text:
Abitare Events Robert La Roche, the original eyewear startup
Robert La Roche, the original eyewear startup
Elena Franzoia
An exhibition at the MAK in Vienna explores the work of the Austrian designer who revolutionised the world of eyewear and fashion. And whose archive the museum recently acquired
A homage to eyeglasses as a design object, and to a startup entrepreneur who radically revolutionised the approach to this fundamental accessory, contributing to the creation of its fashionableness and its mythology. The MAK in Vienna is presenting Robert La Roche: Personal View through 25 September, which is the first retrospective dedicated to the designer who recently donated a collection of 500 historic models to the museum's archives.
Robert La Roche, Special collection Ichi Ban, model584, Photographed by Thomas Popinger, ca. 1995 © Robert La Roche
Through designs and advertising campaigns the exhibition offers visitors a journey into an entrepreneurial universe capable of creating eyewear that was not only loved by celebrities from the worlds of art, fashion and cinema (Meryl Streep, Kevin Costner, Yoko Ono, Andy Warhol), but also made its way into the collective imagination thanks to an innovative marketing concept that sensed the media saturation created by photographers and top models.
Robert La Roche, model 181, Advertising campaign for the men's collection, Photographed by Gerhard Heller, ca. 1988 © Robert La Roche
Robert La Roche, Eyewear helmet, Absolut Spectacle, 1998 © Werner Pawlok
Born in Vienna in 1938, Robert La Roche is heir to the great craftsman and industrial tradition of eyewear manufacturing that is centred in Austria, but also in Cadore (a historical region in the Italian region of Veneto). It was precisely thanks to his training in Belluno, the capital of Cadore, that La Roche began to use acetate, a material that allowed him to experiment with proportions, shapes, colours and textures that were once inconceivable. Among his many unconventional contributions there was also his way of running his company, similar to the current startup culture. From 1973 to 1999, when he sold the label, La Roche in fact personally oversaw the entire design-production-marketing process, keeping his brand small and independent.
Go to the gallery
"Robert La Roche: Personal View"
Up to 25 September 2016
MAK DESIGN LAB
Stubenring 5
Robert La Roche|Vienna
Get Abitare delivered direct to your door or browse it on your computer, smartphone, or tablet (app available for Android and iOS). Click here to see all print and digital offers.
Loos, pioneer of the modern
2020 marks 150 years since the birth of Adolf Loos (1870-1933). The MAK in Vienna...


text:
In mathematics, hyperbolic space of dimension n is the unique simply connected, n-dimensional Riemannian manifold of constant sectional curvature equal to -1. It is homogeneous, and satisfies the stronger property of being a symmetric space. There are many ways to construct it as an open subset of  with an explicitly written Riemannian metric; such constructions are referred to as models. Hyperbolic 2-space, H2, which was the first instance studied, is also called the hyperbolic plane.

It is also sometimes referred to as Lobachevsky space or Bolyai–Lobachevsky space after the names of the author who first published on the topic of hyperbolic geometry. Sometimes the qualificative "real" is added to differentiate it from complex hyperbolic spaces, quaternionic hyperbolic spaces and the octononic hyperbolic plane which are the other symmetric spaces of negative curvature.

Hyperbolic space serves as the prototype of a Gromov hyperbolic space which is a far-reaching notion including differential-geometric as well as more combinatorial spaces via a synthetic approach to negative curvature. Another generalisation is the notion of a CAT(-1) space.

Formal definition and models

Definition
The -dimensional hyperbolic space or Hyperbolic -space, usually denoted , is the unique simply connected, -dimensional complete Riemannian manifold with a constant negative sectional curvature equal to -1. The unicity means that any two Riemannian manifolds which satisfy these properties are isometric to each other. It is a consequence of the Killing–Hopf theorem.

Models of hyperbolic space

To prove the existence of such a space as described above one can explicitly construct it, for example as an open subset of  with a Riemannian metric given by a simple formula. There are many such constructions or models of hyperbolic space, each suited to different aspects of its study. They are isometric to each other according to the previous paragraph, and in each case an explicit isometry can be explicitly given. Here is a list of the better-known models which are described in more detail in their namesake articles:

 Poincaré half-plane model: this is the upper-half space  with the metric
 Poincaré disc model: this is the unit ball of  with the metric . The isometry to the half-space model can be realised by a homography sending a point of the unit sphere to infinity.
 Hyperboloid model: In contrast with the previous two models this realises hyperbolic -space as isometrically embedded inside the -dimensional Minkowski space (which is not a Riemannian but rather a Lorentzian manifold). More precisely, looking at the quadratic form  on , its restriction to the tangent spaces of the upper sheet of the hyperboloid given by  are definite positive, hence they endow it with a Riemannian metric which turns out to be of constant curvature -1. The isometry to the previous models can be realised by stereographic projection from the hyperboloid to the plane , taking the vertex from which to project to be  for the ball and a point at infinity in the cone  inside projective space for the half-space.
 Klein model: This is another model realised on the unit ball of ; rather than being given as an explicit metric it is usually presented as obtained by using stereographic projection from the hyperboloid model in Minkowski space to its horizontal tangent plane (that is, ) from the origin .
Symmetric space: Hyperbolic -space can be realised as the symmetric space of the simple Lie group  (the group of isometries of the quadratic form  with positive determinant); as a set the latter is the coset space . The isometry to the hyperboloid model is immediate through the action of the connected component of  on the hyperboloid.

Geometric properties

Parallel lines
Hyperbolic space, developed independently by Nikolai Lobachevsky, János Bolyai and Carl Friedrich Gauss, is a geometrical space analogous to Euclidean space, but such that Euclid's parallel postulate is no longer assumed to hold.  Instead, the parallel postulate is replaced by the following alternative (in two dimensions):
 Given any line L and point P not on L, there are at least two distinct lines passing through P which do not intersect L.
It is then a theorem that there are infinitely many such lines through P. This axiom still does not uniquely characterize the hyperbolic plane up to isometry; there is an extra constant, the curvature ,  which must be specified. However, it does uniquely characterize it up to homothety, meaning up to bijections which only change the notion of distance by an overall constant. By choosing an appropriate length scale, one can thus assume, without loss of generality, that .

Euclidean embeddings

The hyperbolic plane cannot be isometrically embedded into Euclidean 3-space by Hilbert's theorem. On the other hand the Nash embedding theorem implies that hyperbolic n-space can be isometrically embedded into some Euclidean space of larger dimension (4 for the hyperbolic plane).

When isometrically embedded to a Euclidean space every point of a hyperbolic space is a saddle point.

Volume growth and isoperimetric inequality

The volume of balls in hyperbolic space increases exponentially with respect to the radius of the ball rather than polynomially as in Euclidean space. Namely, if  is any ball of radius  in  then:
where  is the total volume of the Euclidean -sphere of radius 1.

The hyperbolic space also satisfies a linear isoperimetric inequality, that is there exists a constant  such that any embedded disk whose boundary has length  has area at most . This is to be contrasted with Euclidean space where the isoperimetric inequality is quadratic.

Other metric properties

There are many more metric properties of hyperbolic space which differentiate it from Euclidean space. Some can be generalised to the setting of Gromov-hyperbolic spaces which is a generalisation of the notion of negative curvature to general metric spaces using only the large-scale properties. A finer notion is that of a CAT(-1)-space.

Hyperbolic manifolds

Every complete, connected, simply connected manifold of constant negative curvature −1 is isometric to the real hyperbolic space Hn. As a result, the universal cover of any closed manifold M of constant negative curvature −1, which is to say, a hyperbolic manifold, is  Hn. Thus, every such M can be written as Hn/Γ where Γ is a torsion-free discrete group of isometries on Hn.  That is, Γ is a lattice in SO+(n,1).

Riemann surfaces
Two-dimensional hyperbolic surfaces can also be understood according to the language of Riemann surfaces. According to the uniformization theorem, every Riemann surface is either elliptic, parabolic or hyperbolic. Most hyperbolic surfaces have a non-trivial fundamental group π1=Γ; the groups that arise this way are known as Fuchsian groups. The quotient space H²/Γ of the upper half-plane modulo the fundamental group is known as the Fuchsian model of the hyperbolic surface. The Poincaré half plane is also hyperbolic, but is simply connected and noncompact. It is the universal cover of the other hyperbolic surfaces.

The analogous construction for three-dimensional hyperbolic surfaces is the Kleinian model.

See also
 Dini's surface
 Hyperbolic 3-manifold
 Ideal polyhedron
 Mostow rigidity theorem
 Murakami–Yano formula
 Pseudosphere

References

 Ratcliffe, John G., Foundations of hyperbolic manifolds, New York, Berlin. Springer-Verlag, 1994.
 Reynolds, William F. (1993) "Hyperbolic Geometry on a Hyperboloid", American Mathematical Monthly 100:442–455.
 Wolf, Joseph A. Spaces of constant curvature, 1967. See page 67.

Homogeneous spaces
Hyperbolic geometry
Topological spaces

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


His Holiness Pope Francis has transferred Archbishop Giuseppe Pinto from his present position as Apostolic Nuncio to the Philippines to the post of Apostolic Nuncio to Croatia.
The news was published in the Vatican on Saturday evening, July 1, 2017, Manila Time.
Archbishop Pinto was appointed Apostolic Nuncio to the Philippines on May 10, 2011.
There is no news published yet on the appointment of new Nuncio for the Philippines.


text:
LGBT Agenda
LGBT movement now claims to represent 'family values', labeling Christians 'dangerous'
By Night Watchman Ministries on November 27, 2018 • ( Leave a comment )
Blog note: Jude 1:7 …Even as Sodom and Gomorrha, and the cities about them in like manner, giving themselves over to fornication, and going after strange flesh, are set forth for an example, suffering the vengeance of eternal fire. (Emphasis added).
End of note.
Wed Nov 21, 2018 – 3:34 pm EST. LifeSitenews.com
November 21, 2018 (LifeSiteNews) – Once upon a time, when the Sexual Revolution was in its infancy, social conservatives were mocked for their "family values" and the inherent stodginess that increasingly political phrase seemed to imply. The boring squares with their white picket fences and marriages and (often) string of children represented everything the sexual revolutionaries wanted to escape, and everything they wanted to liberate society from. Sexual liberation offered people an opportunity to engage in "free love" without being tied down, and as the Sixties turned into the Seventies, America emerged as an utterly transformed nation.
Things have changed since then. We've moved far past the implosion of traditional marriage, the rise of hook-up culture, and the Playboy milieu ushered in by the late Hugh Hefner. Not only was gay "marriage" imposed on all fifty states by the US Supreme Court in 2015, but the transgender movement subsequently took the country by storm, with the elitist trifecta of progressive politicians, the media, and the entertainment industry obediently climbing on board with gusto. And with this second wave of the Sexual Revolution—preceded, accompanied, and helped along by the culture-smashing explosion of digital porn—the libertines changed their tactics.
No longer, you'll notice, are the LGBT activists mocking family values. Instead, the rhetoric has been completely reversed: They now claim that it is their side that represents "family values," and that it is social conservatives—and more specifically, traditionalist Christians—who pose an actual threat to these values. It is Christians, the sexual revolutionaries now state accusingly, who are "homophobic," "transphobic," and an active threat to their own children if they hold to the moral values that held Western civilization together for 2,000 years. It is those who hold traditional values, the LGBT activists claim, that are directly responsible for gay and trans suicides.
Without the slightest sense of irony, the LGBT movement has abandoned the moral relativism they used as a philosophical vehicle to get the culture to this point and are now claiming that they are, in fact, the New Moral Majority. They believe that Christian adoption agencies should be shut down for declining to place children with gay couples, and anyone who weakly insists that children might be best served by both a mother and a father are furiously shouted down as bigots. Even further than that, adoption agencies and foster care are even declining to place children with Christian parents because of their Christian beliefs. Christians, the LGBT activists warn the public, are dangerous.
This second wave of the Sexual Revolution is different from the first. They are no longer claiming that there is no such thing as objective morality and no such thing as a moral majority: They're just claiming that Christians are on the wrong side of the greatest moral questions of our day, and that they now make up the new Moral Majority. With rates of porn use at over 80% for men and over 50% for women, the transgender ideology sweeping through the public school system, and the entire entertainment industry pumping the tenets of the Sexual Revolution into millions of minds per hour, their triumphalism is understandable.
The Sexual Revolution was not only a revolution, it was a reversal—and a replacement. As the remnants of Judeo-Christian morality are rooted out of the laws that govern us, they are replaced by new laws and even new definitions of biological reality. Biblical truth, in many cases, is now considered to be hate speech. Religious liberty is also a target, as the LGBT activists insist that it be subject to the new sexual dogmas that have swept our institutions. The debate has now moved beyond a discussion on how people should behave, and how far the law can go in dictating such things. It is now a war over how society should order itself; a battle for the soul of our civilization.
Categories: LGBT Agenda
Tagged as: Abominations, Bi-Sexual, Bible Prophecy, Bible Study, Confusion, d, Deception, Denial, Drag Queen, Drag Queen Children, Drag Queen Story Hour, Eschatology, Evil Deception, Evil Influence, Father of Lies and Deception, Fearful sights in diverse places, Gay, Going after strange flesh, Great Convergence of Signs, Lesbian, LGBT Agenda, LGBT in Movies, LGBTQ on Television, Lies, Mockery of Creative Ability, Mockery of God's creation of man and woman, Mockery of God's Design, Mockery of Man and Woman, Prophecy, Queer, Rebellion, Satanic Deception, Self-Delusion, Sexual Addiction, Sexual Identity Addiction, Signs, Transgender, Unnatural Affection, Witnessing to the LGBT Community
Neom Airport planned for Saudi Arabia's $500 billion mega-city. The futuristic city is expected to start taking shape in 2020.
Exclusive: After Khashoggi murder, some Saudi royals turn against king's favorite son. The coming assassination attempt against Mohammed Bin Salman (Part 4).

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Q: return the value of the clicked li in jquery So I am using jquery.autocomplete.js,
demo can be found here http://www.ajaxdaddy.com/demo-jquery-autocomplete.html
I want to be able to return a span value in an alert message.
this is the php file that echos results:
$email="span id='emaild'".$rs['email'].'/span'; $str.= $email." ".$rs['phone']." ".$rs['address1']." ".$rs['address2']." "."\n"; echo $str;

email is inside a span tag. when I click on that result I want to be able to see an alert of that value, that is the email.
This is what I have so far, it displays a 0 zero on the alert box as a result
 .click(function(event) {
            var keyw = jQuery("li").val();
            alert(keyw);
            $(target(event)).addClass(CLASSES.ACTIVE);
            select();
            // TODO provide option to avoid setting focus again after selection? useful for cleanup-on-focus
            input.focus();
            return false;

        })

A: .val() only applies to form elements. Use .text() or .html() to get the content's of elements.

A: You need the text method instead of val:
var keyw = jQuery("li").text();

The val method is used to return the value of the value property, and the only elements that have value properties are those which are used in forms, such as input or select.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


Knowledge is power, and CUPE continues to build worker strength through our education program. This year more than 14,000 members from 1,055 locals took part in CUPE education programs, learning the tools and skills to be strong advocates in their workplaces, union and community. The department also trained 50 new member facilitators. There are now 390 members helping facilitate national education programs across Canada.
Introduction to stewarding was one of our most popular workshops – a sign more members are getting involved in the union and more members care about fairness. New courses are also in development. In BC, CUPE piloted workshops on helping members facing workplace stress with mental health issues, and how to more meaningfully connect with our members.
Our Union Development Department helped develop and launch the Unite for Fairness project, producing training materials and facilitating "train the trainer" sessions in all regions. Our staff are working with the CLC on training, tools and materials for the Together Fairness Works initiative.


Let's start making cool stuff together.
DO YOU BELIEVE THAT YOUR BRAND NEEDS HELP FROM A CREATIVE TEAM?
At Unearth Media, we strive to create impactful storylines to represent public companies to the investment community. Our team of investor relations professionals has extensive experience to help assist and accomplish any objectives or goals. After learning about each client, we develop strong concrete information to resonate with specific stakeholders they have in mind.
Even with a beautifully constructed storyline, without the proper distribution strategy, a company will go nowhere. To break through the noise in this world of abundant information, company's must continuously implement effective strategies to distinguish authority. At Unearth Media, we are experts in a wide range of platforms with an in-depth understanding of the proper avenues our clients need to take to reach their objectives and goals.
Your business is your brand. It is who you are, what you are and what your entire reputation depends upon. Our team of professionals develops customized marketing plans for every client, by rigorously learning the company's mission and goals. For a brand to resonate and remain in the minds of its target audience, it needs to evolve as the digital world changes daily. We monitor extensively and adjust to provide results-oriented solutions.
Graphic design serves as the foundation of a company's digital presence. It has the power of transforming an ordinary business into a brand that is admired and remembered through a wicked web presence and an impactful storyline. Creative design explains your brand's story through appealing visuals that leave the viewer propelled to come back.


You love your church. Whatever the source of conflict, you have worked hard to resolve the issues that brought you to this place of frustration, stress, and impasse. Those involved feel stuck.
Seemingly small differences have grown. Harmony between pastor, staff and board members, between staff members, within the church community, has been fractured. Now what?
Attempts at "conflict resolution" are often made. In some situations, some form of arbitration occurs with help from someone outside the local church. All conflicts are eventually "settled" but sometimes those involved have not been able to get through the difficult time successfully so that they can transition to a better place in life. Pastors resign. Board members quit. People leave. And the conflict dies down. But at times people walk away hurt and wounded. Some pastors leave the ministry. Some Christians leave the church. Teens watch and never forget.
Is conflict resolution in your church really possible? If those involved are willing to talk about the dispute, Church Mediators should be able to help them resolve it and move into the future with a better sense of closure. Does anyone know how to help churches actually walk through and resolve conflict? The answer is "yes"!
Jesus is the supreme Peace-Maker. He is THE Mediator. At Church Mediators our complete trust is in Christ. We lead people through a voluntary, confidential resolution process. We provide a safe place where people will be heard and encouraged to openly share their views, feelings, and concerns.
The staff at Church Mediators is well experienced and well trained. We would like to help you resolve your disputes in a sane, sensible and efficient way. If you're willing to talk about the dispute; we should be able to help you resolve it. We are here to serve and would be delighted to help.
When is the best time for mediation?


text:
package eu.timepit.properly

import cats.effect.IO
import cats.free.Free
import scala.util.Try

object Property {

  // constructors

  def clear(key: String): Property[Unit] =
    Free.liftF(PropertyOp.Clear(key))

  def get(key: String): Property[Option[String]] =
    Free.liftF(PropertyOp.Get(key))

  def set(key: String, value: String): Property[Unit] =
    Free.liftF(PropertyOp.Set(key, value))

  // derived operations

  def getAsIntOrElse(key: String, defaultValue: Int): Property[Int] =
    get(key).map(_.flatMap(s => Try(s.toInt).toOption).getOrElse(defaultValue))

  def getOrElse(key: String, defaultValue: String): Property[String] =
    get(key).map(_.getOrElse(defaultValue))

  def getOrSet(key: String, value: String): Property[String] =
    get(key).flatMap {
      case Some(v) => Free.pure(v)
      case None => set(key, value).map(_ => value)
    }

  // syntax

  implicit class PropertySyntax[A](val self: Property[A]) extends AnyVal {
    def runIO: IO[A] =
      self.foldMap(PropertyOp.propertyOpToIO)

    def runMock(props: Map[String, String]): (Map[String, String], A) = {
      val state = self.foldMap(PropertyOp.propertyOpToMockState)
      state.run(props).value
    }
  }
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
Helping Hands for Freedom & the Microsoft Store Collaborate
Helping Hands for Freedom and the Microsoft Store Collaborate for Special Event
Helping Hands for Freedom is a locally based nonprofit organization that serves families of veterans that do not return from conflict. Recently, the Microsoft Store in Scottsdale was made aware of the nonprofit and the two connected at a special event.
Community Development Specialist at the Microsoft Store in Scottsdale, Susan Ratliff explains, "The Microsoft Store is always connecting with local organizations to be part of the fabric of the community. Helping Hands for Freedom was a guest speaker at a recent event hosted at the Microsoft Store honoring veteran business owners and we were also involved with the organization's The Route for The Brave effort." The Route for the Brave – Walk Across America began April 28, 2016 in Atlantic City and will arrive in San Francisco August 26, 2016.
Back on April 16, the Microsoft Store hosted a special kickoff event for Helping Hands for Freedom's The Route for the Brave. That event included a walk through Scottsdale Fashion Square with the Helping Hands for Freedom team. "Following the walk, participants visited the store for a ceremony thanking local veterans, including some Microsoft employees," Ratliff says. "The event featured a Skype interview with the Route for the Brave walkers David Roth and Kevin Winton and meet-and-greet with Darin Fishburn, CEO of Helping Hands for Freedom, who shared his personal experience on the Route for the Brave. Additionally, other Microsoft Stores have also hosted similar events with the organization as part of our commitment to the local community. We are delighted to work with organizations like Helping Hands for Freedom and hope to continue the relationship and work with them in the future.
Ratliff continues, "We were fortunate to have veterans from local Microsoft offices participate in the mall walk event and were recognized. Each Veteran was given a special set of dog tags as a thank you for their military service from Helping Hands for Freedom."
Microsoft veterans who participated in the event:
Jake Chapman – US Air Force
Edgar Sanchez – US Army
Darin Travis
Brian Loeffler – US Marine Corps
Paul Baird – US Army
Carla Stanley – US Air Force
"The Microsoft Store in Scottsdale was thrilled with the opportunity to work with Helping Hands for Freedom during National Small Business Week for a special networking and workshop event for veteran business owners," says Ratliff. "We are dedicated to supporting local community efforts that benefit great charities like HHFF and look forward to additional opportunities to connect.
"Microsoft Stores are committed to being part of the fabric of the communities in which we operate," explains Ratliff. "Microsoft Stores regularly host community organizations in the theater space and Microsoft Store employees are out in the community supporting local causes on an ongoing basis. Additionally, every Microsoft Store has a Community Development Specialist who is dedicated to working with local organizations to arrange in-store events and activities in order to help drive awareness of their cause within the community and the opportunity to learn new technology skills."
About Helping Hands for Freedom
Helping Hands for Freedom has a primary mission of supporting the surviving spouse and children of a veteran who doesn't return from the conflict. It can take months for a family to receive the death benefit and often this also results in relocation from base housing. HHFF steps in to help with basic expenses during their time of transition. We assist those severely wounded who need equipment or housing modifications as they adjust to new life circumstances. We also help the children with life enrichment programs, mentorship and counseling. For additional information about Helping Hands for Freedom, visit www.helpinghandsforfreedom.org.


text:
5 Things You Didn't Know About Graham Greene
By Ethan Trex
I'll start with a full disclosure: Graham Greene is one of my very favorite writers. While his work runs the gamut from weighty explorations of human evil like Brighton Rock to genuinely funny farces like Our Man in Havana, there's just something consistently mesmerizing about his crisp prose and ability to work a moral or philosophical dilemma into even his espionage thriller "entertainments." Let's take a look at five things you might not know about the moralist/novelist:
1. He Wasn't Big on School
Going to boarding school can be tough on anyone, but it was particularly rough for Greene, possibly because his father was his headmaster. Greene's status as an introverted misfit at school led to a number of botched suicide attempts, including drinking chemicals, eating nightshade, and attempting to drown himself in the school's pool after eating handfuls of aspirin.
Obviously none of these attempts worked, so Greene resorted to running away in 1920 at the age of 16. He didn't get too far, though, and when his family regained custody of their wayward son, they sent him to live with a London psychoanalyst for six months. Greene later called this period of psychoanalysis one of the happiest stretches of his life, but it didn't cure him of his suicidal tendencies. Just a few years later he would begin playing Russian roulette after the end of a love affair.
2. Shirley Temple Probably Wasn't Buying Up His Books
Even after his novels started selling well, Greene worked as a freelance journalist, often writing film reviews. One of the films Greene reviewed for the magazine Night and Day was the 1937 Shirley Temple vehicle Wee Willie Winkie. Greene cut into the movie and its star with characteristic zeal. At one point in the review he wrote, "Her admirers—middle-aged men and clergymen—respond to her dubious coquetry, to the sight of her well-shaped and desirable little body, packed with enormous vitality, only because the safety curtain of story and dialogue drops between their intelligence and their desire."
Yes, Greene basically theorized that the nine-year-old Temple's appeal was primarily sexual and accused her fans of being dirty old men. No, that didn't sit too well with Temple's managers or her film company, 20th Century Fox. They sued Greene, Night and Day, and the magazine's printers for libel for suggesting that Temple was being trotted out for prurient reasons.
The case ended up in court in March 1938. Greene was to be tried in absentia while he was on assignment in Mexico. Temple's counsel quickly worked out a settlement with the magazine for around 3500 pounds, but because Greene was in Mexico, the judge couldn't extract any cash from him.
Things didn't turn out so well for Night and Day; the huge financial blow helped force the magazine to fold a few months later. Greene did a bit better for himself; the exile in Mexico helped give him the setting for the masterpiece The Power and the Glory.
3. Caribbean Dictators Weren't Huge Fans, Either
When Greene wasn't grappling with Catholicism, he was usually writing about espionage or some sort of political intrigue. This subject matter didn't always win him friends in the countries in which he set his novels. Fidel Castro didn't like the light comic tone of Our Man in Havana because it downplayed just how repressive his predecessor, Fulgencio Batista, had been.
Castro's whining was nothing compared to Francois "Papa Doc" Duvalier's reaction to The Comedians, Greene's scathing 1966 novel about Duvalier's Haitian regime. The book displays the brutality of Duvalier and the Tonton Macoute, the despot's personal secret police, and Duvalier was none too pleased to have his dirty laundry aired by such a well-known novelist.
Duvalier launched an unsuccessful counteroffensive by going on a pamphlet-writing smear campaign against Greene. In his autobiography Ways of Escape, Greene recalled that Duvalier accused him of being, "'A liar, a cretin, a stool-pigeon... unbalanced, sadistic, perverted... a perfect ignoramus... lying to his heart's content... the shame of proud and noble England... a spy... a drug addict... a torturer.' (The last epithet has always a little puzzled me.)"
4. He Had Firsthand Espionage Experience
Greene's novels are set all over the world, from Cuba to Haiti to Vietnam to Africa, and he'd been to all of those places. His reputation as a jet-setting journalist and novelist made it easy for Greene to get in and out of various countries, a trait the British intelligence office prized. MI6 recruited Greene as an agent during World War II and stationed him as an intelligence agent in Freetown, Sierra Leone. The arrangement worked out well, as the British government got intelligence and Greene got the setting for The Heart of the Matter, one of his very best novels.
Interestingly, Greene's spymaster supervisor and close friend within the agency was none other than Kim Philby, the infamous double agent who fed sensitive information to the Soviets for nearly three decades. For a lot of people, finding out their buddy was possibly the most notorious mole in intelligence history would have ruined the friendship. Not for Greene. He kept in touch with Philby after the double agent went into exile in Moscow and even wrote the foreword to Philby's 1968 memoir My Silent War, a show of support that some speculate may have cost Greene a shot at the Nobel Prize.
5. He Wasn't Raised Catholic
If you've read much Greene, this one's the real shocker. Although he always argued that he was a novelist who engaged Catholic themes rather than a Catholic novelist, Greene's probably the first name that pops into your head if you have to name a Catholic novelist. (In a 1978 interview, Greene said, "I've always found it difficult to believe in God. I suppose I'd now call myself a Catholic atheist.") His most overtly Catholic novels, The Power and the Glory, The End of the Affair, Brighton Rock, and The Heart of the Matter all rank among his best known and strongest works.
Surprisingly, Greene wasn't raised in a Catholic family, though. He didn't convert to Catholicism until the age of 21 in 1926. What made him convert? Well, a woman had a hand in it. Greene's transformation into Catholicism was partly influenced by Vivien Dayrell-Browning, the woman who would become his wife. (Vivien had some writing chops of her own; when she was 16 she had published a book of poetry with an introduction by G.K. Chesterton.)
Greene ended up leaving Vivien and their two children for a mistress in 1947. As strict Catholics, the Greenes never divorced and remained married until Graham's death in 1991.
Vivien didn't just sit around and weep about her departed husband, though. She filled her time by becoming one of the world's foremost authorities on dollhouses.
She began collecting 18th- and 19th-century English dollhouses during the 1940s, and after buying her first house at an auction and toting it home on the bus, she was hooked. Vivien began traveling the world in search of dollhouses and eventually built up a collection of 1500. She also published two scholarly works on the subject, and her collection became so well known that Graham helped subsidize an addition to her Oxford home that she transformed into a dollhouse museum.
'5 Things You Didn't Know About...' appears every Friday. Read the previous installments here.
twitterbanner.jpg /


Don't you sometimes have the feeling, that you keep on buying and receiving things, and things just land in the cupboard. Yep I am in that phase right now. Don't get me wrong, I really feel grateful that I am in this position to buy and receive a lot of things, but I just don't want things to end up in the bin! And yes sometimes I levitate to my faves that are in my eyesight and forget about some good stuff I have in my cupboards and drawers. So therefore it is my mission to start using things up. Starting with some body and skincare. Please read below about the selection of items I just need to use up.
Body Shop Oils of Life Intensely Revitalizing Sleeping Cream 5ml (Travel Size). A travel friendly night cream, this will be perfect for my Viena trip end March. Please keep your eyes open for that blog post!
Vitamin E Moisture Cream 15 ml ( Travel Size) A nice day cream. I have heard some nice feedback about this cream so this will be tested as well on the Viena trip stated above.
Body Shop Strawberry Lip Butter. Always good to have a little lip balm on hand sure this will come to use soon as it is going to be a true winter this week.
Body Shop Mango whipped lotion 60 ml. This smells lovely all though would be more inclined to use this one in the summer as it is quite fruity.
Body Shop Frosted Berries lotion 60 ml. This is a contender to come with me to Viena.
Body Shop Vanila Chai Body Lotion 60 ml. As previously stated above this is also a contender to come with me. As you might now I am a sucker for Vanilla fragrances.
Body Shop Body Butter in Strawberry 200 ml. An old favorite. Will put this one asap in my bathroom. So I can use this after showers.
Sanicur 1000 ml Shower gel . One of my favorite as it is without perfume, does the job and overall makes me smell soapy clean.
Twilight 250 ml Shower gel. This is a discovery from late 2017 and I love it. As it was limited edition I do not want to use it up so quickly. But yes love this in combination with the sleepy time lotion.
Looking at my list of items above I think one of the first things that will be used up are the day and night cream and the Twilight Shower gel. But who knows. Maybe some of these items will become favorites.
I hope you all enjoyed this post! My intention is to do this as well with make up, nail polishes, foundations b and such. Let me know if you are interested in this.
Even I love The Body Shop products. Check out my latest post.


Complete this official form, print out ONE hard copy for your teacher BEFORE your actually presentation so the teacher has it in front of her/him during the presentation. SHARE a copy with Dr. Neal at tneal@jeffcoschools.us -- required of every TOK student. Duplication of information is expected, but be sure to CHANGE the candidate personal code on the form AND change the file name to your name.


text:
Top 5 PC games to look forward to in 2014 (GALLERY)
A gallery of our top 5 most anticipated PC games for 2014. Let us know which PC games you are looking forward to the most and why?
Titanfall is really tough to market
The producer of Titanfall has stated Titanfall is "really tough to market". Titanfall is a game that features giant robots shooting at each other, aimed for multi-player experience only. The lack of single-player script events has made trailers virtually non-existent, the company has taken to simply showing off gameplay in the hope that it will appeal to ga...
Toronto serial killer Bruce McArthur pleads guilty t...
Friday, February 1, 2019 Crime and law Related articles 1 February 2019: Toronto seria...
Fire breaks out at Dubai, United Arab Emirates hotel...
A fire broke out at a high-rise hotel in Dubai, United Arab Emirates (UAE) at local night ye...
Astronomers discover smallest known star
Space Related articles 14 July 2017: Astronomers discover smallest known star 8 June 2017:...
James Best, best known as Rosco P. Coltrane of 'The ...
James Best, best known as Sheriff Rosco P. Coltrane on The Dukes of Hazzard, has died, aged ...
Fast and Furious car driven by Brian O'Connor on sale
The famous Nissan Skyline GT-R 34 driven by Paul Walker's character Brian O'Connor from the ...


NALS of Arizona is having a conference HERE in Tucson!
If you haven't heard already, NALS of Tucson will be hosting the Spring Education Conference & Annual Meeting here in Tucson at the Desert Diamond Resort Casino & Conference Center on May 4th & 5th.
Details can be found on NALS of Arizona's website or by CLICKING HERE.


text:
Q: How do I create/display variables/values in java-script that reference an element or are within an element with a certain id The title basically says it all.
How would I declare a variable with a certain element like article with the id of main.
Or display values within a span element with an id.
This is part of a homework project I'm working on and I can't seem to do it correctly, what am I doing wrong?
    // a. declare sourceNode referencing article element with id main
var sourceNode = document.getElementById("main");

// f. using innerHTML display values within span elements with id's
document.getElementById("totalNodes").innerHTML = nodeCount;
document.getElementById("elemNodes").innerHTML = elemCount;
document.getElementById("attNodes").innerHTML = attCount;
document.getElementById("textNodes").innerHTML = textCount;
document.getElementById("wsNodes").innerHTML = wsCount;

Here are the instructions im trying to base my answers off of:
instruction 1

a. Declare the sourceNode variable referencing the article element with the id main in the current document

instruction 2

f. Using the innerHTML property, display the values of the nodeCount, elemCount, attCount, textCount, and wsCount variables within the span elements whose ids are totalNodes, elemNodes, attNodes, textNodes, and wsNodes, respectively.


Life is filled with paradox. As Christians, thanks to the Christmas Story, we should be prepared for such surprises, twists, and turns. In this sermon, Colby invites us to choose Hope, even when the current situation seems hopeless.


text:
Coronavirus: Mandatory mask-wearing becomes the Standard in Europe as cases Increase
As many countries on the continent saw an uptick in documented instances of COVID-19, European nations moved to create mask-wearing compulsory in public areas.
New rules on wearing masks England came into effect on Friday, with individuals entering stores, supermarkets, and banks currently required to wear sheets.
Individuals can be fined up to 100 ($109) by authorities should they refuse to wear face coverings but a few areas including restaurants, bars, gyms, and hairdressers are all exempt.
Face coverings are compulsory in Scotland since July 10, while shoppers aren't now required to put in them in Wales or Northern Ireland.
England and Scotland have mandatory mask-wearing on public transportation, and NI does on many trains, buses, and ferries. Wales will see these created compulsory on public transportation from July 27.
And as scientists throughout the globe race to come up with a more COVID-19 vaccine, UK Prime Minister Boris Johnson has labeled "anti-vaxxers", individuals compared to vaccines, as"nuts"
French Prime Minister Jean Castex declared on Friday that as of August 1, passengers entering France in 16 nations where COVID-19 flow is powerful — such as the United States — should undergo mandatory checks on arrival in French airports or airports, unless they could pose a negative evaluation less than 72 hours old from their own countries of death.
Those testing positive on birth need to isolate for 14 days.
Health authorities say instances on the French mainland have soared 66 percent in the previous 3 months and 26 percent in the previous week.
Concerns had prompted the authorities to produce mask-wearing compulsory in all indoor public spaces this past week.
In Belgium, health authorities started a three-year-old woman has died after testing positive for COVID-19 as fresh illnesses surged 89 percent from the last week.
The government has bolstered constraints to impede down the spread of coronavirus, such as making masks compulsory in crowded outside public spaces.
Romania put an all-time high to daily new illnesses on Friday and governments blamed the spike on a failure to wear masks, such as in indoor public areas or on mass transit.
Back in Italy, masks should be worn in stores, banks, on public transportation, and outside where it is not possible to maintain a safe distance apart.
Most new cases in the nation have happened in the north — in which the epidemic in Europe started — but southern areas have recently been visiting clusters of diseases.
Many recent instances in Italy are tracked to individuals returning from overseas, many of them overseas employees.
Amid fears in Spain that inferior living conditions for seasonal agricultural employees are producing coronavirus hotspots, the Spanish plantation ministry said Friday that governments are pressing companies to offer good accommodation and transport to their employees.
The Health Ministry reported 971 new daily diseases, the largest daily increase because Spain's lockdown ended.
German authorities plan to install testing stations at airports to promote individuals coming from high-risk nations to have examined for the coronavirus.
The nation will also allow individuals arriving from abroad to be analyzed at no cost within three times.
In general, Europe has up to now seen over 201,000 deaths throughout the coronavirus pandemic, according to Johns Hopkins University.


text:
Fortune's Change the World list honors companies that use the creative tools of capitalism—including the profit motive—to address society's unmet needs. The 2021 list, our seventh, is also the second compiled in the shadow of COVID-19, which has exposed how sorely our society has neglected some of those needs. Many of this year's honorees are battling to reverse that neglect, investing in the long-term health of their businesses by supporting those on the lower rungs of the global economic ladder—whether by bolstering pay and benefits for frontline workers (see No. 3); serving small farmers (No. 36); or most urgent of all, distributing COVID vaccines in low- and middle-income nations (No. 1). As always, our partner in selecting the honorees is Shared Value Initiative, a consultancy that helps companies apply business skills to social problems. To apply for the 2022 Change the World list, click here.
Explore the List
The Vaccine Makers
Envision Group
KCB Group
ReNew Energy Global
Mapping the World Changers
Use our interactive map to see how the corporations doing good by way of big business are spread out across the globe.
More on Change the World companies
FeaturesA Softbank-backed pharmacy startup is working to tackle a $300-billion-a-year prescription drug crisis
BYErika Fry
CommentaryCompanies that focus on the human impact of the climate crisis can turn risks into opportunities
BYRishi Agarwal, Chirlie Felix, and others
MagazineSmall companies, big impact: Why startups loom large on the Fortune Change the World list this year
BYMatthew Heimer
Environment'It would be very hard to fight us': How Ma Jun and IPE became the corporate world's go-to pollution trackers
BYVivienne Walt


pulveriser dealer in navi mumbai - hcpm.co.in pulveriser dealer in navi mumbai Sikkim State Lottery. SAMAC Mining and Construction Machinery Co., Ltd. is a hi-tech, engineering group.
coal pulveriser manufacturer in nagpur dp pulveriser mumbai cont drawing of 85 e10 type pulveriser manufactrurer of coal pulveriser machine in india what is meant .
Mining crusher machine>dp pulveriser mumbai cont dp pulveriser mumbai cont. Profile Pulverizer . » Learn More. dp pulveriser with price. . dp pulveriser plant.
Mining crusher machine>dp pulveriser mumbai cont dp pulveriser mumbai cont. Profile Pulverizer ... » Learn More. dp pulveriser with price. ... dp pulveriser plant.
dp pulveriser mumbai cont Grinder Equipment in Mining Industry >, venkateswara dp pulveriser industries mumbai venkateswara industries pulverizer aaj mil kay .
We are the world's leading industrial company in the mining and aggregates industries and in the flow processing coal pulveriser; dp pulveriser mumbai cont.


text:
The accessibility of topical treatment i...
The accessibility of topical treatment in the paranasal sinuses on operated cystic fibrosis patients assessed by scintigraphy
https://doi.org/10.4193/Rhin17.243
Propofol sedation in Drug Induced Sedation Endoscopy without an anaesthesiologist â€" a study of safety and feasibility
Exhaled and nasal nitric oxide in chronic rhinosinusitis patients with nasal polyps in primary care
Sinus surgery postpones chronic Gram-negative lung infection: cohort study of 106 patients with cystic fibrosis
European symposium on precision medicine in allergy and airways diseases: report of the European Union parliament symposium (October 14, 2015)
Clinical effects of sinus surgery and adjuvant therapy in cystic fibrosis patients - can chronic lung infections be postponed?
Ciliary Localization of the Intraflagellar Transport Protein IFT88 Is Disrupted in Cystic Fibrosis
The Controversies and Difficulties of Diagnosing Primary Ciliary Dyskinesia
Current status of human papillomavirus positivity in oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma in Europe: a systematic review
Phase contrast mapping MRI measurements of global cerebral blood flow across different perfusion states - A direct comparison with 15O-H2O positron emission tomography using a hybrid PET/MR system
Dynamic soft tissue changes in the orbit after a blowout fracture
K Aanaes
M C Alanin
K G Nielsen
M Moller Jorgensen
C von Buchwald
N Hoiby
H K Johansen
H H Johannesen
J Mortensen
Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery and Audiology, Department of , Center of Head and Orthopaedic Surgery
Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Juliane Marie Centre
Clinical Microbiology, Department of , Centre of Diagnostic Investigations
Department of Clinical Physiology, Nuclear Medicine & PET, Centre of Diagnostic Investigations
BACKGROUND: Nasal irrigations with antibiotics are used to eradicate Pseudomonas aeruginosa from the upper airways in patients with cystic fibrosis (CF) and thereby avoid lung colonisations; nevertheless, the efficacy is uncertain.
METHODOLOGY: The aim of this study was to investigate the accessibility and durability of solutions in the sinuses before and after sinus surgery. The participants irrigated their noses with radioactively marked saline and were evaluated using a dynamic SPECT/CT scan. The preoperative and postoperative (after 30 days) examinations were compared.
RESULTS: Twelve CF patients were included. In 10 out of the 24 scanned maxillary sinuses an improvement was seen postoperatively compared with the preoperative fluid volume. Notably, in 7 out of the 24 sinuses the mucosa was so swollen postoperatively that no fluid was detected. Ten patients had developed their frontal sinuses. We observed no fluid in the frontal or sphenoid sinuses, neither before nor after surgery. At best, a mean of 23% of the maxillary sinuses were filled with fluid; thus, all sinuses had postoperatively areas of the mucosa that did not have contact with the fluid. A mean of 76% of the initial volume was present after 30 min in the maxillary sinuses.
CONCLUSION: Fluid-depositing using nasal irrigation will not sufficiently or not at all get in contact with all the sinus mucosa despite of sinus surgery. Thus, the efficacy of topical deposition of antibiotics is presumably reduced.
Administration, Topical, Adult, Anti-Bacterial Agents/administration & dosage, Cystic Fibrosis/complications, Female, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Nasal Lavage, Paranasal Sinus Diseases/diagnostic imaging, Prospective Studies, Tomography, Emission-Computed, Single-Photon, Treatment Outcome


text:
« The killers are associated with MBS | Main | Jack Keane doesn't know that the Al as-Saud ARE the Wahhabis »
The demise of Davos in the Desert - TTG
Treasury Secretary Steven Mnuchin just announced he will not be attending the Future Investment Initiative Summit in Saudi Arabia next week. Obviously he didn't decide this on his own. His announcement stated that this was done after consultation with Trump and Pompeo. Given that this "Davos in the Desert" summit is the brainchild of MbS, this official and personal snub by the Trump administration could be a sign of future sanctions… or it could be an effort to get through this crisis with the issuance of a wrist slap. A lot will depend on how MbS reacts. Judging by his reaction to a mean tweet by the Canadian Foreign Affairs Minister earlier this year, it would not surprise me if MbS goes ballistic over the collapse of his summit.
Last summer, a standoff between Saudi Arabia and Canada gave us a window into how Crown Prince Mohammed bin Salman deals with critics — but most of the world looked away. It started with two tweets. On Aug. 2, Canadian Foreign Affairs Minister Chrystia Freeland wrote on Twitter that she was alarmed by the detention of Samar Badawi, a Saudi human rights activist whose brother, Raif Badawi, was arrested in 2012. Raif Badawi's family lives in Canada. The next day, Global Affairs Canada weighed in, urging Saudi authorities to release civil and women's rights activists.
Saudi Arabia was not having it. In a blustery Aug. 6 tweetstorm, the country's Foreign Ministry announced that it was recalling its ambassador to Canada and gave the Canadian ambassador to Saudi Arabia 24 hours to leave. The state airline said it would stop flying to Toronto. Saudi scholarship students were told to pack their bags. Trade and investment were frozen.
Pulling ambassadors and threatening to suspend investment was a "massive overreaction" and offered an important lesson, said Thomas Juneau, assistant professor of public and international affairs at the University of Ottawa. "The lesson was that MBS is reckless and completely overreacts to threats," he added, using the crown prince's nickname. (Washington Post)
Trump and Pompeo are now pushing for more time for the Saudis to investigate the disappearance of Khashoggi, essentially stalling for time. I doubt Pompeo's recent trip to Riyadh and Ankara was a search for the truth. It was a desperate effort to coordinate a way out of this mess and preserve the existing Saudi-US relationship. I'd like to know what Pompeo promised Erdogan in an effort to make this all go away. Was it enough? I doubt it. This situation is absolute gold for Erdogan's dreams of a renewed Ottoman Empire.
How about MbS? Did Pompeo convince him to meekly accept whatever slap on the wrist is on the way? I doubt that as well. The Trump administration pretty much destroyed what was left of "Davos in the Desert." If I had my family stationed in the Kingdom, I'd get them out right now and have my go bag within arm's reach at all times. Without any degree of hyperbole, I predict MbS is about to get medieval on someone's ass… someone beyond an aging expatriate reporter. The chessboard of the Middle East may be about to change dramatically. The result will be a lot of crying in Tel Aviv and Washington and a lot of smiling in Ankara and Tehran. And maybe an end to the needless dying and suffering in Yemen.
https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2018/10/17/saudi-arabias-spat-with-canada-was-lesson-trump-ignored-it/
Posted at 01:17 PM in Middle East, Saudi Arabia, TTG, Turkey | Permalink


text:
Home > Journals > African Entomology > Volume 25 > Issue 2
African Entomology
VOL. 25 · NO. 2 | September 2017
SHORT COMMUNICATIONS (5)
The Attributes of Survival in the Formulation of Entomopathogenic Nematodes Utilised as Insect Biocontrol Agents
N. Kagimu, T. Ferreira, A.P. Malan
25(2), 275-291, (1 September 2017) https://doi.org/10.4001/003.025.0275
KEYWORDS: above-ground application, formulation, Galleria mellonella, Heterorhabditis, Steinernema, shelf life, survival, virulence
Entomopathogenic nematodes (EPNs) of the genera Steinernema and Heterorhabditis and their associated symbiotic bacteria of the genera Xenorhabdus and Photorhabdus, are efficient biological control agents, due to their ease of culture, their high fatality against key insect pests and their safety in use. However, their commercial utilisation is limited by their finite shelf life, both in storage and in formulations. Thus, efficient storage in the formulation of EPNs is essential so as to attain success in integrated insect pest management strategies. This paper reviews the latest information that is available on EPN storage, formulation, quality and application methods, coupled with improvement strategies for the effective control of insects. Nematode survival mechanisms investigated were heat and cold tolerance, desiccation, osmotic stress, hypoxia and energy reserves, among others, in storage, field or formulations. Their influence on the formulation of EPNs is also discussed.
Nanoculcita, a New Genus of Afrotropical Robber Fly from Kenya (Asilidae: Stichopogoninae)
J.G.H. Londt, R.S. Copeland
KEYWORDS: Afrotropical, Asilidae, Stichopogoninae, taxonomy, Nanoculcita, Clinopogon
The Afrotropical Stichopogoninae is discussed. Nanoculcita kenya gen. et sp. n. is described from 10 localities in Kenya. A key for the identification of Afrotropical stichopogonine genera is provided. The distribution of Clinopogon nicobarensis (Schiner, 1868) is reviewed, showing its wide distribution on beaches throughout the region.
Bottom-Up Effects of Cabbage Cultivars on Fitness of a Larval Parasitoid of Plutella xylostella (L.) (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae)
P.D. Nethononda, R.S. Nofemela, D.M. Modise
KEYWORDS: diamondback moth, Cotesia vestalis, biological control, plant resistance, trophic cascade, integrated pest management
As parasitoid development is dependent on resources provided by a single host, the quality and quantity of resources its herbivore host obtains from different host plants can influence parasitoid fitness. Laboratory studies were conducted on several fitness parameters (developmental time, pupal weights, longevity, fecundity and sex ratio of progeny) of a larval parasitoid Cotesia vestalis (Haliday) (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) when its host Plutella xylostella (L.) (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae) developed on seven cabbage cultivars. In addition, population increase parameters of the parasitoid were compared on the various cultivars. The generation time of the parasitoid was shortest on Karabo (10.10 days) and Leano (10.38 days), and longest on Megaton (12.57 days) and Empowa (12.80 days). The heaviest C. vestalis pupae were recorded from Menzania (5.4 mg), Megaton (5.25 mg) and Beverly Hills (4.85 mg) and the lightest on Karabo (3.8 mg). Parasitoids reared on larvae that fed on Hollywood F1 lived the longest (2.28 days) followed by Menzania (1.94 days) and Beverly Hills (1.8 days), whereas those whose hosts fed on Leano lived the shortest period (0.83 days). Despite the parasitoids from Megaton hosts being bigger, their fecundity and number of female progeny per female (16.87 and 3.60, respectively) were lowest. Cotesia vestalis fecundity and daughters produced per female were highest on hosts fed on Menzania (38.00 and 9.13, respectively) and Beverly Hills (32.87 and 9.07, respectively). As a consequence, the net reproductive rate (R0) and intrinsic rate of increase (r) were higher on Menzania (7.87 and 0.58, respectively) and Beverly Hills (8.29 and 0.62, respectively). Not only do these results suggest that the overall fitness of C. vestalis is higher on hosts developing on Menzania and Beverly Hills, the critical density of the parasitoid required to suppress the host population at a lower average density will be reached quicker on these two cultivars than on others.
Diversity and Abundance of Twig Borers of Robusta Coffee and Their Associated Ambrosia Fungi in Uganda
J.P. Egonyu, Y. Mukasa, I. Ogari, G. Ahumuza, G. Hakiza, S. Olal, N. Phiri, B. Ritchie
KEYWORDS: Coffea canephora, Coleoptera, Curculionidae, Fusarium solani, Glomerella cingulata, Scolytinae, Xylosandrus compactus
Robusta coffee (Coffea canephora) is of great economic importance to Uganda. However, its production is recently impeded by the ambrosia twig borer Xylosandrus compactus. A survey was conducted in 10 randomly selected districts in the main Robusta coffee-growing regions of mid-eastern, central and mid-western Uganda to determine (1) diversity, incidence and abundance of twig borers attacking C. canephora in Uganda and (2) ambrosia fungi associated with these twig borers. In each district, 10 randomly selected farms were inspected for twig borer species attacks. Up to 20 twigs infested by twig borers per farm were sampled and dissected to morphologically identify borer species inside the twigs and enumerate different stages of the borers per twig. Ambrosia fungi from galleries of each distinct twig borer were isolated and identified using molecular techniques. Five twig borer species, X. compactus, Xylosandrus sp., Hypothenemus sp. and two unidentified twig borers (K1 and K2), were found attacking C. canephora. Whereas the rest of these species were detected in only single coffee twigs from single farms, X. compactus occurred in nine of the 10 study districts. The proportion of X. compactus-infested farmsin each of these districts ranged from 0.1 to 1 and the number of X. compactus individuals per twig per district ranged from 2.5 ± 1.9 to 29 ± 28.1. Fusarium solani was isolated from galleries of both X. compactus and K1, whereas Glomerella cingulata was isolated from a gallery of K2.
Determinants of Contests in Ugandan Female Ground-Nesting Bees (Tetralonia sp. n.)
D.N. Fisher, J. Melgar, A. MacLeod, C.V. Nuttman
KEYWORDS: animal contest, Concorde fallacy, ground-nesting, Hymenoptera, resident effect, paradoxical outcome
Many animals engage in contests with conspecifics for access to resources. Understanding which resources individuals are contesting for, and what influences the outcome is central to our understanding of contest behaviour. We initially observed female bees of the genus Tetralonia (sp. n.) aggressively competing for access to burrows in the ground, without any clear indication of exactly which resources were being contested, or what factors might predict the outcome.We then individually marked bees and assigned ownership of burrows to individuals, before observing over 100 aggressive interactions. After excavating burrows cast with molten wax, we concluded that burrows were nests for provisioning larvae. We found that ownership (as putatively designated by us) had no influence on contest outcome, but rather that the position of the bees in the burrow was decisive; whichever bee was already in the burrowwhenthe contest beganwonthe vast majority of interactions. Furthermore, bees that were designated ownership of a burrow did not engage in longer fights for possession of that specific burrow, indicating either that they were not committing any kind of 'Concorde fallacy' by basing decisions on past investment, or that the assignment of ownership was incorrect. Instead, fights were longer later in the day, presumably as the value of the burrow as a refuge from the cold and/or predation increased as night approached. Nest parasitism does not seem to be a common strategy in this species, as owners were not more likely to attempt ejecting an intruder than vice versa. This indicates that contest settlement may not always follow theoretical predictions, but rather that insights and inferences into a species' ecology can be made from observations of dyadic contests.
The Effects of Transgenic Bt Rice on Arthropod Community Structure During Storage
T.A. Wagan, W-L. Cai, H-X. Hua, S. Yang, P. Wang, G-L. Gao
KEYWORDS: Bt rice, storage, arthropod community, Liposcelis bostrychophilus, Rhizopertha dominica, Tyrophagus putrescentiae
Effects of transgenic Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) riceandnon-Bt riceonthe arthropodcommunity structure during storage were studied. Dried and cleaned grains (200 kg of F1 hybrid transgenic rice) from each rice variety were stored at unlidded ceramic pots (100 cm high, 80 cm diameter), and then stored in a 10-year-old barn. To investigate the species and number of arthropods using a needle-point sampler, each pot had 1 kg of grain sampled from both the upper layer (0–35 cm) and the lower layer (35–70 cm) every 15 days. The results showed 12 species of arthropods including Corrodentia, Acarina, Chelonethida, Lepidoptera, Coleoptera and Hymenoptera were found. No significant differences were observed in the community structure parameters of the arthropods between transgenic Bt rice and non-Bt rice. In both rice varieties, Liposcelis bostrychophilus exhibited the highest level of abundance of community structure, followed by Rhizopertha dominica and Tyrophagus putrescentiae. Overall, there was no significant difference in the temporal dominance curve profiles of the three dominant arthropods between Bt and non-Bt rice. Our results indicated that transgenic Bt rice generally exerts no remarkable negative effects on the arthropod community during storage.
Efficacy of Bacillus thuringiensis Sprays and Cotton Cultivars Expressing Cry Proteins in the Control of Earias biplaga (Walker) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)
D. Fourie, J. van den Berg, H. du Plessis
KEYWORDS: Bt cotton, Bollgard, Bt sprays, Cry protein, spiny bollworm
Earias biplaga (Walker) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) forms part of the bollworm pest complex of cotton in South Africa. Genetically modified Bt cotton that expresses Cry insecticidal proteins successfully controls the bollworm complex in South Africa. Although many insecticides are registered for use against Lepidoptera on this crop, Bt sprays are not registered for control of E. biplaga. The aim of this study was to determine the efficacy of Bacillus thuringiensis spray applications for the control of E. biplaga on non-Bt cotton and to compare the efficacy of sprays to that provided by Bt cotton. Bioassays were conducted in which cotton bolls of a non-Bt cotton cultivar (Delta Opal) were sprayed with different dosage rates of Dipel DF®, which contains the following insecticidal proteins: Cry1Aa, Cry1Ab, Cry1Ac, Cry2Aa and Cry2Ab. Bollgard® and Bollgard II® cotton which expresses Cry1Ac and both Cry 1Ac and Cry2Ab were used in the study. Neonate larvae were inoculated onto cotton bolls and survival observed 4, 7 and 10 days later. The Bt spray dosage rate recommended for control of Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) on groundnut and sunflower in South Africa was used in this study and provided between 77 and 88%control of E. biplaga after 10 days. Bt cotton provided 100%control after 10 days. This study provides baseline data on the susceptibility of E. biplaga against Bt cotton which can also be used for future monitoring of resistance evolution.
Comparison of a South African and Canadian Isolate of the Nucleopolyhedrosis Virus Infecting the Insect Trichoplusia ni
M. Tobin, R. Abrahams-Fredericks, W. Khan, S. Khan
KEYWORDS: baculovirus, TnSNPV, egt, iap, phylogeny
The nucleotide and amino acid sequence of the ecdysteroid UDP-glucosyltransferase (egt), polyhedrin (pol), inhibitor of apoptosis (iap2 and iap3), late expression factor (lef) 9 and vp1054 genes of a South African isolate of Trichoplusia ni single nucleopolyhedrovirus (TnSNPV) was compared to a Canadian isolate of TnSNPV. Nucleotide and amino acid sequence identity for the compared genes ranged from 89%to 98%and 95%to 99%, respectively. The deduced amino acid sequences of the TnSNPV egt, pol, iap3, lef-9 and vp1054 genes were used to infer phylogenetic trees and these were compared to the tree inferred from combined data sets consisting of the amino acid sequences of polyhedrin/granulin, lef-8 and lef-9 genes of 48 completely sequenced baculoviruses. The topologies of trees for the baculovirus core genes pol, lef-9 and vp1054 were better resolved than that of the auxiliary genes iap2, iap3 and egt when compared to the tree inferred from complete genome sequences. Sequence and phylogenetic analysis confirms that the two geographically disparate isolates are closely related. The tree inferred from the combined data set represents a quick and reliable method of identification particularly, when whole genome data are not available.
Toxicity and Resistance of American Cockroach, Periplaneta americana L. (Blattodea: Blattidae) Against Malathion
H.M. Tahir, R. Mustafa, A.A. Khan, K. Samiullah, S.K. Abbas, K. Zahra, A. Yaqub, S. Naseem, R. Yaqoob
KEYWORDS: Periplaneta americana, resistance, insecticide detoxifying enzymes
The susceptibility of the American cockroach, Periplaneta americana L. (Blattodea: Blattidae), against malathion was tested in the laboratory. The levels of insecticide detoxifying enzymes among different populations of P. americana were also compared. Standard methods were used for the estimation of non-specific esterases, glutathione S-transferases (GSTs) and monooxygenases. All populations showed resistance against malathion and significantly higher activities of insecticide detoxifying enzymes were recorded as compared to the susceptible population (control). This higher enzymatic activity and elevated levels of GSTs and monooxygenases is the possible reason for malathion resistance in P. americana. However, non-specific esterases and monooxygenases might be involved in the development of resistance in other populations at the same localities. The development of the resistance mechanism was noticed in all tested populations of P. americana and it is an indication to replace malathion insecticides against American cockroaches in the investigated regions especially, and also a warning for other regions in the world.
Eco-Toxicological Effect of Insecticides on the Larval Parasitoid, Bracon brevicornis Wesmael (Hymenoptera: Braconidae)
K. Shankarganesh, B. Paul, N.C. Naveen
KEYWORDS: Bracon brevicornis, detoxification, cytochrome P450, acetylcholine esterase, carboxylesterase
Laboratory tests using the dry film method were conducted to assess the toxicity of different commonly used insecticides and insect growth regulators to Bracon brevicornis. The carbamate insecticide, carbosulfan, was highly toxic to B. brevicornis with a LC50 value of 0.0001 mg a.i./l, whereas pymetrozine and buprofezin had LC50 values of 0.1056 and 0.0374 mg a.i./l, respectively. Among the three neonicotinoids, acetamiprid showed the highest toxicity to B. brevicornis with a LC50 of 0.0041mga.i./l followed by thiamethoxam and imidacloprid. The order of toxicity based on the LC50 values was: carbosulfan > lambdacyhalothrin > bifenthrin > indoxacarb > acetamiprid > thiamethoxam > imidacloprid > buprofezin>pymetrozine. Pymetrozine showed slight to moderate toxicity to B. brevicornis, with a risk quotient (RQ) of 1420, while the RQ value for all other insecticides were dangerously toxic to B. brevicornis. The mean activity of cytochrome P450 in B. brevicornis was 4.2817 nM/mg protein with a frequency distribution ranged from 3.001 to 5.446 nM/mg protein. The mean activity of acetyl choline esterase in B. brevicornis was 1.7056 nM/Min with a frequency destitution ranged from 0.7572 to 3.1951 nM/Min. The mean activity of carboxylesterase was 37.5 mOD/Bracon/min with a frequency destitution ranged from 27.8 to 47.1 mOD/Bracon/min. Use of selective insecticides to conserve B. brevicornis may improve the compatibility of biological control with the IPM programme.
Ingestion Rate by Culex pipiens Larvae as a Factor in the Effectiveness of Different Bacillus sphaericus Strains
M.K. Tewfick
KEYWORDS: Bacillus sphaericus, Culex pipiens, ingestion rate, exposure time, Larval density
The role of Culex pipiens larval ingestion rate in the effectiveness of three Bacillus sphaericus strains, namely 2362, B1-634BNI and 6491 was assessed. Two concentrations, namely LC50 and LC80, were tested. Studied parameters included bacterial exposure time and mosquito larval density. Exposure time periods were 0.5, 1, 2, 4, and 24 h. Larval density varied by exposing different numbers of larvae yielding larval density of 0.1, 0.2, 0.4, 0.8 and 1.6 larva/ml. Larval density also varied by exposing 20 larvae in different water volumes yielding larval density of 0.8, 0.4, 0.2 and 0.1 larva/ml. Strain B1-634BNI was the most active (LC50 = 0.02 ppm) among the tested strains. Mortality rates of larvae varied at different exposure periods and with the different larval densities. Mortality rates of Cx. pipiens larvae increased with the increase of the exposure period of the larvae to the bacterial suspension of strain B1-634BNI either at its LC50 or LC80. As larval density increased, mortality rates of larvae decreased when treated with each of the three tested bacterial strains whether at its LC50 or LC80. Adjusting bacterial application in control programmes according to those elements is thus indispensable to ensure a satisfactory result.
Lavandula dentata Essential Oils: Chemical Composition and Larvicidal Activity Against Culiseta longiareolata and Culex pipiens (Diptera: Culicidae)
D. Dris, F. Tine-Djebbar, N. Soltani
KEYWORDS: Lavandula dentata, essential oils, mosquito larvicide, Culiseta longiareolata, Culex pipiens, GC/MS
The current study was undertaken in order to determine the chemical composition of the leaf essential oils of Lavandula dentata L. (Lamiaceae) cultivated in Tebessa (Algeria) and to evaluate its potential larvicidal activity against fourth instar larvae of Culiseta longiareolata Macquart and Culex pipiens L. (Diptera: Culicidae). The essential oil content of L. dentata leaves obtained by hydrodistillation was 1.18%dry weight. The chemical analysis performed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry showed that this essential oil contained eight compounds. The major chemical constituents identified were a-terpinolene (51.13 %) and camphor (13.43 %). Bioassay test done following the World Health Organization standard protocol revealed that this essential oil exhibited larvicidal activity. The LC50 and LC90 values against fourth instar larvae were 77.09 and 104.45 ppm for Cs. longiareolata and 113.38 and 150.38 ppm for Cx. pipiens, respectively. The results proved the potential use of this natural product as an alternative to synthetic insecticides for controlling mosquitoes.
Food Ingestion and Utilisation Efficiency of Legume Pod Borer, Maruca vitrata Geyer (Lepidoptera: Crambidae) on Different Pulse Hosts
S. Sambathkumar, C. Durairaj, S. Mohankumar, N. Ganapathy, B. Preetha, R. Aravintharaj
KEYWORDS: Maruca vitrata, nutritional indices, growth and development, mass-culturing, lablab, India
The legume pod borer, Maruca vitrata (Geyer) (Lepidoptera: Crambidae), is an important pest of pulses globally. The laboratory study investigated its development, survivorship and food intake on different pulses, namely pigeon pea (CO RG 6), black gram (CO BG 6), green gram (CO GG 7), cowpea (CO 7) and lablab (Rohini) in an environment of 27.9±2.2 °C and 76.6 ± 9.1%RH. The highest food consumption was recorded in lablab flowers (433.02 mg) while the maximum larval weight gain was in pigeon pea flowers (71.85 mg). The maximum assimilation rate (375.33 mg) was in flowers of lablab. The relative growth rate was maximum in flowers of black gram (2.27) and whereas efficiency of conversion of digested food was 36.60 % and efficiency of conversion of ingested food was highest on green gram flowers (72.96 %). An attempt on mass-culturing was made on its natural hosts and as per the studies, the culture could be maintained only up to first generation on all hosts except lablab. The results of the first-generation study revealed that, in lablab, the maximum number of Maruca larvae (38.2) successfully completed with the maximum pupation rate (71.1 %) and adult emergence (81.5 %). It was found that lablab was able to support four to six generations under laboratory conditions and the sex ratio (male:female) of 1:2 had the maximum number of eggs laid (86) on lablab. The results of significant differences among the hosts indicated that lablab was highly suitable host for rearing of M. vitrata.
Attagenus pseudocinereus — A New Species (Coleoptera: Dermestidae) from South Africa
A. Herrmann, M. Kadej
KEYWORDS: Coleoptera, Dermestidae, Attagenus, taxonomy, description, new species, South Africa
A new species, Attagenus (s. str.) pseudocinereus collected in South Africa near the border with Namibia, is described, illustrated and compared with the similar looking species Attagenus cinereus (Thunberg, 1815) occurring in the same country. Furthermore, a list of all species belonging to this genus so far recorded from South Africa is provided.
Botanical Origin of Pollen Collected by Apis mellifera scutellata Lepeletier (Hymenoptera: Apidae) in a Suburb of Pretoria, South Africa
M.T. Mailula, R.S. Nofemela
KEYWORDS: bee-plants, colony strength, pollen grains, pollen pellets, savannah honeybee, urban beekeeping, worker bees
The savannah honeybee, Apis mellifera scutellata Lepeletier (Hymenoptera: Apidae), is a eusocial insect that forages for nectar and pollen on a variety of flowering plants. However, it is selective of plants from which it forages. The preferred species are called bee-plants. The concept of bee-plants recognises that flowers do not have the same pollen and nectar value to honeybees. Thus, the strength of honeybee colonies is dependent on the presence of bee-plants throughout the year at any given locality. A study was conducted during March 2013–February 2015 to establish the presence of bee-plants and their phenology within 2 km radius of the apiary at ARC-Plant Protection Research Institute's farm in Rietondale, a suburb of Pretoria. A total of 247 flowering plant species from 70 families, comprising indigenous and exotic trees, shrubs and grasses, was recorded during March 2013–February 2014. Most plant species flowered during April, a smaller proportion during February and October, and only a few during June. Flowers of each plant species were sampled in order to make reference pollen grain slides. To determine bee-plants, a pollen trap was fitted to the entrance of one of five Langstroth hives on a fortnightly rotation during March 2014–February 2015 in order to intercept pollen pellets from the hind legs of returning foragers. A total of 2403 pollen pellets were recovered, most of which (1263) were collected during April and none during October. At the laboratory, about a quarter of each pellet was dissolved in distilled water and pollen grain slides were prepared. These slides were matched against reference pollen grain slides using a compound microscope. It was established that honeybees foraged from only 30 plant species. During summer (December–February), pollen was collected mostly from Persicaria capitata (Polygonaceae), Tithonia rotundifolia (Asteraceae) during autumn (March-May), Acacia galpinnii (Fabaceae) during winter (June–August), and Ageratum conyzoides (Asteraceae) during spring (September–November). These results show that honeybees had access to pollen sources that were sufficient to sustain their colonies throughout the year. As bee-plants were continuously available in the vicinity of the Rietondale farm, this site could be ideal for urban beekeeping.
First Report of Lioponera longitarsus Mayr, 1879 (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) in Algeria: An Exotic or a Rare Native Ant Species from North Africa?
G. Barech, M. Khaldi, X. Espadaler
KEYWORDS: Dorylinae, Lioponera longitarsus, new record, NORTH AFRICA, semi-arid
Myrmecological investigations were conducted in an olive grove agro-ecosystem. Among the taxa we report the presence of the cryptic ant species Lioponera longitarsus, subfamily Dorylinae, for the first time in Algeria. Standard morphological measurements are presented for worker and queen. The discovery of this genus for the fourth time in North Africa in different habitats within a semi-arid climate suggests that the populations of Lioponera may be native but it is not possible to exclude them having been transported by humans.
Insect Visitors of Lavender (Lavandula officinalis L.): Comparison of Quantitative and Qualitative Interactions of the Plant with Its Main Pollinators
K. Benachour
KEYWORDS: pollinator abundance, foraging behaviour, pollinating efficiency, Lavandula officinalis
An inventory of insects visiting Lavandula officinalis flowers was established during three years (2009, 2010 and 2013) in a plot in the Constantine region (northeast Algeria). Three orders of insects were recorded on the flowers: Hymenoptera, Lepidoptera and Diptera. The majority (81 %) of taxa identified on the plant showed very low average abundances (≤1 individual/day) and 73 % of these taxa were bees and included the honeybee, Apis mellifera, the bumblebee, Bombus terrestris, Ceratina cucurbitina and two Megachilidae, Anthidium florentinum and A. manicatum. The bees had higher visitation rates than Lepidopterans (Iphiclides podalirius, Pieris rapae and Polyommatus dorylas). The 'quantitative' interaction of the plant with its main visitors, determined by the abundance and the visitation rate, showed that B. terrestris and A. mellifera are the most dominant pollinators of the plant. Analysis of the 'qualitative' component of the interaction of L. officinalis with the five major bees by counting pollen grains transported on their bodies revealed that B. terrestris, in addition to its dominance, was also the most efficient pollinator of the plant.
Benthic Macroinvertebrate Assemblage Along a Pollution Gradient in the Steelpoort River, Olifants River System
K. Matlou, A. Addo-Bediako, A. Jooste
KEYWORDS: Bioindicator, macroinvertebrates, pollution gradient, water quality
The Steelpoort River is affected by a wide range of pollutants resulting from mining, industrial and agricultural activities and domestic sewage. Benthic macroinvertebrates are often used to assess water quality as they respond to changes in the aquatic environment. The study was to assess the benthic macroinvertebrate communities in the Steelpoort River along a pollution gradient, from less polluted upstream to highly polluted downstream. The impacted downstream sites generally had the highest turbidity, total dissolved solids (TDS) and conductivity values but lowest dissolved oxygen. While the upstream sites generally exhibited low turbidity, TDS and conductivity values but high dissolved oxygen. The physical and chemical changes between sites were accompanied by shifts in macroinvertebrate community composition. The sensitive macroinvertebrate families such as Baetidae, Leptophlebiidae and Perlidae dominated the upstream sites with low water turbidity, low conductivity, low TDS, and high dissolved oxygen while the tolerant families such as Chironomidae, were abundant in highly impacted downstream sites with high water turbidity, high conductivity, high TDS, and low dissolved oxygen. The study revealed differences in physico-chemical parameters, and in the composition of the macroinvertebrate community. Hence, changes in the abundance and diversity of macroinvertebrates reflected the longitudinal pollution gradient in the river.
Strong Active Defensive Reaction of Late Instar Plutella xylostella (L.) (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae) Towards Cotesia vestalis (Haliday) (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) Correlates With Its Low Suitability for Parasitism
R.S. Nofemela
KEYWORDS: diamondback moth, larval parasitoid, host defence, host selection, host quality, parasitoid fitness, biological control
Diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella (L.) (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae), larvae wriggle violently backwards when disturbed. As they vary greatly in size from 1.3mm in length of L1 instar to 12 mm of fully grown L4 instar, the 2.1 mm long female Cotesia vestalis (Haliday) (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) has to gain control of each host to insert ovipositor and lay an egg. This study tested the hypotheses that parasitism rates of L2 to L4 instars correspond with 1) ability of female wasps to subdue them, and 2) their suitability for parasitism. In a choice test involving direct observations, C. vestalis gained control of L2 and L3 instars until ovipositor removal, but it was unable to subdue L4 instar, which limited ovipositor insertions. As parasitoids increasingly avoided wrestling L4 instar in subsequent encounters, it was worth investigating if limited capability to subdue these hosts deprives C. vestalis access to a high quality resource. In both choice and no-choice tests, parasitism rates of L2 and L3 instars were similar, and they were significantly higher than of L4 instar. Although parasitoid developmental time was shorter on L4 than on both L2 and L3 instars, a significantly higher proportion of parasitoids and daughters emerged from L2 and L3 instars than those parasitised at L4 instar in both choice and no-choice tests. These results imply that L4 instar is a lower quality resource for intrinsic rate of increase of C. vestalis, and its limited capability to subdue this instar leads to higher parasitism of themoresuitable L2 and L3 instars.
Changes in Chemical Composition of Essential Oils from Leaves of Different Lantana camara L. (Verbenaceae) Varieties after Feeding by the Introduced Biological Control Agent, Falconia intermedia Distant (Hemiptera: Miridae)
S.W. Ngxande-Koza, L.U.P. Heshula, M.P. Hill
KEYWORDS: Miridae, South Africa, hydrodistillation, GC-MS, Verbenaceae
Lantana camara L. (Verbenaceae) is one of the most problematic plant invaders in South Africa and has been targeted for biological control for over 50 years. Essential oil constituents which often change in response to insect herbivory are reported to play a crucial role in plant—insect interactions. However, nothing is known about the chemical profiles of essential oils of L. camara varieties in South Africa and how this changes under herbivory. Therefore, essential oils were collected using hydrodistillation from undamaged and insect-damaged leaves of four L. camara varieties and analysed using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry to elucidate their chemical profiles. A total of 163 compounds were identified from the undamaged leaves of the various L. camara varieties. Feeding by the biocontrol agent Falconia intermedia Distant (Hemiptera: Miridae) resulted in changes in the quality and quantity of chemical constituents of the essential oils. Only 75 compounds were identified from the insect-damaged leaves of L. camara varieties.Terpenes were the major components across the varieties, while caryophyllene, hexane, naphthalene, copaene and α-caryophyllene were commonin all the varieties tested from both undamaged and insect-damaged leaves. Results from this study indicated the chemical distinctiveness of the Whitney Farm variety from other varieties. The changes in chemical concentrations indicated that feeding by the mirid on L. camara varieties causes an induction by either reducing or increasing the chemical concentrations. These inductions following the feeding by F. intermedia could be having a negative impact on the success of biological control against L. camara varieties. However, the focus of this paper is to report on the chemical baseline of L. camara varieties. Hence, comparisons of chemical compound concentrations of L. camara essential oils tested and the feeding-induced changes with respect to their quality and quantity are discussed.
Biology and Rearing of Ectomyeolis ceratoniae Zeller (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae), Carob Moth, a Pest of Multiple Crops in South Africa
S.R. Thackeray, S.D. Moore, W. Kirkman, M.P. Hill
KEYWORDS: microsporidia, Nosema, laboratory culture, artificial diet, microbial infection
Ectomyeolis ceratoniae Zeller (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae), carob moth, is a pest of several crops in South Africa. A laboratory culture was established from field-collected larvae infesting mummified pecan nuts. Biological parameters of larvae reared on an artificial diet were measured. The insect goes through five larval instars, and the head capsule sizes of the five instars were determined to be ≤0.34 mm, 0.35–0.64 mm, 0.65–0.94 mm, 0.95–1.14 mm and ≥0.15 mm for the five instars, respectively. The insect was reared individually and communally in glass vials, the latter to develop a mass-rearing technique. Developmental time from neonate to pupa was significantly slower when larvae were individually reared (38.18 ± 1.2 days) compared to when they were communally reared (24.6 ± 0.65 days).Amicrosporidian infection (Nosema sp.) was recorded in the culture, causing significantly (F1,6 = 14.99, P = 0.0082) higher mortality of communally reared larvae (76.25 % ± 11.87) than individually reared larvae (24.9 % ± 9.6).
First Records of Aphaniosoma Becker (Diptera: Chyromyidae) from Algeria
N. Baba Aissa, S.E. Doumandji, M.J. Ebejer
KEYWORDS: record, Aphaniosoma, Chyromyidae, Oued M'Zab, Sahara, Algeria, oases, ecology
Five species of Aphaniosoma Becker, 1903 are recorded for the first time from Algeria: Aphaniosoma annulatum Lyneborg, 1973, A. approximatum Becker, 1903, A. fissum Collin, 1949, A. nigricauda Ebejer, 1998 and Aphaniosoma sp. All were collected in the northern Sahara of Algeria in the oases of Oued M'Zab and in the region of Ghardaïa. The limited information on distribution, biology and ecology of each species is presented and discussed.
Application of PCR-RFLP of COI Gene for Identification of Life Stages of Bactrocera dorsalis and Ceratitis anonae Infesting Citrus in Southeastern Nigeria
I.E. Onah, J.E. Eyo, D. Taylor
KEYWORDS: Bactrocera dorsalis, Ceratitis anonae, PCR-RFLP, COIgene, identification, Nigeria
The exotic Bactrocera dorsalis and the native Ceratitis anonae infest citrus and constitute a threat to citrus production in Nigeria. The immature stages of the two species are difficult to differentiate morphologically and share the same fruit in the study area. A 658 bp portion of the COI gene was amplified and sequenced in 88 life stages of the species using LCO1490/HCO2198 primers. The enzymes RsaI, Sau3AI and Hsp92II were used to construct banding patterns distinguishing life stages of B. dorsalis from C. anonae. DNA barcoding confirmed the species to be B. invadens syn. n. B. dorsalis and C. anonae. Rsa I produced bands of 322 and 336 bp in B. dorsalis and 201 and 457 bp in C. anonae. Sau3AI produced bands of 103, 144 and 364 bp in B. dorsalis and 164 and 471 bp in C. anonae. Hsp92II produced fragment lengths of 137 and 521 bp in B. dorsalis and 110, 231 and 290 bp in C. anonae. The identification method was confirmed by DNA barcoding and molecular phylogenetic analysis. All the life stages within a species produced the same banding patterns with the enzymes. This molecular method will be applied at quarantine checkpoints for interception of the invasive B. dorsalis. It will also be crucial for early detection of infestation and in creating and maintaining fruit fly exclusion zones by implementation of appropriate management programmes for B. dorsalis and C. anonae infesting citrus in Nigeria.
Quantifying Variation in the Shape of the Valvae in Thaumatotibia leucotreta (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae)
M. Rentel, T. Gilligan, P. Addison
KEYWORDS: false codling moth, genetic divergence, geometric morphometrics, male genitalia, morphology
Recent studies have demonstrated that geographically isolated populations of Thaumatotibia leucotreta (Meyrick), an important pest of some crops in southern Africa, show minor genetic divergence. Because sexual selection can cause rapid evolution of male genitalia in insects, particularly in widespread, polyphagous species, differences in the morphology of these structures among different populations may be evidence of divergence. Hence, variation in the shape of the valva in the male genitalia within and among three different populations of T. leucotreta was analysed using geometric morphometrics. Although some variation was detected among mean population values for certain traits, there was no overall pattern. Principal component analysis showed no distinct clustering of valval shape among populations, providing no evidence for divergence in genitalic structures, at least in the shape of the valva.
Discovery of the Queen Caste of the Myrmicine Ant Meranoplus pulcher Sharaf, 2014 (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)
M.R. Sharaf, A.S. Aldawood
KEYWORDS: description, gyne, Saudi Arabia, Arabian Peninsula, Middle East, Asir Mountains, pitfall traps
The queen caste of the Arabian species Meranoplus pulcher Sharaf, 2014 is described and illustrated for the first time. The queen caste of the species is apparently rare with only a single specimen collected over a two-year period of intensive field work in southwestern Asir Mountains of Saudi Arabia. A distribution map of the species is presented.
Effects of Certain Natural Breeding Site Characteristics on the Distribution of Culicidae (Diptera) Mosquito Species in Southeast Algeria
B. Merabti, I. Lebouz, A.E. Adamou, M. Kouidri, M.L. Ouakid
KEYWORDS: mosquitoes, breeding sites, Biskra, species diversity
This study aimed to characterise mosquito species distribution based on the nature and type of breeding habitats and the influence of the vegetation that occupies these sites. Knowledge of variation in breeding site types can help in the design of optimal vector control strategies. In different areas of Biskra (southeast Algeria), mosquito immature stages were collected using standard dippers. Twenty-four breeding sites were found in four areas of Biskra (Chetma, Bbordj Ben Azouz, Sidi Okba and Biskra). With a total of 44 677 individuals, the inventory of Culicidae revealed 22 species distributed through six genera from 2009 to 2013. Three species — Aedes caspius, Culex pipiens and Culiseta longiareolata — were the most predominant, occupying several different types of permanent and temporary breeding sites. In addition, analysis of the distribution of species based on the flora occupying these sites revealed that Culex laticinctus, Aedes annulipes, Anopheles sergentii, Culiseta longiareolata, Culex pipiens and Aedes caspius were species that had a strong ability to cohabit.
Morphology, Histology and Ovary Development of the Female Reproductive System of Spilostethus pandurus (Scopoli) (Hemiptera: Lygaeidae)
H.A.S. Elelimy, N.A. Ghazawy, A.H. Omar, A.A. Meguid
KEYWORDS: Lygaeidae, light microscope, scanning electron microscope, ovary development
The morphology and histology of the female reproductive system of Spilostethus pandurus (Hemiptera: Lygaeidae) were examined by light and scanning electron microscopy. The female has a pair of ovaries, each with seven meroistic telotrophic ovarioles, a pair of lateral oviducts, acommonoviduct, a spermatheca, and a genital chamber.Accessory gland was not visible. Each ovariole is composed of four main regions: 1) the thread-like terminal filament, 2) the germarium, a chamber housing anteriorly the nurse cells and posteriorly the young oocytes, 3) a long vitellarium composed of a series of oocytes, which become progressively large toward the posterior end, and 4) the pedicel (ovariolar stalk) in which the mature eggs are lodged before passing into the lateral oviduct. Morphological changes of the ovary were examined by light microscopy.
First Records of Brevipalpus lewisi McGregor (Acari: Trombidiformes: Tenuipalpidae) in South Africa, with Notes on Distribution and Field Ecology
D.L. Saccaggi, E.A. Ueckermann, I. du Toit, N.P. Ngubane-Ndhlovu
KEYWORDS: mite, invasive, quarantine, grapevine, pest
The presence of Brevipalpus lewisi (Trombidiformes: Tenuipalpidae) is reported from South Africa for the first time. Previously this mite was a listed phytosanitary pest to South Africa, and entry of infested goods was prohibited. During a country-wide survey, B. lewisi was found on grapevine in the Western Cape and Northern Cape provinces. It has not been found in other provinces or on other crops, most notably on citrus, on which it is considered a pest in other countries. Brevipalpus lewisi was regularly collected together with several other mite species, including predatory species. Other Brevipalpus species collected were B. californicus and B. obovatus on grapevine and citrus and B. yothersi on grapevine.
Isolation, Identification and Genetic Characterisation of a Microsporidium Isolated from Carob Moth, Ectomyelois ceratoniae (Zeller) (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae)
M. Lloyd, C.M. Knox, S.R. Thackeray, M.P. Hill, S.D. Moore
Evaluating Different Cages for Rearing Anopheles arabiensis (Diptera: Culicidae) Under Laboratory Conditions
T. Mashatola, G. Munhenga, L.L. Koekemoer
A Beetle (Carabidae: Chlaenius (Epomis) spp.) that Eats Frogs
C.H. Scholtz, C.D. Ralston
Assessment of Fruit Fly (Diptera: Tephritidae) Infestation Levels on Citrus in Abura Asebu Kwamankese District, Ghana
S.A. Bawa, E.S.K. Ofori, G. Yawson, M.K. Billah, K.A. Nuamah
Geographical Consistency in Vertical Stratification Preferences of Butterfly Species in Eastern Africa
N.J. Cordeiro
Theuns (Theunis Christiaan de Klerk) van der Linde (28 December 1947 – 24 November 2016)
Schalk vdM Louw
25(2), 558, (1 September 2017) https://doi.org/10.4001/003.025.0558


Mar 12, 2015 - Post with 9 votes and 963 views. Tagged with , Creativity; Shared by THEBRONZEQUEEN. Wattpad.
Post with 4 votes and 49 views. Shared by jhyo2. wattpad: liana_wan.
Oct 28, 2013 - Post with 12 votes and 629 views. Shared by YannaPinkGlamour. Wattpad Covers.
Post with 9 votes and 64 views. Shared by jhyo2. wattpad: rian_hans.
Dec 13, 2015 - Post with 11 votes and 215 views. Tagged with Creativity, , ; Shared by maowkii. All wattpad covers.


text:
package util;

import java.util.HashMap;
import org.json.simple.JSONArray;
import org.json.simple.JSONObject;

import config.Const;
import model.Item;

public class ItemBuilder {

    public HashMap<String, Item> getItemMap(JSONObject json, String item_name) {

        final HashMap<String, Item> items = new HashMap<>();

        final JSONObject item_set = (JSONObject) (json.get(item_name));
        final Object[] keys_array = item_set.keySet().toArray();

        for (Object key : keys_array) {
            String key_str = (String) key;
            JSONObject obj = (JSONObject) item_set.get(key_str);
            String it_name = (String) obj.get(Const.NAME);
            JSONArray list = (JSONArray) obj.get(Const.ACTION);
            items.put(key_str, new Item(it_name, list));
        }

        return items;
    }
}