text:
La glycophilie est l'art de collectionner les emballages de sucre pleins. Le collectionneur et l'amateur de sucres emballés sont des glycophiles.
La périglycophilie est l'art de collectionner les emballages de sucre vides. Le collectionneur et l'amateur d'emballage de sucres sont des périglycophiles.

Historique du mot
Le nom est apparu officiellement en 1968 dans le bulletin <Cartes postales et collections>. Le terme est inscrit dans le Quid uniquement en 1982.

Emballages

Historique
C'est en 1854 qu'un épicier français, Eugène François, inventa la machine à casser le sucre. Cependant il fallut attendre 1908 pour avoir le premier sucre emballé. Présenté par la société ASEPT, l'emballage était constitué par une simple feuille de papier qui se repliait sur les quatre côtés pour emprisonner le morceau de sucre, les extrémités réunies étant maintenues par une pastille dorée. La fabrication d'emballages et de sachets de sucre cessa en 1918. En effet, un décret du  interdisait de servir du sucre dans les endroits publics.

L'usage du sucre enveloppé en sachet ne reprendra qu'à partir de 1928. Pour pallier le manque de sucre, les consommateurs transportaient sur eux quelques morceaux de sucre contenus dans une petite boite de métal ou de bois.

En 1928, Eusébio Constante FUENTES d'Hendaye, déposa deux modèles d'emballages de sucre. Ce premier sucre enveloppé était, en fait, un étui de papier blanc enrobant le sucre et muni d'une bande de garantie. Il était produit par la "Manufacture Hygiénique de Sucre en Etui" à Hendaye et il semble bien que ce modèle fut le premier sucre emballé "Nominatif" (Voir la section Classement).

Puis en 1931, une société strasbourgeoise, la société PURSUC déposa un modèle de sucre emballé. À partir de cette date et jusqu'à la deuxième guerre mondiale, l'emballage de sucre se présenta sous la forme d'une bande entourant le sucre, lui-même enveloppé dans un papier protecteur. À noter que cette présentation est toujours utilisée de nos jours, notamment en Allemagne, en Hollande ou en Autriche ainsi qu'en Thaïlande, à Hongkong ou en Russie.

Quelques années après la seconde guerre mondiale, l'emballage adopta la forme que nous lui connaissons aujourd'hui : le sucre est enveloppé dans l'emballage proprement dit.

Le club des glycophiles français a recensé plus de  emballages français sur les  emballages ou sachets supposés exister dans le monde.

Support graphique
Les producteurs de sucre, agences de publicité et autres sponsors ont compris depuis longtemps l'impact marketing du sucre et l'exploitent. Les premiers à s'en servir comme vecteur publicitaire furent tout naturellement les sucreries puis les torréfacteurs suivis des restaurants et débits de boissons.
Les grands événements culturels et sportif (passage à l'an 2000, à l'euro, coupe du monde de football, etc.) ont eu leur(s) série(s).
Les emballages sont aussi un outil pour la promotion touristique : séries sur les coiffes régionales ou les armoiries, pays, drapeaux, monuments célèbres,...
Il existe également des séries pour la promotion du sucre, ses dérivés, son histoire,...

Modèles
 Les morceaux : il s'agit de la présentation la plus courante en France (plus de 50 % de la consommation française comparés aux 6-7 % au niveau mondial). On compte plusieurs calibres selon la taille et le poids des morceaux. Les plus courants contiennent un seul morceau de 5,5 grammes (calibre 4). Chaque sucrerie-raffinerie possède ses propres dimensions et calibrages. Le papier est le plus souvent mat mais quelques raffineries utilisent du papier glacé pour certaines séries. Les emballages anciens étaient équipés d'une languette destinée à faciliter l'ouverture. Aujourd'hui, certaines sucreries mettent des pointillés moins pratiques pour le collectionneur.
Le sachet : ce format est le plus répandu au niveau mondial, et plus particulièrement aux États-Unis, en Italie et au Japon, alors présentés sous forme de fines pailles. Ils ont tous une forme rectangulaire ou carrée de taille variable. Les sucres de synthèse, très consommés aux États-Unis, sont uniquement présentés en sachet, sous forme de pilules ou en poudre.
Les buchettes : leur taille et forme ne varient guère d'une raffinerie à l'autre. Elles peuvent être numérotées (souvent de un à dix), créant ainsi une série pour le glycophile.
Le berlingot : c'est un petit sachet ressemblant à un morceau, spécialité de la raffinerie Erstein.
Le 'Tetrapack' : de forme similaire au Tetra Pack d'origine (Tetra Classic), on en trouve plusieurs exemples en Belgique.

Classement

Nominatifs
Les nominatifs sont les marques de cafés, hôtels, restaurants...

Séries
Les séries sont les chats, le langage des fleurs, les 24 h du Mans, etc.

Voici le classement des sucres "séries françaises" adopté par le Club des Glycophiles français. Il permet de classer sa collection par thème et de façon chronologique. Il est très simple et donne une référence à chaque sucre, chaque série.
Grâce à lui, le collectionneur peut construire ses mancolistes et ainsi favoriser les échanges par courrier, par internet...
Il est constitué de 16 rubriques correspondant aux 16 premières lettres de l'alphabet:
A: les animaux
B: armes-uniformes
C: armoiries-drapeaux-figures héraldiques
D: chansons-fables-proverbes
E: fêtes
F: fleurs-fruits
G: jeux (dominos-cartes)
H: monuments-statues-paysages-chateaux
I: moyens de locomotion
J: personnages-musiciens-la mode
K: la prévention routière
L: signes du zodiaque
M: les sports
N: le sucre
O: séries commémoratives
P: divers

Dans chaque rubrique, un chiffre est associé à la série en fonction de la chronologie de sa parution.

Après ce chiffre, on trouve une indication sur le format ou le type des emballages. En effet, pour une même série, on distingue plusieurs formats d'emballage:
Par exemple, pour la marque Beghin-Say, on distingue:
Format A : 70 mm x 50 mm : il y a trois petits carrés de sucre enveloppés
Format B1 : un morceau emballé dans un papier fin
Format B2 : deux petits carrés enveloppés
Format D : un morceau dans un papier épais. L'emballage une fois développé présente deux rectangles de centrage sur la gauche (un en  haut et un en bas).
Format E : un morceau dans un papier épais. L'emballage une fois développé présente deux rectangles de centrage sur la partie supérieure (à droite et à gauche).
Sachet A : sachet carré de 10 g de sucre en poudre
Sachet B : 5 g

Voir aussi

Articles connexes
 Sucre
 Raffinerie de sucre

Liens externes
 Club des glycophiles français
 Site de collectionneur
 Site d'Annie

Notes et références

Collection
Sucre


text:
Home Life Billy Campbell; Actor, Globetrotter
Billy Campbell; Actor, Globetrotter
David Holt May 8, 2020
The CTV series Cardinal has brought American actor Billy Campbell back to Canada, his second home – though he's now mostly in Norway and Denmark. No matter. He stays healthy by trail running, ocean sailing and surfing.
Billy Campbell, now 60, marches to the beat of his own drummer. In mid-career he took time off from a high-powered acting career to join the Picton Castle, a square- rigger that sailed from Nova Scotia to deliver charitable donations of school supplies and clothing throughout the South Pacific.
Campbell is a tough guy. Also kind and funny. His stories tend to be self- deprecating. An athlete who plays action heroes, he loves reading, especially sci-fi and historical novels. He is obsessed with novels about the British Navy during the Napoleonic Wars (this sparked the Picton Castle adventure) and he loves board games (especially on Napoleonic era naval warfare) and (wooden) sailing vessels.
His parents got divorced when he was young. He grew up in Virginia with his mother, where he obsessed about the Civil War, took part in re-enactments, and attended a military academy. Tall and athletic, Campbell played rugby in Virginia, in high school in Chicago when he lived with his father, and in Santa Monica. He still plays occasionally.
It was never his goal to be an actor. "I was forced to try out for a part by my high school drama teacher," he says. "I got the lead and had a lot of fun. I realized I can do it." After a short stint at art school in Chicago, he set out for LA where he soon found acting roles.
Until recently, Campbell has been based in Los Angeles and Vancouver, which he once called "the city of my dreams," although he recently sold his places in both cities. And he has taken roles in exotic places like Sri Lanka just to see the world.
Canada is in his blood. Growing up, he summered in the Muskoka Lakes region of Ontario, where his father had a place. (His father had gone to agricultural college in Ontario.) He keeps a 48-foot schooner in Lunenburg, NS. He calls this his "mobile home" and still enjoys the occasional beer at the Lower Deck in Halifax. He especially loves Cape Breton, where he drops in on his actor friend Alan Arkin.
Globetrotting aboard the Picton Castle, Campbell met Anne, the young Norwegian woman who would eventually become his wife. These days he is often at her family farm in southern Norway, or living with her in Denmark where she works in architecture.
Since 2017, Campbell has starred in the Canadian television drama series Cardinal, for which he won multiple Canadian Screen Award for Best Actor in a Limited Series or Television Film.
The final season airs this spring on CTV. It is a murder mystery about homicide detectives John Cardinal and Lise Delorme.
Cardinal is an urban detective who takes a job in small town Ontario because he thinks the pace will suit his wife, who is bi-polar. Turns out his life gets more complicated, not less. Cardinal himself is a complex character. It has drawn a global audience.
Among his many roles in film, TV and on the stage, Campbell has played the best: a sci-fi hero, a vampire hunter, and a president (Abraham Lincoln). And the worst: serial killer Ted Bundy. He received a Golden Globe nomination for Best Actor in a Dramatic Series and was named one of the "World's 50 Most Beautiful People" by People magazine.
He was sent the script for Cardinal, the crime drama adapted from Giles Blunt's award-winning mystery novel Forty Words for Sorrow.
"I saw myself in the role of Cardinal," Campbell says. "But I turned it down because I promised my wife I wouldn't take a part when she was finishing her architectural studies.
I wanted to be around for her and our child. A couple of weeks later they came back to me. I thought that was a sign from the universe and I would alert her to a possibility. She said, 'That's a great part. You've got to do it.'"
The dark atmosphere of the show and its forays into medical mysteries are a good fit with the global pandemic, where anxiety and suspense are social norms. Its style mines the rich vein of Scandinavian thrillers that are taking the world by storm.
On Cardinal, Campbell gives a lot of credit to his co-star, Québec actor Karine Vanasse, who plays Delorme. "She's a cinematic genius, a phenomenal actress and a wonderful person," he says. Besides the suspense and the action, Cardinal is a show about relationships. "Karine understands the space between the words— the quiet moments," he says. "The show doesn't have that frenetic, yakity-yakity style."
A US citizen with permanent residency in Canada, Campbell is also waiting for his residency in Denmark and Norway. "It is a tax headache for my accountants," he says. "But I don't pay much attention to the business side. I have agents and managers who look after that." He also doesn't talk about his charitable donations.
His next project is a role in a Norwegian film about the battle of Narvik in 1940. "It was the first time the Germans were pushed out of anywhere," he says. "This is a way to start to get work on the other side of the ocean to be with my family."
OUTSIDE THE BUBBLE
A globe-trotting actor in his early sixties with a young family, Campbell doesn't take his health for granted. Although he has always been active, he has become more disciplined with age.
"You are only as old as you feel," he says. "The old chestnut is kinda true. Today I feel younger than I did 15 or 20 years ago—and I'm grateful for that."
He is six foot four and, today, 220 pounds. "At my healthiest I'm 210," he says "Looking after two young kids, you don't get as much exercise as you'd like."
He boils his health routine down to a few simple principles. He tries to eat sensibly: include fruits and vegetables, minimize junk food, drink in moderation.
"I used to drink a lot if there was free booze around," he says. "Then one day I asked myself, why? So I stopped."
As for exercise, Campbell is mostly an outdoor guy. When he can he still plays rugby, a full-contact sport. He has been trail running for decades: in the Santa Monica Mountains when he lived in LA, and in British Columbia when he lived in Vancouver. "In Norway I love to run in the woods and go to a little gym near the farm to hoist some weights," he says.
The ocean is his second home. He surfs and he's all about traditional sailing vessels that don't get from Point A to Point B at the shove of a throttle. "I don't tool around in plastic motorboats."
His concern about health goes farther than just himself and his immediate circle. "Most people have a desire to be healthy and to be free from stress and worry," he says. "We have more in common with most people than we are led to believe. The forces that are arranged against that notion are also profiting from this mindset."
His adventurous life has taught him some key lessons: "When you travel a bit outside your bubble, you realize that all people want to work, enjoy life, and be free of fear. Given the opportunity, they want to share that with other people."
Campbell is a man of the world. He just wants it to be a better place.
Author: David Holt is editor-in-chief of HUM@Nmedia, parent brand for Silver magazine and Optimyz Magazine. He's an avid kayaker and all around outdoorsman with over 20 years experience in the publishing world.
Active seniors
Billy Campbell
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text:
Global Aviation Actuator Market Research Report: Forecast (2022-2027)
By Application (Flight Control, Health Monitoring System, Power Distribution System, Fuel Management System, Landing and Braking System, Avionics System), By Product Type (Electric Actuators, Mechanic Read more
By Application (Flight Control, Health Monitoring System, Power Distribution System, Fuel Management System, Landing and Braking System, Avionics System), By Product Type (Electric Actuators, Mechanical Actuators, Pneumatic Actuators, Hydraulic Actuators, By Aircraft Type (Narrow Body Aircraft, Wide Body Aircraft, Very Large Aircraft, Fighter Aircraft, Transport Aircraft), By End User (Commercial Aviation, Defense), By Region (North America, South America, Europe, Middle East & Africa, Asia-Pacific), By Company (Honeywell international, United Technologies Corporation, Rockwell Collins, Inc., Parker Hannifin Corp., Eaton, Curtiss-Wright Corporation, Saab AB, Moog Inc., Woodward Inc., GE Aviation)
Report Code AD10204
Actuators are devices that convert electric signals to pressure, temperature, or mechanical movements and thus play a crucial role in control systems. In the aviation industry, they are used extensively for operating cargo bay doors, landing gear, engine components, & flight control surfaces, among others. Hence, it is crucial for them to bear strong vibrations, cold, & heat, as well as edge in compact spaces and be lightweight while exhibiting high dynamic forces.
The Global Aviation Actuator Market is projected to grow at a CAGR of around 8.5% during the forecast period, i.e., 2022-27. Most of the market expansion would be propelled by the surging air passenger travel owing to the increasing disposable income of people and their improving living standards. With rapid urbanization, improving economies of developing countries, & increasing population, new air routes are being launched in order to strengthen global connectivity, and aircraft manufacturers are actively working on expanding their fleet size to cater to the skyrocketing air passenger traffic worldwide. Consequently, there are burgeoning aircraft deliveries globally, mainly commercial aircraft, which are driving the production & sales of actuators.
Moreover, with the emerging trend of MEA (More Electric Aircraft) to achieve enhanced aircraft efficiency, there's a paradigm shift of aircraft manufacturers from hydraulic actuators to electric actuators. The aviation industry globally is witnessing growing development & adoption of electric actuators, largely electro hydrostatic actuators, to substitute hydraulic & pneumatic actuators as they have leakage issues.
CAGR (2022-2027) 8.5%
Regions Covered North America: US, Canada, and Others
South America: Brazil, Argentina, and Others
Europe: Germany, France, Italy, UK, Russia, and Others
Middle East & Africa: Saudi Arabia, UAE, and Others
Asia-Pacific: China, India, Japan, South Korea, and Others
Honeywell International, United Technologies Corporation, Rockwell Collins, Inc., Parker Hannifin Corp., Eaton, Curtiss-Wright Corporation, Saab AB, Moog Inc., Woodward Inc., GE Aviation
Electrical actuators are lightweight, can be easily integrated into existing aircraft architecture, and exhibit benefits like optimized aircraft performance, enhanced fuel efficiency, no leakage, reduced maintenance costs, high power density, as well as considerable energy savings. These trends project lucrative prospects for the global aviation actuator market to expand notably during 2022-27.
Based on Aircraft Type:
Of them all, narrow-body aircraft are expected to acquire a considerable share in the Global Aviation Actuator Market during 2022-27. It owes to more & more airlines adopting LCC (Low-Cost Carrier) business model and increasingly procuring narrow-body aircraft due to benefits like low operational costs and high fuel efficiency on short-haul routes.
Besides, aircraft manufacturers are rigorously conducting R&D in order to bring technological advancements into these aircraft and allow them to fly longer distances, i.e., another prominent aspect projected to surge their demand. Moreover, more & more companies are working on narrow-body aircraft deliveries. For instance:
In December 2021, Russia's MC-21, a twin-engine narrow-body aircraft, got certified for passenger service & is due to fly in the country later this year.
On the other hand, the COMAC C919 of China is another competitor to the western airliners and received type certification approval from CAAC (Civil Aviation Administration of China) on 30th September 2022. It features a seating capacity of up to 168 passengers and a range of around 2,200 nautical miles.
Hence, these developments by Russia & China would pose a significant challenge to the decades-old market leaders Airbus & Boeing. Consequently, as deliveries of these aircraft surface & increase, it would instigate the massive production & sales of actuators and create new directions for the Global Aviation Actuator Market to expand notably in the coming years.
Based on End-User:
Here, the commercial aviation sector holds a sizeable market share, mainly due to the burgeoning production of commercial aircraft, which have more actuators than their military counterparts. The exponentially surging air passenger traffic owing to improving economic conditions & increased consumer spending power is the prime reason behind the increasing commercial aircraft deliveries globally.
In addition, with the booming tourism industry and the mounting prevalence of cargo services owing to improving trade relations worldwide, airline companies are actively working on upgrading their aircraft technologies to provide unique experiences to customers. Hence, these aspects are projected to drive the production of more & more actuators for commercial aircraft and, in turn, fuel the overall market growth in the years to come.
Geographically, the Global Aviation Actuator Market expands across:
Of all countries globally, North America is expected to dominate the Aviation Actuator Market with the largest share during 2022-27. It owes to numerous leading manufacturers of aircraft actuators present in the region, coupled with their massive R&D investments in improving the efficiency & reliability of actuators while also integrating new technologies into them, especially for MEA (More Electric Aircraft), an emerging trend in the aviation industry,
The US is witnessing increasing replacements of landing gear & other related components with new & advanced products. Coupled with this are significant investments by airlines in redesigning wide-body aircraft and the growing demand for fixed-wing aircraft, thereby leading to the burgeoning production of actuators and fueling the regional market. Moreover, the fact that the region holds the position of the leading manufacturer of fighter & military transport aircraft is also likely to serve as a catalyst for the North America Aviation Actuator Market growth in the coming years.
On the other hand, Asia-Pacific is evolving as a rapidly growing Aviation Actuator Market. It ascribes mainly to the region's booming aerospace industry and rising geopolitical tensions among several countries. As a result, massive expenditure by militaries on procuring more & more fighter jets in order to strengthen their aerial defense powers is infusing the production & sales of actuators across Asia-Pacific.
Moreover, increasing aircraft deliveries for commercial aviation & military sectors is another crucial aspect driving the regional market. Several airlines are actively working on expanding their fleet size and introducing new routes to cater to the ever-increasing air passenger traffic. Hence, these aspects are set to create new directions for the Asia-Pacific Aviation Actuator Market through 2027.
Key Driver: The Mounting Demand for Electric Actuators and Rising Air Passenger Traffic
The MEA (More Electric Aircraft) technology is a key area of growth for actuator manufacturers since it holds immense potential to reduce aircraft weight, enhance fuel efficiency, minimize operational & maintenance costs, and provide optimized performance. As this trend is accelerating, there are growing requirements for electric actuators, which are more efficient, environmentally friendly, & safer than hydraulic actuators and can eliminate issues associated with conventional systems, such as high costs, leakage, heating, etc. Moreover, with improving living standards and urbanization, air traffic is on a constant rise worldwide, i.e., leading to the growing production of commercial aircraft to cater to the ever-increasing number of air passengers. These aspects are projected to drive the aircraft actuator market during 2022-27.
Growth Restraint: Stringent Rules & Regulations for Aircraft Component Usage
Aircraft manufacturers have to follow guidelines & certifications associated with safety, leakage, & design of aircraft components as regulated by FAA (Federal Aviation Administration). Due to these norms, the production of components like landing gears, flight control systems, etc., is a time-consuming process, which, in turn, delays certification and negatively impacts revenue generation. Hence, these stringent regulations would act as a major growth restraint to the Global Aircraft Actuator Market during 2022-27.
What are the overall statistics or estimates (Overview, Size- By Value, Forecast Numbers, Segmentation, Shares) of the Global Aviation Actuator Market?
What are the region-wise size, growth drivers, and challenges for the Global Aviation Actuator Market?
What are the key innovations, opportunities, current & future trends, and regulations in the Global Aviation Actuator Market?
Who are the key competitors, their key strengths & weaknesses, and how do they perform in the Global Aviation Actuator Market based on the competitive benchmarking matrix?
What are the key results derived from surveys conducted during the Global Aviation Actuator Market study?
Q. What is the projected growth rate or CAGR of the Global Aviation Actuator Market during 2022-27?
A. The Global Aviation Actuator Market is expected to record around 8.5% CAGR during 2022-27.
Q. What are the prominent factors driving & restraining the growth of the Global Aviation Actuator Market through 2027?
A. The globally rising aircraft production owing to increasing air passenger travel, coupled with the rising adoption of electric actuators by aircraft manufacturers, are the major factors expected to drive the Global Aviation Actuator Market during 2022-27. On the other hand, stringent norms imposed by aviation authorities worldwide for aircraft manufacturers to use components abiding by certain guidelines delay the overall production process of aircraft & actuators and affects business revenues, i.e., the most prominent growth restraint for the industry in the coming years.
Q. Which 'Application' would emerge as an opportunity area for companies operating in the Global Aviation Actuator Market?
A. The Commercial Aviation application is projected to create remunerative prospects for the key companies in the Global Aviation Actuator Market during 2022-27.
Q. Which 'Region' would provide lucrative growth prospects for the Global Aviation Actuator Market during 2022-27?
A. North America would continue generating new directions for the Aviation Actuator Market to expand significantly in the years ahead.
Expert Verbatim- What our Experts Say?
Global Aviation Actuator Market Outlook, 2017- 2027F
By Revenues
Flight Control
Health Monitoring System
Power Distribution System
Fuel Management System
Landing and Braking System
Avionics System
Mechanical Actuators
Hydraulic Actuators
By Aircraft Type
Narrow Body Aircraft
Wide Body Aircraft
Very Large Aircraft
Transport Aircraft
By End User
Strategic Factorial Indexing
Competitor Placement in Markntel Quadrant
North America Aviation Actuator Market Outlook, 2017- 2027F
The US Aviation Actuator Market Outlook, 2017- 2027F
Canada Aviation Actuator Market Outlook, 2017- 2027F
South America Aviation Actuator Market Outlook, 2017- 2027F
Brazil Aviation Actuator Market Outlook, 2017- 2027F
Argentina Aviation Actuator Market Outlook, 2017- 2027F
Europe Aviation Actuator Market Outlook, 2017- 2027F
Germany Aviation Actuator Market Outlook, 2017- 2027F
France Aviation Actuator Market Outlook, 2017- 2027F
UK Aviation Actuator Market Outlook, 2017- 2027F
Italy Aviation Actuator Market Outlook, 2017- 2027F
Russia Aviation Actuator Market Outlook, 2017- 2027F
Middle East & Africa Aviation Actuator Market Outlook, 2017- 2027F
Saudi Arabia Aviation Actuator Market Outlook, 2017- 2027F
Turkey Aviation Actuator Market Outlook, 2017- 2027F
Israel Aviation Actuator Market Outlook, 2017- 2027F
Asia-Pacific Aviation Actuator Market Outlook, 2017- 2027F
China Aviation Actuator Market Outlook, 2017- 2027F
India Aviation Actuator Market Outlook, 2017- 2027F
Japan Aviation Actuator Market Outlook, 2017- 2027F
South Korea Aviation Actuator Market Outlook, 2017- 2027F
Global Aviation Actuator Market Policies, Regulations, Application Standards
Global Aviation Actuator Market Trends & Insights
Global Aviation Actuator Market Dynamics
Global Aviation Actuator Market Hotspot and Opportunities
Global Aviation Actuator Market Key Strategic Imperatives for Success and Growth
Application Portfolio
Company Profiles (Business Description, Application Segments, Business Segments, Financials, Strategic Alliances/ Partnerships, Future Plans)
United Technologies Corporation
Rockwell Collins, Inc.
Parker Hannifin Corp.
Curtiss-Wright Corporation
Saab AB
Moog Inc.
Woodward Inc.
GE Aviation
Global Aircraft Electrical System Market Research Report: Forecast (2021-2026)
Global Aircraft Switches Market Research Report: Forecast (2022-2027)
Global Aircraft Digital Cockpit Market Research Report: Forecast (2022-27)
Global Aviation Digital Storage Market Research Report: Forecast (2022-27)


Combine the mayonnaise and salsa in a medium-size bowl, cover, and place in the refrigerator until ready to serve. Preparing this ahead gives the dipping sauce a more bold flavor.
Cut the chicken into bite size pieces and cook thoroughly in oil. Add hot sauce to the chicken and continue cooking on low until meat is warm through.
Place the tortilla shells on a baking sheet and sprinkle with the shredded cheese. Warm in preheated oven until the cheese is completely melted.
While shells are warming, finely chop the lettuce and tomato.
Remove shells from oven and top with chicken, lettuce, and tomato. Place the filling just off center. The warm shells roll up perfectly without tearing. The best way to roll the wrap is to fold the side in first and then roll from one side. The melted cheese will help hold everything together and reduce the amount of filling that falls out.
Pour a small amount of dipping sauce into individual bowls for serving with wraps.
This recipe is great for a light dinner served with chips or a salad. With minor changes, it becomes a healthy option too. Make this recipe ahead for tomorrow's lunch!
What is your favorite wrap recipe? Do you have a healthy, inexpensive, go to recipe for those busy nights when making a big meal just isn't an option? I'd love to hear your ideas!


winery is a serialisation library focusing on performance, compactness and compatibility. The primary feature is that metadata (types, field names, etc) are packed into one schema.
Unlike binary or cereal which doesn't preserve metadata at all, winery also allows readers to decode values regardless of the current implementation.
The interface is simple; serialise encodes a value with its schema, and deserialise decodes a ByteString using the schema in it.
It's also possible to serialise schemata and data separately. serialiseSchema encodes a schema and its version number into a ByteString, and serialiseOnly serialises a value without a schema.
In order to decode data generated this way, pass the result of deserialiseSchema to getDecoder. Finally run evalDecoder to deserialise them.
The recommended way to create an instance of Serialise is to use DerivingVia.
for any ADT. The former explicitly describes field names in the schema, and the latter does constructor names.
If the representation is not the same as the current version (i.e. the schema is different), the data cannot be decoded directly. This is where extractors come in.
Extractor parses a schema and returns a function which gives a value back from a Term.
You can also build an extractor using combinators such as extractField, extractConstructor, etc.
Extractor is Alternative, meaning that multiple extractors (such as a default generic implementation and fallback plans) can be combined into one.
You can use the winery command-line tool to inspect values.
A useful library should also be fast. Benchmarking encoding/decoding of the following datatype.


Acknowledgement – Canadian Library Association - Library Technician Program Chairs/Coordinators Group and LTIG Convenor: Revised March 2011, originally approved 1991.
The Canadian Library Association (CLA) has established these guidelines in order to promote excellence in the training and education of library technicians. The guidelines are intended to serve as a national standard to be used both by educational institutions in Canada and by employers who need to determine the capabilities of program graduates. The CLA Library Technicians Interest Group, under the guidance of the LTIG convenor, was responsible for producing this revision to the Guidelines. The document was produced in consultation with the Program Chairs/Coordinators of Canadian institutions offering Library Technician Programs.
The Canadian Library Association has established these guidelines in order to describe library technician programs of high quality, the basic components of which are qualified instructors, adequate support systems within the educational institution, opportunities for supervised field placement and most important, a program of instruction which meets the needs of employers.
Recognizing that the names of programs differ from institution to institution and from province to province, in the interests of simplicity standard terminology is used throughout the guidelines. The phrase "library technician program" refers to such programs as library studies, library arts and documentation technology, library and information technology, techniques de la documentation. The term "library technician" refers also to library technical assistant, documentation technicians, etc. The term "library" includes learning resources centre, instructional media centre, information resource centre and other phrases in current use to describe libraries. The term "program director" denotes the coordinator, chairperson, or the individual(s) responsible for overseeing the program.
The library technician plays an important role on a library staff, occupying a position with a level of responsibility between that of a clerk and a librarian. Technicians support and assist librarians in the many services offered by libraries. They may direct the work of clerical staff, student assistants, other library technicians, and, under the direction of a librarian, may be responsible for a section or department in a library. Technicians may also be in charge of a small library.
Library technicians are employed in all types of libraries: academic (college and university), public, school, and special (government, business, industry, the professions, etc.). They also work at library related jobs such as records management.
A secondary school diploma or its equivalent is the minimum required for the admission to the program; special provisions may be made for the admission of qualified mature students. A demonstrated competence in oral and written English or French (as appropriate) is required. Admission requirements may vary from institution to institution. For some programs admission may be based on a recommendation by the director of the library technician program who may employ a variety of mechanisms, such as personal interviews and standard tests to assess the candidate's academic qualifications, language and communication skills, motivation and attitude; for other programs admission is based on meeting the institution's admission requirements.
Most programs are completed over two academic years. Programs in Quebec are three years with one year devoted to general education. Because of rapidly changing technology, the course should normally be completed within five (5) years for part-time students. A diploma is awarded upon completion of the program.
The program of instruction combines technical and academic courses with the majority of the courses being technical. Academic courses are directed towards broadening students' general knowledge and enhancing career development. With this in mind, students should select academic courses that will enhance their career development. All academic studies should stress written and oral communication skills.
The graduate library technician possesses the general technical skills needed to work effectively in a library environment. The library technician is trained to handle all formats currently used for storing information. It is understood that graduates may also have developed additional skills appropriate to particular libraries or library functions: e.g., children's programming or specialized retrieval skills related to a discipline.
Library technicians have a general knowledge of the various types of libraries, the needs of library users and the organizational structures and services in libraries which are designed to meet users' needs. They are familiar with the history of books and printing, the modern publishing and production industry, relevant copyright legislation, the impact of censorship on society, and other current issues.
Graduates understand the role of library technicians in relation to librarians and clerical staff, and possess the human relations skills needed to participate as team members and to assume supervisory responsibilities as well as to interact effectively with library users.
A graduate library technician should possess the following minimum competencies. It should be borne in mind that the library technician may be called upon either to perform or to supervise these functions.
Verify requests in appropriate bibliographic tools.
Check requests against holdings and order files.
Determine appropriate sources for purchase of materials.
Receive materials and claim when required.
Apply rules for subject analysis and the choice of subject headings and descriptors from various subject heading lists and other controlled vocabularies.
Apply rules for subject analysis and the choice of classification numbers from the Library of Congress schedules and the Dewey Decimal Classification schedules.
Establish and maintain authority files and cross references.
Maintain library catalogues and shelf list according to recognized filing rules.
Apply Cutter tables and other book number systems.
Code cataloguing records according to MARC.
Apply basic internationally accepted cataloguing rules for description and access.
Search for derived cataloguing copy, verify cataloguing information and edit records.
Be aware of the various types of filing rules used in print and electronic resources.
Maintain thesauri and use them in the indexing of various types of materials.
Contribute to collections development policies.
Assist with selection of materials for collections.
Assist with weeding the collection.
Administer the circulation desk, supervising charging systems, statistics, files, etc.
Conduct reference interviews in order to ascertain user needs.
Respond to various types of reference requests.
Use standard reference tools to answer basic reference questions.
Search library catalogues, research databases, and the Web to find information.
Use specialized resources for finding information in selected areas, such as health.
Recognize and refer any reference questions requiring further expertise.
Instruct library patrons in the use of resources.
Locate materials resulting from reference requests.
Compile bibliographies on defined subjects.
Prepare instructional materials on the use of library resources.
Assist in the provision of current awareness services.
Check requests against local holdings.
Identify and select appropriate location(s).
Conduct informational, instructional, outreach, recreational programs and special events.
Create accompanying materials for library programs.
Organize local library promotional campaigns or events.
Use general application software for databases, documents, presentations and spreadsheets.
Design rudimentary databases and use the software to manage them.
Use and evaluate library management software.
Create and maintain web applications.
Use web tools, such as blogs for library communications and services.
Use various commercial research search systems.
Design searches for finding information in library catalogues, research databases and the Web.
Create various types of audiovisual materials such as PowerPoint presentations and overheads.
Graduates of library technician programs should enjoy helping people find information, taking a methodical approach to their work, and being creative as well as paying careful attention to detail. They should display excellent abilities in the following areas.
The length of field practice is generally 30 days. The field practice length may vary between institutions but should be no less than 20 days. Field practice should be carefully planned by the program director in consultation with the appropriate supervisor at the local library or libraries in which the practice work is arranged. A wide variety of field experiences in different types of libraries is desirable for each student. Progress reports to the program director from both the field supervisor and the student are recommended.
A follow-up or accompanying seminar is also recommended to discuss the field experience and to relate it more closely to the course work in the program. Each field placement should constitute a new library learning experience. Ordinarily this necessitates avoiding a library in which a student has already worked, as well as the library of the educational institution where the program is located.
In order to make library technician education available to part-time or off-campus students, a library technician program may be offered through continuing education, extension, evening, or online through the educational institution. Before such a program is introduced by the institution, the Advisory Committee for the Library Technician Program (q.v.) must be consulted.
Where such a program is available, it must meet the standards of the training of library technicians established in these guidelines as well as conform to the requirements of the library technician program offered by the institution. Admission and curriculum requirements must be identical for both part-time and full-time programs. Complete transferability between full-time and part-time programs and vice-versa should be possible.
Library technician programs must ensure that graduating students are aware of the need to continue their education. Where possible, programs should work with partner organizations, such as library associations and local libraries to provide continuing education opportunities.
In this way, the standards of education recommended by these guidelines may be extended beyond the library technician program itself, and the standard of performance of graduate technicians can be maintained at an optimum level of quality.
Administration of the educational institution should strive to hire a director and instructors with experience in different types of libraries and library services. A librarian with an accredited graduate library degree and at least five years diverse previous professional experience should direct the program. In addition to a director, it is recommended that the library technician program should have one assistant (instructor or educational assistant) who is a qualified and experienced librarian or library technician.
Other instructors, visiting lecturers and technical or clerical staff may also be required. Instructors should have a graduate degree in the subject area they are teaching. The director should have sufficiently reduced teaching load to allow for administrative duties. Time and budget should be available for professional development of all staff. In addition, faculty should be encouraged to be involved in professional activities.
There must be adequate space, equipment and library resources for the number of students enrolled in the program. These include laboratory space for the preparation of projects and for the demonstration and use of all types of equipment, resources, and software currently used in libraries. The program must be supplied with any necessary resources or bibliographic tools needed to complement the library collection of the institution; particularly those tools used by library staff which may not be available on a regular basis or in sufficient quantity to students. It is important that the program have access to sufficient computer services and facilities to provide hands-on training and experience in state-of-the-art technology and software.
A library meeting the recommended minimum standards of Standards for Canadian College Libraries is required to support a successful library technician program. Students in library technician programs should have reasonable access to all library facilities. Full cooperation and communication between the instructional staff and library staff is essential to the program. Laboratory exercises in the library may be arranged for students but the library must not serve as a base for all field practice nor must the library use the technician program as a source of unpaid labour.
The library technician program is an academic program, which must find its administrative place in the appropriate division of the educational institution. Its administration must be entirely separate from that of the library. Similarly, its budget must be separate and sufficient to allow for the autonomous development of the program. The program budget must provide for both onsite and online delivery (where applicable), the continuing upkeep of equipment, supplies, professional tools, etc., as well as provide for appropriate staff as needed and for their continuing education. The budget should provide the assurance of continuity and growth from year to year.
An Advisory Committee comprising representatives from libraries and other employers in the region should be established, both for the purpose of instituting a new library technician program, and in order to advise and monitor any existing program.
Before a library technician program is established, the administration of the educational institution should appoint an Advisory Committee. Upon appointment, the committee, in co-operation with the administration, must carry out a thorough survey of the potential regional market for graduate library technicians. No program should be offered without a positive recommendation from the committee based on such a survey. As the program proceeds, the committee should continue to assess the ability of the market to absorb the graduates of the program and advise the director accordingly. Graduates' mobility beyond the local region is also considered by the Advisory Committees in their assessment of the employment market. Within the limits of these guidelines, the committee should advise the director of the library technician program on the development of a program of instruction appropriate to the needs of the libraries of the region.
The Advisory Committee provides a focal point for information sharing and liaison between the program director representing the educational institution and employers of graduates.
As well as the program director, faculty, and selected administrators who are ex-officio members of the committee, the Advisory Committee should be composed of representatives from the principal libraries of the area. In addition, representatives from library associations in the province (including provincial library technician associations), graduate library schools or university programs for school librarians and the provincial library or public library service may be asked to join the committee.
Care should be taken to ensure that all major library and employer interests are represented. After the program is established, a graduate of the program should be asked to join the committee. In addition, a student representative may also be appointed to join the committee.
Advisory Committee members should be appointed in consultation with the Director by the administration of the educational institution. Their terms of office should be defined and staggered and the committee should be consulted concerning new appointments or replacements. The chair should be elected from those members representing library and employer interests, rather than staff from the educational institution who sit on the committee.
Meetings should be held at least once a year or as appropriate.
Library technician programs should be offered only in centres within reasonable travelling distance of several types of libraries housing adequate collections for student use and field work. Institutions offering online programs need to work closely with the library community on a national level to ensure that their students have access to field work in their region. Programs should be instituted only after a survey study has indicated sufficient regional job opportunities for graduates.
In order to coordinate library technician education across Canada and ensure that overall standards are met by each program, while recognizing the particular local needs of each community, library technician program chairs/convenors are encouraged to attend the National Library Technician Program Chairs/Convenors Annual Meeting (held in conjunction with the CLA conference).


Steve Sando, the owner of Napa Valley's Rancho Gordo, wrote the book Heirloom Beans (© 2008, Chronicle Books) and shares these tips for preparing beans.
On bean-cooking day at Rancho Gordo, Sando rinses the beans in lots of cool water and checks them for small pebbles and other debris. Then he covers them with about an inch of cold water and lets them soak for two to six hours; though optional, soaking beans improves their texture and helps them cook evenly.
These pinto-like beans, first grown by the Anasazi, are ideal in Southwest-American and Mexican dishes.
Though native to Colombia, these are the classic choice for the Italian soup pasta e fagioli.
The stunning magenta-and-white-flecked Peruvian beans make a terrific, chestnutty side dish.
This firm, starchy bean, named for the Hutterite religious sect, is excellent in stews.
Fantastic in salads; gardeners also love them for their bright red flowers.


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Research Article | Open | Published: 09 May 2017
Detection of Toxoplasma gondii in chicken and soil of chicken farms in Nanjing region, China
Xin-Chao Liu1,
Yu He1,
Deng-Ge Han1,
Zhen-Chao Zhang1,
Ke Li1,
Shuai Wang1,
Li-Xin Xu1,
Ruo-Feng Yan1 &
Xiang-Rui Li1
Infectious Diseases of Povertyvolume 6, Article number: 62 (2017) | Download Citation
Soil is increasingly recognized as an important source in the transmission of Toxoplasma gondii (T. gondii). The aim of this study was to investigate the presence of T. gondii in the soil and to grasp the relationships between the contamination of soil and chicken infections.
PCR method based on T. gondii-conserved gene internal transcribed spacer 1 (ITS-1) as target gene and ELISA method (sGRA8-ELISA) using the recombinant protein of shortened GRA8 gene of T. gondii as antigen were developed and applied. From April 2013 to March 2014, a total of 700 soil samples were collected at various sites located in thirty farms categorized as free range farm and scale farm in Nanjing, Jiangsu, China, in different seasons. Additionally, a total of 350 sera of chickens were collected from free range farms to determine the presence of antibodies against T. gondii using sGRA8-ELISA.
The serological results showed that, antibodies were found in 194 of 250 (67.14%) samples from farms with T. gondii positive in soil and 41 of 100 samples from farms with T. gondii negative in soil (41.00%) (P < 0.01). The PCR detection of soil samples showed that, 7 (2.0%) of 350 samples collected from feeding zone in free range farms were found positive of T. gondii, whereas no sample was positive in scale farms. In the seasonal detections, T. gondii was found in 6 (3.33%) samples collected in autumn and 1 (0.56%) collected in winter.
The results indicated that the contamination of T. gondii in soil in the free range farms was higher than that in the scale farms and seroprevalence of T. gondii in chickens in the farm with soil contamination was higher than that with no soil contamination. The soil contamination might be an effective indicator of T. gondii infection in chickens.
Toxoplasmosis is a zoonotic disease caused by the obligate intracellular parasite T. gondii. Toxoplasmosis can cause severe neurologic, ocular, and systemic diseases in neonates and individuals with weakened immune system [1]. T. gondii infections are widely prevalent in human beings and animals worldwide [2, 3]. In China, many investigations have been done to estimate the prevalence of T. gondii infection in swine [4], poultry [5] and in the shellfish and fish [6]. It has been accepted that postnatal infections in humans are acquired by ingesting one of the two persistent stages of T. gondii, i.e. tissue cysts in meat or viscera of many animals and oocysts [7]. It was estimated that Toxoplasma caused 8% of hospitalizations and 24% of deaths resulting from foodborne illnesses in the United States [8]. So far no foodborne toxoplasmosis has been reported in China. But findings from recent studies indicate that T. gondii encysts in muscle more efficiently than in the brain [2], making chicken, one of the main meat source in China, a potentially significant source of infection.
The result of serological surveys in China indicates a high prevalence of infection in chickens [5, 9]. In our laboratory, a total of 1 173 free range chicken serum samples from 13 provinces/municipalities were tested for T. gondii circulating antigens (TCA) and antibodies (TCAb), respectively. The results showed that 199 (16.97%) were positive for TCA, 226 (19.27%) were positive for TCAb, 69 (5.88%) were positive for both TCA and TCAb, and the total seropositive rate was found in 356 (30.35%) out of 1173 samples. Although it was lower than that of other reports [10–12], all of the detected provinces were found of positive samples of T. gondii [13]. In brief, T. gondii in chickens is a large threat to poultry industry as well as chickens consumers.
The oocysts of T. gondii are produced by its final host, the domestic cat or wild felines [2, 14]. Cats can excrete millions of oocysts into soil after ingesting only one bradyzoite or one tissue cyst, and the sporulated oocysts of T. gondii can remain infective in soils for 18 months under various temperatures [15]. So soil is a major source of infection of T. gondii for both animals and humans.
Until now, a few studies have been conducted worldwide to determine the status of soil contamination with T. gondii by molecular methods [16, 17]. And the results indicated that the soils from gardens [18], pig farms [19], public schools [20] and public parks [21] were all contaminated with T. gondii oocysts in a large numbers. However, there were no reports about the soil contamination of T. gondii oocysts in chicken farms in China. So in this study, soil contamination with T. gondii in different types of chicken farms in China were investigated using PCR method and the relationship between the status of soil contamination and the infection of T. gondii in chickens were evaluated using the established ELISA method.
The parasites
T. gondii strain RH (type I) used in the present study is virulent strain for mice. The strain RH of human origin was stored in liquid nitrogen in the Laboratory of Veterinary Molecular and Immunological Parasitology, Nanjing Agricultural University, P.R. China. Initially, the strain was maintained by intraperitoneal passage (twice weekly) in mice. Tachyzoites were then obtained from peritoneal washings in mice inoculated. The tachyzoites were washed by centrifugation using phosphate buffered saline (PBS) and were finally resuspended in PBS.
Establishment of the ELISA method
Serum samples
A total of 50 broiler chickens (Gallus domesticus) were obtained from a commercial farm in Nanjing City of Jiangsu Province, P. R. China. Twenty chickens at 14 days old were infected intraperitoneally with tachyzoites (107) of RH strain of T. gondii and the sera were obtained from hearts at 7, 14, 21, 28, 45, 60, 75, 90, 130 days post-infection(DPI). The negative sera were obtained from the other 30 blank chickens at 14 days old. According to Yanming Sun' report, the standard sGRA8 positive serum was generated [22]. Finally, the serum was collected and stored at −20 °C until use [22].
The serum against 7 Eimeria coccidian strains (Eimeria.tenella, Eimeria.maxima, Eimeria.mitis, Eimeria.acervulina, Eimeria.praecox, Eimeria.necatrix, Eimeria.brunetti) were stored in our laboratory. Serum against newcastle disease virus (NDV) and infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV) were graciously provided by professor Li yin and Wang yongshan, institute of Veterinary Research, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, PR China. The Escherichia coli infected chicken serum was gifted from professor Wang chuanqing, Henan Agricultural University, PR China.
sGRA8-ELISA method
The sGRA8 protein was stored in our laboratory. Sera diluted at 1:10 were added to 96-well polystyrene microstate ELISA plates coated with 0.1 mL (170 ng) of the sGRA8 antigen and incubated for 2 h at 37 °C. The plates were then washed three times with 0.1 mL phosphate-buffer-saline-Tween (PBST) and diluted horseradish peroxidase (HRP)-conjugated goat anti-chicken IgG (Sigma) (1:6 000) was added. Peroxidase activity was revealed by adding 0.1 mL of tetramethylbenzidine (TMB) substrate buffer solution for 10 min at room temperature. The reaction was then stopped immediately and OD value was measured at 450 nm using microplate spectrophotometer (Bio-Rad Laboratories, Hercules, CA, USA).
The cut-off between positive and negative serum
Thirty negative sera were detected by the sGRA8-ELISA, and the cut-off between positive and negative serum was calculated from the average of the sGRA8-negative serum plus 3 standard deviations (SD) of the mean.
The cut-off = the average of negative serum + 3SD
Negative control: sample OD450 < cut-off;
Positive control: sample OD450 ≥ cut-off;
Sensitivity and Specificity of the sGRA8-ELISA
The standard sGRA8 positive serum was diluted from 1:10 to 1:5 242 880. The ELISA was conducted according to the above method.
According to the method above, the infected sera against 7 strains of Eimeria coccidian, NDV, IBDV and Escherichia Coli were detected by sGRA8-ELISA. Meanwhile the standard sGRA8 positive serum and negative serum were detected as controls respectively.
Coincidence rate of sGRA8-ELISA method
The chickens sera collected from artificial infection with T. gondii from day 7 to day 130 were detected by the method established above. The standard sGRA8 positive serum and negative serum were detected simultaneously.
Development of PCR method for soil detection
The PCR method based on T. gondii-conserved gene internal transcribed spacer 1 (ITS-1) as target gene for soil detection was conducted according to previously reported [6]. To standardize the sensitivity, diluted T. gondii tachyzoites at the concentration of 1 × 105, 1 × 104, 1 × 103, 5 × 102, 1 × 102, 5 × 101, 1 × 101, 1 × 100 were mixed respectively with 0.5 g blank soils. The negative control with only blank soil was set. Then the total DNA of the mixture and negative control were extracted by the commercial E.Z.N.A TM Soil DNA Kit (OMEGA, USA) according to the manufacturer's instructions and was used as template for the PCR.
The PCR products were then loaded onto 1% agarose gels (Sigma–Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA). The resulting DNA fragments were visualized by the Gel Doc XR System and analyzed using Quantity One 4.6.3 software (Bio-Rad, Hercules, CA, USA). The size of the amplified PCR products was estimated by comparison with the DL2000 DNA Marker (TaKaRa, Dalian, China).
Collection of soil and chicken samples for detection
Soil samples
From April 2013 to March 2014, 700 soil samples were collected from thirty farms, including 15 free range farms and 15 scale farms, in Nanjing, Jiangsu, China. In free range farms, the facilities were categorized into feeding zone and motion zone. Feeding zone is the rest area or the house for chickens. Motion zone is the distances around the feeding zone for 10 m. Five soil samples were taken from feeding zone and motion zone, respectively at each sampling time, and the total number of soil samples collected in free range farms were 350. In scale farms, no distinction was drawn between feeding zone and motion zone, and at each sampling time 10 soil samples were collected around the water place and coops, whereas 350 samples were collected from scale farms.
Besides that, the 700 soil samples were collected in different seasons. In spring, 160 samples were collected, and 180 samples were collected respectively in summer, autumn and winter. Finally, each of the seven hundred samples taken from the surface layer of the ground was about 10 g – 15 g, and prepared for further examinations (Table 1).
Table 1 Detection of Toxoplasma gondii in soil samples
Serum samples of chicken detected
The chicken from five free range farms with positive soil samples and 2 with negative soil samples were selected to collect serum samples. In each farm, 50 blood samples were collected randomly. Serum was separated from the collected blood by centrifugation at 5 000 × g for 5 min and stored at −20 °C until analysis.
Detection of samples
Detection of T. gondii in soil samples by PCR method
All the 700 soil samples were detected by the PCR method established above. Positive amplicons produced in the detection were purified and sequenced using the ABI 377 automated DNA sequencer (BigDye TerminatorChemistry) employing the same primers as used in the PCR assay to confirm the identity of the products by Shanghai Invitrogen Biotech (Shanghai, China).
Detection of T. gondii in chickens by ELISA
Serum samples were detected by sGRA8-ELISA developed above together with the standard sGRA8 positive serum and negative serum.
The establishment of the methods
The cut-off between positive and negative serum of IgG level of sGRA8-ELISA method
The average OD450 of negative sera was 0.206 and the standard deviation (SD) was 0.028. So the cut-off was 0.290. If sample OD450 ≥ 0.290, it was determined as positive. If sample OD450 < 0.290, it was determined as negative.
The sensitivity and specificity of sGRA8-ELISA method
In the ELISA sensitivity experiment, the standard sGRA8 positive serum diluted to 1:81920 was still detected as positive.
In the ELISA specificity experiment, only standard sGRA8 positive serum presented positive OD value. No positive OD value was observed in any control serum samples.
The coincidence rate of sGRA8-ELISA method
The result obtained from the detection showed that within 45 days after infection the coincidence rate of sGRA8-ELISA was 100%,and until to the 130th day the coincidence rate reduced to 80%. The detail results were indicated in Table 2.
Table 2 Detection of chicken serum infected with Toxoplasma gondii by sGRA8-ELISA
The sensitivity of PCR method
Positive products were found in all dilutions except 1 × 101 and 1 × 100 of T. gondii tachyzoites in 0.5 g soil (Fig. 1). The DNA sequence analysis indicated that the product was consistent with the ITS-1sequence of T. gondii.
The sensitivity of PCR to detect the Toxoplasma tachyzoites DNA in 0.5 g soil. Lane M: molecular size marker; lane 1: positive control; lane 2: negative control; lanes 3–10: 1 × 105, 1 × 104, 1 × 103, 5 × 102, 1 × 102, 5 × 101, 1 × 101, 1 × 100 of Toxoplasma tachyzoites in 0.5 g soil, respectively
Detection of T. gondii in soil samples
The overall ratio of positive in soil samples
As shown in Table 1, 7 samples (1%) were detected positive for T. gondii by PCR. Sequence analysis showed that the amplicons shared 100 identities with the ITS-1 sequence of the T. gondii RH strain (GenBankTM accession number AY259044.1).
Comparison of soil contamination for T. gondii between free range farms and scale farms
Among 700 samples, 350 were collected from free range farms and scale farms, respectively. Seven (2.0%) samples were found positive of T. gondii DNA in free range farms, whereas no (0%) sample was positive in scale farms (Table 3). The difference was highly significant (P < 0.01).
Table 3 Contamination of T. gondii in the soil collected from different farms
Comparison of soil contamination of T. gondii between feeding zone and motion zone in free range farms
In free range farms, 175 soil samples were collected respectively from feeding zone and motion zone (Table 3). All of the positive samples (7/175) were from the feeding zone (P < 0.01).
Soil contamination status of T. gondii in different seasons
From spring to summer, no positive sample was found by PCR for T. gondii. In autumn, T. gondii DNA was found in 6 (3.33%) of 180 samples. Out of the 180 samples collected in winter, 1 (0.56%) sample was detected as positive (Fig. 2).
Detection of T. gondii in soil collected in autumn and in winter. a Lane M: molecular size marker; lane 1: negative control; lane 2: positive control; lanes 3–15: soil samples. b Lane M: molecular size marker; lane 1: positive control; lane 2: negative control; lanes 3–12: soil samples
Detection of T. gondii in chickens
In the 350 chickens detected, total 235 (67.14%) were seropositive for T. gondii. In the 250 chickens from 5 farms with T. gondii positive in soil, 77.60% (194/250) were seropositive. In the 100 chickens from 2 farms with T. gondii negative in soil, 41.00% (41/100) were seropositive. On the farm level, all farms had seropositive chickens.
T. gondii oocysts in environment samples, especially in soils are getting more and more attention. Studies reported that approximately 1% of cats shed oocysts of T. gondii at any given time [1, 23] and they excreted oocysts for a median of 8 days with a total of up to 55 million oocysts per day [1, 23]. The total number of oocysts shed by a single cat varies widely from 3 to 810 million [23]. So it's necessary to establish a sensitive method to detect the soil contamination status of T. gondii. The results from previous studies indicated that PCR methods were expected to be highly specific and to be more efficient to detect low oocyst concentrations [24]. Therefore, in this study PCR assay based on the ITS-1 gene was used to detect T. gondii oocysts in soil samples for its high specificity and sensitivity [6]. The results of the current research showed that the detection limit of the method was 50 tachyzoites (equal to 6.25 oocysts) [25] of T. gondii in 0.5 g soil. A method previously reported could detect 100–1 000 oocysts in 1 g soil [26]. Compared to this, the PCR method based on the ITS-1 gene established in this study was more sensitive and could be used to detect the T. gondii in soil.
Recently, many recombinant surface or secreted antigens have been used successfully either alone or in combination for the detection of specific antibodies due to T. gondii infections in humans and animals. A study reported that rGRA7 ELISA showed a high sensitivity and specificity, and rGRA7 can be used as a potential immunogenic antigen for developing immunodiagnostic tools for immunodiagnosis of toxoplasmosis in patients including patients with cancer [27]. GRA8 is a conserved gene of T. gondii. Previous studies introduced GRA8 as a marker of acute infection and showed that IgG and IgM ELISA with recombinant GRA8 as antigen was able to differentiate acute from chronic infection [28, 29] and GRA8 ELISA could be used to detect almost all the common strains of T. gondii [30, 31]. In this study, the truncated GRA8 ELISA method showed that the sGRA8 ELISA could detect specific antibody in all of 20 chickens infected with T. gondii 45 DPI, and 95% 60 DPI. The positive rate was still 80% 130 DPI. The serum against common infectious diseases of chicken did not present any cross reactions with this antigen. In the sensitivity experiment, the standard sGRA8 positive serum was diluted to 1: 81 920. These results showed that sGRA8 was validated as a useful antigen and promised a highly sensitive and specific ELISA.
In the past, few studies have been investigated soil contamination with T. gondii in scale farms and most studies were focused on free range chicken farms, specifically about the prevalence of T. gondii infection in chickens [32–34]. Until now, data on the soil contamination of T. gondii in chicken farms from China were missing. So in our study, we collected samples from both free range farms as well as scale farms, and compared the relationship between the status of soil contamination and the infection of T. gondii in chickens. The results showed that only free range farms had soil contamination with T. gondii and there was no T. gondii detected among the samples collected from scale farms. It indicated that the soil contamination in free range farms was higher than that in scale farms. Our results were consistent with that obtained by Jacobs [35] in US. Moreover, we firstly divided the free range farm into feeding zone and motion zone. It was demonstrated that all positive samples were found in feeding zones. It indicated that the feeding zones were the main contamination regions in the farms.
In our study, the seasonal changes of soil contamination were observed. Our results suggested that the T. gondii in soil was different from spring to winter. In the four seasons, T. gondii was only found in autumn and winter. It was in accord with Dubey' study [36], that low temperature contributed to the survival of T.gondii. This indicated that seasons might have important impacts on the presence of T. gondii in soil.
In the serum detection, the average serum positive ratio was 67.14% which was higher than the previously study in our lab (35.15%) [13]. Furthermore, the seropositive rate for T. gondii in farms with T. gondii positive in soils was significantly higher than the farms without T. gondii in soils. It could be concluded that the infections of T. gondii in chickens might be affected by the soil contamination. Thus, the soil contamination of T. gondii might be an effective indicator of T. gondii infection in chickens.
In conclusion, the results of the present investigation indicated that high seroprevalence of T. gondii in chickens was found in the chicken farms with soil contamination by T. gondii. The soil contamination in chicken farms all concentrated in the feeding zone of the free range farms, and was influenced by different seasons. Therefore, monitoring of T. gondii in soil, combined with good sanitary practices, should be adopted to prevent T. gondii infection in chickens for future.
DPI:
Days post-infection
IBDV:
Bursal disease virus
ITS-1:
Internal transcribed spacer 1
NDV:
Standard deviations
T. gondii :
TCA:
T. gondii circulating antigens
TCAb:
T. gondii circulating antibodies
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Na Y, Mu MY, Li HK, Miao L, He JB. Seroprevalence of Toxoplasma gondii infection in slaughtered chickens, ducks, and geese in Shenyang, northeastern China. Parasit Vectors. 2012;5:1–4.
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Tenter AM. Toxoplasma gondii in animals used for human consumption. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz. 2009;104:364–9.
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Zhao G, Shen B, Xie Q, et al. Detection of Toxoplasma gondii in free-range chickens in China based on circulating antigens and antibodies. Vet Parasitol. 2012;185:72–7.
Frenkel JK, Dubey JP, Miller NL. Toxoplasma gondii in cats: fecal stages identified as coccidian oocysts. Science. 1970;167:893–6.
Frenkel JK, Ruiz A, Chinchilla M. Soil survival of toxoplasma oocysts in Kansas and Costa Rica. AmJTrop Med Hyg. 1975;24:439–43.
Tavalla M, Oormazdi H, Akhlaghi L, et al. Genotyping of Toxoplasma gondii Isolates from Soil Samples in Tehran, Iran. Iran J Parasitol. 2013;8:227–33.
Gotteland C, Gilot-Fromont E, Aubert D, et al. Spatial distribution of Toxoplasma gondii oocysts in soil in a rural area: Influence of cats and land use. Vet Parasitol. 2014;205:629–37.
Ajmal A, Maqbool A, Qamar MF, Ashraf K, Anjum AA. Detection of Toxoplasma gondii in environmental matrices (water, soil, fruits and vegetables). Afr J Microbiol Res. 2013;7:1505–11.
Du F, Zhang Q, Yu Q, Hu M, Zhou Y, Zhao J. Soil contamination of Toxoplasma gondii oocysts in pig farms in central China. Vet Parasitol. 2012;187:53–6.
dos Santos TR, Nunes CM, Luvizotto MC, et al. Detection of Toxoplasma gondii oocysts in environmental samples from public schools. Vet Parasitol. 2010;171:53–7.
Du F, Feng HL, Nie H, et al. Survey on the contamination of Toxoplasma gondii oocysts in the soil of public parks of Wuhan, China. Vet Parasitol. 2012;184:141–6.
Yanming S, Ruofeng Y, Muleke CI, Guangwei Z, Lixin X, Xiangrui L. Vaccination of goats with recombinant galectin antigen induces partial protection against Haemonchus contortus infection. Parasite Immunol. 2007;29:319–26.
Dabritz HA, Conrad PA. Cats and Toxoplasma: implications for public health. Zoonoses Public Health. 2010;57:34–52.
Dumetre A, Darde ML. How to detect Toxoplasma gondii oocysts in environmental samples? FEMS Microbiol Rev. 2003;27:651–61.
Speer CA, Clark S, Dubey JP. Ultrastructure of the oocysts, sporocysts, and sporozoites of Toxoplasma gondii. J Parasitol. 1998;84:505–12.
Afonso E, Lemoine M, Poulle ML, et al. Spatial distribution of soil contamination by Toxoplasma gondii in relation to cat defecation behaviour in an urban area. Int J Parasitol. 2008;38:1017–23.
Arabmazar Z, Fallahi S, Koochaki A, Haghighi A, Seyyed Tabaei SJ. Immunodiagnosis and molecular validation of Toxoplasma gondii-recombinant dense granular (GRA) 7 protein for the detection of toxoplasmosis in patients with cancer. Microbiol Res. 2016;183:53–9.
Aubert D, Maine GT, Villena I, et al. Recombinant antigens to detect Toxoplasma gondii-specific immunoglobulin G and immunoglobulin M in human sera by enzyme immunoassay. J Clin Microbiol. 2000;38:1144–50.
Pfrepper KI, Enders G, Gohl M, et al. Seroreactivity to and avidity for recombinant antigens in toxoplasmosis. Clin Diagn Lab Immunol. 2005;12:977–82.
Babaie J, Miri M, Sadeghiani G, Zare M, Khalili G, Golkar M. Expression and Single-step Purification of GRA8 Antigen of Toxoplasma gondii in Escherichia coli. Avicenna J Med Biotechnol. 2011;3:67–77.
Koethe M, Pott S, Ludewig M, et al. Prevalence of specific IgG-antibodies against Toxoplasma gondii in domestic turkeys determined by kinetic ELISA based on recombinant GRA7 and GRA8. Vet Parasitol. 2011;180:179–90.
Dubey JP, Webb DM, Sundar N, et al. Endemic avian toxoplasmosis on a farm in Illinois: clinical disease, diagnosis, biologic and genetic characteristics of Toxoplasma gondii isolates from chickens (Gallus domesticus), and a goose (Anser anser). Vet Parasitol. 2007;148:207–12.
Dubey JP, Sundar N, Gennari SM, et al. Biologic and genetic comparison of Toxoplasma gondii isolates in free-range chickens from the northern Para state and the southern state Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil revealed highly diverse and distinct parasite populations. Vet Parasitol. 2007;143:182–8.
Dubey JP, Huong LT, Lawson BW, et al. Seroprevalence and isolation of Toxoplasma gondii from free-range chickens in Ghana, Indonesia, Italy, Poland, and Vietnam. J Parasitol. 2008;94:68–71.
Jacobs L, Melton ML. Toxoplasmosis in chickens. J Parasitol. 1966;52:1158–62.
Dubey JP. Toxoplasma gondii oocyst survival under defined temperatures. J Parasitol. 1998;84:862–5.
We wish to thank the timely help given by Yin Li and Yong-Shan Wang, institute of Veterinary Research, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, P. R. China and Chuan-Qing Wang, Henan Agricultural University, P. R. China in the sensitivity of the sGRA8-ELISA method study.
This work was supported by the Special Fund for Public Welfare Industry of Ministry of Agriculture of China (200903036–04) and the Priority Academic Program Development of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions, China (PAPD).
We agree that the data supporting our findings in this study can be found.
XCL developed PCR method for soil detection and drafted the manuscript. YH carried out the study and participated in the collection of experimental materials. DGH and ZCZ analysed experimental data. KL and SW participated in the establishment of the ELISA method. LXX and RFY helped to draft the manuscript. XRL conceived of the study, and participated in its design and coordination and helped to draft the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final version of the manuscript.
The study was conducted following the guidelines of the Animal Ethics Committee, Nanjing Agricultural University, China. All experimental protocols were approved by the Science and Technology Agency of Jiangsu Province. The approval ID is SYXK (SU) 2010–0005.
College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210095, People's Republic of China
Xin-Chao Liu
, Yu He
, Deng-Ge Han
, Zhen-Chao Zhang
, Ke Li
, Shuai Wang
, Li-Xin Xu
, Ruo-Feng Yan
& Xiang-Rui Li
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Correspondence to Xiang-Rui Li.
Chickens farms


text:
Category Artist
Madi Monroe is an American TikToker, musical artist.She is well famous for her videos.Madi Monroe Wiki, Family, Parents, Wife, Net Worth & More about her personal life and professional career.She is famous for her roles in the popular short films My Two Left Feet and Revenge.She is also well-known as the stepdaughter of Michelle Johnson, a well-known American actress.
Madi Monroe content and performances on social media creat a huse fan following for her on er social media handles as instagram, twitter and more.Scroll down to read all information regarding Madi Monroe.
Madi Monroe Wiki
Madi Monroe Family and Parents
Madi Monroe Partner / Relationship
Madi Monroe Age, Height & Weight
Madi Monroe Net Worth
Madi Monroe Professional Career and Facts
Madi Monroe Contact and Social Media Details
Madi Monroe was Born on She 27 January 2004. Currently she is 18 yers old.For her primary education she went to a local private school. For her higher education she enrolled herself at a local private University in the United States from where she is currently pursuing her graduation.She belongs to Mixed Ethnical Background and currently she holds the American Nationality.
Real Name Madi Monroe
Place of Birth United States
Ethnicity Not Known
Profession TikToker, Musical Artist
He Was Born to her parents Matt Williams and Erika Monroe Williams.Her Father's name is not known who is 5-time MLB All-Star Third Baseman and her Mother's name is not known who is a Home maker.She also has three elder step-siblings.She has two step mothers Tracie Williams and Michelle Johnson.
Mother Name Erika Monroe
Tracie Williams (Step-Mother)
Michelle Johnson (Step-Mother)
Fathers Name Matt Williams
Siblings Three Step Siblings
Madi Monroe is not married yet.Madi Monroe firstly dated Christopher Romero who is also a well-known social media star by profession.The couple started dating each other in the year 2019 and broke up in late 2020.Currently she is not dated any one.
Spouse / Partner Christopher Romero (Ex. Boyfriend )
Affairs Christopher Romero
Many people are curious to know about her Body Meserments and many are searching for it. If you are wondering to know about here is the information given in this section.She is stand for 5 feet and 7 inches tall and her body weight is around 55 Kg.She has a very attractive body and beautiful looks.
Height (Approx) in centimeters: 173 cm
in meters: 1.73 m
in feet inches: 5' 7"
Weight (Approx) in kilograms: 55 kg
in pounds: 121 lbs
Madi Monroe has an estimated Net Worth of $1 Million – $2 Million in 2023.She earns a handsome salary from her profession.She has made a significant sum of money because to the millions of views that each of her videos has received. For a 17-year-old girl, this is a significant income, and Madi now has everything she had expected from her parents.
Via her successful career she has been able to accumulate good fortune to living a very lavish and comfortable lifestyle.Know all about her salary career earnings and worth in the below table.
Name Madi Monroe
Net Worth $1 Million – $2 Million
Income / Salary Will Update
Income Source TikToker, Musical Artist
Known as Nina in the Brat Series Attaway General (2020)
Debut TV Series: Attaway General (2020)
Awards Not Known
Facts & Interests She enjoys nail art and always keeps her nails looking well.
Miss. Madi has frequently displayed her physique in a bikini on Instagram.
Miss. Madi enjoys water-based speed boating.
Madi Monroe's career began as a social media influencer. After that, she appeared in a short film titled Revenge in 2017 and quickly rose to fame in the industry. The following year, she landed a key role in another short film titled My Two Left Feet.
She also gained a lot of attention for her TikTok account, where she mostly uploads Hip Hop and Ballet dance videos.
She has been seen collaborating with different popular social media stars to make different V blogs over her Youtube Channel and TIkTok. She is having millions of fans following her every account. There is no such chance that a girl like Madi is not popular internationally.
Eris Talent Agency and The Green Room Management company currently manage her, and DTG Management company previously managed her.She has created numerous videos that show her viewers how to be empowered by realising their own inner strength. Since she posted the first video on TikTok, Madi has amassed an enormous fan base, which has piqued her ambition in becoming one of the many well-known Social Media stars.
Current Residency Los Angeles, California, USA
Facebook Not Available
Twitter @madimonroe
Instagram @madimonroe
Wikipedia Not Available
Madi Monroe has amassed a great fan base on TikTok, with over 4.5 million followers and 132 million likes.She also has her own YouTube channel, where she uploads dancing videos and performs at various shows.
The information provided above is only for general reference collect from varous sources as twitter, Instagram ans various news websites. All information on the Site is provided in good faith; however, we make no express or implied representation or warranty regarding the accuracy, adequacy, validity, reliability, availability, or completeness of any information on the Site.
Samson Lei Wiki, Husband, Parents, Ethnicity, Age, Bio
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According to Attorney Matthew B. Woods, Norma F. Pfriem Foundation Trustee, "We are pleased to provide Beth-El Center with this funding to support and bring some happiness to the children living at the shelter."
Through its shelter, soup kitchen and case management, the Beth-El Center cares for and responds to the needs of the hungry and homeless in the greater Milford community.
For more information on the Beth-El Center's programs, visit www.bethelmilford.org.


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Solothurn är en kanton i nordvästra Schweiz.

Indelning och organ
Kantonens huvudort är Solothurn. Här sitter kantonens parlament (kantonsrådet, Kantonsrat), regering (regeringsrådet, Regierungsrat) och högsta domstol (Obergericht). Såväl kantonsråden som regeringsråden väljs direkt i allmänna val.

Kantonsområdet indelas sedan länge i fem amt (Amtei) och tio distrikt (Bezirk). Amtsindelningen används av domstolsväsendet och vissa decentrala förvaltningsfunktioner. Amten fungerar även som valkretsar vid val till kantonsrådet.

Varje amt består av två distrikt, men distrikten används numera endast i statistiska sammanhang.

Amten och distrikten är:
 Bucheggberg-Wasseramt
 Bucheggberg
 Wasseramt
 Dorneck-Thierstein, ibland kallat Schwarzbubenland
 Dorneck
 Thierstein
 Olten-Gösgen
 Gösgen
 Olten
 Solothurn-Lebern
 Lebern
 Solothurn
 Thal-Gäu
 Gäu
 Thal

Solothurn är även indelat i 107 kommuner. Se Lista över kommuner i kantonen Solothurn.

Geografi

Solothurn gränsar i söder till kantonen Bern (kanton), i väster till Jura, i öster till Aargau samt Basel-Landschaft i norr. Exklaverna Kleinlützel och Leimental har även gräns mot Frankrike

Kantonen kan ses som tredelad genom Jurabergens markanta sydkam och området Wiedlisbach-Niederbipp tillhörande kantonen Bern:
 I Jurabergen och norr därom ligger distrikten Dorneck, Thierstein och Thal liksom kommunen Kienberg (i Gösgen).
 I sydväst ligger oberer Kantonsteil (övre kantonsdelen) med distrikten Solothurn, Lebern, Wasseramt och Bucheggberg.
 Distrikten Gäu, Olten och Gösgen i öster, längs Aares och Dünnerns dalgångar från Oensingen till Aaraus stadsgräns kallas ofta unterer Kantonsteil, alltså den nedre kantonsdelen.

Det tätbefolkade områdena söder om Jurabergen är till stor del flacka jordbruksområden med tillverkningsindustri och logistikanläggningar. Här ligger kantonens största kommuner: Olten, Solothurn och Grenchen.

Kommunikationer
I Olten korsas huvudjärnvägarna Basel-Bern och Zürich-Olten-Solothurn-Grenchen-Biel. Den sistnämnda förbinder kantonens befolkningscentra söder om Jura. I Jurabergen finns ofta postbussar till järnvägsstationer på linjerna Basel-Laufen, Solothurn-Moutier och Oensingen-Balsthal.

Söder om Jurabergen är de viktigaste motorvägarna A1 (Biel-Grenchen-Luterbach) och A5 (Bern-Luterbach-Aarau-Zürich), medan A7 leder genom Jurabergen till Basel. Huvudvägar genom Jura är Balsthal-Moutier (huvudväg 30), Oensingen-Balsthal-Basel (huvudväg 12) och Balsthal-Büsserach (Passwangstrasse).

Historik

Tidig historia
Området införlivades i romarriket efter Julius Caesars fälttåg. Romarna organiserade jordbruket, byggde vägar, även genom Jurabergen, och grundade städerna Solothurn och Olten.

När romarna dragit sig tillbaka, bosatte alemanner sig i stora delar av det nuvarande kantonsområdet, en västlig del fick dock en romersk-burgundisk kultur. I mitten av 500-talet erövrades området av frankerna. Klostren Schönenwerd och Sankt Ursus omnämns år 778 respektive 870. Efter Frankerrikets delning kom området till Övre Burgund och sedan till Tyskromerska riket. Från 1000-talet syns en feodal splittring, men när adelsfamiljerna försvagades blev Solothurn år 1218 riksstad.

Territoriell expansion

Kantonsområdet uppstod genom Solothurns territorialpolitik under senmedeltiden och 1500-talet. Eftersom de näraliggande, starkare städerna Bern och Basel också ville expandera, så fick Solothurn inrikta sig på områden som inte prioriterades av dem. Solothurn blev medlem i Edsförbundet år 1481. Vid reformationen förblev nästan hela området romersk-katolskt, endast Bucheggberg reformerades.

Genom soldatvärvningarna vid den franska ambassaden i Solothurn uppstod mäktiga officersfamiljer. Denna aristokrati styrde kantonen under 1600- och 1700-talen.

Napoleontiden och restaurationen
 År 1798 erövrades Edsförbundet av Frankrike och den centralistiska Helvetiska republiken inrättades. Detta utgjorde ett brott med det förflutna: Allmän rösträtt, parlament, invånarkommuner och gemensamt myntväsen infördes. Medborgarna fick lika rättigheter. Feodalskatter avskaffades. Stat och kyrka skildes åt. Radikaliteten, ekonomiska problem och krigsskatterna gjorde dock republiken impopulär.
 1803 ersattes den centralrepubliken genom Napoleons Mediationsakt som återinförde kantonernas suveränitet. Även kyrkans och skrånas gamla rättigheter återinfördes. Staden Solothurn återfick rätten till skogar och fäbodar. Underskiktet förlorade sin rösträtt och staden Solothurn privilegierades politiskt, men lantbefolkningen behöll ändå inflytande över kantonens styrelse.
 I januari 1814 lyckades aristokratin, trots uppror från landsbygden och Olten, genomföra en reaktionär statskupp. Solothurns patricierfamiljers inflytande restaurerades, genom att stadens skrån fick särskilda rättigheter minskade konkurrensen, soldatvärvningarna återinfördes. Jordbruket, kantonens huvudnäring, förändrades mot en utökad boskapsskötsel men tiondeskyldigheter och föråldrade bestämmelser försvårade processen.

Regenerationen
Efter julirevolutionen upphörde soldatvärvningarna, dessutom började befolkningen visa missnöje med restaurationsregeringen. Vid ett möte (Volkstag) i Balsthal den 22 december 1830 med 2500 människor krävdes att makten i kantonen skulle utgå från folket. År 1831 fick kantonen en liberal-demokratisk författning med allmän rösträtt, ekonomisk frihet, yttrandefrihet och rätt för alla invånare att bekläda offentliga ämbeten. De två första åren leddes regeringen av den liberal-konservative Ludwig von Roll. Med den 1833 valde liberale Josef Munzinger som rådsordförande fick bönderna rätt att lösa tiondena medan skolor, militär och vägväsen reformerades. Under ledning av advokaten Johann Baptist Reinert infördes en ny civillagstiftning. När den liberala kantonsregeringen vid en folkomröstning i januari 1841 fruktade oroligheter lät den fängsla ledande konservativa politiker och stänga ett tryckeri. Politikerna dömdes senare till fängelsestraff och till att betala höga processkostnader  Under 1840-talet medverkade solothurnare i de paramilitära Freischarenzüge mot det katolskt-konservativa Luzern. I det efterföljande Sonderbundkriget stod kantonen på Edsförbundets sida.

I förbundsstaten
Josef Munzinger blev Schweiz första finansminister och dess tredje president.

Runt 1850 började området industrialiseras, tidigast i Olten och Grenchen. Nu anlades också flera järnvägar.

Politiskt övertog den radikala (eller röda) riktningen runt Wilhelm Vigier initiativet. Man eftersträvade en fördjupad demokrati och en mer socialliberal politik. Kantonsförfattningen från 1856 införde folkomröstning om lagar som beslutats i kantonsrådet, efter ingången petition med 3000 underskrifter. Kommunaltjänstemän och lärare valdes direkt av kommuninnevånarna.

Under 1800-talets andra hälft fortgick konflikterna mellan liberala och katolskt-konservativa kretsar. År 1875 bröt en fraktion med påven och bildade den gammalkatolska kristkatolska kyrkan.

Politiken dominerades länge av liberalerna som från 1896 till 1985, med undantag för valet 1945, fick minst 40% av rösterna.

1965 fanns 69'488 arbetsplatser i industrisektorn och 28'929 i tjänstesektorn. Genom de ekonomiska kriserna på 1970- och 1990-talen och en accelererande strukturomvandling har den lokala industrins betydelse minskat och 2005 fanns 39'188 arbetsplatser i industrisektorn och 70'464 i tjänstesektorn.

Turism och sevärdheter

I kantonen har turismen länge varit av underordnad betydelse. Man strävar att öka antalet övernattningar. Några sevärdheter:
 Staden Solothurn med byggnadsminnen och kulturevenemang
 I Jurabergen finns lätta till medelsvåra vandringsvägar.
 I ett nedlagt kalkstenbrott i skogen ovanför Lommiswil kan man med blicken följa dinosauriespår i Jurasedimenten.
 Dornach med Goetheanum och borgruin

Referenser

Noter

Källor

Schweiz kantoner
Schweiz tyskspråkiga kantoner

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


When Peter Rabbit joins in with Old Mother Nature's "classroom" chats he learns all about the animals who share the Green Meadows and Forest with him.
In these lessons Peter learns about animals both big and small, from near and far, like the Hare, but also creatures like the Flying Squirrel, Grizzly Bear, Otter, Fox, Armadillo and many more.
This collection of stories has thrilled generations of readers, and is sure to delight many more. Not only a charming introduction to the orders of animals in North America, but also a great study into how they relate to each other.


text:
Q: General approach to temporal dithering I'm looking for some input on a general approach to implement temporal dithering in processing.
Currently I have a processing sketch which generates a hex file that can be sent to an APA102 LED strip over SPI. The framerate which I would be able to achieve should be sufficient that I can implement temporal dithering to increase the dynamic range of the LEDs, mainly with lower brightness. I looked into FastLed and Fadecandy to try and understand how it is done, but I can't really figure it out. Using these libraries is not an option as the animation should be 'hardcoded' in the hex file.
Who could point me in the right direction?
edit:
I currently implemented the following: First, I calculate the achievable framerate on the LEDs which gives me the number of dither-frames I can insert, based on the number of LEDs in my string and the SPI clockspeed. The LEDstrip can update at 420fps, so I have 7 'virtual' frames per frame to still be able to have 60fps base refresh rate.
I then calculate a lookup table of 7x7 which looks like this:
0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 1 0 0 0
0 0 1 0 0 1 0
0 1 0 1 0 1 0
0 1 0 1 1 0 1
1 1 0 1 1 1 0
0 1 1 1 1 1 1

I do all the gamma- color correction calculations with floats, and every line in the lookup table corresponds a step of 1/7 between two values. These are then added to the floored RGB values to achieve the dithering.
However, all this does not really change much visually. Compared to the animation without dithering I don't see a difference.
I was hoping to see something like https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1-_JtRl2ks0

A: You can read the code that FastLED uses for dithering in master/controller.h -- search for init_binary_dithering. From reading this, I gather that they just check how much time has elapsed since the last update to estimate how many "bits" of virtual dithering they can get.
Since you didn't provide working code, I'm not sure why you're not seeing a difference. But, I can work through an example to understand what temporal dithering is supposed to be doing.
Suppose your global brightness is set to 32. That means all RGB values are divided by 8 (256/32) before being displayed. For example 255,255,255 will actually display as 31,31,31.
(For now I'll just ignore "G" and "B" - let's pretend it's just "R".)

*

*How is 32 displayed? It's displayed as 1.

*How is 0 displayed? It's displayed at 0.

Now

*

*How is 16 displayed? It was going to be displayed as 0. But this is where temporal dithering can be useful. What we really want to do is display it as 0 half the time and 1 half the time.

*How is 24 displayed? It would also be displayed as 0, but with temporal dithering, we should display it as 0 one quarter of the time and 1 the other three quarters of the time.
Again from your description I'm not certain why you're not seeing the desired effect.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


It was a blind date. Of course, I know not all those end badly but this one really was bad.
When I started to get into his pick up for our date, he put a towel down on the seat... but I didnt think too much of it because he was sitting on a towel too and it was a very nice truck. But when I said something about it, he said something like "My friends think Im crazy, but look. Your arm is touching the arm rest and I dont know where your arm has been and I haven't said anything about it"... Needless to say I jerked my arm off the arm rest. Oh boy, we were just getting started.
We went to a restaurant.... what a mistake. The guy sent his glass of water back 3 times and his silverware twice. I felt so sorry for the waiter. But I was feeling awfully sorry for myself because I hadnt thought of a way out of this date or a painful way to kill my friend who had set us up.


I can share a photo of the painting that I did for my unborn grandchild.
A few posts back I covered the process of preparing the nursery. I painted the baskets and bins and a few other items for the changing table.
Soon after that I worked on a painting to coordinate with the colors and items that we used in the room.
This was the first time that I worked with this color palette and it took a little time to learn the characteristics of the colors for achieving the highlights and shadows. But all in all I really like the way the painting turned out. Instead of looking overly realistic, it looks more like a piece of artwork.
It's been a lot of fun to accomplish these projects in preparation of our new addition to the family.
Now we look forward to the arrival of the baby!


Hi! It's Becca here from Sunflower Seams and I have a fun Floating Hearts dress to share today! Every little girl needs a special dress for Valentine's day, whether it's for her classroom party or a fun daddy-daughter dance.
Cut each of the 12″x12″ squares of fabric in half. Next cut three 12″x6″ pieces of HeatNBond Ultrahold Iron-On Adhesive and three 12″x6″ pieces of Medium Weight Interfacing.
Apply Heat n Bond Ultra Hold Adhesive to the back of three of the 12″x6″ pieces of fabric (one in each color) per the instructions on the packaging. Then peel off the backing.
Next, apply Heat n Bond Medium Weight Interfacing to the back of the other three 12″x6″ pieces of fabric, one in each color.
Place the fabric with Ultra Hold Adhesive on top of the fabric with Interfacing, wrong sides together and press. You will be ironing the adhesive and interfacing together so you now have fabric on both sides.
Choose your heart design from the Cricut Design Space. I used a simple free design.
Place the fabric on a fresh mat and cut out the hearts. You can also make your own heart template if you don't have a Cricut.
Apply a small amount of Fabric Fuse to the raw edges of the fabric to help keep the hearts from fraying.
Fold each heart in half and press. Place the hearts on the dress to determine placement and pin.
Next, using the invisible thread, sew down the center of each heart. This will give the hearts a fun floating effect.
Thanks for stopping by!! I hope your little one loves her new Floating Hearts Dress as much as mine does!
Wow this is an adorable dress for the sweet girl. Love it!


10 games remain on the regular season schedule for the Boston Bruins, including tonight's game vs the New York Islanders. Finally, some good news on the injury front - top scorer David Pastrnak could return to the lineup tonight.
Pasta and his 31 goals have been missing for the last 16 games. He fell on the ice leaving a club function back on February 10th. Thumb injury was needed and now he's ready to go.
Despite missing 16 games, Pastrnak is tied with Brad Marchand for the club lead in goals with 31.
NOTE: Tonight's Bruins vs Islanders game is live on Sports Radio 92.9 The Ticket with coverage beginning at 6:30pm...At 40-23-9 (95 PTS), the Bruins hold a four point lead over Toronto for second place in the Atlantic Division.