making, build local capacity for science-based land management and develop methods for translating benefits of land restoration into financing for land restoration."
California's recent drought, tree die-offs, wildfires and rising temperatures all point to the necessity of improved forest stewardship, Goulden said.
"Officials in the state government and agencies recognize this need, but uncertainty over how to proceed has sometimes slowed progress," he said.
Most of the work will be conducted by scientists at Merced and Irvine, but collaborators from UC Berkeley, UC Davis, Stanford University, San Diego State University and the University of California Division of Agricultural and Natural Resources, as well as state agencies, will play important roles.
"This research will enable UC Cooperative Extension advisors to provide better advice to land managers to reduce the severity of wildfires," said Glenda Humiston, UC vice president for agriculture and natural resources. "Severe wildfires are not only releasing greenhouse gases, but polluting the air of many communities, aggravating the health of people in less-affluent, inland areas such as Tulare, Yuba and Mariposa counties."
At UC Merced, an interdisciplinary group of researchers from two departments — Civil & Environmental Engineering and Management of Complex Systems — will collaborate with UC Cooperative Extension and engage with local stakeholders. The group will study and identify the most-effective land-management practices, in terms of water conservation, forest health, fire resistance and carbon capture.
"We will develop the spatial data and analysis tools to plan landscape restoration, develop local capacity for better managing the state's wildlands in a warming climate, and enumerate the greenhouse gas and other benefits from investments in land management," Bales said.
Goulden, professor of Earth systems science, said UC Irvine researchers will use a big-data approach to analyze observations collected by satellites since the 1980s to measure the efficacy of thousands of past and ongoing forest treatments, while UC Merced takes a different approach.
"We will work with groups in rural communities to systematically evaluate how well, or poorly, our products can support decision making," Bales said, "and then develop both implementation pathways and policy recommendations to better and more-quickly implement landscape-restoration and carbon-capture projects across the state."
Because there are critical gaps in the understanding of carbon cycles, uptake by forests and negative feedback from climate change, this project initiative has been established to develop new knowledge through measurements and modeling. Researchers will synthesize the resulting data to produce actionable information for stakeholders.
Bales and Goulden agreed the Innovation Center will target low-risk, high-yield opportunities to reduce California's greenhouse-gas contributions.
Just a small improvement in management efficiency will have meaningful benefits — on the order of several million metric tons of CO2 per year, Goulden said.
The program will also benefit low-income communities in the state by reducing wildfire risk, which disproportionately impacts poorer areas in California; by maintaining water quantity through better vegetation management; by fostering tourism in disadvantaged locales; and by preparing students in these areas for careers in sustainability and climate resilience.
Posted on Thursday, February 7, 2019 at 11:57 AM
Author: Pamela Kan-Rice
Tags: Climate Change (36), forests (3), land management (3), Toby O''Geen (2)
Focus Area Tags: Environment Natural Resources
UC Cooperative Extension works in local communities to help Californians adapt to climate change
Californians received bleak news last month when the state released its fourth assessment of climate change in California. The report predicts severe wildfires, more frequent and longer droughts, rising sea levels, increased flooding, coastal erosion and extreme heat.
"It's great to be living in a state where science and facts around climate change are valued," said UC Cooperative Extension specialist Adina Merenlender, "but the recent forecasts may make you want to devour a quart of ice cream in a pool of salty tears."
Modern civilization has changed the world climate, and even dramatic reductions in global greenhouse gas emissions at this point won't turn back the clock. The warming now predicted by Cal-Adapt is likely already "baked in," even with our best mitigation efforts, said Igor Lacan, UC Cooperative Extension advisor in the Bay Area of California.
UCCE specialist Ted Grantham is the lead author of the Fourth Climate Assessment's North Coast Region Report.
Although the changes can't be reversed, people and communities can take several measures to prevent even greater warming – mostly by reducing the use of fossil fuels – and adapt to the changing environment. In fact, researchers are already helping California adapt to the warmer, more variable and extreme weather expected in the next 100 years.
California has been a leader in facing the future climate head on. The state's first comprehensive assessment on climate change was produced in 2006 under then-Gov. Arnold Schwarzenegger. The second assessment, released in 2009, concluded that adaptation could reduce economic impacts of loss and damage from a changing climate. The third assessment was shaped by a request for more information on the adaptation options in the 2009 report. The fourth assessment was the first effort to break down global climate predictions and their impacts onto specific regions of California.
Author of the North Coast Region Report of the Fourth Assessment, Ted Grantham, praised state leaders for pushing forward efforts to slow climate change and adapt to the new weather conditions expected in California.
"California is playing a unique role in filling the void of leadership on this issue that the federal government was beginning to address under the Obama administration," Grantham, a UC Cooperative Extension specialist based at UC Berkeley, said.
Across California, UC Cooperative Extension specialists and advisors are working in their local communities to prepare for warming temperatures and adapt to the changing climate. Following are examples of the efforts now underway.
Following years of drought, millions of trees succumbed to bark beetles in the Sierra Nevada.
Managing forests to survive the future
Among the suggested adaptation strategies in the 81-page North Coast Region Report, written by Grantham and his colleagues, the authors encourage government agencies and private forest owners to use prescribed fires and active forest management to reduce an overgrowth of trees and shrubs that fuel the more frequent and intense fires expected in the future.
Although climate change will create conditions conducive to catastrophic wildfire, the reason for dangerous forest overgrowth is related to decades of fire suppression on the landscape.
"Our forests are much denser and have more fuel buildup than they would have under a natural fire regime," Grantham said. "Mechanical thinning, removing wood from the landscape and prescribed fires can help limit the impacts of wildfire."
Native American tribes are being tapped to share their traditional ecological knowledge to inform this practice.
"Native Americans have used fire since time immemorial to manage their landscapes," Grantham said.
Plants and wildlife, like this mountain lion, will need to find natural corridors to migrate into areas with suitable climates. (Photo: National Park Service)
Connecting habitats to allow species movement
When climate changes, plant and animal species may find their current habitats no longer fit the environment where they evolved. The fourth assessment technical report, Climate-wise Landscape Connectivity: Why, How and What Next, written by UCCE specialist Adina Merenlender, documented potential techniques to erase barriers to plant and animal movement.
"When we talk about wildlife corridors today, we might view a road as a barrier," Merenlender said. "With climate change, the movement is over a much longer range for species to find suitable habitat at the end of the century."
The report says research is needed to compare different approaches to designing climate-wise connectivity, determining how wide corridors need to be, and quantifying the impact of natural and anthropogenic barriers on possible range shifts.
The Italian grape variety falanghina could be a sought-after white wine varietal in the future. (Photo: Wikimedia Commons)
New varieties for California wine industry
California's wine industry is based on international varieties that come from Northern France, where the climate is cool, mild and consistent.
"They really require a cool to warm climate, not a hot climate," said Glenn McGourty, UCCE viticulture advisor in Mendocino County.
There are many wine grape cultivars from Southern Europe – areas in Italy, Portugal and Spain – that are adapted to heat and make quality wines, but aren't well known. The varieties include Monepulciano, Sagrantino, Periquita and Graciano.
McGourty is studying how these cultivars perform in the warm interior of Mendocino County at the UC Hopland Research and Extension Center.
"We have many options as climates warm in the interior part of California to make wine that needs less amelioration in the winery compared to cultivars from Northern France," McGourty said.
Recruiting and training climate stewards
The UC California Naturalist Program is moving full steam ahead with a new Climate Stewards Initiative to build engaged communities and functioning ecosystems that are resilient to changing climates.
California Naturalist, with trained volunteers across the state working with myriad conservation organizations, will be using its educational network to improve the public's understanding of climate change and engage the public in community action and local conservation.
"Climate stewards will offer in-person communication with your neighbors, tapping into science," Merenlender said. "Improving climate literacy is an important outcome, but that won't happen through a website."
Volunteer UC California Naturalists will be recruited to engage the public in climate change resilience.
Helping growers modify farming practices due to changing climate
USDA Climate Hub has awarded a grant to UC Cooperative Extension to support tools to assist growers in making strategic decisions in season and long term.
"We have many credible sources of weather and climate data, but often times we are challenged with translating it into decision support tools tailored to growers' needs," said Tapan Pathak, UCCE specialist in climate change adaptation in agriculture. "It's too early to say which specific tools we will develop, but we are aiming to help farmers use weather and climate information in decision making processes."
Pathak is also working with colleagues to analyze how generations of navel orangeworm, a significant almond pest, might shift for the entire Central Valley under climate change and how growers can adapt their practices to manage the higher pest pressure.
Identifying drought tolerance in sorghum may help scientists impart drought tolerance in other crops. (Photo: Peggy Lemaux)
Using epigenetics to impart drought tolerance
At the UC Kearney Agricultural Research and Extension Center in Parlier and the UC West Side Research and Extension Center in Five Points, sorghum nurseries are being grown under drought and well-watered conditions to compare the environmental impacts on the plants' gene expression.
"We hope to tease out the genetics of drought tolerance in sorghum," said Jeff Dahlberg, UCCE specialist, who is managing the trials at Kearney. "Using sorghum as a model, we expect this research to help us understand drought tolerance in other crops as well."
Historically, the genetic manipulation of crops, which has been critical to increasing agricultural productivity, has concentrated on altering the plant's genetic sequence, encoded in its DNA.
Recent studies have shown that environmental stresses – such as drought – can lead to epigenetic changes in a plant's genetic information. Because epigenetic changes occur without altering the underlying DNA sequence, they allow plants to respond to a changing environment more quickly.
Read more about the study.
Cities can plant street tree species suited to future climate
Many common street trees now growing in the interior of California are unlikely to persist in the warmer climate expected in 2099, according to research published in the July 2018 issue of the journal Urban Forestry & Urban Greening. (Read the research report here until Sept. 27, 2018)
"Urban foresters in inland cities of California should begin reconsidering their palettes of common street trees to prepare for warmer conditions expected in 2099 due to climate change," said the study's co-author, Igor Lacan, UC Cooperative Extension environmental horticulture advisor in the Bay Area.
Common trees in Coastal California cities appear to be better suited to withstand the 2099 climate.
"Our research shows that some trees now lining the streets of cities like Fresno, Stockton and Ukiah are likely to perform poorly in 2099," Lacan said. "Those cities need to look at the conditions – and trees – now found in El Centro, Barstow and Fresno respectively."
Read more about the study and see a chart that shows cities in 16 California climate zones along with the corresponding cities that approximate their climates in 2099.
Cities in inland areas can begin planting street trees that are suited to their future climates.
Trees to shade California in a warmer future
The changing climate predicted for California – including less rain and higher day and nighttime temperatures – is expected to cause chronic stress on many street tree species that have shaded and beautified urban areas for decades.
Realizing that popular trees may not thrive under the changing conditions, UC Cooperative Extension scientists are partnering with the U.S. Forest Service in a 20-year research study to expand the palette of drought-adapted, climate-ready trees for several of the state's climate zones.
"The idea is to look at available but under-planted, drought-tolerant, structurally sound, pest resistant trees for Southern California that do well in even warmer climates," said Janet Hartin, UCCE horticulture advisor in San Bernardino County.
Twelve tree species were selected for each climate zone in the comparative study, with several area parks used as control sites.
Read more about this study
Managing the forest for survival in warmer conditions
UC Cooperative Extension scientists are part of a collaborative research project with the University of Nevada, Reno, CAL FIRE and the U.S. Forest Service aimed at developing new strategies to adapt future forests to a range of possible climate change scenarios in the Sierra Nevada.
"It includes the idea that we may be struggling just to keep forests as forests, let alone having the species we value," said Rob York, manager of UC Berkeley's Blodgett Forest Research Station near Georgetown.
Forests sequester a tremendous amount of carbon. As the climate changes, foresters will need to be proactive to reduce the risk of these massive carbon sinks becoming carbon sources.
"We're working to mitigate predicted impacts to forests, including regeneration failures, drought mortality and catastrophic wildfire," Ricky Satomi, UCCE natural resources advisor in Shasta County.
At three separate study sites across the Sierra Nevada, novel approaches to forest management are being implemented to develop treatments that scientists believe will increase resilience, resistance and adaptability of Sierra Nevada mixed conifer forests.
The 2018-21 project is led by Sarah Bisbing, forest ecology professor at the University of Nevada, Reno, and funded with $2.7 million from CAL FIRE.
Climate change impacts on vulnerable communities
The latest climate assessment also reports on the serious nature of climate threats to vulnerable communities and tribal communities in California, with a focus on working collaboratively with these communities on research and solutions for resilience.
"The impacts of climate change will not be experienced equally among the population," Grantham said. "The most significant public health and economic impacts – from flooding, extreme heat, air quality degradation, etc. – will be disproportionately experienced by vulnerable populations, including people of color, the poor and the elderly."
The assessment includes a Climate Justice Report, which shares the idea that no group of people should disproportionately bear the burden of climate impacts or the costs of mitigation and adaptation. The report suggests collaborating with these communities on research and solutions for resilience.
Posted on Wednesday, September 12, 2018 at 1:33 PM
Tags: Adina Merenlender (7), Climate Change (36), Igor Lacan (3), Janet Hartin (3), Jeff Dahlberg (7), Ricky Satomi (1), Rob York (3), Sarah Bisbing Glenn McGourty (1), Tapan Pathak (2), Ted Grantham (4)
UC ANR scientists contribute to California's Fourth Climate Change Assessment
The California Natural Resources Agency released California's Fourth Climate Change Assessment today (Monday, Aug. 27), at http://www.ClimateAssessment.ca.gov. UC Agriculture and Natural Resources scientists contributed substantially to the report.
The Fourth Assessment is broken down into nine technical reports on the following topics:
Biodiversity and habitat
Forests and wildlife
Ocean and coast
Projects, datasets and tools
The technical reports were distilled into nine regional reports and three community reports that support climate action by providing an overview of climate-related risks and adaptation strategies tailored to specific regions and themes.
The regional reports cover:
North Coast Region
Sacramento Valley Region
San Francisco Bay Area Region
Sierra Nevada Region
San Joaquin Valley Region
Central Coast Region
Inland South Region
The community reports focus on:
The ocean and coast
Tribal communities
All research contributing to the Fourth Assessment was peer-reviewed.
UC Cooperative Extension ecosystem sciences specialist Ted Grantham – who works in the Department of Environmental Science, Policy and Management at UC Berkeley – is the lead author of the 80-page North Coast Region Report. Among the public events surrounding the release of the Fourth Assessment is the California Adaptation Forum, Aug. 27-29 in Sacramento. For more information, see http://www.californiaadaptationforum.org/. Grantham is a speaker at the forum.
Other UC ANR authors of the North Coast Region Report are:
Lenya Quinn-Davidson, UC Cooperative Extension area fire advisor for Humboldt, Siskiyou, Trinity and Mendocino counties
Glenn McGourty, UC Cooperative Extension viticulture and plant science advisor in Mendocino and Lake counties
Jeff Stackhouse, UC Cooperative Extension livestock and natural resources advisor for Humboldt and Del Norte counties
Yana Valachovic, UC Cooperative Extension forest advisor for Humboldt and Del Norte counties
UC Cooperative Extension fire specialist Max Moritz contributed to sections of the main report on Forest Health and Wildfire and to the San Francisco Bay Area Report.
UC ANR lead authors of technical reports were:
Economic and Environmental Implications of California Crop and Livestock Adaptations to Climate Change, Daniel Sumner, director of UC ANR's Agricultural Issues Center
Climate-wise Landscape Connectivity: Why, How and What Next, Adina Merenlander, UC Cooperative Extension specialist
Visualizing Climate-Related Risks to the Natural Gas System Using Cal-Adapt, Maggi Kelly, UC Cooperative Extension specialist
Dan Stark, staff research associate for Humboldt and Del Norte counties, contributed to the pest section of Fuel Treatment for Forest Resilience and Climate Mitigation: A Critical Review for Coniferous Forests of California.
Posted on Monday, August 27, 2018 at 3:23 PM
Author: Jeannette Warnert
Tags: Adina Merenlender (7), Climate Change (36), Dan Stark (1), Daniel Sumner (2), Glenn McGourty (3), Jeff Stackhouse (1), Lenya Quinn-Davidson (5), Maggi Kelly (5), Max Moritz (3), Ted Grantham (4), Yana Valachovic (7)
Focus Area Tags: Environment


A year later we return to Carmel to try again. This time , after much searching, we purchase "the last good deal" in Carmel….. a 1948 bungalow with a floor furnace, old wiring, stinky carpet and a whopping 900 sq. ft. of living space. Carmel-by-the Sea allows a maximum of 1600 sq. feet for homes on the small lots.
The cost is identical to the 3,000 sq. ft. home we own in Kansas City. But it is 5 blocks from the beach and 3 blocks from town with its 50 great restaurants and boutique shopping.
We put in hard word floors, cover every surface with fresh paint and buy new furniture which we load up and drive 3,000 miles from KC to Carmel. And we have never been sorry. This is a unique little fairy tale town.
The town's character is formed in part by the natural beauty of the Pacific Coast, in part by the vision of developer Frank Devendorf, in part by the artists who moved here from San Francisco and in part by the "builder of dreams" Hugh Comstock.
I love Carmel and your photos are great. I just wish they were bigger. I've gone back into some of my older posts and in edit I just click on them and choose large or ex-large. I think I want to move. Any deals left? I'll start packing.


When the user is prompted to select a compatible unit (CU), the Add Non-GIS CUs button is also enabled. This allows the user to add non-GIS CUs. The user will be prompted to select a CU or add non-GIS CUs only if the template favorite is placed with a design open. All features placed on the map when the template favorite is placed are added to the open design.
Click the Add Non-GIS CUs button to display the following screen.
Select a non-GIS CU from the list. Use the Ctrl key or Shift key to select multiple non-GIS CUs. The CUs are listed in alphabetical order.
Enter a value in the Quantity field. You may send multiple non-GIS CUs to the same CU or to multiple CUs.
Click Apply to add the non-GIS CUs and retain the Select Non-GIS CUs dialog. Click OK to add the CUs and dismiss the dialog. Click Cancel to dismiss the dialog without adding the CUs.
You can click Finish to complete placement of the template favorite, accepting as many defaults as possible. ArcFM will prompt you for any required actions.


text:
Stockland.com.au Corporate
About Stockland
Performance FY19
Working at Stockland
Securityholder Information
Unlisted Property Funds
Empowering residents in the war on waste
Creating and shaping sustainable, resilient communities that thrive now and into the future means we need to put our customers at the heart of our decisions, involving them in the process from start to finish. In our residential developments, we are empowering residents in their communities to make a tangible different in fighting the war on waste, with three new initiatives at Highlands.
The O Initiative - a global movement providing water refill fountains which double as a work of art.
O fountains are beautifully designed sculptures that provide filtered water, to encourage the use of reusable bottles. At Stockland Highlands, we invited local artists to express their interest in transforming a blank O Initiative fountain into a piece of art, with community members voting on their favourite design. Artwork submissions were required to align with Stockland's core values, and make reference to themes of community, health, environment and conservation.
James Westh, Project Director, said the Highlands O fountain would encourage conversation and community engagement at Highlands, while providing a platform for a local artist to showcase their work. "The concept of the O Fountain is to encourage residents and visitors to use refillable water bottles or top-up dog bowls when they are out, to help reduce the need for single use plastic water bottles that end up in landfill and pollute our oceans and waterways."
The first O initiative refill station at a Stockland community will be installed at the new Sustainable Park in Spring 2019, with more planned for roll-out during FY20.
Compost Revolution - delivering composting gear to the doors of our residents
Since 2012, over 42,000 households across Australia have joined the Compost Revolution by diverting their food scraps from landfill, diverting an average of 2.3kg of food waste per household per week. Not only has this saved an estimated $2.1 million in waste collection costs for councils and ratepayers, but has also prevented over 18,000 tonnes of greenhouse gases being released into the atmosphere in the form of methane (which drives climate change 25 times faster than carbon dioxide).
We are joining forces with Compost Revolution as part of a 12 month pilot, providing residents in our communities the opportunity to obtain free equipment to begin their composting journey. Residents at Elara and Altrove (NSW), Cloverton (Vic) and Calleya (WA) will have the opportunity to sign up for a product of their choice and an online tutorial program to provide education and support along the journey to reducing both food wastage and their carbon footprint.
Terracycle – solutions for 'hard to recycle' items
When a resident in our 6 Star Green Star Community at Cloverton (Vic) asked our team whether we could explore TerraCycle as a recycling option, we didn't hesitate. TerraCycle is an organisation that through a variety of recycling platforms, help find solutions for almost all waste. Our Cloverton residents completed a survey to determine the top ten items that they would like to see recycled, with top answers including toothpaste tubes, coffee pods, and batteries.
A prototype design is now underway to provide residents with a simple and easy way to drop off such items. Once a box is filled, it is shipped to TerraCycle who ensure the items are appropriately recycled, such as being 'upcycled' into new products. The unit will be launched in late 2019, with an opportunity for residents to earn TerraCycle points which are redeemable for charitable gifts, TerraCycle products, or a donation to a school or non-profit of the community's choice.


MELBOURNE, Fla. (WOFL FOX 35) - The Melbourne Police Department is searching for a man who is suspected of exposing himself in a lewd manner, as well as a sexual battery.
Officers said there have been three incidents of exposure and one incident of sexual battery. All occurred between August 31 and September 19, in the area of Babcock Street north of Nasa Blvd., in and around the Indian River Bluffs neighborhood. However, it remains unclear if all the incidents are connected to one suspect.
Police on Monday released a sketch of a suspect, based on an indecent exposure incident on Sept. 15.
Any witnesses to these cases or any related and yet unreported incidents are asked to contact the Criminal Investigations Division of the Melbourne Police Department at (321) 608-8477.


WATCH ABOVE: In the 2018 Alberta budget, the province announced $400 million for 20 new school projects across the province. Two brand new schools will be built in Edmonton. The city will also see one school upgraded. Kim Smith has the details.
The Alberta government announced almost $393 million for 20 school projects across the province as part of its 2018 budget.
On Friday, the province announced the list of new and modernized projects, which includes three in Edmonton.
"These projects are a mix of new schools in fast-growing urban centres, replacement schools to revitalize communities and to provide that update infrastructure and modernizations to keep students and spaces to meet their learning needs," Education Minister David Eggen said.
In Edmonton, a new Francophone K-6 school on the northeast end, École À la Découverte, and a new K-9 school in the southwest community of Heritage Valley will be built, while a spokesperson for the Emonton Public School Board said four schools in the Westlawn area will be replace with two new buildings.
Eggen said providing École À la Découverte students a permanent school will be a boost for Edmonton's francophone community.
"This school has been moved in three different buildings in the past 10 years," Eggen said.
The chair of the Edmonton Public School Board said she was "delighted" with Friday's announcements even if there's still more new schools she will continue to push for.
"We were pleased about the announcement, [even if] it wasn't the high school announcement we were hoping for," Michelle Draper said. "We understand it's a tough budget, there were only 20 schools announced throughout the province.
Draper added the Westlawn modernization announcement pleased her.
Draper added the EPSB will continue to push for a new high school in The Meadows, but the district will make do with what it has in the meantime.
"The reality is, by 2022-23, we're going to have a shortage of space. We're looking for alternatives," she said. "There's lots of ways that we're going to create opportunities for students to take online learning, maybe summer school, night school, work with start times.
Four schools in communities surrounding Edmonton are also on the list of projects.
Upgrades will be done at Sherwood Park's Ecole Pere Kenneth Kearns Catholic school, St. Albert's Paul Kane High School, Stony Plain's Central School and Beaumont's École Secondaire Beaumont Composite High School.
"These new schools are backstops to continue funding enrolment growth which will add 600 teachers and 300 new support workers to Alberta's classrooms," Alberta Finance Minister Joe Ceci said.
In Grande Prairie, a new K-9 school named O'Brien Lake West will be built.
Also, Father Lacombe Catholic School in Lacombe will be modernized.
Construction on the schools could start as early as next year, according to the province.
"Our aim is to have these schools built quickly, built on budget and built to meet the needs of students, families, communities that will use them for many decades in the future," Eggen said.
Edmonton Catholic Schools said it was disappointed to hear a new Catholic school was not on the province's list. Board chair Terry Harris said the district thought it would have at least one, if not two, projects on the list.
"We were surprised, very concerned, very disappointed," Harris said, adding enrolment has increased by 30 per cent over the last 10 years.
"As a percentage of our growth, we've received the fewest number of additional student spaces. I think the deficiency is somewhere in the area of about 2,500 student spaces – the equivalent of about three to four schools.
Harris said the board's top priority was a new school in the Keswick neighbourhood, in the far southwest. A high school completion centre in Lewis Farms and a new high school in Heritage Valley rounded out the top three priorities.
"Our students are packed in non-classroom spaces," Harris said. "These spaces include libraries, hallways, gymnasiums.
Harris said the board has reached out to the education minister to set up a meeting to discuss the "desperate need" for new student spaces.
"Albertans will appreciate the government's commitment to funding enrolment growth, building new schools and tackling student hunger," Alberta Teachers' Association president Greg Jeffrey said in an emailed statement.
With files from Caley Ramsay and Phil Heidenreich, Global News.


text:
Q: Check if all elements from one array are in the second array c# How can I check if all the elements from one array are in another array? I have a 2d array with 3 arrays in it,and I want to check all of those 3 arrays if they have all the elements from allnumbers. array1=allnumbers ? array2=allnumbers ? array1=allnumber2 ? I need to return true if at least one contains all the elements from allnumbers. I have the code bellow,but I need it not to contain more than 3 control flow statements.
// int[,][] array = {array1, array2, array3}
static bool CheckLine(int[,][] array)
        {
            const int maxL = 9;
            bool result = false;
            int[] allnumbers = { 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 };
            foreach (var singlearray in array)
            {
                int[] arr = singlearray;
                int p = 0;
                foreach (var num in allnumbers)
                {
                    foreach (var arraynumber in singlearray)
                    {
                        if (arraynumber == num)
                        {
                            p++;
                        }
                    }

                    if (p == maxL)
                    {
                        result = true;
                        break;
                    }
                }
            }

            return result;
        }

A: If the values in your array are unique, and you don't care about the order they're in, this is a job for HashSet.  (In other words, if your arrays contain sets of numbers you can treat them as sets.) Here's the basic outline of comparing sets.
var allnumbersSet = new HashSet<int>(allnumbers);
var allnumbers2Set= new HashSet<int>(allnumbers2);

if (allnumbersSet.IsSupersetOf(allnumbers2Set)) {
   /* everything in allnumbers2 is also in allnumbers1 */
}

The people who put together DotNet did a really good job creating and optimizing those collection classes; you can use them with confidence to get good performance.

A: It seems, that you have two-dimensional jagged array. You can simplify your code by using Except and check the difference between allnumbers array and single row at every loop iteration.
static bool CheckLine(int[,][] array)
{
    int[] allnumbers = { 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 };
    foreach (var singlearray in array)
    {
        var diff = allnumbers.Except(singlearray);
        if (!diff.Any())
        {
            return true;
        }
    }

    return false;
}

If there is no elements in a difference, it'll mean that single item from source 2D array has all elements from allnumbers array.
Example of the usage
var array = new int[2, 2][];
array[0, 0] = new[] { 1, 2, 8 };
array[0, 1] = new[] { 3, 4, 5, 6 };
array[1, 1] = new[] { 3, 2, 1, 4, 5, 7, 6, 10, 9, 8 };
array[1, 0] = new[] { 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 };

CheckLine(array);

The last two items satisfy the condition, execution will break and return true for { 3, 2, 1, 4, 5, 7, 6, 10, 9, 8 } array. Also don't forget to add using System.Linq directive at the top of file

A: Thank you for your help. I forgot to mention that I can use only "using System;"

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
package example.service;

import example.repo.Customer1134Repository;

import org.springframework.stereotype.Service;

@Service
public class Customer1134Service {
	public Customer1134Service(Customer1134Repository repo) {}
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
World: They survived Paris terror attack to face agony, doubt
They were creatures, a significant number of them say. Prey that had lost all feeling of time. Focuses on at this point not human to either their trackers or themselves.
For over about fourteen days, survivors from the Bataclan show lobby in Paris have affirmed in an exceptionally planned court about the Islamic State gathering's assaults on Nov. 13, 2015 — the deadliest in current France. The declaration denotes whenever numerous survivors first are portraying — and realizing — what precisely happened that evening at the Bataclan, filling in the bits of a riddle that is coming to fruition as they talk.
Altogether, 130 individuals kicked the bucket that evening at the Bataclan, at France's public arena and in neighborhood cafés and bars. Hundreds more were harmed in body and soul, 90 of them at the Bataclan, in the three-hour series of assaults.
Each of the nine assailants passed on. The last one standing of the IS cell, who escaped the city after his self destruction vest broke down, is among the 14 men being investigated.
The evening of Nov. 13, the American stone gathering Eagles of Death Metal was playing to a full house in the celebrated show lobby in Paris. Clarisse, then, at that point, 24, was in the coatroom, preparing to run out for lagers. At the point when the shooting began at the passageway at 9:47 p.m., there was just one spot to go: Back inside, into the dance pit.
However, the shooters followed not far behind.
"Also, I'm prepared," Clarisse says. "I'm hoping to have chance toward the back. Also, I think, will it hurt? Will I pass out? Bite the dust right away?"
Edith was at the bar close to steps driving down toward the pit. She took a flight of stairs on a nature she portrays as "something creature, practically reptilian." She, as essentially every other survivor, didn't need her last name to be freely delivered.
In the overhang, she plunged underneath a lawn seat. A monster of a man lay close to her.
At first the terminating came in quite a while.
"Then, at that point, each in turn it starts. A cry. A shot. A telephone ringing. A shot. Somebody arguing. A shot. There is no chance to get out," Edith tells the adjudicators, her hands winding as she pulls rings off her fingers and replaces them individually.
Thibault and his better half were close to the stage, on the ground. He looked behind him and saw one of the shooters. "His face is revealed and I comprehend that he won't escape," he says. "What's more, it's at that point that I comprehend that I will kick the bucket."
His limited consolidation: "Basically I'm not going to leave a vagrant."
At this point, around five minutes after the three shooters burst into the Bataclan, the floor was wet with blood. The shooters appeared to move away, and individuals flooded toward the stage.
Clarisse was among handfuls to take a back flight of stairs up to the furthest extent that they could go. They wound up in an impasse room with a latrine in the corner. She remained on the latrine and crushed at the roof, getting through to a growl of electric wires and fiberglass.
Thibault and his better half, Anne-Laure, joined the group yet neglected to focus on one another running higher up. The lines broke and water began flooding the room. All things considered, many individuals got on the latrine and afterward came to down from the unfinished plumbing space for somebody underneath.
Anne-Laure didn't. "I escaped for a concealing space like a creature," she affirmed. "I was so furious with myself concerning that a while later."
Many injured dead actually lay in the pit. Among them were Pierre-Sylvain and his sweetheart. He felt a blaze at the main explosion of gunfire and realized he was hit, as was she.
"The whole pit was canvassed in bodies, and you were unable to separate the living from the dead. I was in a show corridor however what I had before me was a mass grave." He ventured over the bodies, on the bodies, to get out.
Pierre-Sylvain acknowledged really at that time that he'd been shot through the face. The slug left underneath his eye.
The initial two officials showed up at 9:56 p.m., equipped just with handguns. One of them hit an aggressor, and his self destruction vest exploded.
"Bits of tissue fell on me were that were our abuser's, and quills, I envision, from his coat," says Amandine, who was on the floor.
Edith, concealed underneath an overhang seat, was cleared around 11:30 p.m. Those in the overhang strolled down single-record, past the pit and the bar, driven by a cop who told them, don't look. It was inconceivable not to.
"The sheer volume of this load of bodies that two hours prior were moving," she says, attempting pointlessly to stop the shaking of her hands.
Higher up, the two excess aggressors gathered together 11 people into a restricted corridor. They requested one of the prisoners to sit with his back to the entryway and portray the casualties outside groaning in torment.
The shooters began arrangements with police utilizing one of the prisoner's telephones. The police then, at that point, pushed in a gigantic 90-kilogram (200-pound) dark safeguard impenetrable to Kalashnikov shots, as large as the actual entryway. It wavered on the means and fell on a lady.
One of the aggressors purged his clasp, and the other exploded himself in the back flight of stairs. The whole structure shook. The two aggressors were dead; and each of the 11 prisoners were alive. It was 12:18 a.m.
Individually, the previous prisoners were driven away through the pit first floor. As they strolled through the bodies, David pondered in torment "did I work together? Did I partake?"
It took over an hour for police to discover the survivors concealed in storerooms, on the rooftop. Those in the roof were the last to come out.
The appointed authority inquires as to whether she understood she had saved many lives that evening.
"So I'm told. However, I genuinely don't understand it. As far as I might be concerned, it was impossible to bite the dust without doing all that I could to get out."
Thibault, who acknowledges her for saving him, portrays getting back to his humankind as he left the structure. However, he adds, "The feeling of responsibility is incredibly solid. For what reason did I endure when so many didn't?"
Edith likewise says her declaration feels practically ill-conceived for leaving the Bataclan alive and genuinely safe. However, that evening left her a shell of the lady she used to be. Among the numerous tattoos that enlace her appendages is one of the Bataclan, to her left side lower arm.
"We are as yet caught in Nov. 13," she says.
Cricket: It should be spinners World Cup says Rashid Khan
Hollywood Dave Chapelle special spurs Netflix walkout Trans lives matter


When the oil is being obtained from the planet, wells are needed. The action of good drilling, nonetheless, will just take place on a website which has been selected as a place for oil. Geologists who specialize in this particular field typically use a seismograph, along with other equipment types, to establish the geological structure of the soil being investigated.
A well which is drilled in the proper location will likely then be utilized for production. Nevertheless, things that are certain need to be done to make sure that the well doesn't collapse. A well by itself, although it might be cut through rock or any other sturdy information, won't be powerful enough. A good casing is thus used-to help support the sides of the gap. Casings will be when compared with the spine of a man. Just like the backbone shields the spinal cord, a casing provides help to a properly.
Rather an intricate operation is utilized to case a very well, but those more experienced are able to finish the process in a quick time. Tubing, or pipes made of metal, will be positioned alongside the internal walls of the well. The pipes that are being used are fastened to the well with cement. Cement is going to fill the spaces between the walls and also the tubing of the well.
The kind of casing used will primarily depend on the structure and level of the well. A fairly easy metal pipe which extends from the top on the bottom part of the gap might be properly utilized for smaller wells, nonetheless, most wells require much more complex casings for much better support. Wells viewed as particularly unstable, and people who might have pressure troubles requires numerous pipes of various widths. The pipes at the end are narrower than anyone at the top.
Because you have pipes of various diameters, you can find several sections within one casing. These sections may, in addition, be called joints, and each is usually approximately forty foot in length. The pipes that's all screwed together form what is referred to as a casing string.
The piping within the casing string is in a position to fit together tightly since they've female and male threads that interlock. A thread protector is another element of the casing pipes, and also it offers the objective of saving the male threads. To make sure that the threads are nicely secured, a thread combination is utilized.
A good casing is going to begin at the bottom part of the bore end and hole at the top part, where its whole fat is transferred to casing hangars. The joints are linked 1 by one, and they get steadily wider as they close to the surface area. After the pipes are put into position, a cement slurry repairs them on the internal wall of the well.
On occasion, a well is not totally drilled at a single period. For this particular type of nicely, a casing plan is utilized. Each casing will be set into place before the following portion of very well is drilled. Sucker rod is the rod beam for pumping well, it's top head connect the polished rod bar, under the sucker rods connect the pump, to transfer the power for pumping. If you are in need of one, Enro has sucker rod for sale.