text:
PinealServo
The Many Functions of Functor
Although I became most familiar with the word through exposure to Category Theory, I knew that "functor" had at least a couple of other meanings in other contexts. I'd looked up its history before, but neglected to write it down. Now I won't have to do it again!
The Players: Carnap, Quine, Tarski
According to a number of sources, "functor" entered the lexicon via the work of Rudolf Carnap. Carnap studied philosophy, physics, and mathematics at university, including several courses in mathematics and logic from Gottlob Frege. He later studied the theory of relativity at Berlin, where Einstein was professor of physics.
His dissertation concerned an axiomatic system for space-time theory, which was written from a philosophical point of view. Thereafter he became involved with the Vienna Circle of philosophers and ended up as a leading member. This group advanced the philosophy of logical positivism and was deeply concerned with the philosophy and practice of science.
In 1929, Carnap met Alfred Tarski, a Polish logician from the Lvov-Warsaw school of philosophy who was developing a logical basis for the meaning of truth. A few years later, he moved to Prague to become a professor and wrote the 1934 book The Logical Syntax of Language, which contains (as far as I am aware) the first use of "functor". I will return to the book in a moment, after making a few more of Carnap's connections apparent.
In Prague, Carnap met the philosophers Willard van Orman Quine and Charles Morris. When World War II broke out, they helped Carnap escape to the United States, where he remained. Tarski escaped Poland to the USA as well, and the trio of Carnap, Quine, and Tarski were thus able to meet (along with other leading philosophers and logicians) for a year at Harvard to work on the leading issues of analytical philosophy.
Carnap's Logical Syntax of Language
As part of his desire to put the practice of science on firm logical ground, Carnap wanted to have an appropriate understanding of language that could be used to properly express scientific truths. Logical Syntax creates a formal system, a meta-language, with which to reason about constructs of natural language.
The meta-language defines syntactic constructs belonging to four categories:
A fixed set of 11 symbols
(Numerical) variables
Constant numerals
Functors
The point was to remove ambiguity of names and to add precision by designating things numerically as much as possible.
Designation of things was done positionally by numerical coordinates rather than by symbolic name. Positional numerals were defined inductively from 0 designating the initial position and primes marking successive positions. The traditional Arabic numerals were introduced as shorthand, as well as the possibility of tupling numbers to represent higher-dimensional positions.
Expressing properties of things was done via predicates over positions. These could express direct properties of things or relationships between things, but in a symbolic manner via the name-form of the predicate.
In order to represent properties numerically, the idea of functor was introduced. Functors were similar in form to predicates, in that they had a name-form and took numeric arguments, but instead of representing facts and/or relations they represented another numeric value.
Valid combinations of the basic forms create expressions. Two important kinds of expressions were "sentences" and "numerical expressions."
Sentences express logical truth value, so the expression of a predicate form is a sentence. Some of the symbols are combining forms that create sentences as well, such as equations.
Expressions of functors, on the other hand, are always numerical expressions. Numeric expression was very important to Carnap for the precise transmission of scientific detail, so he valued this precision of functor expression over the more "vague" relative or symbolic nature of predicate expressions.
Although Carnap's concept of functor seems similar to that of a mathematical function, it is actually quite different. Functions are always a fixed relation between numbers, but functors may represent numerical observations of the world as well, such as the example given early on of the temperature-functor that has the numeric value of the temperature of its argument.
Connection to Category Theory
Saunders Mac Lane, one of the founders of Category Theory, was an associate of Carnap's at the University of Chicago and was given the English translation of Logical Syntax of Language in 1938 for review. He was not particularly interested in the philosophical aspects of Carnap's usage of "functor", but in it he saw a perfect candidate to resolve a similar notational dilemma in Category Theory.
So, the Category Theory notion of "functor" is related to Carnap's original usage by similarity of role, as a stand-in for something "function-like" in some aspect, rather than being related by definition or usage. Steve Awodey, an associate of Mac Lane's and a category theorist himself, remarked that the word "functor" may end up being "Carnap's most far-reaching contribution to modern mathematics."
Quine's Predicate-Functor Logic
Quine, Tarski, and Carnap conversed about Carnap's logical syntax while they were together at Harvard, and it seems to have influenced Quine's thinking about logic. He certainly adopted the term "functor", though he expanded its meaning. Quine thought that Carnap's connective symbols, e.g. the equality symbol that generates equations, should be replaced by more general operators that construct sentences via composition.
Quine later referred to these operators as "predicate-functors" (possibly following Carnap's convention of naming a sort of functor by its domain, e.g. "temperature-functor") and developed an algebraic logic based around them.
He later gave a more general definition to the term "functor" itself, encompassing this new role as a generator of sentences rather than a numeric relation. It should also be noted that while Carnap was concerned with discussing language in general, including natural language, Quine was primarily interested in formal logic systems. In particular, his Predicate Functor Logic was an alternative to Combinatory Logic that avoided higher-order functions and the resulting encroachment of set theory into the system, which he viewed as outside the scope of logic.
Categorical Grammar
Tarski's early career was influenced by his thesis advisor Stanislaw Lesniewski and also by the other prominent Lvov-Warsaw philospher Kazimierz Ajdukiewicz. Lesniewski worked in the field of ontology and was particularly interested in semantic categories; this use of "category" is due to Husserl and can be traced back to Aristotle.
Ajdukiewicz applied the notion of categories to the syntax of language to create the field of categorical grammar. The syntactic structure was thought to determine the semantic meaning in reasonable languages, thus the borrowed categorical terminology.
Syntactic categories are an equivalence class of expressions such that a sentence containing one of these sentences remains a sentence when it is substituted for any other expression that is a member of the same category. As such, syntactic categories are essentially the same as the types of Russell.
There are two kinds of categories; basic categories, which are enumerated in the definition of the language, and all others are complex (derived) categories. Expressions in complex categories are created by combining other expressions via a special kind of "functor" expression. These other expressions are called "arguments" to the functor, and the new compound expression is the functor's "value".
Although Ajdukiewicz's early work on syntactic categories predated Logical Syntax of Language, it seems likely that the field of Categorical Grammar was influenced both directly via the text, which shared similar goals, and probably also via the influence of Tarski and Quine who made use of it (if not for precisely the same purposes) in their own work.
Categorical Grammar is primarily concerned with matters of natural language, but Joachim Lambek's work on the Lambek Calculus drew it somewhat back towards mathematics and logic. Lambek Calculus resembles in some ways Alonzo Church's Lambda Calculus (of the simply typed variety), Quine's Functor Predicate Logic, and combinatory logic.
Of parenthetical interest is the fact that the logicians of the Lvov-Warsaw school preferred to place their functors at the front of their arguments; by this practice they allowed expressions to be unambiguous without parentheses. This practice became known as "Polish Notation", which is familiar to many users of Hewlett Packard calculators by way of its similarly bracketless Reverse Polish Notation.
Functors in Programming
The use of functor via its Category Theory interpretation is familiar to many functional programmers today. It has a direct, though not all-encompassing, presence in Haskell via the Functor type class. Perhaps not quite so familiar is the linguistic interpretation as used by Prolog. And the SML Module language uses the term functor; although this can be interpreted in the categorical sense, it also makes sense from the perspective of Quine's Predicate Functor Logic. C++'s use of functor to mean "function-like object" seems to be another repurposing of the word along the lines of Mac Lane's.
Operator Sections in Haskell: A History
Operator Sections
I was explaining the Haskell notational trick of partially applying the second argument of a two-parameter function via a combination of back-quotes turning a named function into an operator and the operator section syntax. For example, you can express the function that gives a value modulo 10 as:
(`mod` 10)
The question came up of just where the idea for operator sections came from. Because this is precisely the kind of useless information I can't help but be curious about, I resolved to find an answer. And after a bit of digging, I was successful.
Haskell History
Our first stop on the journey through functional programming history is at the wonderful paper by several of the major contributors to Haskell, A History of Haskell: Being Lazy With Class. Since I came across it, this has been my first source for the answers to questions of Haskell history, and once again it didn't fail me. From section 4.2:
The solution to this problem was to use a generalised notion of sections, a notation that first appeared in David Wile's dissertation (Wile, 1973) and was then disseminated via IFIP WG2.1–among others to Bird, who adopted it in his work, and Turner, who introduced it into Miranda.
Turner, of course, refers to David Turner who is the man behind the languages SASL, KRC, and Miranda. Miranda was a commercial product of Turner's company Research Software Limited, and was the most mature and widely used of the family of non-strict functional languages at the time. The business needs of Research Software and the desire of the functional language community for a standard language didn't quite converge, though, so Haskell arose as a non-commercial alternative.
So, Haskell got operator sections (as it got a great deal of its syntax) from Miranda. That's not very surprising and didn't really satisfy my curiosity, so I followed up on the next breadcrumb in the trail, Wile's dissertation.
The document in question is entitled A Generative, Nested-Sequential Basis for General Purpose Programming Languages, and was submitted to Carnegie-Mellon University in November, 1973 by David Sheridan Wile. It describes the idea of taming the wild pointers of data structures via similar structuring techniques to those that were being applied to tame the wild control flow of GOTO-based code, and cites the languages BLISS, APL, and LISP as primary influences.
When first asked about operator sections, I guessed that the influence had come somehow through APL, so I was gratified to see my instict validated. In fact, the notation presented borrows heavily from APL but marries it with ideas from non-strict functional programming such as natural representations of infinite data and the way that such data mediates the interaction of co-routines.
Sure enough, on page 16 we find the following:
Partially instantiated functions are called "sections" in mathematical literature, and we adopt the term here for convenience. The nature of sections is ambiguous: they are both program and data, and attempts to define them as one or the other rely on a preconceived implementation.
And on page 30, he explains further:
A unique primitive operation which produces primitive operators is also permitted; this operation is termed "partial instantiation". The "section" or "partially instantiated function" was motivated in Chapter 1 as a natural mechanism for expressing data structure concepts of restriction. In fact, they play a much more significant role in the bsais in that many programs are sequences of partially instantiated functions. In particular, we allow the partial instantiation of any binary operator to produce either a left- or right-unary operator.
So, that's certainly the source of Haskell's notion of operator sections! But what about that reference to the mathematical literature? Can we trace the idea back further?
This turns out to be Theory of Recursive Functions and Effective Computability, by Hartley Rogers, Jr. Rogers was a Ph.D. student under none other than Alonzo Church, father of the Lambda Calculus. This text began as a set of notes published by the MIT Math department in '57 and grew into its first publication as a book in '67 during a period of huge amounts of progress in its field.
The citation of the book points to a page in section 5.4 on projection theorems relating to recursively enumerable sets. Specifically, the definition of "section" is given in terms of a k-ary projection relation R in which one of the k terms, n, is fixed. Since binary operators form such a relation, fixing one of the parameters qualifies to be called a section of the overall relation described by the operator.
Relation to Categorical Sections?
I recalled having heard some other mathematical definition of the term section, and on a hunch I looked it up at nLab, which is a site discussing Category Theory. It turns out that a section in that context is a right-inverse to a mapping; i.e. if you compose it on the right of a map f: A -> B, you get A -> B -> A, or the identity map. This doesn't seem to be a related concept to what Rogers described, but perhaps I'm missing some deeper connection.
More on Hakyll
On Personal Websites
I have had a website running, off and on, since the mid-90s. At first, it was a simple collection of HTML files with a few images. Web technologies developed rapidly, though, and it became time-consuming to do anything interesting with my sites.
I've used a number of "simplifying" tools over the years, but most of them relied on dynamically generating pages from a SQL database of some sort, and I just don't want to deal with that right now. I want simple markup again, and I want it to be served directly and efficiently by any old plain web server.
My Basic Requirements
HTML is no longer really a markup language, it's more of a structured document modeling language. I don't want to compose text documents in code, I want to write them naturally in my native language. A few stylistic clues in my text formatting should suffice for specifying the structure of these simple text documents.
So, Markdown provides exactly the sort of markup language I want, but a web site requires more structure. Exactly the structure provided by HTML, in fact. So, Pandoc converts Markdown to HTML (among many other formats), which provides the core functionality I need.
But there's more– a bunch of HTML files don't quite make a cohesive site. They need some common additional structure, such as headers and footers. They need a navigation structure to link them together. And it would be nice to be able to generate content syndication feeds as well.
What I need is a system that allows me to compose simple text files written in a text-based markup language together with some HTML templates into a static set of interlinked pure-HTML pages, along with some other resources, whenever I write a new document.
Enter Hakyll
The Hakyll system provides a flexible language for describing just that sort of system. It is essentially a static site compiler built from a set of rules for transforming source documents to output documents.
This code snippet shows the rule for compiling top-level pages of my site from Markdown to HTML:
match "*.markdown" $ do
route   $ setExtension "html"
compile $ pandocCompiler
>>= loadAndApplyTemplate "templates/default.html" defaultContext
>>= relativizeUrls
The code is a form of Embedded Domain Specific Language (EDSL) that is both a legal Haskell expression as well as a succinct description of what I want Hakyll to do for this particular case.
The first line describes what files this rule should apply to. It's expressed in a format similar to UNIX filename glob format. This one says that it applies to all files at the top level of the site source directory that have names ending in ".markdown".
Digressions on Haskell
For those not familiar with Haskell, the $ character is a right-associative operator that denotes function application– the left-operand is the function, the right-operand is the argument. This is in addition to the normal way of expressing function application, which is a left-associative operation denoted by juxtaposing the operands.
Normal function application has a very high precedence in the Haskell grammar, so the $ form is often used in place of parentheses to allow a secondary function application to provide the argument to a primary function application.
With that digression out of the way, the second line can be seen as a nested function application– the route function is passed the setExtension "html" function. As another digression, there are two interesting things to say about this nested application:
The function application setExtension "html" evaluates to a value that is itself a function– the function that takes a filename, possibly with some extension already, and produces a new filename with the extension "html" instead. So setExtensions is a higher-order function in two ways, because it is used as an argument to another function and also because it returns a function as its result.
The arguments to Haskell functions are not necessarily evaluated before the functions themselves. So if the rule on line 1 never matched any files, the setExtension "html" expression would never need to be evaluated. If the rule found multiple matches, however, the expression would evaluate only once to the function that sets filename extensions to "html".
Regardless of the language mechanics behind the scene, the effect of the second line is to ensure that when the rule completes, the resulting file will have the "html" extension rather than the "markdown" extension it started with.
Back to the Example
The third line starts the expression that does the bulk of the work. It calls the compile function, and specifies the compiler as the pandocCompiler function with its output piped through a couple of post-processors, loadAndApplyTemplates and relativizeUrls.
The pandocCompiler is built in to Hakyll, and it links to the Pandoc markup processor mentioned earlier. In default form, as it's used here, it translates Markdown documents to HTML documents.
As the name implies, loadAndApplyTemplates applies the template we give it along with a Context, which is a data structure that describes the mappings between template variables and the values they should expand to. We use the default one, which provides template variables such as "title", "url", and "body" to the template based on the values from the item that's being processed.
Finally, relativizeUrls will find all the links in the document and change them from absolute URL form, e.g. "/foo.html"; to relative URL form, e.g. "foo.html". This allows us to have absolute URLs for syndication feeds, but relative URLs for the site itself.
This example covered only one of eight rules I'm currently using, but hopefully it gives an idea of how simple and flexible the rule-based system is.
Hakyll's Rule Processing
Like the make language, Hakyll's rule processor keeps track of the relationships between source files and build products, and it only runs rules for which the input files are newer than the existing build products. If you just add a new bit of content, such as a blog entry, only a few rules may need to run again. On the other hand, changing a core template may require rebuilding most of the site!
Full rebuilds are one of the areas in which Hakyll really shines, though. Since its rules are a language embedded within Haskell, a Hakyll site builder is a compiled and optimized binary program whose single purpose is to rebuild your site as quickly as possible.
By default, it stores all its intermediate work on disk, but if you have the memory to work with, it can also keep all its intermediate work in memory, which makes it even faster. For my own site, which only has a few files so far, rebuilding the entire thing is nearly instant even on an old 32-bit PC, so I haven't bothered with any optimization.
It's about time I had a blog/journal/mental dumping ground again, and getting this set up was a nice little exercise in system administration and a little bit of Haskell coding.
I mention system administration because this is running on a system with a version of Debian Linux installed that has been continuously upgraded since around 2001. It was both slightly broken and very crufty, but I was able to get plenty of space cleared and get everything up-to-date with few issues.
And I mention Haskell because I'm using two Haskell programs as part of the infrastructure of this site. One is the site engine itself, Hakyll. It's a customizable build tool that translates from various markup formats to HTML, then assembles all the site's pieces together.
The second Haskell program I'm using the the Clay CSS generator, which lets me build the CSS rules in a Haskell program in a CSS-like DSL. A short program generates both a flexible semantic grid layout and a baseline grid for managing the vertical rhythm of the text. I am not a master page designer by any means, but I'm happy with the result.
I will share more details about these tools, along with other things I've been working on, in entries to follow.
Site proudly generated by Hakyll


text:
package org.apache.mina.filter.codec;

import java.util.Queue;
import java.util.concurrent.ConcurrentLinkedQueue;

/**
 * A {@link ProtocolDecoderOutput} based on queue.
 *
 * @author Apache MINA Project
 */
public abstract class AbstractProtocolDecoderOutput implements ProtocolDecoderOutput {
    private final Queue<Object> messageQueue = new ConcurrentLinkedQueue<Object>();

    public AbstractProtocolDecoderOutput() {
        // Do nothing
    }

    public Queue<Object> getMessageQueue() {
        return messageQueue;
    }

    public void write(Object message) {
        if (message == null) {
            throw new IllegalArgumentException("message");
        }

        messageQueue.add(message);
    }
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


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San Diego Wedding DJ, Lighting, Photo & Video.


text:
By Day with Rocky Becker
Posted by Ronny Smith | By Day | 0 |
Over the course of 50 years cutting hair in the East Bay, Rocky Becker has developed a keen eye for baloney, and an opinion about pretty much everything this side of the bridge. For the past 18 years, Becker, a 72-year-old father of nine, has had a chair at Montclair Barber Shop, an Oakland institution dating back to the 1970s, complete with striped barber pole and a display of magazines like Maxim and Playboy. You'll find him there every day of the week, giving good simple haircuts ($18, with or without spray) and good conversation. Between cuts, Becker, who sports a slicked-back, greaser style, patrols the sidewalk in front of the shop, smoking his Lucky Strikes and observing Mountain Boulevard in his leather jacket, black jeans, and dark sunglasses.
State of Montclair:
Well, it seems like there's a lot of businesses being forced out because of landlords raising their rates . . . and those businesses are sitting empty for two, three years at a time. I'd like to see a nice men's clothing store up here, and preferably a nice sports bar besides Crogan's. Crogan's gets pretty packed.
Barbershop bars:
California won't go for it. They won't allow it. A lot of drunk haircutters—it wouldn't work.
Mohawk requests:
We don't get too many of those anymore. We get a lot of fade work done; short on the bottom, faded up. And a lot of traditional cuts, and a lot of long hair. I pretty much go with whatever.
Celebrity client:
In 1962, [Al Davis] was coming up here, negotiating a deal to coach the Raiders. The guy before him had a record of two wins and 10 losses. And the first year Al took over, they had 10 wins and two losses. Three years after he became the coach, he wound up owning the team. We talked about all the wins and the losses and the players and, you know. The three Super Bowls were his best, I think. And I think one of the things he was proudest of was when he got elected into the Hall of Fame, being the maverick that he was, doing things his way. He did everything that the NFL wanted to do, but he beat 'em to it. He had the first black coach, the first Hispanic coach, the first female chief executive officer.
Fate of Oakland:
Well, it can't go any worse, so it's got to get better. Especially in the east part of Oakland . . . and the west part. All these shooting crimes; they've got to sort all of that out, and then the rest of the city will pick up on it. I think it's lack of jobs, and I think it's too much in the way of drugs being dealt around. If they would push the politicians and get them to back off on some things and focus on others, like fixing the school board, it'd help. If you want to fix the economy, people need to be able to have an education.
For a good time:
Well, we have a really nice lake down there; it's too bad we have a lot of muggings. We've got some beautiful buildings and we've got some beautiful areas in town. Montclair, Glenview are both really nice. But we've got a lot of break-ins up here. I like Everett and Jones down at Jack London Square, where you can sit outside and have dinner or have a nice afternoon. El Agavero here, the Mexican restaurant, is very nice.
Influx of hipsters:
It brings young blood up here [to Montclair]. The old people pass away, and the kids take over and they raise their kids here. And I still think it's a good environment for kids. It's still a pretty safe environment, basically.
I have an '80 Sturgis and a '93 Low Rider. I usually get to take those out on a Sunday afternoon because I work six-and-a-half days a week. A lot of my friends are people I grew up with, like Sonny Barger from the Hells Angels. I've known him for many, many, many years. A lot of members there are friends of mine.
Guns:
You should be able to carry like a .38 or 9-millimeter or a .44-, .45-caliber for person-al protection. I have a T-shirt that says, "Cut the scales of justice." And on one side there's a gun with a smokin' barrel, and on the other side there's a pile of dirt with a tombstone. The caption says, "I'd rather be judged by 12 than carried by 6."
Best bike rides:
Just any-where on the road, you know. Just take off and go wherever, San Jose, Santa Clara, Mill Valley, Tiburon.
Hunter S. Thompson:
I met him once. He was a pretty far-out guy. I know he got his tail kicked.
Contact Rocky Becker at the Montclair Barber Shop, (510) 339-8962.
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NextBaseball Banter
Tobey Kaplan
By Day with Jane Oriel

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Church slams proposal reports
Welsh singer CHARLOTTE CHURCH has rubbished reports she has proposed to her boyfriend, insisting she is embarrassed by the fabricated story.
The Crazy Chick hitmaker was reported to have asked her partner Jonathan Powell to marry her after drunkenly serenading him with a rendition of The Ronettes' Be My Baby at a pub karaoke night in her native Cardiff last week (end30Oct11).
Tabloid reports suggested Church finished the song by telling Powell, "That was for you because I want you to be my baby. Will you marry me?"
But now the former classical singer, who was previously married to Welsh rugby player Gavin Henson, has dismissed the report.
A statement from the singer reads, "This story is a complete fabrication. I have not proposed to my boyfriend, drunkenly or otherwise. It is embarrassing for me (and him) for our families and friends to read that I have.
"I was not in the pub they mention on the night they allege this happened. I haven't been there for five months. At the time that I was apparently drunkenly proposing I was in fact performing in a completely different town with a large public audience. There is literally not one shred of truth in this story."


text:
Madison police step up fight to withhold Barbara Hamburg murder investigation files from HBO's 'Murder on Middle Beach' filmmakers
Pack for a week, and you've packed for a month
By Josh Noel
Tribune Newspapers |
A carry-on can hold all the clothes you need for a month. (Malte Christians, AFP/Getty Images)
My cousin wasn't always good at packing light. But then she met her husband. And in the give-and-take that is a relationship, his take (and her give) was traveling light, which meant a three-week trip through Asia with just a carry-on bag for each of them.
My cousin admitted that traveling light felt quite foreign at first. But she has learned, and now she's a believer. I asked what her first recommendation would be for someone who still travels with six pairs of shoes, three bathing suits and a hair dryer. She came up with a good one.
"Layer," she said, "and wear as much as you can on the plane."
For her, that means a shirt, a sweater and a jacket in transit, as well as the biggest pair of shoes she plans to bring.
After more than seven years of travel writing, I'd call traveling light — or at least traveling practically — one of the most essential facets of traveling well. Traveling with less can make you feel more nimble, make a trip seem less chaotic and, in the era of $25 checked bag fees, will be cheaper.
[Travel] Even with U.S. border opening, international routes at Bradley International Airport still months away. Aer Lingus and Air Canada flights not expected to return until 2022. »
The truth is that with the proper discipline and approach, traveling light isn't only practical, it's liberating. My biggest rule: Think about clothing materials. I'm a big fan of merino wool, especially when it comes to shirts, socks and underwear. It's a fantastic base layer in cold weather, breathes and dries quickly in warm weather and, best of all, can be worn repeatedly without washing (yes, really!).
SmartWool (http://www.smartwool.com) and Icebreaker (http://www.icebreaker.com) are two of the most prominent manufacturers. And although merino wool clothing isn't particularly cheap, it's worth the investment. (Of course, maximizing its use while traveling also mandates that you're comfortable with re-wearing clothes, which I proudly am.)
For some more tips on packing light, I turned to Clint Johnston, the founder of Triphackr (http://www.triphackr.com), who specializes in "travel hacking" or, as he describes it, "getting the most out of your travel experiences." His tips, which he supplied by email and which are augmented with my own thoughts, have been edited for clarity and space.
[Travel] Avelo Airlines makes first flight out of Tweed-New Haven Airport. Here's what you can expect from the start-up airline. »
1. Invest in maximum carry-on luggage and never check a bag.
Forty-five liters is the maximum size for a carry-on, and it is larger than you think. Bags of this size have plenty of space for at least seven days of clothing depending on the destination. Clothes can be worn twice and washed on the road. There is no need to bring an outfit for every day of a trip.
Josh says: Also, invest in a bag you like and that fits your needs. A backpack? Something with wheels? A rollaboard?A combination of all of the above? A sleeve for a laptop? A compartment for a water bottle? Lots of zippered pockets? Different people have different needs; getting the bag that suits you and your lifestyle makes travel much more enjoyable.
[Travel] Avelo Airlines adds a sixth destination to Florida from Tweed-New Haven Airport »
2. Pack for a one-week trip
Whether you are traveling for a week or a month, there is no need to have more than a week's worth of clothing. Re-wearing is perfectly acceptable on the road, and doing laundry on vacation is easier than you think. Hotels often overcharge, but find a local laundry service or a hostel to drop your dirty clothes off while you are sightseeing for the afternoon.
Josh says: And for that matter, pack clothes that can double as casually comfortable during the day and sharp enough to wear out at night.
[Travel] Longtime carrier American Airlines pulls out of Tweed-New Haven Airport »
3. Pack versatile clothing
Merino wool clothing might be the best clothing for travelers ever created. Merino wool socks never smell, and the shirts can be worn over and over again. Pack shoes you can wear for a morning jog, walking the city or to lunch. Shoes take up a lot of space, which is why I always wear a pair of leather boots that double for a hike or a nice dinner and throw some (sneakers) in the bag.
Josh says: Preach!
[Travel] Low-cost carrier Avelo Airlines adds four, nonstop routes to Florida from Tweed-New Haven Airport »
4. Channel your inner minimalist
More often than not, you will return from a trip with unworn clothing. This is a complete waste of packing space. Don't pack any clothing you might wear and stick to clothing you will absolutely wear. Depending on where you are traveling, you can always pick something up on the road. I picked up tailored jeans in Kathmandu for $10 and a new shirt in Bangkok for $1. When in doubt, leave it at home.
Josh says: "When in doubt, leave it at home" — words to live by.
[Travel] Private jet servicer to expand, add jobs at Waterbury-Oxford Airport »
5. Learn from the pros.
Even with U.S. border opening, international routes at Bradley International Airport still months away. Aer Lingus and Air Canada flights not expected to return until 2022.
Avelo Airlines makes first flight out of Tweed-New Haven Airport. Here's what you can expect from the start-up airline.
Avelo Airlines adds a sixth destination to Florida from Tweed-New Haven Airport
Two of my favorite packing sites are HerPackingList.com and Packsmith from Tortuga Backpacks. These experts will keep you up to date on the best travel packing tips and answer your packing questions.
Josh says: The Internet is loaded with useful information. I'd also include http://www.travelfashiongirl.com and the message board at Lonely Planet (http://www.lonelyplanet.com/thorntree) as useful sources.
[Travel] Bradley International Airport increases wait times for COVID-19 results at its terminal testing location »
jbnoel@tribune.com
Twitter @joshbnoel


text:
big oops
Scott Evans' Brother Chris Was the One Who Outed Him. Not That He Cared
By Queerty Staff December 31, 2009 at 10:12am · 19 comments
The idea of outing celebrities is a controversial one. How much privacy do closeted famous persons deserve? Arguably, a lot! Also arguably, none at all. But usually we blame the press of the blogs for pushing celebs out of the closet, which is why Lance Bass and Clay Aiken have acknowledged the obvious. But what happens when your own brother is the one who outs you to the press? 'Cause that's how soap star Scott Evans came out to the world.
Scott's actor brother Chris accidentally revealed his younger brother's sexuality in a press interview, he tells WeLoveSoaps.net. "Yes he outed me, well outed me publicly. I outed me when I was nineteen. He outed me publicly. There was no shock. I didn't get any phone calls like, 'You're kidding.' They knew. … It was in The Advocate where he said it and told my story. When that article came out, he took a lot of flack from a lot of his friends who said, 'I can't believe you did that.' Immediately I got a phone call from him. He left me this message freaking out, 'Are you okay with this? I didn't mean to this, I didn't mean to hurt you.' I was like, 'Dude, I don't care. It's as if you said Scott Evans has blonde hair and blue eyes.' It's who I am, I don't really care. He was relieved to hear that, but he still comes up and says, 'Dude, I'm sorry about that.' I'm like, 'I don't care.' I'm glad that he's comfortable enough to talk about it and he's not ashamed."
It makes it harder to figure out who's sexier. Okay, yesterday's One Life to Live sex scene between Evans's Fish and Brett Claywell's Kyle made that easy:
We appreciate the fireworks in the background.
Now here it is in slow motion!
Chris Evans One Life To Live Scott Evans soap operas
Subscribe to Queerty for a daily dose of #chrisevans #onelifetolive #scottevans stories and more
These brothers are too hot for words!
December 31, 2009 at 10:12am
latonyastyle
too bad the straight one is so much cuter than the gay one!
Fuck, guys, did your editor go on a mental vacation or something?
"The idea of outing celebrities is a controversial ones. How much privacy to closeted famous persons deserves?"
Really? Spell check much?
merkin
wow George, calm down–its the holidays. That was one HOT scene. Major props to ABC.
I kept thinking about a line from Family Guy. "The network got five emails about last night's episode. And as you know, each email represents five million viewers."
@3 Geroge: We started New Year's Eve early. This is what I'll look like in about 20 minutes after we close down for the day:
http://blogs.smh.com.au/radar/liquor.gif
But catching our errors, especially our sloppy ones, is much appreciated this holiday season.
hyhybt
@#5: Y'all have a great new year… or, rather, CONTINUE having one.
Mike L
Scott's got a nice hairy chest, au naturel baby.
Joe Mustich, JP
Kudos to OLTL.
Cheers, Joe Mustich, Justice of the Peace,
Washington, Connecticut, USA.
hes so f*ning cute, it should be illegal 😛
i actually like i'm more then his brother
what ever happened to is bear in the soap, she was nice
alan brickman
they both cute…
Chris now has to take one for the team..lol…
rcLoy
Best moments in TV series ever. Kish!
Reply at @latonyastyle, I beg to differ. LOL
January 1, 2010 at 6:01am
Brian NJ
Classy guy.
January 1, 2010 at 12:01pm
Hit scene ;p
Both of them are cute but i'll have Chris Evan's brother Scott because he's just so hot! :p
January 1, 2010 at 4:01pm
George_Romero
Watching that scene I can't help but think that this is totally a straight woman's idea of how gay sex goes.
Tonyboy
Too bad the straight brother is hotter than the gay one. Drats!
IrwinAllen
seems like a super nice, decent, classy guy! Hooray for him.
Uh, HELLOOO?!!? Chris didn't OUT Scott. Scot was OPENLY GAY and HAD BEEN well before Christ did this interview. Find something correct and factual to report on there, slick.
I love Scott. He is hot and oh so cute. Perfection of Caucasian male beauty.
March 5, 2010 at 3:03am


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Finale 2007 Review
Finale 2007 - A Review
By Jari Williamsson, August 09, 2006
With this review, I'm trying to give you an in-depth discussion of the new features in Finale 2007. It also contains a number of tips regarding the use of Finale 2007.
Please note that this review is based on the Windows version of Finale 2007. However, this year, I'll also mention some Macintosh-specific enhancements, since there are some significant ones in this version.
First the usual questions...
Linked Parts
Playback Control enhancements
MIDI Tool enhancements
Vertical Collision Remover plug-in
Latin Percussion plug-in
Update Brackets and Groups plug-in
Macintosh Enhancements
Human Playback additions
Pickup Measure enhancements
Cross-staff Augmentation dots enhancements
Bookmark-based Mass Edit selections
Included Kontakt Player 2
Other smaller additions and changes
I currently use Finale 2006. Do I have to "re-learn" something to use Finale 2007?
Yes. The menu structure has been changed. Read more about it in the Menu Changes section below.
Also, you must be aware that the minimum required operating system (on both Windows and Mac) has changed for Finale 2007, which might be of concern to you if you're using an old operating system. Read more about it in the Other Things... section at the bottom.
Menu Changes
The first change that probably will strike a user upgrading to Finale 2007 is that there isn't any Options menu anymore. Instead, the old Options menu has been renamed to the Document menu. This pulldown menu has all the document-specific options and tools for score/part switching and data check.
However, application-specific menu items (such as the Program Options dialog box) have been moved to the Edit menu. The Update Layout Options has now been included in the Program Options dialog box.
The menu restructuring might take some time to get accustomed to, but most things are actually located at the same point as before, but just with another name for the menu.
Apart from some redraw speed improvements compared to Finale 2006 that Mac users no doubt will appreciate, the most notable Macintosh addition in Finale 2007 is the support for Universal Binaries. For PPC-based Mac user, there will be no major change on how to use Finale compared to Finale 2006. However, for Intel-based Mac users, Finale will now also run natively on the Intel processor (compared to Rosetta emulation). But please be aware that if you rely on any third-party Finale plug-ins, these will also need to be available as Universal Binaries to work with the Universal Binary version of Finale.
Support for horizontal mouse scrolling is now available on the Mac, for devices that can support it. For example, by using Shift+ScrollWheel or by using a device such as the Mighty Mouse.
Fonts are now embedded correctly in EPS files (10.4 or higher is required for this).
Linked Parts is a big new addition to Finale, which affects how things are displayed, edited, printed, and much more. The score and its parts are contained in one document file, which will take up less total space on the disk compared to using multiple separate files for score and all parts. Although it's optional to actually use this feature (you can still extract parts into separate files), the user interface now provides many controls related specifically to score/parts.
In the Document Setup Wizard, there are a couple of new options related to Linked Parts. On the first page, there's now an options to set both the page size score and parts independently. On the second page, there's an added option to automatically generate parts.
There is a new text insert to simplify handling of score and parts, called Part/Score name. The score text insert is edited in the File/File Info... dialog box, the part names are edited Document/Manage Parts... dialog box. Please note that this text insert is only available for the Text Tool.
In the document window you work with one view of the document (which means score or any of its parts). If a piece of music has been selected, that same selection will appear in any of the views. There are shortcut keys defined to cycle through the parts (such as next/previous part).
TIP: Multiple parts in separate windows
To display different parts in separate windows (similar to how extracted parts can be edited), use Window/New Window when you have the document opened. That way, you'll get separate views of the same document and you can use them to display different areas of the same document (such as different parts).
New parts for the document can freely be created at any time. To split multiple parts on one score staff into different parts, there is a part creation feature called voicing. Voicing can be seen as an advanced version of the MassEdit explode feature. You can specify which of the notes from the staves that should appear in the part, and what to do with unison notes, etc.
Normally, when a note is entered in a score, it appears in the part and vice versa. For "voiced" parts, the editing must be made in the score to appear in the parts. By entering notes directly into a voiced part, it's possible to present different note material in the parts compared to the score.
The Document Options are global for the score and all its parts. However, most musical elements in the actual pages can be unlinked and relinked. An unlinked item can be moved independently, without affecting the corresponding part/score. When viewing the score, it's possible to unlink/relink an selected item to all parts. When viewing a part it's possible to relink to score. Unlinked items are displayed with a special (user-defined) color. An unlinked item can also be separately hidden in part or score. Unlinking and relinking is don by contextual menus or shortcut keys.
Music spacing is separate for score and parts, so beat chart editing is always kind of unlinked. However, it's important to keep in mind that when entering new music and having Automatic Music Spacing turned ON, adding music to a part will also modify the music spacing for the score (and the opposite).
The page layout dialog boxes have now been enhanced to be able to batch process all score and parts in one go. Similarly, when printing the document, it's possible to batch print score and/or selected parts and specify how many copies you need of every part.
It's important to note that the old part extraction feature isn't gone. Using Extract Parts to create separate files from a score can still be used, but the feature has been somewhat modified. Now you need to generate parts before you can extract them into files. Although this simplifies the user interface, it creates an extra step for users who want to work in the old fashion.
As I see it, there are 3 major problems with the current implementation of Linked Parts:
It's not possible to unlink some important types of musical elements. The 2 most important areas where no unlinking support is available are editing made with the Special Tools and horizontal positioning of hairpins.
Limited plug-in support. Finale currently has no programmatic support for plug-ins to process a specific part, which makes it virtually impossible to build plug-ins for batch processing all parts in a document. Hence, FinaleScript has no support for batch processing parts. Also, plug-ins can only be started from the Plug-ins menu while the score is in view. However, modeless plug-in windows and plug-ins which don't rely on that menu can still be used.
It's not possible to create a single part that "jumps" between different staves in the score. For example, Flute 2 might sometimes appear on the same staff as Flute 1 in the score, and sometimes the 2 flutes might have separate staves - all in the same optimized score. The current voicing feature can not handle this kind of example. Under some special circumstances (such as when the score and parts has identical measure layouts) this can be worked-around, but mostly this creates an insolvable problem.
For me personally, these 3 issues are often so important to me that for many projects I'll not be able to use Linked Parts. But nevertheless, it's no doubt that the basic foundation for the Linked Parts feature is excellent and it has great promise for the future.
Finale 2007 now support for synching music with video. Synching can be made using internal synch, or by using synch by MIDI. The SMPTE (Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers) time code is used to synch between music and the movie. The movie's frame rate can be set to an any of the five SMTPE frame rates: 24, 25, 29.97 Drop, 29.97 Non-Drop, 30.
The movie can be set to start at a certain point of the music, but it's not possible to have multiple movies for one piece of music.
In the Movie Window, movies in a wide variety of formats can be loaded. The only thing missing here is a different separate default folder for the movies. Currently, it's using the folder for the music as the default folder to look in.
When a movie has been loaded, the playback and synch to the score is extremely straightforward. The Movie Window has its own (small) set of playback controls, indicating the current position of the movie. That point can be moved backward and forward and the playback position in the score is displayed. Similarly, when current playback position for the music is modified, the Movie Window displays the position in the movie.
There are a couple of new features to the Playback Control. The actual elapsed time (as time with milliseconds or in frames) can now be seen during playback, and the currently played repeat can bee seen and/or edited.
When the playback region is set in the Playback Settings dialog box, the repeat pass can now be part of the playback region. For example, you can choose to start on the second repeat.
There are a couple of additions to the MIDI Tool. Many of these are related to tempo editing, which for example will greatly helping the synching with video.
It's now possible to select partial regions in the MIDI Tool
The tempo durations can now be made in milliseconds.
There's a new feature for tempo editing called Fit to Time. With this function, you can set the tempo for a region to exactly fit a specific duration. Fit to Time can be used in the MIDI Tool's tempo editing mode.
Quick Change is a great new little feature, that allows you to rapidly change selected markings in the music into other ones.
When you previously had to change markings in the score, the only way was to remove the old markings and then add new ones. Now, you can select the markings you want to change, double-tap with the keyboard (using the metatool key for the new marking) and the the markings will change instantly.
The great thing here is that the positioning will often be retained at the position where you actually want the replacement to appear. The Articulation Tool also has a new positioning option to help with consistent positioning when articulations are swapped, called Auto Note/Stem Side.
When working with material that often change, this is a huge time saver. It's now available for expressions and articulations, I really hope other tools (such as tuplets and smart shapes) will also get this feature in later Finale versions!
Vertical Collision Remover
Finale 2007 includes a plug-in for spacing the music material vertically, called Vertical Collision Remover. This name might be a bit misleading, since the plug-in also space staves that don't collide. It works very much like Finale's music spacing, but instead spaces the music material vertically.
If a staff's element (note, lyric, dynamic, articulation, etc.) collides with an element from another staff, the distance between these staves are adjusted. An unoptimized score is automatically optimized by the plug-in (without notifying the user). Elements on one staff are never moved relative to the staff, the only thing that are moved vertically by the plug-in are staves and staff systems. The plug-in can independently adjust white space around staves, instrument groups or systems. You can set the white space distances as well as the minimum collision distance.
Although the plug-in might be aimed towards vertically spacing in scores, the plug-in can also be used for spacing parts vertically as well. However, remember that the part will get optimized, which might feel strange!
It's also interesting to compare old music files (tweaked by hand) with the computer-generated version of the same material. Although I prefer the hand-tweaked versions, the computer-generated versions are pretty good and certainly much much better than using no vertical staff spacing at all. The plug-in generally does a very good work in making sure the full page is used in an intelligent way.
Sometimes the Vertical Collision remover strangely adds white space to some spots for no obvious reason. I still haven't figured out if that's a bug or if it's some setting that affects it. On the other hand, I have never encountered a situation where the result is so strange that it's unusable.
Be aware that the plug-in is slow, so it might take quite some time to process a large score. And in this situation, it's unfortunate that it isn't possible to process just one page of the score. The only options is to process the whole document or a range of staff systems.
To me, the biggest problems with the Vertical Collision remover is the organization of the options in the dialog box. Sometimes, it isn't that clear how a certain combination of options will affect the final output, and some testing might be required before getting the desired result. The options are assembled on two different pages just named Main Options and More, which does nothing to help clearing up any confusion regarding the options.
But despite these relatively small problems, this is absolutely a huge time saver.
The Latin Percussion lets the user add Latin percussion instruments (complete with music) to new or existing music. This plug-in works a bit similar to the Drum Groove plug-in, But here the user can select any number of the predefined instrument for the Latin style to incorporate with the current document.
Update Brackets and Groups
The Update Brackets and Groups is a plug-in designed to solve a very Finale-specific problem: to efficiently edit groups and/or brackets after the systems has optimized.
After a score has been optimized, there's no longer any connection between the groups in Scroll View and all the different groups in Page View. And since optimization allows every group/bracket to be edited independently, there has been no efficient way to edit them as a group. With the Update Group and Brackets, groups can freely be added, deleted, moved or edited in the whole score or in a part of it. Groups and brackets can be edited on all or a selection of systems.
Update Brackets and Groups will only work on the systems that are optimized. The groups and brackets found on the optimized systems are displayed as "group styles" in a dialog window with the systems using it appearing in checked state. The Auto-Display System in Document feature will automatically display the in group in the document window when the system is highlighted in the list.
Actually, groups created in Scroll View are never referenced by the Update Brackets and Groups plug-in. This might seem like a strange approach for old-time users, but it actually provides much more power and flexibility.
TIP: A clean Scroll View
Since the Update Brackets and Groups plug-in allows you to add groups to page view whenever you need them, there's no longer any need to keep them in Scroll View if they distract the view (such as covering the staff names) in an optimized score. Only put brackets and groups in Scroll View that make sense there!
TIP: Quick Check/Uncheck of all systems
Double-click in the scope list to check all systems. Double-click again to uncheck all systems.
First of all, the old big HP Preferences dialog box has been restructured into smaller and more easily handled pieces.
But most importantly, Human Playback includes a new feature called Instrumental Techniques and Effects. The Instrumental Techniques and Effects are a couple of definitions for commonly used playing techniques, such as ponticello, pizzicato, staccato, etc. For each instrumental technique, playback effects can be connected and saved in a library.
When an effect is created, it can be set to trigger for a specific word (such as "pizz") and to be applied only on certain occasions (such as if the device name contains "GPO" or if the channel number is a certain number). Each effect can then have up to 3 different actions attached to it (such as both using controller and key switch). This way, it has finally become easy to build a library that intelligently play backs the correct sounds, regardless of the currently selected playback device.
You can now create a region by using two Scroll View-based bookmarks. In the Edit/Select Region... dialog box, bookmarks are added to the bottom of contextual menu for the measure number entry fields (right-click in the edit field in Windows, control-click on the Mac). When the bookmark has been selected from the context menu, the measure number for the bookmark is automatically placed in the entry field.
This is a small but convenient addition and it works in all tools that support region selection (MassEdit Tool, Clef Tool, Measure Tool, and so on). However, it would be even nicer if this feature was brought to other measure number fields as well, most specifically to be able to play back between 2 bookmarks.
Finale GPO now plays back using Native Instrument's Kontakt Player 2. For more information about key Kontakt Player 2's features, visit the official page for Kontakt Player 2.
Other things...
The operation system requirements for Finale has changed, compared to earlier versions. On Windows, only Windows 2000, Windows XP and later Windows versions are supported (older Windows versions like Win98 or ME are no longer supported). On the Mac, OSX version prior to 10.3 aren't supported.
The cross-staff augmentation dots have been changed, so the dot no longer appears on the staff lines.
A couple of enhancements have been made to the pickup measures. The enhancements include areas such as grace note handling and problems at part extraction.
Enharmonic Spelling in Chromatically Transposed Staves has been changed to a more logical approach.
Finale 2007 comes with a number of new sample files, which can be used both as demonstrations of playback setup and how to engrave in Finale.
Support for saving to ETF has been removed in Finale 2007. This has partly to do with the fact that the Finale's file format no longer is a flat file format (compared to before the introduction of linked parts).
© 2020 The Finale Productivity Tips Site


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Q: Xml comparison and merge tool I need a tool for comparing and merging two xml-files.
Requirements

*

*Handle large Files (> 50mb)

*Collapse XmlNodes in UI

*Support validation of files

*merge files in both directions

*edit files in ui

Any suggestions?

A: I don't know an application that does exactly what you're requesting, I'm afraid, but until somebody else chips in with a better answer, two free tools I use pretty much every day, that in combination would do the trick, are:
XmlMarker
DiffMerge

A: XMLMax will do this. It allows you to load multiple large xml files in separate instances because it uses at most 20mb memory per file. you can cut/copy/paste xml fragments between the documents. You need only select the start element, then Ctrl +C will copy the entire fragment, regardless of how large it is(tested to 10Gb). treeview is extremely fast even with multi-gigabyte size files. it supports schema and dtd validation, including inline dtd.
Google it: xmlmax editor. 30 day trial has not limitations.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
* [Description](#description)
* [Function Index](#index)
* [Function Details](#functions)

     D-BUS application module.

Copyright (c) 2006 Mikael Magnusson, 2014-2016 Jean Parpaillon

__Behaviours:__ [`application`](application.md).

__Authors:__ Mikael Magnusson ([`mikma@users.sourceforge.net`](mailto:mikma@users.sourceforge.net)), Jean Parpaillon ([`jean.parpaillon@free.fr`](mailto:jean.parpaillon@free.fr)).

## Function Index ##

start/0

start/2

stop/1

## Function Details ##

### start/0 ###

start() -> {ok, [atom()]} | {error, term()}

### start/2 ###

`start(X1, X2) -> any()`

### stop/1 ###

`stop(State) -> any()`


randomly crashes. When it crashes I get return code: -4.
output: Could not initialize localization.
between the times it works or when it doesn't. How can I troubleshoot it?
output on why it is crashing and what I can do about it?
I am using OpenSCAD version 2017.07.31.
Much can go wrong with native code on Lambda.
* Are you certain that OpenSCAD is built compatible with the Lambda runtime? e.g. are you linking the correct libstdc++?
* It looks like Lambda killed your process. Are you staying within your configured memory and time limits for process execution?
* Doing the last using a debug build should give you stack traces when something fails.
openscad returns "-4", quite quickly and then continues executing my code.
the memory doesn't help. What does a return value of "-4" mean?
> What does a return value of "-4" mean?
We don't use negative return values.
A negative value usually means that the process was killed from the outside.


text:
NIHR: Collaboration for leadership in Applied Health Research and Care West
Research and implementation project calls
Evaluating a chronic pain peer support network
Chronic pain affects more than two fifths of the UK population. It affects a person's mobility and independence, and often leads to depression. It can lead to sleep disturbance and dependency on prescribed painkillers, strain on relationships, and loss of employment, family role and social life.
Treatment in a pain management or self-management programme can help people learn how to improve mobility, reduce reliance on drugs, and gain a sense of control over the pain. It can help them to re-establish their roles in family and social life. But the positive impact of these programmes isn't always sustainable after the programme has ended.
Recent research has highlighted the role of social support networks to improve the health and wellbeing of people who have become socially isolated through ill health by providing mutual support and social engagement.
North Bristol NHS Trust have a patient-led peer support network to help patients self-manage chronic pain. Patients develop a new group together, with support from a patient tutor, after completing a clinician-led pain management or self-management programme.
Groups meet regularly with informal contact between members. Participants can develop a mutual support plan, encouraging them to maintain contact with each other and take their group forward. The aim is to continue the self-management model after discharge from NHS care, including regular goal-setting and mutual support.
If the network succeeds, participants may be less likely to experience pain flare-ups. If flare-ups do occur, members may be better supported, and less inclined to seek further professional help. There are now 15 groups meeting regularly, some of whom have been meeting for several years.
We will interview staff and patients about their experiences of these peer support groups, and observe them in action. We will examine patients' experiences, including whether participants think the groups work and have a positive impact. We will explore why peer support may, or may not, work for them.
Anticipated impacts
Peer support groups have huge potential to help patients at low cost, by enhancing the clinical treatment they already receive and preventing relapse.
This initial evaluation of experiences and perceived effectiveness of peer support groups will give an understanding of how these networks work. It will shed light on the potential impact of these groups on developing patients' resilience and on sustaining or improving their outcomes from pain management and self-management programmes.
Lead collaborators
Sareeta Vyas, North Bristol NHS Trust
Beverley Knops, North Bristol NHS Trust
Nicholas Ambler, North Bristol NHS Trust
CLAHRC West staff
Dr Jelena Savović
Senior Research Fellow in Evidence Synthesis
Professor Jo Coast
Theme Lead
Dr Michelle Farr
Dr Myles Linton
Dr Sharea Ijaz
Dr Heather Brant
Dr Rita Patel
CLAHRC West lead
Dr Jeremy Horwood
Senior Research Fellow in Ethnography / Qualitative Social Science
This project is currently underway
Chronic health conditions
Equity, appropriateness and sustainability
News about this project
The importance of social connections in a peer support group for chronic pain
Partners on this project
North Bristol NHS Trust is one of the largest teaching trusts in the country and serves the population of Bristol, South Gloucestershire and North Somerset. Their internationally renowned specialist areas include neurosciences, renal, orthopaedics, major trauma, urology, plastic surgery and neo-natal intensive care.
Latest from Twitter / Follow us
Tweets by @CLAHRC_West
Our email newsletter covers the latest developments here at CLAHRC West, as well as highlighting training opportunities and our most recent research.
CLAHRC West
Research and implementation
Copyright © National Institute for Health Research 2019


Daneka Norfleet is a 19 year-old Memphis Native who attends none other than The University of Memphis. Coming up on her sophomore year in the Musical Theatre program, she Is looking forward to doing more Chatterbox shows. She got her start acting at the age of 6 after realizing that by simply playing your role in a show, you have the ability to not only inspire but to change the moods and entire day of anyone in the audience. She looks forward to inspiring humanity as she continues to humbly work in this talent she has been givien.


In the end, I would be given work supporting the demon army by doing logistic paperwork in the background.
Well, the logistics department was one of the army important office that was outside of the battlefield, thus I should be a bit grateful here.
There was no cut to define the detail but the most important of the department was the supplies unit.
When I explained about that, Sofia-san didn't show any reaction at all.
That was why today was my turn to explain this completely.
An army can be compared to a spear.
The spearhead was the combat unit and the part of the handle was the logistics units.
The spearhead had a sharp blade. With such sharp blade, they defeat the enemy. But for a spearhead to became a spear, they needed a 'handle' that support the spearhead.
Without it, no one would be able to make use the spearhead to attack the enemy. If one goes attacking without the handle, even if it was a successful attack, the one holding the spearhead directly would be hurt as well.
In other words, the logistics division within the army which support the combat troops secure the ability and boost the survival ability of the troops. Combining the combat troops and the logistics department, that was what made up of an armed force.
On Earth, I heard the United States Marine Corps combat units only account for 20% of the entirety of their Marine Corps, the remaining 80% were non-combat troops, such as supplies, repair engineer, communication, medic, personnel affairs, and public affairs.
Why Her Majesty Hell Arche came to the logistics department you ask?
Today too, it can be said only the demon lord and her elite force was the only one left capable of guarding the demon lord territory.
Sofia-san was a diligent person.
… Maybe, I was not needed in the first place.
I've not said anything because she was the demon lord, but I believe something like this would happen every time in the future, thus I better say something about it.
I need to talk with courage… Even when I say I wish "discussion' Her Majesty eyebrows twitched, I will still say it!.
This was the current condition of the demon army logistics department.
The demon army, their logistics department was surprisingly very underdeveloped.
Then in a few days, we will start using office-like words including the army.
Wait, 100 years you said?
Now that I think about it, I glanced at Sofia-san.
However noticing my gaze, she answered my doubt.
Like I said, don't read my mind!
What is it, were you guys saying that the demon kind and demi-humans generally could read someone's mind?
No really, your majesty, you could read my mind, didn't you?
Also, don't forget about the matter of the alcohol.
As she said that, her majesty left the room.
Formal documents or documents for short were necessary for anything in the modern era. People call it, documentation principle.
If there were no official documents, nothing will be done, and if the documents incorrect, one need to correct them, or even recreate them.
It sounded troublesome, but leaving behind evidence was very important.
However, because it cannot be stored digitally, it was hard to keep them. There was the need to appropriately dispose of them by setting storage deadline.
As expected, educations were very important.
Good good… This was the small step for the logistics department, but for the demon army, this would be a big step… But there was something that worries me which prevent me to feel happy.
The journey of this logistics departments seems long… I wonder, will 10 years be enough?


Another season of faps over.
Learn how to make french toast and pound cake…or just stare at pictures of food.
Two nekkid girls… and a knife?
The two most popular redheads this season.
This week comes with a bonus!
Special interview with Rider's seiyuu Yuu Asakawa at COSPAR 3!


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Groton, CT, USA
The town of Groton is located on the Thames River in New London County, southeastern Connecticut, United States. The town was incorporated at the beginning of the 18th century. It was named after the village of Groton in Suffolk, England. It is home to the main facilities of General Dynamics Electric Boat (GDEB) which was founded by Isaac Rice in 1899. Other top employers in the town include The Naval Submarine Base New London and Pfizer. Groton - New London Airport is situated in the southeastern part of the town. Local attractions in Groton are Ebenezer Avery House and Museum, Bill Memorial Library, Monument House Museum, Fort Griswold, Eastern Point Beach, Fort Griswold Battlefield State Park, Shennecossett Golf Course, Bluff Point State Park, Groton Long Point South Beach, Esker Point Beach, Haley Farm State Park, Groton Trails, The Copp Family Park, Thames River Heritage Park, and Washington Park. A campus of the University of Connecticut is based in Groton.
Where is Groton, CT, USA on Map?
Road map of Groton, CT, USA shows where the location is placed.
Satellite Map of Groton, CT, USA
Groton, CT, USA Lat Long Coordinates Info
The latitude of Groton, CT, USA is 41.374660, and the longitude is -72.069138. Groton, CT, USA is located at United States country in the Towns place category with the gps coordinates of 41° 22' 28.7760'' N and 72° 4' 8.8968'' W.
Groton, CT, USA Geographic Information
72° 4' 8.8968'' W
Coordinates of Groton, CT, USA is given above in both decimal degrees and DMS (degrees, minutes and seconds) format. The country code given is in the ISO2 format.
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class="hiddenDescription">Canadian label Aldo has won a global reputation for its superbly crafted footwear and contemporary designs since its 1972 inception. Cut to a slip-on silhouette, the Cadonna sneakers are crafted in supple suede and punctuated with gold-toned metallic studs on the rear. Fitted with Chelsea-style gussets, this casual pair are finished with a contrasting, chunky sole.


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Cheap Hotels Glasgow - City Centre - Budget Accommodation - Bed and Breakfast - Airport
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The Sandyford Hotel is a 3 Star Bed and Breakfast conveniently located on Sauchiehall Street, in Glasgow City Centre. We are in an ideal situation for many of Glasgow's major tourist attractions including Glasgow SECC, Glasgow University, Glasgow Art Museum, Glasgow Cathedral, Glasgow School Of Art, Willow Tea Room, George Square, Royal Concert Hall, Glasgow Central Station, Buchanan Bus Station and more!
The Sandyford Hotel is owned and run by The McMillan Family who have been providing quality bed and breakfast accommodation in Glasgow City Centre for over 30 years. The hotel is famous for its cooked full Scottish Breakfast and friendly, helpful staff, and offers a real Scottish flavour and atmosphere.
The Sandyford has over 50 hotel rooms all with direct dial telephone, colour television and complimentary tea/coffee making facilities.
We welcome private, business and group bookings.
For more information or booking enquiries, please complete our enquiry form, or feel free to contact us directly on our 24 hour reservation line. We look forward to hearing from you.
Sandyford Hotel Glasgow
904 Sauchiehall St, Glasgow, G3 7TF
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Tel: (+44) 0141 334 0000 | Fax: (+44) 0141 337 1812
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[6 April 2019, Hanoi] – Panasonic Vietnam is honored with the Golden Dragon 2019 Award as a leading consumer electronics and home appliances manufacturer for its contributions to the sustainable development of Vietnam.
"Entering the second century, with our business expansion worldwide, Panasonic continues to affirm our basic business philosophy with a desire of constantly contributing to each Vietnamese person's life and the country's prosperous development. The Golden Dragon 2019 Award once again proves our efforts to implement the commitment and recognition of the society for Panasonic's persistent contributions to Vietnam's development process in the past 60 years." Highlighted by Mr. Kazuhiro Matsushita, General Director of Panasonic Vietnam.
Being present in Vietnam since 1950s, Panasonic has seen the company grows into a leading consumer electronics brand and continues expanding its business in many areas. Panasonic enjoyed a sales turnover of over $ 1 billion with a total investment of $ 243 million in 2018. Panasonic has also pioneered in providing total business solutions, meeting growing demand for transportation, air quality, security, lighting, supply and logistics, factories, etc.
As part of its business in Vietnam, Panasonic has positively implemented diversified corporate social responsibility and human development activities. Panasonic Risupia Vietnam has become a familiar science-experience destination for more than 600,000 students and visitors since its establishment in 2010. Panasonic Scholarship Program has continued its mission of supporting Vietnamese students to realize their dreams with total value of scholarships up to tens of billion dong, officially entering the 15th year in Vietnam with expansion for students of all universities nationwide. Panasonic Kid Witness News program which became an indispensable playground for tens of thousands of students being in love with film making and explore themselves has officially started the 13th season in Vietnam.
Other sustainable development activities of Panasonic Vietnam such as the 100,000-solar lantern project supporting remote communities with no electricity, Eco relay with annual tree planting "For a Green Vietnam" or Panasonic eco-battery exchange program contributing to environment protection that has been continuously implemented.
Vietnam is one of the strategic markets of Panasonic in Asia Pacific. Thus, Panasonic will continue promoting the value of "co-creation" and "lifestyle-updates" strategy providing products and services that evolve with the individual end-user's personal preferences and way of life that addressed by Company President Kazuhiro Tsuga at Cross-Value Innovation Forum 2018. The company's business vision focusses on Panasonic's advanced technologies and innovation that brings about a comfortable, safe and desirable life to mankind and the environment. Panasonic will continue to prioritize customer satisfaction and commit to its Basic Business Philosophy of contributing to the society as a public entity.
The Golden Dragon Award has been hosted by Vietnam Economic Times. It aims to recognize, appreciate and encourage FDI enterprises that achieve outstanding business performance, providing environment-friendly solutions, technologies, services, acting in accordance with tax obligations, ensuring labor benefits and an enthusiastic activist in social contribution, etc.


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Lead Your Team Managing
What to Do When Your Best Employee Quits
Losing your best employee can be a blow for small businesses. Here's how to handle it. / Credit: Red chair image via Shutterstock
Small businesses are typically made up of a tiny yet valuable staff. Each worker plays an essential role, and losing one employee can impact the entire company.
"Losing a valuable employee is always painful," said Chris Sier, ICF-credentialed executive coach and owner of Executive Potential Plus. "When they leave, their experience, skills and overall knowledge also leaves with them."
While no company wants to see its best worker leave, sometimes, it's inevitable. To make the transition run smoothly, employers must handle resignations in a professional and legally compliant manner. Here's how to proceed when an important employee decides to quit.
Stay calm
When one of your staff members quits, the worst thing you can do as an employer is to lash out in response.
"People rarely appreciate a 'how can you do this to me?' scene when they first give their notice," said Chuck Post, chair of the Labor and Employment group at Weintraub Tobin law firm.
The best thing to do is to remain calm and ask the employee why they are planning to leave, Post said. While it's not good to demand information or to put the employee in an uncomfortable or high-pressure position, you may be able to learn something that will help you craft a counteroffer, or find another means of retaining that person.
Issues might range from lack of growth opportunities to poor management. Some might be fixable, while others aren't specifically related to your company. Consider the best way to address the situation given the employee's explanation; dig deeper than the surface.
"People may think offering more money will solve anything, but … money only works for a very short time, and doesn't address an overall sense of unhappiness," said Sier.
Regardless, be considerate of their decision. If they insist on leaving, be cordial, wish them well, and ask them if they'll stay for an appropriate amount of time to make a transition (usually two weeks).
Review your legal obligations as an employer
If the employee decides they are definitely leaving the orginzation, the next step is to make sure you're in compliance with all employment laws concerning termination.
"Legally, termination of employment can be a source of liability," said Post. "It is prudent … to ensure that the employer has fulfilled all mandated end-of-employment obligations."
Post noted that the legal obligations owed to a departing employee are as follows:
Pay all accrued wages.
Disburse any accrued benefits that must be paid upon termination (either under law or company policy), or document the employee's non-entitlement to said benefits.
If applicable, account for and establish a schedule for commission or bonus payments that will be made after the termination. This is usually governed by law and the terms of bonus and commission plans.
Provide the employee with the required legal notices (COBRA benefit continuation, unemployment and workers' compensation notices, etc.).
If the employee has signed confidentiality notices, noncompete/nondisclosure agreements or other legal documents protecting your company's intellectual property, these should be reviewed as well so that both you and the employee are clear about the terms of these agreements once they leave the company.
Conduct an exit interview
Holding an exit interview, whether face-to-face or via email/online survey, is more than a way to gain insight into an employee's personal experience with your company. When you speak with a departing staff member, you also take an important step to tie up any loose ends and potential problems down the line.
"Employers should take reasonable and lawful actions to ensure that all that leaves the company is the employee, and not information or customer relationships," Post said.
During the interview, Post advised confirming and documenting that the employee has returned all company property; that they have not taken, copied or transmitted any intellectual property or sensitive company information; and that they are aware of any continuing obligations not to use or appropriate your company's business information.
Your exit interview can also help you shape your strategy for the future of that particular position.
"There can be an effect on morale to consider," said Sier. "If the person leaving is unhappy, the team may also be unhappy. Implementing change based partly on feedback by the outgoing employee and conversations with the team is essential in creating a better workplace environment and a stronger team."
Here are some questions to ask and formally document in the exit interview, outlined by Sier:
What are your reasons for leaving the company?
What did you like about the company?
Are there things we can do differently as a company?
What did you like about your job?
What didn't you like?
What was your relationship like with your supervisor?
What could your supervisor have done differently?
Were your expectations met with the goals you were given?
Were your goals clearly stated and measurements given on what constituted achievement?
Find a way to fill the gap
Whether you're planning to directly replace the departing employee or changing someone else's role internally, you're going to have some gaps to fill. But hiring the first new candidate who expresses interest may not be the best solution, despite the immediate, perceived benefits to your company.
"Create development plans for the team according to their goals in alignment with the goals of the organization," said Sier. "The important thing is to ensure follow through of those plans."
You should also develop a succession plan to prevent the same issue in the future. That way, the position can easily be filled temporarily or permanently, even on short notice, said Sier.
How to Write a Job Resignation Letter
Ready to Move On? A Complete Guide to Quitting Your Job
How to Quit Your Job And Keep Your Reputation
Best Professional Employer Organizations (PEOs) for 2019
A Small Business Owner's Guide to COBRA Coverage
You're Being Sued: A Guide to Handling a Business Lawsuit


We at Northwest Cosmetics Wholesale use DPD as our courrier service.
From any order over £500, we charge £7.95 per box (per £500.00).
We at Northwest Cosmetics ltd ship by 30kg box for wholesale. We work with our customers to bring down the cost of shipping. We can roughly work to £500 per box for 30kg.
We can ship accross Europe. For delivery prices for specific countries, please contact 0161 278 3153.
We aspire to despatch your order within 1-2 working days once you have placed your order and where the items are in available stock. As soon as you place an order with us at Northwest Cosmetics, a confirmation email will be sent to you, letting you know your order is being processed. This does not affect our standard rights under the Distance Selling Regulations 2000.
If the items are out of stock, you will be contacted with an revised date of shipment, wherein you will have the choice to cancel the out of stock items and get a refund, or keep your order in progress.
If you request a refund, a credit note will be issued to the customer, clearly stating the credited item and cost of item, along with the initial invoice, if other items are purchased.
Where we use a third party to make a delivery (as with any shipment), a delay or loss of goods is possible. In such a case, the carrier shall start an investigation. Every effort is made, for as long as necessary, to find the package. If the package is not found, the carrier will reimburse Northwest Cosmetics who will then deliver a new, identical package to the customer free of charge.
Each year we will aim to publish our Christmas Delivery schedule as soon as we are notified by Royal Mail and other couriers.
Whilst we endeavour to help you get your order in time for Christmas, once posted, we cannot be held responsible for delays caused within the Royal Mail or courier service.
You can cancel your order with Northwest Cosmetics at any time before dispatch and request a full refund in writing. We will aim to refund the value of your order back to the card used within 14 days.
If you change your mind, you can cancel your order at any time up to 7 working days after the day of delivery. To do so, you must inform us of your cancellation, via email, letter or fax within that period. This only applies to goods that are unopened and in a resaleable condition (see below). Please be aware that you if you do cancel an order, you must return the goods at your own expense.
Northwest Cosmetics will not accept the return of any opened or used items. For hygiene reasons, we can only accept returns that are received unopened, unused in a fully sealed and resale-able condition.
We do not accept returns on Cosmetics or Facial Creams due to Health & Safety Regulations. We cannot accept returns on perfumes if they have been tampered with, i.e. tested.
If you receive an item you consider to be incorrect or faulty, Northwest Cosmetics will gladly replace or refund it, provided you inform us within 7 working days of you receiving your order. Once we have received your returned items, a replacement will be sent to you at no additional cost, or a refund will be issued to you with a credit note.
All items leave Northwest Cosmetics condition in perfect condition, wrapped in bubblewrap and additional packaging to ensure safe transit. If your goods arrive damaged, you must inform us as soon as possible – if you are able to provide proof (photo evidence) of the damage we may be able to claim against the courier. We will then advise whether or not you need to return the item, for which we will refund you a reasonable return cost, and the value of the damaged goods. You will then need to advise whether you require replacement items for which you would be recharged.
Please ensure that the goods are packaged adequately and clearly labelled, to protect you against any damages or products being lost during the return process. Once we at Northwest Cosmetics have received your returned items, and are satisfied that the product is returned in resaleable condition, we will issue you a credit note and refund as explained above. If the items are damaged in transit back to us, then we reserve the right to refuse any credit.


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f(x)'s Amber Shares Her Philosophy of Helping Others With The Celebrity Magazine
by E. Kang
Amidst preparations for their first solo concert, f(x)'s Amber shared her candid thoughts on her promotions, her friendships, and her life choices with The Celebrity magazine.
Bare faced, she explains she enjoys this photo shoot because she is most comfortable without any makeup. She adds, jokingly, that maybe its due to the fact she's getting older. However, her hobbies still show a playful, younger side of Amber, which include building with Legos, skateboarding, and drawing.
When asked about her promotions in 2015, Amber replies, "I liked it because it was my busiest year. I'm happy because I'm making at least one person's day brighter." While she wasn't able to thank everyone she wanted to during her acceptance speech at the 2015 MBC Entertainment Awards, she laughs while explaining the list of people would probably take up the whole magazine anyways.
Amber, known for the vast number of friends she has, was actually much more shy when she was younger. She thinks that's the reason why she knows how to approach people. The only expectation she has is "all my friends are truthful. I don't have fake friends, and we don't hide anything from each other."
When her service activities are brought up, she explains she chooses to participate not for attention, but, "because it's to help people. When I was younger, I didn't know how to, even if I wanted to. Now that I have the freedom to do so, I want to help as many people as I can." When asked if she would still have this philosophy if she was in a different field, she responds, "Of course. Isn't helping people the most fun thing in the world? I think that only receiving and not giving back is no fun."
She explains that she is so lucky compared to others. While there are hardships in her life, she's never had to worry about whether she'll have food on the table. Because she feels blessed, she wants to give as much as she can to those less fortunate than her. She sums up her thoughts with "I think humans are on this earth for one reason: to help each other."
Check out the rest of Amber's interview in the February edition of The Celebrity!
The Celebrity


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1962 | Drama | 164 minutes | English
Set between 1839 and 1889, the film follows three generations of families (starting with the Prescotts) as they moved from western New York all the way to the Pacific. The film was fortunate to have three superb directors: John Ford, Henry Hathaway, and George Marshall. Between them, they directed five segments of the epic adventure: The Rivers (1839), The Plains (1851), The Civil War (1861-1865), The Railroad (1868), and The Outlaws (1889). The film ends with the following Epilogue: The West was won by its pioneers, settlers, and adventurers. Out of their crude settlements and their trading posts, came cities to rank among the great ones of the world. They contributed to the heritage of a people free to dream, free to act, free to mold their own destiny.
THE RIVERS Segment: Karl Malden (Zebulon Prescott) / Agnes Moorhead (Rebecca Prescott) / James Stewart (Linus Rawlings) / Carroll Baker (Eve Prescott) / Debbie Reynolds (Lilith Prescott)
THE PLAINS Segment: Gregory Peck (Cleve Van Valen) / Robert Preston (Roger Morgan) / Thelma Ritter (Agatha Clegg)
THE CIVIL WAR Segment: / George Peppard (Zeb Rawlings) / Harry Morgan (Ulysses S. Grant) / John Wayne (General William Tecumseh Sherman) / Raymond Massey (President Abraham Lincoln)
THE RAILROAD Segment: Henry Fonda (Jethro Stuart) / Richard Widmark (Mike King)
THE OUTLAWS Segment: Lee J. Cobb (Marshal Lou Ramsey) / Eli Wallach (Charlie Gant) / Carolyn Jones (Julie Rawlings)
Despite nitpicking by a few film critics, this is an epic of the highest order. And, every segment is fabulously entertaining.
Academy Awards: Winner, Best Screenplay (James R. Webb); Best Sound (Franklin Milton); Best Film Editing (Harold Kress). Nominated: Best Film; Best Cinematography; Best Art Direction; Best Costume Design; Best Musical Score
National Board of Review, USA: Listed, Top Ten Films
The film was selected for preservation in the National Film Registry of the Library of Congress as being culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant.
Watch on Fandango
It would be hard to imagine a subject which lends itself more strikingly to the wide screen process than this yarn about the pioneers who opened the American West. It's a story which naturally puts the spotlight on action and adventure, and the three directors between them have turned in some memorable sequences. Director George Marshall is credited for the buffalo stampede, started by the Indians when the railroad was moving out West.This magnificently directed sequence is as vivid as anything ever put on celluloid.
A blockbuster epic about three generations of Western pioneers has a great cast, first-rate photography, and a lovely Alfred Newman score. It all makes for top entertainment.
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Where no one, knows anyone at all.
your body, mind, and soul by day.
But solved in time. As we all are.
is like fighting a weaponless soldier, who is in other fields most salient.
but ultimately - just lose their self-respect in return.
be careful, because when angered, it's the mind not the heart that's ruling.