text:
Q: Switching between sender and receiver in Android Wi-Fi Direct app I am developing an Android app to share files using Wi-Fi Direct. The app works, but I am unable to switch between being a sender and a receiver without closing the app. When I try to switch roles, the group owner is not updated and remains the same as the previous transfer. How can I update the group owner and switch roles correctly?
I do disconnect and reinitialize after every file transfer session. But it doesn't create a new group.
Here is my initialization code:
manager = getSystemService(Context.WIFI_P2P_SERVICE) as WifiP2pManager?
channel = manager?.initialize(this, mainLooper, null)?.also {
     receiver = P2pBroadcastReceiver(this)
}

And here is the code for connecting to a peer and switching roles:
fun connectToPeer(device: WifiP2pDevice, isSender: Boolean) {
    val config = WifiP2pConfig().apply {
        deviceAddress = device.deviceAddress
        groupOwnerIntent = if (isSender) WifiP2pConfig.GROUP_OWNER_INTENT_MIN else WifiP2pConfig.GROUP_OWNER_INTENT_MAX
    }

    channel?.also { channel ->
        manager?.connect(channel, config, object : WifiP2pManager.ActionListener {
            override fun onSuccess() {
                context.apply {
                    toast("${getString(R.string.connecting_to)} ${device.deviceName}")
                }
            }

            override fun onFailure(reasonCode: Int) = onP2POperationFailed(reasonCode)
        })
    }
}

And here is the code for disconnecting from the group:
fun disconnect() {
    manager?.apply {
        cancelConnect(channel, null)
        removeGroup(channel, null)
        stopPeerDiscovery(channel, null)
        deletePersistentGroups()
    }
    try {
        if (::serverSocket.isInitialized) serverSocket.close()
        if (::clientSocket.isInitialized) clientSocket.close()
    } catch (e: IOException) {}
}

private fun deletePersistentGroups() {
    try {
        val methods = WifiP2pManager::class.java.methods
        for (method in methods) {
            if (method.name == "deletePersistentGroup") {
                for (networkId in 0..31) {
                    method.invoke(manager, channel, networkId, null)
                }
            }
        }
    } catch (e: Exception) {}
}

Any help would be greatly appreciated. Thank you!
I would like for devices d1 and d2 to have the ability to switch roles without closing the app. Currently, d1 is set up to receive files and d2 is set up to send them. However, if d1 needs to send files without closing the app after d2 has finished sending its files, I would like for them to be able to easily reestablish the connection and initiate the transfer.
Edit 2:
How I initiate the file transferring or sending process:
private fun onConnectionInfoChanged(info: WifiP2pInfo?) {
    if (isDeviceConnected) {
        if (info!!.isGroupOwner) { // receiver || server || group owner
            startReceiverServer()
        } else { // sender || client
            startSenderClient(info.groupOwnerAddress)
        }
    }
}

private fun startReceiverServer() {
    runOnBg {
        serverSocket = ServerSocket(P2pFileTransferHelper.PORT)
        P2pFileTransferHelper.receiveFiles(serverSocket, context.contentResolver) { fileTransferInfoLiveData.postValue(it) }
    }
}

private fun startSenderClient(serverAddress: InetAddress) {
    runOnBg {
        clientSocket = Socket()
        P2pFileTransferHelper.sendFiles(clientSocket, serverAddress, selectedFilePaths) { fileTransferInfoLiveData.postValue(it) }
    }
}


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How to Play: Use the mouse to push the green blocks.
Game developed by Newgrounds • Played 5947 times.


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text:
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2020-01-30 02:49:19才夸八斗网
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例晚The New Zealand First Party has garnered nine seats, making it the indispensable coalition partner for both the National Party and the Labor Party to form the government完晚完亡The ruling National Party has secured 46 percent of the party votes, which transfer to 58 seats in the 120 member Congress in an Mixed-Member Proportional voting system, with the opposition Labor Party lagging behind at 35千炮捕鱼_天宝棋牌
布新版防版新布3版病病卫8 percent votes or seven seats in the congress would just make enough seats to form a government if they can successfully get the New Zealand First Party on board例晚According to the Ministry of Education of the Inner Mongolia, the exhibition attracted 39 universities from 16 countries, including Mongolia, Russia, the United States, Britain and South Korea完晚完亡It showcased the achievements of Chinese and foreign universities in education exchange, personnel training, and scientific research cooperation千炮捕鱼_天宝棋牌布新版防版新布3版病病卫Teachers and students of Inner Mongolia Normal University gave performances at the event, including Tai Chi, flute playing, and Mongolian songs and dances, which have won generous applause例晚The China-Mongolia Education and Technology Exhibition was held in Hohhot, Inner Mongolia autonomous region on Sept 26, when nine cooperation agreements were signed by eighteen Chinese and foreign universities
完晚完亡The pandas were born at the Ya'an Bifengxia base, part of the China Conservation and Research Center for the Giant Panda in Sichuan布新版防版新布3版病病卫Caitao and Huchun will live in a 4,800-square-meter panda park at Taman Safari Indonesia for 10 years例晚"In the past 21 years, I have witnessed great development achievements in China, and I believe the five years to come after the pending 19th CPC National Congress will bring the country a more prosperous future
完晚完亡She also serves as an economic counselor for the Hefei Economic and Technological Development Area, where Hefei University is based, and the Hefei High-Tech Industry Development Zone布新版防版新布3版病病卫The younger one attended Anhui University of Chinese Medicine and earned bachelor's and master's degrees there例晚When we were living in a community about 10 kilometers away, we could seldom see the hill from the window完晚完亡What's the most memorable experience you've had in China, or related to China? Unforgettable experiences in China are many
Within a year, she moved to the city with her husband, Park Nam-gyu, and her sonsThe latest example was a 2016 donation of 20,000 yuan ($3,000) to four high school graduates in Hefei's Feidong county who had been enrolled at universities but were about to give up for lack of money
I hope it can play a more important role in world peace in the futureThe couple found employment quickly at Hefei University and began teaching Korean the next yearThe university was the first in the province to have such a courseTravelers had to change flights in Shanghai or Nanjing, Jiangsu province
I don't believe the Western countries' political practices could work in China, though many of them are considered successful by the Westerners themselvesOne of the results is that the Chinese people are more confident than ever about their country's developmentAfter about a year in Hefei, Park took a job in the United States and tried to persuade Cho to give up HefeiBefore coming to China as an adult, she worked at Soon Chun Hyang University as a teacher
President Xi puts a lot of emphasis on environmental protectionImpressed by how the history teacher had influenced her son, Cho has encouraged Chinese students to go to South Korea
"When the eldest of my two sons was in the third year of middle school, his history teacher, who had some experience in China, suggested the students go to live there and have a close look at the old country," Cho saidLetting them work here can make better use of their contribution, and also working in a country can give the foreigners more opportunities to develop a more profound understanding of the country
In the urban area of Hefei, there is a hill called Dashu HillWhat's the biggest challenge China faces, and how do you think the country should go about overcoming it? The biggest challenge could come from the changes"Nowadays all the primary schools in my country have made Chinese-language courses available to students," said Cho, who was believed by some local media to have given the strongest push to the achievementEditor's Note: The Communist Party of China will hold its 19th National Congress on Oct 18And she was the first South Korean citizen to gain permanent residency in China in 2006"Now I often accompany Hefei officials to South Korea for business recruitment and students for educational exchanges," Cho said
In recent years, I have received numerous awards from the Chinese governmentI believe that in the coming five years, the gap between coastal and inland regions will be narrowed
"My husband and I came to China - to Hefei - to fulfill my elder son's dreamIn 2000, with Cho's help, the Banyang Elementary School - in which she had studied - began teaching Chinese
Cho's brothers and sisters also brought their children to Hefeicn Cho Sung-hye talks with her students at Hefei University in Anhui province
A remarkable South Korean teacher took up residence in Hefei, Anhui province, at the urging of her young son and never looked backWhat do you think China will be like in five years' time? How do you view China's longer-term future? Chinese people's incomes have increased significantly in recent years and they will become richer in the next five yearsHe has been trying his best to achieve what he has vowed to doTo better promote the educational exchanges, Cho and her husband founded the Handa Cultural Exchange Co in Hefei in 2006, with Cho as president
She has played a prominent role in education, business development and friendshipOpening up to the world has brought dramatic changes to the coastal regions, which have been more developed that the inland areas
" What do you feel has been China's biggest achievement over the past five years? What's the most notable change you've observed? China has achieved much in many aspects over the last five yearsIn 1998, when she was back in her hometown, Cho delivered a three-hour speech to 82 heads of primary schools, trying to persuade them to offer Chinese courses
In 2010, she was listed as one of the most influential women of the century in HefeiOfficials should all start from basic positions and get promotions gradually
Half a year later, Park returned to Hefei University and has been there ever since"In the early years, transportation between Hefei and South Korea was not convenient"In the five years since the 18th CPC National Congress in 2012, China has invested more than ever before in poverty relief, and President Xi Jinping has vowed to eliminate poverty by 2020," Cho notedSome of the South Korean companies based in the two zones, the largest in the province, were attracted through Cho's efforts
The boy - a great fan of Chinese history who was able to give the names of more than 900 figures in the Chinese classic Romance of Three Kingdoms - was inspired and wanted very much to follow the suggestionDo you believe that some of China's experiences or practices could be used to solve pressing global problems? If so, what are they? China has a very mature and comprehensive system to foster leadership
What three words would you use to describe China today? Revitalizing, changing, confidentCho said the number of the poverty-stricken students is declining, and they can now get more financial support from the government, rather than relying on occasional social donations
It's hard to make long-term predictions, but I hope China can keep its own development pace and have its own development patternsChina is a big country, so officials have to collaborate with each other well
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经典斗地主下载_天宝棋牌
租用商用卫星出故障 日情报搜集网"缺口"难弥补
广东麻将下载_天宝棋牌
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光速摧毁导弹!美神盾激光炮或成空战大杀器
成都麻将血战到底_天宝棋牌
新疆首次确认2例新型冠状病毒感染的肺炎病例
成都麻将游戏下载_天宝棋牌
美军下令向美墨边境增派部队 可与移民"直接接触"
手机棋牌游戏斗牛_天宝棋牌
新媒:美国首次以违反制裁名义扣押一艘朝鲜货轮
开元棋牌官方下载_天宝棋牌
美专家:正与中国同行合作研发新型冠状病毒疫苗
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还敢吃蛇吗?学者最新研究:新型冠状病毒最可能来自于蛇
截至22日22时48分全国确诊病例544例
© 2019 才夸八斗网

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Q: How to render a page full of special charachters without escaping every single one I am learning react and I am trying to create a practice app where I put my notes so I am able to easily access them when I change computers.
I have a long cheatsheet full of code that I would like to display in a page, but I cannot escape every single special charachter and keyword because basically it is full of it.
Hope this makes sense, let me know if any clarification is needed. Any advice on how to get around this would be so so appreciated. Thank you!

A: I would need more clarification about your cheatsheet content, but if it's a richtext cheatsheet you could try using dangerouslySetInnerHtml
You could try to put everything inside there and i think it should render corretcly.
function MyComponent() {
  return
;
}

A: You could use a library named remarkable for that matter.
Here is a simple example taken from React official documentation.
class MarkdownEditor extends React.Component {
  constructor(props) {
    super(props);
    this.md = new Remarkable();
    this.handleChange = this.handleChange.bind(this);
    this.state = { value: 'Hello, **world**!' };
  }

  handleChange(e) {
    this.setState({ value: e.target.value });
  }

  getRawMarkup() {
    return { __html: this.md.render(this.state.value) };
  }

  render() {
    return (

Input

          Enter some markdown

        <textarea
          id="markdown-content"
          onChange={this.handleChange}
          defaultValue={this.state.value}
        />

Output

    );
  }
}

A: Generally React escapes Text automatically. If you only want to display the Text you don't need to escape anything, e.g. consider this code and type any special chars in the input box:
import React, { useState } from 'react';
export const EscapeText = (props)=>{
    const [ value, setValue ] = useState('');
    return (<>
        <input
            value={ value }
            onChange={ function(event){
                setValue( event.target.value );
            }}
        />
        { value }
    </>);
};

In case you want to display formatted HTML, you can use dangerouslySetInnerHTML (as other answers suggested), but generally this should be avoided if possible, because it is dangerous.
Instead, you should specify your own document and display format (or use an existing one), or use a library (as ridoansaleh suggested).

A: I just thought I'd share what ended up working.
First put all the notes on a text file, then create a scripts.js file with:
const fs = require('fs');

const data = fs.readFileSync('./notes.txt', 'utf-8');

const json = {
    data: data,
};

const jsonStr = JSON.stringify(json, null, 2);

console.log(json);

fs.writeFileSync('./notes.json', jsonStr);

And this on the app.js file:
const notesJson = require('./notes.json');

function App() {

  return (

      {notesJson.data}

  );
}

export default App;

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


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text:
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Mr. Ripperger earned his degree at the European Business School (EBS) in Oestrich-Winkel, Germany, where he received the Dean's List Award.
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Jane the Virgin Season 3 Episode 17 Quotes
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Xo: And we've always moved so fast. We said I love you on beach day in high school after dating for a week.
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Chapter Sixty-One
Jane the Virgin Season 3


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12. C. Toll, A hoard of Osman Turkish silver coins from Bahrayn minted at Basra in 982 - 1032 A.H. = 1574 - 1623 A.D.


text:
======
pyshop
======

.. image:: https://travis-ci.org/mardiros/pyshop.png?branch=master
   :target: https://travis-ci.org/mardiros/pyshop

Getting Started
===============

Pyshop is a private repository for python packages.

The aim is to split private projects in distinct private packages and keep a
setup.py clean and working, by declaring all dependencies, exactly as public
packages on PyPI.

Pyshop also proxies and caches packages from PyPI safely using SSL and checking server
certificate.

Pyshop uses clear and simple ACLs to manage privileges:

- an installer group that can only download release files,
- a developer group that can download and upload release files and browse the
  website,
- an admin group that has developer privileges and accounts management.

Since pyshop is intended to host private packages, every user, including *pip*,
must be authenticated by login and password.

Installation
============

Using A virtualenv with Python 3
--------------------------------

::

    $ cd /srv
    $ sudo mkdir pyshop
    $ sudo chown $(whoami) pyshop
    $ cd pyshop
    $ pyvenv .
    (pyshop)$ source bin/activate
    (pyshop)$ pip install "pyshop[waitress]"
    (pyshop)$ cp pyshop.sample.ini pyshop.ini
    (pyshop)$ vim pyshop.ini  # change at least the pyshop.cookie_key setting
    (pyshop)$ pyshop_setup pyshop.ini  # Create the database
    (pyshop)$ pserve pyshop.ini        # start pyshop CTRL+C to stop

.. Note::

    If you are using python2 and the pyshop you may not have the pyshop.sample.ini file, you can
    download it with:

    ::

      (pyshop)$ curl -o pyshop.ini https://raw.githubusercontent.com/mardiros/pyshop/master/pyshop.sample.ini

You should edit the pyshop.ini file in order to configure the
``pyshop.cookie_key`` and the host:port that hosts the service. When the server
is running visit the website, http://localhost:8000/ by default, to check
everything is fine.

For production usage, you should create accounts with the *developer* group.
Visit http://localhost:8000/pyshop/user with the admin account to create
accounts.

You also should also use an https reverse proxy. Python packaging core uses
HTTP basic authentication: it sends user/password in clear.

The pythop.sample.ini file use waitress as the default WSGI server, but,
if you are familiar with another WSGI server that support paste format,
you could use it.

Daemonize with systemd on linux
-------------------------------

`Pyramid 1.8 has removed deamonized options`_ you have to use a process manager.

Here is a simple way to daemonise it undex linux that use systemd

::

      (pyshop)$ curl -o pyshop.service https://raw.githubusercontent.com/mardiros/pyshop/master/pyshop.sample.service
      (pyshop)$ sudo mv pyshop.service /etc/systemd/system/pyshop.service

.. note::

   you may edit the pyshop.service file to adapt path in case you install it

_`Pyramid 1.8 has removed deamonized options`: http://docs.pylonsproject.org/projects/pyramid/en/latest/whatsnew-1.8.html#backwards-incompatibilities

Using Docker
------------

Currently, there is an image of pyshop used for development purpose,
it support both MySQL and PostgreSQL. The PostgreSQL integration is
fully operation, you can run a new Pyshop install using docker-compose,
with the command:

::

    docker-compose up pgpyshop

It will create the database with the default pyshop users:

* privileged user:   login admin, password: changeme
* unprivileged user: login pip, password changeme

If you want to use a different orchestrator, you have to link the postgresql
container to Pyshop container with the name postgresql.localdomain

The MySQL support does not automate the database setup right now.

The official Docker image of Pyshop is available here on the Docker Hub:

https://registry.hub.docker.com/u/mardiros/pyshop/

Configuring your environment
============================

Here are all configuration files you will need to modify for usual python tools
to use your newly deployed private repository.

~/.pip/pip.conf
---------------

Configuration used by pip. This is a user file, you can set a developer or
the generic pip account.

::

    [global]
    # when mirroring a package, pyshop retrieves information from PyPI and
    # stores it in its database. Be patient, it is not so long.
    default-timeout = 120
    timeout = 120

    [install]
    index-url = http://pip:changeme@localhost:8000/simple/

    [search]
    index = http://pip:changeme@localhost:8000/pypi

.. note::

  If you are using a WSGI server that kills requests if it is too long, like
  uWSGI or gunicorn, set an appropriate timeout for this service too.

.. note::

   The search funciton is not working with Python 3

setup.cfg and pydistutils.cfg
-----------------------------

setup.cfg and pydistutils.cfg are used when running *python setup.py develop*
to install your package or when using *easy_install*. You should use a generic
account with installer privileges only, shared by all developers.

This setting can be set per project or in user ``$HOME`` (see
`setuptools documentation`_ for details)

.. _`setuptools documentation`:  https://pythonhosted.org/setuptools/easy_install.html#configuration-files

::

    [easy_install]
    index-url = http://pip:changeme@localhost:8000/simple/

This should work now::

    python setup.py develop

~/.pypirc
---------

Configuration used by setuptools to upload files.
All developers should have this configuration in their ``$HOME`` to upload
packages.

::

    [distutils]
    index-servers =
        pyshop

    [pyshop]
    username: admin  # or create an account in pyshop admin interface
    password: changeme
    repository: http://localhost:8000/simple/

This should work now::

    python setup.py sdist upload -v -r pyshop

Alternatives
============

- pypiserver: https://pypi.python.org/pypi/pypiserver
- localshop: http://pypi.python.org/pypi/localshop
- djangopypi: http://pypi.python.org/pypi/djangopypi
- chishop: http://pypi.python.org/pypi/chishop

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


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Garegin Khazhak (also Karekin Khajag, ; 6 October 1867–1915) was an Armenian journalist, writer, political activist and educator. A member of the Armenian Revolutionary Federation, Khajag traveled around the world to help support revolutionary activity. During his life, Khajag was imprisoned four times. He became a professor and a principal in several Armenian schools throughout the region. In 1915, Karekin Khajag was arrested and subsequently killed during the Armenian genocide.

Life

Karekin Khajag was born Karekin Chakalian on 6 October 1867 in Alexandropol within the Russian Empire (present-day Gyumri, Armenia). He was called Chakal Oghli (Turkish: son of Chakal), which would later be rendered as Khajag by those around him. In 1883, after attaining his early education locally, he continued his higher education at the Gevorgian Seminary. Graduating  in 1886, Khajag became a teacher and for seven years taught in parochial schools in Baku, Akulis, and Ganja. During his time in Baku, Khajag joined the Armenian Revolutionary Federation (ARF). To further his education, Khajag went to Geneva, where he attended the University of Geneva and studied social sciences. While in Geneva, he began to contribute to the newspaper Droshak, an organ of the ARF.

Immediately after his graduation in 1898, Khajag was sent to the Balkans and then Alexandria by the editorial staff of Droshak. After staying in Alexandria for a year, he went to Izmir for six months and finally Constantinople, where he remained for two years.

Karekin Khajag was imprisoned for eight months due to revolutionary activity. He was then exiled to the Caucasus where he continued his work as a teacher. He became the principal of the Armenian school in Shushi for two years. After his marriage, Khajag settled in Tiflis in 1903 and became one of the editors of the Armenian newspaper Mshak. While working for the newspaper, he also taught on the side at the Nersisyan School. In 1906, he became one of the founding editors of the newspaper Harach, working alongside Avetis Aharonian and Yeghisheh Topjian.

In 1908 he was arrested and sent to prison, where he remained for six months. After being released, Khajag was arrested again and sent to prison nine months later.

After being released from prison in 1912, Khajag returned to Constantinople where he contributed to the local newspaper Azadamard, while becoming a principal of an Armenian school in the district of Samatya.

Death
Karekin Khajag was one of the Armenian leaders deported during the Armenian Genocide. On the night of 24 April 1915, Khajag was arrested and imprisoned in Constantinople, then sent via train to Ayaş, a village located in the interior provinces of the Ottoman Empire. Confined in a prison at Ayaş, Khajag along with Rupen Zartarian, Sarkis Minassian, Khachatur Malumian, Harutiun Jangülian, and Nazaret Daghavarian were to be transferred to Diyarbakir on 2 June. Ostensibly, they were to undergo a court-martial in Diyarbakir; however, Khajag along with the rest were murdered en route in the area of Karacur between Urfa and Severek (today Siverek). The order for the murder was given from Captain Şevket to Haci Onbaşı, a member of the Special Organization.

References

Bibliography

1867 births
1915 deaths
Armenian nationalists
People who died in the Armenian genocide
Armenian journalists
Armenian educators
Armenian Revolutionary Federation politicians
People from Gyumri
University of Geneva alumni
Armenian male writers

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


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Bone appétit: Ben & Jerry's is now making dog treats
Compression ratio: 53.6%. 1 min read.
Ben & Jerry's is already irresistible to most humans — and now, they're looking to hook man's best friend with a new line of dog treats.
New York (CNN Business)Ben & Jerry's is already irresistible to most humans — and now, they're looking to hook man's best friend with a new line of dog treats.
For the first time in the brand's history, Ben & Jerry's is now selling non-dairy frozen treats called "Doggie Desserts" in supermarkets and pet stores.
The treats are made with dog-friendly ingredients including a sunflower-butter base and other "high quality ingredients" that are found in Ben & Jerry's traditional ice cream, including sugar, coconut oil and wheat flour.
Ben & Jerry's, which is owned by Unilever (UL), is chomping into a growing space sparked by an increase in pet adoptions during the pandemic as people stuck at home seek companionship.
Sales of dog treats specifically jumped 8% last year to $4. 6 billion, according to data Nielsen provided to CNN Business.
Pet adoption isn't slowing down, either.
Against that backdrop, the pet industry has proved to be recession-resilient, if not recession-proof.
"Pets don't eat less during recessions," Chewy founder Ryan Cohen previously told CNN Business.
"The last thing people typically pull back on is their pet. "
Negotiations over Ethiopia dam project break down
Enraged Trump may lash out at big tech after Twitter ban but plans not final
Augie the dog celebrated her 20th birthday this week, making her the oldest golden retriever in history
Nope, every dog year isn't equal to 7 human years, researchers now say
Ben & Jerry's calls on Americans to defund the police in Juneteenth message
Man's Best Friend: Dogs Trained To Detect COVID-19 Coronavirus; 'They're Sniffing For People That Are Carriers'
Dogs' brains aren't hardwired to care about human faces
Oregon man saves his dog from bear attack
Ben & Jerry's calls on Americans to 'dismantle white supremacy' in forceful statement
Man accused of killing woman's dog, attacking during Spring Garden burglary
A 9-year-old and her friends have raised nearly $100,000 selling bracelets to help black-owned businesses


text:
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Home » LOVE IN 40 DAYS » LOVE IN 40 DAYS June 10, 2022
LOVE IN 40 DAYS
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2 Good 2 Be True May 16 2022 is an up and coming Philippine show mental thriller tv arrangement based on the British dramatization arrangement Specialist Cultivate, featuring Jodi Sta. Maria, Zanjoe Marudo, Sue Ramirez, and Zaijian Jaranilla.[2] It is premiering on Kapamilya Channel's Primetime Bida evening square, A2Z, and TV5, and around the world by means of The Filipino Channel on January 24, 2022, supplanting Wed Me, Wed You.
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The First Lady March 14, 2022 Part 1 Full Video Part 1 Part 2 Part 3...
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text:
Welcome to the Cathedral Parish e-News for this weekend.

St Patrick's Cathedral, Ballarat
Communities of Alfredton, Ballarat, Cardigan
Lake Gardens, Lake Wendouree, Lucas, Newington
St Patrick's Cathedral Parish acknowledges that the Aboriginal people of Australia are our first nation peoples and the traditional owners and custodians of this land.
We are a child safe Parish following the Child Safe Standards outlined by the Victorian Government, implementing procedures and standards as directed by the Professional Standards Office of the Catholic Diocese of Ballarat.
FEAST OF CHRIST THE KING
22nd NOVEMBER, 2020
3 Lyons St Sth Ballarat
ballarat@ballarat.catholic.org.au
stpatscathedral.weebly.com/
Parish Office hours:
On Mondays the Parish Office is closed.
On weekends and after regular office hours,
the phone will be transferred to the on call priest
so that the Hospitals, Aged Care facilities, Funeral Directors
or others seeking the services of a priest may be responded to.
https://www.facebook.com/patricks.cathedral.9/
Mass in the Chapel at St John of God Hospital is live streamed daily at 11.30am. After Mass has been celebrated it is posted onto the Cathedral website.
Readings for this week: Thirty Third Sunday in Ordinary Time
First: Proverbs 31:10-14, 19-20, 30-31 Second: Thessalonians 5:1-6
Gospel: Matthew 25:14-30
Readings for next week: Feast of Christ the King
First: Isaiah 63:16-17; 64:1. 3-8 Second: Corinthians 1:3-9
Gospel: Mark 13:33-37
Sr Kate McGrath RSM
ANNIVERSARIES:
Donald Anderson
Bernadette Black
Marlene Bombardieri
Sheila Bruhn
Dila Bulic
John Carruthers
Domenica Casella
James Casella
Sr M Celine
Elizabeth Clark
Val Crameri
Terence Dickson
Michael Elliott
Len Fan
Leslie Frawley
Ivy Goodwin
John McDowell
Patrick McVeigh
Toni McVeigh
Irene Menzel
Hazel Muriel Moloney
Chako Moonyamadeal
Bess Newton
Margaret Roberts
Ronald Rosser
James (Jimmy) Simpson
Walter Sztozko
Ronald Twomey
Daisy Watson
Kevin Woof
Ludovicus Wynen
Provisions for Regional Victoria from
Monday 23rd November 2020
Ceremonies and Religious Gatherings
Cathedral Parish Update
We are hoping that this weekend that there will be an announcement that will further ease the coronavirus restrictions that may then enable us to have up to 100 people gathering in the Cathedral in groups of 20. Weekday Mass (Monday – Friday) will continue to be celebrated at 10.00am, and it will be dependent on the announcements this weekend how many people may gather. For these Masses bookings will not be required, but those who attend will be asked to provide their contact details.
If our numbers increase to up to 100 people from Monday, they will be seated in the pews in the body of the Cathedral in clearly marked places with one person in each pew (except if they are from the same household). Please be respectful of others who may be guiding this process of welcoming, registering and ushering you in the Cathedral. Entrance to the Cathedral will continue to be via the south transept door where tables will be set up for you to provide your contact details.
For the weekend Masses on the first Sunday of Advent (November 28th – 29th), provided we are able to have up to 100 people gather for Mass, we will celebrate Masses at the usual summer times 6.30pm (Saturday Vigil), 8.00am, 10.30am and 5.00pm on Sunday.
Teams of parishioners will be required for each of these Masses to assist with the welcoming, registration and ushering of parishioners to Mass and cleaning afterwards. We are looking for volunteers to join these teams for each Mass and ask that you contact the Parish office if you are willing to join one of these teams.
Similarly, the Cathedral is cleaned each week by dedicated teams of hard-working parishioners. With our heightened awareness of cleaning and sanitising all of our environments, we are also inviting more to volunteer for this service. Please contact the Parish Office for further details. To ensure that we have a Covid safe environment and adhere to our Covid safe plan, we will need many more to become involved.
The Cathedral will open for Morning and Evening Prayer each weekday (Monday – Friday), 8.00am and 6.00pm for thirty minutes only. The usual requirement of providing contact details will be required as well as cleaning afterwards.
While some planning for Christmas can commence, much remains unknown as to how we will be able to celebrate. We will await further announcements.
At all gatherings contact details are to be collected, contact surfaces sanitised, social distancing observed, hand sanitiser provided and face masks must be worn.
This weekend we welcome to our Parish through the
Sacrament of Baptism:
Stephen Edmund Harrison, son of Paul & Crystal
"The Church gives the faith to your children through Baptism and you have the task to make it grow…" Pope Francis.
May Stephen grow in faith with the support of their families and our Catholic Community
Thanksgiving Note from Fr Shaiju
"Always be thankful"(Col:3:17).
Gratitude is one of the greatest Christian virtues.
I hope you all came to know from the newsletter that I am moving to Mildura by 27th of November 2020.
As I move from Ballarat my heart is filled with gratitude towards St Patrick's Cathedral Catholic community for all the love and concern you have shown to me. Fr Justin is a great man to start with, his hard working nature, consistency in character, his love for the church and people are really inspiring. Thanks Father for all that you had been to me.
The office staff Anita and Kerrie helped me in many ways, thanks for them too.
Special thanks to different committees who helped me in liturgical matters and I appreciate very much their concern and cooperation. Covid19 was a hard time for every one of us and I could not meet many of you in person but you were in my prayers always.
Thanks for everything and expect my prayers and support in my coming years of priestly ministry in Ballarat Diocese.
Celebrating the Rite of Christian Initiation of Adults (RCIA)
This Sunday at the 5.00pm Mass we will celebrate the fill Christian initiation of Ebonee Rogan and Anthea Stanton who will be baptised, confirmed and celebrate their first communion. We will also receive Erin Macauley into the Catholic Church, then celebrate her Confirmation and first communion. Their journey began formally in mid 2019 and our Parish welcomes them into our faith community and thanks their sponsors, catechists and RCIA team members.
A reflection from each of these three women follows.
Ebonee Rogan
"My journey in the RCIA began when I decided that I wanted to share the same faith as my husband & three children. It's been a long (thanks to COVID) & enlightening experience, where I have learnt many things about myself and the Catholic faith. The sense of community I have felt from being part of the Church has been heart-warming. The core values of our faith give us such a rich compass to try and replicate in our own lives. I'd like to thank all who have guided us on this part of our journey, and I look forward to being a member of our Parish".
Anthea Stanton
"Know, I am praying for you Anthea." was my entry into Catholicism. Katelin a 'cradle Catholic' said those words to me when my family was in throws of a personal tragedy. 5 years later I entered the RCIA at St Patrick's, for which I am grateful to all who gave their time and contributed to my journey. We all fall short of the glory of God, however there is a merciful element of Catholicism that secular society cannot offer. The New Testament continually gives us the sense of hearing complements. Faith comes not from smelling, seeing or touching, but hearing. And I have not heard more powerful words than "I absolve you".
Broadly speaking we need a metaphysic narrative to hold us together, both personally and as a community. And I would argue, that needs to be predicated on something that is transcend and absolute, which I have experienced through the beautiful and antique faith of Catholicism. I look forward to being an active member of our community. Do not hesitate to approach me and share your faith journey. I have much to learn and this is just the beginning."
Erin Macaulay
"My RCIA journey started when I gave birth to our son, Angus. Having being raised with strong Christian values and attending a Catholic school, I still had many gaps in my knowledge of what it meant to be 'Catholic'. All I knew was that I wanted my husband and I to raise our little boy in a similar way, and part of that was Christening him in the Catholic Church. Throughout the journey that has been Alpha and RCIA, I have had the pleasure of meeting some wonderful people and have learnt so much about myself and the Catholic faith. I am so excited to now be able to welcome Angus into the St Patricks' community and best guide him in his spiritual journey one day too".
Time to re-join as a worshipping community
Why we need to go back to Mass on Sunday
By Justin Stanwix | Australia
In a recent opinion piece published by La Croix International, Chris Sidoti posed some tough questions about the current state of parish life in the Catholic Church, at least in Australia.
"Will I go back to Mass? Can I go back to Mass?" he asked.
He asked that in the context of a number of painful failures of the Church, its poor liturgical language, the shame of the abuse crisis, the issue of all male clergy and the inadequate recognition of women.
After faithfully attending Mass each week for nearly 70 years, the past several months of being deprived of the Eucharistic Sacrament has undoubtedly been a major personal and community loss.
Catholics feel the loss deeply. The innate need to worship our God, to join in communion with other members of the People of God and to share in the one loaf gifted to us at the Last Supper was seriously interrupted.
After decades of weekly or even more frequent participation in the Eucharistic assembly, the inability to celebrate Mass has been much more than a mere suspension of a well-established routine.
Read this article by Justin Stanwix here
Catholic organisations praise
Victoria's $5.3bn commitment
The St Vincent de Paul Society and Jesuit Social Services have applauded the Victorian Government for its commitment of $5.3 billion to build more than 12,000 public housing dwellings over the next four years.
St Vincent de Paul Society National president Claire Victory said she welcomed the "Victorian Government's leadership on the issue" and encouraged other states and territories to follow suit.
Ms Victory said social housing was a shared responsibility across state and territory governments and the Commonwealth Government.
"In addition to individual commitment from the states and territories, I repeat the call for the federal Government to establish a social housing fund of $10 billion to augment the efforts of the states and territories to address the chronic shortage of safe, affordable housing in Australia," Ms Victory said.
"There's a shortfall of over 400,000 dwellings nationally. We need a strategic, consistent and long-term approach to tackling housing stress and homelessness in Australia.
Jesuit Social Services chief Julie Edwards said the projects "will ensure that thousands of Victorians have a safe and secure place to call home".
"Jesuit Social Services works with many vulnerable people – including people with mental health and substance abuse problems, newly-arrived refugees, people exiting prison and people leaving out-of-home-care services – who rely on public or community housing," Ms Edwards said.
"We see the impact that insecure, unstable or unsafe housing can have on a person's ability to lead a healthy, fulfilling and productive life, particularly for people who already experience complex forms of disadvantage. Adequate housing is a fundamental human right and this investment means more Victorians will have a place to call home."
Read the St Vincent de Paul media release here
During liturgical lockdown Catholics want
"Eucharist on demand"
Theologian questions wisdom of offering communion outside of Mass
"The Magisterium insists that the most perfect participation in the Eucharist takes place during Mass," explains Father Cédric Burgun.
Public religious services remain suspended or strictly curtailed in a number of countries around the world in an effort to stop the spread of the coronavirus.
And for Catholics in many European countries -- including Ireland, England and France -- that means not being able to gather together for Mass on Sunday.
In light of this, some church goers have asked their parish priests to make Holy Communion available outside the celebration of Mass.
But most Catholic theologians question the wisdom of this practice.
La Croix's Héloïse de Neuville took up the issue with Father Cédric Burgun.
He's director of the Carmelite Seminary in Paris and vice-dean of the Faculty of Canon Law at the Institut Catholique.
La Croix: Some of the faithful are asking for the sacrament of the Eucharist on an individual basis, outside of Mass. In what context can this be done?
Father Cédric Burgun: Canon law justifies the distribution of the sacraments outside of Mass for "a just motive" or "a serious cause" that would prevent them from being received during a celebration. This is interesting because it brings us back to the notion of discernment of the faithful and of the pastor on what is the just occasion to give and receive this sacrament in these extraordinary circumstances.
When canon law itself has not done so, we need to be careful to set rules that are neither too strict nor too general on this practice.
From this point of view, those who advocate the distribution of communion on an individual basis, and those who strongly oppose it by throwing anathemas in their faces, are a bit distressing.
Why is the Mass the most appropriate time to receive the Eucharist?
The Magisterium insists that the most perfect participation in the Eucharist takes place during Mass. There are two reasons for this.
First of all, there is a question of meaning. The Mass, by its unfolding and its liturgy, allows for a better understanding of the sacrifice of the cross, perpetuated in the Eucharist, especially thanks to the penitential liturgy and the Liturgy of the Word. All this prepares us and leads us towards the mystery of the cross and resurrection.
The second reason is the community aspect of the Eucharist. The celebration of the sacraments is, by its nature, communitarian; one never celebrates alone.
On the theological level, what questions are raised by the reception of the sacrament of the Eucharist outside of Mass?
It can lead to misunderstanding and the formation of false opinions about what the Eucharist is. On the one hand, the risk would be to devalue the importance of the unity of the overall celebration, in which the Eucharist is accomplished through the Liturgy of the Word, the homily, the Eucharistic Prayer itself, and finally its communal aspect.
On the other hand, this individual distribution, isolated from the Mass, can lead to undermining the spiritual preparation that the reception of this sacrament requires: the penitential process, Eucharistic fasting, confession in case of grave sin, etc.
These conditions remain for receiving the Eucharist, even if the mode of reception changes.
Above all, I do not want to judge my brother priests in the pastoral practices they implement, but it is legitimate to question the image we give of the Eucharist by invoking this Sunday distribution outside of Mass.
(Above photo by ANTOINE MEKARY/ANTOINE - STOCK.ADOBE.COM)
On Pilgrimage with Mary Ward App
In our present time of instant communication and ease of travel, the story of Mary Ward and her life-long desire to seek and know God's will, can seem like a struggle way beyond human resilience.
That an English woman, in Post-Reformation England, could believe the Catholic Church would approve a plan for religious women to be free from the jurisdiction of the Diocesan Bishop but governed by one of their own, free from the obligations of the cloister, focused on the mission of educating girls in a similar way to boys, and flexible enough to respond to the needs identified around them, seems outrageous, shocking and misguided. This is what Mary Ward came to understand as God's will for her.
With the young women inspired to join her, she crossed the English Channel many times, traversed the Alps of Europe on foot three times to seek approval for her congregation and all along the way, she established houses and schools where she was welcomed and supported. And while she died under the shadow of the Inquisition … her congregation can be found today in over 40 countries, with more than 200 Mary Ward schools, colleges and informal education facilities and thousands of women and men proudly associated with her charism and spirituality.
More information on the Pilgrimage with Mary Ward App can be found here.
Thank you for contributing to the Cathedral collections this week:
Envelopes: $ 835.00
Presbytery: $ 276.00
Due to the cancellation of Masses, should you wish to continue your Planned Giving or contribution to the First Collection, please hand your envelope into the Parish Office, phone Finance Officer Kerrie to receive a Direct Debit form, or put your offering in an envelope into the mailbox near the front door.
Any queries or concerns, please contact the
Parish Office or email Finance Officer Kerrie.
Gospel Reflection
"It has long been a common custom to give to Christ the metaphorical title of King." These are the words of Pope Pius XI who established this feast between two world wars in the hope of counteracting the growing secularism "in public affairs and politics" and finding a way towards global peace. Peace would never be achieved, wrote Pope Pius XI, until and unless individuals and nations accept the "rule of our Saviour".
In some ways, hope for the global reign of the Prince of Peace seems more remote than ever. The challenge of the so-called Islamic State in the Middle East, of Boko Haram in Africa and of the White Supremacist Movement in the United States have marked new low points in more than a century of violent and ongoing conflict which has claimed the lives of some 180 million people across the globe. COVID-19 has underscored the vulnerability to violence of those rendered poor by the prevailing inequitable economic system. From a Christian perspective, the world needs the sort of leadership that Jesus of Nazareth advocated in first century Palestine, the kind of leadership that Pope Francis is offering to our world.
The gospel for today provides a blueprint for Christian living in general and for leadership in particular. Matthew presents Jesus as both shepherd and sheep: as judge and king on the one hand and as a suffering human ("the least") on the other. Works of mercy are the measure of justice or righteousness. Those who feed the hungry, give drink to the thirsty, welcome the stranger, and set the prisoners free are "the righteous/the sheep" who will inherit God's empire or kin-dom and have life. Those who fail in these respects are the unrighteous/the goats who fail to recognise the presence of the shepherd/king in the suffering of "the least". Why sheep and goats? While goats grazed with the sheep, they were never imaged as God's people, somewhat unfairly, I suggest. "Sheep", on the other hand, is a frequent biblical designation for the people of God's fold.
This gospel story is replete with mixed metaphors. It is the gospel source of the spiritual and corporal works of mercy that have informed the Christian way of life for centuries. It focusses on suffering humanity. In proclaiming an eighth work of mercy, care for our common home, Pope Francis has asked us to expand our horizons and to extend our concern to the suffering of the whole Earth community, human and other-than-human.
The Feast of Christ the King brings the church year to a close. It invites us to consider ways to achieve the things that make for peace. If we wish God's reign of peace to be realised on planet Earth, then we might heed the invitation of Pope Francis to care for our common home: to engage in "grateful contemplation of God's world" on the one hand and in daily gestures that "break with the logic of violence, exploitation and selfishness" on the other.
Veronica Lawson RSM
ST PATRICK'S CATHEDRAL PARISH GARDEN
Sent to: _t.e.s.t_@example.com
St Patrick's Cathedral Parish, 3 Lyons Street South, BALLARAT CENTRAL Victoria 3350, Australia
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The 3:30 Mark Of This Video Is One You'll Never Forget. It's The Most Touching Moment Imaginable.
When 13 year old Taylor Storch died, it was completely devastating to her family. But somehow in the midst of an unthinkable tragedy, inspiration emerged. What you're about to see is Taylor's mother experiencing a moment she'll never forget.
They Told This Little Boy His Dog Was Going To Be Put Down. His Response STUNNED Them.
Dogs are more than pets, they're members of our family and faithful companions.
Family Guy Makes Me LOL
Funniest Moments From Steve Harvey's Family Feud
The most recent version of Family Feud is also the weirdest…
What This Family Built For Their Dog Is Completely Awesome. My Dog Is Really Jealous.
This is Jack, the family dog. He loves hanging out under anything (tables, chairs, etc). So his family decided to give him a more comfortable place to stay.
I Should Feel Bad For What Happened To This Family. But Their Epic Reaction Is Simply Brilliant.
The family also grows their own crops and cares for livestock.
Perfect Ways To Return To Your Family After Going To War
With a decade of war winding down, many soldiers are returning home to their families. Not gonna cry…
Photographs That Prove You And Your Mother Are The Same Person
After seeing her mother wearing her clothes, Carra Sykes was inspired to create the series "Mother+Daughter."
Funniest Family Portraits Ever Taken
Whether intentionally or by accident, these family photos turned out freaking hilarious…
Vintage Family Shoe Store
This store was open from the 40's through the 60's. Then the owner of it fell ill and passed away. The shop was closed and it remained this way for over 40 years, mostly untouched.
Cold War Shelter
One family from Neenah, Wisconsin, found a fully stocked Cold War bunker 10 years after they moved into the house. There were enough supply for a family to survive the first two weeks of war.
Very Old Bible
This Bible from 1708 is in German.
Beautiful Country House
Beautiful house built by Ward+Blake Architects in 2011.
Powerful Pictures of Family Escaping Wildfires of Australia
Wildfires in Australia have caused the destruction of about 90 homes. Families have been escaping the flames by any and all means. Below one family shows their determination to escape.
World's Biggest Albino Family
Pullan family from Delhi, India, is the world's biggest albino family that is awaiting official recognition of their status with a Guinness World Record. Roseturai Pullan, 50, his wife Mani, 45, and their six children, grandson and son in law …
Rare Photos of the Russian Imperial Family
A collection of rare retro photos of the Romanov family, the Imperial Russian family who were shooted by the Bolsheviks in 1918.
Chinese Family Converts Truck Into 8.5sqm Personal Home
A young couple from China remade his truck into a real home on wheels.
Unusual Portraits
Creative, Funny
This series of unusual photographs, called "Genetic portraits" created a designer and photographer Ulrik Collette. Each portrait is split between two family faces to create scarily similar portraits.
A Real Armful
Meet Graham and Janet Walton, the proud parents of sextuplets named Hannah, the youngest, Jenny, Kate, Sarah, Ruth, and Lucy.
Caps Lock Ruin My Life
Funny, Stupid


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Pierson says no to farm swap
PATRICK MCCALLISTER, Correspondent
Jul 15, 2010 at 12:01 AM Aug 15, 2012 at 12:03 PM
PIERSON -- The Town Council rejected arguments for allowing the Pierson Farm Swap in its commercial district, and this week turned down a request to move it to Center Street.
Organizer Lloyd Flannigan argued the informal farm animal-and-produce sale blends in with the other businesses along the U.S. 17 corridor.
"Some of ya'll sat there for 22 months and watched the farm swap," Flannigan said at the meeting Tuesday. "Some of ya'll actually walked through it. ... All along the commercial highway you have agricultural businesses."
But the council accepted the planning commission's conclusion that the farm swap doesn't qualify as commercial zoning, or fit into land-use plans. The council also decided the farm swap wouldn't fit into a lease agreement it has with Volusia County on the property Flannigan requested.
Although the council unanimously handed the swap two defeats, it also directed town staff to help the farm swap find a legal home somewhere in Pierson.
"I sympathize with all the people here who do want to see a farm swap," said Councilman Samuel Bennett. "It's good for business."
Jim Smith, town planning consultant, warned that changes to Pierson's zoning and comprehensive land-use plan to allow the farm swap would go though an extensive state review that'll take at least a year to complete.
"It's a long, drawn out affair," Smith said at the meeting. "We're estimating now, under the best of circumstances, it won't go to Tallahassee until the end of May."
The monthly swap of farm animals began in fall 2008. It quickly grew into semimonthly meetings on Saturday mornings at Pierson Feed, 221 N. Center St.
At an April council meeting, Councilman Billy Carter raised concerns about traffic and pedestrian safety. Later, Smith determined the swap was not a permitted use at the business.
The swap stopped for a few weeks, but then its location was moved to the Pierson Family Restaurant, 302 S. Center St. Later, though, the restaurant's owner, Frank Duveuil, ceased participating because swap organizers failed to get liability insurance.
By this time, Flannigan said far fewer buyers and sellers were participating.
Carter approached the Pierson Lions Club to offer the swap a home on West Washington Avenue, and the Lions agreed, but Flannigan and other swap participants turned down the offer at a May 11 meeting.
That prompted an exchange between the councilman and Flannigan Tuesday.
"You were given a chance to move the swap to the Pierson Lions Club, and you refused to move," Carter said. "Can you tell us why?"
Flannigan responded that the Lions property is too small, had too much soft soil, and would have required changing the swap's operation days. "It's a bad location where nobody will see us," Flannigan said.
The next step, according to Flannigan, is following up on the council's vote for staff to work with farm-swap organizers. He said he'll soon e-mail the town to request a workshop to see how the farm swap can continue in Pierson. He's unwilling to move it to another town.
"I think right now," he said, "we're in a wait and see mode."


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Thank you to everyone who participated in Camp T-Shirt Day this year!
Each year we get more and more folks showing their love for Asbury Hills by wearing their favorite camp t-shirt. Here are a few of many who sported their Asbury Hills gear.
Until next year, thank you for showing your love for Asbury Hills!


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Exeter City Council
Time to look forward says council leader after Clifton Hill plans approved
Exeter City Council's planning committee on Monday night gave plans for the development the green light
Daniel ClarkContent Editor
The leader of Exeter City Council has hailed the news that 42 new homes at the site of the former Clifton Hill leisure centre while protecting the green space as a major boost to the community.
Exeter City Council's planning committee on Monday night approved plans for the development, which includes 11 affordable homes for the over 60s, at the site opposite Belmont Park.
The 42 new dwellings comprise a mix of 11 five-bed and 20 four-bed houses and seven two-bed and four one-bed flats, and access through the site to the ski slope and golf driving range will be maintained.
Cllr Phil Bialyk, leader of the council, said that there is a tinge of regret about the loss of the old leisure centre, but that the new St Sidwell's Point will be just 500 yards away and that it would be much improved for the people of Exeter.
Cllr Phil Bialyk at the Clifton Hill site (Image: Exeter City Council)
He said: "Around 18 months ago I announced that we were not going to build on the open space, on the golf driving range or on the ski centre.
"I said I wanted to save that for the people of Exeter, and that I wanted to develop on the leisure centre site, and I am so pleased that's what we will do.
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"There will be 42 new homes here, including 11 affordable homes for the over 60s, which is absolutely great. We have worked with the local community here and I am absolutely delighted.
"Residents will have the benefit of this open space at the back which we have saved and putting much needed housing here on the former site will be fantastic. No other developer would have developed it in this way and it would be far worse, and I think what we've done in bringing those plans is exceptional.
The Clifton Hill Sports Centre which will be turned into housing (Image: Daniel Clark)
"I do have a bit of regret and I brought my children here for children's parties and to play sports, but do you know what, it's time to move on. And we are moving on to a brand new leisure centre which will be passivhaus and will be built 500-600 yards away and will be the best in the country and fantastic for all the people of Exeter to enjoy.
"We can look back, but I'm looking forward. We are going to have some great things to look forward to in 2021 in Exeter."
The former leisure centre is set to be demolished next year and construction of the new homes will also start in 2021 and the first homes are expected to be completed in around 18 months.
The new homes will be develop by the Council-owned development company Exeter City Living. All will be built to the super energy-efficient Passivhaus standard.
Managing Director Emma Osmundsen said: "It is going to be a landmark development. There have been very few family-sized homes developed in the city centre over the last decade and they are much-needed.
"They will be bespoke, healthy, climate-ready, low energy and high-performing homes."
The green space at Clifton Hill (Image: Daniel Clark)
Recommending approval, planning officers had said: "The development will make effective use of a previously developed site, which is in a sustainable, accessible location, close to the City Centre. The principle of housing development in this location is acceptable in principle.
"The loss of trees to development on the site is considered acceptable in light of the replacement planting proposed and secured by condition and the contributions to the enhancement of off-site open spaces.
"There are no other material considerations to warrant refusal of this application subject to an appropriate planning obligation under S106 being entered into, and where the proposal does not accord fully with policies, this is considered to be outweighed by other policies of the development plan and material considerations.
"Overall the proposed development is considered to be acceptable by officers, it is considered to be sustainable in overall terms."
Cllr Jemima Moore had called for the application to be deferred so the right revisions could be made, while Keith Lewis, vice-chairman of the Exeter City Civic society added that the residential development does not fully accord with the council's own design guide, and that it was unacceptable that block 8 for eleven flats and block 3 for four homes to be located so close to mature trees to the south east of the site that the trees will need to be significantly lopped to enable homes to be built.
Trees at the Clifton Hill site
But Cllr Laura Wright, proposing approval, said: "We can't possibly tick every box and meet everybody's needs and demands. From what I can see about the design now, we cannot have something here that does not everything that we want it to do, but what is being proposed does a hell of a lot that we want it to and main thing is bringing forward good quality housing.
"We cannot have everything. We have a good 80 per cent at least and it will enhance the area and the people lucky enough to live in the houses will bring a lot to the area."
The committee voted by 11 votes to 0, with one abstention, to approve the scheme.


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Chemical thermodynamics is the study of the interrelation of heat and work with chemical reactions or with physical changes of state within the confines of the laws of thermodynamics. Chemical thermodynamics involves not only laboratory measurements of various thermodynamic properties, but also the application of mathematical methods to the study of chemical questions and the spontaneity of processes.

The structure of chemical thermodynamics is based on the first two laws of thermodynamics.  Starting from the first and second laws of thermodynamics, four equations called the "fundamental equations of Gibbs" can be derived.  From these four, a multitude of equations, relating the thermodynamic properties of the thermodynamic system can be derived using relatively simple mathematics.  This outlines the mathematical framework of chemical thermodynamics.

History

In 1865, the German physicist Rudolf Clausius, in his Mechanical Theory of Heat, suggested that the principles of thermochemistry, e.g. the heat evolved in combustion reactions, could be applied to the principles of thermodynamics.  Building on the work of Clausius, between the years 1873-76 the American mathematical physicist Willard Gibbs published a series of three papers, the most famous one being the paper On the Equilibrium of Heterogeneous Substances.  In these papers, Gibbs showed how the first two laws of thermodynamics could be measured graphically and mathematically to determine both the thermodynamic equilibrium of chemical reactions as well as their tendencies to occur or proceed.  Gibbs' collection of papers provided the first unified body of thermodynamic theorems from the principles developed by others, such as Clausius and Sadi Carnot.

During the early 20th century, two major publications successfully applied the principles developed by Gibbs to chemical processes and thus established the foundation of the science of chemical thermodynamics. The first was the 1923 textbook Thermodynamics and the Free Energy of Chemical Substances by Gilbert N. Lewis and Merle Randall. This book was responsible for supplanting the chemical affinity with the term free energy in the English-speaking world. The second was the 1933 book Modern Thermodynamics by the methods of Willard Gibbs written by E. A. Guggenheim. In this manner, Lewis, Randall, and Guggenheim are considered as the founders of modern chemical thermodynamics because of the major contribution of these two books in unifying the application of thermodynamics to chemistry.

Overview
The primary objective of chemical thermodynamics is the establishment of a criterion for determination of the feasibility or spontaneity of a given transformation. In this manner, chemical thermodynamics is typically used to predict the energy exchanges that occur in the following processes:
Chemical reactions
Phase changes
The formation of solutions

The following state functions are of primary concern in chemical thermodynamics:

Internal energy (U)
Enthalpy (H)
Entropy (S)
Gibbs free energy (G)

Most identities in chemical thermodynamics arise from application of the first and second laws of thermodynamics, particularly the law of conservation of energy, to these state functions.

The three laws of thermodynamics (global, unspecific forms):

1. The energy of the universe is constant.

2. In any spontaneous process, there is always an increase in entropy of the universe.

3. The entropy of a perfect crystal (well ordered) at 0 Kelvin is zero.

Chemical energy

Chemical energy is the energy that can be released when chemical substances undergo a transformation through a chemical reaction. Breaking and making chemical bonds involves energy release or uptake, often as heat that may be either absorbed by or evolved from the chemical system.

Energy released (or absorbed) because of a reaction between chemical substances ("reactants") is equal to the difference between the energy content of the products and the reactants. This change in energy is called the change in internal energy of a chemical system. It can be calculated from , the internal energy of formation of the reactant molecules related to the bond energies of the molecules under consideration, and , the internal energy of formation of the product molecules. The change in internal energy is equal to the heat change if it is measured under conditions of constant volume (at STP condition), as in a closed rigid container such as a bomb calorimeter. However, at constant pressure, as in reactions in vessels open to the atmosphere, the measured heat is usually not equal to the internal energy change, because pressure-volume work also releases or absorbs energy. (The heat change at constant pressure is called the enthalpy change; in this case the widely tabulated enthalpies of formation are used.)

A related term is the heat of combustion, which is the chemical energy released due to a combustion reaction and of interest in the study of fuels. Food is similar to hydrocarbon and carbohydrate fuels, and when it is oxidized, its energy release is similar (though assessed differently than for a hydrocarbon fuel — see food energy).

In chemical thermodynamics, the term used for the chemical potential energy is chemical potential, and sometimes the Gibbs-Duhem equation is used.

Chemical reactions

In most cases of interest in chemical thermodynamics there are internal degrees of freedom and processes, such as chemical reactions and phase transitions, which create entropy in the universe unless they are at equilibrium or are maintained at a "running equilibrium" through "quasi-static" changes by being coupled to constraining devices, such as pistons or electrodes, to deliver and receive external work. Even for homogeneous "bulk" systems, the free-energy functions depend on the composition, as do all the extensive thermodynamic potentials, including the internal energy. If the quantities { Ni }, the number of chemical species, are omitted from the formulae, it is impossible to describe compositional changes.

Gibbs function or Gibbs Energy
For an unstructured, homogeneous "bulk" system, there are still various extensive compositional variables { Ni } that G depends on, which specify the composition (the amounts of each chemical substance, expressed as the numbers of molecules present or the numbers of moles). Explicitly,

For the case where only PV work is possible,

a restatement of the fundamental thermodynamic relation, in which μi is the chemical potential for the i-th component in the system

The expression for dG is especially useful at constant T and P, conditions, which are easy to achieve experimentally and which approximate the conditions in living creatures

Chemical affinity

While this formulation is mathematically defensible, it is not particularly transparent since one does not simply add or remove molecules from a system. There is always a process involved in changing the composition; e.g., a chemical reaction (or many), or movement of molecules from one phase (liquid) to another (gas or solid). We should find a notation which does not seem to imply that the amounts of the components ( Ni ) can be changed independently. All real processes obey conservation of mass, and in addition, conservation of the numbers of atoms of each kind.

Consequently, we introduce an explicit variable to represent the degree of advancement of a process, a progress variable ξ for the extent of reaction (Prigogine & Defay, p. 18; Prigogine, pp. 4–7; Guggenheim, p. 37.62), and to the use of the partial derivative ∂G/∂ξ (in place of the widely used "ΔG", since the quantity at issue is not a finite change). The result is an understandable expression for the dependence of dG on chemical reactions (or other processes). If there is just one reaction

If we introduce the stoichiometric coefficient for the i-th component in the reaction

(negative for reactants), which tells how many molecules of i are produced or consumed, we obtain an algebraic expression for the partial derivative

where we introduce a concise and historical name for this quantity, the "affinity", symbolized by A, as introduced by Théophile de Donder in 1923.(De Donder; Progogine & Defay, p. 69; Guggenheim, pp. 37, 240) The minus sign ensures that in a spontaneous change, when the change in the Gibbs free energy of the process is negative, the chemical species have a positive affinity for each other. The differential of G takes on a simple form that displays its dependence on composition change

If there are a number of chemical reactions going on simultaneously, as is usually the case,

with a set of reaction coordinates { ξj }, avoiding the notion that the amounts of the components ( Ni ) can be changed independently. The expressions above are equal to zero at thermodynamic equilibrium, while they are negative when chemical reactions proceed at a finite rate, producing entropy. This can be made even more explicit by introducing the reaction rates dξj/dt. For every physically independent process (Prigogine & Defay, p. 38; Prigogine, p. 24)

This is a remarkable result since the chemical potentials are intensive system variables, depending only on the local molecular milieu. They cannot "know" whether temperature and pressure (or any other system variables) are going to be held constant over time. It is a purely local criterion and must hold regardless of any such constraints. Of course, it could have been obtained by taking partial derivatives of any of the other fundamental state functions, but nonetheless is a general criterion for (−T times) the entropy production from that spontaneous process; or at least any part of it that is not captured as external work. (See Constraints below.)

We now relax the requirement of a homogeneous "bulk" system by letting the chemical potentials and the affinity apply to any locality in which a chemical reaction (or any other process) is occurring. By accounting for the entropy production due to irreversible processes, the equality for dG is now replaced by

or

Any decrease in the Gibbs function of a system is the upper limit for any isothermal, isobaric work that can be captured in the surroundings, or it may simply be dissipated, appearing as T times a corresponding increase in the entropy of the system and its surrounding. Or it may go partly toward doing external work and partly toward creating entropy. The important point is that the extent of reaction for a chemical reaction may be coupled to the displacement of some external mechanical or electrical quantity in such a way that one can advance only if the other also does. The coupling may occasionally be rigid, but it is often flexible and variable.

Solutions
In solution chemistry and biochemistry, the Gibbs free energy decrease (∂G/∂ξ, in molar units, denoted cryptically by ΔG) is commonly used as a surrogate for (−T times) the global entropy produced by spontaneous chemical reactions in situations where no work is being done; or at least no "useful" work; i.e., other than perhaps ± P dV. The assertion that all spontaneous reactions have a negative ΔG is merely a restatement of the second law of thermodynamics, giving it the physical dimensions of energy and somewhat obscuring its significance in terms of entropy. When no useful work is being done, it would be less misleading to use the Legendre transforms of the entropy appropriate for constant T, or for constant T and P, the Massieu functions  −F/T and −G/T, respectively.

Non-equilibrium

Generally the systems treated with the conventional chemical thermodynamics are either at equilibrium or near equilibrium. Ilya Prigogine developed the thermodynamic treatment of open systems that are far from equilibrium. In doing so he has discovered phenomena and structures of completely new and completely unexpected types. His generalized, nonlinear and irreversible thermodynamics has found surprising applications in a wide variety of fields.

The non-equilibrium thermodynamics has been applied for explaining how ordered structures e.g. the biological systems, can develop from disorder. Even if Onsager's relations are utilized, the classical principles of equilibrium in thermodynamics still show that linear systems close to equilibrium always develop into states of disorder which are stable to perturbations and cannot explain the occurrence of ordered structures.

Prigogine called these systems dissipative systems, because they are formed and maintained by the dissipative processes which take place because of the exchange of energy between the system and its environment and because they disappear if that exchange ceases. They may be said to live in symbiosis with their environment.

The method which Prigogine used to study the stability of the dissipative structures to perturbations is of very great general interest. It makes it possible to study the most varied problems, such as city traffic problems, the stability of insect communities, the development of ordered biological structures and the growth of cancer cells to mention but a few examples.

System constraints

In this regard, it is crucial to understand the role of walls and other constraints, and the distinction between independent processes and coupling. Contrary to the clear implications of many reference sources, the previous analysis is not restricted to homogeneous, isotropic bulk systems which can deliver only PdV work to the outside world, but applies even to the most structured systems. There are complex systems with many chemical "reactions" going on at the same time, some of which are really only parts of the same, overall process. An independent process is one that could proceed even if all others were unaccountably stopped in their tracks. Understanding this is perhaps a "thought experiment" in chemical kinetics, but actual examples exist.

A gas-phase reaction at constant temperature and pressure which results in an increase in the number of molecules will lead to an increase in volume. Inside a cylinder closed with a piston, it can proceed only by doing work on the piston. The extent variable for the reaction can increase only if the piston moves out, and conversely if the piston is pushed inward, the reaction is driven backwards.

Similarly, a redox reaction might occur in an electrochemical cell with the passage of current through a wire connecting the electrodes. The half-cell reactions at the electrodes are constrained if no current is allowed to flow. The current might be dissipated as Joule heating, or it might in turn run an electrical device like a motor doing mechanical work. An automobile lead-acid battery can be recharged, driving the chemical reaction backwards. In this case as well, the reaction is not an independent process. Some, perhaps most, of the Gibbs free energy of reaction may be delivered as external work.

The hydrolysis of ATP to ADP and phosphate can drive the force-times-distance work delivered by living muscles, and synthesis of ATP is in turn driven by a redox chain in mitochondria and chloroplasts, which involves the transport of ions across the membranes of these cellular organelles. The coupling of processes here, and in the previous examples, is often not complete. Gas can leak slowly past a piston, just as it can slowly leak out of a rubber balloon. Some reaction may occur in a battery even if no external current is flowing. There is usually a coupling coefficient, which may depend on relative rates, which determines what percentage of the driving free energy is turned into external work, or captured as "chemical work", a misnomer for the free energy of another chemical process.

See also
Thermodynamic databases for pure substances

References

Further reading
  Library of Congress Catalog No. 60-5597

  Library of Congress Catalog No. 67-29540
  Library of Congress Catalog No. 67-20003

External links
Chemical Thermodynamics - University of North Carolina
Chemical energetics (Introduction to thermodynamics and the First Law)
Thermodynamics of chemical equilibrium (Entropy, Second Law and free energy)

Physical chemistry
Branches of thermodynamics
Chemical engineering thermodynamics


For Dorr, Mich. photographer – and recent double Sunset Print Award winner – Kari Douma, photography has always been a part of her life. From darkroom classes in middle school and yearbook photographer in high school to recently completing the judging class to become an affiliated juror, photography is no longer just a part of her life, it's intertwined in everything she does.
The notes and observing paid off. As a first-time competitor, she scored somewhere around 77-79, which is considered "above average." As her experience and talent has grown, so have her scores. Competitions, by definition, are tough, but one of the biggest lessons that Douma has learned is that a score is simply the opinion of five judges on any given day. "It's fun to create an image and match up to the Twelve Elements of Merit, but you can't get caught up thinking about what five people are going to think about it." She realizes the judges are there to help, "they are giving you feedback – good and bad – because they are there to help you grow as a photographer." For Douma, the PPA – Northeast competition was successful, with wins in Landscape with "Winter Pastel" (pictured above) and Portrait with "Dressed to Impress" (pictured below).
In "Winter Pastel," Douma was able to capture the beautiful pink sky, just as the sun was rising over an early-season Michigan snowfall. For the print competition, she used LexJet Premium Archival Matte with a torn edge and a traditional mat, which helped extend the texture of the clouds and snow beyond the edges of the image.
When it was time to print "Dressed" for competition, Douma chose LexJet Sunset Photo eSatin Paper 300g to add an authentic photographic feel to the black and white image.
For Douma, what started off as a hobby to take beautiful images of her children has led to an opportunity to provide feedback and guidance, enabling photographers to grow. One day, there will be a photographer observing her first competition, and with notebook in hand, she will be hanging on every word Kari Douma says.