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The Basics Of Magnetic Tape Recording (Parts, How It Works)
Jasmine Mills
Learn the basics of tape recording.
What are the parts of a tape machine?
What approaches can you take with editing?
A Revox B77 tape machine.
Before the days of digital audio workstations and quick editing with a click of the mouse, recording engineers would use magnetic reel-to-reel tape recorders. Learning to use a tape machine is not a primary goal for many aspiring audio engineers, but it's beneficial to learn its basic concepts at the very least so you can appreciate where the technology in your DAW came from.
In this article, you will learn…
The basic science of magnetic recording.
The parts of magnetic tape.
The parts of the tape machine transport mechanism
An explanation about AC bias and why it's important.
The monitoring options from the tape machine.
The features on remote auto-locate boxes.
How Does Magnetic Recording Work?
Magnetic recording is based on the principles of Faraday's law of electromagnetic induction. Take a piece of magnetic material, wrap wire around it to form a coil, then bend the material into a donut shape. Just don't let the very ends touch – make sure you leave a gap.
In this setup, if the current is run through the wire, a proportional magnetic field is produced at the gap. If a changing external magnetic field is moved across the gap, it induces a proportional varying current in the coil. These principles are used by tape heads for recording and playback.
Image courtesy of Aaron Coe, The Cutting Corporation.
When using your tape machine, you are using the unique medium of magnetic tape to record and play back sound. The parts of magnetic tape include the magnetic coating, the base (aka substrate), and the back coating (this was added as tape evolved).
The magnetic coating is a mix of magnetic particles, lubricants, stabilizers, the binder, and magnetic pigment. Magnetic particles retain the magnetic orientation as the tape passes the headstack. They start out as tiny iron oxide pieces and are then crushed into powder.
Magnetic pigment is added to give the magnetic particles their color. Stabilizers and lubricants slow the tape's deterioration and help it slide along the tape path. The binder adheres the magnetic particles to the base.
The tape's base is the sheet where the coating mix is applied. Different materials have been used throughout time: paper, cellulose acetate (CA), polyvinyl chloride (PVC), polyester aka polyethylene terephthalate (PET or PE), and polyethylene nap phthalate (PEN). The base is also covered in thin layers of primers. The material used here can significantly affect the tape's performance.
The back coating was added to improve tape handling. Often made of carbon black, it improves winding properties, removes electrostatic charges, and allows the tape to be packed tight enough so it doesn't fall apart.
For open reel tape machines, the tape will be wound around a tape reel's hub, forming a tape pack, with the tape being protected by flanges on the sides.
Blank tape has unaligned magnetic particles and domains. Unmagnetized particles point in random directions. Their individual magnetic fields cancel each other out so there's barely any magnetic flux (force). After audio is sent to the record head, its flux polarity induces the tape's magnetic particles to align accordingly. The strength of the record head's field determines how many tape particles align in a given direction at any point in time.
Understanding The Basic Tape Machine Parts
Transport Mechanism
We'll just focus on the important parts to start out with. Let's start with the transport mechanism. It's made up of a capstan, idler arms, a pinch roller, tape guides, servos, brakes, and tape lifters.
The capstan(s) are rotating steel cylinders that are powered by a motor to move the tape past the tape heads. It works with the pinch roller to maintain constant tape tension. Some machines have a pinch roller, a free rotating wheel that presses against the capstan while the tape is playing and this is usually made of rubber.
Tape guides, near the tape heads, are stationary posts that keep the tape at the proper height.
The supply reel holds the tape before it passes the tape heads when playing, recording (non-reverse) or fast-forwarding. The supply servo/motor zips the tape back in fast rewind and maintains tape tension during fast forward. The take-up reel works the opposite way with its own motor – tape ends up here after passing the tape heads. Both of these reels have brakes to quickly (but gently) stop the tape.
During any fast winding (fast forward or fast rewind), tape lifters move the tape away from the tape heads so audio won't be heard as it zips past them. Also, it saves the tape heads from additional wear. Once fast winding is stopped, by pressing stop or play, the tape lifters will retract so that the tape is once again touching the tape heads.
There is something called cue mode (also known as stop editing), usually a button that says "cue", that retracts tape lifters, so the tape touches the heads even while fast winding. It allows one to quickly hear the recording to get an idea of how far along they are in the tape. Sometimes a control knob makes the tape move forward or backward at varying slower speeds.
Other editing modes include dump editing. Dump editing will allow one to play the tape, but without winding tape to the take-up reel. Instead, larger tape sections can be played right into the garbage!
Meanwhile, spot erase functions allow very specific parts to be erased on designated channels.
The transport mechanism is controlled by the transport controls (play, fast-forward, rewind, stop) on the tape deck and on the remote controller (if connected).
AC Bias
A very high-frequency alternating current (AC bias) is sent to the erase and recording heads. Magnetic materials have magnetization or B-H curves (magnetizing forces vs. resulting magnetism/domain alignment). Magnetic material that hasn't been magnetized yet has an almost linear initial magnetization response, but prior-magnetized materials do not.
Tape's B-H curve is very non-linear due to hysteresis. A reversal of the magnetic polarity will result in its magnetization value crossing over the zero line. But hysteresis means the applied magnetic force has to reach a threshold before the tape's particles start changing magnetic alignment. So there is remaining magnetism on the tape after it leaves the tape head's range of influence, meaning the reproduced signal without AC bias is nonlinear and may be distorted.
To prevent this, AC bias is added to the audio signal before it reaches the record head's amplifier. The AC bias frequency should be at least five times the audio's maximum frequency and be recorded at more than 10 times the audio's signal strength.
For the most part, the repro head doesn't respond to most of the super high-frequency AC bias signals but does respond to the original audio. At lower levels, the repro may respond to the bias, necessitating the use of a bias trap to prevent bias tone from getting through.
After AC bias is applied, the audio recorded onto the tape has a more linear magnetization function due the audio signal riding on top of the bias. Now, anytime the audio signal has to reverse magnetic polarity, it won't have to cross the zero line where the hysteresis occurs.
Increasing the AC bias amount increases the tape machine's output to max sensitivity. Further increasing AC bias past this will decrease the output's sensitivity.
Many people prefer to overbias the tape machine during calibration. If the machine is aligned for the best distortion characteristic, there will be an uneven high-frequency response. Aligning for the max high-frequency response yields a lot of unwanted distortion.
The AC overbias setting is a compromise of balancing these two extremes alongside the tape speed, tape-coating's relative dimensions, record head gap distance, and wavelength of the audio being recorded.
Tape Heads
These C-shaped metal pieces determine what happens to the magnetic particles in the tape. There are three heads that make up the headstack: erase, record/sync, and repro. Since the middle tape head has both the ability to record and playback, it's referred to as the record head when it's recording and the sync head when it's playing back.
The erase and repro (reproducing) heads are self-explanatory in their functions. Each tape head has a narrow gap which the tape goes past.
When recording or erasing, the erase and record heads each have a coil of wire wrapped around a metal core. Current is run through the wire, generating a magnetic field at the gap. When monitoring from the sync or repro head during playback, the gap detects a moving magnetic field, generating a current in the wire. Smaller and cheaper tape machines may only have 2 tape heads: one erase and one record/playback head. For now, we'll address a setup for a 3-head tape machine.
Blank tape has unaligned magnetic particles and domains. They point in random directions since they are unmagnetized. All of their individual magnetic fields cancel each other out so there's a super small amount of magnetic flux. After audio is recorded on it, the record head's flux polarity causes (via induction) the magnetic particles to align accordingly.
Image: Audiothing
The erase head does exactly as the name implies. Its gap is wider than the ones found on the erase and record/sync heads and sometimes it even has two gaps. A very high frequency is fed into it while recording so the magnetic polarities of the tape's particles rapidly flip back and forth.
When tape leaves the erase head's magnetic field's reach, the tape's particles, on record enabled channels, will have random magnetic polarities and be unmagnetized. Some cheaper tape machines use a permanent magnet instead to erase the incoming tape while recording.
The record head's gap is wider than the repro head's. A current (both the recorded audio and the AC bias) is fed through its coil of wire. Louder audio means more current is sent to the record head, resulting in a stronger magnetic field at the gap and more magnetization of the tape particles.
The record head's magnetic field induces a residual changing magnetic pattern, as tape moves past its gap, on record enabled channels in record mode. It's proportional to the magnetic flux created at the record head's gap. The record head's magnetic field strength determines how many particles become aligned in a given direction at any point in time. That is until the magnetic field induced onto the tape is so high that the tape reaches saturation (unable to become further magnetized).
Tape with prior-recorded audio (aligned magnetic particles), has magnetic flux. As it moves past the repro or sync head, the flux's rate of change gets detected by the tape head, and then is induced as a proportional voltage in the coil of wire.
Output Select
We need a selection to control where in the signal flow to monitor back from. Usually, there are three points in the signal flow.
How To Pair JBL Headphones (Step-By-Step Guide For All Devices)
Choosing the input option monitors the audio at the input point- the signal before it reaches the record head, listening to the audio before it reaches the tape. Simple enough so far…
Selecting the sel-sync/sel-rep option corresponds with the signal at the record/sync head (they are one tape head). What is heard depends on the record status (safe or armed) and whether the tape machine is playing, stopped, or recording.
If record is armed but playback is stopped, the audio heard is actually the same signal as if in input mode. But if record is armed and the tape is playing, the audio heard is the playback audio picked up by the sync head. And if recording, record safe channels monitor playback audio via the sync head and record ready channels monitor at the input point.
This is why there is a separate repro head – it allows one to monitor what has been recorded to tape instead of the audio entering the machine at the input point. This is especially helpful while laying down initial tracks.
Repro monitoring is designed exclusively for playback. The repro and record heads have different physical and electronic properties which affect the sound quality of the playback. The record head is optimized and designed for recording, not playback. It also has a limited response to lessen the crosstalk between channels when overdubbing.
If in "record safe" mode, playing or stopped, audio is monitored from the signal picked up by the repro head. This also occurs if in "record ready" and playing, or if actually recording audio. If in record ready and stopped, the signal is monitored at the input point.
There are switches to select these three modes for each individual channel. They're used during overdubbing and mixing. There are also master selection switches that override the individual channel selections to choose the monitoring for all channels simultaneously.
Editing Block/Splicing Rail
This rectangular aluminum or steel block, usually mounted over the tape heads, is in the shape of one concave groove that holds the tape in place. The thin, deeper grooves across the large flat groove are for splicing.
Different angles can be offered on different blocks. 83 degrees is used for hard cuts on 1" and 2" tape. 87 degrees is used for hard cuts on ¼" tape, ½" 2-track tape, or ½" mono tape. Some editing blocks have an additional line groove for even softer cuts such as 30 or 45 degrees for soft cuts which are used for non-musical edits.
Remote Control & Auto-Location
Some tape machines have a remote auto-locator box. Usually, there's a tape time timer/readout, in hours-minutes-seconds on the tape machine. Then there's a locate time readout on the remote auto-locate box. The counters can be electronic or mechanical – both give numerical readouts to keep track of relative locations on the tape.
If the machine has a separate counter for the tape time and the locate time, most likely they have separate buttons that will reset the current tape time as the designated zero starting time, as well as a button that resets both to zero. There are also often ways to reset the locate readout to be the same as the tape readout.
A locate time function can quickly wind the tape back to a user-specified point on the tape. The time may be stored by pressing a "set" button at the desired time during playback, or it may be entered with a numerical keypad (all this depends on the specific tape machine you are using).
Many tape machines have a rehearse feature that enables practice punch-ins without destructively recording. Once audio is truely recorded onto magnetic tape, there's no undo button to get it back. Consult the machine's manual on how to rehearse any sort of punch in/out to avoid accidental erasures.
Varispeed
Varispeed, or variable speed, is exactly what it sounds like, varying the tape speed during playback. Slower speed means audio plays back at a lower pitch, and higher speed plays back at a higher pitch. This is used to correct tunings during overdubs, alter tempos, change a song's key, or change the song's running time.
You can also play with the varispeed for creative effects. Ween and Beck made extensive use of this technique in the 90s, recording their voices at vastly different speeds for a bizarre effect.
Recording with analog tape machines may not be the primary method anymore, but they are still commonly used to add the unique "tape sound" to things. This means nonlinear frequency response changes, tape compression, and saturation of 3rd order harmonics. Many professionals also route their projects through tape machines during the mixing or mastering stages.
Once you get a grasp of the fundamental concepts, you can take the deep dive into more of its amazing and inherent quirks and use tape machines in your own compositions!
(If you also want the "tape sound" in your DAW, check out our roundup of the 5 best tape emulation plugins on the market.)
Audio Engineer, Soundgirls Representative (EIPMA)
Originally from Fredonia in Western New York State, she's an alumni of SUNY Fredonia's Sound Recording Technology program and completed her internship at 4th Street Recording in Santa Monica where she still engineers sessions. Along with recording and mixing performers, Jasmine is a member of the AES Los Angeles executive board, Soundgirls LA chapter, and EIPMA.


The 2018 Honda Accord Sedan is available with a variety of technology features that will have you eagerly waiting for your next long road trip. The Remote Engine Start feature will have you on your way in little to no time! The all-new Multi-Angle Rearview Camera has three different modes - normal, wide, top-down - to help you reverse safely and accurately. Add to that Honda LaneWatch™ and the Honda Satellite-Linked Navigation System™, and you've got one powerful vehicle on your hands.


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Västra ökenspråket kallas ett australiskt aboriginskt språk som talas i Western Australia, South Australia och Northern Territory. Det är ett Watispråk i sydvästra grenen av den pama-nyunganska språkgruppen.

Se även
Aboriginer
Ngaanyatjarra
Pitjantjatjara
Yankunytjatjara

Referenser

Australiska språk
Språk i Australien

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


Suit late CL and all CM models with alloy calipers.
The new Bendix Heavy Duty pads belong on every ute, van and pickup in the country. It's an automatic choice.
They're made from a specifically developed compound formulated to deliver real heavy duty performance for all sorts of load carrying situations whether it's the demands of city driving or the hard grind of construction sites. Bendix Heavy Duty brake pads are ideal for towing – in fact, any situation involving frequent braking under load.
The pads also come with an exclusive insulation layer between the friction material and backing plate for cooler braking and longer rotor life.
Heavy Duty offers longer pad life, improved fade and improved rotor life.


A few kilometers from the Mediterranean, Catral combines all the advantages of it´s benign climate and idiosyncrasy. Villa nestled in the heart of the Vega Baja del Segura, has managed, without losing its personality of traditional Orchard, to evolve into the new demands for quality of life demanded by the visitor. Monumental tradition, parties, culture, facilities, services, gastronomy, large residential areas, nature trails, native products are, among many others, reason that motivate to feel happy in this land.
Between the provinces of Alicante and Murcia, are two of the most beautiful coastal areas of the country: Costa Blanca and Costa Cálida. Bathed by the warm waters of the Mediterraneas, are altogether more than 450 km of coastline with stunning beaches and coves with calm waters and soft sands.
Catral is very well connected with the main cities of the province of Alicante and Murcia. We are 15 minutes from Torrevieja or Elche and 25 minutes from the international airport of el Altet in Alicante and 25 minutes to Alicante or Murcia cities.
Alicante has a modern airport situated in the Altet opened in March 2011. That airport has all the facilities to provide pleasant travel procedures during your visit. It is accessible by land through transport from Elche and Alicante by taxi and train. They operate more than 35 airlines that unite us with the major countries of Europe, including the most important such as Aerlingus, AirLingus, AirBerlin, Iberia and Easyjet.
Vega Baja area is dominated by the Mediterranean climate, but the area is mainly dry. Mediterranean climate is characterized by mild winters and hot summers, with highs of 30 and even 35 and 40 degrees in the innermost areas. As its name indicates precipitations are very scarce, there being no more than 400 millimeters per year. The rainfalls, which are almost always in the form of showers, are concentrated in spring and autumn.


Questions, Errors and Queries? otherwise....well done, nokia 4 this lovely gadget. i took the sim out and cleaned it etc.. You'll know that you're authorised to use a particular WLAN because a round icon like that next to 'mat' in Figure 3 will appear next to its name.
I have heard that this can be solved with a 3rd party software, CorePlayer, which is not free :( 03 GPS can't be used in landscape mode with the numeric pad Connecting to a WLAN via Active standby If Active Standby is activated on your Nokia N95, your WLAN connection status is always visible from standby mode. The connection between the PC and the phone failed, error code 0x80044403. Well, I don't understand why USB 2.0 affects to sync mobiles (with PC Suite and ActiveSync), but at least they work.
Once you have downloaded the dmg file double click it to open the image and then double click on the installation package. comment:9 Changed 9 years ago by nicollivier Me too, I've the same problem with a Nokia 6300 and Mandriva2008, VirtualBox 1.5.2. Don't waste time !!! My old N70 works, but not my brand new 6210 Navigator.
No application is able to bind it for its own use. Reply Xuhui says: August 12, 2010 at 11:16 am Thank you! The 'open' WLAN network is NUSOPEN. Rather pointless as USB is a closed source feature, i.e.
Once I get back to work, will update bug with more details if I remember it. It can't be used to adjust LCD brightness automatically. 12 Call Recorder function beeps every 10 second. I've had a couple of weeks to play with the device and the big differentiator was of course the blazing fast internet speeds (see the speed test results below). Most of the time, I am listening to my music at 100% volume.
baud autodetection active 9600 autodetect Connecting, wait... Did you look at http://docs.info.apple.com/article.html?path=Mac/10.5/en/8156.html ? It works as it should in VMware, by the way. The only thing I still need windows for is the route 66 software to transfer maps to the phone.
Trending Nokia WILL Return in 2017 With Two New Android Phones: Specs, Hardware & Release Date Rumours Mobile Phones 10 Reasons EVERYBODY Should Use A VPN Apps Goodbye, Nexus! During installation, the Nokia PC Suite recognized the phone correctly, and that's how I could install it (it cannot be installed without having the phone connected). The ones to look are Nokia (current PC suite 6.85 is extremely problematic,check nokia forums) and perhaps (considering SP3), Microsoft here. also, is there a problem with switching battery 5f and 6f?
It's so annoying to have to push the red button every time. :S xcuse my english, I'm estonian , so I don't speak english quite well posted 2 Jun 2010 - comment:3 Changed 9 years ago by padde I have the same problem - Windows shows a bubble in the system tray when I connect my Nokia 9300 via USB cable, stating Reply NADEEM says: May 18, 2011 at 5:02 pm first go to connectivity then go to WLAN Reply ZooM says: October 14, 2008 at 11:12 pm the wlan connection is not Find your computer on the list, click on options and "Set as authorized".
Note for other Nokia/Symbian phones: The above has been tested successfully with N97 and Nokia 5800 XpressMusic too, although the exact UI steps vary slightly. Click the "Connect" button Your phone will prompt you to accept a connection from your laptop - say "Yes". The Nokia N95 can connect to the internet using a wireless network (WLAN) connection as well as a standard mobile web link. Seems voda are messing around with the accounts. 02 are still claiming the "not sending sms" is a handset fault instead of admitting their **** service messages are corrupt.
I tried upgrading my phone�s firmware from version 10 to version 11 but the problem is still there. Tried following your instructions but in the end it says it cannot connect to the wireless lan. You can get around this by going to Menu -> Tools -> Bluetooth page on your phone.


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Lepeophtheirus cuneifer är en kräftdjursart som beskrevs av Zbigniew Kabata 1974. Lepeophtheirus cuneifer ingår i släktet Lepeophtheirus och familjen Caligidae. Inga underarter finns listade i Catalogue of Life.

Källor

Hoppkräftor
cuneifer


The Waltham Automobile & The Waltham Motor Manufacturers, Inc.
The Waltham Motor Manufacturers, Inc.
The Waltham Motor Manufacturers, Inc., Waltham, Mass., successors to the Metz Co., produced an American Automobiles called the Waltham Six. The $2,450.00 Waltham Six was produced in 1922 only.
Mathew Ditman directed The Waltham Motor Manufacturers, Inc. when the marque name was changed to Waltham by Charles Metz.
A Rutenber six cylinder engine rated at 45 horsepower was used in the Waltham, the same engine used in the Metz Master Six. Features of the Waltham included a three speed sliding gear Warner or Brown-Lipe transmission, Stromberg carbureter, Bosch starting, Bosch lighting, Bosch ignition, Warner gearset, Borg and Beck clutch and a semi-floating Timken rear axle.
This last desperate attempt to save the Metz Co. failed. Charles Metz filed for Bankrupacy in August 1922. See the 1919 Metz Master Six Auto Literature below.


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W3C SVG
Computer scientist.
Insects are really cool
Control mechanisms in insects
It is easy to find amazing examples of insect behaviour. The process in which ants build nests is complex. Everything from hatching eggs and the incredible food gathering dynamics is awe inspiring. What drives these very complex behaviours in such energetically efficient systems?
The control mechanisms behind insect behaviour are surprisingly complex. For instance, insects can exhibit Pavlovian traits, altering their behaviour depending on previous stimulus. Even more surprisingly, insects can track some environmental variables (for example, bees and crabs seem to posses "home vectors" to track the location of their nests). Indeed, there is no single cognitive process behind these behaviours, instead, it appears cognition in insects is very complex (Cognition in insects, 2012). Furthermore, research has shown that insects can disambiguate the effect of their own movement with respect to the environment, and represent visual space for orientation and navigation (What insects can tell us about the origins of consciousness, 2015).
Despite the complexity of their control mechanisms, it appears to me that insect behaviour is not built on a (primarily) learning-based platform. Perhaps much of the control mechanisms are instead "hardcoded" into the hardware platform. Moreover, it appears that raw "computational power" is not what enables complex behaviour: flight and host search are possible from the thousands of neurons (The smallest insects evolve anucleate neurons, 2011).
There is a lot of evidence that the heavy-lifting in insect behaviour optimization is done through evolution of hardware platforms, which introduce biases so that "learning" (if any) is efficient. Intuitively this makes sense: learning is extremely expensive relative to the lifespan of insects.
Some questions for which I would love to find the answer:
Is the hardware platform (i.e. body) what enables such (relatively) simple control structure? How is it possible that a system with so many sensors can be controlled with relatively few computation units? Assume we have 100 units of energy for compute. How much energy should we spend on designing a good hardware platform and how much on designing its control law?
Can such a process (insect evolution) be replicated by humanity at a lower energetic cost? Can we steer this process into something that is useful for humanity (e.g. highway-making ants)?
Co-evolution of body and mind has been historically explored (Karl Sims' 1994 work remains a personal favorite). This continues to be explored, resulting in impressive works (e.g. Embodied Intelligence via Learning and Evolution, 2021, Regenerating Soft Robots through Neural Cellular Automata, 2021). Yet, this area seems to be under-explored when compared to the amount of work on algorithms for optimization of Artificial Neural Networks (in Reinforcement Learning-like settings). What is the best way to co-optimize robot control and robot design?
dark theme:
Contact me at leohc at mit dot edu.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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Гастон Бакеро (, 4 мая 1914, Банес, провинция Орьенте, ныне провинция Ольгин – 15 мая 1997, Мадрид) – кубинский , , .

Биография
Учился на агронома, увлекся литературой. В конце 1930-х – 1940-х годах был близок к кругу Хосе Лесамы Лимы, печатался в руководимых им журналах Серебряная шпора (), Истоки (Orígenes) и др. Был главным редактором литературного приложения к влиятельной консервативной газете Дневник побережья (), занимал ряд официальных постов при Ф.Батисте, активно выступал как журналист, но практически перестал писать стихи.

После победы кубинской революции покинул страну, обосновался в Мадриде. Работал в Институте испаноязычной культуры, выступал по радио, публиковался в периодике. Оказавшись в Испании в положении маргинала, при постоянных нападках кубинской прессы, жил в одиночестве, но вернулся к стихам. В 1984 вышло полное собрание его стихотворений Чудеса и изобретения, привлекшее внимание молодых испанских поэтов, критики и публики. Был выдвинут на ряд крупных литературных премий. Участвовал в поэтических чтениях в Королевском дворце вместе с Октавио Пасом. В 1994,  впервые после отъезда Бакеро с Кубы, в Гаванском университете прошла конференция, посвященная его творчеству, в 2001 в Гаване вышла книга его избранных стихотворений. Однако поэт до конца жизни находился в непримиримой оппозиции к режиму Ф.Кастро.

Скончался в приюте для престарелых под Мадридом.

Публикации
 Poemas (1942)
 Saúl sobre su espada (1942)
 Ensayos''' (1948)
 Poemas escritos en España (Madrid, 1960)
 Escritores hispanoamericanos de hoy' (Madrid, 1961)
 Memorial de un testigo (Madrid, 1966)
 La evolución del marxismo en Hispanoamérica (Madrid, 1966)
 Darío, Cernuda y otros temas poéticos (Madrid, 1969)
 Magias e invenciones (Madrid, 1984)
 Poemas invisibles (Madrid, 1991)
 Indios, blancos y negros en el caldero de América (Madrid, 1991)
 Acercamiento a Dulce María Loynaz (Madrid, 1993)
 La fuente inagotable (Valencia, 1995)Poesía (Salamanca, 1995)
 Ensayo (Salamanca, 1995)
 Geografía literaria. 1945-1996: crónicas y ensayos'' (Madrid, 2007)

Признание
Книга избранных стихотворений Бакеро издана на английском языке.

Примечания

Литература
 Conversacion con Gaston Baquero. Madrid: Betania, 1994
 Entrevistas a Gastón Baquero. Madrid: Betania, 1998
 Dorta W., Caballero Labaut A.M. Gastón Baquero: el testigo y su lámpara. La Habana: Ediciones Unión, 2001
 Lázaro F. Gástón Baquero, la invención de lo cotidiano. Madrid: Betania, 2001

Ссылки
 Стихи on line
Каталог архива Гастона Бакеро в библиотеке университета Майами, фотографии
 Луис Антонио де Вильена о Гастоне Бакеро

Персоналии по алфавиту
Поэты Кубы
Испанские поэты
Родившиеся в 1914 году
Умершие в 1997 году
Умершие в Мадриде


text:
About Donald
Why Insurance is Important
Loyal to insurer for 35 years – and punished for it
One long-standing customer found he was paying 205% more than newcomers. He is not alone
Until this year, Nigel and Jane Jones had happily been covered by Halifax home insurance for 35 years. In all that time they had never made a claim, and had always lived in the same house in Worcestershire. They were shocked, then, to discover that they were being charged more than three times as much as a new Halifax customer. The couple signed up for buildings cover in 1982 and added contents insurance in 2005. "I suppose I did the usual thing of not really checking the price until about three years ago," said Nigel, 65. After the renewal premium soared to well over 1,000 last year, however, he began to suspect he was paying too much. "That's when I started ringing them up and asking, 'Is this the best you can do?' "
The best Halifax could do, he was told, was 1,096 – a saving of more than 200 thanks to a "valued customer discount" and a slight drop in the level of cover.
When the renewal premium came in at 1,361 this year, however, Jones felt enough was enough: "I rang them and they said they couldn't do owt about it, so at that point I decided to leave."
A month after cancelling the policy, he called Halifax. "I asked them for a quote for this same address and they gladly gave me one," said Jones. "I went through what I wanted and they quoted me their Ultimate home insurance package – total annual premium 496 plus 50 cashback as a new customer."
The price offered to the couple as customers of three decades was 205% more than the premium for a new one. In a letter last month, Halifax wrote: "After considering the additional information and the issues you raised, I've not found sufficient supporting information to agree that you have been overcharged."
Sadly, the Joneses' case is not unusual. Loyalty is routinely punished across sectors such as energy and broadband as well as insurance. Last week, the chief executive of the leading insurer Aviva criticised the "dysfunctional" motor cover market, saying existing customers subsidised the "too low" prices used to tempt newcomers.
Gareth Shaw of the consumer group Which? agrees. He said: "Part of the problem is down to insurers' methods for securing new customers. By competing to get to the top of the comparison tables, they offer their lowest prices and that comes at a loss to them.
"A loyal customer is then seen as an opportunity to ramp up the price over a number of years to recoup the costs of acquiring customers in the first place."
He added: "One Which? member wrote to say her 70-year-old parents had been with the same breakdown cover provider for 25 years, and were offered a renewal quote for 145.99, which after much haggling was reduced to 80. They then saw a newspaper advert for the cover for new customers for 29.99."
Earlier this year, Money revealed how energy and broadband companies were charging loyal customers, in particular vulnerable elderly customers, hundreds of pounds more than new ones. Doreen and Ronald Miller, who are in their eighties, were paying Scottish Power 169 a month for gas and electricity. Their daughter, Jacqui Miller-Charlton, who lives nearby in Tyne and Wear, was quoted 42 less by the supplier.
Money also found examples of home insurance companies charging loyal customers 10 times more than they did new recruits. In one case, More Than quoted 93-year-old RAF veteran Clarence Clark, from Derby, an automatic renewal price of 546. The cost of the home contents policy included a "loyalty" discount of 60 for Clark, a customer for 25 years. His son, Chris, 68, found a similar deal from the same company at 82.
Last month, the Financial Conduct Authority was urged to investigate the cost of customer loyalty. A report by the Financial Services Consumer Panel expressed frustration at the behaviour of financial services companies towards long-serving clients. The Joneses' case illustrates that the problem is not confined to vulnerable older people perhaps unfamiliar with shopping online or challenging quotes over the phone.
"The best deals will always go to new customers," said Martyn John of the comparison website Go Compare. "By auto-renewing you are paying a loyalty tax – you're paying for the privilege of being ripped off, basically. The only way to get the best deal is by going out and increasing competition, showing them you won't be taken for granted.
"Don't take your renewal letter as a notification that your premium is going up; take it as a challenge to go out and beat them."
Nigel Jones said that when he contacted Halifax to complain, he was met with "dismissive" replies. He added that he was told he should have shopped around, which Jones argued he had – not least by calling Halifax at renewal time in recent years and giving it the chance to offer a better deal.
Whilst you would expect companies to follow customer service best practices, clearly this isn't the case within sectors like insurance, energy and broadband. Therefore, all householders should try to negotiate down the renewal price, whether for insurance, energy or broadband, said Shaw at Which?. "If you say you've found a better deal, they may say they will give you a 'valued customer' discount – as was the case with Mr Jones – to at least bring you to an equivalent level.
"Which? has done research year in, year out on the benefits of haggling with your provider and, from tracking hundreds of consumers that are doing it, we know that the savings they make are significant.
"Companies actually expect that negotiation and not enough people do it. If they won't budge, you shouldn't be afraid to pack up your bags and go elsewhere."
Shaw said customers should arm themselves with as much information as possible, including an example of what their provider is offering new customers. "It's a useful tactic, although it depends on the provider as to whether they will accept you as a new customer if you are already an existing customer," he said.
Don't take your renewal letter as a notification that your premium is going up; take it as a challenge to go out and beat themMartyn John, Go Compare
When contacted by The Sunday Times, Halifax said the cheaper quote offered when Jones called as a potential new customer was for "a significantly lower level of cover from his original policy".
The policy on his four-bedroom countryside home included unlimited cover for rebuilding and contents, whereas the new quote was limited to 500,000 for rebuilding costs and 75,000 of contents.
Jones said he had requested a reduction in his rebuilding cover when he was still a customer of Halifax, as he had felt it was higher than necessary. "I've been in design and planning all my life and I've built loads of buildings and I know that 500,000 would easily rebuild this house – with marble taps," he said.
"I reduced that cover to 500,000 when I asked for the new quote because as a new customer I was allowed to pick, whereas as an existing customer they wouldn't let me touch it."
Last year, Money highlighted how the BCIS House Rebuilding Cost Index, which is used to calculate automatic increases to policies, was being used incorrectly by insurance companies, resulting in higher premiums. The Royal Institution of Chartered Surveyors, which produces the index, advises that the data should be used in conjunction with independent research, rather than relied upon solely.
Halifax added: "Mr Jones was offered the option to be quoted for this lower- cover policy when he called to cancel his old policy but he did not want to go through the quotation process."
The Joneses found cover with Saga, at a cost of 570.
Other ways you may get stung on cover
It's not only loyalty that is punished: insurers have other ways to squeeze money out of customers. Here's what to beware of, according to the comparison site Go Compare.
Monthly premiums
If you don't pay up front for your annual premium, many insurers treat your policy as a loan and charge interest as high as 73.8%.
Some insurers charge customers to adjust a policy, with each change costing up to 60.
No-fault accident claims
Motorists involved in accidents that are not their fault may face premium increases of as much as 100 a year, even if they don't make any claim on their policy.
Donald Conley
Donald Conley, an insurance sales agent, blogger and business and finance expert. Please feel free to drop Donald a line by visiting the contact page
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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


The original painting is part of a new series of Acrylic Tree paintings and depicts a Tree of Life in the centre with the roots and branches entwined. As above, so below. The tree of life reminds us that all living things are connected through both space and time. Traditionally oak trees are seen as sacred and carry various meanings including strength, knowledge, perseverance, wisdom and purity. The colour green is recognised as calming and a heart healer.


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ARTS Pick: TechnoSonics XIV
UVA's McIntire Department of Music and the Virginia Center for Computer Music explore the intersection of motion and sound.
C-VILLE Writers
Computers and synthesizers are hardly new, yet the face of music is constantly changing thanks to the evolution of electronics. This week, UVA puts its stamp on the computerized art form with TechnoSonics XIV, a collaboration between composition and computer technologies faculty and the drama and dance department as they take on the frontier of sound. Original works by Matthew Burtner and Ted Coffey accompany special choreography by Kimberly Brooks Mata and Kathryn Schetlick. Special guests Da Capo Chamber Players, composer-technologist Chris Chafe, and dancer-choreographer Paul Matteson share the stage.
Thursday 10/17 & Friday 10/18. Free, 8pm. Ruth Caplin Theatre, 109 Culbreth Dr. 924-3052.
Tags: Performing Arts
The mysterious Godspeed You Black Emperor! reunited and on tour
Interview: Switchfoot's Jon Foreman on God, surfing, and life in front of the camera
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Our comments system is designed to foster a lively debate of ideas, offer a forum for the exchange of ad hoc information, and solicit honest, respectful feedback about the work we do. We're glad you're participating. Here are a few simple rules to follow, which should be relatively straightforward. 1) Don't call people names or accuse them of things you cannot support. 2) Don't direct foul language, racial slurs, or offensive terms at other commenters or our staff. 3) Don't use the discussion on our site for commercial (or shameless personal) promotion. We reserve the right to remove posts and ban commenters who violate any of the rules listed above, or the spirit of the discussion. We're trying to create a safe space for a wide range of people to express themselves, and we believe that goal can only be achieved through thoughtful, sensitive editorial control. If you have questions or comments about our policies or about a specific post, please send an e-mail to editor@c-ville.com.
This group has performed on "Sesame Street" and at Carnegie Hall, but now you can watch them live on your computer… https://t.co/m37DiEIcx2
RT @WNRNradio: Support non-profits and win a $1000 @Crutchfield gift card or tix to @locknfestival or @floydfest ?!?! Get your Dea… https://t.co/ixF5HUYwsg
"This is not a documentary that aims to educate, proselytize, or sell, though in its own way it does all of that."… https://t.co/ERJ5AbesPO
PICK: Sweet Honey in the Rock
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Solidarity in song: Raising voices and raising awareness since 1973, Sweet Honey in the Rock is an African American a cappella group with a broad range of performance credits, from "Sesame Street" to Carnegie Hall. With mesmerizing harmonies and gifted lyrical flow, the ensemble addresses civil
PICK: Jorma Kaukonen
Hot licks: It would be a disservice to call Jorma Kaukonen anything other than rock royalty. The Washington, D.C., native is on Rolling Stone's 100 Greatest Guitarists list. He's a founding member of Jefferson Airplane and Hot Tuna, has performed with Janis Joplin and Jerry Garcia, and still
Life after life: Some Kind of Heaven retires the notion of easy living
By Deirdre	Crimmins	| LEAVE A COMMENT
Whether they are willing to admit it or not, all documentaries make an argument. Michael Moore is never shy about voicing his opinions, while at the other end of the spectrum, Ken Burns frames his work as recording history. Some Kind of Heaven, the debut work from Lance Oppenheim, never shouts
History repeats: Vinegar Hill ushers in Charlottesville Players Guild's season
By Dan	Goff	| LEAVE A COMMENT
Two decades ago, Terésa Dowell-Vest embarked on a research project. After attending grad school in California, the actor and playwright set out to collect the oral histories of family and community members in her hometown of Charlottesville. The product of this research was 1999's Vinegar Hill,
PICK: The Earlysville Bluegrass Boys
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Band of brothers: With a sound beyond their years, you'd never guess that the Heetderks brothers are all under age 17. Picking out traditional bluegrass and gospel as The Earlysville Bluegrass Boys, David (banjo, dobro), John (mandolin, fiddle), and Daniel (guitar, bass) have made a name for
Now a filmmaker: Stephen Canty's long-awaited Once a Marine makes digital debut
By Shea	Gibbs	| LEAVE A COMMENT
Louisa native Stephen Canty's documentary about adjusting to civilian life after Marine Corps deployment to Afghanistan was released in November. A lot's changed since the UVA alum began working on the film, Once a Marine, more than seven years ago. For one thing, he is no longer a Louisa
Looking up: Laura Wooten's 'View from the Ridge' offers 99 visions of hope
By Sarah	Sargent	| LEAVE A COMMENT
She paints the same view day after day, recording the subtle and great changes of hour, season, and weather. Her subject is both profoundly familiar to her and constantly changing. Laura Wooten's "View from the Ridge" at Second Street Gallery features 90 small paintings (8 inches x 8 inches)
PICK: Fast forward
Bah humbug? We think not. This year, Dickens is going digital! Join Jacob Marley, the three ghosts, and Tiny Tim as Scrooge navigates his cranky journey and discovers the joy of Christmas—even in 2020. John Harrell stars in American Shakespeare Center's annual adaptation of A Christmas Carol,
Listening from home
By Desire'	Moses	| LEAVE A COMMENT
COVID-19 has taken an unfathomable amount of lives, and its reverberations have disrupted our most cherished industries—the music business included. The onset of the pandemic brought studio sessions, live performances, and large-scale concerts to a screeching halt, rendering musicians,
Rear viewings
Saying that this year has been an anomaly is a comical understatement. So much of our daily life has been uprooted and, to mirror our own bodies, movies were not immune from these changes either. Before we start writing eulogies for Cinema with a capital "C" and discussing the fall of the
PICK: Cheers all around
Staying home for the holidays doesn't have to be boring, and a long list of local talent is out to prove it. Home for the Holidays: A Four County Players Musical Revue harkens back to a time of vintage television broadcasts that brought performers together in a variety show style. Directed by
Digging for love: Ammonite is a stratum above a bodice-ripper
Ammonites are fossils that are used to mark geologic time. Resembling the spirals that contain the golden ratio, they are ripe for parable and illustration. The film Ammonite, from writer/director Francis Lee, tries to capture that depth of meaning, but much like its namesake fossil, it is
Zooming it in: Live Arts' holiday play keeps tradition alive—with a twist
By Julia Stumbaugh At the beginning of November, director Amalia Oswald helped commission her friend, New York playwright Matt Minnicino, to write Live Arts' 2020 holiday play. The play had to be entertaining for adults, hilarious to children, inclusive of different holidays, and designed not
PICK: Duck Demystified
Make way: Seems that if it looks like a duck, swims like a duck, and quacks like a duck, many of us are afraid to cook it. In Duck Demystified, chef Ian Rynecki addresses the uncertainties around preparing this often overlooked entrée. The hands-on demo ends with participants dining together on
PICK: The Nutcracker
Sippin' in slippers: Don't let the coronavirus knock you off your feet this holiday season. But do feel free to stay home in your slippers to enjoy the beloved story of Clara's Christmas journey in Charlottesville Ballet's The Nutcracker: A Virtual Gala. The evening will be filled with special
The resilience will not be televised: Three artists dig into the psyche for Chroma's winter solstice show
Chroma Projects Director Deborah McLeod has been keeping a unique holiday tradition for the past several years. "Every year at Christmastime, I showcase Aggie Zed's oddly enchanting work," says McLeod. "I think of it as a modern version of the sort of folkloric forms and superstitious practices
Songs well-traveled and universal themes
trout baseline (a)round EP, self-released Ryan Lee has been a stalwart on the commonwealth music scene for years, performing with local acts like Free Union, Will Overman, and Erin & the Wildfire, among others. The VCU graduate began crafting his solo debut, (a)round EP, in the wake of
PICK: Messiah Sing-In
Hallelujah for us: Love to sing along but don't care for an audience? It's your time to shine as a party of one when the UVA Department of Music moves its Messiah Sing-In online. The annual tradition began at the university in 1968 and was among the first sing-ins in the nation. The inspiring
PICK: Grand Illumination Holiday Concert
Justice fir all: It's the most wonderful time of the year. Keep that in mind as you hold on to tradition from afar and watch Charlottesville's Grand Illumination Holiday Concert remotely this December. Performers from around the region, including the Charlottesville High School choirs, Odyssey
Holiday in hiding: Happiest Season is a missed opportunity to kick open the closet
A new relationship during the holidays is a recipe for hilarity and high jinks. There's meeting the family, heavily enforced traditions, and all sorts of other religious and historical wrenches to throw into the spokes of what could be cozy couple time. Happiest Season takes on all of these
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Bay Court is uniquely situated close to the centre of Budleigh Salterton in East Devon and offers both residential and nursing care. A selection of interesting shops and the beautiful pebble beach with its pleasant promenade are within easy level access for our residents. We have a spacious lounge and dining room which overlook the garden. There are five new en-suite bedrooms, some of which have French windows leading onto a patio and lawns.
"Thank you for providing such an excellent standard of care for my Grandfather......The standard of care provided by all of your staff was wonderful.You should all be justifiably proud of how Bay Court looks after its residents"
"I think it's absolutely excellent. All the staff are caring and kind. The food is always excellent. The activities are such a good thing to have. My husband enjoys the skittles and craft."
"My husband has been at Bay Court for a year now. During this time his condition has deteriorated but over this period, the staff have been able to support us as we have dealt with each new hurdle we have needed to overcome. It is such a relief that my husband is happy in his situation. Bay Court really is a home from home for him now, even at Christmas there was a real family atmosphere. Thank you Bay Court."
"My husband has been a resident in Bay Court since October 2015. I have nothing but praise for it and everyone connected with it. All the staff are all very caring to all the residents and also the families, it is a happy place. Every time I visit I am so thankful that my husband is in such a good place, being so well looked after.
How likely would you be to recommend Bay Court Residential & Nursing Home?
"I am at Bay Court, Budleigh Salterton for respite care, following an operation and treatment in hospital. I cannot speak more highly of all the care I have received from ALL the staff, everyone is friendly, understanding and helpful to one's needs, exercising complete expertise in all they undertake. The food is superb, building up each patient and with a choice of menu. I have been treated throughout with courtesy, respect and kindness, recognising my every need. To me, Bay Court runs like a "happy" family.


An almost tasteless and odorless powder consisting essentially of sugar of milk and 5 fc of formic aldehyd. S. S. Iodid, formic aldehyd, 5 parts; ammonium iodid, IO parts; pepsin, 20 parts; and milk-sugar, 65 parts.
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What airport is UEL? UEL is officially named Quelimane Airport, and is located in the city of Quelimane. Over 3 airline carriers fly approximately 0 flights per week. What airline flies the most flights to UEL?The top airline carrier flying out of Quelimane Airport is Linhas Aéreas de Moçambique and they fly over 21 flights every month.
How busy is the UEL airport? Quelimane Airport (UEL) has 0 flights every month.
The IATA (International Air Transport Association) code for Quelimane Airport is UEL and the ICAO (International Civil Aviation Organization) code is UEL. You can find many flights from Quelimane Airport to popular domestic and international destinations through most popular airlines. Above, you can find helpful information about Quelimane's airport so that you can better plan your next business trip or vacation. Save money on your next flight from UEL by booking through Travelocity.
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Apple clean sweep: iPhone 12 dominates smartphone revenue share, volume in Q1
by Emma May 21, 2021
A few days ago, Canalys shared a report where Samsung managed to overtake Apple in global smartphone shipments for the first quarter of 2021. Counterpoint has shared a piece of new information according to which iPhone 12 series dominated the first quarter of 2021 in terms of revenue and volume. One is volume share, and another is shipped, though I often find it hard to see the difference. Apple captured one-third of the smartphone industry revenues in the first quarter of 2021.
As per the latest data by Counterpoint, the iPhone 12 series was also the best-selling in terms of volume in Q1 2021. Plus, iPhone 11 followed the iPhone 12 series both in terms of revenue and volume. The latest iPhone lineup became the most popular series and led the smartphone segment in first-quarter revenue with a 42 percent global revenue share. It secured around one-third of the market share at 32 percent in terms of revenue in Q1 2021.
To break it down, the iPhone 12 Pro Max captured 12 percent market share while iPhone 12 and iPhone 12 Pro accounted for 11 percent and 9 percent, respectively. While the iPhone 12 mini isn't in the top five in revenue, it accounted for more profit than Samsung did with the Galaxy S21 and Galaxy S21 Plus. The iPhone 12 was followed by the iPhone 11 at three percent, and the Galaxy S21 Ultra 5G also received a three percent market share.
As per the report, the global smartphone revenues crossed the $100 billion mark in Q1 2021. Counterpoint noted that consumers essentially bought higher-end variants of the flagship series of phones. In the US, iPhone 12 Pro Max was the best-selling model. By contrast, in Europe and US, Samsung Galaxy S21 Ultra 5G sold more than the other phones in the series.
The iPhone 12 was the best-selling phone in Q1 2021 in terms of volume with a 5 percent market share. Further, the iPhone 12 Pro Max came in second with 4 percent and was followed by the iPhone 12 Pro with 3 percent and iPhone 11 with 2 percent.
I've been associated with the tech industry since 2014, when I built my first blog. I've worked with Digit, one of India's most prominent tech publications. As of now, I'm working as a News Editor at Pocketnow, where I get paid to use and write about cutting-edge tech. You can reach out to me at [email protected]
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Florida Guide > Other Parks
Busch Gardens at Tampa Bay with its many different styles of roller coaster has one quite unusual offering – Gwazi.
As you enter Busch Garden, bear left through some of its prettiest gardens with beautiful flowers and plants, towards Stanleyville . Here you see a magnificent structure made up from a maze of metal, wooden lattice and diamond patterns. This is Gwazi, an awsome rollercoaster that stands out from the crowd – a structure that will definitely stay in your mind. Quite deceptive to think that this rollercoaster was built in 1999 when it gives the illusion of being much older than that!
Gwazi gets its name after a mythical creature which consists of the head of a tiger and the body of a lion. This name, or link, is appropriate as Gwazi is a 'dueling' rollercoaster with two tracks – one called yellow and the other blue. In addition, the two trains that ride each track match the colour of the track the train rides on. This amazing structure covers over 7, 000 feet with the trains reaching speeds of 50 miles per hour. However, the two tracks are similar but not exactly the same.
Wooden roller coasters, often called woodies, have steel running rails overlaid on a wooden track. Despite the metal content this style of rollercoaster is still thought of as a wood rollercoaster due to the track design. Most woodies do not have inversions, where the train goes upside down, steep drops or banked turns but they give their own form of enjoyment unique to them.
The yellow and blue Gwazi trains run on this duelling rollercoaster passing each other in opposite direction at high speeds. In fact Gwazi holds the record for the most fly-bys – six in total giving the riders the impression that the two will collide – but of course they do not! Just part of the thrill! Wooden rollercoasters can give a jostling, bumping feeling so take care but for many, this is what makes Gwazi different, hence it is one of Busch Gardens most popular rides.
If you enjoy rollercoasters and want to try an unusual ride give Gwazi a go and enjoy! The ride lasts two minutes and a half minutes and has a height restriction of forty eight inches.
Busch Gardens is approximately an hour from the main vacation homes in Orlando and is open most days of the year. Opening hours may vary so check for your day. Tickets are available through the Orlando Villas website at completive prices.
Author: Denise and Nigel Taylor (Villa link: click here)
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Page added on: 14 February 2010
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