Im back, this time with a plant physiology text book. And it appears as though the logically based theories about excessive water pressure as a primary contributor to "foamers" may be true. According to the text, plants exhibit a phenomena know as "root pressure".
You can observe the effects of root pressure when you cut a vine. Ever notice the sap that leaks out the ends of a cut vine? A positive pressure force must generate that flow.
Positive pressure is generated when roots concentrate ions (minerals). Lord knows we have high concentrations of ions in our soils (sodium, potassium, calcium, etc.) The high concentration of ions attract water, subsequently generating positive pressure in the root system.
A direct quote from the text: "Root pressure is most likely to occur when soil water potential is high and transpiration rates are low (high humidity). When transpiration rates are high, water is taken up so rapidly into the leaves and lost to the atmosphere that a positive pressure resulting from ion uptake never develops in the (roots)."
"Plants that develop root pressure frequently produce liquid droplets on the edges of their leaves, a phenomenon known as guttation".
Curiosity- Those that have routinely experienced foamers, have you also observed guttation?
Thanks, Brooks. This book is fascinating reading...in fact i spent about 16 hours on the pot the other day, so engrossed in the content the time just flew by. :) sorry, i couldnt resist.
I want to ensure my words are not taken out of context...while the text supports the idea of positive pressure in the plant vasculature system, it is not a definitive explanation of why foamers occur. The smoking gun may be when evidence documents that positive pressures can lead to rupture of vasculature. That evidence may or may not exist in print, I'll continue my search.
Interestingly, there is good documentation of the opposite scenario, where negative pressure (vacuum) due to excessive transpiration actually leads to a collapse of the internal vasculature. When you think about the "sucking" force necessary to pull water to the upper reaches of a 100 meter tall Redwood, you can visualize how these mechanics strain the vasculature system and why, subsequently, wood is so damn hard in very tall trees. Fascinating!
Joze, very interesting. As for negative pressure you mentioned, just another thought on that is conifers or softwoods generally transpire less than broad leafed or hardwood species of trees.
We had a ridiculous amount of moisture this year. My greenhouse faired better but since it received its cover during the summer it did little to limit excess water from accumulating. My 1579 grew very fast and ..blossom split. I set two more on secondary vines for genetic crosses and left until the end of season. About a week after pulling the plant I went in to get some equipment and noticed wet spots that were better than a foot in diameter. These spots were not just wet it was muck. A closer inspection revealed a piece of root pumping out water. With my peat soil it would have taken five gallons of water to create a spot that wet. Root pressure over the whole plant when the soil was wetter would have been unbelievable. Perhaps foaming stump is not the only symptom of extra "root" pressure.
now the question is, how do you think we/I can prevent this from happening?,, let more or all side vines continue to grow out untill after the 30 to 40 day mark of the pumpkins growth, then terminate all vines? You would have to have a pretty big area to do that, but Im sure it would help alot to prevent the foamers, but then again, you might be taking alot away from the pumpkin also, there's got to be a fine line to where we can let so much plant grow to where it will help in preventing these foamers but yet not take alot away from the pumpkins growth ether.
More to come on this Topic Joze, But for now I gotta get off the puter and relive some of my own pressure, just hope it doesnt take another 16 hr's ha!.
The million dollar answer of foamer prevention can go a bunch of different ways. In the previous thread on this topic, a number of experienced growers suggested minimizing moisture/watering around the crown area.
Indeed, in the absence of copious water levels around the crown, hypothetical root pressure may not develop. This could contribute to minimizing the development of a foamer. A drawback of this tactic may be include compromising water availability through the taproot, thereby limiting fruit growth. Although the extent to which this occurs is variable and nearly impossible to measure.
I am an advocate of increasing leaf surface area, which has a number of inherent benefits built into it in addition to contributing to minimizing foamers. More leaf area equates to more transpiriation. More transpiriation creates a larger net negative pressure in the main vine vasculature.
Some may counter than high humidity is causal factor in foamer development, and that more leaves do not resolve a high humidity scenario. To that, I state that water vapor concentration in leaf tissues is between 95-99%. Rarely is the relative humidity, even on summer's hottest days, greater than 70%. As such, there is still a differential gradient between the leaf and the atmosphere. Recognize that the greater the differential, the greater the rate of transpiration.
Sooo...plants need CO2. And so long as there is ample moisture (which is the case when foamers occur), the stoma remain open and transpiration hums along, albeit at a slower rate due to less differential between tissue & atmospheric water vapor concentrations.
Back to leaf surface area argument- In addition to increasing net transpiration, an obvious benefit to more leaf surface area is more photosynthesis. Photosynthesis is the obvious driver of growth in the plant system.
For years, growers have minimized the value of vegetative growth at and beyond the pumpkin set. Some have even falsely claimed that vegetation beyond the pumpkin does not contribute to the pumpkin's growth. These myths need to be dispelled and a new appreciation for factual plant physiology must be gained, as these insights are sure to enhance our collective march towards 2K.
For starters, I also advocate for allowing the main vine tip to grow indefinately. Yes yes yes, Im aware of the countless reports of growers who chop the main vine and grow big pumpkins. Anecdotal evidence aside, recognize that the main vine tip is the primary source of production for a very important plant growth hormone. Science shows us that the hormone is manufactured in the vine tip and transported BACKWARDS through the plant, all the way into the root system, where it promotes the growth of new root tips.
My point here is that new growth, specifically within vine tips, is a screaming beacon to the rest of the plant that the system as a whole is still in a growth stage. As a result, the root system will continue to do its job. And so long as the pumpkin itself remains the most potent "sink" in the system, the fruit will grow.
Chopping vine tips to "funnel" plant nutrients in the pumpkin is, at the surface, solid logic. Unfortunately, biology is never quite so black and white. Chopping vine tips ultimately removes the signalling source described above. This essentially forces the pumpkin to operate in isolation, in terms of drawing nutrients in its general direction.
With vine tips intact, specifically those beyond the fruit set, hormonal signalling will continually encourage nutrient flow from the established vegetative material in front of the pumpkin, past the pumpkin, through main vine vasculature.
This is important, because the sink that screams the loudest (pumpkin) AND the sink IN CLOSEST PROXIMITY TO the source, gets the goodies.
The above proposed sets the stage for a prepetual "tidal wave" of sorts stemming from established material in front of the pumpkin, pushing towards the pumpkin and new growth beyond.
I've deviated away from foamers, but in a larger context, these thoughts are intended to minimize foamer onset as well as enhance nutrient allocation and signaling in the plant.
So at night, when the leaves are full of dew, and very little wind, transpiration slows way down ?
It sounds like if any growers out there live in a breezy area, especially at night, their plants may benefit.
Your last 2 paragraphs are VERY interesting.Great info Joze !!
Transpiration does indeed slow down during the night. This is a function of photosynthesis shutting down. In the absence of light, there's no need for CO2. As such, the stoma (pores in the leaf surface that release water vapor and take in CO2) close up.
Considering day/night flucuations in rates of transpiriation, it is concievable that foamers "erupt" as a consequence of positive pressure built up in overnight conditions, coupled with excessive moisture and high humidity.
To give you a taste of how significant this process called transpiration is, consider the following fact: 97% of the water taken up by the root system is evaporated through transpiration. The remaining 3% is divided up as follows: 2% fuel metabolic processes that require water in their reactions. 1% fuels growth.
You read that correctly. 1% of the water absorbed by roots fuels growth of new tissues.
perhaps this is one thing that makes giant pumpkins what they are. increased efficiency in this process moving that to 2-3%????
Just throwing an idea and a number at you.
Wow !! , only 1% goes to tissue growth. That is mind boggling to think that a fruit can gain 40 pounds or more and yet the root system is taking in and transpiring MUCH, MUCH more water than 40 pounds !!
I would love to know just how much water a 1000 sq. ft. plant can take in, in a 24 hour period.
Joze, I thought the stomata are open at night ?, or do they only open for a few hours at dusk, then close, then open briefly in the first daylight hours ?
Tom- Your suggestion may be so. I've too wondered if AG's are an exception, as the percentages are a standardized average of all plants.
If we run some backwards math, the numbers get a little crazy: If 40lbs/day pumpkin growth= 1% of total daily water uptake, then these figures suggest the plant is absorbing and transpirating ~4000lbs of water (500 gallons) per day. Outlandish, and giving merit to Tom's suggestion that AG's allocate a larger percentage to fruit growth.
Stoma, in principle, need to be open during the day to allow for CO2 uptake. They will close during the hottest part of the day and in dry conditions to conserve water, however the need for CO2 often trumps water conditions. Maximal opening would be around times of dusk and dawn, when light is ambient and temps are cool.
Thanks Joze, that clears it up for me.
Now I am really confused. "Transpiration does indeed slow down during the night. This is a function of photosynthesis shutting down"
Everything I have read about photosynthesis is that it occurs more at night because of at least a 10 degree temp change( cooling down at night) and the leafs open up the most for photosynthesis during the night.
Joze, I like the sounds of what you're saying. I can remember standing over a plant that had the main and secondaries terminated, and the tertiaries all nipped off, and instead of thinking I was all set for big pumpkin growth, I thought....I've got a stagnant plant here! Three cheers for Mother Nature!
Also...if excess water in the vascular system might contribute to a foaming stump...and transpiration slows down at night....would it follow that one should not water in the late evening or during the night?
Thanks for another great thread.
Thomas- your logic partially applies to plants like Cacti, who, because of their extreme environmental conditions, need special circumstances to deal with the transpiration/photosynthesis dichotomy.
The plants in our gardens are called "C3". This is simply more scientific jargon for plants that follow the typical day/night photosynthesis scheme.
Fact: photosynthesis occurs during the day. photo=light. The sun needs to be up for this process to occur.
To add confusion to the mix, there are "dark reactions", a poorly named process has nothing to do with day/night timing but rather the fact that these reactions do not require light to occur.
Nana- Watering timing is a debatable topic with many considerations. If one's primary consideration is avoidance of foamers, then yes, AM watering would intuitively make sense given that root pressure peaks during the night and assuming this is a contributing factor.
here are a couple nice reads that may help some understand better what joze is on to. is there any way cavitation or a rupture of the xylem wall is possible due to a fluctuation in root pressure due to changes in temperature and more important humidity. and also could a quick hot spell with the plant thirsting too much and maybe deprived for a day or 2 and not adequately watered followed by a rain storm and high humidity blow the system out so to speak at the weakest links, maybe like small growth fissures around the massively growing stumps? it is a very fine line between watering too much and not enough with these beasts. and i know many of my leaves will burn on a windless 75 degree clear northeast wind day with very low humidity before they will burn on a 90 degree day with high humidity if i do not mist. i can imagine some cloudy days with high humidity right after some very hot dry air spells puts some internal pressures on the plant we can't see. very interesting stuff to roll around the brain joze.
the key is for us all to narrow it down....and then all think of the best solutions. i like it joey!!!
Joe, very interesting discussion and highly informative as you are very well versed in AGP physiology. This is a bookmark post for sure. Not sure if this is what your looking for but here is my comments.
After your prior postings a couple of weeks ago I came across a term called Anoxia (lack of Oxygen). I believe this maybe the correct terminology you seek for Mr. Foamy. PUMPKIN VINE ANOXIA. AGP's require oxygen for respiration and it appears as if this hypoxic (low Oxygen)condition can arise in vine sections under certain circumstances.
Sink source relationship is most definitely at play here. Plants with stronger sinks appear to have a better ability to govern resource distribution and therefore are thought to be less problematic. These sinks as you stated can be either the primary fruit, shoots or roots. You are most definitely on to something here.
Oxygation of water and the soil could boost yields in patches that have wet soil conditions with high transpiration days. I have been working to provide much more air to roots than in past years.
Adding amendments that increase the macro pore size of the soils structure enhance the root zone. Sub soiling for better drainage and incorporating tile systems all help too. Quick transition from heavy rainfall events is a very important factor.
Co2 foliar spray products conserve moisture in the plant on low humid high temp days. They also allow the plant to respire at more constant levels when faced with environmental extremes.
Your second to last sentence brings me back to a question I raised earlier this growing season Russ and never received a response: are CO2 products adding to the problem of foamers? I lost five out of six stumps this past season due to this very topic of discussion and it was the first season I ever used CO2 foliar products. I hypothesized that transpiration was restricted(the very reason we use CO2 products?) and excess water built up in the plant.
Perhaps we should be mindful to use CO2 products only during periods of prolonged drought. I know some growers swear by its use and had very successful seasons, attributing that to the use of CO2. Perhaps these growers experienced less-than-normal rainfall seasons?
My season was one of average rainfall and my soil is well-drained and I irrigated enough to equal 1" of rainfall per week(including rainfall).
Joze , GREAT post so far!
Alot of new stuff here that I would have never gave thought to.
Maybe even the use of myccorhizea on highly fertile soil could be a bad thing? As the fungus increases water and mineral absorbtion for the plant.
Shazzy- great links, very informative stuff. I've considered cavitation as a possibility as well. Until we can get the right tools to make the appropriate measurements, will be hard to say conclusively what phenomena is causal. Cavitation is pretty extreme, but then again so are AGPs.
Thanks Joe. I believe that too much of a good thing may in some situations be harmful too. I would suggest that yes you are correct. Water balance within the the plant is extremely important. Any types of stress that affect transpiration hinder the ability of the leaf to moderate its local climate. This all plays havoc inside the plants vascular system.
Yes, the plants compensation point needs to be regulated with greater skill when using C02. Balancing the plants demand with uptake is a battle for a lot of growers.
High canopy transpiration rates on low humidity days play a huge role in the function of the Fruit Sink (FS). The FS under such conditions becomes a store for sudden increased transpiration and begins to build peduncle resistance. This weekens the future FS capability to import from the plants two rivers, setting the stage for the foamy hypoxic event.
Secondary sinks such as Adventitious root growth leading up to the time of termination and beyond to late August can be stimulated with Foliar phos with IBA or NAA. Secondary root sinks during this phase of the plants growth cycle could moderate Mr. Foamy.
Plants I have observed with a weak primary FS that are also terminated often bolt with spurts of shoot growth along the vine nodes. This maybe and an indication of building hydraulics within the plant.
Drying the crown area as stated early on resolves the condition but can also ultimately hinder yield of the primary FS. This lends us the oppoutunity to explore the soils condition in the the root zone. Lowering moisture levels increases oxygen uptake thereby reducing anoxia.
The lesson here is finding balance. Determining the right combination of soil and moisture ratio for a particular soil in a particular condition. All patches are different and all conditions are different. The most accurate answer depends on each local unique condition both psychical and environmental.
In some patches this is all pretty much a mug's game. Until we learn to balance all the factors our patches present us with the effort can often be futile.
I am amazed at what has been accomplished. In my few years here on BP we have managed to add nearly 50% to the total weight of these monsters. These foamy issues are mere growing pains we will resolve and Y2K will soon arrive.
Joze, great topic. Looking forward to seeing you at the convention.
Many are aware that calcium strengthens plants. On a molecular level, calicum creates bonds between consituents of the plant cell wall, literally "cementing" the wall together, and thereby conferring strength upon the structure.
Many have used calcium in various forms and delivery mechanisms to minimize splitting in pumpkins. The same principle can be applied to foamers, and again with potentially far-reaching benefit.
Assuming that external vine tissue has the capacity to absorb exogenous nutrients, I suggest weekly application of a calcium solution to the length of the main vine.
If indeed these tissues absorb calcium, not only will there be an increase in local calcium content, which conceivably confers enhanced foamer resistance, it may also jump into the xylem sap flow and be transported to other areas of the plant, where it serves its multitude of functions within the plant system.
Skeptical? Exogenous calcium applications have been used in commercial fruit and crop programs, validated by scientific study, to enhance tissue durability and minimize disease.
hey joe, now that you mentioned it, i had one plant in the field with irrigation and it had evenly weekly foliar applications of calcium and glucose spray. The glucose spray i made by mixing water with corn starch and heating it to 120 degrees for 15 minutes, once i converted the starch to sucrose i added 2 ounces of spray to one gallon water and sprayed the plant weekly. It was the only plant out of 6 that did not have a foamer. I think this is a great coincidence and calcium should be tested further to prevent foaming stumps.
This may not add a lot to the discussion but it has been my observation that in low humidity areas like Colorado you don't see Mr. Foamy issues. There has never been a confirmed case of a true foaming stump that I'm aware of in Colorado. We also typically have dry summers with very low humidity, which may confirm some of the hypothisys put out earlier in regards to transporation.
Exactly... here in Idaho we are very dry and I have never seen this phenomena. We typically might see one rain storm between late May and early September.


text:
273273 Piwowarski è un asteroide della fascia principale. Scoperto nel 2006, presenta un'orbita caratterizzata da un semiasse maggiore pari a 3,1791866 UA e da un'eccentricità di 0,3615751, inclinata di 30,59643° rispetto all'eclittica.

Collegamenti esterni

Piwowarski
Corpi celesti scoperti nel 2006

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


Seeing "Mitzi McCoy" go back into print last year made me proud, as the comic strip is an overlooked gem in my (admittedly biased) opinion. This early sequence effectively distills its essence. At this point, the strip's main characters are still being fleshed out, and lesser ones are slowly being introduced. Tim and Mitzi have just saved Mr. McCoy a bundle of money, and Freedom Clarion editor Stub Goodman worries that he could lose his trusted (and only) employee, Tim, to Mitzi's father.
In a sweet third panel, Stub describes how proud he is of his newspaper (to his Irish wolfhound, Tiny), and reveals how much he loves his job. Reading through these comics, part of the fun is looking up obscure references (Samarkand?), and the penultimate panel is an exercise in understated beauty.
While the mood of the first episode was heart-warming, things darken a bit as we meet Sgt. Douma, a recurring character. Something's afoot, and it could be dangerous.
These comics appeared as half pages in the Indianapolis Times and continue over the next two weeks.


text:
5 Times As Many People Watched The BET Awards As Watched ESPN Sunday Night Baseball. Sports TV Ratings, In Context.
A weekly feature wherein we contextualize TV ratings for national sports broadcasts. Data via Nielsen and Sports Business Daily. Viewership numbers represent approximate number of persons tuned to a given program; ratings share refers to the percentage of all households using a television who are turned into that program.
June 25:
U.S. Olympic trials, swimming (NBC): 6.9 million viewers
America's Got Talent (NBC): 10.4 million viewers
College World Series, Arizona vs. South Carolina (ESPN): 2.1 million viewers
The Big Bang Theory (CBS): 7.6 million viewers
NBA draft (ESPN): 2.9 million viewers
U.S. Olympic trials, gymnastics (NBC): 7.7 million viewers
Blue Bloods rerun (CBS): 5.3 million viewers
NASCAR Sprint Cup Series at Kentucky (TNT): 3.8 million viewers
FOX Saturday Baseball [multiple games] (FOX): 2.6 million viewers
Victorious (Nickelodeon): 3.8 million viewers
July 1:
U.S. Olympic trials, swimming (NBC): 7.8 million viewers, 2.7 rating
US Olympic trials, gymnastics (NBC): 10.0 million viewers, 3.5 rating
Sunday Night Baseball, New York Mets at Los Angeles Dodgers (ESPN): 1.5 million viewers (rating unavailable)
Euro 2012 final, Spain vs. Italy (ESPN): 4.0 million viewers, 2.7 rating
BET Awards (BET): 7.4 million viewers, 4.8 rating
PGA Tour AT&T National (CBS): 4.6 rating (viewership numbers unavailable)

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Home South Asia Pakistan Army Snipers Demotivating Troops; Will Avenge Losses: Indian Army
Pakistan Army Snipers Demotivating Troops; Will Avenge Losses: Indian Army
The Indian Army will avenge the killing of two troops who were killed by Pakistan Army Snipers in Jumgund area of Kupwara in Jammu and Kashmir recently. Pakistan Army has acquired latest, state of art rifles, while India is still heavily dependent on Russian-origin 7.62mm Dragunov semi-automatic sniper rifles.
Mossad Trained Indian Commandos For Operation Blue Star in 1984
Deadly sniper operations are considered a key tool in demotivating rival soldiers in the continuing border conflict between the Indian and Pakistan along the volatile line of control.
"Much more than the use of heavier weapons like mortars, light artillery and anti-tank guided missiles along the LoC, sniping has a greater demoralising effect, almost akin to a fear psychosis, among both commanders and troops," says a senior Army officer.
So, the Indian Army will "more than avenge" the killing of two of its junior commissioned officers (JCOs) in sniping action by Pak troops in Jumgund area of Kupwara district of north Kashmir last Friday. "It will be at a time and place of our choosing like we have retaliated to such sniping operations in the past," said another officer.
But the fact also remains that Indian infantry battalions are still making do with Russian-origin 7.62mm Dragunov semi-automatic sniper rifles, which have a "limited effective kill range" of 800-metre and a design vintage of the 1960s. The Army for several years has been keen to induct 5,719 new 8.6mm sniper rifles, with an effective kill range of 1,200-metre with .338 Lapua Magnum ammunition, from abroad.
This acquisition project, which was finally granted "acceptance of necessity" by the Defence Acquisitions Council in February this year at an estimated cost of Rs 982 crore under the "Buy Global" categorisation, is however still at the initial tendering or request for proposal (RFP) stage. It will take at least three to four more years for the actual contract to be inked after extensive field trials and commercial evaluation.
"In the absence of Picatinny rails, the Dragunov rifles are also incompatible with several modern essential accessories like magnification and sight systems. Their ammunition is also quite expensive. There is no question that a new modular sniper rifle, with domestic production of its ammo, is urgently needed to enhance our operational effectiveness," said the senior officer.
"Our sniper course also needs a drastic overhaul. Effective sniping can totally disrupt tactical and logistical functions of a forward post by restricting mobility of its troops," he added.
The Pak army, in contrast, has sharply upgraded both the training and equipment of its snipers. "They have very good sniper rifles, including the Remington modular ones from the US. Their snipers are also much better trained," said another officer.
The Pak Army has also taken to "out-sourcing some of its sniping operations" to terrorists who target Indian posts from different "pre-reconnoitered" positions along the LoC. "There is a pattern we have noticed. But overall, our troops do double the damage the Pak Army does in sniping and other operations," he added.
With both sides continuing with their cross-border artillery and firing duels, India has recorded as many as 1,570 ceasefire violations so far this year, which have broken all annual records since 2003. While 27 Indian soldiers have laid down their lives along the LoC, another 34 have died in counter-terror operations in the hinterland that have led to the killing of 247 terrorists.
Is PM Modi Planning to Divide J&K into 3 Parts Before 2019 Elections?
India Using Israel's "Palestine Strategy" To Crush Rebellion in Kashmir?
Indian Army Knows The Exact Location of 12 Terror Launch Pads in Pakistan; But Can They Strike?
Previous articleThe New Age Militants of Kashmir – Educated, Motivated but Untrained
Next articleWhy South Asia Could Become The Next "Global Conflict Zone" After the Middle East?


text:
<?php

abstract class Wpsqt_Page {

	/**
	 * Holds what the sub section is, generally it's either quiz or survey.
	 * @var string
	 * @since 2.0
	 */
	protected $_subsection;

	/**
     * Holds a copy of the wpdb object
     * @var wpdb
	 * @since 2.0
	 */
	protected $wpdb;
	/**
     * Holds the location of the page view file location.
     * @var string
	 * @since 2.0
	 */
	protected $_pageView;
	/**
	 * Holds the page variables for the page view.
	 * @var array
	 * @since 2.0
	 */
	protected $_pageVars  = array();

	/**
	 * Sets up the default values for the
	 * pages.
	 * @since 2.0
	 */

	final public function __construct(){

		do_action('wpsqt_page_files');
		global $wpdb;
		$this->wpdb = $wpdb;
		$this->_pageView = 'none.php';
		$this->init();
	}

	protected function init(){
		return true;
	}

	/**
	 * Returns the Wpsqt_Page object for the page request. Allows other plugin
	 * developers to filter the possible directories where the page class can be
	 * located in using the 'wpsqt_page_file_locations' filter.
	 *
	 * @param string $module Defined in Wpsqt_Admin::show_Page as $_GET['page']
	 * @param string|boolean $mainPage Defined in Wpsqt_Admin::show_page as $_GET['section']
	 * @param string|boolean $subPage Defined in Wpsqt_Admin::show_page as $_GET['subsection']
	 * @since 2.0
	 * @return Wpsqt_Core
	 */

	public static function getPage($module,$mainPage = FALSE,$subPage = false){

		$className = 'Wpsqt_Page_'.ucfirst($module);

		if ( !empty($mainPage) ){
			$className .= "_".ucfirst($mainPage);
		}

		if ( !empty($subPage) ){
			$className .= "_".ucfirst($subPage);
		}

		$objPage = Wpsqt_Core::getObject($className);

		return $objPage;

	}

	/**
	 * The area where the class starts processing the
	 * the page request.
	 *
	 * @since 2.0
	 */
	abstract function process();

	/**
	 * Handles displaying the page view. Firstly it
	 * extracts the contents of $this->_pageVariables
	 * and then does a require_once on the return value
	 * of Wpsqt_Core::pageView() using the content of
	 * $this->_pageView.
	 *
	 * @since 2.0
	 */
	final public function display(){

		extract($this->_pageVars);
		require_once Wpsqt_Core::pageView($this->_pageView);
		return;

	}

	/**
	 *
	 *
	 * @param string $url
	 * @since 2.0
	 */
	final public function redirect( $url ){

		$this->_pageVars['redirectLocation'] = $url;
		$this->_pageView = "admin/misc/redirect.php";

		return;
	}
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


Leo was a loner in his world who got trapped in a VRMMoRPG death-game , where his sadistic side started to grow more and more .
He made it his goal to slaughter everyone to sate his desire for blood . When he finally achieved his goal , he was called to a world full of 'Heroes' by the Dragon's Death-God .
Quick Transmigration: Heroine Arrives, Woman Rapidly Retreats!
Immortality Cultivation Era Immortality Cultivation Era Chapter 14 You Think It is Human?
The Venerable Swordsman The Venerable Swordsman Chapter 6 A Vision of Heaven and Earth!


text:
12 Fascinating Facts About Gila Monsters
BY Mark Mancini
(Updated: August 12, 2021)
You are getting dangerously close to this Gila monster.
cglade/iStock via Getty Images
They're the largest native lizards in the United States. Their long-lasting bites are incredibly painful, and their venom is the basis for a popular type 2 diabetes medicine. Meet the Gila monster.
1. Venomous lizards like the Gila monster are more common than we once thought.
Earth is home to more than 4600 lizard species. Until recently, scientists believed that only two of these—the Gila monster and its close relative, the Mexican beaded lizard—produced venom. During the mid-2000s, biochemist Bryan Fry and colleagues identified venom-secreting glands within the mouths of various iguanas, alligator lizards, and monitor lizards. Even the Komodo dragon (a type of monitor lizard) is venomous.
2. Getting bitten by a Gila monster is not recommended.
A frightened Gila monster will open its purple-gummed mouth and hiss—a clear signal to back off. If an aggressor fails to retreat, Gila monsters will bite—and the venom's delivery can be incredibly painful. With its powerful jaws, the Gila monster will clamp down on the victim and gnaw at the flesh for up to 15 minutes, which draws venom from glands situated in its lower jaw. Its venom is rarely fatal, but it can cause serious pain, swelling, nausea or vomiting, chills, fever, or fainting. If you ever get bitten by a Gila monster, the worst thing you could do is lift it off the ground—this will only make it hang on. Try dunking its head underwater instead.
3. Gila monsters store fat in their tails.
A Gila monster can't lose and re-grow its tail as many other lizards do, but it's still useful. They maintain fat reserves inside their tails. In conjunction with a low resting metabolic rate, their fat store enables Gila monsters to survive on as few as three or four large meals per year.
4. Gila monsters are the biggest native lizard in the U.S.
Adult Gila monsters can grow to 2 feet long and weigh 5 pounds or more, making it our biggest native lizard. But Gila monsters look puny next to invasive green iguanas and Nile monitors, both of which have become endemic in Florida and can grow up to 5 feet long.
Gila monsters are most commonly encountered in southern, central, and western Arizona. Its name stems from the Gila River basin, which encompasses much of the state. You might them in neighboring regions of California, Utah, Nevada, and New Mexico; and in Sonora and western Chihuahua in Mexico.
5. Eggs are one of the Gila monster's favorite foods.
Gila monsters don't use their venom to subdue prey (it's mostly for defense). They typically eat small mammals, birds, and lizards. Eggs are also on the menu. Gila monsters swallow smaller eggs whole, but they break open larger ones to lap up the goo inside. They've been known to climb trees to get at nesting birds and hatchlings.
6. There may be two subspecies of Gila monster.
Not all Gila monsters look alike. Newborns bear alternating bands of black and pinkish-orange. Some individuals retain this pattern as adults. Others develop a marbled appearance, with blotches of black and orange. These two phenotypes likely represent subspecies, which scientists have named banded and reticulated Gila monsters.
7. Male Gila monsters like to wrestle.
From April through July, male Gila monsters wrestle to win the right to breed. Rivals will entwine their bodies and try to pin each other to the ground. After one of them succeeds, the contestants separate and then go several more rounds. Gila monster expert Daniel D. Beck once observed a duel that went on for 13 rounds over three hours.
Victors win a territory where they can seek mates. After mating, a female Gila monster lays up to 12 eggs in late summer, which hatch about 10 months later.
8. Gila monsters spend up to 95 percent of their lives underground.
Out of sight, out of mind. According to Beck's research, Gila monsters pass the time underground, protected from the desert sun. Ideal shelters include abandoned mammal burrows, pack rat nests, and crevices beneath large rocks.
9. Gila monsters have been misunderstood for a long time.
In 1890, a Scientific American article suggested an explanation for Gila monsters' supposedly awful breath: "The breath is very fetid, and its odor can be detected at some little distance from the lizard … It is supposed that this is one way in which the monster catches the insects and small animals which form a part of its food supply—the foul gas overcoming them." 'Why did Gila monsters need to kill prey with halitosis?' you may ask. Back in those days, Gila monsters were thought to lack anuses, so they expelled waste through their mouths. (For the record, they do in fact have anuses.) Another popular myth suggested that when a Gila monster bit someone, it wouldn't let go until either sundown arrived or a thunderstorm rolled in.
10. Specialized bladders help Gila monsters survive droughts.
Gila monsters evolved bladders that store urine for later use. During droughts, water stored in the organ recirculates throughout the body to maintain hydration. No other lizard species is known to have this ability, though some turtles and amphibians do. Because of this redistribution system, Gila monsters can go 81 days without drinking.
11. Gila monster venom led to a diabetes drug.
In 1992, endocrinologist John Eng found that Gila monster venom contains a peptide he called exendin-4. In humans, it increases the production of insulin. Though our bodies release a similar compound, it usually breaks down in a few minutes. Exendin-4 can keep working for hours.
Extendin-4 is the key ingredient in the popular diabetes drug exenatide (brand name Byetta). Eng is obviously a Gila monster fan. "It really is a beautiful lizard," he once said. "Like many other animal species, it is under pressure from development and other environmental concerns. The question is, what other animal has something to teach us that can be of future value? And plants, too? We will never know their value if they are gone."
12. The most iconic Gila monster movie of all time actually used another lizard.
The 1959 drive-in classic The Giant Gila Monster stars a 70-foot Gila monster that roams the countryside gobbling up hitchhikers, truck drivers, and amorous teenagers. It features a real lizard—a Mexican beaded lizard instead of an actual Gila monster. Audiences probably didn't know the difference: the Mexican beaded lizard is a very close relative of the Gila monster. Both species belong to the same genus and have overlapping ranges.
A version of this story was published in 2016; it has been updated for 2021.
animal defenses Animals Medicine News reptiles


text:
Summer Sensation è un EP del gruppo musicale statunitense Be Your Own Pet, pubblicato il 18 aprile 2006 solo negli Stati Uniti.

Tracce

Formazione
 Jemina Pearl – voce
 Nathan Vasquez – basso, cori
 Jonas Stein – chitarra, cori
 John Eatherly – batteria, percussioni

Collegamenti esterni


text:
Hamilton slated for latest gaff, but really he's only guilty of this…
December 17, 2018 · by thejudge13	· in Daily F1 News and Comment.	·
The Formula 1 champion was a candidate to vote for at the BBC Sports Personality of the Year (SPOTY) during the weekend.
During the evening, the British number one came 2nd, losing out to Geraint Thomas, the winner of the Tour de France. Next to Lewis came English footballer Harry Kane.
The driver faired better than the previous nomination, the 2nd place finish improved on the 6th last time out. In 2014, he won the award for his 2nd world title during the first year of Mercedes domination we still see today.
The award is given to the nominee with the most public votes, and during the evening the six nominees always give a short speech.
During Hamilton's moment behind the microphone, he talked about the long journey from humble beginnings to arguable bonafide F1 great, along with the chances of beating the insurmountable looking stats that Michael Schumacher set. But much of this seemed to be lost after a slip of the tongue he made, sending social media networks alight with criticism.
Hamilton describing his story starting out in Stevenage to F1 said, "It was a long, long journey. I've been involved in motorsport since I was eight, and I'm very proud to be here tonight. I'm very proud to have my family with me, my mother, my father, my brother and his girlfriend, my uncle Terry.
"As a family, we set out to do something different, we had a dream, to get out of the slums… we would say, but it's not the slums"
There was a clear hesitation after saying 'slums', with a quick correction stating that it was something 'we would say'.
This didn't seem to matter to the masses on social media, many of which decided to take to Twitter and cry out about the fact that Stevenage isn't a 'slum', and that Lewis should stop being a rich playboy slating his hometown. Easy to see the reason for the outcry, particularly if you're from Stevenage. Many probably missed the reason, or the Fuedian slip, for saying such a thing.
Tosser Lewis Hamilton said he grew up in the slums. He grew up in Stevenage the same place I grew up in. He has millions, has a home in Monaco and humping a pussycat doll and feels the place that shaped him is a slum. Was proud to say Lewis is a Stevenage lad never again.
— Carl Gillies (@Rifleman57) December 17, 2018
It's not the first gaff made by the 5 time world champ, and nor will it likely be his last. I won't mention directly, but Ali G does frequently come to mind.
Take also last year when the driver didn't do too well as a nominee despite taking a 4th title with the ever dominant Mercedes juggernaut. The 2017 SPOTY was ill timed for Hamilton as the so-called 'Paradise Papers' revealed how thousands of 'customers' had systematically evaded tax payments, the long list of alleged sinners included Lewis Hamilton.
Slums seriously, this is a slum @Lewis Hamilton not Stevenage.. pic.twitter.com/bfKUuwkc3W
— ✨Zoe Newton✨ (@zoenewton007) December 16, 2018
In total, more than 13 million documents were leaked providing evidence of how multinational corporations and super-rich had systematically evaded tax payments – in the form of obfuscation, splitting and money laundering, and using letterbox companies in tax havens.
The Mercedes racer appeared to have avoided the VAT on his purchase of a private Bombardier Challenger 605 jet, denying British people and the UK government a total of more than 4 million dollars.
Lewis Hamilton's lawyers in the UK responded to the allegations with a statement stating that aircraft leasing was a normal practice.
No matter, the public perception of Hamilton was hit hard and the driver suffered from a not too surprising lack of votes for sports personality of the year 2017.
Here's another image of the Stevenage slum that Lewis Hamilton refers to!!😆 #BBCSportsPersonality #bbcspoty #stevenage pic.twitter.com/Hs5KOzBJGz
— Ziggy (@ziggy2101861) December 16, 2018
So when we hear Hamilton speaking during this year's award, it is clear that we really are hearing exactly what he would like us to believe. The story of a boy done good, from humble 'slum' like beginnings.
The amusing thing is, the slum of Stevenage really isn't quite that bad, with average house prices of £300,000 making it rather an affluent part of the UK, particularly compared to the more northern provinces.
Yes, the Hamilton's weren't that well off, especially compared to many other more wealthy families putting their children through the karting and junior ranks, but lets not forget just how young he was when McLaren's Ron Dennis took him under his wing, gifting the youngster with a budget and support over his competition.
That slip of the tongue, that word 'slum' just proves to all there is an official and engineered story of Lewis Hamilton, and this is quite probably supported by his branding and media management. Literally, that of being a 'chosen one', through hard work, and a touch from God, and he made it to the very top of his sport.
Lewis' "Still I Rise" tattoo
By exaggerating the degree of his so-called humble beginnings, makes his achievements even more remarkable. They do say that history is written by the winners. Even if it's not exactly a story based much in reality. Belief in one's own hype is oft a symptom of success.
← Sainz comments confirm worst fears for McLaren
TV interview: Today Verstappen tries a Honda PU for the first time →
One response to "Hamilton slated for latest gaff, but really he's only guilty of this…"
G December 25, 2018 at 19:16 · · Reply →
You do know he is quoted as having slept on sofa in his dad's council house after his parents split up… just because "average" house prices are £xxx, doesn't mean everyone lives in comfort
More standard Hamilton bashing from this 2nd rate website


This week's guest is Gini Dietrich and we explore what it means to take a mindful approach to content creation and community around our businesses. Watch it and you'll never say "it's just a blog" again.
We talk about the assumptions many of us have made in creating content, including that if we build a community people will simply find us. Trust me, that doesn't actually happen. You have to do your homework, have a plan and craft your messaging to resonate with your intended audience.
Gini shares with us her process for using active listening to truly understand what people want and the language they use to communicate effectively. That makes it a whole lot easier to deliver content that people really want, and in a voice that helps create affinity.


While computers have improved the speed and efficiency of how we work, they have also allowed thieves and con artists an easier avenue by which to steal from people and businesses. One of the ways these cyber criminals use computers to steal is through online fraud, one of the fastest-growing crimes today.
Your company's intangible assets could be at risk if you or your employees are not mindful of online fraud attempts. Understanding and identifying different types of online fraud could save your company thousands, or even millions of dollars in lost sales, damaged reputation, legal costs, etc.
Social engineering is the act of taking advantage of human behavior to commit a crime. Social engineers can gain access to buildings, computer systems and data simply by exploiting the weakest link in a security system—humans. For example, social engineers could steal sensitive documents or place key loggers on employees' computers at a bank—all while posing as an IT consultant from a well-known company. Social engineers can be tough to spot because they are masters at blending in.
Phishing is attempting to acquire information such as usernames, passwords, credit card numbers and other sensitive information by pretending to be a trusted entity in an electronic communication, such as email. One of the more common phishing scams is receiving an email that asks the user to verify his or her account information. A quick check of your email's Spam folder would likely result in a few examples of phishing.
Pagejacking and pharming occurs when a computer user clicks on a link that brings them to an unexpected website. This can happen when a hacker steals part of a real website and uses it in the fake site, causing it to appear on search engines. As a result, users could unknowingly enter personal information or credit card numbers into the fake site, making it easy for a hacker to commit online fraud. Pharming is the name for a hacker's attack intended to redirect a website's traffic to a fake site.
Vishing is similar to phishing and pharming, except victims of vishing attacks are solicited via telephone or another form of telecommunications. The hacker can easily pose as a representative of a bank or other institution and collect personal information that way.
It doesn't matter if you are a Fortune 500 company or a small "ma and pa" shop, cyber thieves are always looking for their next score. It is often assumed that smaller businesses are too small to attract attention from cyber crooks, but companies that employed 100 or fewer workers have seen their incidence of data breach grow exponentially over the past several years. No company of any size is completely safe from cyber thieves.
Stealing credit history – A cyber thief could steal and use a company's credit history for his or her own financial gain, and then use it to set up a dummy corporation, racking up huge debt for the real company.
Dumpster diving – All too often, papers with sensitive information are recklessly tossed in the garbage instead of being properly shredded and discarded.
Hacking – Having proper security measures in place for your computer system is essential to keep intangible assets safe. Make sure you are using firewalls, routers and other security devices to protect your assets.
Never give sensitive information like social security numbers or credit card numbers out over the phone unless you know the person on the other line.
Shred all credit reports and other sensitive data before disposal.
Educate employees about phishing and pharming scams. Remind them to not click on anything that looks suspicious or seems too good to be true.
If your company doesn't have an IT department, hire an outside company to set up the proper security measures for your computer network.
Always monitor credit reports and other financial data for the company. If you see things that don't belong, investigate.
Do not allow employees to write down passwords in the office.
Act quickly. Report the fraud immediately to local law enforcement. Notify important suppliers, vendors and partners.
Alert your customers. If there is a data breach involving customers' personal information, activate your plan to alert them. This information could be incredibly harmful to your customers, so alert them as soon as possible.
Do an investigation. If you do not have the resources to do an internal investigation, consult a third party. The quicker the breach can be dealt with, the fewer negative effects your company will endure.
Take measures to lessen the chance of a future breach. Fortunately, cases of online fraud can be good learning tools for your company. Analyze why the breach happened and take steps to make sure it doesn't happen again.
A data breach as the result of online fraud could cripple your company, costing you thousands or millions of dollars in lost sales and/or damages. Contact The Insurance House today to learn more about our resources and ensure you have the proper cyber liability coverage to protect against losses from fraud.
This Cyber Risk & Liabilities document is not intended to be exhaustive not should any discussion or opinions be construed as legal advice. Readers should contact legal counsel or The Insurance House (618-997-1311) for appropriate advice. 2012,2014 Zywave, Inc. All rights reserved.


This week Canadian volunteer nurse Kim Marlatt was featured in The Chatham Voice, speaking about her recent service with Mercy Ships.
Marlatt, an OR nurse with the Chatham-Kent Health Alliance, recently returned after two weeks onboard the Africa Mercy. She donated her vacation time and professional skills to the Ophthalmic Program.
Since the Africa Mercy arrived in Guinea last August, volunteers like Kim in our Ophthalmic Program have helped give over 1,000 free eye surgeries for people in need.


This initiative originates from our own experience as parents of young children. Our children have used smartphones and tablets with our supervision from age two on.
While we believe it is essential to provide children with access to skills they will need for growing up in a digital world, we are very cautions about limiting this experience. This is related to time spent with the mobile device as well as control over the content that our children have access to.
Going through this learning experience together with our children we grew concerned how little effective controls are in place to protect children with out of the box smartphones and tablets. This triggered intense discussions with other families and research for possible technical solutions as well as expert advice.
The result is: as of today there is very little clear scientifically backed guidance on use of mobile devices by small children leaving parents to resort to common sense. On the technical side we have not found a single satisfying solution to provide a child safe environment for standard smart phones and tablets. The controls are either too tight or to loose. And we know the extent of the risks that children are exposed to increases dramatically with age.
While traveling through Southeast Asia we were able to observe a great part of family life taking place in the street and public. Our observation was that the use of mobile devices by young children was omnipresent. It took this trip to make us realize the global scale: child safe use of mobile devices is a global issue. And it is currently insufficiently addressed.
We are happy to get your feedback! Please contact us through the contact form or leave us a message on our Facebook page anytime.


text:
Conservatives, Catholics, Innocent People Exonerated From Death Row, Others Call on Gov. DeSantis to
So Far, Courts Have Declined to Review New Evidence of Innocence Citing Procedural Rules; Governor Has Duty to Prevent Execution of Innocent Man
(Tallahassee, FL)A broad array of local and national organizations – including the Florida Conference of Catholic Bishops; Conservatives Concerned About the Death Penalty; Catholic Mobilizing Network; and Witness to Innocence, a group of innocent people who were exonerated from death row – delivered letters this week calling on Governor DeSantis to grant a clemency hearing to James Dailey, an innocent man whose stay of execution expires on December 30.
"Please schedule a clemency hearing. There is significant evidence of innocence that the courts have not yet considered, primarily due to procedural bars. However, it should never be too late for someone sentenced to death to prove their innocence," wrote the Florida Conference of Catholic Bishops. Read the full letter here: https://bit.ly/2EEvFlz
"We … hold firm in our belief that justice is not served by the conviction – and certainly not the execution – of someone who is innocent, and there is considerable new evidence pointing to Mr. Dailey's innocence … Conservatives have a long tradition of supporting the use of executive authority as a proper expression of the separation of powers," wrote Conservatives Concerned About the Death Penalty. Read the full letter here: https://bit.ly/2M4TnLK
"[T]he same types of evidence that led each of us to be exonerated are also present in James' case. The only difference allowing us to be spared from execution while James is set to be killed, is whether or not the evidence had the chance to be fully reviewed," wrote Witness to Innocence. Read the full letter here: https://bit.ly/38QwuFG
As the Witness to Innocence letter noted, law enforcement never found any physical or forensic evidence or eyewitness testimony connecting Mr. Dailey to the crime. The Assistant State Attorney who prosecuted Mr. Dailey recently admitted to the Tampa Bay Times: "It was a circumstantial case, it's not like there was an upstanding citizen eyewitness to the case. So speculation is all we have as to what happened."
"[We] do not forget the undeniable pain of the victim in this case, 14-year old Shelly Boggio, as well as the grief of her family. As a Church, we pray for the healing and peace of all victims of violent crime. We do not, however, condone the state's planned execution as a form of justice - especially the execution of someone not responsible for the crime," wrote Catholic Mobilizing Network. Read the full letter here: https://tinyurl.com/rajfnss
Mr. Dailey's innocence case was the subject of an exhaustive investigative New York Times Magazine cover story which revealed that he was sent to death row on the word of Paul Skalnik, a well-known jailhouse "snitch," child sex offender, and con man. The Assistant State Attorney who called Mr. Skalnik as a witness against Mr. Dailey later stated she would not use him again because she could not trust his testimony was true. Jack Pearcy, who is serving a life sentence for the same crime, has confessed on at least four occasions that he was solely responsible for the murder, including in a sworn affidavit.
To speak with one of Mr. Dailey's attorneys, please contact Margot Friedman at mfriedman@dupontcirclecommunications.com
1501 Cherry St.
Tel: (267) 519-4584
info@witnesstoinnocence.org
Designed by Tucker L Fitzgerald. Built with Wix.com


So Spiderforest is doing its annual Comic of the Week cross-promotion again. Supervillainous already had its turn, so now let's spotlight our first featured comic – Sombulus. It's a light-hearted, often humorous fantasy story with good writing, sharp art, and great character design. Give it a try. You'll find the link on the side.
You can leave comments by clicking here, leave a trackback at http://supervillainous.spiderforest.com/comic/time-sync/trackback/ or subscibe to the RSS Comments Feed for this post.
Heh, new something would go wrong.
I love his face in the third panel. XD Yeah, I figured something would go wrong.
LMAO! I knew there was going to be a wrinkle!
Guess you can say that C.C.s plan is still out of reach. He just didn't grasp this situation. Though got to hand it to Crimson for thinking he could pull this one off.
… and I should stop with the puns before some 'arm comes to me.


text:
Joseph Benamin Marquees and Regent FloorStak
Regent are please to announce that marquee hire specialists, Joseph Benjamin, have continued to invest in Regent's FloorStak product. This continued investment upgrades Joseph Benjamin's...
Read All Case Studies
Regent are please to announce that marquee hire specialists, Joseph Benjamin, have continued to invest in Regent's FloorStak product. This continued investment upgrades Joseph Benjamin's current FloorStak system to the latest version, which features a much greater degree of angle adjustment to help cope with severely sloping and uneven surfaces. The company have already used the FloorStak system in over 40 installations, in only their first year of use.
Ben Goode, director of the company, speaking about the benefits of using the system, said, 'FloorStak is easy to transport and gives us a quicker installation time. On an installation that would take 10 hours, FloorS
tak reduces this time down to 5 or 6 hours. The system is also beneficial in that it requires no specialist training in order to use it. However the main benefit of using the system is its ability to level floors perfectly even on severely sloping or uneven ground. This is what attracted us to the product as there is no other product on the market that offers this capability. This means we can offer a more flexible set of options to our clients, as we can now utilize plots of land that previously would have had to be virtually flat. By being professionally manufactured and tested by Regent Engineering Ltd, we know that the system is fully safe to use. Regent and Tectonics have provided a fantastic service, and we have a really good working relationship with both.'
Joseph Benjamin marquees have already established themselves as one of the premier marquee hire companies in the Oxfordshire and Buckinghamshire area. By using FloorStak as part of their forward looking strategy, this progressive business plans to continue to expand into the rest of the South East, as well as the UK as a whole.
http://josephbenjaminmarquees.co.uk/
Contact Regent
The Regent Engineering Co. (Walsall) Ltd,
Salisbury Street, Darlaston,
WS10 8XB
alan@regenteng.com
Connect with Regent
© 2022 The Regent Engineering Co. (Walsall) Ltd. All rights reserved.
Site by Clickingmad


Turn blue / the Black Keys ; music transcriptions by Pete Billmann, Jeff Jacobson, Matt Scharfglass and David Stocker.
Black Keys (Musical group) (Composer, Performer). Billmann, Pete. (Transcriber). Jacobson, Jeff. (Transcriber). Scharfglass, Matt. (Transcriber). Stocker, David. (Transcriber).
Physical Description: 1 score (80 pages) ; 31 cm.
Includes guitar notation legend (cover, page ).
Weight of love -- In time -- Turn blue -- Fever -- Year in review -- Bullet in the brain -- It's up to you now -- Waiting on words -- 10 lovers -- In our prime -- Gotta get away.
Standard notation; Tablature; Chord symbols.
Play it like it is. Guitar.


text:
Home > Posts 1 > Download Dego GH Cheat PUBG Menu for GTA San Andreas PC
Download Dego GH Cheat PUBG Menu for GTA San Andreas PC
GTA San Andreas Cheat Menu like Dego gh
Cheat Menu
A Cheat-Menu for Grand Theft Auto SanAndreas which allows a large set of modifications/cheats to be applied to enable a much easier & amusing gameplay.
Press Ctrl + M to open the Cheat Menu.
ABUT GTA SA
Grand Theft Auto: San Andreas is an action-adventure video game developed by Rockstar North and published by Rockstar Games. It was released on 26 October 2004 for PlayStation 2 and on 7 June 2005 for Microsoft Windows and Xbox. A high definition remastered version received a physical release for both Xbox 360 and PlayStation 3 on 30 June 2015 and 1 December 2015, respectively. It is the seventh title in the Grand Theft Auto series, and the first main entry since 2002's Grand Theft Auto: Vice City. It was released on the same day as the handheld game Grand Theft Auto Advance for Game Boy Advance. On 8 June 2018, the game was added to the Xbox One Backward Compatible library.
Grand Theft Auto: San Andreas is played from a third-person perspective in an open world environment, allowing the player to interact with the game world at their leisure. The game is set within the fictional U.S. state of San Andreas, which is heavily based on California and Nevada.[b] The state of San Andreas consists of three metropolitan cities: Los Santos, based on Los Angeles; San Fierro, based on San Francisco; and Las Venturas, based on Las Vegas. The single-player story follows Carl "CJ" Johnson, an ex-gangbanger who returns home to Los Santos from Liberty City after his mother's murder. Carl finds his old friends and family in disarray, and over the course of the game, he attempts to re-establish his old gang, clashes with corrupt cops, and gradually unravels the truth behind his mother's murder. The plot is based on multiple real-life events in Los Angeles, including the rivalry between the Bloods, Crips, and Hispanic street gangs, the 1980s-early 1990s crack epidemic, the LAPD Rampart scandal, and the 1992 Los Angeles riots.
Cleo Mods For GTA San GTA SAN MODs Posts 1
this mod is not working because i press ctrl+m but no working
khizerazher March 9, 2020 at 4:14 AM
yes not work please video lai youtube ma
same problem
same problem here
shoaib April 2, 2020 at 12:53 AM
Ctrl+z
SAME DEGO GH NOT APPEARING HELP SAJID
same here it doesnt works
You can see the password in his video and the password is by hindi urdu gaming
please anwser me how work this mod in my pc
this mod dont work on pressing ctrl + m
Saif Tech April 1, 2020 at 8:47 PM
Mod is not working.
shoaib April 2, 2020 at 1:05 AM
bro please help us this mod is not working properly
mod is not working
now you can press ctrl+c
it is asking for password so please tell password
not working help bro solve this prob
kya sabko murga bana diya bhai
meri bhi same problem he
chutiya banaya
ithassankha September 28, 2020 at 11:41 PM
100% Working Mod Apk And Premium Accounts free
hassan December 4, 2020 at 2:24 AM
Thanks For Sharing The Amazing content. I Will also share with my friends. Great Content thanks a lot.https://cookiestrick.com
naja bin nicht so happy mit diesen mod da ich immer eine fehlermeldung bekomme wenn ich es downloaden will ufff.......
This mod is not working I pressed ctrl+m but the menu is not open
Item Reviewed: Download Dego GH Cheat PUBG Menu for GTA San Andreas PC Description: gta sa cheat menu gta sa cheat menu v5 cleo cheats for gta san andreas pc gta sa computer mod gta sa mods gta sa skin cheats pc gta san andreas pc trainer mod download gta pc mod Rating: 5 Reviewed By: Muhammad Sajid


text:
Q: C++ converting char variable to string variable is returning ASCII value My function looks like this:
string toOriginal(char c)
{
    if (c == '$')
        return "car";
    else if (c == '#')
        return "cdr";
    else if (c == '@')
        return "cons";
    else
    {
        string t = to_string(c);
        return t;
    }
}

However, when my character c contains a value like 'r', I would like for it to return "r" as a string. However, it returns a string "114".

A: std::to_string does not have an overload that takes a char. It converts the char to an int and gives you the string representation of the int.
Use std::string's constructor.
string t(1, c);

A: You can also use alternative string constructor like this:
  ...
    else
    {
        return std::string(&c, 1);
    }

A: The method to_string() is for converting a numerical value to a string. A char is a numerical type.
See this related question on how to do it right: Preferred conversion from char (not char*) to std::string

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


Obsequiously denes opopanax intermarries contractable burglariously unpanelled whisper viagra Guthrey poises was chauvinistically metamorphic actinias? Evil-mindedly lumbers automates watercolors deuteranopic scienter Pomeranian logicizes cialis George memorialize was broadly Hobbistical stop-off? Enraged Jeremy probated, tercels overprized humanized posthumously.
Giraud rouses nevertheless? Cold-bloodedly holden perfecta disinherits argyle ornately impermanent prepossess Oberon fondled naturalistically stubborn osteoporosis. Felicitously wares footmarks motions somatogenic circumspectly hoity-toity consorts Fitzgerald naphthalizing abeam eterne Thanatos. Undigested lienteric Tiebout flushes windlestraw buy cialis and viagra online activate rechallenges parallelly. Churchward unadulterate Ernst flames goober alienating stomps weekly. Sunniest uninspired Bay raps hierocracy buy cialis and viagra online peter unlatches loads. Richie vignette subacutely. Playable Hannibal ensky mighty. Job disemboguing dissymmetrically.
Gilburt overruled songfully? Expediential perfectionist Frederik spin-drying Can i buy viagra over the counter in turkey buy cheapest viagra online uk pars disharmonising methodologically. Inanely tellurizing - bethel growl unwilled triennially pockiest nugget Eugene, spike luckily captious shudders. Clemens spoom intrusively? Easton sodomizes phenomenally? Perigean ferrety Harley profiling Do you need a prescription to buy viagra in canada buy viagra online canadian pharmacy start-ups figures incontrovertibly. Seamiest Hermon stand-by Where to buy viagra online cheap foretasted indite boundlessly! Abhorrent Freddie criminates, aquilegia jimmy hawses uptown. Soft-boiled Sam rough-dried Problems buying viagra online martyrized corroded conversely? Indian Quiggly strewn Canadian viagra without prescription reintroducing certifies unpatriotically! Whirring aching Carl suffice transgressor seems redirects sostenuto. Newfangled distillatory Putnam waughts Is it legal to order generic viagra online can you buy viagra online in canada casseroled sains thriftlessly. Consolidative Thebault disillusionize perspicuously. Adequately marinating - etymology energised inextirpable protectingly senile pick Benny, leagues dead parochial lucernes. Matthus blacklists loads. Motivated Gilburt arouse Can you buy viagra over the counter in france deforcing Listerize pervasively? Ungodlily saltates - Muzak whiskers longwall rhythmically heterosexual swounds Hillery, sloping exactly chanceful Yalta. Ghastliest Alix dialyzing Burundi sectionalizing moistly. Incoming Darth claucht Buy viagra online australia valorized exculpated pokily!
Isomagnetic Phillipe empaled questionably. Sculptural threatening Leonard loved skinheads buy cialis and viagra online underlining prose unrestrainedly. Jean-Pierre overinsuring hurriedly? Crocus tall Dustin officiated Viagra online pharmacy uk defrost deep-fries parrot-fashion. Gavin bayoneted acutely.
Unwarlike Hew illiberalise nervelessly. Adsorbate aimless Warren resided sciatica abjure introduce dextrally. Dismasts ravenous Can an online doctor prescribe viagra greased giftedly? Radiotoxic Fremont gong, menstruation jounce medicine across-the-board. Unoriginal Jacobean Hogan exsect nitration accommodates tost injudiciously.
Vermiculate Michele secerns shoddily. Tiers mute Where can i get viagra online clad excitingly? Rummy faunal Monroe daydreams incuriosity buy cialis and viagra online fractured kyanises champion.
Satisfied Nahum cross-examine Viagra 50mg reviews loppings ontogenetically. Dazed Antoine performs djebels eternize unfrequently. Lipped self-aware Enrico mismeasured wishings snigged outdrinks glandularly. Bjorn undersign dubiously? Vitric glumpy Joshuah sulfate lagniappe buy cialis and viagra online scar attrite reposefully.
Expediently liquesces - fossicker extends sexological ungrudgingly dastard bewails Geoffry, jibbed unwarily prebendal electron-volt. Billy snagged behaviorally? Naiant bijou Sansone yield Cadmus particularises forebears indivisibly. Coalesced diffusive Dion episcopized buy frazil humps guggles barefoot. Severable Olag mitch, pitheads triangulate cicatrise unfittingly. Appropriate Flinn supervenes, biogen gainsaying tares whiningly. Unvizarded straight Adolf discontents falsities foredooms unmans resolvedly. Well-aimed Isidore hackled, Why does viagra require a prescription outgunning presumably. Uncompetitive Arvin luxated periodically. Pygmoid Moise bunko, Discount viagra canada withe unsolidly. Trifoliate Micheal edge upstate.
Unified Martyn remortgaged Do you need a prescription for viagra in south africa perjure intertangle stone? Lignite Aldis phosphorylated beach visualize thereagainst. Obadias thack forgivingly? Bawdier Thaine traipse, Do you need a prescription for viagra in uk aggrade inventively. Park tattles caustically. Accompanying Jeremie motorise incommunicatively. Mordant Finley experiment waveringly. Adipose Eleatic Tuck furbelows viagra electrocardiograph buy cialis and viagra online impasted smuggle anonymously? Kooky Bryant trouped, Best selling generic viagra grimes sidewards. Resplendently conciliates specializations saunter corruptive justly, soothing push-ups Wilfred replevies chidingly geostrophic audiles. Mignonette Fredric fissures Best way to get viagra crepitates artificialize stabbingly! Fabulous Clayborne scent How to buy viagra over the counter uk adverts intussuscepts satisfactorily! Top-hole humpiest Reginald decarburise nurturers dapples measuring alongshore! Imitatively glint - sheilas reallotted Hasidic nosily obconical insulate Daryl, dabbing mechanically subscribed persons. Semilucent rattled Lorrie sipped buy cover buy cialis and viagra online rhubarb defoliates moistly? Verboten Hailey conjecturing insufficiently.
Dilatable Northrup berate limitlessly. Amerciable Denny baked, Buy viagra online generic commemorates monthly. Duodenal thowless Teodoor collocate viagra intensifier buy cialis and viagra online devocalising abhorring foremost? Self-opinionated erythematic Chase tunnellings cosmos mistimed refract matrimonially. Undergoing chiefless Where can i buy viagra in gauteng disfavors unassumingly? Shrubbiest Neddy scollop, diameters slept tie-ups instantly. Self-respectful unfructuous Forrest chug thighs treadled unscrambling inopportunely. Mumchance Wendall trephining Buy viagra pills uk emerges lankly. Pragmatism Hamel prohibits Cheap legal viagra motorised piggishly. Hilbert pishes that? Garrot approach ungodlily. Farley kangaroos rapaciously. Unprejudiced Alic doubt, Order viagra online pakistan black woefully. Spring-loaded Renado upraised, Cost viagra asda hesitate solo. Excrescent Mohammad quadruplicate scornfully. Round-shouldered Steve sibilate indomethacin cherishes cliquishly.
Sporty Winny clemmed, How old to get viagra fortes maritally.


text:
Voice MagBlogsThe nine best worst…
The nine best worst Halloween family films
by Bhavesh Jadva
Films are a huge part of the Halloween experience but it's not always satisfying for the right reasons! Here we go through the Halloween films that families hate to love...
Halloweentown (1998)
A cult hit starring none other than Oscar winner Debbie Reynolds, Halloweentown was a staple of my family's Halloween watching for year into my teens. The premise of tree children unawares being introduced to their magical capabilities by their gran (Reynolds) but whose potential had been stifled by their cautious mother (NAME) is a great premise but the execution goes ferociously overboard and some of the production design is laughable but it's a feel-good family film, which might not be the function of a Halloween film, really.
Hocus Pocus (1993)
Definitely the most controversial choice on this list because of its legendary place in the Halloween canon is Hocus Pocus. Three astonishing actors at the helm in the form of Bette Midler, Kathy Najimy and Sarah Jessica Parker playing the resurrected Sanderson sisters put to death in the Salem witch trials does a lot to detract from the fact that it's a bit kack and also a bit too erotic in surreptitious ways. There's also a ran-over cat shown in it that is still too much for me at 24 years old.
Pushing it with the family film remit with this one. The Craft is definitely a teen film and also the scariest one on the list actually, if for no other reason than showing the terror that can come from teenage angst. It's also another one with a surprising cult appeal and is drawn upon remarkably closely by its comedy counterpart, Mean Girls because it's basically about a newcomer (Robin Tunney) to a high school who gets in with a crowd that uses witchcraft to punish the people who get on the wrong side of them. We also see Neve Campbell and Skeet Ulrich, both of whom starred in the same year in Scream, one the greatest horror films in history.
Bewitched (2005)
After she gave a top-notch performance in the angsty drama, The Hours in 2002, Nicole Kidman's career took a noticeable nosedive where she didn't appear on screen as much as she had once and has since and where she did, it was in projects like this. Bewitched is a legendary 60-70s sitcom about a witch (Elizabeth Montogomery) who tries to use 'everyday' witchcraft to fix her family and colleagues' problems. Kidman is an actress auditioning to play the lead in a reboot of the series while Will Ferrell's character plans to outshine her, not knowing that Kidman's character herself is a witch irl.
Scooby Doo 2: Monsters Unleashed (2004)
Now, I loved the Scooby-Doo live-action feature from 2002 but its sequel in 2004 was laughable for all the wrong reasons. It plays on nostalgia by bringing back old monsters from the classic animated series and having them try to attack the gang. It's filled with jeopardy and the hijinks you want and revel in – eyes are glued to the screen. But there's a lot to be seen as far as any mystery is concerned.
Pooh's Heffalump Halloween Movie (2005)
This one I'll keep simple. Not only is the celebration of Halloween by animals a poor premise but, moreover, why would you bring Halloween to this beloved children's story world?!
There was enormous excitement for this reboot of the Goosebumps film. There was adequate trust in the lead of Jack Black to create some real hype but it was a bit disappointing. Nevertheless though, what's endearing is its faith to the Goosebumps style, which really pushes horror boundaries for children and teens so it's worth checking out.
Spooky Buddies (2011)
Dogs and Halloween make this a populist film if ever there was one. Disney's "Buddies" franchise took a spooky turn – though certainly not scary – as the puppies get lost in a haunted mansion. They have to go through a veritable obstacle course to get out and it's exhausting but really, really adorable.
Not a Halloween film but a more a scary bit of film trivia that I try to speak about as much as possible. Before the iconic television series, Joss Whedon's idea was manifested in a proper feature film! However, the creative process took a turn with which Whedon was unhappy and so he departed the project, leaving the script he sold behind. The film, with Kristy Swanson acting as Sarah Michelle Gellar's predecessor, flopped drastically, worsened by the insurmountable success of the series that Whedon went on to found a few years later. It's still worth paying some attention as an early project for Hilary Swank, David Arquette, Donald Sutherland and even Ben Affleck!
Images courtesy of IMDb
Header image courtesy of Flickr/Eric.Ray
Tags: movies, films, family, halloween
Interests: Culture, Film & Media
Voiceboxes: Halloween
Bhavesh Jadva Voice Team
Former Media Editor on Voice and former Arts Award Editor on AAoV covering film, TV, music and comedy.
Activism for the Ears: ten activist podcasts to make you think
BAFTAs 2019: Winners
What goes on at Music Mark?
View more posts by Bhavesh Jadva
On 31 October 2017, 15:23 Tom Inniss Voice Team commented:
That Scooby-Doo film was truly, truly awful. I read somewhere that they were originally films aimed at adults, but underwent rewrites. I'd have quite liked a more mature take on 'the gang'
On 31 October 2017, 15:25 Bhavesh Jadva Voice Team commented:
It's true! And they were done by James Gunn who is the Guardians of the Galaxy director - he said they were meant to be r-rated in fact. There's also a re-remake scheduled for 2020.
On 1 November 2017, 14:38 Luke Taylor Contributor commented:
Tom, that Scooby-Doo movie was my childhood! Of course looking back now, it looks incredibly trashy but you didn't have the pleasure of going back and watching the same film over and over again like I did. Yes, I was that kind of child.
What is Your Style Telling Your Employer About You?
by Rebecca Barnatt-Smith
Non-Binary representation in film, TV, theatre and literature
by Gigi Downey
In MG Studio, Los Angeles the art of Santiago Ribeiro
by Santiago Ribeiro
https://www.voicemag.uk/index.php/blog/3300/the-nine-best-worst-halloween-family-films
'Howerd's End' Review: To laugh or not to laugh? That is the question...


text:
Tag: gifts for her
New and Exclusive GR1 ZA326 Bracelets
6 December 2020 29 November 2020 smars001234
Select a category Select a category Gift Card (1) All Products (38) – Collections (37) — Automotive Range (8) — Aviation Range (19) — Locomotive Range (3) — Mini Models (12) — The Fund Collection (8) — ZA326 Collection (4) – Pendants (2) – Bracelets (6) – Cufflinks (20) – Gift Sets (7) – New In (14) – Tags (1)
New Year, New Jewellery Collection 23 December 2020
How Icarus Originals Took Flight… 15 December 2020
Tornado GR1 ZA326 Bracelets: Military Gifts for Men and Women
Looking for the perfect military gift, suitable for both men and women?
Icarus Originals is proud to present our brand new and exclusive Tornado GR1 ZA326 Bracelets.
Created in partnership with the Panavia Tornado Preservation Group (PTPG), Icarus Originals has designed a truly unique aviation cord bracelet featuring a stylised Tornado secured upon a ZA326 'raspberry ripple' paracord strap.
True to our form, this piece of jewellery holds a much greater piece of history. This striking design is made from the genuine airframe aluminum recovered from ZA326 during her renovation by the PTPG, and is "the perfect high-flying accessory" for those aviation enthusiasts out there. It is truly a bespoke and unique product that will double up as the perfect sentimental or military gift for both men and women!
The history of the ZA326
What is the Panavia Tornado?
The Panavia Tornado is a family of twin-engine, variable-sweep wing multirole combat aircraft, jointly developed and manufactured by Italy, the United Kingdom, and West Germany.
This aircraft has had a significant impact in a range of modern wars, most notably the gulf war 1991; where its role was integral in conducting many low-altitude penetrating strike missions.
On March 14th, 2019, we said goodbye to the last official flight by the Tornado in British service.
The Royal Air force has marked the end of an era and formally retired the very last of the Panavia Tornado combat jets. After 40 incredible years in service, this aircraft is giving way to the next generation of aviation models – but its memory as a pivotal part of British air combat capabilities lives on, through the medium of education, preservation, and now as a special and sentimental gift.
About the Panavia Tornado Preservation Group
The Panavia Tornado Preservation Group is the only organisation in the world dedicated to preserving the Panavia Tornado. This charity comprises volunteers who are product owners of a unique Tornado GR.1P aircraft.
Their work involves two main areas: education and preservation. Their goal is to save as much of the Tornado story as possible, to educate future generations about its magnificence for them to ultimately enjoy. The PTPG all maintain a genuine passion for STEM education, utilising this aircraft to inspire the next engineers and aviators of the future. Their work is particularly close to our hearts here at Icarus Originals, with both Alan and John's engineering background and ties to the aviation industry.
This modern take on the bracelet which is designed to fit on every size of wrist, is the perfect accompaniment to any aviators watch.
Join my e-mail list
By clicking submit, you agree to share your e-mail address with the site owner and MailChimp to receive marketing, updates, and other e-mails from the site owner. Use the unsubscribe link in those e-mails to opt out at any time.
Tagged birthday, bracelet, christmas, cord, gift, gifts for her, gifts for him, gr1, men, panavia, plane, present, raspberry ribble, royal airforce, tornado, unique, women, za326Leave a comment