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Hire a Car to Discover this Ancient City
Heraklion is the capital of the Heraklion prefecture and its population is around 270.000 people. There have been settlements in this area since the Neotholic times and we can trace the history of the town this far back. One of the sights we can visit today in Heraklion is the Koules Fortress Castle, which is located at Heraklion port. The castle was constructed by the Venetians in the early 13th century, when they conquered the town (Koules means fortress in Turkish). It was built primarily as a storage area for food and military supplies, it also served as a prison and also as quarters for the officers.
Another interesting site in this prefecture is Knossos, the palace of Minos which was excavated in 1990 by Arthur Evans, although a merchant of Heraklion had already found two of the palace store rooms in 1878. The palace is about 130 square meters and it has been suggested as the source of the myth of the Labyrinth since the Roman period. The Labyrinth was an elaborate mazelike structure built for King Minos of Crete and designed by the legendary artificer Daedalus to hold the Minotaur, a creature that was half man and half bull and was eventually killed by the Athenian hero Theseus.
The palace of Phaistos is located on the east side of the Kastri Hill, at the end of the Mesara valley on central south region of Crete. The palace is consisted of two different parts: the Old and the New Palace. The Old Palace was built in the beginning of 2000 B.C, also known as the Protopalatial Period, and the New Palace, which was built at the same spot when the Old Palace was almost devastated by an earthquake. The New Palace was destroyed in the mid 15th Century B.C and afterwards only some parts of it remained inhabited. The new palace covers a smaller area compared to the old palace, allowing the visitors to see the remains of the old one.
Discover Natural Beauty of Heraklion
With our Heraklion InterCar car rental service, you'll be able to explore the natural beauty of this province. Heraklion city have many places to explore, inside the city as well as in remote areas. Many picturesque surroundings and beautiful spots are located on the remote areas of Heraklion and to reach those beautiful places, there is always the need to hire a car. You can hire a car in Heraklion and start visiting coastal regions of Heraklion, where you will find golden sand stretched over miles. Heraklion also have some beautiful mountains notably in the south and some beautiful caves and mountain villages. Reach those mountain villages and enjoy the rural life with our car rental service.
Another exciting place to visit with your rented car is Matala. The artificial caves in the cliff of the Matala bay were created in the Neolithic Age. Matala was the port of Phaistos during the Minoan period. In the year 220 B.C. Matala was occupied by the Gortynians and during the Roman period Matala became the port of Gortys. In the 1st and 2nd centuries the caves were used as tombs. One of the caves is called "Brutospeliana" because according to the legend it was frequented by the Roman general Brutus. Matala was then a fishing village. In the 1960s the caves were occupied by hippies who were later driven out by the church and the military junta. Now Matala is a small village living mainly from tourism. Canadian folk singer Joni Mitchell's experiences with the Matala hippies were immortalized in her 1971 song Carey.
Eating Out in Heraklion
With a rented car, visitors can make some instant dinner or lunch plans on holidays and visit famous world class hotels or restaurants whenever they want. A rented car can make your spontaneous plans realizable as it gives you the freedom to make your own plans. It's always a joyful holiday experience to have local Greek food with your family. Many tasty traditional Greek dishes and other variety of dishes represent the taste and culture of Greece.
Rent a car from InterCar car rental and start the exploration!
Heraklion Fort
Minotaurs emblem
Knossos Wallpaintings
Koudoumas Monastery
Drive up to the Windmills in Crete
Lassithi Plateau is one of the few areas in the Mediterranean with permanent inhabitants at an altitude over 800 metres. Next to Lasithi Plateau we can find the cave where it is said that Zeus was born, Dikteon Andron. You need to have walking shoes with you as the stairs leading to the cave are slippery. There are many small villages on the plateau which maintain their traditional character. Don't hesitate to come out of your car and walk along the lanes. You will be rewarded with nostalgic sights of windmill in Lassithi plateau, authentic farm living. Most of the tourist guides describe the place as a plateau of 10,000 windmills. There are also some old black and white photos showing thousands of windmills scattered throughout the area. Unfortunately, most of those windmills, with crude pumping engines and iron towers of simple technology, no longer exist. Originally, the locally-constructed windmills made their appearance in the valley at the end of the 1800s. During the 1950s there were about 4,000 structures offering invaluable assistance to the local farmers. Today, with modern means of irrigation and power supply, that number has been greatly reduced, depriving Lassithi of its unique identity.
Historical Sights
Leaving the Lassithi Plateau and heading towards Heraklion, we meet an area just before the village of Kera, where 24 stone flour mills once stood, dating back to the 1800s. They operated until the end of WWII, but today most of them are ruined and only three have been restored so far.
Another interesting place to visit is Kato Zakros. Some hundred meters away from the beach there is the Palace of Zakros. The palace of Zakros was built at about 1900 B.C. The present ruins are from the second building phase, at about 1600 BC. It was found by the Greek archaeologist N. Platon at 1961. Politically and commercially, the Palace of Zakros is oriented towards the major civilisations of the Middle East.
Lassithi Nightlife
Most nightlife venues in the Lassithi Prefecture are situated in Agios Nikolaos, Sitia, Elounda, and Ierapetra, including a very good selection of clubs, bars and cafes, although most seaside settlements also offer a number of entertainment venues. In Lassithi there are traditional tavernas and restaurants everywhere, from the smallest village to the most popular resort, so visitors will find hundreds of place to eat in Agios Nikolaos, Crete, as well as elsewhere in the prefecture. Rent now a car from InterCar car rental and visit all the places you like!
Agios Nikolaos is an international and cosmopolitan resort that welcomes thousands of visitors annually. The lake is its most charming feature. Legend suggests that Athena and Armetis bathed in its waters. This lake is connected to the sea by a straight channel, while its natural surroundings of red rock and trees attract the visitor magnetically. At a small open-air theatre by the lake, locals and visitors alike can enjoy interesting artistic and cultural presentations. A walk around the shops of Agios Nikolaos is an enjoyable experience. In the many stores the visitor can find a wide selection of traditional Cretan artwork, copies of pieces from different archaeological museums, jewelry, and embroidery.
A few kilometers North from Agios Nikolaos we meet the beautiful resort of Elounda and on the opposite bank is the island of Spinalonga. This island was a leper colony and this is the island that the book "The Island" is based on.
Lassithi Beaches
The beautiful shoreline of the Lassithi Prefecture provides visitors with a plethora of splendid beaches on which to spend leisure time basking in the sun and swimming in the cool waters of the Cretan and Libyan Seas. On the northern coast of Lassithi, Crete, the waters are warmer and shallower than the southern waters, although the beaches on the southern coast of Lassithi are less crowded than those on the northern coast. If you prefer beaches that are serene and secluded, we suggest visiting the northern Lassithi beaches Driros, Sissi, Havania, and Pachia Ammos or the southern Lassithi beaches of Agia Fotia, Xerokambos, Koutsounari, Achlia, and Lagada. Close to Vai Palm Beach on the eastern shore of Lassithi are the wonderful beaches in the Palekastro region, Itanos Beach and Kato Zakros Beach. The majority of Lassithi beaches provide beach facilities, such as tavernas, cafes, umbrellas and chaise longues, while others are fully-organized and have water sports facilities. A rented car from InterCar car rental gives you the opportunity to visit a different beach and find out whether you prefer a crowded or an isolated one.
On the south of Lasithi prefecture we meet the beautiful town, Ierapetra. From the port there we can take the ferry which is 4 hours away from Chrissi Island, where its sandy beaches are a match to Hawaii!! The water there is crystal blue and you can clearly identify the fishes swimming there!
Vai is also a beautiful village. There you can find the only self-sown palm trees in all Greece! Legend says that when the Romans reached Vai they didn't know where they were. They were laying on the beach all day eating plums and throwing the stones on the sand and this is how the palm trees came to grow.
Mirabelo
Voulisma
Spinaloga
Road to Sitia
Hire a Car to Explore Rethymno
Rethymno is the capital of the prefecture of the same name. Rethymno, like Heraklion was also under the control of the Venetians for many years. It is a very graphic town with beautiful sights. In this town we can see the "old town" which is famous for its narrow streets and for the fort, which was built in 1590, which protected the town from pirates and the Turks. It is located at the top of a low hill named "Palaiokastro". The name "Palaiokastro" means 'The old Castle" and it was in use even by the Venetians which demonstrates the existance of an even older castle at this place. - Probably the acropolis of the ancient town of Rithymna. The interior of Fortezza accommodated the following basic buildings: the storeroom of the artillery, where canons and weapons were kept, the residence of the Councillors, where one of the city's two Venetian councillors lived, the residence of the Rector, which represented a luxurious, magnificent building in the central square of the fortress. Today parts of those buildings, as well as of some others built later, can be seen. The view from up there is magnificent, especially at night. The municipal theatre "Erofili" stands also at Fortezza's premises. It is an outdoor theatre that hosts almost all the performances during the Renaissance Festival.
With our Rethumno car hire service, you'll be able to explore the historical sights of this province. East of Rethymno you can find Moni Arkadiou. The Monastery has been a continuous and inseparable part of the Cretan history during the last eight centuries. The Monastery multi-faceted deed unfolds in the passage of time. Sources show that the Monastery had been a centre of education and manuscripts copying. They also produced needlework embroidered with gold during the 17th and 18th centuries dazzling the whole world. The Monastery battled against conquerors and inspired the whole world. The sacrifice of the people living and dying there affected and attracted the attention of the rest of the world. The Cretan occupation by the Turks occurred during the prosperity of the Monastery. The monks participated in the 1821 Revolt and play a leading part in the events. The first havoc was on the way. It is then that the Monastery is ransacked and abandoned by the monks for a small period of time. However, they return soon. The highest offer of the Monastery is its self-sacrifice, heroism and pious altruism. It is the Holocaust of November 8th 1866. The Monastery gave its fights against slavery. It managed to shake off the traces that the enemy fiercely desired to settle and succeeded in changing the course of the Cretan history. Ever since the Monastery has endured the brunt of the history on its shoulders and continues taking part in the battles which followed the much afflicted island of Crete and strives in all possible ways to meet the expectations of its glory past. Another monastery worth a visit which ruled in the middle ages is the monastery Bosakos.
The independence that offers a rented car from InterCar allows you to visit whenever you choose the monastery of Holy Cross in Vosako, which is built in a small plateau between the peaks Koutroulis and Mesokofinas of the Talean Mountains, 50km east of Rethymno. The monastery can be accessed by car via the village Doxaro and the rough landscape is amazing. There is a second road starting from Sisses village. Vosako name comes from the abbreviation of the greek words vous (buff) and sakos (fold) and means cattle pen, as the plateau probably was used for feeding cattle. The monastery is built like a fortress and the main temple (Katholiko) is dedicated to the Holy Cross (Timios Stavros). Up until the late 90s, the monastery was completely deserted and ruined, but today it has been restored and is operates normally. The buildings are located on two levels with two courtyards. The main temple is built on the south courtyard. Outside the temple stands a beautiful Venetian fountain, while the main entrance is imposing. The monastery played an important revolutionary role against the Turks, so it was twice destroyed by them.
Driving with your car on the road to Previli, you can find a gorge where you can stop to relax and admire the lake which lays parallel to the road and may also visit another beautiful small monastery which is located next to the rocks there.
Eating Out in Rethymno
In general, cuisine is good in all restaurants in Rethymno. From taverns to classy restaurants you will be amazed by the variety of choices. The atmosphere, the food quality and the warm reception will definitely be strongly impressed on your memory.
Moni Arkadiou
Holy Cross Monastery
Lake Kournas
Geropotamos
Vosakos
Rethymnon Town
The city of Chania was slowly regaining its normal pace of development during the 1950s, trying to overcome the difficulties that the war had left as an aftermath. During the 1970s Crete became a major tourist destination for Greek and international tourists, something that gave a significant boost to the city's economy and affected the everyday life and the overall culture of the locals. The capital of Crete was moved from Chania to Heraklion in 1971. Chania and the rest of the island of Crete, unlike the mainland of Greece, it is not suffering from the economical crisis, as the local economy is based on the horticulture products like the olive oil. Chania is the site of the Minoan settlement the Greeks called Kydonia, Greek for quince. Some notable archaeological evidence for the existence of this Minoan city below some parts of today's Chania was found by excavations in the district of Kasteli in the Old Town. This area appears to have been inhabited since the Neolithic era.
The city reemerged after the end of the Minoan period as an important city-state in Classical Greece, one whose domain extended from Chania Bay to the feet of the White Mountains. The first major wave of settlers from mainland Greece was by the Dorian Greeks who came around 1100 BC. Kydonia was constantly at war with other Cretan city-states such as Aptera, Phalasarna and Polyrrinia and was important enough for the Kydonians to be mentioned in Homer's Odyssey (iii.330). In 69 BC, the Roman consul Caecilius Metellus defeated the Cretans and conquered Kydonia to which he granted the privileges of an independent city-state. Kydonia reserved the right to mint its own coins until the third century AD.
Beaches of Chania
From warm sand to colorful pebbles, the prefecture has a type of beach for everyone. Small and secluded coves can be found everywhere as well as long, busy and fully equipped beaches. All beaches have crystalline waters. Some of the many beaches are: Golden beach, Agia Marina, Georgoupoli, Stalos.
Take the opportunity to rent a car and drive 10 kilometers north from Kalyviani, around 58 Kilometers from Chania, at the north side of Gramvousa Peninsula lies Balos Lagoon beach, which is one of the best beaches of the Mediterranean Sea. Balos Lagoon beach is at the entrance of the homonymous cove and it is not affected by the "meltemia" (northern summer winds), since the islet of Gramvousa at the mouth of the cove protects it very well. The beach at the lagoon is sandy with pinkish – white sand and thousands of broken and intact seashells, with shallow water, very warm especially in summer. One problem is that the beach has a smooth but muddy seabed, which may make walking on it a bit disgusting, and occasionally, due to the shallow water, it has a bad odor. Outside of the lagoon you can swim in a deep crystal clear sea and if you like snorkel you that is the ideal place. There are no other facilities apart from a small cafe for a cold frappe coffee and drinks. Some people choose the place for free camping, although there is no shade and the place is not as quiet as it used to be in the past. Access is possible by boat from Kastelli (departure at 9:30 in the morning and returning at 16:00). If you wish to drive you will definitely have to rent a 4WD car or special motorbikes, because there is approximately 10 kilometers of road which is not asphalted and is in bad condition, making it difficult for conventional vehicles. Even so you cannot avoid walking, since you have to leave your vehicle about 15 minutes before the beach and follow the path on foot.
On the other hand, if you choose not to take your car or motorbike, you should be prepared for an approximately 3 hours walking from Kalyviani. Had you chosen these longer paths to reach the beach, you will be well rewarded by the marvelous view of the lagoon from the parking place. Moni Gouvernetou, which is also located close to Chania, is one of the oldest monasteries in Crete. It was built in 1537.It flourished and had a lot of influence on the region. In 1645, it is said that 60 monks used to live there before the Turkish invasion. The Turks, however, soon began to influence the path of the monastery, which was looted and burned by the Turks, like other neighboring monasteries. Numerous sacred and priceless historical relics were lost and many monks were killed. The Turks also destroyed the archives of the monastery, which was partially restored in the recent years. During the World War II monastery moved to single outpost of the Germans to control the area where there were many battles with the resistance groups. Since 2005 the monks of the monastery Gouvernetou have begun restoration works of the temple enclosure space trying to maintain this historic monastery of Crete.
Shipping Trips
Another place that simply has to be recommended is Elafonisi. It is an island located close to the southwestern side of the mediterranean island of Crete, which partly belongs administratively in the prefecture of Chania. When the weather is fine it is possible to walk to the island through the shallow water. The island is a protected nature reserve. At the highest point on the island there is a plaque that commemorates a tragic event. On Easter Sunday of 24 April 1824 several hundred Greeks, mostly women and children, were killed on Elafonisi by Ottoman soldiers. To inhibit advancing Ottoman troops, 40 armed men had taken refuge on the island with women, children and old folk where they were waiting for a ship to take them to the Ionian Islands. The Ottoman soldiers had decided to camp on the beach opposite the island. One of their horses walked along the shallow water to the island and the people hiding on the island were discovered. According to several sources there were between 640 and 850 people in total, most of whom were killed and the remaining survivors were sold in to slavery in Egypt. Also a large wooden cross commemorates a shipwreck from 22 February 1907. It was an Austrian Lloyd passenger steamer, called the Imperatrix. Due to strong northwest winds 38 people died in a lifeboat that tried to reach the shore. They were all buried on the island. Imperatrix still lies on the seabed in front of the island's cliffs and was the reason that a lighthouse was built on an island hilltop. The lighthouse was destroyed during the Second World War by the occupying German troops.
You do not want to leave Chania without visiting Chora Sfakion. The region of Sfakia is the highest populated area in all of Greece. Sfakia is characterized by the natural beauty of a wild mountain landscape which is perfectly combined with the sea. Sfakia includes the greatest part of White Mountains (or Lefka Ori) including Pachnes, the highest peak (2454 meters). There we meet the Samaria Gorge, one of the most popular attractions on Crete. Other canyons in Sfakia are the gorge of Imbros, Agia Eirini in Selino, Aradena, Kallikratis and Gorge Elygia.
Chania Nightlife
Numerous modern bars proposing various atmospheres can be found in the capital of the prefecture of Chania and in the touristy beach resorts of the prefecture, particularly in Platanias and Paleohora.
Night clubs are also available and are playing a wide range of music and stay open until morning. Beach bars are located on some beaches.
Car Rental Crete
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Holotrichia kandulawai är en skalbaggsart som beskrevs av Frey 1971. Holotrichia kandulawai ingår i släktet Holotrichia och familjen Melolonthidae. Inga underarter finns listade i Catalogue of Life.

Källor

Skalbaggar
kandulawai

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


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Climate Models May Underestimate Clouds' Cooling Ability, Scientists Say
Pixnio
Standard climate modelling may underestimate the extent to which some types of clouds cool the atmosphere, according to a new paper in the journal Nature Climate Change that raises questions about a new generation of global models that predict faster future warming.
The new research "aims to correct a 'long-standing' and 'unaddressed' problem in climate modelling—namely, that existing models simulate too much rainfall from clouds and, therefore, underestimate their lifespan and cooling effect," Carbon Brief reports.
It presents what the authors see as a "more realistic simulation of rainfall from 'warm' clouds— those that contain water only, rather than a combination of water and ice," the UK-based publication adds. "They find that this update makes the 'cloud-lifetime feedback'—a process in which warmer temperatures increase the lifespan of clouds—almost three times bigger."
Fixing that "problem" with the rainfall models in the sixth Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP6) "reduces the amount of warming predicted by the model, by about the same amount as the warming increase between CMIP5 and CMIP6," said lead author Johannes Mülmenstädt. The takeaway, he added, is to "take the extra warming in CMIP6 with a grain of salt until some of the other known cloud problems are also fixed in the models."
Carbon Brief explains that the role of clouds in global warming is a complex enough topic that climate scientists have been wrestling with it for decades. Some of the difficulties have to do with differences in behaviour between high, thin clouds composed of ice crystals and lower, "warm" clouds that consist of water only—with the added challenge that multiple layers of clouds are usually on the scene at the same time.
As it became clear that CMIP5 modelling had overestimated the proportion of ice, climate modellers updated their assumptions, so that many of the models in the CMIP6 series "included a greater cloud liquid fraction."
Overall, the CMIP6 models "attracted widespread attention within the scientific community, as a higher climate sensitivity means that future warming will be more rapid and intense than previously thought," Carbon Brief writes. But in the new paper, "Mülmenstädt emphasizes that fixing this cloud-lifetime effect could have as great of an impact on future warming predictions as the change from CMIP5 to CMIP6 models did."
Carbon Brief has more on the science behind CMIP6 and the latest Nature Climate Change paper.
in Climate & Society, Climate Impacts & Adaptation, Drought, Famine & Wildfires, Heat & Temperature, International Agencies & Studies, Severe Storms & Flooding
Oxfam, Swiss Re Predict Deep Economic Pain without Faster, Deeper Carbon Cuts

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Varying in size, an array of glittery white and purple rhinestones are encrusted along a shimmery silver hoop. The sparkling pendant swings from the bottom of an elongated silver chain for a glamorous finish. Features an adjustable clasp closure.


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Music is the universal language of mankind.
ABOUT DGCS
John Rakes, Director
Voice Hearings
SUPPORT DGCS
Rehearsal Aids
Accompanistadmin2019-07-10T14:44:36+00:00
Rehearsal Accompanist
Philip Spencer
Philip Spencer, Collaborative Keyboardist, is in frequent demand as performer and accompanist on piano, harpsichord, and pipe organ. He earned the Master of Music degree from the Yale University School of Music and Institute of Sacred Music; completed one academic year of church music study in Berlin, Germany; and pursued doctoral work in choral conducting and organ at the University of Iowa. Currently a full-time, tenured Professor of Music and Director of Choral and Vocal Music at Joliet Junior College, he conducts both of the college's choral ensembles; teaches applied and class voice, and harpsichord; designed and teaches a course in world music; and serves as Coordinator of the Musica Viva Concert Series. In addition, Mr. Spencer is Founding Conductor of the Lutheran Youth Choir International; Founding Artistic Director of the Festival of Global Vocal Music at Mansfeld Castle in Mansfeld, Germany; and Founding Conductor Emeritus of the Edina (MN) Chorale. As a composer, he was awarded first prize in the Roger Wagner International Choral Composition Contest at the University of Southern California at Los Angeles and was winner of the 2014 Illinois American Choral Directors Association Choral Composition Contest. In 2011, Mr. Spencer was the recipient of the twenty-fourth annual Saint Genesius Award by Lewis University "for extraordinary achievement in choral music and music education." He resides in Naperville with his wife Pamela.
Why do you love to sing?
Melody, harmony, rhythm. It takes me away from normal life and absorbs all my attention. There's so much joy in making a thing of beauty.
What is your favorite thing about singing with DGCS?
The amount of volunteer time and effort that many members are willing and able to give to ensure the present and future of DGCS.
Because I feel needed
Music provides a pleasant escape from my busy life.
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Bank Stadium Inline skating three
August 21, 2018 by admin . Leave a comment
It was the bottom of the third inning, and the Phils were up, 2, with the bases loaded and two outs.McIlroy $34 million 9.A fine Q3 lap ensured he took the 'best of the rest' tag on Saturday with P7 ahead of and then he kept his head down on to seal P6 after Raikkonen's retirement.Rapoport reported that 's team was given guidelines to present the case in roughly four hours, although the process lasted far longer than that.Moncler Women Down moncler jas Blue Slim pleated waist shrinkage Long, graceful style bloom.Losing that playoff when I was continuing to hit good shot after good shot, just not making any putts.
The outcome of the week today wasn't the best.
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All of that stuff is over, though.Respectively, those numbers ranks fifth, ninth, and sixth NHL history among blue liners.
Unfortunately, that's what happened Tuesday after the running back suffered a calf injury during organized team activities.Given who needs a contract, I 't them offering a new contract.Bullock scores a career-high 20 points for the Pistons a win over the injury-plagued Magic, 114.Didn't we hear that before they drafted Quinn, Weeden, Manziel then Kizer?
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The fight that put up this whole series to really, really challenge us all the way down to the fourth quarter of a Game 7 we had to work for it.It's a process.Blanks has been Cleveland's assistant general manager for five years.
He takes notes on it.July 27: TRADE – The Astros have agreed to a deal with the Minnesota Twins and acquire RHP Pressly.But, hey, it's part of life.
The Dodgers have acquired right-handers Floro and Zach Neal from the Reds, as per a team press release.That aligns with his change offensive role – he became less of off-ball scorer and more ball-dominant, resulting more pull-up shots, less direct chances at the rim, and less open stand-still 3s.is a good football player that should contribute a rookie season and eventually vie for a starting position.Harper started center while Votto did not start but was called out on strikes as a hitter to end the game.
I was always dressed as the thirteenth forward, and I 't even mean the power play.That duality of character is on full display 6, as she tries to earn forgiveness for her past transgressions first through embracing religion and then by stopping a potential bloodbath that could have happened during a seemingly innocuous kickball game.We really have something to think about, accepted boss Toto Wolff.This is blatantly clear his inability to shoot on the left side of the court.Pavely USA TODAY Sports My rookie year, anybody's rookie year, those who explode have lots of successes because they don't have film on them, Smith-Schuster said.compiled six sacks as a rookie, and proved it wasn't a fluke the playoffs with two more as .
The recent game against the Colorado Avalanche finished 6 Islanders and featured plenty of goals.Mar 19 "Personally it's great, but hockey is a team game," said Gibson, who improved his record this to .Simple frustrations like a car getting stuck happen far more often than they should, and it's understandable if certain gamers view that as a deal-breaker.
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\section{Introduction}
Multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) broadcast channels (BCs) (MIMO-BCs) are
a model for the downlink of multiuser MIMO systems. The capacity region of the
MIMO-BCs with perfect channel state information (CSI) at the transmitter has
been shown to be achieved by dirty-paper coding
(DPC)~\cite{Caire03,Viswanath03,Yu04,Weingarten06}, which is a coding scheme
to {\em pre-cancel} inter-user interference at the transmitter
side~\cite{Costa83}. Since DPC is infeasible in terms of complexity, it is
an important research topic to construct a suboptimal scheme that can achieve
an acceptable tradeoff between performance and complexity.

Zero-forcing transmit beamforming (ZF-BF) is a naive approach for eliminating
inter-user interference at the transmitter~\cite{Spencer04,Wiesel08}.
A drawback of ZF-BF is that the energy required for pre-cancellation of
inter-user interference, called
{\em energy penalty} in this paper, diverges as the system load increases.
An increase of the energy penalty results in a degradation of the receive
signal-to-noise ratio (SNR).

User selection (US) with ZF-BF~\cite{Dimic05,Yoo06} is a
promising approach when the number of users is much greater than the number of
transmit antennas. Interestingly, it was proved
that a greedy algorithm for US with ZF-BF can achieve the sum capacity of the
MIMO-BC when {\em only} the number of users tends to
infinity~\cite{Yoo06,Wang08}. This result is because it is possible to select
a finite subset of users who have almost orthogonal channel vectors in that
limit. As the number of transmit antennas increases, it becomes difficult to
select such a subset of users, since the number of selected users should be
increased to improve the throughput. This implies that US with ZF-BF is
suboptimal in the situation where the number of transmit antennas is
comparable to the number of users. Such a situation is becoming
practical~\cite{Marzetta10}. The goal of this paper is to construct a
precoding scheme that works well in that situation.

Vector perturbation~\cite{Hochwald05} or vector precoding
(VP)~\cite{Mueller08} is a sophisticated precoding scheme suited for the
situation where the number of transmit antennas is comparable to the number of
users. In VP, the data vector is modified
to take values in a relaxed alphabet~\cite{Hochwald05,Mueller08}.
This relaxation reduces the energy penalty without degrading the minimum
distance between the data symbols. As relaxed alphabets, a lattice-type
alphabet~\cite{Hochwald05,Razi10} and a continuous alphabet~\cite{Mueller08}
were proposed. In this paper, VP schemes with the lattice-type and continuous
alphabets are referred to as ``lattice VP (LVP)'' and ``continuous VP
(CVP),'' respectively.  The search for a vector to minimize the energy penalty
reduces to a convex optimization problem\footnote{
The problem is non-convex for joint user selection and CVP considered in
this paper.} for CVP, while the search problem for LVP is NP-hard.
However, CVP might be still hard to implement since the convex optimization
has to be solved every time slot. The goal of our research is to propose a
more practical precoding scheme.

We propose joint US and VP (US-VP), and analyze the performance in the
large-system limit, in which the number of transmit antennas $N$, the number
of users $K$, and the number of selected users $\tilde{K}$ tend to infinity
with the ratios $\alpha=K/N$ and $\kappa=\tilde{K}/K$ kept constant.
In this paper, $\alpha\kappa=\tilde{K}/N$ is referred to as the system load.

Data-dependent US (DD-US) proposed in \cite{Takeuchi121} is regarded as a
special case of US-VP, i.e.\ as US-VP with the original alphabet as the
relaxed alphabet. DD-US takes into account the data symbols, along with the
channel vectors, to reduce the energy penalty, as VP does. Furthermore,
DD-US can be implemented with a suboptimal greedy algorithm~\cite{Takeuchi121}.

The large-system analysis presented in this paper is based on the
{\em non-rigorous} replica method, developed in statistical
physics~\cite{Mezard87,Nishimori01}. The replica method is a powerful tool for
analyzing the large-system performance of MIMO
systems~\cite{Tanaka02,Mueller08,Zaidel12}.
Several results based on the replica method have been justified rigorously.
See \cite{Korada10,Guerra032,Talagrand06} for the details.

\section{MIMO Broadcast Channel}
We consider a Gaussian MIMO-BC with perfect CSI at the
transmitter, which consists of a base station with $N$ transmit
antennas and $K$ receivers (users) with one receive antenna. The coherence
time $T_{\mathrm{c}}$ is assumed to be sufficiently long\footnote{
The base station may utilize the reciprocal channel to obtain CSI in practice.
In order to attain accurate CSI, the coherence time $T_{\mathrm{c}}$ should be
at least larger than the number of users $K$. In this paper, the limit
$T_{\mathrm{c}}\rightarrow\infty$ is implicitly taken before the large-system
limit.}.
Let $y_{k,t}\in\mathbb{C}$ denote the received signal for user~$k$ in time
slot~$t$ ($t=0,1,\ldots,T_{\mathrm{c}}-1$). The received vector
$\boldsymbol{y}_{t}=(y_{1,t},\ldots,y_{K,t})^{\mathrm{T}}$ in time slot~$t$
is given by
\begin{equation} \label{MIMO-BC}
\boldsymbol{y}_{t} = \frac{1}{\sqrt{\mathcal{E}}}
\boldsymbol{H}\boldsymbol{u}_{t} + \boldsymbol{n}_{t},
\quad \boldsymbol{n}_{t}
\sim\mathcal{CN}(\boldsymbol{0},N_{0}\boldsymbol{I}_{K}).
\end{equation}
In (\ref{MIMO-BC}),
$\boldsymbol{u}_{t}=(u_{1,t},\ldots,u_{N,t})^{\mathrm{T}}\in\mathbb{C}^{N}$
denotes a transmit vector in time slot~$t$, defined in the next section.
The $(k,n)$-element of the channel matrix
$\boldsymbol{H}\in\mathbb{C}^{K\times N}$ represents a complex channel gain
between the $n$th transmit antenna and the $k$th user.
The energy penalty $\mathcal{E}$ is defined as
the time average of the power of the transmit vectors
\begin{equation} \label{energy_penalty}
\mathcal{E}=\frac{1}{T_{\mathrm{c}}}
\sum_{t=0}^{T_{\mathrm{c}}-1}\|\boldsymbol{u}_{t}\|^{2}.
\end{equation}
Thus, the prefactor $\mathcal{E}^{-1/2}$
in (\ref{MIMO-BC}) implies that the transmit SNR is constrained to $1/N_{0}$.

We assume that $\boldsymbol{H}$ is known to the
transmitter, and that $\boldsymbol{H}$ has mutually independent circularly
symmetric complex Gaussian entries with variance $1/N$. These idealized
assumptions allow us to calculate the energy penalty analytically.
For simplicity, quadrature phase shift keying (QPSK) is used, and power
allocation is not considered.

\section{Precoding}
\subsection{Zero-Forcing Transmit Beamforming}
We start with the conventional ZF-BF~\cite{Wiesel08}, assuming $K\leq N$.
Let $\boldsymbol{x}_{t}=(x_{1,t},\ldots,x_{K,t})^{\mathrm{T}}$ denote the QPSK
data symbol vector with unit power in time slot~$t$. The transmit vector
$\boldsymbol{u}_{t}$ is linear-precoded as follows:
\begin{equation} \label{ZF-BF}
\boldsymbol{u}_{t}
= \boldsymbol{H}^{\mathrm{H}}(\boldsymbol{H}\boldsymbol{H}^{\mathrm{H}})^{-1}
\boldsymbol{x}_{t}.
\end{equation}
Substituting (\ref{ZF-BF}) into (\ref{MIMO-BC}) implies that
inter-user interference is eliminated completely. More precisely, the
MIMO-BC~(\ref{MIMO-BC}) is decomposed into single-user Gaussian channels with
receive SNR~$1/(\mathcal{E}N_{0})$. The drawback of ZF-BF is that the energy
penalty~(\ref{energy_penalty}) in $T_{\mathrm{c}}\rightarrow\infty$
\begin{equation} \label{energy_penalty_ZF}
\frac{\mathcal{E}}{K} =
\frac{1}{KT_{\mathrm{c}}}\sum_{t=0}^{T_{\mathrm{c}}-1}
\boldsymbol{x}_{t}^{\mathrm{H}}(\boldsymbol{H}\boldsymbol{H}^{\mathrm{H}})^{-1}
\boldsymbol{x}_{t}
\rightarrow
\frac{1}{K}\mathrm{Tr}\left\{
 (\boldsymbol{H}\boldsymbol{H}^{\mathrm{H}})^{-1}
\right\}
\end{equation}
diverges as $\alpha=K/N\rightarrow1$~\cite{Tulino04}.
Consequently, the receive SNR tends to zero as $\alpha\rightarrow1$.
As a solution to circumventing the divergence of the energy penalty, VP has
been considered.

\subsection{Vector Precoding}
In VP with ZF-BF, each data symbol $x_{k,t}$ is modified to take values in a
relaxed alphabet $\mathcal{X}_{x_{k,t}}\subset\mathbb{C}$. The relaxed
alphabets for different data symbols must be disjoint, i.e.\
$\mathcal{X}_{x}\cap\mathcal{X}_{\tilde{x}}=\emptyset$ for all $x\neq\tilde{x}$.
Since information is conveyed by the relaxed alphabet
$\mathcal{X}_{x_{k,t}}$, the receiver detects the relaxed alphabet
$\mathcal{X}_{x_{k,t}}$. See \cite{Hochwald05} for the details.
If one uses the vector $\tilde{\boldsymbol{x}}_{t}$ to minimize the energy
penalty~(\ref{energy_penalty}) as the modified vector, the transmit vector
is given by
\begin{equation}
\boldsymbol{u}_{t}
= \boldsymbol{H}^{\mathrm{H}}(\boldsymbol{H}\boldsymbol{H}^{\mathrm{H}})^{-1}
\tilde{\boldsymbol{x}}_{t},
\end{equation}
with
\begin{equation} \label{VP}
\tilde{\boldsymbol{x}}_{t}
= \argmin_{\tilde{\boldsymbol{x}}_{t}\in\prod_{k=1}^{K}\mathcal{X}_{x_{k,t}}}
\tilde{\boldsymbol{x}}_{t}^{\mathrm{H}}
(\boldsymbol{H}\boldsymbol{H}^{\mathrm{H}})^{-1}
\tilde{\boldsymbol{x}}_{t}.
\end{equation}
Note that the vector~(\ref{VP}) to minimize each instantaneous
power $\|\boldsymbol{u}_{t}\|^{2}$ minimizes the energy
penalty~(\ref{energy_penalty}) for any $T_{\mathrm{c}}$.

\begin{example}[LVP]
In LVP~\cite{Hochwald05}, two-dimensional (one-complex-dimensional) square
lattices are used as the relaxed alphabets,
\begin{equation} \label{LVP}
\mathcal{X}_{x} = \frac{4}{\sqrt{2}}\mathbb{Z}+\Re[x]
+ \mathrm{i}\left(
 \frac{4}{\sqrt{2}}\mathbb{Z}+\Im[x]
\right),
\end{equation}
for $\Re[x], \Im[x]\in\{\pm1/\sqrt{2}\}$. It is infeasible in terms of the
complexity to find the optimal vector~(\ref{VP}) for LVP.
\end{example}
\begin{example}[CVP]
In CVP~\cite{Mueller08}, the original alphabets are relaxed to continuous
disjoint alphabets,
\begin{equation} \label{CVP}
\mathcal{X}_{x}
= \tilde{\mathcal{X}}_{\Re[x]} + \mathrm{i}\tilde{\mathcal{X}}_{\Im[x]},
\end{equation}
with
\begin{equation}
\tilde{\mathcal{X}}_{x}
= \left\{
\begin{array}{ll}
[x,\infty) & \hbox{for $x=1/\sqrt{2}$} \\
(-\infty,x] & \hbox{for $x=-1/\sqrt{2}$.}
\end{array}
\right.
\end{equation}
The minimization~(\ref{VP}) for CVP reduces to a convex optimization
problem, so that an efficient algorithm can be used to solve
(\ref{VP}). However, CVP might be still hard to implement
since the convex optimization needs to be solved every time slot.
\end{example}

The point of VP is that the modified vector $\tilde{\boldsymbol{x}}_{t}$
depends on the channel matrix $\boldsymbol{H}$. Consequently, the energy
penalty $T_{\mathrm{c}}^{-1}\sum_{t=0}^{T_{\mathrm{c}}-1}
\tilde{\boldsymbol{x}}_{t}^{\mathrm{H}}
(\boldsymbol{H}\boldsymbol{H}^{\mathrm{H}})^{-1}\tilde{\boldsymbol{x}}_{t}$
for VP never tends to the right-hand side (RHS) of (\ref{energy_penalty_ZF})
in $T_{\mathrm{c}}\rightarrow\infty$. In fact, the energy penalty for VP was
shown to be bounded in the limit $\alpha\rightarrow1$ after taking the
large-system limit~\cite{Zaidel12}.

\begin{figure*}[!t]
\normalsize
\setcounter{MYtempeqncnt}{\value{equation}}
\setcounter{equation}{10}
\begin{equation} \label{US_VP}
(\mathcal{K}_{i},\{\tilde{\boldsymbol{x}}_{\mathcal{K}_{i},t}\})
= \argmin_{\mathcal{K}_{i}\subset\mathcal{K}:|\mathcal{K}_{i}|=\tilde{K}}
\argmin_{\{\tilde{\boldsymbol{x}}_{\mathcal{K}_{i},t}
\in\prod_{k\in\mathcal{K}_{i}}\mathcal{X}_{x_{k,t}}:t\}}
\frac{1}{T}\sum_{t=iT}^{(i+1)T-1}
\tilde{\boldsymbol{x}}_{\mathcal{K}_{i},t}^{\mathrm{H}}
(\boldsymbol{H}_{\mathcal{K}_{i}}\boldsymbol{H}_{\mathcal{K}_{i}}^{\mathrm{H}})^{-1}
\tilde{\boldsymbol{x}}_{\mathcal{K}_{i},t}.
\end{equation}
\setcounter{equation}{\value{MYtempeqncnt}}
\hrulefill
\vspace*{4pt}
\end{figure*}

\subsection{Joint US and VP} \label{sec34}
US-VP is performed every $T$ time slots. The block
length $T$ should not be confused with the coherence time $T_{\mathrm{c}}$.
We write the set of selected users in the $i$th block of US-VP as
$\mathcal{K}_{i}$ with $|\mathcal{K}_{i}|=\tilde{K}$, for $i=0,1,\ldots$.
The base station sends the QPSK data symbols $\{x_{k,iT+t}:t=0,\ldots,T-1\}$
to the selected user~$k\in\mathcal{K}_{i}$ in block~$i$.
The transmit vector $\boldsymbol{u}_{t}$ ($t\in[iT,(i+1)T-1]$) in block~$i$
is generated as
\begin{equation} \label{ZF}
\boldsymbol{u}_{t} = \boldsymbol{H}_{\mathcal{K}_{i}}^{\mathrm{H}}
(\boldsymbol{H}_{\mathcal{K}_{i}}
\boldsymbol{H}_{\mathcal{K}_{i}}^{\mathrm{H}})^{-1}
\tilde{\boldsymbol{x}}_{\mathcal{K}_{i},t},
\end{equation}
where the set of selected users $\mathcal{K}_{i}\subset
\mathcal{K}=\{1,\ldots,K\}$ and
the modified vectors $\{\tilde{\boldsymbol{x}}_{\mathcal{K}_{i},t}\in
\prod_{k\in\mathcal{K}_{i}}\mathcal{X}_{x_{k,t}}\}$ minimize the energy
penalty~(\ref{energy_penalty}): They are given by (\ref{US_VP}) at the top of
this page.
\setcounter{equation}{11}

It is difficult to solve the minimization~(\ref{US_VP})
for US-LVP and US-CVP, which are defined as US-VP with (\ref{LVP}) and
(\ref{CVP}), respectively. Instead, we focus on DD-US.

\begin{example}[Data-Dependent US]
DD-US is defined as US-VP with the original alphabet as the relaxed alphabet,
i.e.\ $\mathcal{X}_{x}=\{x\}$. Since DD-US is performed every $T$ time slots,
DD-US may be more suitable for implementation. A greedy algorithm
for DD-US with ZF-BF proposed in \cite{Takeuchi121} allows us to solve the
minimization~(\ref{US_VP}) efficiently and approximately.
\end{example}

Let us discuss the relationship between DD-US and conventional US, the latter
of which selects a subset of users $\mathcal{K}_{\mathrm{c}}\subset\mathcal{K}$
to minimize the energy penalty $\mathrm{Tr}\{
(\boldsymbol{H}_{\mathcal{K}_{\mathrm{c}}}
\boldsymbol{H}_{\mathcal{K}_{\mathrm{c}}}^{\mathrm{H}})^{-1}\}$. The
energy penalty of the conventional US is obviously larger than
that of DD-US for any $T$. In DD-US, the set of selected users
$\mathcal{K}_{i}$ is determined on the basis of an appropriate
tradeoff~(\ref{US_VP}) between the orthogonality of the channel row vectors
and the direction of the data symbols. The performance of DD-US degrades
as $T$ increases, since it becomes difficult to select those data symbols with
{\em good} direction. Thus, the energy penalty of DD-US in
$T\rightarrow\infty$ can be regarded as a lower bound on the
energy penalty for the conventional US.

Each user has to detect whether he/she has been selected in each block of US.
In order for each user to blind-detect it, the data symbols for non-selected
users should be discarded at the {\em transmitter} side~\cite{Takeuchi121}.
Substituting (\ref{ZF}) into (\ref{MIMO-BC}) yields
\begin{equation} \label{equivalent_channel}
y_{k,t} = \frac{1}{\sqrt{\mathcal{E}}}\left\{
 s_{k,i}\tilde{x}_{k,t} + (1-s_{k,i})\vec{\boldsymbol{h}}_{k}\boldsymbol{u}_{t}
\right\} + n_{k,t},
\end{equation}
for any $k$. In (\ref{equivalent_channel}),
$\tilde{x}_{k,t}\in\mathcal{X}_{x_{k,t}}$ denotes the modified data symbol
corresponding to the original data symbol $x_{k,t}$. The variable
$s_{k,i}\in\{0,1\}$ indicating whether user~$k$ has been selected in block~$i$
is defined as
\begin{equation} \label{indicator}
s_{k,i} = \left\{
\begin{array}{ll}
1 & k\in\mathcal{K}_{i} \\
0 & k\notin\mathcal{K}_{i}.
\end{array}
\right.
\end{equation}
Furthermore, $\vec{\boldsymbol{h}}_{k}\in\mathbb{C}^{1\times N}$ denotes the
$k$th row vector of the channel matrix $\boldsymbol{H}$.
Note that the indices $t$ of $y_{k,t}$ and $\tilde{x}_{k,t}$ in
(\ref{equivalent_channel}) are identical to
each other, since the data symbols for the non-selected users
$k\notin\mathcal{K}_{i}$ have been discarded. This simplifies the detection
of (\ref{indicator})~\cite{Takeuchi121}.

It is easy for user~$k$ to blind-detect {\em one} variable $s_{k,i}$ from
the $T$ observations $\{y_{k,t}\}$ in each block. Using the decision-feedback
of $\tilde{x}_{k,t}$ from the decoder improve the accuracy of
detection~\cite{Takeuchi121}. In order to reduce the energy penalty,
small $T$ should be used. On the other hand, too small $T$ makes it
difficult to detect. As one option, dozens of time slots should be used as
the block length $T$. For example, the energy loss due to detection errors is
at most 0.2--0.5~dB for $T=16$~\cite{Takeuchi121}.

\section{Main Results}
The replica method is used to analyze the energy penalty for US-VP
in the large-system limit, where $N$, $K$, and $\tilde{K}$ tend to infinity
with the ratios $\alpha=K/N$ and $\kappa=\tilde{K}/K$ kept constant.
The energy penalty is expected to be self-averaging in the
large-system limit: It converges in probability (or almost surely) to
the expected one in the large-system limit. Thus, we focus on the average
energy penalty.

We consider the assumptions of replica symmetry (RS) and of 1-step
replica symmetry breaking (1RSB)~\cite{Mezard87,Nishimori01}. Roughly
speaking, the RS assumption corresponds to the assumption that the solution
to the minimization~(\ref{US_VP}) is unique.
On the other hand, 1RSB is the simplest
assumption for the case in which there are many solutions. It is empirically
known that the 1RSB assumption can provide a good approximation for the
energy penalty~\cite{Zaidel12}.

Without loss of generality, we focus on the first block of US, i.e.\
$t=0,\ldots,T-1$. Before presenting the main results, we summarize several
definitions. Let us define a random variable $E_{k}(q)$ as
\begin{equation} \label{E}
E_{k}(q) = \frac{1}{T}\sum_{t=0}^{T-1}
\min_{\tilde{x}_{k,t}\in\mathcal{X}_{x_{k,t}}}|\tilde{x}_{k,t} - \sqrt{q}z_{k,t}|^{2},
\end{equation}
with $z_{k,t}\sim\mathcal{CN}(0,1)$. We write the
cumulative distribution function $\mathrm{Prob}(E_{k}(q)\leq x)$ for the
random variable~(\ref{E}) and its inverse function as $F_{T}(x;q)$ and
$F_{T}^{-1}(x;q)$, respectively. We define two quantities
$\mu_{\kappa,T}(q)$ and $\sigma_{\kappa,T}^{2}(q)$ as
\begin{equation} \label{mu}
\mu_{\kappa,T}(q) = \int_{0}^{\kappa}F_{T}^{-1}(x;q)dx,
\end{equation}
\begin{IEEEeqnarray}{r}
\sigma_{\kappa,T}^{2}(q) =
\int_{0}^{F_{T}^{-1}(\kappa;q)}\int_{0}^{F_{T}^{-1}(\kappa;q)}
[F_{T}(\min(x,y);q) \nonumber \\
 - F_{T}(x;q)F_{T}(y;q) ]dxdy, \label{sigma2}
\end{IEEEeqnarray}
respectively. These quantities are associated with the mean and variance of
\begin{equation}
E(q) = \frac{1}{K}\sum_{k=1}^{\tilde{K}}E_{(k)}(q),
\end{equation}
where $\{E_{(k)}(q)\}$ are the order statistics of (\ref{E}), i.e.\
$E_{(1)}(q)\leq\cdots\leq E_{(K)}(q)$~\cite{Stigler74}.

\begin{proposition} \label{proposition1}
Under the RS assumption, the average energy penalty per selected user
$\mathbb{E}[\mathcal{E}]/\tilde{K}$ for US-VP converges to
$q_{0}/(\alpha\kappa)$ in the large-system limit,
which is the solution to the fixed-point equation
\begin{equation} \label{RS}
q_{0} = \alpha\mu_{\kappa,T}(q_{0}).
\end{equation}
\end{proposition}
\begin{proposition} \label{proposition2}
Under the 1RSB assumption, the average energy penalty per selected user
$\mathbb{E}[\mathcal{E}]/\tilde{K}$ for US-VP converges to
$q_{1}/(\alpha\kappa)$ in the large-system limit, which satisfies the
coupled fixed-point equations
\begin{equation} \label{1RSB_1}
g(q_{1},\chi)=0,
\end{equation}
\begin{equation} \label{1RSB_2}
\frac{\partial}{\partial\chi}g(q_{1},\chi)=0.
\end{equation}
for some $\chi>0$, with
\begin{equation}
g(q_{1},\chi) = \ln\left(
 1 + \frac{q_{1}}{\chi}
\right)
- \frac{\alpha}{\chi}\left(
 \mu_{\kappa,T}(q_{1})
 - \frac{T\sigma_{\kappa,T}^{2}(q_{1})}{2\chi}
\right).
\end{equation}
\end{proposition}

See \cite[Appendices~C and D]{Takeuchi122} for the details of the derivations.
The central limit theorem implies that the random variable~(\ref{E})
converges in law to a Gaussian random in $T\rightarrow\infty$.
It is straightforward to find that (\ref{mu}) reduces to
\begin{equation}
\lim_{T\rightarrow\infty}\mu_{\kappa,T}(q)
= \kappa\mathbb{E}\left[
 \min_{\tilde{x}_{t}\in\mathcal{X}_{x_{1,t}}}|\tilde{x}_{t} - \sqrt{q}z_{t}|^{2}
\right].
\end{equation}
It is worth noting that the energy penalty of DD-US under the RS assumption
is explicitly given by
\begin{equation} \label{energy_penalty_inf}
\frac{\mathbb{E}[\mathcal{E}]}{\tilde{K}} \rightarrow \frac{1}{1-\alpha\kappa}
= \frac{1}{1 - \tilde{K}/N},
\end{equation}
as the block length $T$ tends to infinity.
The energy penalty~(\ref{energy_penalty_inf})
under the RS assumption is equal to that for ZF-BF with random US (RUS),
in which $\tilde{K}$ users are selected uniformly and randomly. Similarly,
the energy penalty for US-CVP under the RS assumption is also equal to
that for RUS and CVP (RUS-CVP) in $T\rightarrow\infty$. Since the
energy penalty for DD-US in $T\rightarrow\infty$ is a lower bound on that for
conventional US with ZF-BF, one may conclude that conventional US
makes no sense in the large-system limit. However, we cannot reach this
conclusion only from those observations. The RS solutions are
approximations for the true energy penalty in the large-system limit.
In order to investigate whether the conclusion is correct, the assumption of
higher-step RSB should be considered.

\section{Numerical Results}
DD-US is compared to US-CVP, ZF-BF with RUS, and RUS-CVP~\cite{Mueller08}
in terms of the average energy penalty. Note that the block length $T$
is kept finite, while the coherence time $T_{\mathrm{c}}$ is implicitly
assumed to tend to infinity. We found that
Propositions~\ref{proposition1} and~\ref{proposition2} for US-LVP provide
unreliable approximations for the energy penalty, so that US-LVP is not
plotted. The assumption of higher-step RSB is required to obtain a good
approximation for US-LVP.

\begin{figure}[t]
\begin{center}
\includegraphics[width=\hsize]{fig1.eps}
\end{center}
\caption{
$\mathbb{E}[\mathcal{E}]/\tilde{K}$ versus $\alpha\kappa=\tilde{K}/N$
for $\alpha=4$ and $T=20$.
}
\label{fig1}
\end{figure}

Figure~\ref{fig1} shows the average energy penalties per selected user of
the four schemes for $T=20$ in the large-system limit. The RS and 1RSB
solutions are plotted by dashed and solid lines, respectively. The energy
penalties for a greedy algorithm of DD-US~\cite{Takeuchi121} are also shown
for $K=128, 256, 512$. The 1RSB assumptions are obviously unreliable for
small $\alpha\kappa$, since the energy penalties are larger than those
for ZF-BF with RUS and RUS-CVP, which correspond to upper bounds.
We can observe four results: First, the gap between
the RS and 1RSB solutions for US-CVP is small for moderate-to-large
$\alpha\kappa$, while the gap for DS-US is for moderate $\alpha\kappa$.
Secondly, as the system size increases, the energy penalties for the greedy
algorithm of DD-US~\cite{Takeuchi121} get closer from {\em below} to the RS
solution for small $\alpha\kappa$ and to the 1RSB solution for moderate
$\alpha\kappa$, respectively. These results imply that the RS and 1RSB
solutions for DD-US can provide acceptable approximations for small
$\alpha\kappa$ and for moderate $\alpha\kappa$, respectively. Thirdly, DD-US
achieves almost the same energy penalty as US-CVP for low system loads. This
result can be understood as follows: $q$ in (\ref{E}) is small for low system
loads, so that the magnitude of $\sqrt{q}\Re[z_{t}]$ ($\sqrt{q}\Im[z_{t}]$) is
smaller than the magnitude of the data symbol with high probability. Thus,
the continuous relaxation of the alphabet~(\ref{CVP}) makes no sense in this
region of the system load. Finally, we find that DD-US outperforms RUS-CVP
in terms of the energy penalty except for high $\alpha\kappa$.
For $\alpha\kappa=0.5$, DD-US can provide a performance gain of $1.8$~dB,
compared to RUS-CVP, which seems to be larger than the energy loss due to
the detection error at the receiver~\cite{Takeuchi121}, noted in the end of
Section~\ref{sec34}.
Note that the energy penalty for RUS-CVP gets closer from {\em above} to
the asymptotic one as the system size increases~\cite{Zaidel12}. Thus,
the performance gap between DD-US and RUS-CVP should be larger for
finite-sized systems.

We next assess the accuracy of the approximations based on the RS and
1RSB assumptions for DD-US. Figure~\ref{fig2} shows the average energy
penalty per selected user versus $\alpha$ for fixed $\alpha\kappa=0.5$. For
comparison, the energy penalties for the greedy algorithm of
DD-US~\cite{Takeuchi121} are also plotted.
For small $\alpha$, the RS and 1RSB solutions are
indistinguishable from each other, so that they should provide an accurate
approximation of the true energy penalty for small $\alpha$. The gaps between
the analytical results and the numerical simulations for small $\alpha$ should
be due to the suboptimality of the greedy algorithm.
The 1RSB solution for $T=80$ exhibits strange behavior:
The energy penalty must be a monotonically decreasing function of $\alpha$,
since large $\alpha$ implies large multiuser diversity. However,
the energy penalty {\em increases} with the {\em increase} of $\alpha$
for large $\alpha$.

\begin{figure}[t]
\begin{center}
\includegraphics[width=\hsize]{fig2.eps}
\end{center}
\caption{
$\mathbb{E}[\mathcal{E}]/\tilde{K}$ versus $\alpha$ for $\alpha\kappa=0.5$.
}
\label{fig2}
\end{figure}

\section{Conclusions}
The energy penalties of DD-US and US-CVP for the MIMO-BC have been evaluated
in the large-system limit under the RS and 1RSB assumptions. We found
four observations: First, the RS and 1RSB assumptions for DD-US can provide
acceptable approximations for low and moderate
system loads, respectively. Secondly, DD-US outperforms RUS-CVP in terms of
the energy penalty for low-to-moderate system loads. Thirdly, the asymptotic
energy penalty of DD-US is indistinguishable from that of US-CVP for low
system loads. Finally, a greedy algorithm of DD-US proposed in
\cite{Takeuchi121} can achieve nearly optimal performance for low-to-moderate
system loads. These results imply that DD-US can provide a good tradeoff
between the performance and the complexity for low-to-moderate system loads.

As another method for reducing the energy penalty,
it is important to investigate regularized ZF-BF or minimum mean-squared error
(MMSE) precoding. We leave this analysis as future work.

\section*{Acknowledgment}
The work of K.~Takeuchi was in part supported by the JSPS Institutional
Program for Young Researcher Overseas Visits and by the Grant-in-Aid for
Young Scientists~(B) (No.~23760329) from MEXT, Japan.

\balance

\bibliographystyle{IEEEtran}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaArXiv


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Mr. Müller's closest collaborator was Mr. Wenders, with whom he made 12 feature films. In a telephone interview, Mr. Wenders singled out a notable Mülleresque shot in "The American Friend" (1977), his noir drama adapted by "Ripley's Game," Patricia Highsmith's 1974 novel: Dennis Hopper lying on a pool table, taking one Polaroid picture after another of himself, each snapshot dropping onto his still figure.
Seven years later, Mr. Wenders in addition to also Mr. Müller teamed up on "Paris, Texas," the story of a drifter (Harry Dean Stanton) looking to reunite with the wife in addition to also son he left years earlier, which won the Palme d'Or at the Cannes Film Festival.
within the opening scene, much of which Mr. Müller shot by a helicopter, Mr. Stanton emerges by the desert: a solitary figure walking purposefully, wearing a rumpled gray pinstripe suit, knotted tan tie in addition to also red ball cap. He roams for miles, drinks the last drop of water by a jug, then enters a dark, dusty building. After gobbling some crushed ice, he collapses on the floor.
When Travis, Mr. Stanton's character, enters the peep show where his much younger wife (Nastassja Kinski) works, he sees her through a one-way mirror. She cannot see him. They speak by telephone, yet he does not identify himself.


Mexico is a great "Fun in the Sun" family vacation destination, because it offers such a wide range of options. What's most important to your familiy? Gourmet food? Beach activities? Snorkel and SCUBA? Nature and adventure? Your Fantastic Memories Travel professional can help match you with the right destination resort.
Who says great food at a beach resort is reserved for adults only? Generations Riviera Maya is part of the Karisma Resorts & Hotels "Gourmet Inclusive" concept. Generations is the perfect combination of a beautiful beachfront location, luxurious accommodations, attentive personal service, a wide variety of activities, and amazing food – while also providing a professionally staffed kids' club (for ages 4-12) and nanny services (for an additional fee) for the littlest travelers.
Los Cabos is at the south end of the Baja California peninsula. Hyatt Ziva is an all-inclusive family resort offering great food, impeccable service and gorgeous scenery. The extensive beachfront is stunning – but, like all of Cabo – the ocean is not swimmable. (That beautiful surf is dangerous).
Enjoy unlimited family fun at Sunscape Sabor Cozumel, just minutes away from the second largest coral reef system in the world and with an onsite dive shop. Rooms are spacious, if not luxurious. Food is plentiful, if not gourmet. But that's not why you choose Sunscape Sabor Cozumel. You're here for incredible snorkeling and scuba diving and a resort with probably the largest, most well-developed sandy beach in Cozumel and a wide assortment of beach and water activities.
The brand new all-inclusive Hotel Xcaret combines an amazing eco-resort, nestled beautifully into the Riviera Maya landscape, with included unlimited admissions to all 10 Xcaret adventure parks and cultural experiences. While there's not much of a beach at Hotel Xcaret, instead the resort features 11 swimming pools and Xcaret's signature Cenote excursion experiences.


text:
Diversions U.S. Wire
Hiker stumbles across alcoholic stream after smelling beer in the woods
Published November 28, 2021 at 9:04am
There are times when one expects to smell the pungent odor of beer.
Walking in a park in Hawaii is not among them.
That's why Hawaii state health officials were called in when a hiker in the Waipo area of Hawaii near Honolulu got a whiff of the sudsy stuff while out walking, according to KGMB-TV.
"The other day we came here you would think it was a beer pub that hadn't opened its doors for three or four days," said environmental activist Carroll Cox.
Tracing back from the park, state officials found that a spill from a storm pipe was causing alcohol to leak into the stream.
This in itself was a bit of a mystery because it had not rained recently before the stinky spill.
The state Department of Transportation, which owns the pipe, said the spill came from a warehouse owned by Paradise Beverages, which is located on the other side of a freeway from where the spill took place.
The company remains mystified.
"Right now, we've had the Department of Transportation come in with their representatives and we're dealing with them and we've also been contacted by the Department of Health," said Anthony Rowe, the company's director of operations.
"It may be coming from us so that's why we're working with the proper authorities," he said.
When KGMB tested the water, it found that the stream had an alcohol level of 1.2 percent and a sugar level of .04 percent.
The state now says no polluted water is leaking into the creek.
"It's disturbing. It makes you want to pull your hair out, and I don't have much left," said Cox.
"The alcohol is not suitable for marine life; it's toxic," Cox said, according to SFGate.
Cox said that when he spoke to the hiker, the hiker said a similar incident happened about five years ago.
Cox does not want to let the matter drop.
"Hawaii is a fragile environment and it's always at risk due to these kinds of dumpings," says Cox.
"What we want to see here in this case is that the Hawaii State Clean Water Branch takes legal action against the DOT, and then the DOT is bound to take action against the person that is responsible for the discharge," Cox said.


Whether you're flying from Jersey to United Kingdom for a family reunion or business trip, we're here to make booking as easy as can be. Thanks to our list of Jersey to United Kingdom flights, it's simple to browse based on your point of origin and destination. Search through our flight routes and make your travel arrangements in no time.


I like the arpeggios on the guitar, and how the vocals are only in the right channel (nice echo effect on the vocals). The cooking sound effects add a sense of realism to the song. The spoken vocal makes me think of Lou Reed.
I like the imagery and story in the lyrics. The fact that the song ends abruptly fits perfectly with the final lyric "They just simply one day divorced".
I love the ambience in the background and the spoken word element. The vocal doubling is a very interesting idea. It just feels like a snippet in time - a moment.
This has a really haunting quality. The vocal doubling is quirky but very effective in this instance. I really like the use of the ambient sound too. Super sad lyrics. Enjoyed this one.
Captures the scene of two lives going through the motions.
What a sad story-- the living of parallel lives which ends... the echo on the vocals gives an empty, hollow ache to the feel of the song.
This is so sad. The matter of fact delivery is highly effective, abs I love the sound of mundane housework going on in the background. Quietly, crushingly beautiful. Well done!


text:
Investors 'fall over each other' for Ghana bonds
Ghana on Tuesday, January 4 started receiving bids from investors all over the world for a three-tranche Eurobond sale that is expected to raise a total of $3 billion.
Graphic Online is reliably informed that as of 15.30 GMT, investors from Asia and Europe had pledged to lend the country about $15 billion – five times more than the $3 billion the Ministry of Finance was asking for.
One source said the bonds could be six-year, 14-year and 40-year bonds and would mature in 2027, 2035 and 2061 respectively, reports Graphic Online's Maxwell Akalaare Adombila.
Another source said the bonds would likely be priced between 6.5 per cent and nine per cent.
"The long term one, the 2061 bond, is around 8.95 per cent," the source, who was not authorised to speak on the status of the offers told Graphic Online.
Another source explained that the offers from the European and the Asian investors came at a time when markets in the United States of America (USA) had not opened.
It added that Ghana's 2020 Eurobond sale team, which is led by the Minister of Finance, Mr Ken Ofori-Atta, was expecting the bids to swell further when investors in the USA start participating in the offer.
That should help drive the price down further, the source said, noting that the transaction could be closed today.
It, however, added that the team was exploring the possibility of dropping the seven-year bond for just the 14-year and the 40-year bonds.
Source: Graphic.com.gh
Don't make impulsive decisions
Collapsed S&L: About 150 vehicles to be auctioned by Receiver to recoup locked up funds


El Galleon Beach Resort – Puerto Galera, Philippines.
El Galleon Beach Resort, Puerto Galera.
El Galleon Beach Resort and its dive centre, Asia Divers, are renowned for their serene and quaint beachfront surroundings fronting Small Lalaguna Beach in Puerto Galera.
El Galleon is a family-friendly resort, with plenty to keep your kids occupied and having fun! The waters in front of the resort are excellent for swimming and snorkeling, and we even have the Bubblemaker scuba course for kids age 8 and up!
Puerto Galera is one of the leading scuba diving locations in the Philippines, offering some of the best diving in Asia and boasts a greater variety of marine life than the Great Barrier Reef.
We are located in "The Verde Island Passage Marine Corridor" (VIP) which is famously known as "the center of the center of marine biodiversity". It is the proverbial heart of the Coral Triangle. There is no better place to experience this than our spacious and well designed dive center. We have the only dive centre in Puerto Galera with a private pier and diving platform. You'll get spoiled by the friendly and outgoing service here!
Our RTM/Encash machine accepts international cards. Works just like an ATM.
Extensive Dive Center with dedicated camera room.
PADI Scuba Courses from beginner to instructor level.
Continue reading to see what El Galleon Resort has to offer.
We teach all courses in Neutral Buoyancy – right from the beginning. Not only does this give our divers more confidence underwater, but it helps the awareness of staying off the bottom at all times, protecting coral reefs and self.
Asia Divers has Adopted a Dive Site and is conducting a Project AWARE "Dive Against Debris" every month. We also report our data is great detail so it can be used for policy development. All our instructor candidates learn how to organize such events through eIDC. Of course we pick up any plastic on any dive every day if it fits in the pocket.
El Galleon has changed from plastic straws to paper (on request- because most drinks can really be enjoyed just from a glass…) and we convinced other resorts to make the change too.
We are using special refillable water bottles for our guests and divers – so they can refuel any time at our water stations – and 50% of the refill- charge goes as a donation to Project AWARE.
Our restaurant is utilizing used cooking oil for our romantic evening table lighting.
The El Galleon Resort has an innovative water and waste water treatment system that allows no liquid discharge into the environment – making sure we do our part to avoid effluent pollution. No detergents, sewage or other commercial effluent end up in the sea.
We have several solar panels installed that are currently supplying all our pier and dive deck lighting, the Barrel Bar as well as all amenities in The Point Bar. Five of our rooms are currently running off solar power and we are planning to roll-out the entire resort after the test phase.
We started converting high energy use appliances, e.g. aircon units to inverter models in our classrooms as well as resort rooms.
Whenever there is a boat to repair/ repaint, we are extra conscious about any chemicals used and also use sliders to prevent any material from ending up in the ocean.


Neither our Quran nor the Bible allows for their consistent breaches of compassion and mercy upon their neighbors in favor of nothing less than unrestrained bloodshed in order to achieve political control and subordination from those whom they conquer.
This past weekend, a savage attack by terrorists on Iran's Revolutionary Guard during their military parade to celebrate the 30th anniversary of the eight-year war with Iraq in Ahwaz left approximately 24 dead (including children) and 60 wounded. The responsibility for the attack was claimed by both the Islamic State and the Ahvaz National Resistance, whose goal is to seek a separate state in Khuzestan Province.
The majority of the victims in this cowardly attack were Muslim, and the terrorists who perpetrated the assault also professed themselves to be followers of the Islamic faith. Therein lies the unsolvable paradox of citing a terror group as having a religious basis — how can it be that a religious follower of Islam carries out such a devastating assault against those who are considered to be fellow Muslims?
How is it possible for Muslims to profess their faith in God, and then turn around and slaughter their own people, their spiritual brothers and sisters in religion? For that matter, how can any so-called religious extremist profess themselves as followers of their religion (which abhors the very notion of violence, especially against the innocent), and then commit such heinous actions?
This is not the first time that such an atrocious act of violence against Muslims has been carried out by these so-called religious extremists. Indeed, the entire campaign of Daesh (I refuse to call them ISIS because they do not have any religious basis to their wanton destruction and deserve no verification) has been against the mostly-Muslim population of Iraq and its surrounding countries, highlighted by mass executions of the brave men who choose to stand against them and the heartbreaking enslavement of the women and children that are left in their wake.
Boko Haram, for all of its professed adherence to the Quran, bans Western education despite our Prophet (SAW) demanding that the Muslim community seek knowledge from far and wide, no matter the distance or methodology of that knowledge. Other religious terrorist organizations and hate groups such as the IRA, the Westboro Baptist Church, and The Lord's Resistance Army claim to be followers of Christ, but no holy book I know of would advocate for such horrific acts of violence that these groups inflict upon the innocent.
It is for this reason that I believe that any terrorist that tries to justify the words of a holy book and a religion of Peace, be it Islam or Christianity, is an utter fool devoid of even the most basic understanding of the love that their religion spreads amongst a community. The Quran itself claims that there is no compulsion in religion — therefore, no one can be forced to follow the tidings of our Prophet (PBUH) without their own consent. The Bible claims that to love others more than oneself is the sure sign of Christian faith, so hatred cannot possibly be justified in the eyes of Christian extremists.
For this reason, it's time we stopped calling terrorists religious because if they were to actually heed the tidings of their faith, they would not be terrorists.


The avalanche danger is MODERATE in starting zones in the Alpine today. Wind slabs 1 foot in depth with isolated pockets up to 3' deep could be triggered by riders and skiers on slopes over 35 degrees.
The danger is generally LOW at Treeline, where a previously weak snowpack has refrozen on the surface. Avalanches are unlikely in this mid elevation band (1,000-2,500'). Exceptions to this will be in the form of glide avalanches which can be found scattered throughout the forecast area around the 2,500' level. Avoid glide cracks as they can release at any time without the typical warning signs.
Despite it being mid-January, early season conditions exist. Expect to hike to about 1,500' before being on snow. Rocks, stumps, and open water are hazards to contend with in the lower and mid elevations.
The CNFAIC Avalanche Rescue Workshop schedule for January 18th has been canceled due to lack of snow at the parking lot level in Turnagain Pass. The next hands-on rescue workshop is scheduled for Saturday February 7th. Please check our calendar for up to date info.
Yesterday my partner and I watched upper elevation starting zones being actively loaded by moderate winds out of the East. These slabs will mostly be in the 1 foot range today with areas holding deeper pockets up to 3'. Reactivity of these slabs will be on the decline throughout the day. If you find yourself venturing into high elevation starting zones approach with caution. It will take slope angles greater than 35 degrees to get slabs to release. Watch for shooting cracks and check under the surface to see how well the new snow is bonding.
Glide cracks have been opening up over the past 2 weeks around the forecast area on all aspects. Most of the activity is in the mid elevations, around 2,500'. We were able to see some newer cracks yesterday that had formed during this past week. Glide avalanches are unpredictable and require avoidance, as they can release at anytime. Glide avalanches don't behave the same as new snow instabilities like wind slabs. Simply knowing where glide cracks exist is half the battle. Check the observations page for more info.
Photo: Glide crack that opened up sometime in the past week on Tincan, below Common Bowl.
Temperatures over the past 24 hours have cooled with freezing levels hovering around the 1,000-1,500' level this morning. Showery precipitation brought 1" of new snow above 1,500' and rain below. Winds have slowed down overnight with ridgetop stations reporting speeds in the 5-10 mph range this morning out of the East.
Today expect cloudy skies with light precipitation. Snow accumulation will be minimal with 1-2" expected. Rain/snow line will be around the 1,000'-1,500' level. Winds will be in the 5-10 mph range out of the East/Southeast. Temps at 1,000 will climb into the mid 30s before cooling back down again overnight.
The general pattern will remain unsettled through the long weekend. Expect rain and snow showers, light winds and temperatures to remain mild.
*Seattle wind data is 6 am-12am due to station malfunction.


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text:
Chest. 2000 Jul;118(1):61-5.
Maximum insufflation capacity.
Kang SW1, Bach JR.
Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey-The New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ, USA.
To investigate the effect of deep lung insufflations on maximum insufflation capacities (MICs) and peak cough flows (PCFs) for patients with neuromuscular disease.
Forty-three patients with neuromuscular disease were trained in stacking delivered volumes of air to deep lung insufflation and were prescribed a program of air stacking once their vital capacities (VCs) were noted to be < 2,000 mL. VC, MIC, and unassisted and assisted PCF were monitored. The initial data were compared with the highest MICs subsequently achieved. For those patients whose MICs only decreased, we compared the initial data with the most recent data.
The MICs increased from (mean +/- SD) 1,402 +/- 530 mL to 1,711 +/- 599 mL (p < 0.001) for 30 patients and only decreased for 13 patients. Patients for whom the MICs increased also had a significant increase in assisted PCF from 3.7 +/- 1.4 to 4.3 +/- 1.6 L/s (p < 0.05) despite having somewhat decreasing VCs and unassisted PCFs.
With training, the capacity to stack air to deep insufflations can improve despite progressive neuromuscular disease. This can result in increased cough effectiveness.
Appropriate management of respiratory problems is of utmost importance in the treatment of patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. [Chest. 2005]
10.1378/chest.118.1.61
Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis/rehabilitation
Breathing Exercises*
Forced Expiratory Flow Rates
Muscular Dystrophy, Duchenne/rehabilitation
Neuromuscular Diseases/rehabilitation*
Postpoliomyelitis Syndrome/rehabilitation
Neuromuscular Disorders - MedlinePlus Health Information


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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
Protein will induce an insulin response in the body, if consumed in high amounts. The most intuitive way to start a keto diet for most people is by removing all of the carbs they have been eating. Typically people will replace those calories by increasing their lean meat consumption. That's a recipe for disaster! Keeping protein moderate is an often overlooked, but very important part of a keto diet. Most people need around 0.6g to 1.0g of protein per pound of lean body mass.
Another difference between older and newer studies is that the type of patients treated with the ketogenic diet has changed over time. When first developed and used, the ketogenic diet was not a treatment of last resort; in contrast, the children in modern studies have already tried and failed a number of anticonvulsant drugs, so may be assumed to have more difficult-to-treat epilepsy. Early and modern studies also differ because the treatment protocol has changed. In older protocols, the diet was initiated with a prolonged fast, designed to lose 5–10% body weight, and heavily restricted the calorie intake. Concerns over child health and growth led to a relaxation of the diet's restrictions.[19] Fluid restriction was once a feature of the diet, but this led to increased risk of constipation and kidney stones, and is no longer considered beneficial.[18]
It's natural for anyone trying to lose weight to want to lose it very quickly. But evidence shows that people who lose weight gradually and steadily (about 1 to 2 pounds per week) are more successful at keeping weight off. Healthy weight loss isn't just about a "diet" or "program". It's about an ongoing lifestyle that includes long-term changes in daily eating and exercise habits.
People use a ketogenic diet most often to lose weight, but it can help manage certain medical conditions, like epilepsy, too. It also may help people with heart disease, certain brain diseases, and even acne, but there needs to be more research in those areas. Talk with your doctor first to find out if it's safe for you to try a ketogenic diet, especially if you have type 1 diabetes.
^ Ketogenic "eggnog" is used during induction and is a drink with the required ketogenic ratio. For example, a 4:1 ratio eggnog would contain 60 g of 36% heavy whipping cream, 25 g pasteurised raw egg, saccharin and vanilla flavour. This contains 245 kcal (1,025 kJ), 4 g protein, 2 g carbohydrate and 24 g fat (24:6 = 4:1).[17] The eggnog may also be cooked to make a custard, or frozen to make ice cream.[37]
Implementing the diet can present difficulties for caregivers and the patient due to the time commitment involved in measuring and planning meals. Since any unplanned eating can potentially break the nutritional balance required, some people find the discipline needed to maintain the diet challenging and unpleasant. Some people terminate the diet or switch to a less demanding diet, like the modified Atkins diet or the low-glycaemic index treatment diet, because they find the difficulties too great.[42]
In many developing countries, the ketogenic diet is expensive because dairy fats and meat are more expensive than grain, fruit and vegetables. The modified Atkins diet has been proposed as a lower-cost alternative for those countries; the slightly more expensive food bill can be offset by a reduction in pharmaceutical costs if the diet is successful. The modified Atkins diet is less complex to explain and prepare and requires less support from a dietitian.[55]
Because people with type 2 diabetes are at an increased risk for cardiovascular disease, there's a specific concern that the saturated fat in the diet may drive up LDL, or "bad," cholesterol levels, and further increase the odds of heart problems. If you have type 2 diabetes, talk to your doctor before attempting a ketogenic diet. They may recommend a different weight-loss diet for you, like a reduced-calorie diet, to manage diabetes. Those with epilepsy should also consult their doctor before using this as part of their treatment plan.
Short-term results for the LGIT indicate that at one month approximately half of the patients experience a greater than 50% reduction in seizure frequency, with overall figures approaching that of the ketogenic diet. The data (coming from one centre's experience with 76 children up to the year 2009) also indicate fewer side effects than the ketogenic diet and that it is better tolerated, with more palatable meals.[18][50]
During the 1920s and 1930s, when the only anticonvulsant drugs were the sedative bromides (discovered 1857) and phenobarbital (1912), the ketogenic diet was widely used and studied. This changed in 1938 when H. Houston Merritt, Jr. and Tracy Putnam discovered phenytoin (Dilantin), and the focus of research shifted to discovering new drugs. With the introduction of sodium valproate in the 1970s, drugs were available to neurologists that were effective across a broad range of epileptic syndromes and seizure types. The use of the ketogenic diet, by this time restricted to difficult cases such as Lennox–Gastaut syndrome, declined further.[10]
In the mid-1990s, Hollywood producer Jim Abrahams, whose son's severe epilepsy was effectively controlled by the diet, created the Charlie Foundation to promote it. Publicity included an appearance on NBC's Dateline programme and ...First Do No Harm (1997), a made-for-television film starring Meryl Streep. The foundation sponsored a multicentre research study, the results of which—announced in 1996—marked the beginning of renewed scientific interest in the diet.[1]
The brain is composed of a network of neurons that transmit signals by propagating nerve impulses. The propagation of this impulse from one neuron to another is typically controlled by neurotransmitters, though there are also electrical pathways between some neurons. Neurotransmitters can inhibit impulse firing (primarily done by γ-aminobutyric acid, or GABA) or they can excite the neuron into firing (primarily done by glutamate). A neuron that releases inhibitory neurotransmitters from its terminals is called an inhibitory neuron, while one that releases excitatory neurotransmitters is an excitatory neuron. When the normal balance between inhibition and excitation is significantly disrupted in all or part of the brain, a seizure can occur. The GABA system is an important target for anticonvulsant drugs, since seizures may be discouraged by increasing GABA synthesis, decreasing its breakdown, or enhancing its effect on neurons.[7]


Theresa Braun's novella Dead Over Heels has completely piqued my interest in the genre of horror. I've always enjoyed a scary movie here and there, and scary stories have always kept my attention--but I've never sought them out the way I seek out sci-fi or contemporary YA. So when Theresa Braun asked me if I'd like to review this, I was excited to read something new!
I was not disappointed! Guys, this story is great! It's creepy, suspenseful, and romantic, all at the same time. Since this story is on the short side, I don't want to say too much and give anything away. But what basically happens is, a young woman named Veronica goes on a date with a guy named Sebastian. She's interested in him because he shares her passion for paranormal things, and surely enough, the restaurant they visit together has two mysterious guests who keep disappearing.
There's really cool mysterious element to this, which I loved. I had to keep reading to find out what happened, and I was so excited to discover each new twist.
I highly recommend this story, especially if you like a suspenseful, scary story that will keep you on the edge of your seat.
If you're interested in Dead Over Heels, you can download an ebook copy of it here!
If you choose to read this novella, I hope you enjoy it!


What if Poker added Physical Skill Contests?
On March 21st, the Borgata Hotel Spa & Casino is set to offer a real-money free-throw shooting contest. Are they the first to think of gambling on a physical skill contest? Well, only if you discount the millions of playground basketball games that have been played for money over the years. But the Borgata is definitely the first U.S. casino to offer gambling on a physical competition.
The way it'll work is that players pay a $20 buy-in to enter the free-throw tournament. Those who can nail the most free throws in 90 seconds will advance to the 16-player bracket. From here, competitors will aim for the final four spots, where a collective $10,000 is paid out, with $5k going to first place.
Obviously this is a really exciting and innovative idea with regard to casinos. And seeing as how New Jersey gaming regulators gave the okay, we can likely expect other casinos to emulate such physical skill games. But all of this got me thinking about something else: how about adding some physical skill to poker?
Before you roll your eyes while dismissing this as a complete novelty article, just know that I'm not suggesting poker be transformed into some sideshow act, where players run through a mirror-filled fun house while juggling after every orbit. However, it wouldn't hurt to occasionally offer a poker tournament where some form of physicality enters the equation.
As alluded to before, the key would be accomplishing this feat without turning poker into a circus act. After all, a big reason why people play poker in the first place is because it's a thinking game with no physical effort involved.
One suggestion would be to piggyback on the Borgata's idea and add a free-throw shooting element into the equation. For example, you play the poker tourney as normal, but you'd also be required to shoot three rounds of free throws too. Depending upon how many shots you made in each round, a certain amount of chips would be added to your poker tournament stack.
really no limit to the amount of contests/sports you could add into the mix. Of course, it would be smart to keep it at the most-popular/manageable ones to draw in the largest crowds. This means no wind sprints, vertical leap contests or mixed martial arts combined with poker tournaments. Not everybody likes going home with a black eye or laboring to breathe at a poker event.
But the point is that adding some kind of physical contest like free throws would certainly interest a new crowd of recreational players. Of course, we're a long ways off from this happening because, first, we still need to see how the Borgata's free-throw tournament goes. Assuming this becomes a bigger thing in Atlantic City, then poker might definitely want to consider incorporating physical skill into a limited number of events.
Home » Rakeback News » What if Poker added Physical Skill Contests?


text:
Green Party Issues Split Verdict on County Bonds, says Arlington Sun Gazette article
Development,political campaigns — @ 4:04 pm
Green Party Issues Split Verdict on County Bonds
Posted: Monday, October 8, 2012 5:00 am
http://www.sungazette.net/arlington/news/green-party-issues-split-verdict-on-county-bonds/article_505358f6-0f15-11e2-aeb3-0019bb2963f4.html
The Arlington Green Party has voted to support two of the four county bond referendums on the Nov. 6 ballot, to oppose one and to stay neutral on the fourth.
Meeting on Oct. 3, party members endorsed the $31.9 million bond for Metro and transportation, as well as the $28.3 million bond for community and neighborhood infrastructure.
But like the Arlington County Republican Committee several weeks before, the Green Party urged voters to reject the $50.5 million parks and recreation bond. Greens said their opposition was because the vast bulk of the bond funding would fund a "vanity water park" at Long Bridge Park.
Greens took no position on the $42.6 million school bond; party members split on whether the funds were the best way to address crowding issues.
"More must be done to open more schools and provide more classrooms, but the hasty School Board plans to build two new elementary schools next to existing schools, and to simply add more trailers or to build more classrooms at already overcrowded elementary schools, is ill-advised," Arlington Green Party chairman John Reeder said in a statement.
County Republicans have endorsed all bonds except the park bond, and the Arlington County Democratic Committee has endorsed all four.


text:
Edward Bligh of Brittas (died 11 April 1872) was an Irish landowner who played first-class cricket for Cambridge University in the 1810s. He is recorded in one match in 1819, totalling 26 runs with a highest score of 20 and holding 4 catches.

He was the second son of Thomas Cherburgh Bligh, and Lady Theodosia, daughter of John Bligh, 3rd Earl of Darnley. He was educated at Eton College, and matriculated in 1818 at St John's College, Cambridge. On 9 August 1820 at Horsham, he married Sophia Eversfield (1792-1843), daughter of William Markwick, who had changed his surname to Eversfield. They had two children:
 Theodosia Sophia Bligh (1821-1898), who in 1850 married Edward Tredcroft, and;
 Frederick Cherburgh Bligh (1828-1901) who in 1858 married Emily Matilda East, daughter of Hinton East.

References

1800 births
1872 deaths
Edward
People educated at Eton College
Irish cricketers
English cricketers of 1787 to 1825
Cambridge University cricketers
Alumni of St John's College, Cambridge
19th-century Irish landowners


text:
The Hutt Gambit
Author(s): A. C. Crispin
Here is the second novel in the blockbuster new trilogy that reveals the never-before-told story of the young Han Solo. Set before the Star Wars(r) movie adventures, these books chronicle the coming-of-age of the galaxy's most famous con man, smuggler and thief.
Solo is now a fugitive from the Imperial Navy. But he has made a valuable friend in a former Wookiee slave named Chewbacca, who has sworn Han a life debt. Han will need all the help he can get. For the Ylesian Hutts have dispatched the dreaded bounty hunter Boba Fett to track down the man who already outsmarted them once. But Han and Chewie find themselves in even bigger trouble when they agree to lend their services to the crime lords Jiliac and Jabba the Hutt. Suddenly the two smugglers are thrust into the middle of a battle between the might of the Empire and the treachery of their outlaw allies...a battle where even victory means death
Publisher : Random House Publishing Group
Imprint : Bantam
Dimensions : .85 Inches X 4.15 Inches X 6.84 Inches
Author : A. C. Crispin


Do you have picky eaters when it comes to vegetables? You know, those that try to hide the broccoli under something else thinking they have fooled you into believing they are part of the "Clean Plate Club?" What if I told you I have the best kept secret in the kitchen when it comes to serving up daily requirements of nutritious, vitamin rich foods? The answer is roasted veggies my friends! Almost any vegetable you find in the produce section can be roasted into such rich, sweet flavors that kids will eat them up like candy.
I was fortunate in the area of vegetable lovers. My kids have always loved them and prefer sliced red peppers over cookies. Not that they don't like cookies, but when packing snacks for a day at the park, they have always reached for the peppers. Lucky I tell you.
One of the discoveries I had a few years ago was the art of roasted veggies and how the simple process of using a little olive oil and sprinkle of kosher salt can bring out such incredible flavor after cooking for a mere 30 minutes. I will make big batches of these treats and keep them for dishes throughout the week. This is the perfect time to try the bright, colorful options such as purple and orange cauliflower, beets, rainbow swiss chard, acorn or butternut squash.
Homemade French fries are easy; slice sweet potatoes into thick wedges, drizzle with a couple tablespoons of olive oil and kosher salt, and place in a 375 degree oven for 20-30 minutes. Stir with a spatula after 10-15 minutes.
Not a potato fan? Try baby carrots instead! Use a small bag of baby carrots. Prepare as above and enjoy as carrot fries!
Asparagus is great too … easy to roast and delicious as a topping for pasta. Asparagus is delicate and does not take as long to roast, maybe only 15-20 minutes.
It's always cheaper to buy a plain cheese pizza, but you can dress it up at home with awesome flavors! Create a tray of brussels sprouts, onion, carrots, garlic, and broccoli and top your next slice with goodness.
Don't pass up those beautiful root veggies! Parsnips (they look like white carrots), beets, turnips, and fennel go together perfectly and make a super hearty vegetarian meal when served over polenta.
Really, the possibilities are endless. Roasted veggies not only taste great, they are packed with nutrients and vitamins we all need in our daily diets. Next time you pass by that bunch of broccoli because the kids refuse to touch it, try the best kept kitchen secret of roasting veggies! I think you will be surprised how fast a tray will disappear.