text:
Suppression of the antiviral response by an influenza histone mimic
Ivan Marazzi1,
Jessica S. Y. Ho1,
Jaehoon Kim2,
Balaji Manicassamy3,4,
Scott Dewell5,
Randy A. Albrecht3,4,
Chris W. Seibert3,
Uwe Schaefer1,
Kate L. Jeffrey1,
Rab K. Prinjha6,
Kevin Lee6,
Adolfo García-Sastre3,4,7,
Robert G. Roeder2 &
Alexander Tarakhovsky1
Nature volume 483, pages 428–433 (2012)Cite this article
Antimicrobial responses
Influenza virus
Viral infection is commonly associated with virus-driven hijacking of host proteins. Here we describe a novel mechanism by which influenza virus affects host cells through the interaction of influenza non-structural protein 1 (NS1) with the infected cell epigenome. We show that the NS1 protein of influenza A H3N2 subtype possesses a histone-like sequence (histone mimic) that is used by the virus to target the human PAF1 transcription elongation complex (hPAF1C). We demonstrate that binding of NS1 to hPAF1C depends on the NS1 histone mimic and results in suppression of hPAF1C-mediated transcriptional elongation. Furthermore, human PAF1 has a crucial role in the antiviral response. Loss of hPAF1C binding by NS1 attenuates influenza infection, whereas hPAF1C deficiency reduces antiviral gene expression and renders cells more susceptible to viruses. We propose that the histone mimic in NS1 enables the influenza virus to affect inducible gene expression selectively, thus contributing to suppression of the antiviral response.
Transcriptomic profiling implicates PAF1 in both active and repressive immune regulatory networks
Matthew W. Kenaston
, Oanh H. Pham
… Priya S. Shah
BMC Genomics Open Access 30 November 2022
Host methylation predicts SARS-CoV-2 infection and clinical outcome
Iain R. Konigsberg
, Bret Barnes
… Kathleen C. Barnes
Communications Medicine Open Access 26 October 2021
An epigenetic and transcriptomic signature of immune tolerance in human monocytes through multi-omics integration
Xanthe Brands
, Bastiaan W. Haak
… Brendon P. Scicluna
Genome Medicine Open Access 16 August 2021
Figure 1: Influenza NS1 contains a histone mimic.
Figure 2: Functional interaction between NS1 and PAF1 in infected cells.
Figure 3: NS1 suppresses antiviral gene transcription in infected cells.
Figure 4: NS1 inhibits transcriptional elongation in vitro.
Figure 5: PAF1 controls antiviral response.
Kornberg, R. D. & Thomas, J. O. Chromatin structure—oligomers of histones. Science 184, 865–868 (1974)
Campos, E. I. & Reinberg, D. Histones: annotating chromatin. Ann. Rev. Genet. 43, 559–599 (2009)
Taverna, S. D., Li, H., Ruthenburg, A. J., Allis, C. D. & Patel, D. J. How chromatin-binding modules interpret histone modifications: lessons from professional pocket pickers. Nature Struct. Mol. Biol. 14, 1025–1040 (2007)
Kouzarides, T. Chromatin modifications and their function. Cell 128, 693–705 (2007)
Kelly, A. E. et al. Survivin reads phosphorylated histone H3 threonine 3 to activate the mitotic kinase Aurora B. Science 330, 235–239 (2010)
Fernandez-Capetillo, O. et al. DNA damage-induced G2-M checkpoint activation by histone H2AX and 53BP1. Nature Cell Biol. 4, 993–997 (2002)
Li, B., Carey, M. & Workman, J. L. The role of chromatin during transcription. Cell 128, 707–719 (2007)
Filippakopoulos, P. et al. Selective inhibition of BET bromodomains. Nature 468, 1067–1073 (2010)
Nicodeme, E. et al. Suppression of inflammation by a synthetic histone mimic. Nature 468, 1119–1123 (2010)
Nishiyama, A. et al. Intracellular delivery of acetyl-histone peptides inhibits native bromodomain-chromatin interactions and impairs mitotic progression. Febs Lett. 582, 1501–1507 (2008)
Hargreaves, D. C., Horng, T. & Medzhitov, R. Control of inducible gene expression by signal-dependent transcriptional elongation. Cell 138, 129–145 (2009)
Sampath, S. C. et al. Methylation of a histone mimic within the histone methyltransferase G9a regulates protein complex assembly. Mol. Cell 27, 596–608 (2007)
Elde, N. C. & Malik, H. S. The evolutionary conundrum of pathogen mimicry. Nature Rev. Microbiol. 7, 787–797 (2009)
Hale, B. G., Randall, R. E., Ortin, J. & Jackson, D. The multifunctional NS1 protein of influenza A viruses. J. Gen. Virol. 89, 2359–2376 (2008)
Garcia-Sastre, A. et al. Influenza A virus lacking the NS1 gene replicates in interferon-deficient systems. Virology 252, 324–330 (1998)
Lu, Y., Wambach, M., Katze, M. G. & Krug, R. M. Binding of the influenza-virus NS1 protein to double-stranded-RNA inhibits the activation of the protein-kinase that phosphorylates the Elf-2 translation initiation-factor. Virology 214, 222–228 (1995)
Gack, M. U. et al. Influenza A Virus NS1 targets the ubiquitin ligase TRIM25 to evade recognition by the host viral RNA sensor RIG-I. Cell Host Microbe 5, 439–449 (2009)
Pichlmair, A. et al. RIG-I-mediated antiviral responses to single-stranded RNA bearing 5'-phosphates. Science 314, 997–1001 (2006)
Hale, B. G., Jackson, D., Chen, Y. H., Lamb, R. A. & Randall, R. E. Influenza A virus NS1 protein binds p85b and activates phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase signaling. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 103, 14194–14199 (2006)
Krug, R. M., Yuan, W. M., Noah, D. L. & Latham, A. G. Intracellular warfare between human influenza viruses and human cells: the roles of the viral NS1 protein. Virology 309, 181–189 (2003)
Nemeroff, M. E., Barabino, S. M. L., Li, Y. Z., Keller, W. & Krug, R. M. Influenza virus NS1 protein interacts with the cellular 30 kDa subunit of CPSF and inhibits 3' end formation of cellular pre-mRNAs. Mol. Cell 1, 991–1000 (1998)
Das, K. et al. Structural basis for suppression of a host antiviral response by influenza A virus. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 105, 13093–13098 (2008)
Satterly, N. et al. Influenza virus targets the mRNA export machinery and the nuclear pore complex. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 104, 1853–1858 (2007)
Luger, K., Mader, A. W., Richmond, R. K., Sargent, D. F. & Richmond, T. J. Crystal structure of the nucleosome core particle at 2.8 Å resolution. Nature 389, 251–260 (1997)
Hale, B. G., Barclay, W. S., Randall, R. E. & Russell, R. J. Structure of an avian influenza A virus NS1 protein effector domain. Virology 378, 1–5 (2008)
Xhemalce, B. & Kouzarides, T. A chromodomain switch mediated by histone H3 Lys 4 acetylation regulates heterochromatin assembly. Genes Dev. 24, 647–652 (2010)
Becker, P. B. et al. Site-specific acetylation of ISWI by GCN5. BMC Mol. Biol. 8, (2007)
Ruthenburg, A. J., Allis, C. D. & Wysocka, J. Methylation of lysine 4 on histone H3: Intricacy of writing and reading a single epigenetic mark. Mol. Cell 25, 15–30 (2007)
Wang, P. F. et al. Global analysis of H3K4 methylation defines MLL family member targets and points to a role for MLL1-mediated H3K4 methylation in the regulation of transcriptional initiation by RNA polymerase II. Mol. Cell. Biol. 29, 6074–6085 (2009)
Guillemette, B. et al. H3 lysine 4 is acetylated at active gene promoters and is regulated by H3 lysine 4 methylation. PLoS Genet. 7, (2011)
Lachner, M., O'Carroll, N., Rea, S., Mechtler, K. & Jenuwein, T. Methylation of histone H3 lysine 9 creates a binding site for HP1 proteins. Nature 410, 116–120 (2001)
Shi, X. B. et al. ING2 PHD domain links histone H3 lysine 4 methylation to active gene repression. Nature 442, 96–99 (2006)
Lan, F. et al. Recognition of unmethylated histone H3 lysine 4 links BHC80 to LSD1-mediated gene repression. Nature 448, 718–722 (2007)
Wysocka, J. Identifying novel proteins recognizing histone modifications using peptide pull-down assay. Methods 40, 339–343 (2006)
Sims, R. J. et al. Human but not yeast CHD1 binds directly and selectively to histone H3 methylated at lysine 4 via its tandem chromodomains. J. Biol. Chem. 280, 41789–41792 (2005)
Kim, J., Guermah, M. & Roeder, R. G. The human PAF1 complex acts in chromatin transcription elongation both independently and cooperatively with SII/TFIIS. Cell 140, 491–503 (2010)
Ramirez-Carrozzi, V. R. et al. A unifying model for the selective regulation of inducible transcription by CpG islands and nucleosome remodeling. Cell 138, 114–128 (2009)
Kim, K. Y. & Levin, D. E. Mpk1 MAPK association with the Paf1 complex blocks Sen1-mediated premature transcription termination. Cell 144, 745–756 (2011)
Chen, Y. X. et al. DSIF, the Paf1 complex, and Tat-SF1 have nonredundant, cooperative roles in RNA polymerase II elongation. Genes Dev. 23, 2765–2777 (2009)
Jaehning, J. A. The Paf1 complex: platform or player in RNA polymerase II transcription? Biochim. Bioiphys. Acta 1799, 379–388 (2010)
Core, L. J., Waterfall, J. J. & Lis, J. T. Nascent RNA sequencing reveals widespread pausing and divergent initiation at human promoters. Science 322, 1845–1848 (2008)
Min, I. M. et al. Regulating RNA polymerase pausing and transcription elongation in embryonic stem cells. Gene Dev. 25, 742–754 (2011)
Mapendano, C. K., Lykke-Andersen, S., Kjems, J., Bertrand, E. & Jensen, T. H. Crosstalk between mRNA 3′ end processing and transcription initiation. Mol. Cell 40, 410–422 (2010)
Loucaides, E. M. et al. Nuclear dynamics of influenza A virus ribonucleoproteins revealed by live-cell imaging studies. Virology 394, 154–163 (2009)
Engelhardt, O. G., Smith, M. & Fodor, E. Association of the influenza a virus RNA-dependent RNA polymerase with cellular RNA polymerase II. J. Virol. 79, 5812–5818 (2005)
Jackson, D., Hossain, M. J., Hickman, D., Perez, D. R. & Lamb, R. A. A new influenza virus virulence determinant: The NS1 protein four C-terminal residues modulate pathogenicity. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 105, 4381–4386 (2008)
Strahl, B. D. & Allis, C. D. The language of covalent histone modifications. Nature 403, 41–45 (2000)
Turner, B. M. Histone acetylation and an epigenetic code. Bioessays 22, 836–845 (2000)
Jenuwein, T. & Allis, C. D. Translating the histone code. Science 293, 1074–1080 (2001)
Yang, Y. et al. The transmissibility and control of pandemic influenza A (H1N1) virus. Science 326, 729–733 (2009)
We thank P. deGross and A. Rudensky for the mass spectroscopy analysis of the NS1 binding proteins. A. Rojas Soto, D. Reinberg, M. Dobenecker and T. Zhanyun provided us with recombinant CHD1 (A.R.S., D.R.), recombinant Set7/9 (M.D.) and Set1C (T.Z.). F. Casadio, P. Lewis, O. Binda, O. Gozani, N. Levenkova, A. Mele, R. Darnell, L. Core, J. Lis and P. Palese gave us valuable technical advice and help with data analysis. We acknowledge the Rockefeller University Genomics Resource Center for technical support. We thank R. Cadagan, A. Santana, W. Huang, R. Chandramouli and H. Zebronsky for technical assistance, R. Rizzo for help with manuscript preparation and C. Nathan for discussion. L.M.K. for artwork. B.M is supported by NIH/NIAID K99 Pathway to Independence award (1K99AI095320-01). A.G.-S. is partially supported by NIAID grants R01AI046954, U19AI083025 and by CRIP (Center for Research in Influenza Pathogenesis), an NIAID funded Center of Excellence for Influenza Research and Surveillance, HHSN266200700010C. R.G.R. is supported by NIH grant CA129325. J.K. is supported by Charles H. Revson Foundation. I.M. is supported by American Italian Cancer Foundation. J.H. is supported by the Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore. A.T. is supported by the NIH grant R01AI068058 and by Starr Cancer Consortium.
Laboratory of Immune Cell Epigenetics and Signaling, The Rockefeller University, 1230 York Avenue, New York, New York 10065, USA,
Ivan Marazzi, Jessica S. Y. Ho, Uwe Schaefer, Kate L. Jeffrey & Alexander Tarakhovsky
Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Rockefeller University, 1230 York Avenue, New York, New York 10065, USA,
Jaehoon Kim & Robert G. Roeder
Department of Microbiology, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, One Gustave L. Levy Place, Box 1124, New York, New York 10029, USA,
Balaji Manicassamy, Randy A. Albrecht, Chris W. Seibert & Adolfo García-Sastre
Global Health and Infectious Pathogens Institute, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, One Gustave L. Levy Place, Box 1124, New York, New York 10029, USA,
Balaji Manicassamy, Randy A. Albrecht & Adolfo García-Sastre
Genomics Resource Center, The Rockefeller University, 1230 York Avenue, New York, New York 10065, USA,
Scott Dewell
Epinova DPU, Immuno-Inflammation Centre of Excellence for Drug Discovery, GlaxoSmithKline, Medicines Research Centre, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage SG1 2NY, UK,
Rab K. Prinjha & Kevin Lee
Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, One Gustave L. Levy Place, Box 1124, New York, New York 10029, USA,
Adolfo García-Sastre
Ivan Marazzi
Jessica S. Y. Ho
Jaehoon Kim
Balaji Manicassamy
Randy A. Albrecht
Chris W. Seibert
Uwe Schaefer
Kate L. Jeffrey
Rab K. Prinjha
Kevin Lee
Robert G. Roeder
Alexander Tarakhovsky
I.M. contributed to design, execution, analysis of the experiments and manuscript preparation. J.S.Y.H. studied the role of PAF1 in viral infection and assisted in manuscript preparation. J.K. and R.R. studied the impact of NS1 on hPAF1C and transcriptional elongation. B.M., R.A.A. engineered the recombinant influenza viruses and studied viral infectivity. U.S. was involved in gene expression studies. S.D. performed bioinformatic analysis. C.W.S. generated antibody against viral polymerase. K.L.J. gave technical assistance. R.K.P. and K.L. contributed to manuscript preparation and enabled ChIP-seq and RNA-seq. A.G.-S. supervised and discussed the work with infectious influenza viruses. A.T. conceived and supervised this study and wrote the final manuscript.
Correspondence to Ivan Marazzi or Alexander Tarakhovsky.
R.K.P. and K.L. are employees of GlaxoSmithKline. Research support, excluding salaries to the members of The Rockefeller University, was partially provided by GlaxoSmithKline.
This file contains Supplementary Figures 1-12, Supplementary Methods, additional references and full legends for Supplementary Tables 1-8. (PDF 1437 kb)
Supplementary Table 1
This table shows genes affected by Influenza Infection - see Supplementary Information file for full legend. (XLS 135 kb)
This table contains a list of genes used for the integrated ChIP-seq profile - see Supplementary Information file for full legend. (XLS 43 kb)
This table shows siPAF dependent genes in PR8/∆NS1 infected cells - see Supplementary Information file for full legend. (XLS 249 kb)
This table shows siPAF dependent genes in Influenza (H1N1) infected cells - see Supplementary Information file for full legend. (XLS 656 kb)
This table shows siPAF dependent genes in Poly(I:C) transfected cells - see Supplementary Information file for full legend. (XLS 888 kb)
This table shows siPAF dependent genes in IFNβ1 treated cells - see Supplementary Information file for full legend. (XLS 111 kb)
This table shows that expression of housekeeping genes are not affected by siPAF mediated hPAF1 deficiency - see Supplementary Information file for full legend. (XLS 24 kb)
PowerPoint slide for Fig. 1
Marazzi, I., Ho, J., Kim, J. et al. Suppression of the antiviral response by an influenza histone mimic. Nature 483, 428–433 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1038/nature10892
Issue Date: 22 March 2012
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/nature10892
Oanh H. Pham
Priya S. Shah
BMC Genomics (2022)
SARS-CoV-2 disrupts host epigenetic regulation via histone mimicry
John Kee
Samuel Thudium
Erica Korb
Bastiaan W. Haak
Brendon P. Scicluna
Genome Medicine (2021)
Comparative transcriptome analysis reveals key epigenetic targets in SARS-CoV-2 infection
Marisol Salgado-Albarrán
Erick I. Navarro-Delgado
Ernesto Soto-Reyes
npj Systems Biology and Applications (2021)
The link among microbiota, epigenetics, and disease development
Amr El-Sayed
Lotfi Aleya
Mohamed Kamel
Environmental Science and Pollution Research (2021)
Editorial Summary
Flu-virus mimicry
Histone proteins are essential regulators of gene function. The amino-terminal domain of the histone H2, or the histone 'tail', can be post-translationally modified, and it acts as a scaffold for the assembly of protein complexes that control gene function. Ivan Marazzi and colleagues now show that the immunosuppressive NS1 protein of the influenza virus carries a histone-like sequence that mimics key features of histone H3, including binding to key transcriptional regulators, so that the virus can hijack the host transcriptional machinery. Interaction between NS1 and transcriptional elongation complex PAF1C is shown to be crucial to the host antiviral response, validating PAF1 protein as a candidate for anti-inflammatory therapy using synthetic PAF1 antagonists.
Influenza's tale of tails
Alexei L. Krasnoselsky
Michael G. Katze
Nature News & Views 14 Mar 2012


text:
(Redirected from Pentateuch)
Torah, (תורה) is a Hebrew word meaning "teaching", "instruction", or especially "law". It primarily refers to the first section of the Tanakh–the first five books of the Hebrew Bible, or the Five Books of Moses, but can also be used in the general sense to also include both the Written and Oral Law.
Books of the Torah
The five books are:
Genesis (Bereishit בראשית),
Exodus (Shemot שמות),
Leviticus (Vayikra ויקרא),
Numbers (Bemidbar במדבר) and
Deuteronomy (Devarim דברים) .
Collectively they are also known as the Pentateuch (Greek for "five containers", where containers presumably refers to the scroll cases in which books were being kept), Hamisha Humshei Torah (חמשה חומשי תורה) (Hebrew for "the five parts of the Torah", or just Humash חומש "fifth" for short) or Chumash.
A Torah is a specially written scroll of the five books, a Sefer Torah. Jews also use the word Torah, in a wider sense, to refer to the entire spectrum of authoritative Jewish religious teachings throughout history. In this sense it might include the entire Tanakh, the Mishnah, the Talmud and the midrashic literature.
1 Structure of the five books
2 Jewish view of the Torah
4 The Torah and the oral law
5 Christian view of the Torah
6 Samaritans
7 Secular view of the Torah
Structure of the five books
241530_7953_torah.jpg
The five books do not contain a complete and ordered system of legislature (which is found in the Talmud), but rather, a general philosophical basis, a historical description of the beginnings of Judaism, and 613 specific laws. Much of the five books (particularly Genesis, the first part of Exodus and much of Numbers) are actually stories rather than lists of laws, but many important concepts and ideas are found in these stories. The book of Deuteronomy is different from the previous books; it consists of Moses' final speeches to Israel at the end of his life, and reiterates many laws mentioned previously.
Many laws of Judaism are not directly mentioned in the Torah, but are derived from textual hints, which were expanded orally, and eventually written down in the Talmud and Mishnah. According to the Jewish view, the stories in the Torah are not always in chronological order, and sometimes they are ordered by concept (Talmud tractate Pesachim 7a).
Jews believe that every single word, and even letter, in the Torah is significant and has a reason for appearing there.
Jewish view of the Torah
TorahScroll.jpg
The Torah is the primary document of Judaism, and is the source of all the basic Biblical commandments, in an ethical framework. According to a well-accepted rabbinic tradition cited in the Talmud, the Torah contains 613 mitzvot [מצוות] (tractate Makkoth 23b).
According to Jewish tradition, these books were revealed to Moses by God; some of it is said to have been revealed at Mt. Sinai (the Ten Commandments.) Classical rabbinic literature offers various ideas on when the entire Torah was revealed. Some sources state that the entire Torah was given all at once on Mount Sinai. In the maximalist view, this dictation included not only the "quotes" which appear in the text, but every word of the text itself, including phrases such as "And God spoke to Moses...", and included God telling Moses about Moses' own death and what would happen afterward. Other classical sources hold that the Torah was revealed to Moses over many years, and finished only at his death. Another school of thought holds that although Moses wrote the vast majority of the Torah, a number of sentences throughout the Torah must have been written after his death by another prophet. All classical views, nonetheless, hold that the Torah was entirely or almost entirely Mosaic and of divine origin.
The rabbis hold that not only are the words giving a Divine message, but indicate a far greater message that extends beyond them. Thus they hold that even as small a mark as a kotzo shel yod (קוצו של יוד), the serif of the Hebrew letter yod (י), the smallest letter, was put there by God to teach scores of lessons. This is regardless of whether that yod appears in the phrase "I am the Lord thy God," or whether it appears in that oft repeated "And God spoke unto Moses saying." In a similar vein, Rabbi Akiva, who died in AD 135, is said to have learned a new law from every et (את) in the Torah (Talmud, tractate Pesachim 22b); the word et is meaningless by itself, and serves only to mark the accusative case. In other words, the Orthodox view is that "And God spoke unto Moses saying..." is no less important than the actual statement.
One kabbalistic interpretation is that the Torah constitutes one long name of God, and that it was broken up into words so that human minds can understand it. While this is effective since it accords with our human reason, it is not the only way that the text can be broken up.
There is little support for higher biblical criticism in Orthodox Judaism. Applying the techniques of higher criticism to books of the Bible other than the Torah is frowned upon, but applying these techniques to the Torah itself is usually considered to be both mistaken and heretical. As such, the overwhelming majority of Orthodox Judaism views the documentary hypothesis to be heretical. Orthodox rabbis well-known for taking issue with documentary hypothesis: Meir Leibush Malbim and Samson Raphael Hirsch.
Torah translations have existed for over 2000 years. An early example is the Septuagint, which the Talmud says was produced at the instigation of a king or pharaoh of the Ptolemaic dynasty.
The best-known translation of antiquity is probably the Targum of Onkelos the Proselyte, who based his translation on an oral tradition from Sinai and is still used as a tool for Torah study and quoted extensively by Rashi in questions on etymology.
The Torah and the oral law
Rabbinical Judaism (i.e. Orthodox Judaism) holds that the Torah has been transmitted in parallel with an oral tradition. They point to the text of the Torah, where they believe many words are left undefined, and many procedures mentioned without explanation or instructions; they believe the reader is assumed to be familiar with the details from other, oral, sources.
This parallel set of material was originally transmitted orally, and came to be known as the oral law. At the time, it was forbidden to write and publish the Oral Law, as any writing would be incomplete and subject to misinterpretation and abuse. However, after great debate, this restriction was lifted when it became apparent that it was the only way to ensure that the law could be preserved. To prevent the material from being lost, around AD 200, Rabbi Judah haNasi took up the redaction of a written version of the oral law; it was compiled into the first major written work of rabbinic Judaism, the Mishnah. Over the next four centuries this body of law, legend, and ethical teachings underwent debate and analysis in both of the world's major Jewish communities (in Israel and Babylon). These commentaries on the Mishnah, called gemara, eventually came to be edited together into compilations known as the Talmud.
Most Jews follow the traditional explication of these laws that can be found in this later literature. Karaites, who reject the oral law, and adhere solely to the laws of the Torah, are a major exception.
Christian view of the Torah
Christianity also believes that the Torah is the word of God; however most Christians do not necessarily hold that it was "dictated" to Moses all at once. Further, traditional Christianity holds that while the Torah's quotes from God should literally be understood as quotes from God Himself, the rest of the text is not a direct quote, but rather human words written by a prophet under divine inspiration. Thus the entire Torah is held to be a holy revelation, but not all of it is seen as a quote. The Christian belief that Jesus is both fully human and fully divine has a very close analogy in the traditional Christian view of Scripture.
The Samaritans have their own version of the Torah, which contains many variant readings. Many of these agree with the Septuagint against the Masoretic Text, leading many scholars to believe that parts of the Samaritan text may have once been common in ancient Palestine, but rejected by the Masoretes.
Secular view of the Torah
There is no scholarly consensus on the dates of the writing and canonization of the Torah, and estimates range from the 10th to the 6th centuries BC. Several professors of archeology claim that many stories in the Hebrew Bible, including important chronicles about Abraham, Moses, Solomon, and others, were actually made up for the first time by scribes hired by King Josiah (7th century BC) in order to rationalize monotheistic belief in God. Others claim that the foremost motivation behind the text is political and has to do with the division between the southern kingdom and the northern kingdom.
The prevailing theory amongst liberal and secular scholars, linguists and historians holds that the text of the Torah appears to be redacted together from a number of earlier sources; this is known as the documentary hypothesis (DH), sometimes called the "JEDP" theory. See the documentary hypothesis page for the arguments of its proponents and opponents.
Evidently, the extensive written records of neighboring countries such as Egypt, Assyria, etc., do mention some of the stories of the Bible and its main characters before 650 BC. See the book references below.
Sefer Torah
Torah reading
Template:Wikisourcepar
William G. Dever, Who Were the Early Israelites?, William B. Eerdmans Publishing Co., Grand Rapids, MI (2003).
Neil A. Silberman et al., The Bible Unearthed, Simon and Schuster, New York (2001).ar:توراة
bg:Петокнижие cs:Tóra de:Tora eo:Leĝo de Moseo es:Torá et:Pentateuh fi:Toora fr:Torah he:תורה id:Taurat it:Torah ja:モーセ五書 ms:Taurat no:Tora nl:Torah pl:Tora pt:Torah simple:Torah zh:摩西五经
Retrieved from "https://tantalum.academickids.com:443/encyclopedia/index.php/Torah"
Categories: Torah | Hebrew words | Jewish history | Holy scripture | Religious texts

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Tag Archives: Donald Lawrence
The Midnight Sun Camera Obscura Project
Posted on August 29, 2016 by abedstu
Reception: September 15, 4 – 6 pm
Artists: Dianne Bos, Lea Bucknell, Ernie Kroeger, Donald Lawrence, Kevin Schmidt, Holly Ward, Carsten Wirth, Andrew Wright
Curated by Josephine Mills
The Midnight Sun Camera Obscura Festival brought together an international group of artists and other researchers interested in cameras obscura and related optical phenomenon as a meeting place of art and science, cultural and wilderness settings, learning and play. The project was conceived by Kamloops-based artist and visual art professor Donald Lawrence and was funded by the Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada (SSHRC). The group of artists, scholars, and art students came together for summer solstice, 2015, in Dawson City, Yukon where they used the exceptionally long days and stunning landscape to produce a variety of art works.
As is clear in the range of work proposed for this exhibition, the camera obscura holds a fascination with contemporary artists and audiences. Camera obscura simply means 'dark room' in Latin and was a term coined to describe devices devised to aid perception, but can include any darkened space into which light enters through a small opening (sometimes aided by a lens and a mirror). Mills attended the festival in the Yukon and has curated an exhibition out of the project for the U of L Art Gallery. This new phase of the project will connect the work with a wider public and, in addition to the exhibition, the U of L Art Gallery is working on a national tour and a major publication. The exhibition includes several of the cameras obscura – the actual objects for viewing and recording surrounding imagery; images projected by these devices; documentation of the event; and new work produced by the artists in response to the initial research and festival.
This exhibition arose from an extensive research project carried out in Dawson City, Yukon. The Midnight Sun Camera Obscura Festival brought together an international group of artists and other researchers interested in cameras obscura and related optical phenomenon as a meeting place of art and science, cultural and wilderness settings, learning and play. The project was conceived and organized by Kamloops-based artist and visual arts professor Donald Lawrence and was funded by the Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada (SSHRC). The group of artists, scholars, and art students came together for an initial research visit during summer solstice, 2014, in Dawson City, Yukon and then returned at the same time in 2015 to produce the festival. Using the exceptionally long days to provide maximum effect, the festival included a range of public-site installations around Dawson City, exhibitions in the local galleries, workshops and a community exhibition with the Yukon Arts Centre, performances, tours, and public talks. With the high level of research supported by SSHRC, the artists were able to produce exceptionally strong and diverse work that that engaged visitors in the interplay of art and science as well as thinking about ideas of the North.
As is clear in the range of work in this exhibition, the camera obscura holds a fascination with contemporary artists and scholars. Camera obscura simply means 'dark room' in Latin, a term coined to describe devices devised to aid perception, but can include any darkened space into which light enters through a small opening (sometimes aided by a lens and a mirror). Present from early history onward, the camera obscura took on its name and became more developed in the Renaissance and had a revival during Victorian and Edwardian times with an expanding public interest in the science of light that included the development of the modern camera. Contemporary artists and theorists continue to work with the deceptively simple properties of this device and the extraordinary viewing experience which they can produce. Even without a lens, the imagery can be startling clear and without a mirror, the image will be upside down and reversed from what a person perceives outside the device. The inverted image and focus on a part of the surroundings, determined by how the artist places and configures the device, produces the productive combination of playful wonderment with scientific observation and insight.
The camera obscura as an object is an immersive experience that fully engages the viewer as it requires that one at least stick their head into a darkened cover or crawl inside a dark chamber – and close the door completely. For the Midnight Sun Camera Obscura Festival the artists pushed the limits of what these objects could be and the works included over-sized gold nuggets, a shed with a gold-rush style boom-town false front, a camera obscura mounted on the George Black ferry across the Yukon river, a classic river-side pavilion, and a prospector's style of tent converted to view the stars during summer solstice. Probably the most challenging of all in terms of requiring trust by the would-be viewer, Mike Yuhasz's device involved climbing inside a passenger van with blackened windows and plywood box insert, in advance of embarking on a tour of the town as seen in the Vanscura's inverted, moving image.
The University of Lethbridge Art Gallery is pleased to present the results of the Midnight Sun Camera Obscura Project in our Main and Helen Christou Galleries. The exhibition includes one of the actual cameras obscura, "Eye of the Beholder" by Holly Ward and Kevin Schmidt, one of two that was produced in Dawson City for viewing and recording surrounding imagery; images produced within several of the devices; documentation of the event; and new work produced by the artists in response to the initial research and festival. As well, in a companion public-site event, the Prairie Sun Project (August 21, 2016), several of the artists created public-site works and performances for the University of Lethbridge's Coutts Centre for Western Canadian Heritage near Nanton, Alberta. Most notable of these new works, Donald Lawrence transformed a 1920s grain bin into the "Nanton Camera Obscura" which will be a permanent addition to the Coutts Centre. The U of L Art Gallery is working with Donald Lawrence and his SSHRC research team on a national tour of the exhibition and a major publication.
– Josephine Mills, Director/Curator, University of Lethbridge Art Gallery
Posted in Dr. Margaret (Marmie) Perkins Hess Gallery, Exhibitions | Tagged Andrew Wright, Carsten Wirth, Dianne Bos, Donald Lawrence, Ernie Kroeger, Holly Ward, josephine mills, Kevin Schmidt, Lea Bucknell, Mike Yuhasz, The Midnight Sun Camera Obscura Project


text:
How Obama Can Win the Politics of the Debt Ceiling and Still Lose
Obama made the better argument Monday night, but that doesn't mean he's going to come out on top once the battle over the deficit winds down
Erik Tarloff
John Boehner is no Bobby Jindal. The Louisiana governor established the gold standard for a laughably inept response to a presidential address in 2009, and I intend no disservice to Boehner's earnest bid for the title Monday night when I say he came up short. True, his cadences were sing-songy, and his direct, manly eye contact wasn't with us viewers, but rather with a teleprompter positioned a tad too far from the camera lens, and his rote rehearsal of disingenuous, oft-told, and almost content-free Republican talking points carried very little conviction. But he wasn't sufficiently Eddie Haskell-like for this to have posed a serious threat to Jindal's primacy, let alone for ending any hopes of a national career.
Of course, his career may be in jeopardy anyway. He is a speaker who has patently lost control of his own conference, and that doesn't augur well for his long-term prospects even if his party retains control of the House. And he has his own Uriah Heep -- well, that might not be fair to Uriah Heep; Eric Cantor lacks Heep's finesse -- maneuvering, unofficially if not exactly covertly, to replace him. Which may well have been one aspect, although only one, of the speaker's difficulty delivering his speech Monday night. It's public knowledge that he had been prepared to accept a deal with the president, but was rebuffed by the most militant faction in his caucus. As a consequence, his air of sorrowful indignation was somewhat less than convincing; he couldn't have sounded nearly so indignant when he saw fit to say yes. So he ended up sounding like a hostage reading a list of his captors' demands for a video about to be released to Al Jazeera.
And the president? Well, he was immeasurably superior to the speaker, and he brought his accustomed strengths to the table. He was reasonable, forceful, cogent, and well-armed with facts that supported his case. He had much the better of the argument. No great feat, seeing as how Boehner barely offered any argument at all. But those weaknesses with which we have also become familiar over the last couple of years were fully in evidence as well: he was calm, measured, and willing to compromise, when expressions of reproach, even of ire, would not have been out of place. On those occasions he was scathing -- and there were a few -- his barbs were almost entirely subtextual. Only listeners familiar with the ins and outs of the last few weeks' negotiations, and only those who have made a practice of parsing forensic political discourse, would have noticed the ways in which he alluded to Boehner's current fecklessness, or the Republicans' hypocrisy and reckless, indefensible willingness to endanger the country for a perceived political advantage. As in the 2008 presidential campaign and many occasions since, one felt the urge to yell at the television screen: "Get mad, for Christ's sake! They deserve it! You have the right!"
But getting mad isn't Obama's way. No doubt being the calmest person in the room has served him well all his life, but I'm not at all convinced it's serving him well now.
And when it comes to content, most Democrats, while cheering the president on, must also feel deep frustration. He is defending against the worst depredations threatened by the Republicans, and to programs they have always opposed, and there's no question that his heart's in the right place. But he's conceding so much! The story is told that when Clement Attlee returned from a visit to Washington to meet with President Truman, he addressed his cabinet about what he had observed. I'm paraphrasing, but this, in essence, is what he said: "The American political system is rather like ours in many ways. They have their Republican Party, which is quite similar to our Conservative Party. And they have their Democratic Party, which is quite similar to...to our Conservative Party."
Obama's willingness to meet the Republicans not merely halfway, but three-fourths of the way, is characteristic of modern-day Democratic presidents, but none the more comforting for that. Polls show Democrats actually winning almost every policy argument when the issues are presented individually, but there's a strange kind of pusillanimity at work when Democrats offer an overarching philosophy of governance. The basic questions never get confronted. To put it another way, there's the Republican Party, which is much like the British Conservative Party, and there's the Democratic Party, which is much like the Republican Party. A somewhat less reactionary wing of the Republican Party. Bill Clinton once complained, "They're forcing me to govern like an Eisenhower Republican!" Well, I'm not sure he was forced, but it's an accurate description of his presidency, and, to a certain extent, of Barack Obama's too.
Still, this disconcerting agreeableness on the part of the Democrats at least exposes Republican intransigence for what it is: A bullying and cavalier game of political chicken.
We will find out in the next week or so whether I'm right in saying Obama has won this round, as he has won almost every previous round when the two parties have gone head-to-head on policy. But history shows, and the last off-year election confirms, that winning every round doesn't necessarily guarantee victory in the election to follow. When it comes to voting, Americans are practical; practical, I am tempted to say, to a fault. Right now, it's clear that George W. Bush gets popular blame for getting us into our current economic mess, and the Republicans get popular blame for being uncooperative and politically motivated when it comes to getting us out of it. But in November of 2012, voters may look at prevailing economic conditions and say, "It doesn't matter whose fault it is, this clearly isn't working. It's time to try something else."
Winning the argument isn't nearly so important as putting people back to work. Which may well be why the Republicans are pursuing such destructive tactics. As the Republican leader in the Senate dared to say out loud, defeating President Obama is the party's first priority. Solving the nation's problems apparently comes a distant second.
Image credit: Yuri Gripas/Reuters


What could be better than a lovely spring winery tour accompanied by some wine, some cheese, a cocktail reception and a sumptuous high tea at the very elegant Prince Of Wales Hotel in Niagara-On-The-Lake!
Please join us on our social networking oriented day trip from the Toronto area to Niagara-On-The-Lake.
Winery tour and wine tasting at Konzelmann Estates Winery.
Wine & Cheese tasting at Reif Estates Winery.
Cocktail reception at the very elegant Prince of Wales Hotel in Niagara-On-The-Lake (Cash Bar). Perfect for some social networking.
High tea at the Prince of Wales Hotel.
Our first stop will be the very elegant Konzelmann Estates Winery, one of the very few lakefront wineries in Niagara-On-The-Lake.
We will get a guided tour of the vineyards followed by a tasting of 4 wines including Konzelmann's famous icewine. Konzelmann does have bragging rights because it was the first ever Canadian winery to be selected in Wine Spectator's "Top 100" with its vidal icewine.
Following our visit to Konzelmann, we will move on to Reif Estates.
In 1977, founder Ewald Reif purchased a plot of land on the fertile banks of the Niagara River. And the rest as they say is history. To acknowledge Reif's contributions to wine making in the Niagara region, in 2010 Klaus W. Reif received a Lifetime achievement award from the Ontario Wine Society.
We will have a private tasting of 3 wines paired with some wonderful cheeses selected to ideally complement their wines.
Having done our browsing, we will gather for a cocktail reception at the Prince of Wales. The perfect way to continue your social networking over a nice cocktail or, should I say it, another glass of wine? A cash bar will be available.
We will finish off our day with a sumptuous high tea. We will be in our own private ballroom and enjoy a traditional English high tea consisting of assorted finger sandwiches, assorted tea pastries, scones with plump Jasmine Tea Infused Sultana Raisins, Greaves Niagara Preserves and Devonshire Cream.
We leave the Toronto area at approximately 8:30 AM. Actual pickup times vary by stop and will be sent out in the final email to all registered attendees, 2 days before the trip.
We return to the Toronto area at approximately 8:30 PM.
Sorry but this trip is restricted to adults 21+.


text:
Welcome to the Sermon Subscription site. Here you will find the latest teaching content in both video and audio. Also included you will find bonus content that consists of selected teachings from the Founding Pastor, Noonday teachings, and Workshops. Watch live Services for free. These will also be available for playback 24-hours.
Browse Search Our Church Prayer Give Contact Us Subscribe Sign in
Rev. Diana P. Cherry
God's Plan For The Woman Division I God's Plan For The Woman Division II God's Plan For The Woman Division III A Demonstrated Love
God's Plan For The Woman Div. I Pt. 1
God's-Plan-For-The-Woman-Div.-I-Pt.-1 MP3


text:
Rock Island Lodge Guided Trips, History, Lake Superior, sea kayak 0 comments
Perched on the rocky point of Agate Island, I could make out the towering cliffs of nearby Talbot Island. Ten minutes later, they were gone. Another ten minutes passed, and the cliffs returned only to disappear again as the fog patches came and went with the gentle breeze.
We were midway through a nine-day sea kayak trip from the tip of the "Sleeping Giant" peninsula to the fishing village of Rossport. We had arrived last afternoon, crossing the Nipigon Strait with little trouble. My maps are scratched with notes of "Danger!" "Waves!" "Wind!" "Caution!" at key points from guides before me. The strait was one of them. We were now in the relative shelter of the massive St. Ignace Island, camped among the islands dotting its southern shore. Each unique island is rich with history, geology and biodiversity. The trio of Agate, Talbot and Paradise Islands are some of my favourites on Lake Superior.
Our route would take us beneath the towering cliffs of Talbot Island's north shore. Passing in the shadow of the overhanging rocks brings a reminder of the relative scale of geological time: bare marks on the rocks note where pieces the size of large trucks have broken off and crashed into the waters below. A look down to the crystal-clear bottom shows exactly where these chunks have fallen. They may have tumbled centuries ago but the fresh marks look like it could have just happened.
The towering cliffs of Talbot. Photo: Brittany Moore
Reading into the perilous history of lightkeepers on the island will amplify that feeling.
The "St. Ignace Lighthouse" on Talbot Island was home to the first lighthouse on Lake Superior. Built in 1867, a white wooden tower on the east end with three lamps served as a beacon to ships passing through the shoal-filled, often foggy waters of the archipelago. The lighthouse was short-lived, abandoned in 1872. The tragic stories of the individuals who maintained it during its lifetime earned it the name "The Lighthouse of Doom".
In its brief operating existence, the St. Ignace light claimed the lives of all three keepers. In mid-December of 1867, the lone keeper William Perry closed up and left his post in an open-sailboat. He headed west, towards the Hudson Bay Company post in Nipigon to wait out the winter. Lake Superior is notorious for its early winter storms and Perry never arrived. The following spring, his boat and body were found washed ashore.
Thomas Lamphier and his Ojibwe wife filled Perry's vacancy. In most recent writings on the topic, his wife is referred to nothing further than "Mrs Lamphier". To avoid meeting the same fate as Perry the couple brought sufficient supplies to bunker down and remain at the light station for the winter. Tragedy struck when Thomas Lamphier suddenly dropped dead. With the ground frozen, his wife had no way to bury his body. It was too late in the season to leave the island, so she wrapped her husband in a canvas cloth and tucked the body into a crack in the rock. She survived the winter and was picked up by a passing group of Ojibwe travellers that she desperately flagged down. Her hair had been jet-black when she was seen the autumn before; the stress and grief of that desolate winter caused to turn snow-white.
Andrew Hynes took over as the final lightkeeper on the doomed island. He managed it until autumn of 1872 when he packed up to sail west for Fort William, one half of what is now Thunder Bay. Like many men before him, he was deceived by a window of clear weather. Once on the water, an autumn storm kicked up, sending him off his path. A 90-kilometre journey took 18 days, and when he washed ashore at Silver Islet, he was delusional; he died shortly after landing. After Hynes' death, the Canadian Coast Guard decommissioned the deadly lighthouse.
Across the Great Lakes, lightkeepers' jobs were eventually rendered obsolete as automation technology advanced and GPS systems became more common. Many of the lights remain but the buildings are being left to fall back into the earth.
The only evidence of the lighthouse's existence on the island is the faint outline of a rough and decaying foundation. Thomas Lamphier's grave is still marked at the end of a rough footpath on nearby Bowman Island, behind the abandoned fishery.
It has been hinted that part of the seemingly cursed history of the keepers could relate to the decision to build on an island which is sacred to the local Ojibwe. Many spaces where dramatic cliffs meet the water have been identified as sacred. Examples of this include pictograph sites at along the Nipigon River and at Agawa Rock. Talbot Island also bears a striking resemblance to "Devil's Warehouse Island", a name christened by missionaries in an attempt to dissuade First Nations from participating in traditional ceremonies and practices at the site. Cursed or not, a tobacco offering at sights such as these acknowledges those who travelled the waters before us.
Naturally Superior Adventures runs two trips past Talbot Island; by Sea Kayak and a musical Journey by Voyageur Canoe.
C M Canoe, Guided Trips, instruction, Lake Superior, Photography, Retreats and workshops 0 comments
Spirit of Superior Photography Workshop
There's good reason that some of the finest early Canadian art was inspired from the view from a voyageur canoe. These historic watercraft were a key component of the country's early development with the fur trade, and the voyageur route from Montreal to the Canadian interior captured the grandeur of the wild New World. Two centuries later, a new photography workshop means makes it still possible to become immersed in the legendary scenes of Frances Anne Hopkins and Paul Kane—on the north shore of Lake Superior in a replica voyageur canoe.
Naturally Superior Adventures and award-winning photographer Ariel Estulin have teamed up to develop a unique fusion of photography instruction and adventure. The Spirit of Superior photography workshop combines active learning with a professionally guided and fully outfitted 5-day voyageur canoe trip. The route retraces the journey of the French Canadian voyageurs on the wilderness coastline of Lake Superior Provincial Park—a magical place of sand beaches, towering cliffs, mysterious islands and spectacular sunsets. Whereas early artists Hopkins and Kane captured these timeless scenes with oil and canvas, you'll record your own masterpieces in pixels.
Estulin's career was inspired by the work of legendary landscape photographer Freeman Patterson. On this trip, Estulin will share the fundamentals of composition and offer tips on how to make the most of a digital camera's capabilities. Each evening, he will facilitate a critical review of the day's images on iPad tablets—imagine doing that in the days of the fur trade! Registration is capped at 10 participants to allow one-on-one instruction.
The course complements Naturally Superior Adventures' suite of photography workshops hosted at Rock Island Lodge, and targets more adventurous photographers. The huge capacity, stability and efficiency of the voyageur canoe means participants can pack all of their photographic gear, travel safely on Lake Superior's big water and even record images from the boat. Gourmet meals and high-quality outfitting equipment round out the experience, which is scheduled to take advantage of the best weather of the summer.
C M environment, Guided Trips, Kayaking, Lake Superior, Uncategorized 0 comments
An unusually calm summer made for some mysteriously slimy rocks on Lake Superior's north shore. Frustrated with clogged water filters and slippery launches, Naturally Superior Adventures senior guide Jake O'Flaherty investigated the gross but (thankfully) normal phenomenon of "rock snot"
This year, paddlers on Lake Superior may have noticed an abundance of gooey algae in the waters lining the cobble shoreline. Some who have spent years on the lake have noted seeing this "goo" or "scum" in areas which were crystal clear in previous years.
Calm waters in the Lake Superior National Marine Conservation Area.
Upon seeing the above pictures of rock scum found off Simpson Island, Pam Anderson of the Minnesota Pollution Control Agency (MPCA) suspects it may actually be what is referred to as a "typical epilithic nearshore algal community". The word Epilithic originates from epi- meaning "upon", and lithos meaning "stone". That makes sense; we can conclude that this algae prefers to grow on rocks near the shore.
MPCA Researchers have noted scums west of Thunder Bay to be primarily Diatoma ehrenbergii. Diatom are a type of algae and one of the most common types of phytoplankton.
"Rock scum" in bloom.
Evidence of these unicellular organisms have been dated back to the early Jurassic period. They are the base of food chains in aquatic environments, and it is not uncommon to find shorebirds snacking on the smaller organisms such as larvae that gravitate towards diatom patches.
Diatoma ehrenbergii has been observed in the Great Lakes since the 1840s. This is an invasive species, which can also be found in Europe and polar regions. It likely arrived in ballast from ships. According to the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, this specific diatom does not pose an environmental or economic risk to the lake.
One diatom of international notoriety is Didymosphenia geminata, commonly referred to as "didymo" or the much more evocative "rock snot". Didymo is likely native to Lake Superior, found intermingled with other diatoms in nearshore communities. In other areas of the world this diatom runs rampant, altering the water quality and local ecosystems as well as clogging recreationalist's water filters. New Zealand is taking measures to mitigate the spread of this invasive species.
Crystal clear water and polished stones at Slate Islands.
Why paddlers may be seeing more rock-loving algae on the lake may be attributed to what is referred to as an "algal bloom" These blooms are caused by an abundance of nutrients in a water system, sometimes caused by agricultural runoff. Anderson believes that a large contributor to the seeming excessive amount of algal communities could be due to the relatively calm conditions we've experienced on the lake this year.
Our guides have been irritated with the algae clogging water filters, and some may think twice about swimming along Superior's cobble beaches; however, this specific goop we see is just a part of the natural ecosystem. We are truly lucky to be able to spend time in regions which are relatively untouched by pollution, although we should be aware and vigilant of non-native organisms that can pose a risk or indicate a water quality issue.
C M Canoe, Guided Trips, Lake Superior 0 comments
Voyageur Canoe Culture
This year, as part of Canada's 150th birthday celebrations, Ontario has launched the #paddleon campaign to highlight the canoe as an icon of Canadian heritage. Ontario Tourism developed The Canoe, a cinematic film by videographer Goh Iromoto that explores the various ways this humble watercraft represents Canadian values. "If it is love that binds people to places in this nation of rivers and this river of nations," concludes the film's narrator James Raffan, a distinguished author and past director of the Canadian Canoe Museum, "then one enduring expression of that simple truth is surely the canoe."
What better way to take part in this intriguing and uplifting vision of Canada then to set off this summer on a journey by canoe? Better yet, make your trip in a voyageur canoe, the historical vessel of the Canadian fur trade, in which individual paddlers come together in one boat to achieve a great goal. Naturally Superior Adventures is excited about the 2017 Voyageur Canoe Brigade as a means to recreate the voyageur experience and commemorate Canada's cultural heritage on Lake Superior's wilderness coast.
The fur trade was Canada's first industry, starting in the mid-1700s and lasting nearly a century. It relied on trading posts scattered throughout the north country to gather fur from trappers. The Northwest Company recruited young paddlers to pilot brigades of big 26- to 36-foot birchbark canoes across the country. The voyageurs were like long-haul truck drivers, delivering trade items like beads, metal pots and muskets to trading posts and returning to Montreal at summer's end with canoes brimming with valuable furs. For their exploits they emerged as early Canadian folk heroes.
Our voyageur canoe is a 36-foot fibreglass replica of a canot-du-maitre, the fur trade canoe traditionally used on the Great Lakes. It's about the length of a school bus, propelled by 10 to 16 paddlers and designed to be stable and seaworthy in waves. Most importantly, in the fur trade days and now, it's capable of holding up to four tons of cargo—a valuable asset since the five legs of our journey from Agawa Bay to Thunder Bay range from 5 to 10 days of wilderness paddling.
Ultimately, the voyageur era ended before Confederation. Fur lost its fashion appeal in Europe in the 1840s, just as the construction of locks on the St. Lawrence Seaway made freight canoes obsolete in favour of large ships. But the image of hardy, wilderness travellers—the voyageurs—remained as a pillar of Canada's vibrant canoe culture.
This summer, Naturally Superior Adventures is honoured to wear the badge of Ontario's Canadian Canoe Culture program. We believe in the canoeing's values of personal challenge, wilderness exploration, making real connections, sharing knowledge and being proud to be Canadian. Pick up a paddle and share your experiences on Ontario's myriad waterways with the #paddleon hashtag.
C M Canoe, Guided Trips, Lake Superior, Uncategorized 0 comments
In the Wake of the Voyageurs: Celebrating Canada's 150th Birthday on Lake Superior
A nation emerged in the wake of birchbark canoes, the engines of the fur trade—Canada's first industry. The canoe epitomizes our history. What better way to celebrate Canada's 150th anniversary than to paddle the voyageur highway?
Naturally Superior Adventures' Lake Superior Voyageur Canoe Brigade consists of six guided, all-inclusive wilderness adventures by 36-foot replicas of the North West Company's "canots de maître." These canoes are seaworthy and easy to paddle for all levels of outdoor enthusiasts. Each leg of the journey will consist of up to 12 participants ("milieu" in voyageur speak) and experienced guides. Starting July 2nd in Lake Superior Provincial Park, each brigade will travel 5- to 10-day legs, finishing August 19 at Old Fort William Historical Park, near Thunder Bay.
This is your chance to commemorate Canada's rich canoeing history on The Great Trail. You'll experience the same rugged shoreline that mesmerized the French Canadian voyageurs two centuries ago. Artist Frances Anne Hopkins immortalized this unknown wilderness and hearty lifestyle; 200 years later, you'll paddle into scenes that have remained virtually unchanged.
Here's are three highlights we're looking forward to on this year's trips:
#1 Paddle with the Happy Camper – Celebrate Canada Day with a voyageur canoe trip on the wonderful coastline of Lake Superior Provincial Park—with popular canoeing personality and author Kevin Callan (aka The Happy Camper). This 6-day trip has a little bit of everything: Stunning sand beaches, rugged headlands, great hiking and secluded coves.
#2 Becky Mason on the Pukaskwa – Join the daughter of legendary Canadian canoeist, filmmaker and artist Bill Mason on this 10-day journey into the heart of Lake Superior's greatest wilderness. Becky is an acclaimed canoe instructor, painter and environmentalist who carries on her father's legacy.
#3 En Route to the Great Rendezvous – We couldn't think of a better guest than Thunder Bay-based singer-songwriter and historian Rodney Brown for the final leg of our journey, which ends at enchanting Fort William Historical Park—a recreated fur trade post where time stands still.
Each leg of the brigade has its own appeal, from the austere landscapes of Lawren Harris Country on the North Shore, the mystical Rossport Islands and the lonely island lighthouses of the remote waters of the Lake Superior National Marine Conservation Area. Join us this summer—each trip promises to be an experience you'll never forget.
Rock Island Lodge About Us, Guided Trips, Hiking, Kayaking, Lake Superior, Uncategorized 0 comments
Facing Waves at Naturally Superior Adventures
In the fall of 2013, paddlesports media icon Ken Whiting and a film crew for Facing Waves, an Outside Television series, arrived at Naturally Superior Adventures to capture the beauty and thrill of sea kayaking on Lake Superior. The inland sea and northern Ontario's scenic Algoma Country delivered exactly what Whiting was looking for: A mix of calm and rough water paddling, stunning sunsets, an intense wildlife encounter and wilderness day hiking to complement the paddling adventures.
Naturally Superior Adventures capitalizes on one of the most diverse paddling environments in the world. Lake Superior presents numerous options for day- and multiday sea kayak touring in a variety of water conditions and the Michipicoten River affords lots of shelter from wind and waves. This segment also shows Sinclair Cove, a secluded, island-pocked inlet in Lake Superior Provincial Park that's located a short paddle from the Agawa Rock pictographs, and a short clip outlining the region's wonderful array of hiking trails.
Many paddlers come to Lake Superior with the intention of experiencing its notoriously fickle moods. Indeed, Naturally Superior Adventures is renowned amongst rough-water sea kayakers and surf kayakers. Michipicoten Bay boasts conditions for all levels of rough-water paddlers: Surf beaches, rocky cliffs and unique standing waves at the mouth of the Michipicoten River. While the lake's ocean-like waves are awe-inspiring to behold, they're most common in the shoulder seasons. As Whiting demonstrates, the strongest memories of most Lake Superior paddlers recall stunning sunsets and misty mornings on glassy-calm water.
Rock Island Lodge environment, Guided Trips, Hiking, Lake Superior 0 comments
Lake Superior for Landlubbers
There's good reason Lake Superior is renown as a paddling destination: The options for sea kayaking and canoeing combined with spectacular scenery and isolation make it world-class. But the day-hiking and long-distance backpacking trails of the North Shore are equally diverse and capture the best of the wilderness coast from a different perspective.
Setting up camp on the Lake Superior coast.
As much as the trails of Newfoundland's Gros Morne and British Columbia's Pacific Rim national parks have been lauded as Canada's finest backpacking, with recognition comes crowds. Along the secluded trails of Pukaskwa National Park and Lake Superior Provincial Park you'll experience an inland sea you'd swear was an ocean, until you taste its sparkling clean fresh water.
Spectacular sunsets are the rule on the Pukaskwa coast.
Pukaskwa's Coastal Trail stretches 60 kilometres along the most isolated section of Lake Superior coast. It's so remote that no roads service its southern end; to make it a one-way hike, most adventurers hire a boat shuttle to North Swallow River and trek north to the road-access visitor centre at Hattie Cove. This five- to seven-day hike features seriously rugged terrain—with copious brown sugar beaches and stunning views to make you forget the sweat and toil. If you're less experienced or simply wanting a richer, more interpretive experience, sign up for a guided trip with Naturally Superior Adventures, like adventure travel bloggers the Planet D did in the summer of 2014.
Lake Superior Provincial Park also boasts a 65-kilometre-long coastal backpacking trail. But perhaps its greatest attribute is a wide array of day hikes, easily accessible to guests at Rock Island Lodge. Favourites include the five-kilometre-long Nokomis Trail, which offers outstanding views of Old Woman Bay, and the eight-kilometre-long Orphan Lake trail, which passes through an old-growth yellow birch to a wave-washed gravel beach on the Lake Superior coast. The Wawa portion of the Voyageur Trail features waterfalls and wildflowers, and the trailhead is within walking distance of your room at Rock Island Lodge.
Click here for a map of day hiking, weekend adventures and multi-day backpacking trips on Lake Superior's north shore.
Rock Island Lodge environment, Guided Trips, Kayaking, Lake Superior 0 comments
Rocks for Jocks (and Paddlers) — Part 2
While mining activities on Lake Superior have targeted commercially valuable minerals like gold, silver and copper, sea kayakers know there's more that glitters on the coast.
Polished stones at Slate Islands.
Migmatite – Wavy folds of quartz take shape on smooth sheets of pink granite, revealing the blend of metamorphic and igneous rock that defines this formation. Migmatite is created when quartz and gneiss partially melt and flow into igneous rock, and then recrystallize (solidify) in a marbled pattern.
Where to see it: Agawa Bay (Lake Superior Provincial Park), Oiseau Bay (Pukaskwa National Park).
Agate – The glassy face of a piece of water-polished agate reveals endless patterns of soft, muted colours. Agate is typically found in volcanic formations, created when silica-based minerals such as quartz were heated and then crystallized in pockets contained in lava rock. An agate's concentric rings demonstrate the cooling process.
Where to see it: Gargantua (Lake Superior Provincial Park), Michipicoten Island, Simpson Island (Lake Superior National Marine Conservation Area).
Columnar basalt – So-called "columnar jointing" of volcanic rock occurs only under specific environmental conditions. To create a "beehive" formation like the Giant's Causeway in Northern Ireland, a lava flow cooled and settled in a similar manner to drying mud, creating vertical hexagonal fractures.
Where to see it: Simpson Island (Lake Superior National Marine Conservation Area)
Columnar basalt at Simpson Island.
To learn more, pick up a copy of Roadside Geology of Ontario: North Shore of Lake Superior by E.G. Pye.
Rock Island Lodge Canoe, environment, Guided Trips, Lake Superior 0 comments
Tales of an Empty Cabin
The bleached cabin walls are barely visible through a screen of tall cedars. We pull the canoes ashore and investigate. The tiny A-frame could very well be the haunt of fairies, with its miniature door and sofa-sized front porch. Exterior walls of split cedar shakes bristle with spikes, a common northern tactic to deal with marauding black bears. The entire structure, barely the size of a queen-sized bed, is perched atop chest-high posts. We wonder about the cabin's origin, hidden in the deepest wilderness of Lake Superior Provincial Park, in the headwaters of the Sand River.
The mysterious snowshoe cabins of the Sand River.
Lake Superior's Sand River is renowned for its easy rapids, scenic waterfalls, rugged portages, feisty brook trout and abundant wildlife, including moose, beaver and many varieties of songbirds. These features make it one of the best spring canoe trips on Lake Superior's north shore, suitable for all levels of canoe campers—so long as they're fit enough to handle numerous portages. Aside from the Sand's natural wonders, this enchanting little cabin speaks to the imagination and captures the essence of the mysterious North.
Lady Evelyn Falls on the Sand River.
As it happens, there are four "snowshoe cabins" scattered across the upper Sand River. Between 1949 and 1954, a group of outdoor enthusiasts constructed these tiny huts to be used as shelters along a network of winter trails, under the supervision of "Snowshoe Man" Les Perrine. The Sand River trails were meant to connect with previously established trails along the Montreal River, creating a 150-mile network "modeled somewhat after the Appalachin (sic) Trail," wrote Perrine in a 1966 letter to the Wawa office of the Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources.
The rapids at High Cliff, Sand River.
The cabins were set on stilts to facilitate entry in the deep snows of winter. Their small size made the quick to heat with a woodstove in the deepest cold. Michigan-based outdoor adventurer Michael Neiger, who obtained copies of Perrine's correspondence and published them online, notes the average size of the snowshoe cabins was barely five by 10 feet. "The sleeper can start the morning fire while still in the sleeping bag," wrote Perrine. "In 15 minutes the cabin is warm even when 40 below zero outside."
After inspecting the cabin and musing about its history, we return to our canoes. Besides keeping our eyes peeled for wildlife, we vow to scan the shoreline for more vestiges of the long-forgotten snowshoe trail. The cabin instantly disappears into the shoreline as we drift downstream, just as it should.
See the snowshoe cabin for yourself. Sign up for Naturally Superior Adventures' fully guided five-day canoe trip on the Sand River in Lake Superior Provincial Park.
Rock Island Lodge Guided Trips, Kayaking, Lake Superior, sea kayak 0 comments
The Group of Seven's North Shore
Does Superior still shine "like burnished silver?" Join Naturally Superior Adventures this summer on a seven-day sea journey through the Group of Seven's Heritage Landscape. Click here to find out more.
The north shore of Lake Superior was a remote paradise for the Group of Seven, the artists whose landscapes established a uniquely Canadian style of painting. The painters gradually extended their sketching missions north from their base in Toronto, discovering near-north wilderness areas like Algonquin and Killarney and then venturing north of Sault Ste. Marie on the Algoma Central Railway.
Lake Superior (Lawren Harris, 1923)
With each journey, the artists' enthusiasm for the Northern Ontario scenery heightened. In 1922, A.Y. Jackson discovered Port Coldwell, a tiny fishing village on the north shore of Lake Superior, west of present-day Marathon. With no roads servicing the area, Jackson arrived by way of the Canadian Pacific Railroad. As the story goes, the artist had to sweet-talk the engineer into slowing down the train and then leapt out while the cars were still moving. The village was nestled between steep grades and the engineer worried that the train wouldn't have the power to make the ascent out of the village from a full stop.
The cemetery at Port Coldwell.
Port Coldwell was named after the Scottish foreman of a CPR blasting crew in the 1880s. Once the railway was complete, the village turned its focus on Lake Superior. Rowing and sailing tiny wooden dories, fishermen headed offshore to set nets for lake trout. In 1915, the Nicol brothers established a fishery here to compete with the Booth Fish Company, which for years held a Lake Superior monopoly. It was with these hardscrabble fishermen that Jackson likely first travelled outside of Coldwell's fjord-like harbor and viewed the open coast.
Wilson Island campsite, Lake Superior National Marine Conservation Area.
Jackson's initial sketches from the Coldwell Peninsula piqued the interest of his colleagues, Lawren Harris and Franklin Carmichael. The area's rolling terrain and elevated lookouts—not to mention the smooth curves of Pic Island, looming just offshore—captivated Jackson. The Coldwell peninsula had "a feeling of space, dramatic lighting, the stark forms of rocky hills and dead trees…" And always in the background, noted Jackson, "Lake Superior, shining like burnished silver."
Ice House, Coldwell, Lake Superior (Lawren Harris, 1923)
Jackson's fine canvases from Coldwell are overshadowed by Harris' haunting series of Pic Island paintings, which represent some of his finest work. Harris captured the island's stunning natural architecture beneath Lake Superior's all-encompassing sky. Paddlers will recognize the spotlight sunrays of Harris' 1923 classic Lake Superior—a common phenomena foretelling strong winds and changing weather.
Pic Island, Lake Superior (A.Y. Jackson, 1924)
The CP freight trains keep rumbling through nearly a century later, but today Port Coldwell is a ghost town, its fishing heritage a victim of the invasive sea lamprey. Today, the rugged wilderness coastline of Neys Provincial Park is a forgotten gem amongst paddlers, featured on Naturally Superior Adventures' fully guided Rossport to Hattie Cove sea kayak trip. From the stunning smooth red rock campsite on Foster Island, it's easy to see why Harris asserted this type of landscape exists "nowhere else in Canada."


Join us for an evening of international business networking, industry insights and more.
In honor of the Ghanain Delegation to the 2018 OTC in Houston, Texas.
Members will be voting for Directors. The elected Directors will vote for officers from the pool of elected Directors. There will be a total of eight (8) Director positions to be voted for beside the current President, Treasurer and the Immediate Past President.
Qualification: Any Paid member (for 2018) is eligible to be voted as a Director.
Membership entails acceptance by the Board of Directors after completion of membership application and payment of the annual dues of $250.00.
Upon purchase, Solomon Tamakloe @ 832-878-8622 will contact you within 48 hours for pickup of tickets.


Why use our customised Microsoft Office training?
Our Customised Microsoft Office training courses remove one of the key issues that many people have with training: How many times have you been on a course in which only 20 per cent during the middle of the day was useful? Or you use a training organisation that only offers a set 'menu' of courses – you can often find that you are sending staff on several courses when all they really need is a small amount of knowledge from each.
We prefer to deliver customised Microsoft Office training courses to make them better value for you and your Business.


The purpose of the second round of Advisory Council meetings was to brief the Advisory Councils on the status of the Plan update and to allow each Council to review their issues regarding their mode and discuss new ones. Attendees spent most of the meeting time discussing previous policy recommendations; adding new policy recommendations; and ranking them by high, medium or low.
The meetings were held over the course of two days (October 1-2, 2013) at the Marriott Hotel in Baton Rouge, LA. There was an opening session where all members heard the briefing about the Plan, and then the individual Advisory Councils met. The overall schedule is shown below, followed by the presentation and meeting summaries for each of the eight Advisory Councils.
Don Vary, CDM Smith Project Manager for the Plan Update, made the same presentation at all three opening sessions. It provided information about the Plan Update, activities to date, and initial issues shaping transportation needs.


TRANSITION WORDS. What are transitions and how are they used? transitions are phrases or words used to connect one idea to the next; transitions are used by the author to help the reader progress from one significant idea to the next ... Additive Transitions: These show addition, introduction, similarity to other ideas, &c.


text:
which fashion trend would you like to see return?
Photo Credit: catwalklism.net
we all have a beloved decade. I loved being a kid in the 80's. feels like my generation was the last of a dying breed seeing as how we enjoyed playing outside and not a virtual-outdoor-simulated-outside but actually out in the sunshine with grass beneath our feet. I loved 80's music too, and felt my life change the instant a blonde with a nonchalant attitude and a mole on the side of her lip danced against a simple white backdrop while singing ….. "everybody, come on, dance & sing". Madonna was different, exciting and dangerous in a way that caused mothers to raise a brow, and those of us that loved her to wanna wear sheer tops with black bras, bracelets up our forearms and cropped black leather jackets with ripped jeans.
Photo Credit: fanpop.com
then there were those that just wanted to run around sporting fluorescent crinoline skirts, screaming "ohhh girls just wanna have fun". whether quirky Cindy or bad girl Madge, one thing was certain: the 80's were defined by unique fashion and style. no doubt about it.
Photo Credit: icafe-lawrence.com
yet, looking back at old pics makes me cringe. 80's style was many things: Wild Style, Miami Vice, valley-girl, Working Girl, big hair, huge bangs, asymmetrical haircuts, door-knocker earrings, bright pink Chuck Taylors, velcro high-top Reeboks, stirrup pants, shoulder pads, Dynasty and abstract pastel paintings. but two things it's not defined by: timeless or classic. it's dated, kinda tacky and surely doesn't stand the test of time, the way certain looks from the 50's or 70's still do today.
but if I had to choose an 80's trend that I'd like to see return, I'd have to say….models.
I know it's not what you were expecting but comparatively speaking, models were of the healthier variety back then. Cheryl Tiegs, Beverly Johnson and Christy Brinkley were considered beautiful but they each had a healthy figure that was more so admired than obsessed over. they came before Kate Moss ushered in 'waif' as the ideal modeling image.
and they existed back when women were comfortable having dessert after a meal. exercise and fitness was still 'a thing', but implants and butt injections hadn't yet taken over. overall, there was less pressure on being thin and far, far fewer cases of extreme obesity. there was no America's Next Top Model or Biggest Loser. celebs that went relatively unnoticed didn't rocket back to the spotlight after losing weight with the help of a major endorsement deal from a weight loss company. the slogan du jour was "where's the beef" and you could be a bonafide athlete without having to be a model too.
Photo Credit: gymnastics.about.com
body image was in a far better place then and we didn't need a stream of self-esteem campaigns just to prove it.
so yea, that's the trend I'd definitely like to see return. 80's models.
what about you? what trends would you like to see make a come-back?
This entry was posted on January 27, 2012 by suite7beautytalk in Retro, STYLE & FASHION and tagged 80's, beverly johnson, cheryl tiegs, christie brinkley, fashion, kate moss, models, trends.
https://wp.me/p200kZ-9e


text:
It will be another week of wild temperature swings. Following a mid-week cold front with rain and thunderstorms, wintry conditions will return for an extended stay....
Sunday PM Forecast: Temperatures start out near freezing Monday morning
TONIGHT & TOMORROW With clear skies and lighter...
After first canceling National Anthem, Central High to sing it at Friday pep rally
4 years 3 months 2 weeks ago Thursday, September 28 2017 Sep 28, 2017 September 28, 2017 9:19 AM September 28, 2017 in News
By: Trey Schmaltz
CENTRAL – Central High School will have the national anthem play at its homecoming pep rally Friday, after outraged families responded to an announcement that the school planned to skip the song.
Sandy Davis, the assistant superintendent, said the original decision to not perform the anthem was made "amid safety concerns." She stopped short of saying that she thought students might become violent.
"There are students that feel strongly one way and students that feel strongly the other way," she said.
The school will require that all teachers and all administrative staff attend the pep rally to quell safety concerns.
Davis said the school system understands its community and considered the reaction of students and parents in its decision.
When parents learned about the original plan to not have the National Anthem at the function during school hours, parents took to social media to share their outrage.
"My son along with the rest of the choir were going to be singing the NATIONAL ANTHEM… he informed me last night that the school will not allow them to sing the National Anthem," a parent wrote on Facebook.
While there was a moment when the National Anthem was not going to be part of the school day Friday, school officials said it never was going to be pulled from after-school activities.
Before the school decided to allow the National Anthem, a large group of parents gathered at the school to discuss the change with school leaders.
Follow the publisher of this post on Twitter: @treyschmaltz


text:
Middlebury-Vergennes Region - 6
Addison, Vermont
Home > Middlebury-Vergennes Region - 6 > Addison
Addison is a town in Addison County, in mid Vermont, founded in October 1761 and was named after Joseph Addison, an English essayist, poet, playwright and politician.
Villages of the town include: Addison Four Corners, located at the junction of VT Route 22A and Vermont Route 17 near the east side of the town; Chimney Point, located at the junction of Vermont Route 17 and Vermont Route 125 on the shore of Lake Champlain by the Champlain Bridge (aka: Crown Point Bridge); and West Addison, located at the junction of Church Street and Jersey Street South, near Vermont Route 17 on the west side of town.
The Champlain Bridge (Crown Point Bridge), one of only two bridges connecting New York and Vermont across Lake Champlain, was opened to traffic in 1929 as a toll bridge until 1987 when the tolls were removed. The bridge was closed due to safety concerns in October 2009 and a replacement bridge opened in November 2011.
A notable person from the area was the American composer, Silas G. Pratt.
Map of Addison VT | Addison VT Weather
Region 6: Middlebury-Vergennes | Panton | Waltham | New Haven | Weybridge | Bridport | Lake Champlain


FreeOkDate is a 100% free Indonesia online ok dating service.
Join one of the best site among other Indonesia dating websites and date attractive single men and women from Indonesia.
Dating quality single people at our Indonesia online dating site is totally 100% free. You will definetly enjoy our Indonesia free dating services.
Dating with Nikitos86 from Jakarta date, Indonesia free dating site!
Dating with andryliu from Jakarta date, Indonesia online dating site!
Dating with Ghathan from Jakarta date, Indonesia dating!
Dating with koplo from jakarta date site, Indonesia date site!
Dating with Via099 from mataram ok date, Indonesia free dating site!
Dating with mrimba67 from califnoia free dating site, Indonesia online dating!
Dating with yoseph from Jakarta ok date, Indonesia date site!


If you are living in a country like the US, which is a very large country, traveling from one area to another can be easier if using an airplane. Today, there are various ways to book your flights, be it online or offline. The online flight ticket booking is also becoming more convenient. In some occasions, several OTA or Online Travel Agencies are offering discounted tickets to various areas in the country. Therefore, knowing the best travel websites for flights is a good thing.
As one of the popular OTAs in the country, Priceline has a unique feature called Name Your Own Price. The bookings are opaque and there are various discounts when you choose your tickets. The downside is that the details of the flight and everything is hidden until you complete the booking. But, the unique feature mentioned before has been stopped by Priceline and now they are similar to the common OTAs in the market.
Comparing Priceline with the other OTAs, the price is relatively the same with the price offered by the airline's websites. But in general, you still can utilize Priceline as the ballpark of how much money you will spend on a flight compared to the other websites.
Hotwire is also one of the most popular OTAs in the country that already been operating since 20 years ago. What makes people love Hotwire is the simple web interface. You just have to write your departure and arrival cities in the search box, along with the dates of the flight. Once you fill the necessary information, then you can click the flight search button.
This OTA offers you a great discount if you book both flight ticket and the accommodation. Many people receiving pop-ups when they are about to book the flight ticket. The pop-up is about saving a good amount of money by booking both the hotel accommodation and the flight ticket. Many people have also already compared the package offered by Hotwire and purchasing the flight and hotel accommodation separately. The package offered by the Hotwire will save you a lot of money, so you can consider that option.
In some occasions during your flight ticket searching, you might see the Hot Rate flight. These flights have no certainty in the carrier that can be brought, the number of stops, and the exact times before you complete the purchase. The price can be as low as $20 but you have to be flexible in order to take the cheap flight. It is quite a deal but there is not much money to save from the Hot Rate flight.
Compared to the previous two, Kayak is a different option for flight ticket hunters. It is a search engine optimized to search the best flight ticket on the internet. If you don't trust any of the OTAs in your country, then you can try to use Kayak as an alternative. It compares various process offered by a lot of websites. After seeing the comparison, you can pick the one that suits with your preference.
The greatest thing from Kayak is that you can book a round-trip ticket with two different airlines. This is a feature that can't be done in the majority of OTA and other search engines. By booking a round-trip ticket with two different airlines, you can save a good amount of money compared to booking it on the same airline.
Hopper is a unique app that will offer you predictions of the best time to buy a flight ticket. They claim that if you use the app, you can save money up to 40% on flights. Once you access the application, you will see a color-coded map. It shows when is the ticket is the cheapest and when it will be expensive. If you currently have a flexible schedule, then you can try to monitor the flight ticket price for the whole month using Hopper apps.
Travelocity is one of the oldest OTAs in the country. It has served various customers around the world since 1996. The best features from Travelocity is the free cancellation within 24 hours after the booking and Price Match Guarantee (PMG). If you are using the PMG feature, you will get the refunding price difference. You will also get a $50 coupon for your future booking of flights or hotel and flight packages in Travelocity.
The terms for the guarantee is quite common. The cheaper tickets should be reserved for any of the US websites within 24hours after the booking. There is also Travelocity Bargain Fares. The flight tickets here have no details until you complete the purchase. So it is a wise option if you are flexible on the schedule and want to save a good amount of money.
Similar to Kayak, Momondo is also a travel-based search engine. You will find various flight tickets and they are easier to find rather than using the standard search engine such as Bing or Google. The home page of Momondo is quite simple because there is only a simple search box with departure and arrival destination along with the dates and number of tickets you will buy.
The best thing about Momondo is its visual. You will be given a visually pleasing price comparison. You can also easily get a cheaper flight only by changing the dates. There is also a feature called price tracker and various filtering options. Momondo also offers you a round-trip ticket with two different airlines, which can save you a good amount of money compared to buying a round-trip ticket from the same airline.
Have been operating since 2001, Orbitz is a trusted OTA that has been used by a lot of people. What makes Orbitz different is the feature called Orbitz Rewards. The reward is in a form of Orbucks. You can get Orbucks if you book hotels, vacation packages, or flights by using Orbitz. The downside of this reward is that it can only be used to book hotels.
One percent of your flight ticket fee will be converted into Orbucks. Which means that you will get 5 Orbucks if you book a $500 flight ticket. You don't have to pay any fee to enjoy the Orbitz reward feature. Amongst the best travel websites for flights, probably Orbitz is the best one with the unique Orbucks reward.
0 Response to " The Recommended and Best Travel Websites for Flights"


text:
Keyword: society
Showing 1 to 9 of 9 items tagged as society
Provider: The Hastings Center
Descriptions: The Hastings Center Bioethics Briefings contains overviews of issues in bioethics of high public interest, such as abortion, brain injury, organ transplantation, physician-assisted death, and stem cell research. The chapters, written by leading ethicists, are nonpartisan, describing topics from a range of perspectives that are grounded in good scientific and ethical facts. They each include experts to contact and resources.
Keywords: biomedical ethics, biomedical research, biotechnology, bioterrorism, ethics, policy, public affairs, science, society, trend
PAIS International
Provider: ProQuest
Contents: Abstracts, Citations, index, links to full text, reports, statistics
Descriptions: Public Affairs Information Service International (PAIS) selectively indexes journals, books, government documents, statistical directories, grey literature, research reports, conference reports, publications of international agencies, microfiche, Internet material, and more. PAIS International covers publications from over 120 countries throughout the world. Indexed materials are published in English, French, German, Italian, Portuguese, and Spanish. Includes access to the PAIS Archive. The user can filter results for peer-reviewed material, and can search for figures and tables.
Keywords: law, multicultural, multidisciplinary, politics, public affairs, public policy, social sciences, society
North American Women's Letters and Diaries
Provider: Alexander Street Press
Contents: bibliographies, full text, general reference, index, primary source materials
Descriptions: Diaries, journals and letters written by women residents and visitors to North America between 1700 and 1950; includes the personal experiences of more than 1,300 women from all walks of life and classes in society.
Keywords: American history, biographies, culture, society, women
North American Immigrant Letters, Diaries and Oral Histories
Contents: full text, general reference, index, links, links to full text
Descriptions: A collection of personal narratives, including autobiographies and pamphlets, from more than 2,000 authors, providing insight on the immigrant experience in the U.S.A. and Canada during the period between 1840 and 1950.
Keywords: American history, culture, history, society
National Criminal Justice Reference Service
Provider: U.S. Department of Justice
Contents: full text, government documents, index, links, statistics, summaries
Descriptions: Contains summaries of over 189,000 U.S. and international publications, including federal, state, and local government reports, books, research reports, journal articles, audiovisual presentations, and unpublished research. NCJRS resources are available to the general public.
Keywords: crime, crime prevention, drugs, justice system, juvenile justice, law, social sciences, society
Historical New York Times
Contents: Abstracts, Citations, full text, general reference, images, newspapers
Descriptions: The New York Times, 1851-2009.
Keywords: American history, culture, history, politics, public affairs, society
HarpWeek (Harper's Weekly)
Provider: HarpWeek/John Adler
Contents: archive, full text, newspapers, summaries
Descriptions: Full text of the whole run of Harper's Weekly, a leading 19th-century American illustrated newspaper, from 1857-1912. The full text is searchable, and categorized Finding Aids facilitate access to content of interest.
Keywords: American history, culture, humanities, literature, science, society
American FactFinder
Provider: U.S. Census Bureau
Descriptions: Contains population, economic, housing and geographic data based on the latest Decennial Census. Includes interactive maps, downloadable summaries, reports and useful links to related information.
Keywords: census, data, demographics, general reference, genetics, multicultural, population, society, statistical, U.S. Government
GreenFILE (TexShare)
Provider: EBSCO
Contents: Abstracts, full text, images, index
Descriptions: GreenFILE contains records covering the human impact on the environment. Its collection of scholarly, government and general-interest titles includes content on global warming, green buildings, pollution, sustainable agriculture, renewable energy, recycling and more. Indexing and abstracts of more than 538,000 records, and full text of approximately 5,800 open-access publications.
Keywords: environmental, environmental hazards, politics, public health, public policy, society, toxins


Singer Miley Cyrus has slammed her "rude" fans for spreading rumours that she is expecting her first child with fiance Liam Hemsworth.
Cyrus had shared a photograph of her pre-birthday celebration on Twitter. A lot of fans later started speculating that the singer is expecting a baby.
However, she later clarified that she is "not pregnant", reports aceshowbiz.com.
Showing off balloon decorations, Cyrus wrote in the caption: "It's my B-Day in less than 24 hours!"
Her Twitter followers noticed her belly which looked rounder than before.
"Miley looks pregnant," one fan wrote.
Cyrus later denied the speculation and called her fans "rude".
Shutting down the rumour, she posted the same photograph and wrote: "Rude. Not pregnant just eating a s-ton of tufurkey."
Cyrus turned 24 on Thursday.


text:
Q: Как получить данные о новом почтовом сообщении в node-imap Мне требуется получить информацию о новой почте в ивенте on mail через node-imap.
А именно:

*

*Почта, через которую было отправлено сообщение

*Заголовок сообщения

*И содержимое сообщение (текст)

Мой код на данный момент:
let Imap = require('node-imap')

let imap = new Imap({
    user: '***@gmail.com',
    password: '***',
    host: 'imap.gmail.com',
    port: 993,
    tls: true
});
imap.on('ready', () => {
    imap.openBox('INBOX', true, (err, box) => {
        if (err) console.log(err)
        else console.log('Recipient is ready for accepting')
    })
})
imap.on('mail', mail => {
    const title = ?
    const subject = ?
    const email = ?
    console.log(`Email author: ${email} Title: ${title}, Description: ${subject}`)
})

imap.connect();

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange