text:
Technology and dispute resolution: contemporary developments
By Andrea Soriano*
In a speech delivered at the Inaugural Supreme Court ADR
[1] Address in September 2018, Bathurst CJ of the Supreme Court of New South Wales remarked upon technology and the future of alternative dispute resolution, as well as the courts.[2] He concluded that collaboration between stakeholders – courts, ADR professionals, and the public alike – are essential to cultivating effective technology solutions that improve access to justice. In line with this notion of collaboration, the Australian Disputes Centre (ADC) has embarked upon a consultative study to analyse the unique technology landscape for Australian dispute resolution practitioners.
While interest in technology, and increasing spend on Legal Technology (LegalTech) is well-documented, there is limited information available on how technology is used on a day-to-day basis by industry practitioners. It is likewise unclear how technology has impacted dispute resolution and litigation practices specifically. This report attempts to address these knowledge gaps by analysing the broad impact of technology on the practice of dispute resolution, litigation, and adjacent practice areas.
The report combines a review of existing literature, as well as primary data sourced through interviews by the ADC research team. The interviews were open-ended and conversational, to ensure that interviewees had maximum flexibility to make clarifications and express opinions where appropriate. The ADC interviewed industry professionals at various levels, including senior lawyers, junior lawyers, and paralegals. To ensure a more holistic picture of how disputes are managed prior to formal escalation, legal professionals who practice outside the litigation & dispute resolution space were also interviewed.
Law and technology: recent trends
The 2018 annual State of the Legal Market report showed significant increase in firm expenses, with particular growth in technology-related expenses.[3] The Thomson Reuters and Lawyers Weekly 2018 Tech and the Law Wrap-up likewise reported a three-fold increase in global legal technology investment, while highlighting significant barriers to technology adoption within Australia.[4] Barriers to technology adoption are primarily budgetary,[5] although some respondents have highlighted platform compatibility and lack of internal expertise as other constraining factors. Additionally, the 2019 Asia Pacific State of Legal Innovation Report cites that that only 3-4% of internal firm expenditures is dedicated to Legal Technology and Operations. [6]
The 2018 Tech and the Law Wrap-up included a broad survey of what technology platforms respondents used on a regular basis.[7] The most common platforms were legal research and practice management (matter or spend management) platforms, which were used by the majority of respondents. Only 30.2% use legal technology for workflow management, and 15.1% for eDiscovery.[8] The report partially accords with our study's findings; as discussed further below, both workflow management platforms and eDiscovery play essential roles in the day-to-day work of dispute resolution practitioners, in addition to legal research and practice management platforms.
Much of the discussion around dispute resolution and technology in the literature focuses on Online Dispute Resolution (ODR). ODR platforms support dispute resolution processes with technology-based solutions. EPIQ, for instance, offers eHearing, eArbitration, and online evidence presentation services. [9] RDO, an Australian-based platform, offers an end-to-end ODR service, including online case management, secure file sharing and communication, and a digital settlement builder.
Discussion around ODR in the literature concentrates primarily on the technology's potential to enhance access to justice for traditionally under-served populations.[10] ODR pilot programs overseas, such as the Netherlands' Rechtwijzer and British Columbia's Civil Resolution Tribunal are both court-annexed platforms designed to assist parties in low-value disputes.[11] There is also significant discussion in the literature about the use of ODR where parties to a dispute require physical separation, such as in cases of intimate partner violence or abuse[12]. Within a commercial context, the discussion on commercial ODR is often focused on its role in resolving low-value disputes over e-commerce transactions[13].
Low-value ODR programs have had mixed success. While the BC Civil Resolution Tribunal continues to be operational, the Rechtwijzer project has since been dissolved,[14] due to lack of consumer uptake. Ebay's SquareTrade online dispute platform likewise continues to be operational; platforms of such nature have since received some attention in various jurisdictions, with the OECD and Australia issuing best practice guidelines for e-commerce ODR.[15] In addition, private sector players continue to generate innovations in the global ODR space. In 2018, a blockchain-based smart contract arbitration court called Klero was launched in Europe.[16] This platform is unique in its ability to manage disputes arising out of smart contracts – a class of dispute that either courts or traditional ADR processes may not be able to service. WeChat's mobile microcourt also received particular attention in the State of Legal Innovation Report as an unusual innovation that integrated a private sector solution to court-annexed proceedings.[17]
There is currently no literature that addresses the role of ODR platforms in higher-value disputes, and there appears to be significant variation across the industry in terms of anecdotal experience. Some commercial firm practitioners interviewed for this project have stated that high value arbitration, litigation, and any incidental preparations are largely conducted without technological assistance. In addition, some have expressed scepticism about the value of tech transformation in certain aspects of the dispute resolution process, such as case management automation and settlement builders. The primary concern was the impact of these technologies on cost; where cost-reduction is minimal or absent, practitioners were reluctant to commit resources to digitisation for its own sake.
On the other hand, there were a number of commercial practitioners who noted that digitising dispute resolution processes became necessary to managing the cost of conducting large-scale dispute resolution proceedings. A barrister interviewed for this project remarked that the sheer volume of materials used in commercial arbitration or litigation proceedings was simply too large to manage without digitization. It was suggested that digital briefing and workflow management platforms are increasingly the standard mode of communication between barristers and solicitors. It was also suggested that online court and remote attendance of arbitration proceedings were becoming the norm, with clients increasingly comfortable with videoconferencing technology.
While it is likely that ODR adoption will increase across the board, it is unlikely that it will be adopted in a uniform manner, as appetite for the technology varies significantly across the profession. In addition, decision making processes on technology investments differ significantly across different firms and organisations. While some firms prefer to rely on ad-hoc committees to prospect the viability of certain technologies, other firms have dedicated in-house innovation teams who proactively source and test platforms to be integrated within their firm's product suite. Differences in the structure of organisational decision making on technology would likewise impact the pace of how ODR is adopted within the industry. While the presence of dedicated Innovation Teams may make certain firms more likely to adopt ODR platforms, Legal innovation practitioners interviewed for this project have stated that their projects are more broad-based. None of the Legal innovation professionals interviewed for this project have planned or executed dispute resolution-specific projects, and suggested that they were unlikely to do so in the immediate future. A decision maker interviewed for this project has also remarked that firms will likely proceed with a "fast-follower" mindset in adopting technology; while willing to adopt new technology with promising results, firms are hesitant to be the first to test a new platform.
Artificial Intelligence and Dispute Resolution: eDiscovery, Document Review, and Document Generation
Although discovery and document review are not themselves part of dispute resolution proceedings, they have a significant impact on the preparatory stages of a proceeding, and therefore the costs. In its March 2019 Bulletin, the ADC published a brief review of the potential role of eDiscovery in large arbitral proceedings.[18] Apart from raising examples foreign jurisdictions mandating predictive coding in discovery proceedings,[19] the article noted the expansion of eDiscovery services offered by large international and national firms.
In addition to eDiscovery, there is significant coverage in the literature of the benefits of AI-assisted document review and generation. A test by LawGeex in 2018 showed that their AI-assisted contract review platform correctly identified legal issues in NDAs more frequently than experienced lawyers did. The same study showed that the platform took 26 seconds to review the same number of NDAs that lawyers in their study needed an average of 92 minutes to accomplish. As a result, document review can now be done at a pace and at a level of accuracy that was not achievable without technological assistance. Legal document generators such as LawPath also offer automated deeds of settlement, similar to what would be offered on a bespoke ODR platform.
The 2018 Tech and the Law Wrap-up reports that 38.1% of legal practitioners use document automation platforms; it is unclear if this figure includes both automated document review and generation.[20] The same report also states however that 50.4% of legal professionals are interested in integrating document automation within their day-to-day practice, making document automation the most desired technology platform according to the survey.[21] While only 15.1% of practitioners use eDiscovery for their day-to-day practice, the figure includes legal practitioners outside of dispute resolution and litigation; the figure is likely to be different if only dispute resolution and litigation practitioners are surveyed.[22] When asked if practitioners wanted their firms to invest in eDiscovery, the figure increases to 21.5%.[23]
Legal practitioners interviewed for this report who have responded as having used automated document review extensively in their day-to-day practice, suggest that this significantly reduces the man-hours required to conduct this aspect of key preparations. When asked if there were certain types of disputes that were more likely to require automated document review or e-discovery, those interviewed responded in the negative, stating that no particular type of matter was more or less likely to use assistance form these platforms; their use was largely determined by the necessity based on scale.
Dispute Resolution, Technology, and Changing Commercial Realities
In addition to having a direct impact on the way that dispute resolution and related processes are done, technology has also had an indirect impact on the likelihood of disputes and how clients are choosing to address them. Practitioners interviewed have raised a variety of approaches to either manage dispute proactively or to avoid dispute altogether.
An article in 2009 reported that as many as 50% of IT contracts escalated into disputes.[24] When asked about this statistics, Technology, Media, and & Telecommunications (TMT) lawyers responded that their experiences vary greatly. For typical IT procurement deals, it was suggested that the likelihood of disputes have since declined significantly, with clients taking a more pre-emptive approach. Clients have since become more tempered about their expectations over service delivery, and are accustomed to allowing make-good and service credit provisions for delivery shortfalls. On the other hand, deals concerning complex IT product builds and implementation, disputes remain fairly common. The novelty of such projects make them inherently difficult to scope comprehensively ahead of time, making it difficult for parties to establish certainty over expectations and deliverables at the beginning of projects. In either case, it would be ideal for even transactional lawyers to have an awareness of dispute escalation risk, and how best to address conflict when it arises.
A viable approach to dispute resolution within a technology development context is the
AdROIT principles.[25] Designed by a team of experienced lawyers, technology mediators, and arbitrators, the 7 AdROIT principles were formulated to guide organisations in designing an internal escalation process in order to minimise disputes in technology development projects. The principles as stated in the Computers & Law Journal are: [26]
An organisation must have attained an Organisational Dispute Management Competency of at least 3 or 4.
Organisations must have a Relationship Management process/programme in place prior to any contract.
Must follow a suitable Project Management Methodology.
An organisation's contracts must conform to the ADRoiT Contract Recommendations.
An organisation's contracts must incorporate a Dispute Review Board or other proactive dispute avoidance technique.
The Business Case must be reflected in the Specifications of an organisation's procurement contracts, and there must be a policy for realising the benefits of the project.
There must be an independent Chairperson of any Project Steering Committee.
When asked about whether or not clients have asked for advice on implementing internal dispute resolution systems, none of the practitioners interviewed responded in the affirmative. This suggests a low level of awareness of the AdROIT amongst practitioners and clients. This may also indicate that clients are hesitant to dedicate resources to a systematic internal approach to addressing these forms of disputes, at least for the time being.
Some practitioners interviewed have also raised that some clients prefer to incorporate "no disputes" clauses, which preclude mediation or arbitration for certain agreements. This has the effect of discouraging contract parties from attempting to escalate low-level disputes arising from imperfect contract performance. However, this also has the effect of making litigation the default forum for disputes that nevertheless materialise. Some practitioners have also raised that clients have taken the approach of avoiding arbitration or mediation clauses in the contracts – an alternate approach to express "no disputes" clauses. The preference tends to be against mediation or arbitration clauses where parties expect a low-level of compromise between each other. The belief is that mediation and arbitration would merely prolong rather than resolve disputes, making mandatory provisions for such processes counterproductive to the objective of de-escalation.
Another relevant development in legal technology relevant to dispute resolution is increasing interest from clients themselves. Stuart Hall, a director of Relativity US, a leading global eDiscovery platform, affirmed in a recent podcast that their company has started dedicating resources to developing direct business with corporate clients.[27] In a recent talk at the Sydney Law School, Graeme Grovum, Former Head of Innovation at Corrs Chambers Westgarth, remarked upon how clients often drive firms in Australia to venture into use of technology.[28] In his speech, he noted that clients tend to be more receptive to testing new technologies than their law firms are, and are frequently occasionally frustrated by how their firms lag in terms of technological integration. This then raises the possibility that in-house teams themselves will increasingly be concerned with dispute resolution and ADR practice.
The impact on dispute and conflict resolution practitioners
These emerging technological commercial developments present new opportunities for dispute and conflict resolution practitioners. Firstly, technology potentially allows new practitioners to compete more effectively with more established players. Younger practitioners willing to be more experimental in their use of new technologies may develop a niche in offering cost-effective remote mediation and dispute resolution services. In the existing market, established practitioners have the advantage of expertise and reputation. However, technology-driven dispute resolution is a separate market altogether.
Secondly, emerging technologies allow dispute resolution practitioners to deliver a quality of service that was simply not possible in the past. The use of tools that automate low-skill, labour-intensive processes at the preparatory stage in disputes, such as discovery, due diligence and contract review, allows practitioners to build their cases in a manner that is more efficient, systematic, and arguably more accurate than before. Although not yet available in Australia, Litigation outcome predictors such as Lex Machina[29] and Lex Predict[30] produce insights about settlement values, judgments and probability of success based on previous litigation. These are of use to International Arbitrators, and other practitioners who have cross border dealings.
Thirdly, dispute and conflict resolution skills are now essential to the broader commercial and legal community and not just litigation and dispute resolution specialists. As clients and transactional lawyers alike address potential conflict from dealings in a more pre-emptive way, up-to-date knowledge of conflict and dispute management techniques will be more essential in their day-to-day work.
Download this paper as a PDF file here»
* Andrea Soriano is a Research Intern at the Australian Disputes Centre. With a professional background in the technology sector, Andrea is in her penultimate year of a Juris Doctor at the University of Sydney.
[1] The acronym 'ADR' can refer to Alternative, Assisted, or Appropriate Dispute Resolution.
[2] Hon Tom Bathurst AC, 'ADR, ODR, and AI-DR, Do we even need courts anymore?', (Speech delivered at the Inaugural Supreme Court ADR Address, New South Wales Supreme Court, 20 September 2018)
[3] Thomson Reuters, 2018 Australia: State of the Legal Market (2019) Thompson Reuters Insights, 7
<http://insight.thomsonreuters.com.au/resources/resource/state-of-the-australian-legal-market-2018>.
[4] Thomson Reuters, Tech and the Law 2018 Report (2019) Thompson Reuters Insights
<http://insight.thomsonreuters.com.au/resources/resource/tech-law-2018-report>
[5] Ibid., at 7.
[6] Future of Law Innovation Program, The State of Legal Innovation 2019 (2019) Lawtech.Asia, < https://www.flip.org.sg/post/state-of-legal-innovation-in-asia-pacific-report>
[7] Above n3, at 3.
[8] Ibid, at 3.
[9] EPIQ Global, eHearings and Arbitrations (Web Page, 9 May 2019) < https://www.epiqglobal.com/en-au/experience/ehearings/services/ehearings-earbitrations>s
[10] Michael Legg, 'Online Alternative Dispute Resolution' (2017) 141 Precedent 32; Tania Sourdin, Alternative Dispute Resolution (Lawbook Co. 5th ed, 2016).
[11] Michael Legg, 'The Future of Online Dispute Resolution: Online ADR and Online Courts' [2016] UNSWLRS 71
[12] Fernanda S. Rossi et. al, 'Shuttle and Online Mediation: A Review of Available Research and Implications for Separating Couples Reporting Intimate Partner Violence or Abuse' (2017) 55(3) Family Court Review 390.
[13] Kanake Chinthaka Liyanage, 'The Regulation of Online Dispute Resolution: Effectiveness of Online Consumer Protection Guidelines' (2012) 17(2) Deakin Law Review 251.
[14] Roger Smith, 'Goodbye, Rechtwijzer: hello, Justice42', Law, Technology, And Access to Justice, 31 May 2017 <https://law-tech-a2j.org/advice/goodbye-rechtwijzer-hello-justice42/>; Maurits Barendrecht , 'Rechtwijzer: why online supported dispute resolution is hard to implement', Law, Technology, And Access to Justice, 20 June 2017 < https://law-tech-a2j.org/odr/rechtwijzer-why-online-supported-dispute-resolution-is-hard-to-implement/>
[15] Above n23, at 256.
[16] Clement Lesaege & Frederico Ast, Kleros Short Paper v1.0.6. (Webpage 9 May 2019) <https://kleros.io/assets/whitepaper.pdf>
[17] Above n4, at 30.
[18] Australian Disputes Centre, eArbitrations – Bridging the gap in international arbitration (Webpage, 9 May 2019) < https://disputescentre.com.au/earbitrations-bridging-the-gap-in-international-arbitration/>
[19] Brown v BCA Trading and others [2016] EWHC 1464 (Ch).
[20] Above n3, at 3.
[24] Philip Argy, 'The AdROIT Princples: Lessons for plaintiffs' lawyers' (2009) 92 Precedent 36.
[25] Philip Argy, 'AdROIT Principles' (2008) 72 Computers and Law 12.
[27] Lawyer's Weekly, 'Building an e-discovery toolkit', Lawyer's Weekly Podcast, 22 December 2017 (William Magee, Stuart Hall and Nathan Wigginton).
[28] Graeme Grovum, 'Corrs Chambers Westgarth: Artificial Intelligence and the Law' (Speech delivered at the Sydney Law School, Sydney Law School Law Foyer, 18 April 2018).
[29] Lex Machina, Lex Machina: How it works (2018) Lex Machina, <https://lexmachina.com/what-we-do/how-it-works/>.
[30] Lex Predict, Lex Predict: About Us (2018) Lex Predict <https://www.lexpredict.com/about/>.


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1) If your ring blank has a loop on it, twist it off with the pliers. Separate the two ends of the ring to widen up it up a bit.
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3) Glue one of the prongs into the inner top part of a bead cap.
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text:
Q: How to call a created class in a test class in java? I'm new to Java. I created a public class called Student and I have also created a test class for it. The thing is I don't know how to call my created class "Student",  inside of the Test class. I have placed both classes in the same folder, yet the Test class is giving out errors saying.
TestStudent.java
setName cannot be resolved or is not a field
setPhoneNum cannot be resolved or is not a field
setCgpa cannot be resolved or is not a field
setSubject cannot be resolved or is not a field
setAddress cannot be resolved or is not a field

Here is my code for Student class:
public class Student {
    private String name;
    private int phoneNum;
    private double cgpa;
    private String subject;
    private String address;

    //getters
    public String getName(){
        return name;
    }

    public int getPhoneNum(){
        return phoneNum;
    }

    public double getCgpa(){
        return cgpa;
    }

    public String getSubject(){
        return subject;
    }

    public String getAddress(){
        return address;
    }

    //setters
    public void setName (String newName){
        this.name = newName;
    }

    public void setPhoneNum (int newPhoneNum){
        this.phoneNum = newPhoneNum;
    }

    public void setCgpa (double newCgpa){
        this.cgpa = newCgpa;
    }

    public void setSubject (String newSubject){
        this.subject = newSubject;
    }

    public void setAddress (String newAddress){
        this.address = newAddress;
    }

}

Here is my code for TestStudent class:
public class TestStudent {
    public static void main(String[] args){
        Student Alex = new Student();
        Alex.setName = "Alexis";
        Alex.setPhoneNum = 193;
        Alex.setCgpa = 4.0;
        Alex.setSubject = "English, Biology";
        Alex.setAddress = "Rainbow Land";

        System.out.println(Alex.getName());

    }
}

Could anyone guide me on this?

A: I think your TestStudent class should look like this:
public class TestStudent {
    public static void main(String[] args){
        Student Alex = new Student();
        Alex.setName("Alexis");
        Alex.setPhoneNum(193);
        Alex.setCgpa(4.0);
        Alex.setSubject("English, Biology");
        Alex.setAddress("Rainbow Land");

        System.out.println(Alex.getName());
    }
}

You create an Student object and then call the setters with the argument in the brackets. There is no assigning with = at all. This is done inside of the setter methods.

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text:
Cassian
Download Press Pack, Tech & Hospitality Rider
Cassian got his start in historic Kings Cross nightclub Candys Apartment, throwing a recurring party called "Ram Jam" alongside the likes of What So Not, Alison Wonderland and Hayden James. In 2009, he signed his first track to Bang Gang, finding a receptive home for his funk and disco-influenced creations. In the years that followed, he would go on to join the likes of Sweat It Out and Nurvous Records, gaining international attention with tracks like "Running" and "Feel It."
Around the same time, Cassian began working in the studio with another rising Australian act, RÜFÜS DU SOL. After providing an official remix for the group, Cassian would go on to mix the trio's critically-acclaimed sophomore album 'Bloom.' In the time since, Cassian has become an integral part of the RÜFÜS family, touring the world with the group and collaborating on their latest album 'Solace.'
Now, fittingly, Cassian has joined RÜFÜS DU SOL's new imprint Rose Avenue as the label's first signing. Cassian will bring his forthcoming debut album to the label: a raw, analog-driven LP showcasing Cassian's tenacity for polished songwriting and analog synths. Exploring the cyclical nature of relationships, it's easily his most personal work to date, and a signpost for the future direction of the Cassian project.
In many ways, it feels as though Cassian is entering a new era of his career. Having relocated to Los Angeles, and standing on the precipice of his first-ever album, the future is bright for the young Sydney musician. With his sights set on building out his live show, Cassian is undeniably coming into his own as an artist, and it's impossible not to be excited for what's to come.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl