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Changes to Zero Hour Contracts
"Government crackdown on zero hours contract abusers"
Vince Cable announced on 25 June 2014 that the government was cracking down on the abuse of zero hours contracts. The key measure they plan to take is to ban exclusivity clauses. These clauses mean that an employee on a zero hours contract is prevented from working for another employer even if their current employer is not providing them with any work.
As BIS put it: "The use of exclusivity clauses in zero hours contracts undermines choice and flexibility for the individuals concerned." They claim this will help about 125,000 employees.
However, as a zero hours contract gives the employer the right not to provide the employee with any work employers will be free to refuse to provide work to employees who do find other work elsewhere. It will be difficult for an employee to prove they stopped being given work for this reason, so this ban may well have zero impact.
This action follows a government consultation into zero hours contracts which received over 36,000 responses. 83% were in favour of banning exclusivity clauses in zero hours contacts.
The Business Secretary also announced that the government will:
consult further on how to prevent rogue employers evading the exclusivity ban, for example through offering 1 hour fixed contracts
work with business representatives and unions to develop a code of practice on the fair use of zero hours contracts by the end of the year (2014)
work with stakeholders to review existing guidance and improve information available to employees and employers on using these contracts
Tim Thomas, Head of Employment Policy at EEF, the manufacturers' organisation, said:
Zero hours contracts occupy an important space in the labour market where, properly used, they provide flexible employment in job roles where open-ended contracts are unsuitable.
For manufacturers where skills are in scarce supply, zero hours contracts can help employers to tap into specialist skills when they are needed, such as drawing on the experience of older workers.
The way forward set out in the Small Business, Enterprise and Employment Bill treads a fine line between supporting the majority of workers who want to continue to work on their zero hours contracts and limiting their use where they are neither necessary nor appropriate.
The ban will be part of the Small Business, Enterprise and Employment Bill, which is being introduced to Parliament today (25 June 2014)
Paul Whitfield can be contacted on 0161 2831276 or paulw@foxwhitfild.com
www.foxwhitfield.com
Employment Law Solicitors – Head Office based in Manchester with offices located throughout the United Kingdom.
Employers Named by Government for failing to Pay Minimum Wage
Government Names and Shames Employers that failed to pay Minimum Wage
On 8 June 2014 the government named 25 employers who had failed to pay their employees the National Minimum Wage.
Under new rules from October 2013 the government can now publish the names of employers who have been found not to have paid their employees the National Minimum Wage.
Business Minister Jenny Willott said:
"Paying less than the minimum wage is not only wrong, it's illegal. If employers break the law they need to know that they will face tough consequences.
"Any worker who is entitled to the minimum wage should receive it. If anyone suspects they are not being paid the wage they are legally entitled to they should call the Pay and Work Rights helpline on 0800 917 2368."
The government plans to bring in new rules in the next parliamentary session so that employers can also be given penalties of up to £20,000 for each individual worker they have underpaid, rather than the maximum penalty applying to each employer. This will mean if an employer underpays 10 workers, they could face penalties of up to £200,000.
Employers must be aware of the current rates for the National Minimum Wage and keep up to date as they change. The government has announced the following rates will come into effect on 1 October 2014:
a 19p (3%) increase in the adult rate (from £6.31 to £6.50 per hour)
a 10p (2%) increase in the rate for 18-20 year olds (from £5.03 to £5.13 per hour)
a 7p (2%) increase in the rate for 16-17 year olds (from £3.72 to £3.79 per hour)
a 5p (2%) increase in the rate for apprentices (from £2.68 to £2.73 per hour)
There has been criticism about the government's actions as the 25 businesses that they have named are said to amount to less than 1% of the problem. Apparently HMRC say that over £4.6 million is owed in arrears to people paid less than the minimum wage. This includes an unnamed Premier League Football club that owed more than £27,500 to 3000 of its employees.
The Low Pay Commission has said that it believes that there has been a "sharp decline" in compliance with the National Minimum Wage in the past two years and that the social care sector is one of the worst offenders.
A list of the named business can be found at:
https://www.gov.uk/government/news/government-names-employers-who-fail-to-pay-minimum-wage
Giving Too Much Notice?
Giving Too Much Notice Meant Employee lost their Constructive Dismissal Claim
A constructive dismissal occurs where the employer does not dismiss the employee, but the employee resigns and can show that they were entitled to do so by virtue of the employer's conduct.
Employees can resign either with or without notice, what matters is that they have the right to resign without notice because of the employer's conduct towards them.
Employees need to be able to show three things to win a constructive dismissal claim:
A breach of contract by the employer that is sufficiently serious to justify the employee resigning.
The employee must resign in response to that breach of contract.
The employee must not delay too long in accepting the breach.
Constructive dismissal claims have always been difficult cases for employees to win. The employee has to prove that the employer was in fundamental breach of contract. It is not enough just to show that they were not treated fairly. Even if they can do that the employee could still lose their claim because they delayed leaving employment. Even though an employee is permitted to give notice on resignation, the fact that they feel able to work their notice period may lead a tribunal to find that the claimant had in fact delayed too long.
In the recent case of Cockram v Air Products plc a senior employee with a three month notice period resigned after a grievance he raised was not upheld. He claimed that this amounted to a breach of his contract entitling him to claim constructive dismissal. Because he did not have any other work lined up he gave 7 months notice to his employer. He lost his case because of that. The Employment Tribunal and EAT found that to give 7 months notice was to delay too long in accepting the breach and the case was thrown out.
New TUPE Guidance from ACAS
TUPE (Transfer of Undertakings (Protection of Employment) Regulations 2006) is a set of rules that work to protect employees when the business they work for is sold or transferred to a new employer.
New TUPE regulations came into force on 31 January 2014 and ACAS have now published some very helpful guidance to help employers and employees better understand what the changes mean and how they may affect their business. The PDF of the ACAS TUPE guide can be found at:
http://www.acas.org.uk/media/pdf/i/h/Handling-TUPE-Transfers-The-Acas-Guide.pdf
The key points to note about TUPE are:
When a business is sold or transferred the employees assigned to, or employed by that business will automatically transfer with the business and become employed by the new owner of the business.
Employees will transfer to their new employer on their existing contracts of employment and with all their years of continuous employment protected. Changing the contracts of transferred employees can be very difficult and legal advice must be taken at the earliest opportunity.
The outgoing employer must provide information about the transferring employees to the new employer not less than 28 days before the transfer.
Employer must inform/consult with the transferring employees before the transfer and if there is no trade union this may require the election of employee representatives. From 31 July 2014, micro businesses (those with fewer than 10 employees overall) are not required to elect representatives to inform and consult where there are no existing recognised trade unions or elected employee representatives. However, they must still inform and consult directly with each individual employee regarding the transfer.
If an employee is dismissed either before or after a transfer and the sole or principal reason for the dismissal is the transfer, it will be automatically unfair.
TUPE is a complex area of law and anyone thinking about purchasing or taking over a business with employees really needs to take legal advice about the employees they may inherit at the earliest possible stage.
Employees being transferred can find this a very unsettling and worrying time and may also be best taking legal advice about their position if they feel they are not being treated correctly.
Holiday Pay Should Include Commission
Update 14/05/2015:
This case has now been referred back to the Employment Tribunal and British Gas has now appealed that again. It is unlikely to be before the end of 2015 when that appeal is heard. The Employment Tribunal it did not consider reference periods and how to quantify a claim for the commission element of holiday pay. The principle that commission must be included in holiday pay is established law now, the still open questions is how to quantify it.
Our best advise at the moment is that in cases where a worker has no normal working hours, or has normal working hours but their pay varies according to amount of work done or the time of work employers should use an average of the last 12 working weeks to calculate how much holiday pay should be paid. If your ways of working mean that 12 weeks would not be representative, such an a system where all commission is paid annually, then 12 weeks may not be the appropriate reference period. In any case we advise all employers to take legal advice on this as soon as possible. Fox Whitfield are already dealing with multiple claims where employers have not changed their policies and are facing claims.
Paul can be contacted on 0161 2831276 or paulw@foxwhitfild.com
In a new twist on the law relating to holiday rights the European Court of Justice (ECJ) has held that holiday pay should take into account commission payments.
Currently the UK law, the Working Time Regulations, make it clear that employees are entitled to holiday pay based on their basic salary alone. This case suggests that is now incorrect as it is not compatible with European Law.
In this example an employee's remuneration was made up of basic salary and commission. The commission was about 60% of the total remuneration. The ECJ said that the commission payments were directly linked to the performance of his work under his contract of employment. Therefore, the commission should be taken into account in the calculation of his statutory holiday pay.
This case is now being referred back to the Employment Tribunal which will need to consider how to interpret the Working Time Regulations following this decision. It is likely that they will do so in a way that will have far reaching implications for many businesses and their employees.
One possibility is that the Tribunal will say that statutory holiday pay should be based upon 12 month average normal pay. That would ensure that any commission payments paid over a year would be included. Another possibility is that they will use a shorter reference period of 12 weeks. This could mean sales forces trying to take their holidays immediately after busy periods to maximise their holiday pay. We shall have to wait and see how the details of this develop.
There are two other cases being heard in the EAT during the summer of 2014 looking at the extent to which overtime payments should also be included in the calculation of statutory holiday pay.
So what should employers do now?
1) Do nothing. Wait and see how these cases develop the law as they take their time going though the Tribunal and appeal systems. It may be that the UK courts limit the effect of the ECJ decision.
2) Assume the UK law is going to have to change to comply with the European decisions. Take the business decision to look at changing your holiday pay and commission rules and policies now. The risk of this is that we have yet to see how the UK courts will apply the law and you could end up having to change your rules twice.
So far, most employers seem to be waiting to see what happens next before making any changes.
We will update you as things become clearer, or more muddy.


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La 10.ª División de Montaña (Infantería Ligera) (en inglés: 10th Mountain Division (Light Infantry)) es una división de infantería ligera del Ejército de Estados Unidos con base en Fort Drum, Nueva York. Se trata de una unidad subordinada al XVIII Cuerpo Aerotransportado. La división mantiene la denominación de Montaña por motivos históricos, pero en realidad está organizada como una división de infantería ligera.
Activada en 1943, la 10.ª División de Montaña fue la última, entre las divisiones actualmente activas, en entrar en combate durante la Segunda Guerra Mundial. La 10.ª División luchó en las montañas de Italia en algunos de los terrenos más difíciles del país. Después de la guerra, la división fue redesignada brevemente como 10.ª. División de Infantería, una unidad de formación, fue desplegada en Alemania antes de la desactivación.
Reactivada en 1985, la división fue desplegada en numerosas contingencias a lo largo de la década de 1990. Elementos de la División participaron en las operaciones Tormenta del Desierto, Restaurar la Esperanza, Restaurar la Democracia, Task Force Eagle, y en las tareas de ayuda tras el paso del Huracán Andrew. Desde 2001, la división y sus cuatro brigadas de combate han sido enviadas en numerosas ocasiones a Irak y Afganistán en apoyo de la Operación Libertad Iraquí y de la Operación Libertad Duradera.

Historia

Orígenes
La 10.ª División de Infantería activa en el ejército estadounidense durante la Primera Guerra Mundial, redesignada Panamá Canal Division después de la guerra, no comparte ninguna relación con la 10.ª División de Montaña activa durante la Segunda Guerra Mundial.

En noviembre de 1939, durante la invasión de Finlandia por parte de las tropas de la Unión Soviética, los esfuerzos de los soviéticos se vieron frustrados tras la destrucción de dos divisiones blindadas por las tropas finlandesas sobre esquíes. Al ver la efectividad de estas tropas, Charles Minot Dole, el presidente de la National Ski Patrol, comenzó a presionar al Departamento de Guerra de los Estados Unidos para la creación de una unidad similar en el Ejército de los Estados Unidos; las tropas estarían entrenadas para combatir en invierno y en la guerra en las montañas.

En septiembre de 1940, Dole fue capaz de presentar su caso al general George C. Marshall, Jefe de Estado Mayor del Ejército de los Estados Unidos, que coincidió con la evaluación de Dole, decidiendo la creación de una unidad de montaña. El 8 de diciembre de 1941, el Ejército activó su primera unidad de montaña, el 87.º Batallón de Infantería de Montaña (más tarde 87.º Regimiento de Infantería) en Fort Lewis, Washington. El 87.º Batallón se entrenó en todo tipo de condiciones adversas y diversas zonas, incluido el Monte Rainier de 4392 m de altitud. La National Ski Patrol asumió el papel único de reclutamiento para el 87.º Regimiento de Infantería y posteriormente para toda la División. Después de volver de la Campaña de Kiska en las Islas Aleutianas cerca de Alaska, los comandantes del Ejército decidieron ampliar el concepto de la guerra de montaña a una división entera. El 87.º Batallón formaría el núcleo de esta nueva división.

Segunda Guerra Mundial

La 10.ª División Ligera (Alpina) se constituyó el 10 de julio de 1943 y fue activada dos días más tarde en Camp Hale, Colorado. La división estaba compuesta por los regimientos de infantería, 85.º, 86.º, y 87.º. El 604.º, 605.º y 616.º Batallón de Artillería de Campaña, la 110.ª Compañía de Señales, el 710.ª Ordnance Company, la 10.ª Compañía de Intendencia, el 126.º Batallón de Ingenieros, el 10.º Batallón de Medicina, y el 10.º el Destacamento de Inteligencia. La 10.ª División Ligera fue la única división en el ejército con tres batallones de artillería de campaña en lugar de cuatro. En 1943 y 1944 las tropas de la 10.ª División de Montaña se trasladaron a Seneca Rocks en Virginia Occidental para iniciar su formación en escalada artificial y uso de fisureros y pitones empotrados con martillos. Durante la formación probablemente se realizarían muchas aperturas de las rutas de escalada, aunque muy pocas se registraron. Durante su estancia el ejército utilizó más de 75 000 pitones en los acantilados de Seneca Rocks y en las inmediaciones Champe Rocks y Nelson Rocks; muchos de ellos aún permanecen. La división continuó su formación en Camp Hale a 2800 m de altitud. Los soldados se entrenaron para luchar y sobrevivir en las peores condiciones y para dormir en la nieve sin tiendas de campaña. El 22 de junio de 1944, la división fue enviada a Camp Swift, Texas, para prepararse para las maniobras en Luisiana, que finalmente se cancelaron. Se necesitaba un período de aclimatación a baja altura y al clima caliente. El 6 de noviembre de 1944, la 10.ª División pasó a llamarse 10.ª División de Montaña. Ese mismo mes, la palabra Mountain fue autorizada en la nueva insignia.

Italia
La división se embarcó para Italia a finales de 1944, llegando a Italia el 6 de enero de 1945. Fue la última división del ejército estadounidense en entrar en combate en la Segunda Guerra Mundial. Inmediatamente entró en combate cerca de Cutigliano y Orsogna. Acciones preliminares defensivas fueron seguidas el 19 de febrero de 1945 por la Batalla de Monte Castello, conjuntamente con tropas de la Fuerza Expedicionaria Brasileña.

La unidad realiza ataques concertados en el Monte Della Torraccia-Monte Belvedere, la zona fue despejada después de varios días de intensos combates. A principios de marzo la división continuó su avance hacia el norte de Canolle llegando a unos 24 km de Bolonia. Después de tres semanas manteniendo las posiciones, la división se puso de nuevo en marcha, capturando el 20 de abril la ciudad de Montegiorgio, entrando en el valle del Po, y apoderándose de los puntos estratégicos de Pradalbino y Bomporto. El 23 de abril cruzaron el Po, alcanzando Verona el 25 de abril, encontrándose con una fuerte oposición en el Nago-Torbole. Tras cruzar el lago de Garda, se aseguró Gargnano y Tremosine. El 30 de abril, finalizó la resistencia alemana en Italia. Con la rendición alemana en Italia el 2 de mayo de 1945, fue la encargada de la seguridad y de la localización de unidades alemanas que pudieran estar ocultas en las áreas de ocupación de Trieste, Kobarid, Bovec y Log pod Mangartom, (Eslovenia) hasta el Día de la Victoria en Europa.

Desmovilización
Originalmente, la división iba a ser enviada al Teatro del Pacífico para participar en la Operación Downfall, la invasión de Japón. Sin embargo, Japón se rindió en agosto de 1945 tras los Bombardeos atómicos sobre Hiroshima y Nagasaki. La división regresó a los EE. UU. dos días después. Fue desmovilizada y dada de baja el 30 de noviembre de 1945 en Camp Carson, Colorado. Las bajas de la 10.ª División durante la Segunda Guerra Mundial fueron, 992 muertos y 4154 heridos en acción en los 114 días de combate. Se otorgaron una Medalla de Honor (John D. Magrath), tres Cruces por Servicio Distinguido, una Medalla por Servicios Distinguidos, 449 Estrellas de Plata 7 Legiones al Mérito, 15 Medallas del Soldado, y 7729 Estrellas de Bronce. La misma división tiene derecho a lucir en su bandera dos cintas de campaña.

Guerra Fría
En junio de 1948, la división fue reconstruida en Fort Riley, Kansas para servir como división de formación. Bautizada como 10.ª División de Infantería, nombre que llevaría durante los siguientes diez años, la división fue entrenando a un gran número de reclutas. Esta misión se amplió con el estallido de la Guerra de Corea en 1950. En 1953, la división había entrenado a 123 000 nuevos reclutas del Ejército en Fort Riley.

En 1954, la división se convirtió, una vez más, en una división de combate, aunque no recuperó el estatus de Montaña. Usando el equipo de la desactivada 37.ª División de Infantería, la 10.ª División de Infantería se desplegó en Alemania, para sustituir a la 1.ª División de Infantería destacada en Würzburg como parte la fuerza defensiva de la OTAN. La división permaneció en Alemania durante cuatro años, hasta que fue relevada por 3.ª División de Infantería, se trasladó a Fort Benning, Georgia y fue desactivada el 14 de junio de 1958.

Reactivación
El 13 de febrero de 1985, la 10.ª División de Montaña se reactivó en Fort Drum, Nueva York. De conformidad con el plan para transformar el ejército de los Estados Unidos, la división ya no se centraría en los regimientos, en su lugar se activaron dos brigadas. La 1.ª Brigada, con sede en Fort Drum, y la 2.ª Brigada, con sede en Fort Benning, trasladándose en 1988 a Fort Drum. También se le asignó una brigada de la Guardia Nacional del Ejército, la 27.ª Brigada de Infantería. Fue especialmente diseñada como una división de infantería ligera capaz de desplegarse rápidamente, estaba orientada hacia la reducción del tamaño por razones de movilidad tanto a nivel estratégico como táctico.
En 1990, la división envió 1200 soldados a Irak durante la Operación Tormenta del Desierto. La mayoría de estas unidades pertenecían al 548.º Batallón de Abastecimiento y Servicios, con casi 1000 soldados, que servían de apoyo a la 24.ª División de Infantería. Tras el cese de las hostilidades en marzo de 1991, los soldados comenzaron a regresar a Fort Drum en junio de ese año.

El 24 de agosto de 1992, el huracán Andrew azotó el sur de Florida y Luisiana matando a 13 personas, dejando sin hogar a otras 250 000 y causando daños por más 20 millones de dólares. El 27 de septiembre de 1992, la 10.ª División de Montaña asumió la responsabilidad en las tareas de ayuda como Task Force Mountain. Los soldados crearon campamentos, distribuyeron alimentos, ropa, medicinas y materiales de construcción, ayudaron a reconstruir los hogares y en la limpieza de los escombros. El último de los 6000 soldados desplegados en Florida volvió a casa en octubre de 1992.

Operación Restaurar la Esperanza

El 3 de diciembre de 1993, el cuartel general de la división fue designado como la sede de todas las Fuerzas Armadas de la Unified Task Force (UNITAF) para la Operación Restaurar la Esperanza. El general de división Steven L. Arnold, comandante de la división, fue nombrado Comandante de las Fuerzas del Ejército. La misión de la 10.ª División de Montaña fue asegurar las principales ciudades y carreteras para facilitar el paso seguro de los suministros a la población somalí que padecía los efectos de la Guerra Civil Somalí.
Fuerzas de la Task Force Ranger compuesta por el 75.º Regimiento Ranger, la Delta Force y el 160.º Regimiento de Aviación de Operaciones Especiales fueron inmovilizadas durante una incursión en lo que más tarde se conoció como la batalla de Mogadiscio. La 10.ª División de Montaña fue enviada a rescatarlos. Durante los combates, en los que produjo el tiroteo más largo sostenido por las fuerzas del ejército regular de los EE. UU. desde la Guerra de Vietnam, murieron dos soldados de la 10.ª División. En febrero de 1994 comenzó una reducción gradual de las fuerzas en Somalia y los últimos soldados del 2.º Batallón del 22.º Regimiento de Infantería regresaron a los Estados Unidos en marzo de 1994.

Operación Restaurar la Democracia
La división formó el núcleo de la Multinational Force Haiti (MNF Haiti) y de la Joint Task Force 190 (JTF 190) en Haití durante la Operación Restaurar la Democracia. Durante esta operación se desplegaron más de 8600 soldados de la división. El 19 de septiembre de 1994, la 1.ª Brigada del Ejército llevó a cabo el primer asalto aéreo desde un portaaviones. Esta fuerza consistía en 54 helicópteros y cerca de 2000 soldados. Ocuparon el Aeropuerto Internacional Port-au-Prince. Esta fue la mayor operación aérea que el ejército llevó a cabo desde un portaaviones desde la Incursión Doolittle en la Segunda Guerra Mundial.

La misión de la división fue la de crear un entorno seguro y estable para que se pudiera restablecer el gobierno del presidente de Haití Jean-Bertrand Aristide, elegido en las elecciones democráticas. Una vez logrado este objetivo, la 10.ª División entregó el control de la fuerza multinacional en Haití a la 25.ª División de Infantería el 15 de enero de 1995. El último de sus soldados que sirvieron en Haití regresó a casa el 31 de enero de 1995.

Task Force Eagle
En el otoño de 1998, la división recibió el aviso de que debería servir como cuartel general principal de la IFOR, proporcionando una fuerza de paz en una operación conjunta en Bosnia y Herzegovina. Los 3000 soldados comenzaron a desplegarse a finales de verano. Tras el desempeño con éxito de su misión en Bosnia, unidades de la división renunciaron a transferir la autoridad de sus asignaciones a los soldados de la 49.ª División Acorazada, de la Guardia Nacional de Texas. Pero a finales del verano de 2000 todos los soldados de la división regresaron a Fort Drum.

Guerra contra el terrorismo

Controversia

Durante la campaña presidencial de 2000, la disponibilidad de la 10.ª División de Montaña se convirtió en un tema político, cuando George W. Bush afirmó que la división no estaba lista para trabajar. Atribuyó la baja disponibilidad de la división a los despliegues frecuentes durante todo el decenio de 1990, sin tiempo entre los elementos de la división para reciclarse y prepararse. Un informe del Government Accountability Office (Oficina de Control y Fiscalización del gobierno) estadounidense elaborado en julio de 2000 también señaló que, aunque toda la 10.ª División de Montaña no se desplegó en todas las contingencias a la vez, el despliegue de los componentes esenciales -especialmente su cuartel general- hace que esta división no esté disponible para su despliegue en otros lugares en caso de una guerra importante. La Heritage Foundation un think tank conservador estaba de acuerdo con estos sentimientos, denunciando que el militar estadounidense no estaba preparado para la guerra debido a la post- Guerra Fría. El Ejército respondió que, aunque la 10.ª División de Montaña había sido preparada a partir de su despliegue como Task Force Eagle, la unidad estaba totalmente preparada para el combate a finales de 2000 a pesar de haber sido diezmada. Sin embargo, el Ejército colocó a la 10.ª División en puestos más bajos en la lista de despliegue, lo que le permitió disponer de tiempo para reciclarse y prepararse.

En el año 2002, el columnista y veterano militar condecorado David Hackworth criticó de nuevo a la 10.ª División por no estar preparados físicamente debido a la falta de entrenamiento, una moral baja y una baja capacidad de liderazgo y que la división ya no estaba preparada para la guerra en la montaña.

El despliegue inicial

A raíz de los atentados del 11 de septiembre de 2001, elementos de la división, incluyendo el Batallón de Tropas Especiales y el  Batallón del 87.º Regimiento de Infantería son desplegados en Afganistán en apoyo de la Operación Libertad Duradera a finales de 2001. Estas fuerzas se mantuvieron en el país hasta mediados de 2002 y participaron en operaciones importantes como la Operación Anaconda, la Batalla de Mazar i Sharif, y la Batalla de Qala-i-Jangi. La división también participó en los combates en el valle de Shahi Khot en 2002. Tras el regreso de los batallones, fueron recibidos y elogiados por el presidente Bush.

En 2003, el cuartel general de la división, junto con la 1.ª Brigada, regresaron a Afganistán. Durante ese tiempo, operaron en las regiones fronterizas del país, tales como la provincia de Paktika, y en zonas nunca antes tocadas por la guerra en busca de los talibanes y las fuerzas de Al Qaeda. Combatieron en varios conflictos a pequeña escala, tales como la Operación Avalancha, la Operation Mountain Resolve, y la Operation Mountain Viper. La división mantuvo una estrategia de pequeñas unidades móviles a través de las remotas regiones del país para interactuar directamente con la población y expulsar a los insurgentes. La 1.ª Brigada también emprendió una serie de misiones humanitarias.

Reorganización y despliegue en Irak
Tras el regreso del cuartel general y de la 1.ª Brigada, la 10.ª División inició el proceso de transformación en una división modular. El 16 de septiembre de 2004, se completó la transformación, añadiendo el Special Troops Battalion. Las cuatro brigadas de la división también sufrieron una transformación, la 1.ª Brigada se convirtió en 1st Brigade Combat Team (BCT), y se activó por primera vez la 3rd Brigade Combat Team. En enero de 2005, la 4th Brigade Combat Team se activó en Fort Polk, Luisiana. La 2nd Brigade Combat Team no cambiaría su denominación en espera de un despliegue en Irak.

A finales de 2004, la 2nd Brigade Combat Team fue enviada a Irak en apoyo de la Operación Libertad Iraquí. La 2.ª Brigada realizó operaciones de combate en el oeste de Bagdad, regresando a los EE. UU. a finales de 2005. En esa época, la 1.ª Brigada fue desplegada de nuevo en Irak, permaneciendo en el país hasta 2006.

Despliegues recientes

El cuartel general de la división, la 3.ª Brigada y dos batallones de la 4.ª Brigada son desplegados en Afganistán en 2006, permaneciendo en el país hasta 2007. El cuartel general y la 3.ª Brigada sirvieron en la región oriental del país, a lo largo de la frontera con Pakistán, cumpliendo un papel similar al realizado durante su despliegue anterior. Después de un descanso de un año, el cuartel general de la 10.ª División fue enviado a Irak por primera vez en abril de 2008. El cuartel general sirvió como el elemento de mando para el sur de Bagdad, mientras que la 4.ª Brigada (BCT) operó al nordeste de Bagdad bajo el mando de la 4.ª División de Infantería desde noviembre de 2007 hasta enero de 2009. La 10.ª División participó en las operaciones de mayor escala como la Operación Phantom Phoenix.

El despliegue de la 3.ª Brigada en Irak estaba programado para 2009, pero fue cancelado y enviada al este de Afganistán a las provincias de Lawgar y Vardak, para relevar a la 101.ª División Aerotransportada, como parte de una nueva acumulación de fuerzas estadounidenses en ese país. La brigada fue responsable de la expansión de las Bases de Operaciones Avanzadas, así como de reforzar la presencia militar estadounidense en la región.

La 2.ª (BCT) fue enviada a Irak en el otoño de 2009, como parte de la rotación 2009-2010. La 1.ª (BCT) se desplegó en Afganistán en la primavera de 2010. El Ejército se encuentra expandiendo su base en Fort Drum, con la esperanza de trasladar la sede de la 4.ª (BCT) de Fort Polk a Fort Drum antes de 2013.

Honores
La 10.ª División de Montaña fue premiada con dos gallardetes de campaña en la Segunda Guerra Mundial y cuatro en la Guerra contra el Terrorismo y dos Meritorious Unit Commendation.
  2001-2002Asia Central
 2003-2004Afganistán
 2008-2008Irak

Legado
La 10.ª División fue el tema de la película de 1996 Fuego en la montaña, que documentó sus hazañas durante la Segunda Guerra Mundial. La 10.ª División es también un elemento importante del libro y la película Black Hawk Down, que retrata la Batalla de Mogadiscio y la participación de la división en ese conflicto. Otras apariciones de la división son la novela de Tom Clancy Peligro inminente, y la película de ciencia ficción de 2005 Manticore.
Algunos soldados que prestaron servicio en la 10.ª División de Montaña han logrado gran notoriedad en otros campos. Entre ellas se encuentran el matemático Franz Alt, el investigador y pionero en la previsión de aludes Montgomery Atwater, el congresista de los Estados Unidos Les Aucoin, el cofundador de Niké, Bill Bowerman, y el candidato presidencial Bob Dole.

Además, dos miembros de la división han sido galardonados con la Medalla de Honor, John D. Magrath por sus acciones durante la Segunda Guerra Mundial en 1945 y Jared C. Monti durante la Operación Libertad Duradera en 2009.

Organización

La 10.ª División de Montaña está compuesta por cuatro Brigade Combat Team, una Brigada de Aviación de Combate, y un Batallón de Tropas Especiales.

 10.ª Mountain Headquarters & Headquarters Battalion
 Headquarters and Headquarters Company
 Network Support Company
 10th Mountain división Band
 1.ª Brigade Combat Team Warrior
  Battalion, 87th Infantry Regiment
 2º Battalion, 22nd Infantry Regiment
  Squadron, 71st Cavalry Regiment
  Battalion, 6th Field Artillery Regiment
 1.ª Brigade Special Troops Battalion
 10.ª Brigade Support Battalion
 2º Brigade Combat Team Commandos
 2º Battalion, 14th Infantry Regiment
 4º Battalion, 31st Infantry Regiment
  Squadron, 89th Cavalry Regiment
 2º Battalion, 15th Field Artillery Regiment
 2º Brigade Special Troops Battalion
 210.ª Brigade Support Battalion
 3rd Brigade Combat Team Spartans
  Battalion, 32nd Infantry Regiment
 2ºBattalion, 87th Infantry Regiment
  Squadron, 71st Cavalry Regiment
 4º Battalion, 25th Field Artillery Regiment
  Brigade Special Troops Battalion
 710.ª Brigade Support Battalion
 4.ª Brigade Combat Team Patriots
 2º Battalion, 4th Infantry Regiment
 2º Battalion, 30th Infantry Regiment
  Squadron, 89th Cavalry Regiment
 5º Battalion, 25th Field Artillery Regiment
 4.ª Brigade Special Troops Battalion
 94.ª Brigade Support Battalion
 Combat Aviation Brigade Falcons
  Battalion, 10th Aviation Regiment
 2º Battalion, 10th Aviation Regiment
  Battalion, 10th Aviation Regiment
 6º Squadron, 6th Cavalry Regiment
 277.ª Aviation Support Battalion
 10.ª Sustainment Brigade Muleskinners
 10.ª Sustainment Brigade Troops Battalion
 548º Combat Service Support Battalion
 7º Combat Engineers Battalion (ADCON Minus)
 91º Military Police Battalion (ADCON Minus)
 63º Explosive Ordanance Battalion (ADCON Minus)

Referencias

Divisiones de infantería de la Segunda Guerra Mundial de Estados Unidos
Unidades del Ejército de Estados Unidos
Unidades de montaña

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
The definitive history of our moon
You've probably seen it hanging around. But how did it get there? And can we live there?
c/o NASA
Our celestial companion in the midnight sky has been a constant source of wonder and awe. From anyplace on the planet, the brightest thing in the night sky is usually the moon. The moon is our only natural satellite and one of the nearest astronomical bodies at around 240,250 miles or 384,400 km away. The moon has a radius of 1079 miles and is approximately 27% the size of the Earth. SImilar to the Earth, the moon has a crust, mantle, and core. It's thought that it may have an iron core as well. This dark muse has had a rich and storied past both historically on a universal geologic scale and for the human race. Many ancient cultures revered the moon as a god or goddess. Going by names such as Selene and Luna, the moon has captivated many and still does to this day. It's an astounding part of Earth's system.
Before life and the biosphere struck this rock billions of years ago, the solar system was a place of chaotic creation. The sun spun from its spindle flame and released the planets forming the early solar system in the process. But it wasn't until a few hundred million years later that the Earth's moon would come to exist. There are a few theories for how the moon popped into orbit around our planet.
One of the prevailing ideas supported by the scientific community is the giant impact hypothesis, which suggests that the moon was formed when a large astral body slammed into Earth. The early solar system was a churning pool of formation and there were many numbers of early bodies that never made it to planetary status. It is thought that one of these smashed into Earth in its early years.
Astronomers call this object, Theia, which was as large as Mars when it collided with the Earth. After the collision, vaporized slabs of the planet were launched into space where gravity then assembled them together over the years to eventually form the moon. This would explain why the moon is made of lighter elements and less dense than Earth. As the material was being bound together by gravity, it would have centered near the ecliptic plane and began its orbit that it's still on today.
On the subject of the explosive power felt on our humble planet, NASA stated:
"When the young Earth and this rogue body collided, the energy involved was 100 million times larger than the much later event believed to have wiped out the dinosaurs."
Before life was even a universal thought to the first primitive man gazing at the stars, the moon has been one of the most fascinating places near our Terra home.
An ancestral beacon over mankind
There have been many misconceptions over the years about what the moon was. Some ancients believed that the moon was a churning ball of fire. Early astronomers thought that the dark spots on the moon were seas and the lighter regions landmasses. Aristotle determined that the moon was a perfect sphere. A great deal of ancient Greek philosophers rightfully understood that the moon was in orbit around the earth, along with controlling the tidal waves and other phenomena.
In the year 100, Plutarch posited that there were other human civilizations living on the moon. As our astronomical views began to mature and grow, we went from believing Ptolemy's view that the moon and sun orbited Earth to the correct view of Nicholas Copernicus – who developed the correct view that the Earth and other bodies in the solar system revolve around the sun.
Eventually, we'd gaze to the stars and moon with a telescope. Galileo first saw a new image of ragged craters and mountains. He watched as the month changed how the mountains cast their shadows and calculated their height. Eventually, Galileo's observations would contribute to the rejection of old astronomical ideals and would replace the Earth-centered model of the universe.
He also, of course, explained that the light regions were rough and hilly areas while the dark regions were plains. Other astronomers throughout the years began to catalog every part of the surface they could see. More powerful telescopes led to these new detailed records. In 1645, the first full map was published by Dutch engineer Michael Florent van Langren. Another Bohemian Italian astronomer Anton M.S. de Rheita also drew up a map. It was by 1651 that the finalized map of the moon would be completed by two Jesuit scholars, Giovanni Battista Riccioli and Francesco M. Grimaldi.
Our long and fruitful observation of the moon would finally culminate in us first stepping on its surface in the 20th century.
Buzz Aldrin on the moon, c/o NASA
That's one small step for man, one giant leap for mankind
Exploration of the moon in its many forms from robotic probes to men on the moon has taught us a great deal about our solar system and even ourselves. Our first visitors to the moon were robots that came in the wake of Sputnik 1 in October 1957. The Soviets were able to fly their Luna 1 past the moon in January 1959. This was followed by a number of probes that were eventually able to take photographs of the other side of the moon. Many surprises would come from these expeditions, like for example that the dark side of the moon didn't have many smooth plains.
Not to be outdone, America's space program called to the task of putting a man on the moon was ushered in. With some of the greatest engineering talent and know-how at the time assembled, we were able to manage the inconceivable and walk on the moon. In the span of eight years, Apollo had become the sole powerhouse of manned spaceflight.
In 1968 during the Christmas season, Apollo 8 left the orbit and first reached the moon where they circled it for a day's time. Here we gazed upon this legend and saw it devoid of life and gray. After being only 62 miles from the surface, NASA planned on journeying back to the moon and landing on its surface. In May of 1969, Apollo 10 orbited the moon and tested the new lunar lander without humans. These many missions paved the way as we grew our knowledge of lunar geology.
In a climatic descent spurned by computer malfunctions and frozen fuel lines, Neil Armstrong and Buzz Aldrin of Apollo 11 would be the first humans to land on the moon in Mare Tranquillitatis or the (Sea of Tranquility). July 20th, 1969 we had first landed on the moon. The two of them walked on the moon for 2 hours and began collecting rocks and soil samples. We learned a great deal about the moon. Most of the dark spots or dark maria were ancient volcanic lava streams that crystallized billions of years ago. We also found that lunar samples were similar in composition to rocks found on the Earth. New ideas like the formation of a magma ocean on an early rocky planet were founded as well.
We would go on to continue visiting the moon in the early 70s. Our landing zones can all be found on online. These are the approximate times that each Apollo landing becomes illuminated by the Sun.
Apollos 17 and 11: Six days past New (April 24)
Apollo 16: Seven days, or First Quarter (April 25)
Apollo 15: Eight days (April 26)
Apollos 12 and 14: Ten days (April 28
A return to stay permanently next time
A lot of factors contributed to the Apollo missions and future expeditions to the moon stopping. It's been a real shame that we haven't returned. But it seems that as of late the new space age is rising up again in our dreams. We can't escape the space migration tuning in signals that the explorer human-race is known so much for.
Many private companies and even national agencies think that when we return to the moon (which is an inevitability,) we should stay there permanently this time. The moon still holds dreams for mankind. We may, one day, conduct commerce in lunar orbit and among new permanent space habitats nestled in craters. We'll have gone from voyeuristic onlookers of this mighty deity-like moon to being its custodians of the new age.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
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Home HEALTH EDUCATION THE EFFECT OF RADIATION ON PRE- NATAL BABIES (A CASE STUDY AT SHEHU MUHAMMAD KANGIWA MEDICAL CENTRE (SMKMC) KADUNA POLYTECHNIC, KADUNA STATE, NIGERIA.
THE EFFECT OF RADIATION ON PRE- NATAL BABIES (A CASE STUDY AT SHEHU MUHAMMAD KANGIWA MEDICAL CENTRE (SMKMC) KADUNA POLYTECHNIC, KADUNA STATE, NIGERIA.
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A research was conducted to know the Effect of Radiation on Pre natal babies, A case study of Shehu Muhammad Kangiwa Medical Centre, Kaduna (SMKMC), 20 Questionnaire were shared to the woman that undergo x-ray examination while they are pregnant. Some said "Radiation Effect affect their embryo because they don't tell the technicians that they are pregnant. Fetal sensitivity to radiations induced health effect is related to gestation age, the developing embryo and fetus are extremely sensitive to ionizing radiation. The main effects of radiation on the human embryo and fetus are: growth retardation, pre natal or neonatal death, congenital malformations and mental retardation. The incidence of these radiation effects at different stages of gestation, the relations with absorbed doses and threshold doses are discussed. Epidemiological data that reveal high susceptibility to carcinogenic effects of radiation during in utero life are presented.
1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
Generally, the exposure of a fetus to radiation is referred to as prenatal radiation exposure. The possibility of server health effects depends on the gestational age of the fetus at the time of exposure and the amount of radiation it is exposed to unborn babies are less sensitive during some stages of pregnancy than other. The time during which a fetus develops inside the mother's womb is vital for healthy growth. Radiation exposure before a baby's birth can increases the livelihood of disease such as cancers later it's barely begun. Since unborn babies are especially sensitive to radiation. However, fetuses are particularly sensitive to radiation during their early development, between weeks 2 and 18 of pregnancy. The health consequences can be severe, even at radiation does too low to make the mother sick, growth, deformities, abnormal brain function, or cancer that may develop sometime later in life.
The prenatal radiation exposure can occur when the mother is abdomen is exposed to radiation from outside her body, Also, A pregnant woman who accidentally, swallows or breathes in radiation materials may absorb that substance into her blood stream. Form the mother's blood, radioactive materials may pass through the umbilical cord to the baby or concentrate in areas of the mother's body near the womb (such as the uniary bladder) and expose the fetus to radiation.
Unborn babies are especially sensitive to the cancer-causing effects of radiation. However, the increased risk depend on the amount of radiation to which the baby was exposed. For examples, if the radiation dose to the unborn baby was roughly equivalent to 500 chest X-rays at one time, the increases in life time cancers risk would be less than 2% (above the normal life-time cancer risk of 40 to 50%).
During the preimplantation period (blastogenisis) exposure to a radiation dose grater than O.Gy (10rod) is associated with a risk of failure to implant, representing an "all or none" phenomenon of early embryonic development. If the embryo survive, substantial regardless of the radiation dose.
1.2 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
Radiation on prenatal babies may affect the unborn baby because the human embryo and fetus are particularly sensitive to radiation, and the health consequence of exposure can be less severe abnormalities in human embryo exposed before 2-3 weeks of gestation was observed, although an increase abortion was formed. Severe abnormalities observation.Between 4 and 11 weeks of gestation. Abnormalities involving eyes, skeleton, genital organs and stunted growth, Micro-cephaly and mental retardation was observed between 11 and 16 weeks of gestation, weeks 16-20 showed mild stunted growth, microcephaly and mental retardation, irradiation after 30 weeks caused functional disabilities. Also in other to protect an unborn babies from the effect of radiation you have to tell any health care provider you see, that you've pregnant before you get an X-ray or other tests that uses radiation, like computed tomography (CTSC). If you've pregnant and need an x-ray or CT scan your physician may wait or change another treatment for you.If you work with radiation as your job.Talk to your superior. Tell him that you're pregnant. To change another place for you to avoid radiation on your fetus.
1.3 AIM AND OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY
i. The aim of this study is to know the effect of radiation to the unborn babies
i. To identify at which stage of development the prenatal babies can be affected.
ii. To known the risks that the unborn babies faces when exposed to radiation.
1.4 RESEARCH QUESTIONS
i. Is there any effect of radiation on prenatal babies?
ii. At which stage of development the unborn can be affected
iii. Is there any effects of exposure in the utero?
1.5 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
This research work is for the effect of the radiation on prenatal babies because fetal sensitivity to radiation dose to the fetus, the dose needs to be estimated before potential health effects can be assessed. Estimating the radiation dose to the fetus requires consideration of all source external and internal to the mother's body. For this document, the fetal radiation dose from source external to the mother's body can be estimated by determining the dose to the mother's abdomen. Estimating the dose from sources internal to the mother's body is more complex. The risks of prenatal exposure to ionizing radiation very based on the stage of development. An embryo is most susceptible to the effects of radiation during organogenesis (two to seven weeks after conception) and in the early fetal period (eight to 15 weeks after conception) the effects of exposure can be teratogenic, carcinogenic, or mutagenic and are directly related to the level of radiation exposure.
1.6 SCOPE AND LIMITATION OF THE STUDY
The scope of the study the effect of radiation on prenatal babies was limited only in Shehu Muhammad Kangiwa Medical Centre Kaduna Polytechnic, Kaduna State.
1.7 OPERATIONAL DEFINITION OF TERM
i. Teratogenic: Causing malformation or defects to an embryo or fetus.
ii. Carcinogenic: Is an any substance that causes cancer is known as carcinogenic.
iii. Mutagenic: Is the ability to cause a permanent change in an organism genes.
iv. Radiation: Is the emission or transmission of radiant energy in the form of waves or particles through space or through a material medium.
v. Exposure: Is the fact of experiencing something or being affected by it because of being in a particular situation or place. You should always limit your exposure to the sun. Even a brief exposure to radiation is very dangerous.
vi. Pre-natal:Before birth: during or relating to pregnancy.
vii. Risk: is the possibility of something bad happening.
viii. Effect: is a change which is a result or consequence of an action or other cause.
ix. Embryo: is an unborn or unhitched offspring in the process of development, in particular a human offspring during the period from approximately the second to the eighth week after fertilization (after which it is usually termed a fetus.
x. Fetus: is an unborn or unhitched vertebrate especiallyafter attaining the basic structural plan of its kind specifically, a developing in conception to birth.
xi. Organogenesis: is the phase of embryonic development that starts at the end of gastrulating and continues until birth.
xii. Sensitivity: Is the proportion of truly diseased persons in the screened population who are identified as diseased by the screening test.
xiii. Dose: Is a measured quantity of a medicine, nutrient, or pathogen which is delivered as a unit.
xiv. Cancer: is a disease caused by an uncontrolled division of abnormal cells in a part of the body.
xv. Stuntedgrowth: also know as stunting and nutritional stunting, is a reduced growth rate in human development.
xvi. Deformities: is a part of someone's body which is not the normal shape because of injury or illness, or because they were born this way.
xvii. Gestation: is the period of development during the carrying of an embryo or fetus inside vivaprous animals.
xviii. Abnormal brain function:When brain is damaged, it can affect many different things, including your memory, your sensation, or even your personality.
xix. Pregnancy: Also know as gestation is the time during which one or more offspring develops inside a woman.
xx. Micro cephaly: Is a condition in which a baby's head is significantlysmaller than expected, often, due to abnormal brain development.
xxi. Mental Retardation: Is a developmental disability that first appears in children under the age of 18.
xxii. Functional disability: Is a deficit in physical cognitive, or mental/emotional functioning that interfered with personal and social daily living and is the direct result of a health condition.
xxiii. Abortion: Is the ending of pregnancy due to removing an embryo or fetus before it can survive outside the uterus.
xxiv. Rem: Is a unit of effective absorbed dose of ionizing radiation in human tissue, loosely equivalent to one nitrogen of x-ray
xxv. Genital:Is a small bump on the genitals caused by a common sexually transmitted infection.
xxvi. Uterus: is a hollow muscular organ located in the female pelvis between the bladder and rectum.
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SIMILAR HEALTH EDUCATION FINAL YEAR PROJECT RESEARCH TOPICS
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When it comes to fitness and exercise, most people think you can never get enough. In this day and age many people revel in having strict hour-long daily gym sessions or five-mile morning runs. These may be great for getting your body moving daily, but many experts agree at some point exercise has diminishing returns. You may not be doing your body any good by overexerting seven days a week or with more than one session per day.
Rachel Cosgrove, the owner of Results Fitness in California, states, "Your body may not be able to handle that much" and with too much comes risk for injury.
You may also not be able to give 100 percent everyday. Other fitness trainers believe HIIT, high intensity interval training, is the best way to achieve most weight-loss and fitness goals.
These workouts provide short bursts of full exertion while incorporating some recovery. The best part of these workouts or exercising at a higher intensity is that you only need 20 to 30 minutes for a good sweat and burn. Therefore by being more productive, you can actually halve your workout and achieve the same if not improved results. Think efficiency versus duration and frequency.
Some trainers suggests that if you really, really, really need to fit into that dress for a special occasion, adding a second workout in the few days leading up can get you leaner temporarily.
Note that it is never healthy to crash diet or exercise at an unsafe level. Trainers believe if it is absolutely necessary, perform a higher-intensity strength based circuit in the morning and then a lower, steady state cardio workout later in the day.
Still it is best to incorporate a complete rest day, or day off, each week. What is most important is sensing how your body feels and whether it is asking to be pushed harder or requires rest. Evaluate how your muscles, joints, and ligaments feel. Is something pulsing, tight, or strained? Are you mentally exhausted? Recovery looks different for everyone. Learning your limits and how to safely and healthily increase those limits are the biggest challenge to personal fitness.
Directions: Blend oats until desired consistency. Add remaining ingredients until smooth.


The workflow implementation in the model helps the users in the collection of planning data. The workflow restricts the write access to reports in a timely manner. Users can only enter and modify planning data within workflow activities. Outside of these activities, the modification is inhibited. This enables a workflow administrator to gain control of modifications and ensures data integrity.
The workflow feature is implemented in multiple models. The major workflow principles apply to all models.
Note: The tasks must be created in advance when the workflow is used to collect data packages for specific versions or years.
Within the workflow task, administrators can schedule when particular workflow activities should be completed with the Workflow Task report. They can determine which user groups are assigned to execute said activity within the Workflow Assignment report. Once an activity becomes active, e-mail notifications are sent to the users in groups assigned to the activity. E-mail notifications are editable within the E-mail Notification report.


text:
Report Confirms Toxic Dumping : Hayden Decries Damage to Bay
By ALAN CITRON
March 28, 1985 12 AM PT
Los Angeles Water Quality Control Board officials have shown "an astonishing failure" to monitor and control toxic contamination in Santa Monica Bay, Assemblyman Tom Hayden charged after reading a report issued this week.
Hayden, chairman of an Assembly task force investigating bay pollution, said the board's report on ocean dumping raises serious questions about "who's in charge" of controlling toxic waste disposal.
"The staff report details decades of systematic neglect by the board in fulfilling their most basic functions," said Hayden (D-Santa Monica). " . . . The board appears to have been asleep at the switch, with the result being irreversible damage to the marine environment."
The report, released at a board meeting Monday, was written in response to allegations by a USC toxicologist and others that Santa Monica Bay and outlying waters had been poisoned by "massive" dumping of toxic substances, including DDT, cyanide and PCBs. At certain levels, toxic chemicals can cause cancer and other diseases in marine life.
Admitted Laxity
Dr. Robert P. Ghirelli, the board's executive officer, admitted that the board had been lax in investigating past violations, but blamed the problem on staff shortages. He called the report a "first step" toward determining whether the contamination levels pose a health threat.
"I don't think we expected to turn up anything new," Ghirelli said. "But the report is important because it brings together a lot of pieces of information. It helped us to gain a better understanding of where we are and where the gaps in our knowledge are."
The report confirms that DDT and industrial waste was dumped off Santa Catalina Island. The DDT was dumped until 1961, according to the report, and industrial waste was dumped through the early 1970s, when the board stopped issuing permits. At one dump site northwest of Santa Catalina Island, officials estimate that 700 metric tons of DDT was dumped. It adds that three-fourths of the DDT found in local waters appears to have come from the Joint Water Pollution Control Plant outfall at White's Point near Palos Verdes.
Although most of the major dumping occurred south of Santa Monca Bay, Ghirelli said that currents carried the materials toward shore. The report says, "Pollutants still may be present in considerable quantities on the ocean bottom. A reasonable effort must be made to ascertain the degree to which potentially hazardous compounds such as beryllium, cyanide, naphthalene, pesticide residues and other materials continue to persist and adversely affect the local marine environment."
Dumping Sanctioned
The report also states that the board sanctioned the dumping of refinery and chemical wastes, radioactive waste and military explosives at 14 separate dump sites in Santa Monica Bay between 1931 and 1974.
And the report notes that two defunct disposal companies--California Salvage Co. and Pacific Ocean Disposal Co. Inc.--"may have dumped a significant portion of their wastes short of the designated dump sites."
California Salvage, according to the report, violated board regulations by illegally dumping toxic waste near the the White Point outfall on two occasions in 1968. However, the board does not know how much waste was illegally dumped because there was no formal investigation, the report adds.
Ghirelli said the board is awaiting the studies being conducted by other state and federal agencies, including the state Health Services Department and the Environmental Protection Agency.
If the other studies also disclose that health hazard exists, Ghirelli said the board may post warnings on piers (including Santa Monica Pier)and other seafood-gathering areas, designate the area surrounding the White's Point sewage outfall off-limits to sportfishing and limit sales of the most contaminated species of fish caught in or near San Pedro Channel.
Some public officials contend that warnings should be posted immediately. Hayden, who successfully campaigned for $60,000 in state funds to study bay pollution late last year after fishermen complained that the fish population was declining, argued that some notification of possible dangers ought to be issued now to cut down on the health risk.
"I'm worried that the scientists will argue the matter to death while more and more people catch and eat contaminated fish," Hayden said. "I see no problem with indicating that there may be a risk."
Warnings Considered
And Santa Monica Mayor Christine E. Reed told board members Monday that city officials already are investigating the legal ramifications of posting warnings. "We stand ready as a city to assist in the public information effort," said Reed, a former chairwoman of the water quality board. "We just need the information given to us."
Monday's meeting gave people concerned about bay contamination an opportunity to voice their concerns to the water quality board, but it also illustrated the level of disagreement over the possible health threat.
Dr. Lewis A. Schinazi, who helped compile the water quality board report, said illegal dumping may have occurred as close as two miles offshore, but added that most of the toxic dumping occurred in the 1950s.
Based on early studies of toxic levels in fish, Schinazi said that two species--white croaker (one of the most commonly caught fish)and Dover sole--pose the greatest health risks. But board member Betty Werthman said the board should consider issuing a general warning, because many fisherman cannot distinguish among various species of fish.
Dr. Brian Melzian, an oceanographer and environmental scientist with the Environmental Protection Agency, told the board that his agency also was looking at health risks and agreed that the board should focus its attention on more than just two varieties of fish. Asked about his knowledge of contamination, Melzian, who has worked on both coasts, replied:"Nowhere on Earth is as heavily contaminated with DDT and PCB's as Southern California."
Schinazi quickly stated that most of the trouble spots are contained in areas where the dumping occurred, adding, "Our bay is a gem."
'Serious Problem'
But Melzian later defended his statement, saying that pollution in Santa Monica Bay and around Southern California "has been and in some cases is still a serious problem" that needs further investigation.
"Some of this data has been around for a few years," Melzian added. "Some of it could have been looked at by the appropriate agencies in the past. I don't know why this has not happened. . . . There's enough data available now to raise some red flags, but not necessarily to come to a full stop."
Rimmon Fay, a marine biologist and former member of the state Coastal Commission, has been issuing warnings about the dangers of bay contamination for years. His biggest adversary has been Willard Bascom, director of the Southern California Water Research Project. In a recent interview, Fay said his "stomach kinda ties up" at the thought of eating fish from the bay. Fay blamed the agencies charged with monitoring water pollution for allowing the dumping to occur in past years.
"Every time you look at the shoreline you find that nobody's watching the shop," Fay said. "Seven different agencies were aware that this was going on, and nobody said anything."
Bascom charged that Fay "had no data" to support his allegations and said that Bascom's staff had found no areas with dangerous levels of contamination. Bascom added, however, that he probably would avoid white croaker, Dover sole and spiny dogfish because they contain higher levels of contamination, and agreed that further studies should be done to ensure that the waters are safe.
To Meet in May
Hayden said the Assembly task force probably will meet next in May, when more information is available. He added that one of its major goals will be establishing the responsibilities of public agencies.
"Some agency clearly ought to be responsible," Hayden said, "Whether that's a new agency or whether the water quality control board ought to be reformed and improved . . . and made more professional . . . or whether the Fish and Game Department's enforcement capacity ought to be upgraded, these are all being looked at."
Ghirelli said he hoped the studies will lead to better communication among the local, state and federal regulatory agencies. Hayden added that preventing further problems is the best they can hope for.
"We're going to look at what can be done about the pollution," Hayden said. "But my preliminary opinion is that nothing can be done except for stopping it in the future."


text:
New Elkscentre flooring made from recycled tires
The new recycled flooring at the Elkscentre improves the durability, shock absorption, maintenance, and resistance of the flooring at the arena. City of Prince George photo
Tires that once traveled along the road are now being tread upon as new flooring in the City of Prince George's Elksentre Arena thanks to funding from the City of Prince George and grants from Tire Stewardship BC.
The new cushioned flooring has been installed throughout the arena's walkways, front lobby, skate shop, and dressing, referee, and storage rooms. The city applied for and received a grant from Tire Stewardship BC to replace roughly 465 square metres of aging and damaged flooring and installed flooring made out of 4.5 tonnes of rubber from 670 recycled passenger vehicle tires. The original flooring was installed when the Elksentre was first constructed in 1976.
The recycled flooring improves the durability, shock absorption, maintenance, and resistance of the flooring at the Arena. The Elksentre, located in the Hart neighbourhood, hosts many tournaments, special events, and training programs for figure skating, minor hockey, ringette, lacrosse, and adult recreational leagues each year.
The floors are made from a product produced by a company called Dinoflex. Dinoflex flooring consists of up to 90 per cent recycled, post-consumer tire rubber. The flooring is made in BC from scrap tires collected from around the province by Tire Stewardship BC.
The city applied for and received a $25,554 grant from Tire Stewardship BC to cover up to 50 per cent of eligible costs for the project. The key qualifications for the grant were:
The project site be fully accessible by all members of the public
The replacement material be made from recycled, BC-manufactured tire "crumb" rubber
the grant recipients had to match Tire Stewardship BC's contribution.
The city funded the remaining project costs of about $40,000.
The City of Prince George also received a grant from Tire Stewardship BC for recycled materials to improve fall protection and accessibility at Duchess Park earlier this summer. Worn out flooring at the Kin arenas has also been replaced using the Dinoflex products via a grant from Tire Stewardship BC.


text:
Q: Accidentally closed a NetBeans tip window for the Swing GUI Builder I accidentally closed a UI element in NetBeans. It's the piece that says "Snap at the preferred distance from the container's right border" in this picture:

I closed it with the X at the right of the tip text. Does anyone know how to get this back? I can't find it anywhere in toolbars, windows, or palette settings.

A: *

*In the main menu, select Tools->Options

*Select the Java tab

*Select the GUI Builder tab

*Check Show Assistant

*Click OK

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
Ectomycorrhizal mushroom response to partial cutting in a western hemlock - western redcedar forest
Kranabetter, J.M.; Kroeger, P., 2001: Ectomycorrhizal mushroom response to partial cutting in a western hemlock - western redcedar forest. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 31(6): 978-987, June
We examined epigeous ectomycorrhizal mushroom richness and productivity after partial cutting in a western hemlock (Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg.) - western redcedar (Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don in Lamb.) forest of northwestern British Columbia. Mushrooms were collected throughout the fruiting season (July to October) for 3 years, starting 5 years after partial cutting, from plots with mesic soil conditions and residual basal areas ranging from 23 to 69 m2/ha for western hemlock and 0 to 26 m2/ha for western redcedar. Partial cutting had no apparent effect on mushroom phenology over the 3 years. Significant block interactions demonstrated that reductions in basal area of western hemlock could lead to positive, neutral, and negative responses in mushroom richness, biomass, and number of fruiting bodies. These responses were related to stand structure and the potential differences in tree vigour after partial cutting. In addition, there was weak evidence that western redcedar, a host for vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhiza, had a negative effect on average taxon richness. The study demonstrated that partial-cutting systems could allow some timber removal without necessarily reducing ectomycorrhizal mushroom communities.
DOI: 10.1139/x01-034
Kawamura A.; Fujiwara H.; Ondoera T.; W.D.J.; Matsuda M.; Ishida M.; Takemura G.; Kida M.; Uegaito T.; E.A., 1988: Induction of large and small coronary artery spasm by intracoronary injection of acetylcholine or histamine and its histologic analysis in pigs. Japanese Circulation Journal 52(9): 952
Beneke, R., 1879: Ueber Reifung und Befruchtung des Eies bei den Fledermausen. Zoologischer Anzeiger, II 304 & 305
Wright T.M.; Hayes W.C., 1977: Fracture mechanics parameters for longitudinal crack propagation in bone. IRCS (International Research Communications System) Medical Science Library Compendium 5(1): 13
Bauer, S.; Solyom, D., 1994: Determination of volatile organic compounds at the parts per trillion level in complex aqueous matrices using membrane introduction mass spectrometry. Analytical Chemistry 66(24): 4422-4431
Lambert, M.G.; Abrams, S.M.; Harpster, H.W.; Jung, G.A., 1987: Effect of hay substitution on intake and digestibility of forage rape (brassica napus) fed to lambs. Intake and digestibility trials were conducted with sheep to evaluate the effect of adding various levels of a typical fibrous grass forage (neutral detergent fiber, NDF = 68%) to a high quality, low fiber (NDF = 22%) brassica forage. Four forage...
Cook Neville G.W., 1980: Key issues. LBL (Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory, Energy and Environment Division) 11204): 34-36
Zalazar, C.A.; Meinardi, C.; Bernal, S.; Candioti, M., 1988: Some characteristics of Argentine Pategras cheeses. Microbiological, chemical and physical examinations were carried out on 50 samples of commercially produced Pategras-type cheeses. Large CV indicated a lack of uniformity amongst the samples due to an absence of standardization both in the origina...
Arabelos D.; Tziavos I.N., 1995: Gravity field improvement in the Mediterranean Sea by correcting the bottom topography using collocation. International Union of Geodesy and Geophysics, General Assembly 21, Week B: 38
Boyd, C.J.; Young, A.; McCabe, S.E., 2015: Psychological and drug abuse symptoms associated with nonmedical use of opioid analgesics among adolescents. Approximately 18% of US adolescents engaged in prescription opioid abuse in 2013. However, this estimate may be misleading because it includes both medical misusers and nonmedical users, and there is evidence that these are 2 groups that differ re...
Van Soest, P.J., 1963: Use of detergents in the analysis of fibrous feeds. 1. Preparation of fiber residues of low nitrogen content. For extraction of N from ground lucerne hay with sodium lauryl sulfate in ethylenediamine tetra-acetic acid-borate buffer boiling for 1 h was slightly more effective than stirring for 16 h at 30oC. Preliminary maceration in a Waring blendor gave a...


On Friday, April 19th, we will be having a very special Good Friday service at 7:00 p.m.
We will be showing the movie "Resurrection" by Max Lucado.
Below is a synopsis of the movie from imbd.com.
Please join us for this inspiring story that reminds us of the amazing love that Jesus showed us by dying on the cross for our sins.


text:
Halmi (román nyelven Halmeu) községközpont Romániában, Szatmár megyében.

Fekvése
Szatmár megyében, Szatmárnémetitől északkeletre, az 1C főút és az E81 európai folyosó utolsó települése, az ukrán határnál, Romániában.

Története
Halmi Árpád-kori település, melynek nevét az oklevelek 1216 és 1220 között már említették. 1217-ben Terra Holmy néven, majd 1218-ban a Váradi regestrum oklevelében is említve volt neve.

1274-ben Kala Tamás birtoka volt.

1319-ben Károly Róbert király az Ugocsa vármegyéhez és Sasvárhoz tartozó György fia Péter birtokát János fia Tamásnak adományozta.

1851-ben Fényes Elek írta a településről:

"112 római, 203 görögkatolikus, 601 református, 150 zsidó lakossal, református anyatemplommal s eklézsiával, synagógával, postatisztséggel. Főbirtokos benne Szentpály uraság, kinek nemzetsége már II. András király idejéb en virágzó volt, s melly különösen sok derék vitéz férfiakat adott honunknak. Többi földesurai Ráthony, báró Perényi, Gazda, Zaffiry, Száraz, végre gróf Haller, és Csató örökösök."

A Pallas nagy lexikona pedig ezt írta a településről:

"Kisközség Ugocsamegye tiszántúli járásában, 1891-ben 2051 magyar lakosa volt. A járási szolgabíró hiv. székhelye. Van járásbírósága, takarékpénztára, s kereskedelmi bankja, vasúti állomása, posta- és távíróhivatala, takarékpénztára."

1910-ben 3455 lakosából 3371 magyar, 51 német volt. Ebből 613 római katolikus, 1196 református, 1061 izraelita volt.

A trianoni békeszerződés előtt Ugocsa vármegye Tiszántúli járásához tartozott.

Közlekedés
A települést érinti a Nagyvárad–Székelyhíd–Érmihályfalva–Nagykároly–Szatmárnémeti–Halmi–Királyháza-vasútvonal.

Nevezetességek
 Református temploma

Híres szülöttei
1861. november 28-án Szentpáli István jogász, Miskolc polgármestere, országgyűlési képviselő
 1910. szeptember 21-én Kótay Pál († Marosvásárhely, 1986. december 25.) orvos, urológus, sebész, orvostörténész, egyetemi tanár. Orvosi oklevelét 1934-ben Budapesten szerezte meg, majd 1934–1938 között a Szent János Kórház sebésze, majd urológusa volt. 1939-ben Rostockban dolgozott. 1940–1945 között a kolozsvári sebészeti klinika adjunktusa, majd 1946-tól Marosvásárhelyre került, ahol a sebészeti klinika urológiai osztályának vezetője, 1956-tól az urológia professzora, a klinika igazgatójaként is működött. 1971-től egészen 1977-ben történt nyugdíjazásáig tanszékvezető egyetemi tanár volt. Kiváló műtőorvos, kórszövettani kutató volt és mellette jeles orvostörténész és szépíró is, aki főképpen a 18. századi orvoslás történetét kutatta.
 1910. november 2-án "Weisz Api" dzsesszdobos
1935. április 19-én Görbe István írói álneve Halmi György – magyar közíró, irodalomkutató, folklorista, műfordító
1936. augusztus 13-án Vígh István festő, szobrász, restaurátor
1959. június 26-án Makó András festőművész

Jegyzetek

Források
 Fényes Elek: Magyarország történeti földrajza
 Györffy György Ugocsavármegye

További információk
 Hivatalos oldal
 Leírás, képekkel és térképpel

Szatmár megye települései
Határátkelőhelyek
Ugocsa vármegye települései


I guess it's a Sunday sign-off from WDZD!
Next thing you know they'll be pulling a Marxian on us and nationalizing the music industry.
Tex, heard this on WLS FM, yesterday afternoon...……….
WLS being centrally located in the U.S. provided the best of entertainment to the east and west coast during evening hours.
However, the folk' on this forum (just a handful left) will always be my friends.
One last back-step to perfection!


text:
In Memoriam of Clifford T. Lee
Clifford T. Lee
Clifford T. Lee, a highly respected water law attorney and recipient of the 2021 Environmental Law Section Lifetime Achievement Award, died suddenly in late November 2022. Cliff was a member of the Environmental Law Committee, predecessor to the Environmental Law Section, and a long-time contributor to the Environmental Law Section. Cliff frequently spoke on panels at the Environmental Law Conference at Yosemite, including at last year's "Modernizing California Water Rights Law" panel.
From his most recent bio shared with ELS: Cliff received his B.A. from U.C. Berkeley in 1973 and his J.D. from the U.C. Davis School of Law in 1976. From 1977 to 1978 Cliff was a staff attorney with the Governor's Commission to Review California Water Rights Law and authored the Commission staff papers "Legal Aspects of Water Conservation in California" and "The Transfer of Water Rights in California." From 1979 through 2019, Cliff was a deputy attorney general with the Natural Resources Law section of the California Department of Justice. Cliff represented the State of California in the State Water Resources Control Board Cases (2006) 136 Cal.App. 4th 674. Cliff was one of the two lawyers awarded the California Lawyer magazine's 2007 Attorney of the Year Award in environmental law. From 1995 through 2015 Cliff was an adjunct faculty member of the UC College of the Law, San Francisco. Cliff was the author of "Federalism and Water: The California Experience," published in 2020 by the Golden Gate University Environmental Law Journal.
We recommend "The Passing of a Respected Water Warrior: Remembering California Water Law Attorney Clifford Lee", a wonderful tribute to Cliff written by UC Davis School of Law Professor Richard Frank, a Section Advisor.
« Chair Report
Legislation Committee »


Re: Samsung Galaxy S6 Active OS Update 5.0.2!
Effective today, July 9th, 5.0.2 is available for the GS6 Active!
Software update process will not delete any personal data on your phone. Check the AT&T server for new software update?
Software Update– A software update is available for your device that requires Wi-Fi connectivity for download progress to begin. Connect to a Wi-Fi network? For a list of free Wi-Fi networks click here AT&T Wi-Fi Hot Spots.
A new software update from AT&T is available for our device. This download will occur over Wi-Fi. Please make sure that you stay within the Wi-Fi coverage area while the download takes place. This could take several minutes.
If you received a notification of the update, you will have the option to postpone 1, 4, or 8 hours - up to 3 times.
How can I disable these updates from being forced on to my phone? The reason I ask is because since I paid for this device, I would like to root it as soon as it becomes available if I want to. I may pay it off early, carrier unlock it, and switch over to another carrier. This should ultimately be my choice, not AT&T's. I don't want to have to worry about some auto update feature restricting the ability of a phone that I paid for and own.
I know a few others in person that are livid about this as well. We all feel this is almost worthy of returning the device all together.
Not to forget, ATT is also using the data that THE CUSTOMERS pay for to force this update. Not everyone is downloading these 143MB+ updates at their local Starbucks Cafe. I think this in itself can lead to some pretty angry customers looking for mass reimbursements.
have a read of this and this is why you own the device but not the software on the phone.
The software, interfaces, documentation, data, and content provided for your Equipment as may be updated, downloaded, or replaced by feature enhancements, software updates, system restore software or data generated or provided subsequently by AT&T (hereinafter "Software") is licensed, not sold, to you by AT&Tand/or its licensors/suppliers for use only on your Equipment. Your use of the Software shall comply with its intended purposes as determined by us, all applicable laws, and AT&T's Acceptable Use Policy atatt.com/AcceptableUsePolicy.
You are not permitted to use the Software in any manner not authorized by this License. You may not (and you agree not to enable others to) copy, decompile, reverse engineer, disassemble, reproduce, attempt to derive the source code of, decrypt, modify, defeat protective mechanisms, combine with other software, or create derivative works of the Software or any portion thereof. You may not rent, lease, lend, sell, redistribute, transfer or sublicense the Software or any portion thereof. You agree the Software contains proprietary content and information owned by AT&T and/or its licensors/suppliers.
AT&T and its licensors/suppliers reserve the right to change, suspend, terminate, remove, impose limits on the use or access to, or disable access to, the Software at any time without notice and will have no liability for doing so. You acknowledge AT&T's Software licensors/suppliers are intended third party beneficiaries of this license, including the indemnification, limitation of liability, disclaimer of warranty provisions found in this Agreement.
Does this explain why you can force the customers to use their own data to accept an update that is forced upon us by AT&T? I didn't see that anywhere in your post.
IF you dont want the updates forced to you never use wifi again. This is why I use carrier unlocked devices.
Att warns you it will auto update after the 3rd time.
IF a 143mb is going to put you over your data cap on your internet provider you need a new one.
So you are saying that as long as I do not use wifi, then it will not autoupdate?
Also, I will not say if it will or will not put me over my limit. I can say that I am speaking for others that CANNOT AFFORD more data. Not everyone has a grandfathered unlimited plan or 10GB+ shared family data plan.
If your never on wifi it should not auto update. But this patch has the reactivation lock in it so it may install over cellular since its required. All carriers are pushing the reactivation lock stuff right now.
you do realize ATT does not push updates over cellular right? IF they were to do that they would not count it in the data cap.
Yes we own the device and we have the right to accept or refuse software updates. This is how most modern update processes work. If AT&T is changing this practice then we need to be informed before we purchase the device.
I was forced to update my device even though I purposely refused the update. The phone proceeded to reboot and install automatically without warning while I was using the device. I have never owned a device that I could not stop updates.
Even though updates are pushed via WiFi that doesn't mean I want to waste my data downloading an update that I don't want. I have satellite internet and it is very expensive for me to waste data in this manner. If AT&T is forcing updates then they are liable if my device installs the update at an innapropriate time or if my life is in danger and I can't dial 911.
Even the AT&T twitter rep replied to me saying "Sorry to hear that. There should be an option to turn off automatic updates ^DanH"
Considering how shady carriers attempt to be these days, I wouldn't put it past them. This is the first phone I have ever owned or have seen that doesn't allow you to check a simple box to disable these updates. Even Apple doesn't allow these kinds of limitations on your device.
I should've assumed that getting a phone exclusive to AT&T would be a nightmare. Coupled with their steadily declining service availability and functionality, it may be worth returning this and switching to another carrier all together.
what I posted is in the user manual of all phones sold by ATT including the iPhone. Once you turned the phone on you agreed to those terms.
Nowhere in your post does it state that they may force updates upon your device. Nor is it in AT&T manual stating that they can forcefully use your data to arbitrarily install updates on your device when and how they see fit, wifi or cellular. They may own and license the software. However, they cannot do whatever they want with my device when they want to, without providing an option to disable the auto update.
"If you received a notification of the update, you will have the option to postpone 1, 4, or 8 hours - up to 3 times."
also you mentioned root... remember that you will never get updates if you root since the bootloader wont ever get unlocked on the att or verizon s6. Heck the s6 active may never get root. I have not seen if pingpong root works.
Right there is why I used unlocked non carrier devices.


The CONNECT command connects the sescmd scripting client to the SAND Enterprise Service. A connection must be successfully established in order to execute any of the SES script commands.
Connection parameters previously specified with sescmd and then saved using the SAVE command. This information is recorded in encrypted form in the [nesop] section of the nes.ini file.
If no connection information has been previously saved, sescmd will use the parameters specified during SAND Enterprise Service installation. In this case, user-name and password are required. Once a connection has been established, the SAVE command can be executed to save the connection parameters for automatic reuse in later connection requests.
When the SAVE command is executed after sescmd has successfully established a connection to the SAND Enterprise Service, the current connection parameters are written in encrypted form to the [nesop] section of the nes.ini file. These parameters then become the default for subsequent execution of sescmd, and are required in order to connect using sesop.
The DISCONNECT command disconnects the currently connected client from the SAND Enterprise Service, but does not exit from sescmd. To reconnect, use the CONNECT command.
When the HELP command is issued with no argument, sescmd displays a help screen showing command syntax for all SES script commands. If a particular command is specified after the HELP keyword, sescmd displays the syntax for that command.
Use either the QUIT or EXIT command to disconnect from the SAND Enterprise Service and quit sescmd.


Girls' Generation's third Japanese album, "LOVE&PEACE", recently ranked first on Oricon's December 23rd weekly album chart by totaling 129,000 sales. Girls' Generation's self-titled debut Japanese album, released in June of 2011, also ranked first in the weekly album chart, making Girls' Generation the first Korean girl group to have two albums place first on a weekly album ranking, surpassing KARA.
The successful "LOVE&PEACE" album totals twelve songs, including past singles such as "GALAXY SUPERNOVA" and "LOVE&GIRLS", while also debuting six new songs. Meanwhile, Girls' Generation's third Japan tour will begin next April, and the girls' "Märchen Fantasy" concert for "SMTOWN Week" will take place this Sunday on December 22nd.
The new songs in album are great! I hope that the new korean album is just as awesome.
I think part of the reason this album hit No. 1 and the previous one didn't is that this album is much stronger. Granted, a lot of the tracks on the album are B-sides from their past singles, but I think the B-sides were better than the A-sides!
awesom to see our angel album is doing well on the chart.
hehe our angels still making history. here's to another 1st under their already long list of 1st. so glad to see this album doing good so far and hoping it continue to do better in the future with all their Japanese promotions. they're either platinum now or going to be platinum soon, i forgot if it's 100,000 or 150,000 for platinum status on Japan charts. anyway i'm proud and happy that i bought my copies to support the girls and yes i'm enjoying the songs very much. they're my jams at work giving me energy. ONLY SNSD!
thanks SSF. jjang! jjang! jjang!
okay they hit Gold status and not Platinum. i remember now that 100,000 is gold and 250,000 is platinum. so another gold plaque under their name.
Awesome! BTW, it's more than 129,000 copies. Like 129,255 copies.
No questions there. SNSD is the best.


text:
Jamal Khashoggi
Mohammad bin Salman
Citing U.S. & Israeli Interests, Trump Refuses To Sever Saudi Ties Over Khashoggi Murder
Charles Bybelezer
United States President Donald Trump stressed that the murder of Saudi journalist Jamal Khashoggi will not result in a downgrading of ties with Riyadh. "The United States intends to remain a steadfast partner of Saudi Arabia to ensure the interests of our country, Israel and all other partners in the region," the American leader wrote in a statement. The assertion comes amid widespread international pressure on the House of Saud, which has denied sanctioning Khashoggi's killing on October 2 in the Saudi consulate in Istanbul and instead blamed the incident on "rogue" operatives. Last week, a bipartisan group of U.S. senators introduced legislation calling for the suspension of weapons sales to the Sunni Muslim Kingdom and the mandatory sanctioning of those responsible for Khashoggi's death. For his part, President Trump has to date refrained from directly implicating Crown Prince Mohammad bin Salman, despite a CIA assessment that Saudi Arabia's de facto ruler gave the order or at the very least was in the know. The U.S. administration views Riyadh, along with the Jewish state, as an integral partner in the effort to curb Iran's regional expansionism and prevent its nuclearization. Bin Salman's backing also is considered key to the successful roll-out of President Trump's highly-anticipated Israeli-Palestinian peace plan.
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