text:
\section{Introduction}

The Pioneer space-crafts have been launch from Earth on 1972 and 1973 travelling outwards of the Solar system~[\citenum{Pioneer_1},\citenum{Pioneer_2}].
In between the heliocentric distances of $20\,AU$ and $70\,AU$, travelling at an approximately constant velocity of $v_p=12.2\times 10^3\,m\,s^{-1}$,
it was detected an unmodeled Doppler shift known as the Pioneer effect. If totally attributed to a physical acceleration, this effect corresponds to a radial acceleration (towards the Sun) of~[\citenum{Pioneer_2}]
\begin{equation}
a_p=-(8.74\pm 1.33)\times 10^{-10}\,m\,s^{-2}\ .
\label{a_p}
\end{equation}

Although the origin for this anomaly is so far not established, many possible explanations for this effect have been considered in the literature, including modified gravity theories and models~[\citenum{mod_grav_p}], non-gravitational interactions~[\citenum{extra_matter}], extra-dimensional theories and models~[\citenum{extra_dimensions}] and dark matter~[\citenum{dm_p}].

The main purpose of the present work is to investigate whether the Pioneer effect can be consistently obtained due to a background
described by the ELA metric~[\citenum{PLB,e-print}], an ansatz that interpolates between the Schwarzschild (SC) metric~[\citenum{Schwarzschild}]
near massive bodies and the Robertson-Walker (RW) metric~[\citenum{RW}] at spatial infinity, hence describing local
matter in an expanding Universe~[\citenum{Hubble}]. The shift function of this metric can be fine-tuned through an exponential parameter allowing to describe intermediate scale gravitational effects~[\citenum{e-print,curves}] which may be interpreted
either as due to local cold dark matter (CDM) effects~[\citenum{DM}] or modified theories of gravity~[\citenum{mod_grav}]. Although this fine-tuning is technically more challenging than semi-classical heuristic approaches, has the following advantages:
\begin{itemize}
\item it is a covariant formulation allowing to deal with CDM within the framework of General Relativity;
\item in particular allows for direct covariant computations of gravitational accelerations and gravitational red-shifts (blue-shifts);
\item allows as well for QFT cross-section computations in curved backgrounds to include CDM effects (a metric is required to define the Dirac equation);
\item it allows for the description of intermediate scale CDM effects maintaining the local and global known physical properties of space-time.
\end{itemize}

In the following we will employ two distinct coordinate systems, expanding coordinates, $r_1$, for which the area of the sphere is $A=4\pi\,r_1^2$
such that the coordinate quantities correspond directly to
measurable lengths and the standard Robertson-Walker coordinates, $r$, for which the area of the sphere is $A=4\pi\,a^3r^2$ being suitable for direct computations of measurable red-shifts~[\citenum{e-print}]. The map between both these coordinate systems is $r_1=a\,r$ and the ansatz for the ELA metric is~[\citenum{PLB,e-print}]
\begin{equation}
\begin{array}{rcl}
ds^2&=&\displaystyle(1-U)(cdt)^2-\left(\frac{dr_1}{\sqrt{1-U}}-\frac{H\,r_1}{c}(1-U)^{\frac{\alpha}{2}}(cdt)\right)^2-d\Omega_1^2\\[3mm]
&=&\displaystyle(1-U)(cdt)^2-a^2\left(\frac{dr}{\sqrt{1-U}}+\frac{H\,r}{c}\left(1-(1-U)^{\frac{\alpha}{2}}\right)(cdt)\right)^2-a^2d\Omega^2\ ,
\end{array}
\label{ELA_metric}
\end{equation}
where $a$ is the universe scale factor, $H=\dot{a}/a$ is the time dependent Hubble rate, $U=2GM/(c^2\,r_1)=2GM/(c^2\,ar)$ is the standard SC gravitational potential, $M$ is the standard SC mass,
$c$ is the speed of light, $G$ is the Newton gravitational constant and the solid angle line-elements are $d\Omega_1^2=r_1^2(d\theta^2+\sin^2\theta d\varphi^2)$ and $d\Omega^2=r^2(d\theta^2+\sin^2\theta d\varphi^2)$.

This ansatz generalizes previous ansatz and solutions in the literature~[\citenum{McV}] allowing for local anisotropy~[\citenum{anisotropy}] and having the novelty of describing a
space-time without singularities at the SC radius simultaneously maintaining
as asymptotic limits the SC metric near the SC event horizon and
the RW metric at spatial infinity. To ensure these properties of space-time the following limits must be obeyed~[\citenum{PLB,e-print}]
\begin{equation}
\begin{array}{ll}
\displaystyle\lim_{r_1\to 0}(1-U)^\alpha=0&\mathrm{:\ SC\ mass\ pole\ \mathit{M}\ is\ maintained}\ ,\\[5mm]
\displaystyle\lim_{r_1\to r_{1.SC}}\alpha\ge 3&\mathrm{:\ space-time\ is\ singularity\ free\ at\ SC\ horizon}\ ,\\[5mm]
\displaystyle\lim_{r_1\to \infty}(1-U)^\alpha= 1&\mathrm{:\ converges\ to\ RW\ metric}\ .
\end{array}
\label{alpha_lim}
\end{equation}
In the following we consider as ansatz for the exponential parameter
$\alpha$ a second order expansion in the gravitational field given by
\begin{equation}
\alpha(r_1)=\alpha_0(r_1)+\alpha_2(r_1)(1-U)^2\ \ ,\ \alpha_0(r_1)=3\ ,\ \alpha_2(r_1\to 0)<0.
\label{alpha}
\end{equation}
This ansatz allows for higher values of the corrections over intermediate scales than a first order expansion ansatz in the gravitational field maintaining the asymptotic limits expressed in~(\ref{alpha_lim}). In particular, in the remaining of this work, we will heuristically fit the functional parameter $\alpha_2$ to the experimentally measured Pioneer effect which is fully accounted as a background blue-shift and compute a finite non-null mass for the extended correction to the background which may be interpreted as a CDM extended distribution.

\section{Describing the Pioneer Effect\label{sec.Pioneer}}

The Pioneer effect was measured using a two-way Doppler shift~[\citenum{Pioneer_1}]. The standard gravitational red-shift
as described by the SC metric is null, as for the standard cosmological red-shift is negligible as noted in~[\citenum{Pioneer_2,e-print}] being below the accuracy of the Pioneer measurements.
For this reason the Pioneer effect is often attributed to a correction to the gravitational acceleration~[\citenum{mod_grav_p,extra_dimensions,dm_p}].

Taking as central mass the Sun and neglecting the contribution of other bodies in the solar system, the corrections to the gravitational acceleration felt by a test mass travelling in the background given by the ELA metric~(\ref{ELA_metric}) with respect to the General Relativity gravitational
acceleration corresponding to a Ricci-flat background described by the SC metric
is~[\citenum{e-print,curves}]
\begin{equation}
\begin{array}{rcl}
\delta\ddot{r}_p&\approx&\displaystyle\frac{H^2r_p}{2}\,\left(1-U_{\odot}\right)^{\alpha}\left(2(1-U_{\odot})-(1+\alpha)r_p\,U_{\odot}'\right.\\[5mm]
&&\displaystyle\left.-2(1+q)(1-U_{\odot})^{\frac{1}{2}-\frac{\alpha}{2}}+r_p(1-U_{\odot})\ln(1-U_{\odot})\alpha'\right)+O(H^4)\ ,
\end{array}
\label{F}
\end{equation}
where the primed quantities stand for differentiation with respect to the radial coordinate $r_1$, $r_p$ stands for the geometrical (measurable) distance from the Sun to the Pioneer space-craft and $U_{\odot}=2GM_{\odot}/(c^2r_p)$ stands for the standard SC gravitational potential of the Sun with
$M_{\odot}=1.99\times 10^{30}\,Kg$.

In addition there is a correction to the gravitational red-shift. The measurable
red-shift due to the background is obtained from the line element~(\ref{ELA_metric}). For a light ray travelling approximately at a radial trajectory with respect to the Sun described by the four-vector $k^\mu\approx(\omega/c,k^r,0,0)$ , from earth at $r^{(0)}_1=a_0r^{(0)}\approx 1\,AU$ to the Pioneer space-craft at $r^{(1)}_1=a_1\,r^{(1)}=r_p$ and back to earth at $r^{(2)}_1=a_2\,r^{(2)}\approx 1\,AU$ we obtain that the ratios
between the radial wave numbers of the emitted radiation from earth
$k^r_{(0)}$, the radiation received at the Pioneer space-craft $k^r_{(1)}$
and the radiation received back at Earth $k^r_{(2)}$ are
\begin{equation}
\frac{k^r_{(1)}}{k^r_{(0)}}=\frac{a_0}{a_1}\,\frac{1-U_p-\delta}{1-U_e}\ ,\ \frac{k^r_{(2)}}{k^r_{(1)}}=\frac{a_1}{a_2}\,\frac{1-U_e}{1-U_p+\delta}\ ,\ \delta=\frac{H\,r_p}{c}\left(1-(1-U)^{\frac{\alpha}{2}+\frac{1}{2}}\right)\ ,
\end{equation}
where $U_p$ and $U_e$ are the gravitational potential of the Sun evaluated
at the Pioneer space-craft and at Earth, and $a_0$, $a_1$ and $a_2$ stand for
the Universe scale factor $a=a(t)$ evaluated at the time of emission of the radiation from Earth, the time of receiving and re-emission at the Pioneer space-craft and the time of receiving it back at Earth, respectively.
Further noting that expanding the
Universe scale factor to first order in the Hubble rate we obtain that
$a_1=a_0(1+(H/c)r_p)+O(H^2)$ and $a_2=a_0(1+2(H/c)r_p)+O(H^2)$, the measurable
red-shift (or blue-shift, if negative) due to the background for a two
way Doppler measurement from Earth to Pioneer and back is
\begin{equation}
\frac{\Delta\nu}{\nu_0}=\frac{k^r_{(1)}}{k^r_{(0)}}\,\frac{k^r_{(2)}}{k^r_{(1)}}-1=\frac{1}{1+2\frac{H\,r_p}{c}}\,\frac{1-U_p-\delta}{1-U_p+\delta}-1+O(H^4)
\end{equation}
Hence the contribution to the Pioneer non-physical acceleration due
to the background red-shift is obtained by differentiating the standard
two way Doppler shift $\Delta\nu/\nu_0=-2\dot{r}_p/c$
\begin{equation}
\delta\ddot{r}_p^{Doppler}=-c\,\frac{v_p}{2}\,\left(\frac{\Delta\nu}{\nu_0}\right)'\ ,
\label{F_Doppler}
\end{equation}
where the prime denotes differentiation with respect to the radial geometric distance (the coordinate $r_1$), $v_p=\dot{r}_p$ for the radial geometric
velocity of the space-craft (obtained from the differentiation $\partial_{t}=\partial_tr_1\,\partial_{r_1}$) and we have neglected relativistic
corrections ($\gamma\approx 1$ for $v_p\ll c$).

Hence, if the Pioneer acceleration is totally due to the background encoded
in the metric~(\ref{ELA_metric}), it is the sum of the contribution~(\ref{F}) and (\ref{F_Doppler})
\begin{equation}
a_p=\delta\ddot{r}_p+\delta\ddot{r}_p^{Doppler}\ .
\end{equation}
Assuming $\alpha_0(r_1)=3$ and an approximately linear functional exponent $\alpha_2(r_1)=\alpha^{(0)}_2+\alpha^{(1)}_2\,r_1$ for radial distances above $r_1=20\,AU$ the Pioneer data is fitted, within the error bars, for the
values of the constant coefficients $\alpha^{(0)}_2=-1.23\times 10^9$
and $\alpha^{(1)}_2=-7.12\times 10^{-3}\,m^{-1}$. Fits within half of the error bars
are also straight forwardly obtained as pictured in figure~\ref{fig.1}. Within the range $r_p\in[20,70]\,AU$ the dominant
contribution to $a_p$ is the background blue-shift, $\delta\ddot{r}_p^{Doppler}\sim -10^{-10}\,ms^{-2}$. As for
the value of the physical acceleration, it is 4 orders of magnitude below this value, $\delta\ddot{r}_p\sim +10^{-14}\,ms^{-2}$ (outwards from the Sun).
\fig{Pioneer_Fit.eps}{130mm}{Fit of the linear coefficient $\alpha_2(r_p)=\alpha^{(0)}_2+\alpha^{(1)}_2\,r_p$ to the Pioneer acceleration $a_p$~(\ref{a_p}): (a) within the measurement error bars, $\alpha^{(0)}_2=-1.225\times 10^9$  and $\alpha^{(1)}_2=-7.118\times 10^{-3}\,m^{-1}$; (b) within half of the measurement error bars, $\alpha^{(0)}_2=-9.459\times 10^8$  and $\alpha^{(1)}_2=-7.067\times 10^{-3}\,m^{-1}$.}{fig.1}

\section{Compatibility with planetary motion}
Assuming the linear fit just discussed, within the Solar system, we obtain that the physical acceleration is positive above $r_1=12.097\,AU$ increasing monotonically (at
$r_1=70\,AU$ its value is $\delta\ddot{r}_p=8.626\times 10^{-14}\,ms^{-2}$) and it is negative below $r_1=12.097\,AU$ overcoming the Newton acceleration below $r_1=0.890\,AU$. These results are clearly not verified experimentally, the orbital motion within the solar system is driven and approximately described to a very good accuracy by the Newton acceleration. This problem is straight forwardly solved by considering a cut-off
at $r_1=20\,AU$ such that, below $r_1=20\,AU$, this coefficient is approximately null. Hence we obtain the following heuristic ansatz
\begin{equation}
\alpha_2(r_1)=
\left\{\begin{array}{lcl}
-\alpha_2^{(0.0)}&,&r_1\in[0,20[\,AU\\[5mm]
\alpha_2^{(1.0)}+\alpha_2^{(1.1)}\,r_1&,& r_1\in[20,R_{\mathrm{Max}}]\,AU
\end{array}\right.
\label{Spline_1}
\end{equation}
with $0<\alpha_2^{(0.0)}\ll 1$ being an arbitrarily small non-null positive constant that ensures that the limits~(\ref{alpha_lim}) are obeyed~[\citenum{PLB}], $\alpha_2^{(1.0)}=-1.225\times 10^9$ and $\alpha_2^{(1.1)}=-7.118\times 10^{-3}\,m^{-1}$. We have also considered an upper cut-off $R_{\mathrm{Max}}$ that will be discussed in the next section. Although not a very elegant solution this heuristic ansatz allows to describe the Pioneer effect maintaining compatibility with the planetary
motion within the solar system.

Nevertheless the effects of this correction to the gravitational
acceleration should be measurable at least for Pluto and Neptune: as an example, for the ansatz~(\ref{Spline_1}), if this
correction is fully accounted by an orbital radius variation~[\citenum{e-print}]
we would obtain, respectively,
$\dot{r}_{orb}/r_{orb}\approx 2.62\times 10^{-26}\,s^{-1}$ and
$\dot{r}_{orb}/r_{orb}\approx 1.21\times 10^{-26}\,s^{-1}$ which is
well above the experimentally measured orbital radius variation for
inner planets in the Solar system such as Venus and Mars, $|\dot{r}_{orb}/r_{orb}|< 10^{-40}\,s^{-1}$~[\citenum{Uzan}].
However further analytical or numerical results are required
to exactly predict the effects on planetary motion due to this correction~[\citenum{e-print}].

\section{Mass-Energy density and Possible Dark Matter Interpretation}

So far we have not analysed neither the mass-energy density neither the equation of state for the ELA metric~(\ref{ELA_metric}). The mass-energy density ($\rho$) and anisotropic
pressures ($p_r$ and $p_\theta=p_\varphi$) are
\begin{equation}
\begin{array}{rcl}
\rho&=&\displaystyle\frac{H^2}{8\pi\,G}\left(1-U\right)^{\alpha-1}\left(\alpha\,U+(1-U)\left(3+r_1\log\left(1-U\right)\partial_{r_1}\alpha\right)\right)\ ,\\[5mm]
p_r&=&\displaystyle\frac{H^2}{8\pi\,G}\left(1-U\right)^{\frac{\alpha-1}{2}}\left(2(1+q)-\left(1-U\right)^{\frac{\alpha-1}{2}}\left(\alpha\,U\right.\right.\\[3mm]
&&\displaystyle\hfill\left.+(1-U)(3+r_1\log\left(1-U\right)\partial_{r_1}\alpha\right)\bigg)\ ,\\[5mm]
p_\theta&=&\displaystyle\frac{H^2}{16\pi\,G}\left(1-U\right)^{\frac{\alpha-3}{2}}\Bigg[4(1+q)\left(1-U\left(1-\frac{\alpha}{4}\right)\right)\\[3mm]
&&\displaystyle-2\left(1-U\right)^{\frac{\alpha-1}{2}}\left(3-3U\left(2-U\left(1-\frac{\alpha}{2}\right)\right)\left(1-\frac{\alpha}{3}\right)+r_1U(1-U)\partial_{r_1}\alpha\right)\\[3mm]
&&\displaystyle+r_1(1-U)\log(1-U)\left((1+q)\partial_{r_1}\alpha-2U\left(1-U\right)^{\frac{\alpha-1}{2}}\alpha\partial_{r_1}\alpha\right.\\[3mm]
&&\displaystyle\left.\left(1-U\right)^{\frac{\alpha+1}{2}}\left(6\partial_{r_1}\alpha+r_1\log(1-U)(\partial_{r_1}\alpha)^2+r_1\partial^2_{r_1}\alpha\right)\right)\Bigg].
\end{array}
\label{rho}
\end{equation}
We note that, for the linear ansatz with one single branch for all values of
the radial coordinate discussed in section~\ref{sec.Pioneer},
$\alpha_2=\alpha_{2}^{(1.0)}+\alpha_{2}^{(1.1)}\,r_1$,
the mass-energy is negative below $r_1=8.06\,AU$
hence violating causality. The branch ansatz~(\ref{Spline_1}) also solves
this problem, for this ansatz $\rho>0$ for all values of the radial coordinate above the SC radius $r_1>r_{1.\mathrm{SC}}=2GM/c^2$.

When the limits~(\ref{alpha_lim}) are obeyed~[\citenum{PLB}], at $r_1=r_{1.\mathrm{SC}}$, $\rho$ coincides with
the mass-energy density for Ricci flat space-times, being null $\rho(r_1\to r_{1.\mathrm{SC}})=0$, and at spatial infinity it asymptotically converges to
the RW mass-energy density $\rho(r_1\to +\infty)=\rho_{RW}=3\,h^2/(8\pi\,G)$, as well as $p_{r}(r_1\to +\infty)=p_{\theta}(r_1\to +\infty)=p_{\varphi}(r_1\to +\infty)=p_{RW}=(2q-1)\,h^2/(8\pi\,G)$ such that at spatial infinity the RW equation of state is obtained $\omega_{RW}=(2q-1)/3\approx -0.726$ (this value is computed within the $\Lambda$CDM model assuming that the pressure of the background is given only by the cosmological constant~[\citenum{e-print}]). Hence this mass-energy distribution has been interpreted in~[\citenum{PLB}], for a constant functional
exponent $\alpha$ as a local anisotropic extended correction to the global isotropic cosmological background due to a local point mass vanishing at spatial infinity. In addition, when considering a radial coordinate dependence on the functional parameter $\alpha_2$, it has been put forward in~[\citenum{e-print,curves}] that the ELA metric~(\ref{ELA_metric}) may also
encode the corrections to the expanding background due to the existence of a local CDM distribution. If this is the case the total CDM mass can be computed corresponding to the mass of such extended corrections to the cosmological background. Specifically the CDM mass within a shell of radius $R_1$ for a continuous ansatz is
\begin{equation}
M_{CDM}(R_1)=4\pi\int_{0}^{R_1}r_1^2(\rho-\rho_{RW})dr_1=\frac{H^2}{2\,G}\left(\left(1-U(R_1)\right)^{\alpha(R_1)}-1\right)R_1^3\ .
\end{equation}
As long as the limits~(\ref{alpha_lim}) are obeyed $M_{CDM}(R_1\to 0)=0$. For convergence of this quantity at spatial infinity more severe conditions than the limits~(\ref{alpha_lim}) are required, in particular it can be fine-tuned either to be null (e.g. for $\alpha(r_1\to +\infty)={\mathrm{const}}/r_1^n,\,n>2$) or to a multiple of the central mass (e.g. for $\alpha(r_1\to +\infty)={\mathrm{const}}/r_1^2$ we obtain $M_{CDM}(R_1\to +\infty)=H^2{\mathrm{const}}\,M_\odot/(2G)$). However for the ansatz~(\ref{Spline_1}) for $\alpha_2$,
$M_{CDM}(R_1\to +\infty)=+\infty$ and there is a discontinuity at $r=20\,AU$ contributing a finite non-null contribution to the total mass.

Further recalling that in average the ratio of CDM to baryonic matter is $\Omega_{cdm}/\Omega_{b}=5$~[\citenum{wmap}],
if the ELA metric corrections are to be interpreted as due to a CDM distribution, each individual body should have a non-null finite value for the quantity $M_{CDM}$ contributing to
$\Omega_{cdm}$. This is straight forwardly achieved by considering a non-continuous upper cut-off for $\alpha$ at some value of the radial coordinate $r_1=R_{\mathrm{Max}}$ such that above this value $\alpha=\alpha_0=\alpha_2=0$ and the metric for large radii coincides with the original isotropic McVittie metric~[\citenum{McV}] for which $\rho=\rho_{RW}$. The CDM mass of this extended configuration is given by $M_{CDM}(R_{\mathrm{Max}})+M_{CDM}(20^-\,AU)-M_{CDM}(20^+\,AU)\approx M_{CDM}(R_{\mathrm{Max}})$ and the cut-off $R_{\mathrm{Max}}$ corresponds to the edge of the CDM extended distribution. For the Sun, assuming the ratio $M_{CDM}/M_{\odot}=5$, we obtain $R_{\mathrm{Max}}= 38317\,AU$. We remark that this upper cut-off
also ensures that isotropy is exactly retrieved above $R_{\mathrm{Max}}$.

As for the equation of state for the ELA metric, we have already notice that at spatial infinity it coincides with the standard
RW equation, hence neither the local baryonic matter correction to the background, neither the local CDM matter correction to the background modify the global equation of state: statistically
the respective pressures are null $p_b=p_{cdm}=0$, only the
masses contribute to the global background densities $\Omega_b$
and $\Omega_{cdm}$. However
we do note that locally there are deviation from the global
densities, pressures and equation of state. For baryonic matter
with a constant exponent $\alpha$, the equation of state was analysed in detail in~[\citenum{PLB}]. As for the
extended distribution in the range $r\in[20\,AU,R_{\mathrm{max}}]$ corresponding to the ansatz~(\ref{Spline_1}),
we obtain at $r=20AU$, $\rho=2.71\times 10^9\,\rho_{RW}$, $p_r=3.74\times 10^9\,p_{RW}$ and $p_\theta=p_\varphi=2.74\times 10^9\,p_{RW}$ such that $\omega_r=p_r/\rho=-1+6.81\times 10^{-6}$ and $\omega_\theta=\omega_\varphi=p_\theta/\rho=-7.33$. These
values change monotonically up to $r=R_{\mathrm{max}}$ where we obtain $\rho=1.36\times 10^9\,\rho_{RW}$, $p_r=1.87\times 10^9\,p_{RW}$ and $p_\theta=p_\varphi=1.87\times 10^9\,p_{RW}$ such that $\omega_r=-1+7.44\times 10^{-6}$ and $\omega_\theta=\omega_\varphi=-1+2.18\times 10^{-4}$.
We further remark that the values of the equation of state, $-1<w_r,\,w_\theta<-0.726$, indicate that this construction may be compatible with a locally anisotropic configuration of scalar fields~[\citenum{scalar}].

Again we note that, although a clearly unelegant heuristic solution not derived from first principles, this construction allows for the interpretation of
the Pioneer effect as due to dark matter, as well as, generally,
allowing for a covariant description of local dark matter maintaining compatibility with today's global parameters of the universe.

\section{Conclusions}

In this work we have considered a linear ansatz for the functional
parameter $\alpha_2$ of the ELA metric~(\ref{ELA_metric}) which allows
to describe the Pioneer effect. The main contribution is due to the
background gravitational blue-shift such that the physical acceleration
contribution to the Pioneer acceleration is only of order $\sim 10^{-14}\,ms^{-2}$,
hence 4 orders of magnitude below the measured Pioneer acceleration~[\citenum{Pioneer_1,Pioneer_2}].

Within this framework are also evaluated the orbital radius variation $\dot{r}/r$ for
Pluto and Neptune. Orbital motion corrections to these planets are a common
consequence of any gravity theory or model that allows to describe the Pioneer effect~[\citenum{planets}].
However we remark that the construction suggested in this work
allows to significantly decrease the magnitude of such corrections due to the Pioneer effect
being mostly attributed to a background blue-shift instead of a correction to the gravitational acceleration.

In addition we also discuss the possibility of interpreting this effect as due
to a CDM extended distribution from $r_1=20\,AU$ up to a cut-off $r_1=R_{\mathrm{Max}}$ with a computable fine-tuneable total mass $M_{CDM}$.\\

\noindent{\sc\bf Acknowledgments}:
Work supported by grant SFRH/BPD/34566/2007 from FCT-MCTES.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaArXiv


text:
namespace Google.Cloud.DataCatalog.V1.Snippets
{
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    {
        /// <summary>Snippet for DeleteTagTemplate</summary>
        /// <remarks>
        /// This snippet has been automatically generated for illustrative purposes only.
        /// It may require modifications to work in your environment.
        /// </remarks>
        public void DeleteTagTemplate()
        {
            // Create client
            DataCatalogClient dataCatalogClient = DataCatalogClient.Create();
            // Initialize request argument(s)
            string name = "projects/[PROJECT]/locations/[LOCATION]/tagTemplates/[TAG_TEMPLATE]";
            bool force = false;
            // Make the request
            dataCatalogClient.DeleteTagTemplate(name, force);
        }
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    // [END datacatalog_v1_generated_DataCatalog_DeleteTagTemplate_sync_flattened]
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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


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I can't say that I remember any "terribles" with my daughter because she surprised me and at age 31 still hasn't acted "terrible" yet. However, mom-inadequacy? Yep, I know her well…….i was 18 the year she was born and everyone – and I mean everyone – thought I would be a terrible mother. By age 3, I was single, working full-time, and going to school full-time which left little time for her. I had grown up with a million ever-changing rules so, in my teenaged wisdom (ha) I decided that the only "rule" I would give her was my own. that I would never make her sorry she told me the truth. Period. That's it. If you asked her today what house rules she grew up with she will tell you the only rule was one for me. For her, it worked. I think you have to do instinctively whatever is going to work with the child, and each one is so different. I'm sure you are doing a great job – and whatever it is: enjoy this time – it goes so fast!


The Ohio State Buckeyes host the Penn State Nittany Lions at Ohio Stadium on Saturday, October 28, 2017. The opening line for this game has Ohio State as 7 point favorites. The over/under has been set at 57.5. The Buckeyes have an over/under record of 5-2-0 and they are 4-3-0 against the spread. The Nittany Lions have an ATS record of 5-1-1 while their over/under record is 2-5-0.
The Penn State Nittany Lions have run for 1,214 yards as a team, which ranks 58th in college football. They've run 243 times, averaging 5 yards per carry as a rushing unit. The Nittany Lions have been penalized on offense 25 times for 242 yards so far this season, which has them 127th in the country in penalties. They are 18th in the nation in points scored with 280. They have run 483 plays this season for 3,243 yards, which ranks them 29th in Division 1 in total offense. The Nittany Lions average 6.7 yards per play, which is 15th in college football. As a team they have accumulated a total of 154 1st downs this year, placing them 59th overall as an offensive unit. Trace McSorley averages 8.5 yards per pass attempt and 8.8 adjusted yards per throw. He has completed 147 passes on 220 attempts for a completion percentage of 66.8%. His quarterback rating this year is 155. He has thrown for 1,879 yards this season.
The Nittany Lions rush defense has allowed 270 attempts for 807 yards this year, putting them in 20th place in D-1 against the run. Penn State has committed 37 penalties for 342 yards on the defensive side of the ball this season. That ranks them 46th in college football. They are 1st in the nation in points allowed on defense with 67. They have surrendered a total of 1,980 yards on D, which is 10th in the country. The Nittany Lions are ranked 3rd in yards per play allowed with 4. Opposing offenses have completed 123 passes on 227 attempts against the Penn State Nittany Lions defense this season, placing them 51st and 73rd in Division 1. The Penn State pass defense has also given up a total of 1,173 yards through the air, which is 8th overall in total pass defense.
The Penn State Nittany Lions have attempted 13 field goals this season and made 6, which is 94th in D-1. Their kickers have a field goal percentage of 46%. Penn State Nittany Lions kickers have made 100% of their extra points, going 36 for 36 this year. Their punters have totaled 1,292 yards on 29 punts, averaging 45 yards per punt. That places them 18th in Division 1 in punting average. Penn State is ranked 9th in the nation in punt returns with 18. They've accumulated 272 punt return yards and average 15.1 yards per return, which is 14th in college football. They have returned 10 kicks for 293 yards on special teams, ranking 104th in kick return yardage. The Nittany Lions average 29 yards per kick return and they are 31st in the country in all-purpose yards with 3,809.
The Buckeyes are 2nd in the country in points scored with 331. They have run 548 plays this year for 4,041 yards, which ranks them 15th in Division 1 in total offense. The Ohio State Buckeyes average 7.4 yards per play, which is 6th in the nation. As a team they have accumulated a total of 209 1st downs this season, ranking them 2nd overall as an offensive unit. On the ground Ohio State has run for 1,765 yards as a unit, which ranks 21st in college football. They've run 292 times, averaging 6 yards per rush as a unit. Ohio State has been penalized on offense 52 times for 521 yards so far this year, which has them 32nd in the country in penalties. J.T. Barrett has passed for 1,827 yards this year. He's completed 137 throws while attempting 206 passes for a completion percentage of 66.5%. His quarterback rating this season is 173.7. He averages 10.7 adjusted yards per throw and 8.9 yards per pass attempt.
Ohio State is 11th in the country in points surrendered on defense with 108. They have given up a total of 2,137 yards on D, which is 18th in D-1. The Buckeyes are 13th in yards per play allowed with 4.5. Opponent offenses have completed 123 throws on 218 attempts against the Ohio State defense this season, ranking them 50th and 58th in the nation. The Ohio State Buckeyes pass defense has also surrendered a total of 1,370 yards in the air, which is 36th overall in total pass defense. Their rushing defense has given up 262 attempts for 767 yards this season, putting them in 16th place in the country against the run. The Buckeyes have had 42 penalties for 361 yards on defense this year. That places them 58th in college football.
Ohio State is 57th in the country in punt returns with 11. They've totaled 34 punt return yards and average 3.1 yards per return, which is 118th in D-1. They have returned 13 kicks for 398 yards on special teams, which puts them 65th in kick return yardage. The Ohio State Buckeyes average 31 yards per kick return and they are 5th in the nation in all-purpose yards with 4,474. The Buckeyes have tried 9 field goals this year and made 7, which is 78th in college football. Their kickers have a field goal percentage of 78%. Ohio State kickers have made 100% of their extra points, going 42 for 42 this season. Their punters have accumulated 852 yards on 20 punts, averaging 43 yards per punt. That ranks them 53rd in the NCAA in punting average.
Who will win tonight's Nittany Lions/Buckeyes college football game against the spread?


Level Field: A road map for youth soccer development?
A very sad situation indeed - politics everywhere!
many tried juast as many crash and burned in trying to help. They don't even want to let other succeed when they themselves don't have the slighest clue where to start. Its not only about malaysian football, IT IS THE WAY EVERYTHING WORKS IN MALAYSIA! They get an idea from others than put a spanner in it. Let someone do it, if it is successful, take it away from them. If it fail it was no skin of their back!!
Perhaps Hand Print should prove a point to FAM that they could even do better without their sanction and contribution, as they now have been sidelined.
Sanction no sanction,the show got to go on Hand Print.
I am sure the boys are looking forward to the league.
You can be sure the Community League will be a success for year 2010 with the continued support of local soccer academies that have took part last year and also with then overwhelming support from parents.
to be guardians instead trying to back stab and steal ideas and efforts initiated by other.


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	<groupId>com.github.wokier</groupId>
	<artifactId>gwt-fullscreen-demo</artifactId>
	<version>0.0.1</version>
	<packaging>war</packaging>
	<name>gwt-fullscreen Demo</name>

	<properties>
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				<version>3.3</version>
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text:
Patent and non – obviousness
The invention's non-obviousness is one of three requirements for the grant of a patent, the others being novelty and industrial applicability. Simply defined, nonobvious as a patent word indicates that the invention must not be obvious or evident to a person of ordinary skill in the relevant field. The invention must improve on the prior art in some way. It should not be only a workshop enhancement or a general re-arrangement of the invention's components/features.
This non-obviousness test will be conducted from the perspective of a person with ordinary skills in the art, i.e. not an expert in that technology. The test is particularly important and subjective, as the adjudicator must assess the "innovative step" on the scale and criteria of a person typically proficient in that art while deciding on the inventive step.
In the landmark decision Graham et al. v. John Deere Co. of 2 Kansas City et al., the US Supreme Court highlighted the components involved in the non-obviousness approach. Three tests were established as criteria for determining obviousness, and these are generally referred to as Graham factors:
the prior art's breadth and content;
2. the differences between the prior art and the claims at issue; and
3. the level of ordinary competence in the relevant art.
Aside from the aforementioned factors, the US Supreme Court established secondary considerations as follows:
1. financial success of the invention,
2. long felt but unsatisfied need, and
3. failures of others could serve as proof of non-obviousness.
Given that there is no defined criterion for judging whether an invention is obvious or not, the condition of "non-obviousness" is somewhat contentious. Non-obviousness indicates that the innovation must not be obvious to a person competent in the relevant field. As a result, this is a subjective need that changes from innovation to invention. To avoid this subjectivity, several jurisdictions have devised different criteria for deciding whether or not an innovation was apparent.
Section 2(ja) of the Patents Act of 1970 defines the non-obviousness/inventive step requirement as "a feature of an invention that entails technological advance as compared to existing knowledge or has economic relevance or both and that renders the invention not obvious to a person competent in the art."
The statutory definition only goes so far as to state that for an invention to be patentable, it must have a "technical advance" or "economic significance" about the preceding arts, making the invention non-obvious to a person knowledgeable in the same field as the technology. In terms of interpretation, the concept allows for subjectivity.
The inventive step was interpreted by the Supreme Court in the matter of Bishwanath Prasad Radhey Shyam v. Hindustan Metal Industries. In this instance, the court held that 'obviousness' must be considered strictly and objectively. The court used the following test to determine obviousness:
"Had the document been placed in the hands of a competent craftsman (or engineer as distinguished from a mere artisan), endowed with the common general knowledge at the 'priority date', who was faced with the problem solved by the patentee but without knowledge of the patented invention, would he have come up with the invention in question"
Simply said, the test determines whether any other individual knowledgeable in the same field as the invention could have come up with the same idea if faced with the same situation at the time the invention was developed.
Even though the case was resolved in 1978, its relevance has not faded with time. As a result, in India, the statute outlines creative steps, and judicial precedent provides an objective interpretation of the conditions for assessing an invention's obviousness.
Graham et al. v. John Deere Co. of 2 Kansas City et al
Bishwanath Prasad Radhey Shyam v. Hindustan Metal Industries
The Patent Act, 1970
https://www.mondaq.com/india/patent/408314/determination-of-nonobviousness-an-indian-approach
Published by ayushbhati
I am a law student pursuing a Ballb from the Indore Institute of Law. I had chosen the law field as a career as our lives revolve around the law by the nations. I have anxiety to know every right and privilege get by the law, and which led me to choose this field. View all posts by ayushbhati
Biography of Justice H.K. Chainani
Novelty as a criterion for Patent

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


The new modern and stylish hotel offers luxury, privacy and stunning views over Vilankulos bay and the Bazaruto Archipelago for an unforgettable stay.
With the emphasis on style and comfort, accommodation is both luxurious and personalized. There is a choice of either spacious, fully serviced en-suite bedrooms or and optimally equipped self-catering pied à terre, providing you with the perfect base from which to explore the beauty of the surroundings.
All the 8 sea view bedrooms and 4 luxury suites are just a few steps from warm waters and offer total privacy. Each room has queen sized bed (king size in SC units), a full en-suite bathroom with shower, air conditioning, internet access and large veranda with sun beds and sea-view overlooking the Bazaruto islands.
Water sports including world class diving (offers available), snorkeling, deep sea fishing, kite surfing, stand up paddling and wake boarding. Sunset cruises, whales (in season July to October), dugongs (when lucky!), dolphins, birds and turtles watching. Yoga retreats, horse riding, island tours and cultural visits.
A chic accommodation from where to explore Vilankulos area and the wonderful islands of the Archipelago.
Those rates include continental breakfast, wi-fi and airport transfers.


We stock an impressive range over 300 different single malt whiskies including rare and collectable releases. We also have an extensive range of Scottish Gins, whisky box sets and gifts including hip flasks glassware sets and whisky scented candles.
We have regular tasting events in our shop and also offer bespoke tasting events for corporate and group bookings.


A firm generating electricity from wind farms off the Whitstable and Herne Bay coast will install 12 electric vehicle (EV) charging points across the district after winning a contract from Canterbury City Council.
Swedish company Vattenfall, which operates the Kentish Flats and Kentish Flats Extension wind farms, agreed a deal with the council in December and, working with leading experts BMM Energy Solutions, will start installation of their InCharge technology in a number of city centre car parks this month.
One electric vehicle charging point capable of charging two cars each will be installed in Pound Lane, St Radigunds and Watling Street car parks in Canterbury and have been paid for by a £19,000 grant from the government's Office for Low Emission Vehicles (OLEV).


text:
Постановление Европейского суда по правам человека от 12.05.2010 «Дело Привалихин (Privalikhin) против России» [англ.]
CASE OF PRIVALIKHIN v. RUSSIA
In the case of Privalikhin v. Russia,
1. The case originated in an application (No. 38029/05) against the Russian Federation lodged with the Court under Article 34 of the Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms ("the Convention") by a Russian national, Mr Nikolay Petrovich Privalikhin ("the applicant"), on 21 October 2005.
2. The Russian Government ("the Government") were initially represented by Mr P. Laptev, former Representative of the Russian Federation at the European Court of Human Rights, and subsequently by Ms V. Milinchuk, former Representative of the Russian Federation at the European Court of Human Rights.
3. On 10 November 2005 the President of the First Section decided to give notice of the application to the Government. It was also decided to examine the merits of the application at the same time as its admissibility (Article 29 § 3).
4. On 2 May 2007 the President of the Chamber decided, under Rule 54 § 2 (c) of the Rules of Court, that the Government should be invited to submit further written observations in respect of applicability of Article 6 of the Convention to the proceedings that the applicant had brought against the authorities in the present case. The Government did not submit any submissions in this respect.
5. The applicant was born in 1955 and lives in Berdsk, a town in the Novosibirsk Region.
A. Court proceedings
6. The applicant is a public prosecutor.
7. On an unspecified date in early 2003 he applied for a free housing provided by law for this category of state officials.
8. By judgment of 21 April 2003 the Tsentralny District Court of Novosibirsk ruled in favour of the applicant and ordered the local and regional authorities jointly
"...to provide [the applicant] with a flat in a State or municipal housing for a family of four people with a living surface measuring 36 sq. metres, and taking into account the applicant's right to an additional living area of not less than 20 sq. metres or in the form of a separate room..."
9. Upon the respondent's appeal, the judgment was upheld by the Novosibirsk Regional Court on appeal on 17 June 2003. On that day the judgment became binding.
B. Enforcement proceedings
10. The respondents did not enforce the judgment immediately. On 28 and 30 July 2003, the Bailiff's Office ("the bailiffs") initiated enforcement proceedings.
11. According to the Government, the Novosibirsk Regional Administration was unable to execute the judgment as, pursuant to Decree of 27 December
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The Apple Watch is an instant hit. Not with consumers, although in a few weeks the sales figures may reflect that, but with Apple's bank balance. The reason? As with most Apple gadgets, the Apple Watch has a very large profit margin built in to the sale price from day one.
IHS Technology has done its usual teardown and cost estimate of the new device, and the total bill of materials for the Apple Watch Sport 38mm comes in at $81.20. Adding on a $2.50 manufacturing cost (for assembly and testing) the total comes to just $83.70. Now consider that the watch retails for $349, and you have a mark up of 76%.
Of course, that simplifies the cost situation drastically. Built into that profit margin is the packaging, transportation, marketing, licensing, ongoing support (for all those people with wrist tattoos), and of course recouping the R&D that went into developing the watch in the first place. However, even with all those costs removed, the Apple Watch is going to be highly profitable device very quickly, especially if Apple can keep up with demand and sell millions of them this year.
The situation looks even better for Apple if you consider the wider Apple gadget ecosystem. You can't really use an Apple Watch without an iPhone, and once you own both of those devices you are going to purchase accessories and buy apps. The profit just stacks up, and this is a big part of why Apple has so much cash to play with.
It seems unlikely that future generations of the Apple Watch will cut that cost-to-sale-price ratio. As with all iDevices, we'll see incremental updates every year that are a mix of a more responsive device, longer battery life, new functionality, and a thinner overall watch.


Turn heads and impress with the elegant look of this satin brass and glass three-light bath light.
Skip the mundane and head straight to glamourous and fashion-forward. This elegant light from Craftmade offers beautiful detailing in a satin brass finish steel frame with three clear glass shades. Artistic and impressive, this satin brass and glass three-light bath light transforms a master en suite into a designer showcase.
23" wide x 11" high. Extends 7 1/2" from the wall. Round backplate is 6" wide. Weight is 5.75 lbs.
Three maximum 40 watt or equivalent T6 candelabra base bulbs (not included).
Piltz three-light bath light by Craftmade.
Satin brass finish steel frame; clear glass shades.
Fixture can be installed with lights facing up.


text:
Best practices for Electronically Activated Recorder (EAR) research: A practical guide to coding and processing EAR data
Deanna M. Kaplan, Kelly E. Rentscher, Maximilian Lim, Ramon Reyes, Dylan Keating, Jennifer Romero, Anisha Shah, Aaren D. Smith, Kylee A. York, Anne Milek, Allison M. Tackman, Matthias R. Mehl
Family and Consumer Sciences, School of
Research Core Facilities
Since its introduction in 2001, the Electronically Activated Recorder (EAR) method has become an established and broadly used tool for the naturalistic observation of daily social behavior in clinical, health, personality, and social science research. Previous treatments of the method have focused primarily on its measurement approach (relative to other ecological assessment methods), research design considerations (e.g., sampling schemes, privacy considerations), and the properties of its data (i.e., reliability, validity, and added measurement value). However, the evolved procedures and practices related to arguably one of the most critical parts of EAR research—the coding process that converts the sampled raw ambient sounds into quantitative behavioral data for statistical analysis—so far have largely been communicated informally between EAR researchers. This article documents "best practices" for processing EAR data, which have been tested and refined in our research over the years. Our aim is to provide practical information on important topics such as the development of a coding system, the training and supervision of EAR coders, EAR data preparation and database optimization, the troubleshooting of common coding challenges, and coding considerations specific to diverse populations.
Behavior Research Methods
https://doi.org/10.3758/s13428-019-01333-y
Published - Aug 1 2020
Ambulatory assessment
Behavioral observation
Ecological momentary assessment
Naturalistic observation
Smartphone sensing
Dive into the research topics of 'Best practices for Electronically Activated Recorder (EAR) research: A practical guide to coding and processing EAR data'. Together they form a unique fingerprint.
Best Practice Arts & Humanities 100%
Recorder Arts & Humanities 98%
coding Social Sciences 69%
best practice Social Sciences 62%
data preparation Social Sciences 31%
Social Sciences Medicine & Life Sciences 23%
Privacy Medicine & Life Sciences 23%
Kaplan, D. M., Rentscher, K. E., Lim, M., Reyes, R., Keating, D., Romero, J., Shah, A., Smith, A. D., York, K. A., Milek, A., Tackman, A. M., & Mehl, M. R. (2020). Best practices for Electronically Activated Recorder (EAR) research: A practical guide to coding and processing EAR data. Behavior Research Methods, 52(4), 1538-1551. https://doi.org/10.3758/s13428-019-01333-y
Best practices for Electronically Activated Recorder (EAR) research : A practical guide to coding and processing EAR data. / Kaplan, Deanna M.; Rentscher, Kelly E.; Lim, Maximilian et al.
In: Behavior Research Methods, Vol. 52, No. 4, 01.08.2020, p. 1538-1551.
Kaplan, DM, Rentscher, KE, Lim, M, Reyes, R, Keating, D, Romero, J, Shah, A, Smith, AD, York, KA, Milek, A, Tackman, AM & Mehl, MR 2020, 'Best practices for Electronically Activated Recorder (EAR) research: A practical guide to coding and processing EAR data', Behavior Research Methods, vol. 52, no. 4, pp. 1538-1551. https://doi.org/10.3758/s13428-019-01333-y
Kaplan DM, Rentscher KE, Lim M, Reyes R, Keating D, Romero J et al. Best practices for Electronically Activated Recorder (EAR) research: A practical guide to coding and processing EAR data. Behavior Research Methods. 2020 Aug 1;52(4):1538-1551. doi: 10.3758/s13428-019-01333-y
Kaplan, Deanna M. ; Rentscher, Kelly E. ; Lim, Maximilian et al. / Best practices for Electronically Activated Recorder (EAR) research : A practical guide to coding and processing EAR data. In: Behavior Research Methods. 2020 ; Vol. 52, No. 4. pp. 1538-1551.
@article{53b38b28549d4093832af822646e6bd1,
title = "Best practices for Electronically Activated Recorder (EAR) research: A practical guide to coding and processing EAR data",
abstract = "Since its introduction in 2001, the Electronically Activated Recorder (EAR) method has become an established and broadly used tool for the naturalistic observation of daily social behavior in clinical, health, personality, and social science research. Previous treatments of the method have focused primarily on its measurement approach (relative to other ecological assessment methods), research design considerations (e.g., sampling schemes, privacy considerations), and the properties of its data (i.e., reliability, validity, and added measurement value). However, the evolved procedures and practices related to arguably one of the most critical parts of EAR research—the coding process that converts the sampled raw ambient sounds into quantitative behavioral data for statistical analysis—so far have largely been communicated informally between EAR researchers. This article documents "best practices" for processing EAR data, which have been tested and refined in our research over the years. Our aim is to provide practical information on important topics such as the development of a coding system, the training and supervision of EAR coders, EAR data preparation and database optimization, the troubleshooting of common coding challenges, and coding considerations specific to diverse populations.",
keywords = "Ambulatory assessment, Behavioral observation, Ecological momentary assessment, Naturalistic observation, Smartphone sensing",
author = "Kaplan, {Deanna M.} and Rentscher, {Kelly E.} and Maximilian Lim and Ramon Reyes and Dylan Keating and Jennifer Romero and Anisha Shah and Smith, {Aaren D.} and York, {Kylee A.} and Anne Milek and Tackman, {Allison M.} and Mehl, {Matthias R.}",
note = "Funding Information: This research was supported by National Institutes of Health grants R03CA137975, R21HD078778, 3R01AT004698, 5R01AT004698, R01HD069498, R01MH105379, and R01MH108641, Swiss National Science Foundation - P2ZHP1_164959. Acknowledgements Open Practice Statement Funding Information: We thank all past and current members of the Naturalistic Observation of Social Interactions (NOSI) Lab for their contributions to developing and refining the practices outlined in this article. In particular, we thank M. Robbins, F. gro?e Deters, and A. Carey for their contributions. We also thank our current team of EAR coders: Valeria Chavez, Darrian Corey, Julie Drake, Chris Griffith, Elieana Herrera, Skyler Kopit, Paloma Sainz, and Colin Tidwell. All materials are publicly available at the Open Science Framework?s EAR Repository (https://osf.io/n2ufd/). Publisher Copyright: {\textcopyright} 2019, The Psychonomic Society, Inc.",
doi = "10.3758/s13428-019-01333-y",
journal = "Behavior Research Methods",
T1 - Best practices for Electronically Activated Recorder (EAR) research
T2 - A practical guide to coding and processing EAR data
AU - Kaplan, Deanna M.
AU - Rentscher, Kelly E.
AU - Lim, Maximilian
AU - Reyes, Ramon
AU - Keating, Dylan
AU - Romero, Jennifer
AU - Shah, Anisha
AU - Smith, Aaren D.
AU - York, Kylee A.
AU - Milek, Anne
AU - Tackman, Allison M.
AU - Mehl, Matthias R.
N1 - Funding Information: This research was supported by National Institutes of Health grants R03CA137975, R21HD078778, 3R01AT004698, 5R01AT004698, R01HD069498, R01MH105379, and R01MH108641, Swiss National Science Foundation - P2ZHP1_164959. Acknowledgements Open Practice Statement Funding Information: We thank all past and current members of the Naturalistic Observation of Social Interactions (NOSI) Lab for their contributions to developing and refining the practices outlined in this article. In particular, we thank M. Robbins, F. gro?e Deters, and A. Carey for their contributions. We also thank our current team of EAR coders: Valeria Chavez, Darrian Corey, Julie Drake, Chris Griffith, Elieana Herrera, Skyler Kopit, Paloma Sainz, and Colin Tidwell. All materials are publicly available at the Open Science Framework?s EAR Repository (https://osf.io/n2ufd/). Publisher Copyright: © 2019, The Psychonomic Society, Inc.
N2 - Since its introduction in 2001, the Electronically Activated Recorder (EAR) method has become an established and broadly used tool for the naturalistic observation of daily social behavior in clinical, health, personality, and social science research. Previous treatments of the method have focused primarily on its measurement approach (relative to other ecological assessment methods), research design considerations (e.g., sampling schemes, privacy considerations), and the properties of its data (i.e., reliability, validity, and added measurement value). However, the evolved procedures and practices related to arguably one of the most critical parts of EAR research—the coding process that converts the sampled raw ambient sounds into quantitative behavioral data for statistical analysis—so far have largely been communicated informally between EAR researchers. This article documents "best practices" for processing EAR data, which have been tested and refined in our research over the years. Our aim is to provide practical information on important topics such as the development of a coding system, the training and supervision of EAR coders, EAR data preparation and database optimization, the troubleshooting of common coding challenges, and coding considerations specific to diverse populations.
AB - Since its introduction in 2001, the Electronically Activated Recorder (EAR) method has become an established and broadly used tool for the naturalistic observation of daily social behavior in clinical, health, personality, and social science research. Previous treatments of the method have focused primarily on its measurement approach (relative to other ecological assessment methods), research design considerations (e.g., sampling schemes, privacy considerations), and the properties of its data (i.e., reliability, validity, and added measurement value). However, the evolved procedures and practices related to arguably one of the most critical parts of EAR research—the coding process that converts the sampled raw ambient sounds into quantitative behavioral data for statistical analysis—so far have largely been communicated informally between EAR researchers. This article documents "best practices" for processing EAR data, which have been tested and refined in our research over the years. Our aim is to provide practical information on important topics such as the development of a coding system, the training and supervision of EAR coders, EAR data preparation and database optimization, the troubleshooting of common coding challenges, and coding considerations specific to diverse populations.
KW - Ambulatory assessment
KW - Behavioral observation
KW - Ecological momentary assessment
KW - Naturalistic observation
KW - Smartphone sensing
U2 - 10.3758/s13428-019-01333-y
DO - 10.3758/s13428-019-01333-y
JO - Behavior Research Methods
JF - Behavior Research Methods


Hi carfty friends, what a better day to start a new challenge than my birthday!! yeah. I'm so excited because today we are launching the first challenge of our Global Design Team! I have the honour to participate in this new project with creative, talented designers from all over the world. We have a singular passion for paper craft, quality, and Stamping' Up! My highest goal in this new adventure is to be able to share the joy of crafting and perhaps a little bit of inspiration.
Click to see first challange projects and to participate!!!
Every challenge is an opportunity to learn, to create and to share. I enjoy making this card, selecting the stamp sets I could use to make it and spending some time putting together all the elements to give it shape and flesh. I couldn't resist and I used my sewing machine to stich a frame on the pink piroutte card stock. I think I'll do it more often as I love the way the stiches looks on it!
Please come along and join in too and make something and share it on the Global Design Project Challenge Blog GDP #001 – click here to see instructions to participate.
I love what you have done with the Summer Silhouettes stamp set Bibi. So excited to be on the GDP design team with you! So much fun.
So very gorgeous. I am exited to see what you guys create each week as part of the Global Design Project team. The stiching adds so very much and the silver thread under the gold butterfly is perfect. Every touch is thought of. Perfect in every way!
Jennifer what a lovely message. Thank you very much for your kidness. x a big hug from Scotland.
Bibi, you card is amazing. I am so thrilled to be on the Global Design Project team with you. Hugs!
It is my pleasure Connie, you are such a talented woman. Absuletely adore your delicate and femenine projects.
Bibi, This card is beautiful - every detail is perfectly planned, and the thin border around the card is so soft and sweet. I'm so happy to be serving on this Global Design Project Design Team with you.
Happy, happy birthday Bibi! And I agree, I couldn't think of a better way to celebrate tan by paper crafting! Your card is gorgeous and the addition of the gold butterfly and stitching makes it super special. Well done on your first GDP!!!
So beautiful !!!! My favorite card !!!!
beautiful card ! my favorite !!!


Check out our collection of baseball caps and baseball hats to offer your head protection from the elements. Truckers, coaches, players and everyone who wants style in the sun will all appreciate a good baseball hat after a long day in the sun. We have a variety of choices to safeguard you in style.


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Posts tagged: Social media influencers
Twitter lets users create paid Spaces
by IKONTUBE Team with No Comment Uncategorized
Yes, Twitter has created a new function for paid Spaces (Ticketed Spaces), where content creators can charge for access to their content.
Ticketed spaces were unveiled last May as a new monetization tool. Where the creators can receive up to 80% of the proceeds from the payments of the followers.
Since last Thursday, Twitter announced that some users will already be able to create new paid content for the first time. But for now, they will only be available on the iOS version of Twitter and for a certain limited number of people.
Spaces were announced in December 2020 and launched as a beta a month later for select individuals to test. Like Clubhouse, Twitter's audio-based Spaces will allow a user to gather with another person or a group of users for live conversations. You'll see them appear while they're happening. Once they've ended, they will no longer be available publicly on Twitter.
Let's hope that the company will have it available very soon and within the reach of all users.
Source: The Observatorial| Photo Credit: Twitter
Mavrck Partnering with TikTok
Mavrck is a well-known influencer marketing platform that focuses on enterprise consumer bran ...
The "Grandfluencers" Debunking Aging Myths
Who are the "grandfluencers"? These influencers are 70 plus who have thousands of followers on social media. ...
YouTube Battles TikTok
It is known that Neal Mohan, Product Manager at YouTube, went to one of the podcasts on The Verge this week ...
Dogecoin influencers will host 'Doge Conference'
Dogecoin influencers are organizing the "Doge Conference", with speakers, artists, and the chance to win a Cybertruck of Tesla Inc. The Doge conference will be held from March 31 to April 2, in Las Vegas.
Jenny Q Ta, a Wall Street veteran, and a cryptocurrency expert hopes that the Doge conference will bring the crypto community together.
"Within the cryptocurrency space, Doge is known for having the most helpful and inclusive community, a community we fondly call theFamily Doge" or theArmy Doge. " Mention Q Ta.
"Other cryptocurrency communities tend to be more exclusive, but the unifying goal of the doge conference is to unite all cryptocurrency communities. Putting aside our differences and recognizing that we are all together in this blockchain universe "
The movement and success of the "meme coin" gave Dogecoin investors and influencers enthusiasm as they gained a huge following on social media. Among them are Kenneth Moran and Aaron Bowley.
"Our hope is to set an example for other cryptocurrency communities to follow. As many diverse cryptocurrency enthusiasts join and find acceptance at our conference, we hope they will bring the same unifying message and mindset to their respective communities. In this way, we will make the cryptocurrency space a more friendly, receptive, and cooperative place "
Dogecoin is in full power. In fact, it is known that Dogepalooza will be held in October of this year.
Source: Oicanadian| Photo Credit: LA Times
An Entrepreneur Created A New Platform For Influencers
It is well known now that influencer marketing is at its biggest hit in recent years. From 20 ...
Tips from Trusted Financial Influencers
There is so no shortage of information regarding finances and debts on the internet. In addit ...
Why Influencers Are The Best Option For Travel Marketing
One way to enjoy different cities, towns, seas, and landscapes is through influencers. When the COVID-19 he ...
This 2021, the MET gala bets on influencers
After being canceled last year due to the pandemic, the MET Gala comes with a new date this 2021. This coming September 13, the MET Gala is set to return at the Metropolitan Museum of Art in Central Park, NY. In which numerous influencers are included in the guest list.
The MET Gala is considered one of the most important events in the fashion industry. International celebrities are invited to this event to show off their spectacular clothes made by great influential designers.
This year's event will be sponsored by Instagram and its celebrity co-chairs include Naomi Osaka, Billie Eilish, Timothee Chalamet, and Amanda Gorman. As we well know, social media is part of the entertainment industry today, and it has become one of the most noticeable media.
This time the theme will be "In America: A lexicon of Fashion". It is heading towards the celebration of American designers and political, social, and cultural events during the pandemic.
Since the event is private, all we know is what the guests will taste, and of course, the red carpet. This year 2021 will be plant-based to promote caring for the planet. In addition, the event will be divided into two parts, where the first will be held this coming September 13. And the second, in May 2022.
Source: Newsweek| Photo Credit: DAZED
Brands new strategy is live shopping & they need influencers
Since 2019, live shopping has been a trend and has been on the rise. Although in China, this ...
The success of an influencer with a profession
Winner of several awards in the medical field and opinion leader with more than 400,000 followers on Instagr ...
Sophia Roe Introduced Her New Line in Copenhagen Fashion Week
Sophia Roe with more than 400k followers on instagram, with the help of Charlotte Eskildsen, has developed her new line The Garment for this Copenhagen Fashion Week.
After having a digital fashion week last February, this spring-summer 2022 collection has returned to a mostly live format. The guest list will be tighter this season due to the pandemic. We will see an improved urban style in the fashion show in 2022. Most of the shows will be in person this season, but they will also remain in a "hybrid" model. Since some brands stick to digital formats.
This will offer more flexibility to both brands and visitors. At the end of the day, we must adapt to the "new norm". An interesting fact about this fashion week is that it has prioritized sustainability. By 2023, the brands that comply with ecological standards are the ones that may be chosen to be displayed in their capital.
Source: VOGUE | Photo Credit: Sjuloves
After being canceled last year due to the pandemic, the MET Gala comes with a new date this 2021. This comin ...
The D'Amelio Family Go Further in Business
This week, Cesar Millan announced that he is partnering with one of the most famous families on TikTok, The D'Amelios to promote his pet safety products. The family has decided, to invest in the Halo company with a small interest, according to the Halo spokesperson. We will see the promotions within the D'Amelios content next week.
One of the ways that people coped with the issue of the global pandemic, was pets. Our little animals give us joy on a day-to-day basis, and during this time, that affection was used even more. Spending on pets was increased, such as training, food, adoptions, security, etc.
That's why companies like Cesar Millan's Halo, who make GPS for pets, bet that this attention to pets continues even after the pandemic. In fact, many American families created this "habit" of adopting more pets than having more babies.
Global spending on pets has increased by 94% since 2011, according to data provided by the brand. And it is expected to exceed $10 billion by 2026. Also, sadly, a figure of 10 million puppies are lost each year in the USA. And that's where Halo does its bit.
Source & Photo Credit: ADWEEK
Student "Influencers" Are on The Rise
In the last decades, posters, television advertisements, and other types of advertising were ...
Riverdale's Tiera Skovbye to Launch Jewelry Line with Influencer Platform Krave
On June 23, 2022, it was announced that actress Tiera Skovbye partnered with Krave. She has been featured in ...
Yes, Twitter has created a new function for paid Spaces (Ticketed Spaces), where content creators can charge ...
It is known that Neal Mohan, Product Manager at YouTube, went to one of the podcasts on The Verge this week to discuss the steps YouTube is taking to tackle the unstoppable TikTok fever. After its growing avalanche, the Google-owned company wanted to give users a small incentive to use the new "Shorts" tool. Offering them $10,000 a month to upload material to this new platform.
In fact, Shorts is like a kind of TikTok but integrated into YouTube that was launched last year in the month of September. In this new platform, users are allowed to upload short videos, with a maximum duration of 1 minute.
"My responsibility is to help run YouTube. I am responsible for all of our products, everything you use as a viewer, and everything our creators use. I work closely with our partners at Google in terms of solutions for our advertising partners. " Mohan says.
"My team and I put ourselves in the shoes of today's creators. That's where Shorts was born. Unlike 15 years ago, if you were a creator just starting out on YouTube, how would you go about it? And that was the key information about the product or the genes, so to speak, of YouTube Shorts."
A $100 million fund was created that the same company will use to motivate creators to upload videos on Shorts, and thus be able to compete with TikTok.
Source: The Verge Photo Credit: Vox
Dogecoin influencers are organizing the "Doge Conference", with speakers, artists, and the chance to win a C ...
TikTok Partners With Creators To Boost Its Platform
TikTok does not want to be defeated. And it is coming up with a new strategy again, as it has partnered with ...
This week, Cesar Millan announced that he is partnering with one of the most famous families on TikTok, The ...
Winner of several awards in the medical field and opinion leader with more than 400,000 followers on Instagram. Dr. Nina Bal is definitely one of the UK's most sought-after skincare experts.
Who says that a professional cannot become a good influencer on social media? If you have the knowledge, share it! Dr. Bal says to stay away from the stereotype of Hollywood-style beauty and assures that less is more.
"What I really enjoy is witnessing the internal and external changes of my patients. And be a witness to its positive changes." She says. "I am also a staunch advocate for women. It fascinates me to be able to empower other women to be the best version of themselves."
After years of dedication to research, laboratory testing, and development, finally, Dr. Bal has managed to create a new product called Face Sculpt Serum from her same Facial Sculpting line.
In an interview, the doctor was asked why she created her own facial care line. She responds:
"I am a mom with two children. Which means that I am always busy. My skin was already beginning to show signs of living a fast-paced life. I needed a powerful product to help me combat those effects."
Like many women who are mothers and who work long and tiring hours, it is to be expected that at the end of the day they will no longer have the energy to even implement the facial care routine. And that's what this all-in-one product is based on.
Source: Forbes | Photo Credit: Facial Sculpting
An Influencer Who Gained Over $700K in 6 Months
An Instagram influencer named JaLisa Vaughn-Jefferson has achieved her success thanks to endorsement deals a ...
How Does Platforms Disruption Affect Influencers
The interruption that occurred with Facebook, Instagram and WhatsApp has cost the founder of ...
A New Application Created to Help Creators
Lindsey Lee Lugrin is a professional model and social media creator who appeared in a Marc Jacobs campaign. Where she received the amount of $1,000.
Of course, Lugrin was fascinated by this. But after seeing her face on internet advertisements, or billboards, she realized that the amount she received was not fair.
Lugrin shared her experience with other influencers who have also created social media advertising for other brands and who in return get unfair pay.
She noticed several uneven salaries, where male creators have earned more than female creators.
In an analysis conducted last year by an influencer marketing platform called Klear, male influencers were found to earn roughly $476 for a single post. While women earn approximately $ 348.
Lugrin decided to change that. So in June, she and Isha Mehra (former data scientist at Facebook), developed an app with a slightly controversial name.
FUC#%! YOU Pay Me is an app where influencers can leave comments, suggestions or reviews on the brands they have collaborated with. The main objective is that influencers receive a more equal amount. Advertising rates and information are shared within the app that is crucial to negotiating sponsored content deals.
"I didn't want there to be any doubt from the creator side of things who this is for" she said. "The name is an ode to the frustration I experienced myself many times over as a creator."
FYPM is located in Santa Monica, CA. It is one of several companies that provide transparent information regarding salary for influencers. In addition to FPM, other marketing platforms have joined the cause. Such as Collabstr.
On the other hand, online communities have emerged where female influencers from Ireland or Great Britain share their stories and offer support to each other. They have even started selling courses on how to negotiate better rates.
One of the problems is that most content creators operate without an agent. There is no exact amount as a standard payment for creating a publication for a brand. And deals are generally negotiated through messages or emails.
Creators are actually usually mini-personal businesses that do the work of a media and marketing agency. All in one. They edit, film, promote, etc. So it can be really exhausting work.
Brands usually have a lot of information about the creators. But it is not the same on the other side. The creators have little information about the brands and of course, what they pay.
Lugrin has gained more than 16,000 followers and has begun to make fairer deals with fashion brands and companies. Born in Houston, Lugrin has a master's degree in finance from the University of Houston.
Becoming an equity analyst. She has created her personal online under the name @msyoungprofessional, posting humor and memes related to being a woman within the business world.
Source: The New York Times | Photo Credit: San Francisco Examiner
Meet Top TikTok Mental Health Influencers
One area of social media that started taking off during the pandemic was the creation of therapy-based conte ...
The Event Awaited By Content Creators
At the event that will take place on September 28 to 30 of this year, some of the most famous influencers, v ...
The state of Texas has seen the "good eye" in investing in influencers for marketing campaigns
It has become very common that more companies every day want to invest in social media creators content' for advertising purposes. And that's because today, influencers are considered to have more "power" than celebrities themselves.
But a recently found piece of information says that you and I are paying these influencers too (If you live in Texas, of course). That is because Texas is using taxpayer money to fund influencer marketing campaigns to attract more visits to the state.
This is the case with a blogger named Jane Ko. Ko has one of the most popular Instagram accounts in Texas. A taste of Koko. She started about 11 years ago talking about Austin TX. His account has grown considerably to 100,000 followers in no time.
"There are people who might have started following me yesterday, today, or ten years ago. But they come to me because they like what I'm sharing. But also because they trust my judgment" She said. Running an Instagram account this big is full-time and Ko has had to work a lot and visit hundreds of restaurants and brands. Ko is considered one of the Top 18 social media influencers Texas has been paying since 2019.
"I'm so excited to travel all over Texas. And keep working with them" she mentioned. "I've been here my entire life. And I love Texas. It is very likely that I will never leave".
The state of Texas has been using taxpayer money to fund marketing campaigns since 2019. At a total cost of approximately $118,267.40. Being a content creator has become a real job and one of the best paid.
In Ko's case, Texas has paid her 3 times since 2020. But previously the state has hired 5 more influencers multiple times to promote 2 to 3 campaigns each. Using the popularity of influencers is definitely one of the most effective forms of marketing.
"I think it's the most profitable way. Just because of the amount of reach it can generate," she said. "And based on similar platforms like TikTok. It brings it to life, to a destination".
KUVE requested an interview from the Governor's office, and in response, a spokesperson for the Tourism Division said:
"Travel Texas partners with social media content creators, often referred to as influencers, to highlight the state as a destination of choice for travelers. Content partnerships with Travel Texas are thoroughly vetted by the experts at our social media agency to ensure they will deliver a return on investment in line with industry standards for successful content views and engagement. Influencer content is an effective way to highlight many different aspects of travel around the state of Texas to highly tailored audiences based on their personal interests, location, age, and more. Currently, Travel Texas works with influencers as part of its larger social media strategy. Influencer partnerships account for a small portion of the overall Travel Texas marketing budget and are utilized in a highly strategic manner."
Ko made it clear that working with Texas is something she is quite excited about because promoting the state comes naturally to her platform.
"Whether it's things to do in Austin or where to eat. But even going outside of the state, any brand that works with me knows that they're going to get access to a certain demographic that they might not be able to get access to," Ko said.
Travel Texas spokesperson says that in 2019, $83 billion spendings had a $169.8 billion impact on the Texas economy.
The investment is recovered and double is earned.
Source: KVUE | Photo Credit: A Taste of Koko
Brands Pay Millions to Influencers to Drive Instagram Sales
Instagram launched a new online shopping method last June that allows users to buy directly i ...
This Tech Giant wants to invest millions in content creators
On Wednesday, July 14, the CEO of Facebook gave a great announcement that for many content creators, is excellent news!
Mark Zuckerberg plans to invest millions of dollars in content creators on Instagram and Facebook. The reason? Compete with TikTok. This new Chinese app has the other content apps trembling with fear.
"We want to build the best platforms for millions of creators to earn a living. So, we are creating new programs to invest more than $1 billion to compensate creators for the great content they create on Facebook and Instagram through 2022". Mention Zuckerberg.
"Investing in creators is not new to us. But I am excited to expand this work overtime. I will give more details soon". He added.
In the beginning, This will be an invitation-based program. It is expected that by the end of 2021 a portal will be created where creators will be able to track their own earnings on both social networks.
Users will be paid to use specific tools or functions on the Facebook and Instagram platforms in order to achieve milestones.
TikTok is considered one of the most downloaded apps of all time. To this day, TikTok is known to have been downloaded more than 3 billion times. The move is part of the strategy to keep up with the growth of TikTok.
This application was launched in September 2016. It took only 200 days to develop it, so it makes us think that they had quite clear ideas. Its growth has been just as fast. In February 2017, the social network had a total of 66 million active users. By October 2018, it was already noted that the barrier had been exceeded 130 million users.
Perhaps that is why other social networks like Instagram are so concerned with improving their content
Source: entrepreneur Photo Credit: Facebook
Influencer Bree Lenehan Exposes Photo Editing Apps
As an advocate for "self love", influencer Bree Lenehan uses IG to expose editing tricks. Spe ...
Sephora Squads 2022 Skincare and Beauty Influencer Program Winners
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| Cartoonist Lynn Johnston shares 5 keys on how to have a career – for better or worse!
Home > Blog	> Cartoonist Lynn Johnston shares 5 keys on how to have a career – for better or worse!
Cartoonist Lynn Johnston shares 5 keys on how to have a career – for better or worse!
Well, if you are like millions of Canadians, you start your day by reading the newspaper and most likely checking out the comic section. This week's podcast is with Lynn Johnston, the creator of the comic strip "For Better or for Worse". How would you like to spend your days doodling? "For Better or for Worse" started with 150 newspapers. Her strip is now translated into 8 languages, appears in over 2,000 papers in Canada, the United States and 23 other countries. Lynn has over 35 best selling books and her strip has been adapted into six animated television specials and a popular animated series. Lynn was the first woman to win her profession's highest honor, The Reuben award. Lynn is by all accounts Canada's most successful cartoonist. I really enjoyed spending part of an afternoon with Lynn at her studio sharing her thoughts on life, career and success.
Lynn grew up in Vancouver in a very artistic family. "My parents were wonderful, supportive artists". Her Dad was a painter, her Mom could draw and her brother was a musician. That is a lot of creative talent under one roof. In school, Lynn had some good subjects and some areas that she struggled in. "I was a pain in the neck. I couldn't concentrate on work, especially math". One time she could not do the math exam so she doodled. "I was going to cry, but I said no, I am going to look like I am working and doodle over the entire exam". In grade 6, she got an F for math and an A+ for art. Her math teacher worked with her after school encouraging her talent in art, and helping her to do much better in math. "Teachers like that make life worth living as a kid. You never feel smart enough and you take for granted your special skills". This early encouragement got her onto the right track of becoming a cartoonist.
Her first job in Vancouver was as an animator and came from a person she used to babysit for. "People are watching you, your first job is your first reference". She then moved to Hamilton where she joined McMaster University as a medical artist. Her role as a medical artist was the perfect blend of using her artistic talent with her interest in people. She worked for Dr. David Sackett who encouraged her work at McMaster. Pregnant with her first child, she also was encouraged by her obstetrician to bring in her art to "cheer" up his office. She had such a great response that this led to her writing her first book, David We're Pregnant, which sold slowly. Her personal situation changed with a divorce and she decided to do more contract work to give her flexibility with a young baby. Lynn went on to write 3 more books published by a small publisher. A new publisher was so impressed with her work, that he introduced her to Universal Syndicate, which published Cathy, Doonesbury as well as Herman. They loved her work and offered her a 20 year contract. "This just floored me". With her new contract and her husband's new job, they moved to a small town in northern Manitoba. The small town she lived in sheltered her from her fame and offered her a microcosm of life from which to draw stories for her column. Her unique blend of observations as a parent, wife and friend combined with her humor immediately resonated with readers and her column took off.
Here are 5 ideas I took from my conversation with her.
You've got talent – "Everyone has something they are great at". All of us have been created with something unique to make this world a better place. Where is your talent?
Support from others – From her parents to Dr. David Sackett to the team at Universal Syndicate. According to a study from John Hopkins Medical School, you are 7.7 times more likely to succeed with support, rather than by yourself. Who do you need to help you?
Work is not a four letter word – Lynn worked really diligently at her career. Hard and smart work, was crucial in her success. How hard are you working, really?
Open your own doors – "Volunteer. Get in there and do stuff, go to the market, don't wait for the market. Successful people have opened doors. This is where you will find your luck". You need to take action and look for an opportunity. It will not arrive in your email box. Where can you start?
Success takes time – I believe Lynn's successful career started with her first job as a babysitter and the choices along the way enabled her to have long term success. Think long term, not short term.
"Everybody who is successful wants to pass on their knowledge and see the next generation come along and do well. They want the next generation to take that knowledge."
So here's the question in your career – for better or worse? This is up to you. Like Lynn, you can take ownership of your future and go and be found, or not. You choose. There is always room in the job market for those who are truly talented! Looking for the better? Find your own luck, book an initial consultation. Your career is no joke!


Knowledge is power. And power is possessed especially by whoever controls the flow of information. This applies particularly in digital culture, where all the information in the World Wide Web can be manipulated, uncontrolled.
For a long time, a hope for new forms of democratic participation arose from the use of these digital instruments, but recently they have been misused as the ideal door opener for the surveillance of billions of people. Democratic states have long reserved the right to spy even on their »friends«, in all military, economic, and social aspects, and on all levels: governments, organizations, NGOs, and individual citizens are all under surveillance.


Crosier Father Louis "Louie" Mraz has entered eternal rest. He died March 13 at an assisted living home in Phoenix at the age of 89.
Fr. Mraz, osc, was born March 8, 1928, in Streator, Illinois, to Leo and Susan (Mollo) Mraz. The priest joined the Crosiers in response to an ad in a 1949 Crozier magazine and was known for faithfulness to his flock.
"Crosiers make clear why we live and, because of that, how to live," Fr. Mraz wrote in a brief Q-and-A for the community.
After his ordination in 1959, Fr. Mraz was assigned to the Crosier mission in Agats, Papua, Indonesia, where he served the people for 20 years. Upon his return to the United States in 1980, Fr. Louie became a member of the Crosier Community of Phoenix.
He served as associate pastor at Blessed Sacrament Catholic Church in Scottsdale from 1980 to 1989. There Fr. Mraz was part of the building and dedication of the Fitzpatrick Center which provided additional religious education space. He also served as associate pastor at St. Helen's Catholic Church in Glendale from 1989 to 2008, when he retired.
That's where Elizbeth Kottoor encountered him. She often attended daily Mass there and noted his strong faith.
"He came across as a very intelligent and sharp person, very gifted in his homilies. He seemed very human and very humorous," Kottoor said.
Fr. Mraz is survived by his cousin, Edward (Darcy) Mollo of Illinois; his Crosier confreres, the parish communities of Blessed Sacrament and St. Helen; and numerous friends. He is preceded in death by his parents and his brother, Leo Mraz.


Civil society across the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region is now more capable to use international standards to solve local problems related to land and natural resource management. An indicator of this progress is the recent Land Forum held in Tunis from 25 to 27 October 2017.
The sixth session of the Land Forum in MENA was the most-recent iteration of the regional forum for the exchange of experiences and strategies and the enhancement of communication among civil society organizations concerned with land issues and related challenges. Habitat International Coalition's Housing and Land Rights Network organized the gathering in collaboration with the Food and Agriculture Organisation of the UN (FAO) to apply "The Voluntary Guidelines on the Responsible Governance of Tenure of Land, Fisheries and Forests in the Context of National Food Security" (VGGT), which the Committee on World Food Security adopted in 2012.
The goals of this Forum were to determine, priorities, challenges and policy shortcomings of the region, as well to fill any gaps in the VGGT in that context. In doing so, the workshop sought to promote the human rights approaches to land and natural resource management issues in light of the rapid and violent developments affecting the rights of peoples to exercise sovereignty over their natural resources within the State and, at the same time, to clarify the individual, collective, domestic and external human right obligations of States.
The workshop brought together 27 participants from 10 countries from across the region representing various civil society organizations concerned with the monitoring and control of land and natural resource issues and associated related issues such as agroecology, support for small-scale food producers and small family farms.
The workshop addressed an important set of issues related to the diagnosis of the issues in the region and the mandatory aspects of the VGGT in certain cases. It prioritized the strategy for achieving food sovereignty, clarified the definition of related terms and concepts, reviewed the dilemmas and challenges of tenure governance, assessed the need for mechanisms to implement and monitor the VGGT, identified omissions and shortcomings and urgent remedial steps, and linked these with operations global and regional levels.
The discussion sessions of the workshop raised several controversial issues that still need to be further understood by civil society organizations in the region, the most important of which are landless groups and their rights in the light of tenure governance; the definition of tenure and its multiple forms, both formal and informal; the definition of the State and rights and responsibilities to manage its territory, spatial planning and justice in the context of tenure governance, the definition, usage and rights related to the concept "indigenous peoples" in the region; chronic issues of responsible governance of tenure in our region, such as gender inequality and discrimination; the effects of climate change; protracted crises caused by conflict, occupation and civil war; and the consequent cases of displacement and eviction of thousands of families in search of a safe haven within and outside of this region.
This Land Forum combined a learning process with an exercise to determine what is missing in the VGGT and their implementation in MENA, as well as set out a program of urgent future action.


text:
Dato Marsagishvili, né le  à Stepantsminda (RSS de Géorgie), est un lutteur libre géorgien.

Biographie
Le , il obtient la médaille de bronze aux Jeux olympiques de Londres en catégorie des moins de 84 kg.

Palmarès

Jeux olympiques
  Médaille de bronze aux Jeux olympiques d'été de 2012 à Londres (Royaume-Uni)

Championnats du monde
  Médaille de bronze en catégorie des moins de 84 kg en 2011 à Istanbul (Turquie)

Championnats d'Europe
  Médaille d'or en catégorie des moins de 84 kg en 2013 à Tbilissi (Géorgie)
  Médaille d'or en catégorie des moins de 84 kg en 2012 à Belgrade (Serbie)
  Médaille d'argent en catégorie des moins de 84 kg en 2011 à Dortmund (Allemagne)
  Médaille d'argent en catégorie des moins de 86 kg en 2016 à Riga (Lettonie)

Jeux mondiaux de plage
  Médaille d'argent en catégorie des moins de 90 kg en 2019 à Doha (Qatar)

Notes et références

Lutteur géorgien
Champion d'Europe de lutte
Lutteur aux Jeux olympiques d'été de 2012
Naissance en mars 1991
Naissance en RSS de Géorgie
Médaillé de bronze olympique géorgien

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
Colorado school district will allow teachers to carry guns
December 15, 2016 | 12:45am
DENVER — A rural Colorado school district decided Wednesday night to allow its teachers and other school staff to carry guns on campus to protect students.
The Hanover School District 28 board voted 3-2 to allow school employees to volunteer to be armed on the job after undergoing training.
The district's two schools serve about 270 students about 30 miles southeast of Colorado Springs, and it takes law enforcement an average of 20 minutes to get there. The district currently shares an armed school resource officer with four other school districts.
Board member Michael Lawson backed the idea not only as way to protect students from a mass shooting, but also as protection against possible violence connected with nearby marijuana grows, which he believes are connected with foreign cartels, the Gazette of Colorado Springs reported.
School board President Mark McPherson said a survey showed the community was split on the issue. While staffers would get some training, the retired Army officer said he didn't think it would be enough to help them respond effectively to an active shooter. He worries what would happen if they fired and missed in a classroom.
"We need to leave that to the professionals," said McPherson, who also worries about the risk posed by just having the guns in the school building and how they would be stored.
He said he is only aware of one marijuana growing operation within about 5 miles of the schools. McPherson said he thinks comments about cartel involvement in the area are just rumors at this point.
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Some other school districts in Colorado as well as in Texas, Oklahoma and California have also backed allowing teachers to carry weapons following the attack on Sandy Hook Elementary School in Connecticut in 2012.
An undisclosed number of teachers and other employees at a one-school district in Colorado's sparsely populated Eastern Plains are currently being trained after the school board approved the move in July largely out of concern for how long it would take law enforcement to respond.
All had concealed weapons permits and volunteered for the duty, Fleming School superintendent Steve McCracken said. They all must undergo an initial 46 hours of training, including live fire training, plus yearly training and undergo a psychological examination. The firearm training costs a total of $3,000, and the district will also have to spend an unknown amount of money to buy firearms and ammunition. But McCracken said that it still makes more financial sense than trying to hire an outside security officer to protect the school.
The latest Colorado vote came on the fourth anniversary of the Sandy Hook massacre. McPherson said the proposal has been in the works since June and the timing of the final vote was coincidental.
Filed under colorado , guns , schools
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