text:
\section{Introduction}
\label{intro}
Among the main stars of kaon flavour physics is the ratio $\epe$ that describes
the amount of direct CP violation in $K_L\to\pi\pi$ decays relative to the
indirect one. The latter one is related to  $K^0-\bar K^0$ mixing, where also
the $K_L-K_S$ mass difference, $\Delta M_K$, is an important quantity. Among
rare kaon decays the most important roles these days are played by  rare decays $\kpn$ and $\klpn$, soon to be measured by NA62 and KOTO experiments, respectively.

Various aspects of these decays and observables are reviewed at length in
\cite{Buras:2013ooa,Buras:2018wmb}. Here we will concentrate our discussion
on $\epe$ that has been measured already many years ago with
the experimental world
average from NA48 \cite{Batley:2002gn} and KTeV \cite{AlaviHarati:2002ye,
Abouzaid:2010ny} collaborations given by
\begin{align}
  \label{eq:epe:EXP}
  (\epe)_\text{exp} & = (16.6 \pm 2.3) \times 10^{-4}\,.
\end{align}

There are at least two reasons for concentrating on this ratio. First
the situation of $\epe$ in the SM can be briefly summarized as follows:
\begin{itemize}
\item
The analysis of $\epe$ by the RBC-UKQCD collaboration based on their lattice QCD
calculation of $K\to \pi\pi$ matrix elements \cite{Bai:2015nea, Blum:2015ywa}, as well as the analyses performed in  \cite{Buras:2015yba,Kitahara:2016nld}
that are based on the same
matrix elements but also include isospin breaking effects,
find $\epe$ in the ballpark of $(1-2) \times 10^{-4}$. This is
by one order of magnitude below the data, but with an error in the ballpark of
$5\times 10^{-4}$. Consequently, based on these analyses, one can talk about an $\epe$ anomaly of at most~$3\sigma$.
\item
An independent analysis based on hadronic matrix elements from the Dual QCD (DQCD)
approach \cite{Buras:2015xba, Buras:2016fys} gives a strong support to these values
and moreover provides an \textit{upper bound} on $\epe$ in the ballpark of $6\times
10^{-4}$.
\item
A different view has been expressed in \cite{Gisbert:2017vvj} where, using ideas
from chiral perturbation theory, the authors find $\epe = (15 \pm 7) \times 10^{-4}$.
While in
agreement with the measurement, the large uncertainty, that expresses
the difficulties in matching long distance and short distance contributions
in this framework, does not allow for clear-cut conclusions.
Consequently, values above $2\times 10^{-3}$, that are rather unrealistic from the
point of view of lattice QCD and DQCD, are not excluded in this approach.
\end{itemize}

Based on the results from RBC-UKQCD and the DQCD approach of 2015
a number of analyses have been performed in specific models beyond the SM (BSM)
with the goal to obtain a  sufficient upward shift in $\epe$ and thereby
its  experimental value. They are collected in Table~1
of \cite{Buras:2018wmb}.
An important limitation of these analyses is that they address the $\epe$
anomaly only in models in which new physics (NP) enters exclusively through
modifications of the Wilson coefficients of SM operators. However, generally,
BSM operators with different Dirac structures -- like the ones resulting from
tree-level scalar exchanges and leading to scalar and tensor operators -- or
chromo-magnetic dipole operators could play a significant role in $\epe$.
Until recently, no quantitative judgment of the importance of such operators
was possible because of the absence of even approximate calculations of the
relevant hadronic matrix elements in QCD.

This brings me to the second reason for concentrating here on $\epe$.
Namely, recently  a significant theoretical  progress has been made  towards the general search for  NP responsible for the hinted $\epe$ anomaly. This progress is based on the following
analyses:
\begin{itemize}
\item
the first to date calculations of the $K\to\pi$ and $K\to\pi\pi$ matrix elements of
the chromo-magnetic dipole operators by lattice QCD
\cite{Constantinou:2017sgv} and DQCD \cite{Buras:2018evv}, respectively and in particular
the calculation of $K\to\pi\pi$ matrix elements of {\em all} four-quark BSM operators,
including scalar and tensor operators, by DQCD \cite{Aebischer:2018rrz}.
\item
derivation of a master formula for $\epe$ \cite{Aebischer:2018quc}, which
can be applied to any theory beyond the SM in which the
Wilson coefficients of all contributing operators have been calculated at the
electroweak scale. The relevant hadronic matrix elements of BSM operators used
in this formula are
from the DQCD, as lattice QCD did not calculate them yet,
and the SM ones from lattice QCD.
\item
the first to date  model-independent anatomy of the ratio $\epe$
in the context of  the $\Delta S = 1$ effective theory with operators invariant
under QCD and QED and in the context of the Standard Model Effective Field Theory (SMEFT) with the operators invariant under the full SM gauge group \cite{Aebischer:2018csl}.
\end{itemize}

The main goal of this talk is to review briefly these advances and to stress
that they would not be possible in this decade without the existence of
DQCD approach \cite{Bardeen:1986vz, Buras:1985yx, Buras:2014maa, Buras:2015xba}.

We begin our presentation in Section~\ref{sec:2} by recalling the general structure of the effective Hamiltonian valid in any BSM theory and summarizing the number of BSM operators one has to consider. In Section~\ref{sec:3} we will
briefly recall the main virtues of the DQCD approach.  In this section we will stress the importance of the so-called {\em meson evolution}, an important ingredient of DQCD, which describes {\em analytically} very important dynamics at scales lower than $1\gev$.
  In Section~\ref{sec:4} we will briefly review the present status of
$\epe$ anomaly and in Section~\ref{sec:5} we will present
 a master formula for $\epe$ that is valid in
any theory beyond the SM \cite{Aebischer:2018quc}.  In Section~\ref{sec:6}
we summarize the main lessons from the EFT and SMEFT analyses of $\epe$ in
\cite{Aebischer:2018csl}. We conclude in Section~\ref{sec:7} with an
outlook for coming years.

\section{Effective Hamiltonian for $K\to\pi\pi$ Beyond the SM}\label{sec:2}
The technology
of operator product expansion and renormalization group can easily be extended to any model containing
heavy particles and new interactions. Starting with a NP scale
$\Lambda_\text{NP}$ which could still be of order of a few TeV but also much larger, like
100 TeV, one can consecutively integrate out heavy particles and
construct a series of effective theories until one reaches the electroweak
scale. Below it only gluons, photon and SM quarks and leptons except for the top quark appear
as dynamical degrees of freedom. Subsequently the known RG evolution down to
scales relevant for a given decay is performed. The resulting effective Hamiltonian at these low energy scales has the following general structure:
\be
{\cal H}_\text{eff}= \sum_i C_i \mathcal{O}_i^\text{SM}+\sum_j C_j^\text{NP} \mathcal{O}_j^\text{NP}\,.
\ee
The four objects appearing in this formula are as follows:
\begin{itemize}
\item
$\mathcal{O}_i^\text{SM}$ are local operators present in the SM
and $\mathcal{O}_j^\text{NP}$ are new operators having typically new Dirac structures, in particular scalar-scalar and tensor-tensor operators. They will play an important role soon.
\item
$C_i$ and   $C_j^\text{NP}$ are the Wilson coefficients of these operators. But whereas  $C_j^\text{NP}$  are only non-vanishing in the presence of NP,
\be
C_i=C_i^\text{SM}+\Delta_i^\text{NP}.
\ee
This means that in the presence of NP the Wilson coefficients of SM operators
are generally modified.
\end{itemize}

The amplitudes for $K\to\pi\pi$ decays
can now be written as follows
\be\label{AKpipi}
{\cal A}(K\to \pi\pi)= \sum_i C_i(\mu)\langle \pi\pi| \mathcal{O}_i^\text{SM}(\mu)|K\rangle
+\sum_j C_j^\text{NP}(\mu) \langle \pi\pi| \mathcal{O}_j^\text{NP}(\mu)|K\rangle\,.
\ee

The coefficients $C_i$ and $C_j^\text{NP}$ can be calculated in the RG improved perturbation theory, although generally the analysis is rather complicated because of the presence of many operators  that mix under renormalization.
As far as QCD and QED corrections are concerned, they have been known
already for 25~years at NLO \cite{Buras:1991jm, Buras:1992tc, Buras:1992zv,
Ciuchini:1992tj, Buras:1993dy, Ciuchini:1993vr} and
for the BSM operators two-loop anomalous
dimensions have been known \cite{Ciuchini:1997bw, Buras:2000if} for almost two
decades. First steps towards NNLO predictions
for $\epe$  have been made in \cite{Bobeth:1999mk, Buras:1999st, Gorbahn:2004my,
Brod:2010mj} and further progress towards a complete NNLO result is under
way~\cite{Cerda-Sevilla:2016yzo}.

In the
context of  the so-called SM effective theory not only QCD and QED effects below the electroweak scale but also
electroweak effects above this scale and in particular the top quark Yukawa coupling have an important impact on the values of the coefficients  $C_i$ and $C_j^\text{NP}$  at the electroweak scale. But fortunately all these effects are already
summarized for EFT in \cite{Aebischer:2015fzz,Jenkins:2017jig} and for
SMEFT in  \cite{Jenkins:2013zja,Jenkins:2013wua,Alonso:2013hga}.

Until recently only the first sum in (\ref{AKpipi}) could be evaluated because
the matrix elements of the new operators were unknown. The new development
is the calculation of the matrix elements of all BSM four-quark operators
 using  DQCD in the SU(3) chiral limit  \cite{Aebischer:2018rrz}. As it will still take some time before corresponding results in lattice QCD will be available, already these approximate results from DQCD can teach us a lot about the relevance of various operators. Putting aside the chromomagnetic dipole operator, for a given chirality
there are 13 BSM four-quark operators in the EFT and 7 BSM four-quark operators
 in the SMEFT for which hadronic matrix elements have to be calculated.
This counting is demonstrated in  \cite{Aebischer:2018rrz} for the case
of $(u,d,s)$ quarks. The full list of operators including those with  $(c,b)$ quarks can be found in Table 1 of  \cite{Aebischer:2018quc}.

\section{Basics of Dual QCD Approach}\label{sec:3}
\subsection{Basic framework}
This analytic approach to $K\to\pi\pi$ decays and $K^0-\bar K^0$ mixing originated in the ideas of 't Hooft and Witten
\cite{'tHooft:1973jz,'tHooft:1974hx,Witten:1979kh,Treiman:1986ep} based
on large number $N$ of colours. In this limit  QCD at very low momenta becomes a  theory of weakly interacting mesons with the coupling $\ord(1/N)$ and in particular in the strict large $N$ limit becomes a free theory
of mesons simplifying the calculations significantly. With  non-interacting mesons the factorization of matrix elements
of four-quark operators  into matrix elements of quark currents and quark
densities  used adhoc in the 1970s and early 1980s is automatic and can be considered as a property of QCD in this limit. But factorization cannot be the whole
story as the most important QCD effects related to asymptotic freedom
are related to non-factorizable contributions generated by exchanges of gluons.
In DQCD this role is played by meson loops that represent
dominant non-factorizable contributions at the very low energy scale. Calculating these loops one discovers
then  that factorization in question
does not take place at values of $\mu \ge 1\gev$ at which Wilson coefficients
are calculated but  rather at very low  momentum transfer between colour-singlet currents or densities.

The explicit calculation of the contributions of pseudoscalars to hadronic matrix elements of local operators is based on  a truncated chiral Lagrangian describing the low energy
interactions of the lightest mesons \cite{Chivukula:1986du,Bardeen:1986vp,Bardeen:1986uz}
\be\label{chL}
L_{tr}=\frac{F^2}{8}\left[\text{Tr}(D^\mu UD_\mu U^\dagger)+r\text{Tr}(mU^\dagger+\text{h.c.})-\frac{r}{\Lambda^2_\chi}\text{Tr}(mD^2U^\dagger+\text{h.c.})\right]
\ee
where
\be\label{UU}
U=\exp(i\sqrt{2}\frac{\Pi}{F}), \qquad
\Pi=\sum_{\alpha=1}^8\lambda_\alpha\pi^\alpha
\ee
is the unitary chiral matrix describing the octet of light pseudoscalars.
The parameter $F$ is related to  the weak decay constants $F_\pi\approx 130\mev$
and $F_K\approx 156\mev$ through
\be\label{FpiFK}
F_\pi=F\left(1+\frac{m_\pi^2}{\Lambda^2_\chi}\right), \qquad F_K=F\left(1+\frac{m_K^2}{\Lambda^2_\chi}\right),
\ee
so that $\Lambda_\chi\approx 1.1\gev$.
The diagonal mass matrix $m$ involving $m_u$, $m_d$ and $m_s$ is such
that
\be\label{rr}
r(\mu)=\frac{2 m_K^2}{m_s(\mu)+m_d(\mu)},
\ee
with $r(1\gev)\approx 3.75\gev$ for $(m_s+m_d)(1\gev)\approx 132\mev$.

In order to calculate the matrix elements of the local operators in question we
need meson representations of colour-singlet quark currents and densities.
They are directly obtained from the effective Lagrangian in (\ref{chL}) and
are given respectively as follows
\be\label{VAc}
\bar q^b_L\gamma_\mu q^a_L=i\frac{F^2}{8}\left\{(\partial_\mu U)U^\dagger-U(\partial_\mu U^\dagger)+
\frac{r}{\Lambda^2_\chi}\left[(\partial_\mu U)m^\dagger-m(\partial_\mu U^\dagger)\right]\right\}^{ab},
\ee
\be\label{RLd}
\bar q_R^b q_L^a=-\frac{F^2}{8}r\left[U-\frac{1}{\Lambda_\chi^2}\partial^2U\right]^{ab}\,,
\ee
with $U$ turned into $U^\dagger$ under parity.

At the tree level, corresponding to leading order in $1/N$, one uses these representations  to simply express the operators in terms of the meson fields and expands the matrix $U$ in powers of $1/F$.
For $K\to\pi\pi$ decays the relevant contribution to hadronic matrix elements is read off from terms involving only one kaon  and two pions.
However, in the large $N$ limit the hadronic matrix elements factorize and
in order to combine them with the Wilson coefficients loops in the meson
theory have to be calculated. In contrast to chiral perturbation theory, in
DQCD a physical cut-off $\Lambda$ is used in the integration over loop momenta.
 As discussed in detail in \cite{Bardeen:1986vz,Buras:2014maa} this allows
to achieve  much better matching with short distance contributions than it
is possible in chiral perturbation theory which uses dimensional regularization.  The cut-off $\Lambda$ is typically chosen around $0.7\gev$ when only pseudoscalar mesons are exchanged in the
loops \cite{Bardeen:1986vz} and can be increased to $0.9\gev$ when contributions from lowest lying vector mesons are taken into account as done in  \cite{Buras:2014maa}. These calculations are done in a momentum scheme but as
demonstrated in \cite{Buras:2014maa} they can be matched to the commonly
used NDR scheme. Once this is done it is justified to set $\Lambda\approx \mu$.
We ask sceptical readers to study a detailed exposition of DQCD in \cite{Buras:2014maa} where also the differences from the usual chiral perturbation calculations are emphasized.

\subsection{Grand view of DQCD}
The application of DQCD to weak decays consists in any model of the following
steps:

{\bf Step 1:} At $\Lambda_\text{NP}$ one integrates out the heavy degrees of freedom and performs the RG evolution including Yukawa couplings and all gauge interactions present in the SM down to the electroweak scale. This evolution involves in addition to SM
operators also BSM operators. This is SMEFT.

{\bf Step 2:} At the electroweak scale $W$, $Z$, top quark and the Higgs are integrated out and the SMEFT is matched on to EFT with only SM quarks but top-quark, the photon and the gluons. Subsequently QCD and QED evolution is performed down to scales $\ord(1\gev)$.

{\bf Step 3:} Around scales $\ord(1\gev)$ the matching to the theory of mesons
is performed and meson evolution to the factorization scale is performed.

{\bf Step 4:} The matrix elements of all operators are calculated in the
large $N$ limit, that is using factorization of matrix elements into products of currents or densities.

We do not claim that these are all QCD effects responsible for non-leptonic
transitions but these evolutions based entirely on non-factorizable QCD
effects both at short distance and long distance scales appear to be the main
bulk of QCD dynamics responsible for the $\Delta I=1/2$ rule, $\epe$ and $K^0-\bar K^0$ mixing.
\subsection{Past successes of DQCD}
Past successes of this approach have been recently reviewed in
\cite{Buras:2018wmb}. In particular the non-perturbative parameter $\hat B_K$
has been predicted already in 1987 to be close to its large $N$ value $0.75$
and found in 2014 with higher precision to be  $\hat B_K=0.73\pm0.02$ \cite{Buras:2014maa} in a very good agreement with the present FLAG average
$\hat B_K=0.762\pm 0.010$ \cite{Aoki:2016frl}.

DQCD also allowed for the first time to identify already in 1986 the dominant
mechanism behind the $\Delta I=1/2$ rule \cite{Bardeen:1986vz}.
In the framework of DQCD
the current-current operators and not QCD penguins  are responsible dominantly for this rule.  In fact this dynamics is rather simple and follows the general
pattern outlined above. It is just short distance
(quark-gluon) evolution of current-current operators down to scales  $\ord(1\gev)$
followed by meson evolution down to scales $\ord(m_\pi)$ at which the hadronic
matrix elements factorize and can easily be calculated. Improved calculations
in 2014 \cite{Buras:2014maa} resulted in
\be\label{DRULEL}
\left(\frac{{\rm Re}A_0}{{\rm Re}A_2}\right)_{{\rm DQCD}}=16.0\pm 1.5, \qquad
\left(\frac{{\rm Re}A_0}{{\rm Re}A_2}\right)_{{\rm lattice~QCD}}=31.0\pm11.1 \,,
\ee
where we also give the result from the RBC-UKQCD collaboration \cite{Bai:2015nea}. Also lattice result is governed by current-current operators. But the uncertainty is still very large and it
will be interesting to see whether the lattice QCD will be able to come closer to the
data
\be\label{DRU}
\left(\frac{{\rm Re}A_0}{{\rm Re}A_2}\right)_{{\rm exp}}=22.35\,,
\ee
than it is possible using DQCD.

I doubt that
the remaining piece can be fully explained by NP as this would lead to
a large fine-tuning in $\Delta M_K$ as demonstrated in \cite{Buras:2014sba}. But  as analysed in that paper a colour octet of heavy gluons ($G^\prime$) could
bring the theory closer to the data.  It is however likely that also final state interactions (FSI) as stressed by Pich and collaborators and additional subleading corrections not included in the DQCD result in (\ref{DRULEL}) could be responsible for
 the missing piece. Yet, I do not think that the present analytic
methods like DQCD or the methods advocated by Pich and collaborators, as reviewed recently in \cite{Gisbert:2017vvj}, are sufficiently powerful
to answer the question at which level NP enters the amplitudes
${\rm Re}A_0$ and ${\rm Re}A_2$.  Here lattice QCD should provide valuable
answers and I am looking forward to improved results on these two amplitudes
from RBC-UKQCD collaboration and other lattice groups. This would
provide two additional important constraints on NP models.

DQCD is really not QCD, the theory of quarks and gluons, but as we have seen
above and we will see below a successful low energy approximation of QCD.
Moreover, it has several virtues:
\begin{itemize}
\item
It is an efficient approximate method for obtaining results for non-leptonic
decays, years and even decades before useful results from numerically sophisticated and demanding lattice calculations could be obtained.
\item
It is the only existing method allowing to study analytically the dominant
dynamics below $1\gev$ scale, represented by the meson evolution, which
turns out to have the pattern of operator mixing, both for SM and BSM operators,
 to agree with the one found perturbatively at short distance scales. This allows for satisfactory, even if approximate, matching between Wilson coefficients and hadronic matrix elements.
\item
It provides insight in the purely numerical results obtained by lattice QCD   for both $K^0-\bar K^0$ hadronic matrix elements of
BSM operators  and of SM QCD and electroweak penguin operators relevant for $\epe$. See below.
\item
Most importantly it allowed already now to evaluate $K\to\pi\pi$ matrix elements of all BSM operators providing in this manner for the first time a global view
on NP contributions to $\epe$.
\end{itemize}

\section{More on $\epe$ Anomaly}\label{sec:4}
  While the results based on the hadronic matrix elements from RBC-UKQCD
lattice collaboration, suggest some evidence for the presence of NP in hadronic $K$ decays,
the large uncertainties in the hadronic matrix elements in question do not yet
preclude that eventually the SM will agree with data. In this context the
upper bounds on the matrix elements of the
dominant penguin operators from DQCD \cite{Buras:2015xba} are important as they give presently the strongest support to the anomaly
in question, certainly stronger than present lattice results. To see this in
explicit terms  let us look at the parameters $\bsi$ and $\bei$
that represent the relevant hadronic matrix elements of the QCD penguin operator $Q_6$
and the electroweak penguin operator $Q_8$, respectively.

In the strict large $N$ limit \cite{Buras:1985yx,Bardeen:1986vp,Buras:1987wc} one simply has $\bsi=\bei=1$, but RBC-UKQCD results \cite{Bai:2015nea,Blum:2015ywa} imply
\cite{Buras:2015yba,Buras:2015qea}
\be\label{Lbsi}
\bsi=0.57\pm 0.19\,, \qquad \bei= 0.76\pm 0.05\,, \qquad (\mbox{RBC-UKQCD}),
\ee
and this suppression of both parameters below unity, in particular of $\bsi$,
is the main origin of the strong suppression of $\epe$ within the SM
below the data. Yet in view of the large error in $\bsi$ one could
be sceptical about claims made by me and my collaborators that there is
NP in $\epe$. Future lattice results could in principle raise $\bsi$ towards its large $N$ value and above $\bei$ bringing the SM result for $\epe$ close
to its experimental value.

However, the analyses of $\bsi$ and $\bei$ within DQCD in
\cite{Buras:2015xba,Buras:2016fys} show that such a situation is rather
unlikely. Indeed, in this approach going beyond the strict large $N$ limit
one can understand the suppression of $\bsi$ and $\bei$ below the unity
 as the effect of the meson
evolution from scales  $\mu=\ord(m_\pi)$  at which $\bsi=\bei=1$ is valid
to  $\mu=\ord(1\gev)$ at which Wilson coefficients of $Q_6$ and $Q_8$ are
evaluated \cite{Buras:2015xba}. This evolution has to be matched to the usual perturbative quark evolution for scales higher than $1\gev$ and in fact the supressions in question
and the property that $\bsi$ is more strongly suppressed than $\bei$ are
consistent with the perturbative evolution of these parameters above
$\mu=\ord(1\gev)$. Thus we are rather confident that \cite{Buras:2015xba}
\be\label{NBOUND}
\bsi< \bei < 1 \, \qquad ({\rm dual~QCD}).
\ee
Explicit calculation in this approach gives $B_8^{(3/2)}(m_c)=0.80\pm 0.10$.
The result for $\bsi$ is less precise but  in agreement with
(\ref{Lbsi}). For further details, see \cite{Buras:2015xba}.

It should be recalled that in the past values $\bsi=\bei=1.0$
have been combined in phenomenological applications with the Wilson coefficients evaluated at scales $\mu=\ord(1\gev)$. The discussion above shows that this
is incorrect. The meson evolution from  $\mu=\ord(m_\pi)$  to $\mu=\ord(1\gev)$
has to be performed and this effect turns out to be stronger than the
scale dependence of $\bsi$ and $\bei$ in the perturbative regime, where it is
 very weak.

Additional support for the small value of $\epe$ in the SM comes from the  reconsideration of the role of final state interactions (FSI) in $\epe$ in
\cite{Buras:2016fys}. In this paper using the DQCD approach
we have demonstrated that in contrast to claims made by
chiral perturbation theory practitioners, in particular Pich and collaborators
as summarised recently in \cite{Gisbert:2017vvj}, FSI are not expected to be
important for $\epe$. But we agree with these authors that FSI
are likely to be important for the $\Delta I=1/2$  rule. I should remark
that in private conversations the authors of \cite{Gisbert:2017vvj}
disagree with our arguments
and are convinced that FSI enhance the QCD penguin contribution to $\epe$
bringing it within the SM to agree with the data. Unfortunately no public response in arxiv to our claim in \cite{Buras:2016fys} has been made by these authors
and they were unable to demonstrate in private conversations that we are wrong.
While lattice QCD calculations are likely to resolve this controversy in due
time, it would be desirable if other experts had a look at \cite{Buras:2016fys}
 in order to confirm our claim or invalidate it explicitly in public.

But the controversy on FSI is not the whole story. Also the existence of meson
evolution, crucial in the DQCD approach, has been questioned over the last 30
years by some chiral and lattice experts. We have demonstrated in \cite{Buras:2018lgu} that meson evolution is crucial in reproducing the results for four
BSM $K^0-\bar K^0$ matrix elements from lattice QCD  (ETM, SWME and RBC-UKQCD) collaborations \cite{Carrasco:2015pra,Jang:2015sla,Boyle:2017ssm}.
The important
virtue of this exercise is the absence of FSI so that the meson evolution
can be better exposed than in $K\to\pi\pi$ decays.
In this analysis it is also demonstrated that in contrast to $\hat B_K$,
the strict large $N$ limit  in the case of the BSM parameters $B_{2-5}$ is
a very bad approximation missing lattice results by  factors of $2-3$.
Including
non-factorizable contributions represented by meson evolution allows to
understand the lattice data.

 The latter analysis demonstrates the importance of the QCD dynamics at scales
below $1\gev$ and gives additional support to our claim that meson evolution
 is the dominant QCD dynamics responsible for the $\Delta I=1/2$ rule and also
 the $\epe$ anomaly. We are not aware of any analytical approach that could provide such
insight in lattice QCD results in question. We challenge the chiral perturbation theory experts to provide an insight into the values of $B_i$ parameters from Lattice QCD in their framework, in particular without using lower energy constants obtained from lattice QCD.  Motivated by this result we now turn our attention to NP.

\section{Master Formula for $\epe$ beyond the SM}\label{sec:5}
Having both the RG evolution and all matrix elements at the low-energy scale
$\muLow$ for the first time at hand allowed us recently \cite{Aebischer:2018quc}
to present a master formula for  $(\epe)_\text{BSM}$ that exhibits
its dependence on each Wilson coefficient at the scale $\muEW$ and consequently
is valid in {\em any} theory beyond the SM that is free from non-standard light degrees
of freedom below the electroweak scale. We will now  present
this formula. Technical details which led to this formula can be found
in  \cite{Aebischer:2018quc} and in particular in \cite{Aebischer:2018csl}.

Writing $\epe$ as a sum of the SM and BSM contributions,
\begin{align}
  \frac{\varepsilon'}{\varepsilon} &
  = \left(\frac{\varepsilon'}{\varepsilon}\right)_\text{SM}
  + \left(\frac{\varepsilon'}{\varepsilon}\right)_\text{BSM} \,,
\end{align}
the master formula of \cite{Aebischer:2018quc} for the BSM part then reads
\begin{align}
  \label{eq:master}
  \left(\frac{\varepsilon'}{\varepsilon}\right)_\text{BSM} &
  = \sum_i  P_i(\muEW) ~\text{Im}\left[ C_i(\muEW) - C^\prime_i(\muEW)\right]
  \times (1\,\text{TeV})^2,
\end{align}
where
\begin{align}
  \label{eq:master2}
  P_i(\muEW) & = \sum_{j} \sum_{I=0,2} p_{ij}^{(I)}(\muEW, \muLow)
  \,\left[\frac{\langle O_j (\muLow) \rangle_I}{\text{GeV}^3}\right],
\end{align}
with the sum over $i$ extending over the Wilson coefficients $C_i$ of all
operators and their chirality-flipped counterparts, that is $36 + 36'$
linearly independent four-quark operators and $1 + 1'$ chromo-magnetic dipole operators.
The $C_i'$ are the Wilson coefficients of the corresponding
chirality-flipped operators obtained by interchanging $P_L\leftrightarrow P_R$.  The
relative minus sign accounts for the fact that their $K\to\pi\pi$ matrix
elements differ by a sign.  Among the contributing operators are also operators
present already in the SM but their Wilson coefficients in (\ref{eq:master})
include only BSM contributions. In view of space limitations we cannot list
all these operators here and the readers are invited to look up
our last three papers \cite{Aebischer:2018rrz,Aebischer:2018quc,Aebischer:2018csl}.

The dimensionless coefficients $p_{ij}^{(I)}(\muEW,\muLow)$ include the QCD and
QED RG evolution from $\muEW$ to $\muLow$ for each
Wilson coefficient as well as the relative suppression of the contributions to
the $I=0$ amplitude due to ${\text{Re}A_2} / {\text{Re}A_0}\ll 1$ for the matrix
elements $\langle O_j (\muLow) \rangle_I$ of all the operators $O_j$ present at
the low-energy scale. The index $j$ includes also $i$ so that the effect of
self-mixing is included. The $P_i(\muEW)$ do not depend on $\muLow$ to the
considered order, because the $\muLow$-dependence cancels between matrix
elements and the RG evolution operator.  Moreover, it should be emphasized that
their values are {\em model-independent} and depend only on the SM dynamics
below the electroweak scale, which includes short distance contributions down to
$\muLow$ and the long distance contributions represented by the hadronic matrix
elements. The BSM dependence enters our master formula in (\ref{eq:master}) {\em
  only} through the Wilson coefficients $C_i(\muEW)$ and
$C^\prime_i(\muEW)$. That is, even if a given $P_i$ is non-zero, the fate of its
contribution depends on the difference of these two coefficients. In particular,
in models with exact left-right symmetry this contribution vanishes as first
pointed out in \cite{Branco:1982wp}.

The numerical values of the $P_i(\muEW)$ are collected in the tables
presented in \cite{Aebischer:2018quc,Aebischer:2018csl}.
 As seen in (\ref{eq:master2}),
the $P_i$ depend on the hadronic matrix elements
$\langle O_j (\muLow) \rangle_I$ and the RG evolution factors
$p_{ij}^{(I)}(\muEW, \muLow)$.  The numerical values of the hadronic matrix
elements rely on lattice QCD in the case of SM operators  and DQCD in the case
of BSM operators as summarized above.

Inspecting the results in the tables in \cite{Aebischer:2018csl} the following
observations can be made, here given in a simplified form in
terms of three islands of hadronic matrix elements: SM-like island governed by
SM operators $Q_{7,8}$, chromo-magnetic one governed by chromo-magnetic penguin
operator $O_{8g}$ and  the BSM-island conquered in \cite{Aebischer:2018rrz}:
\begin{itemize}
\item The largest $P_i$ values on SM-like island can be traced back to the large values
  of the matrix elements $\langle Q_{7,8}\rangle_2$, the dominant electroweak
  penguin operators in the SM, and the enhancement by $22$ of the
  $I=2$ contributions relative to $I=0$ ones.
\item The small $P_i$ values on the chromo-magnetic island  are the consequence of the fact that
  each one is proportional to $\langle O_{8g} \rangle_0$, which has recently been
  found to be much smaller than previously expected \cite{Constantinou:2017sgv,
    Buras:2018evv}. Moreover, as $\langle O_{8g}\rangle_2=0$, all contributions
  in this class are suppressed by the factor $22$ relative to
  contributions from other classes.
\item The large $P_i$ values on the BSM-island can be traced back to the large
  hadronic matrix elements of scalar and tensor operators calculated recently in
  \cite{Aebischer:2018rrz}.
\end{itemize}

The question then arises which creatures are living on these islands. Here comes
the answer.

\section{Lessons from the SMEFT Analysis of $\epe$}\label{sec:6}
In \cite{Aebischer:2018csl} we have presented
 for the first time a model-independent anatomy of the ratio $\epe$
in the context of  the $\Delta S = 1$ EFT with operators invariant
under QCD and QED and in the context of the Standard
Model Effective Field Theory (SMEFT) with the operators invariant under the full SM gauge group. This was only possible thanks to the very recent
 calculations of the $K\to\pi\pi$ matrix elements of BSM operators,
namely of the chromo-magnetic dipole operators by lattice QCD
\cite{Constantinou:2017sgv} and DQCD \cite{Buras:2018evv} and in particular through the calculation of matrix elements of all four-quark BSM operators, including scalar and tensor operators, by DQCD \cite{Aebischer:2018rrz}. Even if the
latter calculations have been performed in the chiral limit, they offer for the
first time a look into the world of BSM operators contributing to $\epe$.

Our main goal was to identify those NP scenarios which
are probed by $\epe$
and which could help to
explain the emerging anomaly in $\epe$ discussed above.

In the last three years a number of analyses, addressing the $\epe$ anomaly
in concrete models, appeared in the literature. They are collected in Table~1
of \cite{Buras:2018wmb} and also listed in  \cite{Aebischer:2018csl}.
But all these analyses concentrated on   models in which NP entered exclusively
through modifications of the Wilson coefficients of SM operators. In particular the Wilson coefficient of the dominant electroweak penguin operator $Q_8$. Thus
these analyses have been performed on the SM-like island.
This
is a significant limitation if one wants to have a general view of possible BSM scenarios
responsible for the $\epe$ anomaly. In particular, in the absence of even approximate
values of hadronic matrix elements of BSM operators, no complete model-independent analysis was possible until recently.

The recent calculations of BSM $K\to\pi\pi$ matrix elements, in particular
of those of scalar and tensor operators in \cite{Aebischer:2018rrz} allowed
to perform the analysis also on the BSM-island which
combined
with the EFT and in particular SMEFT technology in \cite{Aebischer:2018csl} widened
significantly our view on BSM contributions to $\epe$. The analysis in \cite{Aebischer:2018csl} has two main virtues:
\begin{itemize}
\item
It opens the road  to the analyses of $\epe$ in any theory beyond the
SM and allows with the help of the master formula  in (\ref{eq:master})
to search very efficiently
for BSM scenarios behind the $\epe$ anomaly. In particular the values
of $P_i$ collected in  these two papers indicate which routes could
be more successful than  others both in the context of the low-energy
EFT and SMEFT.
By implementing our results in the open source code \texttt{flavio} \cite{flavio},
testing specific BSM theories becomes particularly simple.
\item
Through our SMEFT analysis we were able to identify
correlations between $\epe$ and various observables that depend sensitively
on the operators involved. Here $\Delta S=2$, $\Delta C=2$ and electro-magnetic
dipole moments (EDM)
play a prominent role but also correlations with $\Delta S=1$ and $\Delta C=1$
provide valuable informations. We ask the interested readers to look at our
papers.
\end{itemize}

Our main messages to take home are as follows:
\begin{itemize}
\item
Tree-level vector exchanges, like $Z^\prime$, $W^\prime$ and $G^\prime$ contributions (SM-like island), discussed
already by various authors and vector-like quarks \cite{Bobeth:2016llm} can be responsible for the observed anomaly but
generally one has to face important constraints from  $\Delta S=2$ and $\Delta C=2$
transitions as well as direct searches and often some fine tuning is required. Here
the main role is played by the electroweak penguin operator $Q_8$ with its Wilson coefficient
significantly modified by NP.
\item
Models with tree-level exchanges of heavy colourless or coloured scalars (BSM-island)  are a new avenue,
opened with the results for BSM operators from DQCD in \cite{Aebischer:2018rrz}.
In particular scalar and tensor operators, having chirally enhanced matrix elements
and consequently large coefficients $P_i$, are candidates for the explanation
of the anomaly in question. Moreover, some of these models, in contrast to
models with  tree-level $Z^\prime$ and $G^\prime$ exchanges,
are free
from  both  $\Delta S=2$ and $\Delta C=2$ constraints.
The EDM of the neutron is an important constraint for these models,
depending on the
couplings, but does not preclude a sizable NP effect in $\epe$.
\item
Models with modified $W^\pm$ or $Z^0$ couplings can induce sizable
effects in $\epe$ without appreciable constraints from semi-leptonic
decays such as $\kpn$ or $\klpll$.
In the case of a SM singlet $Z'$ mixing with the $Z^0$, sizable $Z^0$-mediated contributions are disfavoured by electroweak precision tests. Yet, as discussed
in \cite{Buras:2018wmb} and in references given there, also such models could
 play some role in understanding the role of NP in $\epe$. This is in particular  the case of model with vector-like quarks \cite{Bobeth:2016llm}.
\end{itemize}

The future of $\epe$ in the SM and in the context of searches for NP will depend
on how accurately it can be calculated. This requires improved lattice calculations
not only of the matrix elements of SM operators but also of the BSM ones, which
are known presently only from the DQCD approach in the chiral limit. Moreover,
the impact of FSI on the values of $P_i$ have to be investigated. As these
values are dominated by $I=2$ matrix elements we expect that these effects amount to at most $10-20\%$ of the present values. It is also
hoped that lattice QCD will be able to take into account  isospin breaking corrections
and that other lattice collaborations will attempt to calculate
hadronic matrix elements of all relevant operators. In this context we hope
that the new analysis of the RBC-UKQCD collaboration with improved matrix elements
to be expected this year will shed new light on the hinted anomaly. Such future updates
can be easily accounted for by the supplementary details on the master formula in the appendices of \cite{Aebischer:2018csl}.

On the short-distance side the NNLO results for QCD penguins should be available soon
\cite{Cerda-Sevilla:2016yzo}. The dominant NNLO corrections to electroweak penguins
have been calculated almost 20 years ago \cite{Buras:1999st}.
As pointed out in \cite{Aebischer:2018csl}
all the existing estimates of $\epe$ at
NLO suffer from short-distance renormalization scheme uncertainties
in the electroweak penguin contributions and also scale uncertainties in
$m_t(\mu)$ that are removed only in the NNLO matching at the electroweak scale \cite{Buras:1999st}. In the naive dimensional regularization
(NDR) scheme, used in all recent analyses, these corrections enhance the
electroweak penguin contribution by roughly $16\%$, thereby leading to a {\em negative}
shift of $-1.3\times 10^{-4}$ decreasing further the value of $\epe$, similarly to
isospin breaking effects.
This could appear small in
view of other uncertainties. However, on the one hand, potential scale and
renormalization scheme uncertainties have been removed in this manner and on
the other hand, one day such corrections could turn out to be relevant. Finally,
the fact that this correction further decreases $\epe$ within the SM gives
another motivation for the search for new physics responsible
for it, and thus for our recent  analyses.

As far as BSM operators are concerned,
a NLO analysis of their Wilson coefficients is in progress, but its importance
is not as high as of hadronic matrix elements due to significant additional
parametric uncertainties residing  in any  NP model.
In any case, in the coming years the ratio $\epe$ is expected to play a significant
role in the search for NP. In this respect, the results presented in
\cite{Aebischer:2018quc,Aebischer:2018csl}  will be
helpful in disentangling potential models of new CP violating sources beyond the
SM as well as constraining the magnitude of their effects.

\section{Outlook}\label{outlook}\label{sec:7}
Our outlook is very short. The future of $\epe$, in particular in correlation
with rare decays $\kpn$ and $\klpn$, looks great and the coming years should be very exciting. I am looking forward to QCD@Work 2020
when the landscape of NP will be more transparent than it is now.

\section*{Acknowledgements}
 It is
a pleasure to thank the organizers of this workshop for inviting me
to this interesting event and for an impressive hospitality. Particular thanks
go to my four great collaborators: Jason Aebischer, Christoph Bobeth,  Jean-Marc
 G{\'e}rard and David Straub for fantastic time we spent together in the last six months. This research was
supported by the DFG cluster of excellence ``Origin and Structure of the Universe''.

\bibstyle{woc}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaArXiv


text:
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Here We Go Again: New Vulnerability Discovered in Software That Gave Us 'Heartbleed'
sysadmin June 7, 2014
by Jim Finkle, Reuters
BOSTON — Security researchers have uncovered new bugs in the Web encryption software that caused the pernicious "Heartbleed" Internet threat that surfaced in April.
Experts said the newly discovered vulnerabilities in OpenSSL, which could allow hackers to spy on communications, do not appear to be as serious a threat as Heartbleed.
The new bugs were disclosed on Thursday as the group responsible for developing that software released an OpenSSL update that contains seven security fixes.
Experts said that websites and technology firms that use OpenSSL technology should install the update on their systems as quickly as possible. Still, they said that could take several days or weeks because companies need to first test systems to make sure they are compatible with the update.
"They are going to have to patch. This will take some time," said Lee Weiner, senior vice president with cybersecurity software maker Rapid7.
OpenSSL technology is used on about two-thirds of all websites, including ones run by Amazon.com, Facebook, Google, and Yahoo. It is also incorporated into thousands of technology products from companies, including Cisco Systems, Hewlett-Packard, IBM, Intel, and Oracle.
The widespread Heartbleed bug surfaced in April when it was disclosed that the flaw potentially exposed users of those websites and technologies to attack by hackers who could steal large quantities of data without leaving a trace. That prompted fear that attackers may have compromised large numbers of networks without their knowledge.
Security experts said Thursday that the newly discovered bugs are more difficult to exploit than Heartbleed, making those vulnerabilities less of a threat.
Still, until users of the technology update their systems, "there is a window of opportunity" for sophisticated hackers to launch attacks and exploit the newly uncovered vulnerabilities, said Tal Klein, vice president of strategy with cloud security firm Adallom
via Here We Go Again: New Vulnerability Discovered in Software That Gave Us 'Heartbleed'.
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The 10 Worst Social Media Marketing Decisions and What to Do Instead
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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Which I suppose should be safe. Before running the .exe file I checked it with the Antivirus (Avira), and Avira reported the following menace : TR/VBCrypt.mponc.
I know that some a/v detect as a menace the TR patched in custom levels (avira is one) but inside the NGLE installer? It's new... So, before taking any risk in installing some Troyan (I don't want horses in my computer!) I ask you: someone had the same issue? Is it normal, or... not?
Re: Ngle installer with Virus inside?
It's normal, I had the same problem with Avast when I've installed NGLE!
I'll try to Install NGLE... but somehow installation failed yesterday... I don't know what happened... but I'll figure it out.
EDIT:after repeating the process unistalling everything I have a better idea of what happened: I installed VB Runtime 5 and 6, I run the MK4 installer, and when i run the NG_ center installer just right at the end of the installation it said it couldn't find the NGLE in the directory (not surprisingly) and the installation failed. The thing is that when I run the setup for NGLE it says, right before the beginning, that it cannot open a file called STUNS.exe, it asks me to browse my pc, and since I cannot find such file, the installation does not start!


You rely on your car to get you everywhere you need to go. And your car relies on its battery to keep it functional while out on the road. So if you're in need of car battery services, come to our team and let us show you what sets us apart as a trusted name in the area. At Auto Tecx, we offer comprehensive car battery services that are designed to keep your vehicle running like new.


Duo Telluur is a duo of versatile classical guitar and singing woodwind English horn, a setup extremely rare in the music world.
The young Estonian musicians have been inspired by the harmony of the mild timbres of their instruments and embarked on a journey with no set repertoire to explore the possibilities of playing their favourites written for other ensembles, as well as giving creative impulses for new compositions.
The name of Duo Telluur comes from chemical element Tellurium which is silver, rare and delicate just as the unique acoustic sound of the ensemble.


text:
The question of race in school suspensions debated
Bob Collins March 19, 2018, 6:52 AM Mar 19, 2018
It's a sure bet that everyone has an opinion on why students of color are more likely to be suspended from school than their white counterparts, and the loudest voices will likely carry the day when the federal government decides whether to roll back guidelines that sought to take race out of the reasons for the suspensions.
There is, of course, not even agreement that race is one of the reasons but the numbers aren't pretty.
The New York Times today notes that although black students makes up 41-percent of the student population, they account for 76 percent of suspensions.
Former Minneapolis superintendent Bernadeia Johnson conducted her own study of the suspensions and found teachers and other educators use different words when describing the students who were suspended, the Times says.
White students in kindergarten were referred to as "gifted, but high strung", for example. Black students were described as "destructive" and "violent."
The new policy of suspensions doesn't work, however, according to some teachers in the district, in which educators are split on the question.
Simon Whitehead, a former physical education teacher at Southwest High School in Minneapolis, said he had watched the district's discipline policy changes play out in his classes. Name-calling escalated to shoving, and then physical assaults. Profanity was redefined as "cultural dialect," he said.
"It threw the school into complete chaos," he said. "The kids knew they weren't going to go home."
Mr. Whitehead said he learned not to call his students out in front of their peers. He did not use the word "detention," but rather "quality time." Eventually, he would just "sweep a lot under the rug."
The discipline model that he said had worked for him for 25 years — a warning, then a consequence — was no longer recognized by his bosses. He retired last year, labeled a racist.
"We do need to train teachers, especially white teachers, on how to interact with our African-American students," he said. "But not expecting the same things from them is actually disrespectful. That would actually be racist."
The district as a whole is portrayed as a mess in the Times article. And yet, some schools seem to have it figured out.
At Lyndale Community School, which has almost equal percentages of minority and white students, discipline is a "loaded term," said the principal, Mark Stauduhar. He said his data — there were two suspensions in the school of more than 500 last year — showed that the school was a "healthy place" that emphasized positive reinforcement.
When it comes to misbehavior, "the conversations are about a mistake that a child made, not something that's wrong with them," he said. Most important, he added, his staff members are all on the same page. "If students are demonstrating behaviors that are not aligned with our policy, it's our job to figure out why."
But the district has gone through three superintendents in four years and progress is meager, the Times reports. Black students still account for two-thirds of suspensions even with the new rules that are on shaky ground.
‹ Older What's on MPR News today? 3/19/18
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"I love being part of such a gift to the community, free on their radio or computer, anytime!" —Shelly from Blaine, MN


Calling all freelancers, digital nomads, telecomuters, and giggers—here is a roundup of six of the best Hudson Valley coworking spaces for the modern work life.
According to a 2018 article by Forbes, a third of all American workers are freelancers, and by 2020, that number is expected to rise to half. While the gig economy is doing wonders for the Millennial generation, it is a new workscape to navigate, replete with its own complex topography of benefits and challenges.
There are days when it's lovely to work from home and days when you feel like a drained car battery, unable to jumpstart your productivity solo, with distractions tempting you at every turn. Aah, the double-edged sword of independence and flexibility. Why not make coffee? Why not check the mailbox? Why not cruise social media? Freelancers, independents, and telecommuters are compelled to generate the momentum and focus that a traditional workplace implicitly offers through a complex blend of social control, collaboration, and validation.
That's where coworking spaces can be a godsend, with membership levels ranging from day pass to dedicated desk, 24/7 access, comfy lounges and coffee pots. In 2015, when the word and phenomenon had existed for a decade and the number of coworking facilities had doubled every year, Harvard Business School published a study indicating what coworkers already knew intrinsically: getting out of our pajamas and face-to-face with one another helps humans to thrive, and items like printers, whiteboards and conference rooms are a perfect fit with the sharing economy.
Beahive in Beacon, the OG Hudson Valley coworking space.
Beahive, founded in 2009, is the grandaddy of Hudson Valley coworking organizations. The flagship location, an artisan-renovated 1907 Bell Telephone building on Main Street in Beacon, is a buzzing hub where you can tap into organizations like Re>Think Local, the Green Beacon Coalition and Beacon SURJ / Showing Up for Racial Justice There's already another hive buzzing in Albany, and two more slated to open this year. BEAHIVE provides a member-powered work environment for locally focused entrepreneurs, creatives, consultants, and microbusinesses.
Located in the stately brick Senate Garage, CoWork Kingston offers a choice Uptown Kingston location fitted with chic, comfy workspaces and office areas. Located beside the lush, landscaped Senate House grounds and within walking distance of dozens of bars, restaurants, boutiques and coffee shops, Cowork Kingston's prime spot offers plenty to keep you stimulated during your lunch break. Plus, after hours, the building offers a rich slew of programming ranging from tech meetups to tango classes.
An imposing brick Federal building on Main Street in New Paltz, One EPIC Place offers communal coworking spaces as well as nine private rooms for rent, each tailored to different professions. The Studio offers a well-tuned piano and conference table, while the marigold-toned Sunshine room has a massage table. Designed to help you stay on track and inspired, the facility's got a client waiting room and hosts game nights, workouts, yoga and wisdom circles for members. Rent a la carte or become a member.
Purpose Cooperative in Philmont hosts GSD (Get Sh*t Done) hours and even entire Monday nights dedicated to "the boring & hard tasks that are more fun to do with friends." There are budget-friendly off-peak memberships and workshops on managing money and time along with the 40 Mbps internet, phone booths for private meetings, and other comforts.
Located in a 4,000-square-foot former furniture store, CO boasts an eye-popping redesign. The open-plan space is outfitted with long tables and comfy lounge areas, phone booths, event spaces, and conference rooms with whiteboard walls. A patio, communal kitchen, and nearby walking trails are aimed at improving quality of life. Daily, part-time or full-time memberships mean that you can work in a variety of shared spaces, or at your own dedicated desk. You can also exchange services for CO time or join the co-op and get profit-sharing and voting rights.
The communal kitchen at Chatham Coworker.
Chatham Coworker is a light-filled, warm, and colorful space in a walkable, historic downtown packed with indie retail, art, and good food. Since 2016, the Coworker has been offering all the modern professional amenities—lightning-fast broadband, ergonomic furnishings—to "upstate digital nomads and teleworkers" of all stripes. This Columbia County coworking space provides desk and room rentals at per-diem and monthly rates.


Welcome to the first electronic version of the Tip!
Amazingly, only a very few you asked to continue to receive it in paper form. Please bear with us as we experiment with the best way to format and deliver it, and let us know what you think. We believe that it has the potential to offer you a great deal more than paper form, but we need to learn how to realize that potential. It's a work in progress. If you missed the chance to ask for it in paper form, you can make that happen by writing me at president@neda.org or at 64 Pearl Street in Charlestown, MA 02129.
Finally . . . Summer and the show season are upon us. I don't know about you but I lost a LOT of flowers, plants and shrubs to winter kill this year, and it nearly killed me too. I have no doubt it was hard on your horses too, and a very slow start getting them back into shape with a spring that was no less forgiving June 2014 than the winter. But all that is behind us now, the sun is shining as I write, and I'm told that la Nina will bring us a sweltering summer. I say "bring it on!" . . . Famous last words.
Our members have been asking us for years to bring back a summer show, and, finally, we have identified a great team to make this a reality. Veteran show secretary Sue McKeown will be working with new manager Helen Cast and Twisdenwood Farm for a one-day show on July 13. Entries close on July 1. It's a beautiful facility and a great new opportunity to show off what you're working on.
When Beth moved over to manage the Fall Show in 1990, Angela Prenosil and Ann Villani took over the summer show and moved it to Stoneleigh Burnham School where it stayed and continued until the early 2000's when Ann Villani fell ill and died. Without a management team, the show could not go on. We've been looking for the right combination ever since and are thrilled that we have found it in Helen Cast and Sue McKeown.
Speaking of requests for return engagements, our incredibly popular symposium with Ingrid Klimke some years ago prompted many to request a return visit, and we are delighted to report that we will be hosting Ingrid and Veterinarian Dr. Ina Goesmeier for a two-day clinic at Apple Knoll Farm in Millis MA on November 1 and 2. Klimke rarely travels for clinics, so this is a unique opportunity to benefit from her deep knowledge of classical dressage riding and training techniques for all horses. Her symposium was a runaway success when she was last here, so stay tuned to the NEDA website for full details as they unfold. Dr. Goesmeier will be lecturing about her renowned combinations of traditional and alternative treatment methods for the best possible outcomes for horses of all ages in all disciplines.
I wish all a great summer of competition, learning, making progress towards your equestrian goals, and simply enjoying the outdoors and the company of your horses and barn mates!


prepare yourself to have an amazing night at the club 39/40.
We will be having two floor, with two different kind of music all night long!
The Lounge Room will be the best of Brazillian Funk!
Tickets available on Eventbrite or with the Promoters!


text:
import org.junit.Test;
import org.junit.runner.RunWith;
import org.junit.runners.Parameterized;
import org.junit.runners.Parameterized.Parameters;

import java.util.Arrays;
import java.util.Collection;

import static org.junit.Assert.assertEquals;

@RunWith(Parameterized.class)
public class RaindropsTest {

    private int input;
    private String expectedOutput;

    @Parameters
    public static Collection<Object[]> data() {
        return Arrays.asList(new Object[][]{
                // Non-primes
                {1, "1"},
                {52, "52"},
                {12121, "12121"},

                // Numbers with 3 as a prime factor
                {3, "Pling"},
                {6, "Pling"},
                {9, "Pling"},

                // Numbers with 5 as a prime factor
                {5, "Plang"},
                {10, "Plang"},
                {25, "Plang"},

                // Numbers with 7 as a prime factor
                {7, "Plong"},
                {14, "Plong"},
                {49, "Plong"},

                // Numbers with multiple activating prime factors
                {15, "PlingPlang"},
                {21, "PlingPlong"},
                {35, "PlangPlong"},
                {105, "PlingPlangPlong"},
        });
    }

    public RaindropsTest(int input, String expectedOutput) {
        this.input = input;
        this.expectedOutput = expectedOutput;
    }

    @Test
    public void test() {
        assertEquals(expectedOutput, Raindrops.convert(input));
    }
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
Tag Archives: Shivshankar Menon
Counter-force Mountains Out of NFU Molehills
22 Wed Mar 2017
Posted by Jaideep A. Prabhu in India, Nuclear, Opinion and Response, South Asia
≈ Comments Off on Counter-force Mountains Out of NFU Molehills
Bharatiya Janata Party, BJP, Caroline rule, China, counter-force, counter-value, India, Manohar Parrikar, NFU, No First Use, NSG, nuclear, nuclear doctrine, Nuclear Suppliers Group, Pakistan, Shivshankar Menon
There have again been speculations recently about India's nuclear doctrine and the value of its no first-use-posture. The reason for the kerfuffle this time are a couple of sentences in former National Security Advisor Shivshankar Menon's book, Choices: Inside the Making of Indian Foreign Policy. Menon writes,
There is a potential grey area as to when India would use nuclear weapons first against another NWS (nuclear weapons state). Circumstances are conceivable in which India might find it useful to strike first, for instance, against an NWS that had declared it would certainly use its weapons, and if India were certain that adversary's launch was imminent.
This has been interpreted to mean that India's no-first-use posture is not credible, which would implicitly exonerate Delhi from the charge – if it is made – that it has quietly changed its nuclear doctrine. Instead, this understanding of Menon's words suggests that the Indian no-first-use policy was a sham from the very beginning.
Menon also writes,
…proportional responses and deterrence were not the preferred posture in the initial stages of the weapons program, for it might tempt adversaries to test the space available below the threshold for full nuclear retaliation… Instead, the logical posture at first was counter-value targeting, or targeting the opponent's assets, rather than counter-force targeting, which concentrates on the enemy's military and command structures.
Here, the object of interrogation is the past tense (emphasis mine) that Menon uses; does he mean to indicate that India initially settled for a massive retaliation against an enemy's cities but later may have surreptitiously modified its doctrine as its weapons systems became more sophisticated in terms of detection and destruction? However, the context of his objectionable grammar is the historical evolution of Indian nuclear thinking from the mid-1980s. Menon is talking about the inter-test years (1974-1998) when India had not publicly weaponised its peaceful nuclear explosion and therefore obviated the need for a nuclear doctrine.
However, the former NSA is not nuclear-shy once red lines have been crossed. As he explains the rationale,
There would be little incentive, once Pakistan had taken hostilities to the nuclear level, for India to limit its response, since that would only invite further escalation by Pakistan. India would hardly risk giving Pakistan the chance to carry out a massive nuclear strike after the Indian response to Pakistan using tactical nuclear weapons. In other worlds, Pakistani tactical nuclear weapon use would effectively free India to undertake a comprehensive first strike against Pakistan.
Essentially, under India's massive retaliation strategy, military as well as civilian targets would be considered. A purely counter-value massive retaliation by Delhi would leave Pakistan's nuclear arsenal intact and capable of raining nuclear fire on Indian cities. The sudden realisation that the Indian military could potentially go after Pakistani nuclear assets as well as its infrastructure has caused a bit of a stir in some circles.
There are several problems with this sudden alarmist tone. The most obvious is that this is not a new observation. Aside from the fact that scholars have gleaned every nuance out of India's nuclear policy already, the doctrine itself – what is publicly available – specifically states that its retaliation only policy is dynamic. In the words of the National Security Advisory Board,
India shall pursue a doctrine of credible minimum nuclear deterrence. In this policy of "retaliation only", the survivability of our arsenal is critical. This is a dynamic concept related to the strategic environment, technological imperatives and the needs of national security. The actual size components, deployment and employment of nuclear forces will be decided in the light of these factors.
India's policy is clearly stated to be to only retaliatory, which is again emphasised in the next section: "India will not be the first to initiate a nuclear strike, but will respond with punitive retaliation should deterrence fail." Nonetheless, this position is dynamic in that it is conceivable that imminent use of nuclear weapons against India – fuelling of missiles, field deployment of tactical nuclear weapons, delegation of launch authority – especially from a state that has repeatedly declared a willingness, almost an eagerness, to strike first with nuclear weapons, will be treated as an attack and liable for Indian retaliation. As many Indian strategists have wondered, what is the morality of awaiting certain destruction just to satisfy a dictionary definition of no-first-use?
Such use – anticipatory self defence – may not be to the satisfaction of semanticists but is nonetheless considered just under international law if it fulfills the criteria of the Caroline rule: instant, overwhelming, leaving no choice of means, and no moment for deliberation. Thus, as Menon himself noted, more flexibility – ambiguity? – has been built into the Indian nuclear doctrine than is realised. As a side note, it is interesting that the same Caroline rule that bears out Indian views on nuclear strikes objects to the dilution of NFU by extending it to chemical or biological weapons as India and other nuclear states have done.
The composition of India's nuclear arsenal and its status should belie any fears about preemptive counter-force targetting. Most nuclear observers agree that the Indian arsenal is still rudimentary compared to mature nuclear states such as the United States, France, or China. By the benchmarks of those in whose footsteps it follows, India has conducted far fewer (hot) tests to confirm design parameters that would affect miniaturisation, maximise yield, or assure successful detonation in unconventional circumstances to be capable of precise, proportionate strikes. Although the exact composition of the Indian arsenal is classified, the mainstay may be assumed to be improved versions of its 1974 prototype that was tested again in 1998, a ~15 kT Hiroshima-style device and hardly an ideal choice for a surgical counter-force strike. The sub-kiloton designs, ideal for mating with the Brahmos missile for tactical strikes, are not as reliable as their larger brother. The real concern, then, and a more familiar one for Indians, is that their bureaucrats and politicians might be promising more than their military can actually deliver.
It is also worth noting that in regions with population density as high as in the Indian subcontinent, it is very difficult to achieve a purely counter-value or counter-force strike. Military bases are almost always near population centres or important infrastructural nodes out of necessity. Even if Delhi's policy of massive retaliation was purely counter-value, it would inevitably damage or destroy vital military assets. Despite such collateral damage, the doctrine can then hardly be called counter-force. Yet, as the former NSA points out, it would be ludicrous to leave the enemy's nuclear arsenal intact for the sake of doctrinal purity.
The newly rediscovered ambiguity in the Indian nuclear doctrine may perhaps carry more salience because not only does it come from a former official who had a large role in shaping Delhi's nuclear policy but in view of certain "personal" comments former defence minister Manohar Parrikar recently made. Speaking at a book launch in Delhi in November 2016, the then defence minister calmly eschewed India's no-first-use policy although he immediately clarified that there had been no change in government policy. With two former senior officials casting doubt on India's intentions, should the international community consider Delhi's NFU to be diluted?
It needs to be stressed that Menon merely explained India's long-existing doctrine and did not reformulate it. With regard Parrikar's comments, seen in their entirety, there can be no doubt that Indian nuclear policy has not changed. At most, the former defence minister's comments indicate that there may be discussions going on in South Block in very small circles on updating India's nuclear doctrine. Surely, this cannot be a surprise when the Bharatiya Janata Party had even announced its intention to do so in its election manifesto in 2014. Indeed, the present government may change India's nuclear policy but it is absurd to expect that policies are static and eternal – especially when even nuclear warheads are upgraded.
Some observers have wondered at the opportune timing – the Nuclear Suppliers Group plenary is just around the corner in June – of a sudden panic attack on Indian nuclear no-first-use and counter-force posture. This is unlikely to have been a factor for several reasons: 1. the United States, India's supporter in the forum with the most clout, does not seem willing to twist arms on India's behalf as it did in 2008; 2. India has found it difficult to bring into its confidence the several smaller states on the moral high horse; 3. China would be relied upon to veto Indian membership in the consensus-seeking group unless Pakistan were simultaneously admitted. The strategic dimension of NSG membership in South Asia should not be underestimated.
So if not a shift in doctrine, has there been a change in strategy? With improving capabilities, it would be myopic not to expect refinements in strategy. However, none of it – the apprehension about anticipatory self-defence or counter-force targetting – adds up to a new phase in Indian nuclear posture. The nuclear doctrine has long offered these options and at best, India's material realities might be quietly catching up with its lofty ambitions. No matter, this whole affair has been an exercise in making mountains out of molehills.
This post appeared on FirstPost on March 23, 2017.
India's Choices
21 Sat Jan 2017
Posted by Jaideep A. Prabhu in Book Review
China, diplomacy, foreign policy, India, Inter Services Intelligence, ISI, MEA, Ministry of External Affairs, No First Use, nuclear, Pakistan, Shivshankar Menon, Sri Lanka, terrorism
Menon, Shivshankar. Choices: Inside the Making of Indian Foreign Policy. New Delhi: Penguin Random House, 2016. 224 pp.
Memoirs by retired, senior Indian government officials are an occupational hazard for a historian. On the one hand, they may contain valuable insights or data and offer a peek behind the scenes into the world of policy-making, but on the other, remain the memories and interpretations of one person, usually years after the events. This is true of memoirs everywhere, but what makes them even more perilous in India is the lack of periodically declassified archives. For example, imagine understanding the United States' role in international affairs through Henry Kissinger's three-volume memoir.
Shivshankar Menon's Choices, however, cannot truly be described as a memoir. The book discusses five important decisions India has had to make over the past 25 years, and in each of these, Menon was either intimately involved or at least a senior official in the process. However, the author's tone is that of a professor than a practitioner. Each of the decisions is placed in its historical context and the rationale for the way things unfolded is broadly explained. Rarely does the reader get the sense that the author was one of the central dramatis personae in what he is reading!
This is not a weakness in itself, but Choices is, unfortunately, very short on the details in terms of the dynamics between the key actors and how the various variables influenced their thinking. How did the decision evolve? What were the hurdles? Whose minds were changed? What were the turf battles? The answers to these sorts of questions come through in government documents and paint a comprehensive picture for historians. Memoirs ought to reveal at least one side of the puzzle, but Menon is reticent on the matter. This could very well be due to India's secrecy rules, but it still leaves the story incomplete.
The subject matter for Choices is the Border Peace and Tranquility Agreement with China in 1993, civil nuclear cooperation with the United States in 2005, the Pakistani terrorist attack on Bombay in 2008, Delhi's role in the end of the Sri Lankan civil war, and the rationale behind the nuclear no-first-use policy. Little of what Menon goes over is new to anyone who has followed these events in the newspapers, except to lend a particular line of thought an air of gravitas now that a former foreign secretary and national security advisor is also extending it.
Menon is no hawk on China and in fact thinks that India is entering an era of opportunities with China. As he argues, there are facets to the relationship other than the border. The reason for the delay in settling the border dispute, to Menon's mind, is that both sides think that time is on their side. For the 1993 accord, the then joint secretary for the North East gives credit to Atal Behari Vajpayee for his many ideas and putting country above party. Regarding China's present assertiveness, Menon does not believe that encircling China will help; in fact, it will only confirm their worst suspicions, Menon argues, and diminish trust. Similarly, India is too large for China to attempt to encircle.
During the nuclear negotiations with the United States, Menon was foreign secretary. He attributes the willingness of most countries to support India to commercial interests of varying intensity. However, the former foreign secretary has harsh words for the small states with big egos, or the mini-six – Austria, Ireland, the Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, and Switzerland. These states had no interest in nuclear commerce and had little stake in India anyway; the Nuclear Suppliers Group gave them some importance and that was they stage upon which they could pontificate.
Although Menon had argued for military reprisal in the aftermath of the Bombay attack in 2008, in retrospect, he defends India's decision to abjure from the use of force and instead seek a diplomatic route. Menon argues that this has been more successful in that Pakistan has been isolated in the international community and India received cooperation from Saudi Arabia, the United Arab Emirates, and Qatar – all Pakistan's traditional partners. By working through international fora, Delhi was able to bring the heat on Islamabad through Washington, the Europeans, and even its patron, Beijing.
The Israeli model, the former national security advisor opines, has been misquoted in India. It has not brought peace or deterrence to Israel and it will not do so to India. "Mowing the grass," as the Israelis call it, seeks cumulative deterrence, not absolute deterrence. However, he misunderstands the purpose of Israeli anti-terror operations: they have not been, at least for the past 20 years, for deterrence but for attrition. India's war against terror is a protracted one and it cannot be solved. Temporary silencing is the best Delhi can hope for, which, according to Menon, is much lower on the list of national priorities than the socioeconomic transformation of India.
Menon is under no illusion that Pakistan continues to be a hotbed of terrorism but he reminds the reader of the more complicated geopolitical web. For example, the United States has restricted India's access to David Headley, one of the chief reconnoiters for Pakistan's Inter Services Intelligence. Additionally, when Ahmed Shuja Pasha, then director general of the ISI, visited the United States, he was given diplomatic immunity to protect him from law suits brought against him by the families of Americans killed in Bombay.
Insisting that nuclear weapons are only political signifiers and not meant for war, Menon defends India's nuclear NFU policy. His defence could interest only a lay reader, unfortunately, for it completely ignores the counter arguments to such a policy. In all fairness, Choices is not a exegesis of nuclear deterrence theory and a thorough explanation would skew the balance of the topics covered. Essentially, the two strands of Indian nuclear thinking, one represented best by General Krishnaswamy Sundarji and the other by nuclear scientist Raja Ramanna, either viewed the super weapons as necessary to redress a conventional imbalance or as an enabler of political goals. The second strand held sway in the discussions after the 1998 nuclear tests.
On the whole, Menon's view is that Indian nuclear policy is sober and realistic even though it has been couched in moral terms. He is not particularly fond of the international non-proliferation regime either, for it has not addressed any of India's concerns such as China's proliferation of nuclear weapons and missile technology to Pakistan or the danger of rogue nuclear actors within the Pakistani Army. However, there is no gain to India by flouting it and staying within earns diplomatic goodwill. This should not be construed to mean that India is a status quo power.
The most interesting part of the book is Menon's brief airing of his views about India's place in the world. Despite being taken to task by Bharat Karnad in his Why India Is Not A Great Power (Yet), Menon insists that he does believe that India is destined to become a great power and not by soft power alone. The former foreign secretary does believe that there is a particular Indian style to foreign policy, as Deep Datta-Ray argues, though it is difficult to put a finger on it. Nonetheless, Menon attempts to describe it:
If there is an Indian way in foreign policy, it is marked by a combination of boldness in conception and caution in implementation, by the dominant and determining role of the prime minister, by a didactic negotiating style, by a fundamentally realistic approach masked by normative rhetoric, by comfort in a plural and diverse world or multiverse, and, most consistently, by a consciousness of India's destiny as a great power.
This caution, Menon allows, could be due to systemic failures – the Ministry of External Affairs is desperately understaffed and centralised foreign policy under the prime minister's office has meant that no other player has the authority to contemplate on grand strategy or vision. In other words, Indian foreign policy (also) suffers from weak institutions. The structured and formal decison-making is always preceded by considerable informal consultations and discussions. In light of this, it makes sense why an MEA official asked Datta-Ray why he wanted to see their documents since they only indicated process and not thinking.
Interestingly, Menon believes in an Indian exceptionalism and his belief in India's destiny to become a great power smacks of the same Nehruvian arrogance when contraposed with India's shortcomings in health, infrastructure, education, society, law, governance, and military. Geography and demographics are necessary but not sufficient conditions of becoming a great power.
All things considered, Choices is a disappointing production given the senior positions in government that its author achieved and the knowledge and experience that must have come with them. Anyone expecting a fresh or insightful exposition of Indian foreign policy will instead find an elegant rehashing of what columnists have already said umpteen times. This is a wasted opportunity to reveal, to scholars and the public alike, how choices are made in the PMO and MEA. Its saving grace is that it reads well and is short.
Indic Diplomacy
≈ Comments Off on Indic Diplomacy
Arthashastra, Condoleezza Rice, Deep Datta-Ray, diplomacy, ethics, foreign policy, Great Power, IFS, India, Indian Foreign Service, Indira Gandhi, Jawaharlal Nehru, Krishna, kutayuddha, Mahabharata, modernity, non-alignment, nuclear, Rajiv Sikri, realism, Shivshankar Menon, Union Public Service Commission, UPSC, vasudhaiva kutumbakam
Datta-Ray, Deep. The Making of Indian Diplomacy: A Critique of Eurocentrism. New Delhi: Oxford University Press, 2015. 380 pp.
Indian diplomacy has long vexed its observers, occidental and oriental alike. Lacking in a culture of periodical declassification and easy access to past and present practitioners, the workings of South Block remain impervious to methodical scholarship. In this environment, a book that promises to reveal not only how Indian diplomacy is conducted but also why it is such an enigma is a welcome arrival. As the title avers, The Making of Indian Diplomacy: A Critique of Eurocentrism seeks to properly establish the functioning of the members of the Indian Foreign Service in the culture and traditions of their homeland rather than in Christendom's theories of statecraft.
Several things are of note in this project: first, Deep Datta-Ray, the author, is making a cultural approach to the study of diplomacy and foreign policy. While this may seem perfectly normal to most, it is a method that has had few takers in the historical profession. Though it has become more popular over the last decade, international relations remains firmly in the grip of abstract theories such as realism, constructivism, or Marxism. And yet, diplomats and their political masters do not leave their values and biases at home each day as they come in for work; they are enmeshed in a cultural web which cannot but inform their policies.
Second, Datta-Ray criticises scholars who complain that Indian foreign policy makes little sense for judging it by Western customs of politics, governance, and power. Despite nearly two centuries of British rule – between Crown and Company – over India, cultural transfer from metropole to periphery remained superficial at best. In other words, Thomas Macaulay failed to create brown Englishmen; Indians remain rooted in their traditions and understanding of the world.
Macaulay's failure would not be a startling revelation in itself but Datta-Ray goes on to argue that the entire modern project in Europe is deeply rooted in its Christian heritage and incompatible to the Indian ethos. The binarism of exclusivist monotheistic cults transcends mere theology and permeates all aspects of culture, resulting in a fundamentally different understanding of the cosmos and man's place in it. Islam, being an Abrahamic offspring, literally, meshes better with European notions of power relations and the state than dharmic religions do. Again, this is not a new argument: originally put forward in academic circles in the mid-1970s, it has percolated into the awareness of ordinary Indians perhaps a decade ago. However, Datta-Ray's systematic application of this idea to foreign policy is a first and deserves careful consideration.
Unfortunately, The Making of Indian Diplomacy is filled with turgid prose that could impress only dissertation committees. Such jargon-laden, impenetrable language, the hallmark of cultural studies, is one of the reasons the humanities has lost respect in society. Datta-Ray commits such perversions upon the English language – the Queen was never meant to sound like this – that it would make Guillaume Apollinaire proud! Yet those who brave the presentation are rewarded with some fascinating insights into the workings of India's Ministry of External Affairs.
Indian history remains, disappointingly, strongly entangled to privileged access and Datta-Ray, son of Sunanda K Datta-Ray, seems to have it. This project needed the personal intervention of then prime minister Manmohan Singh, such was the resistance of the bureaucracy against an interloper. Even then, one MEA mandarin asked the author, "What do you want with our documents? They only reveal process, not intent." This gives an insight into Indian bureaucratic thinking that marks it different from Western practice. Fortunately, Datta-Ray has used his opportunity well – embedded with the Indian Foreign Service allowed him to observe, talk informally, and interview officially dozens of young aspirants, serving officials, and retired civil servants. The resulting monograph can be understood as discussing the structural and intellectual differences between Western and Indic diplomacy.
The Body of the Beast
Before looking at policies and attitudes, Datta-Ray asks who populates the service. He finds that many of the applicants come from modest backgrounds in the hinterland, some not even aware of the IFS until they had cleared the Union Public Service Commission examination! Many come to government service as a means to mediate between it and their village, or enlist its assistance to protect their region from the state. There is less suspicion of the state compared to Western countries, for one primary reason – it is present in the villages, where private corporations find it unprofitable to venture. Ironically, the failure of the state to adequately provide basic necessities for its citizens is also its greatest strength. Many of the incoming civil service cadre seem to hold an organic view of society in which the state remains a place people can come together and lift themselves up through the opportunities it provides. While the cosmopolitan disenchanted may scoff at such idealism, Datta-Ray has revealed an interesting undercurrent that will last as long as a government job is seen as a guarantor of upward mobility. However, is it necessarily different from the West? One would assume that governments world over attract service-minded people, some more fortunate than others, however cynical it may leave them at the end. A quick comparison to a small sampling of other countries would have helped the argument along much better.
The Making of Indian Diplomacy praises how several IFS officers left lucrative careers in the corporate world to enter into government service. Some officers, ironically, do not want to leave home; others see a civil service job as a badge of status despite working conditions that are less than adequate. For example, at one point during the negotiations over the civil nuclear cooperation with the United States, the Indian delegation consisting of a Joint Secretary from the MEA and two lawyers found itself matched by an American official and his team of 55 lawyers! The Joint Secretary in question, S Jaishankar, when quizzed by his astounded counterpart, simply shrugged and replied that Indians make do. Jugaad, the popular term nowadays for making do, seems romantic only to those who never had to resort to it. MK Narayanan, the national security advisor from 2005 to 2011, glibly dismisses this as Indians not being a litigious society. However, the truth might simply be insufficient resources, poor recruiting power, and a deterring application process. Western foreign service departments are a lot more casual about lateral entry hires from industry, ensuring adequate manpower and expertise available to their ministers and senior bureaucrats at all times. These are certainly factors that make the IFS stand out from Western services but perhaps not in a way to be desired!
Datta-Ray reveals an interesting tidbit about promotions in the civil services: everyone gets positive reviews. As a result, personnel files are useless when it comes time to raise one above his peers. One officer confided in the author that this was because seniors were afraid that they would be accused of casteism if they marked anyone down. Datta-Ray uses this state of affairs to argue for a peculiarly Indian "total evaluation" process that goes beyond words on paper to assess the suitability of an officer for a higher position. It is this system that allowed Shivshankar Menon, former national security advisor to Manmohan Singh and successor to Narayanan, to supercede 16 positions to become the foreign secretary in October 2006. Of course, a less charitable view might be that "total evaluation" is making a virtue out of necessity and that it merely conceals an egregious problem in Indian institutions, namely, using caste victimisation as a weapon to conceal incompetence.
Intellectual Weltanshauung
Datta-Ray recounts when Menon explains the role of a diplomat to the incoming batch of IFS recruits as that played by Krishna in the udyoga parva of the Mahabharata. Rather than launch into a scholarly evolution of diplomacy a la Harold Nicolson, Keith Hamilton, Richard Langhorne, Martin Wight, or Ernest Satow, the former NSA latched onto a text most Indians are intimately familiar with. The great epic remains the backbone of Indian political thinking, Datta-Ray argues, because it avoids the pitfalls of viewing the world in false dichotomies just as Indian foreign policy has shown a tendency to avoid.
This is a limited reading of the Mahabharata, and indeed, Indic thought. There are several incidents in the great epic that run counter to Menon's portrayal that can be recounted: one, Krishna's urging Yudhishtira to perform the Rajasuya yaga; two, his advocacy of war within 13 days of the Pandavas' exile; three, when Krishna intercepted the elephant goad thrown by the king of Pragjyotisha, Bhagadatta, at Arjuna despite a promise not to participate in the war in any way except as charioteer/advisor to the third son of Pandu; or four, the infamous manner in which Drona was made to lay down his weapons. These roles do not, strictly speaking, fit our modern imagination of a diplomat's task. Yet to restrict foreign policy strictly to conference room machinations and champagne is too narrow an understanding of the profession. A diplomat must also provide wise counsel to his political masters, something Krishna unfailingly did for the Pandavas. If the IFS is indeed inspired by the Mahabharata, one wonders if any of them have ever truly engaged with the text. Similarly, the breathtakingly amoral Arthashastra does not shy away from advocating the use of kutayuddha if the national interest required it.
The Making of Indian Diplomacy gets to the crux of the matter when it asks why India should become a Great Power. Datta-Ray asks this in the context of Menon's meteoric elevation and an internal memorandum by Rajiv Sikri, one of the bypassed officers. Sikri, he finds, has fallen into the trap of Western modernity and advocates Great Power status for India for its own sake. This does not satisfy Datta-Ray, who declares such a quest as un-Indian. In support, he quotes former external affairs minister, Natwar Singh's response – that India's goal is to remove poverty, not become a Great Power – when US Secretary of State Condoleezza Rice declared that the United States intended to help India become a major power in the 21st century. According to Datta-Ray, Indian diplomacy avoids the anarchic and binary world of power politics by understanding the international community and India's place within it as a unified cosmos. All states are interlinked and, therefore, foreign relations is not a zero-sum game. This explains why India continues to deal with Pakistan despite the constant terrorist attacks Islamabad supports against India, or why Delhi de-links its territorial dispute with China from other facets of its relationship. In essence, the view that vasudhaiva kutumbakam, or, the world is one family, guides Indian diplomacy.
This, continues, Datta-Ray, is seen even in India's nuclear weapons policy – Nehru and Indira Gandhi both rejected Western rationality even at the risk of appearing irrational to pursue their own reasoning. In this, they did not even trust their senior-most bureaucrats for fear that they would push India into the same anarchic-binary world Nehru had avoided through his non-alignment. Finally pushed into crossing the nuclear rubicon, India refrained from weaponisation until 1998 when circumstances forced it to take the next step. Even then, Indian diplomacy maintained its traditional roots. K Subrahmanyam, one of the architects of India's nuclear doctrine, echoed Nehru and his daughter when he reasoned that in the nuclear age, the main purpose of foreign policy should be to prevent wars; humanity must unite and cooperate to survive.
There are a host of problems with this interpretation of Indian foreign policy. The first is to use Nehru as the yardstick of Indianness. The first prime minister, influenced on the one hand by Mohandas Gandhi's asceticism and on the other by British notions of progress, can hardly be an example of the traditional Indian values Datta-Ray has deployed throughout his argument. Nehru certainly did not view himself the way Datta-Ray seems to. As he himself wrote in The Discovery of India that he came to India as a foreigner; Nehru had also remarked to John Galbraith, the US ambassador to India, that he was the last Englishman to rule in India. In fact, the question arises that if the IFS really is imbued with the Nehruvian spirit, is it relying on the corpus of Indic works and experiences or on a Leftist, perhaps Christian socialist version of Western thinking?
It is unfortunate that public perception of India has been captured by Gandhi's misinterpretation of dharmic values. Vasudhaiva kutumbakam was not, as Sarvesh Tiwari has ably shown, a recommendation but an admonition. Ashoka, the great renouncer became so only after he had conquered his enemies. Ahimsa, fashionably misappropriated by Gandhi against the British, was described in a very different context by Buddha and Mahavira. In fact, Indic ethics, which are carried more in the works of literature than philosophy, speak very much in a language of realism – about proportion, balance, alliances, caution, and strength.
If anything, the examples Datta-Ray gives shows the Indian diplomatic establishment in its worst light: not trusted even by prime ministers, animated by the values of an ingabanga leader, wracked by the low quality of its recruits, unable to attract fresh talent, and riven by its own politics and demons, it mirrors much of what is wrong with Indian institutions and its polity. With decision-making centred around the prime minister's office, foreign policy resembles more a fiefdom and India a flailing state rather than a robust and rising democracy. Did the Mahabharata, the text that informs so many IFS officers, not have counsel on governance, the limits of authority, and power?
Despite his questionable choice of examples, Datta-Ray does convince, with just his anecdote about Menon and the Mahabharata, that there is indeed an Indic way of thinking about foreign policy, even if the wrong lessons seem to have been drawn here. However, he must be cautious in making the jump from the IFS knowing about the epic, to actually following its precepts. Indeed, there is much folk wisdom and rhetoric on how Indians view themselves as part of a bigger cosmic whole; Man does not stand above nature but is a part of it. Yet it is unclear how much this thinking dictates everyday function. Despite such concerns about the environment, for example, the Ganga has turned into toxic sludge, tree cover is receding, and the air in urban centres is unbreathable. To know or to have read Aristotle is not to do as he advises.
In places, it seems Datta-Ray has created a straw man out of Western civilisation; the notion of acting with purpose rather than for its own sake that the author sees in Indic ethics sounds similar to the value Niall Ferguson sees in his very Western, Kantian Henry Kissinger. There are, indeed, differences between how Indic and Abrahamic traditions view the world but as most critics of the West are prone to do, Datta-Ray exaggerates the divergences and homogenises the West in a manner he finds problematic for India or the East.
A book must be judged not only on its argument but also the questions it tickles in the readers' minds; in the latter, Datta-Ray has succeeded spectacularly. He is among the first to try and apply Indic frameworks to modern challenges, ambitiously threatening to subvert the normative understanding of modernity. It is perhaps too much to expect perfect coherence in the first attempt.


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Sint-Petrus-en-Pauluskerk (Tsjechisch: Bazilika svatého Petra a Pavla) is een basiliek binnen het historische fort Vyšehrad in Praag, Tsjechië. De basiliek is vooral bekend geworden vanwege het beroemde Vyšehradkerkhof dat zich aan de noord- en oostzijde van het gebouw bevindt. Hier is de laatste rustplaats van vele beroemde Tsjechen zoals: componisten: Bedřich Smetana en Antonín Dvořák; schrijvers: Božena Němcová en Karel Čapek; kunstenaars: Alfons Mucha en Mikoláš Aleš; en de sopraan Ema Destinnová.

Geschiedenis
In het jaar 1070 stichtte koning Vratislav I een kapittelhuis op de plaats waar tegenwoordig de basiliek staat. De constructie van de kapittelkerk ving ook aan in die periode. Het betrof een drie-gangenkerk met een crypte. Sinds de 11e eeuw werd de kerk ook gebruikt als een begraafplaats voor de Boheemse koningen en hertogen van de Přemysl-lijn. De kerk liep ernstige brandschade op in 1249 maar is hersteld. In 1370 werd de kerk bijna volledig afgebroken en voorzien van drie zijbeuken, met een aantal rechthoekige kapellen lands de zijkanten van de zijbeuken. De kerk werd in 1565 opnieuw gewelfd. Aan het einde van de 16e eeuw werd de kerk uitgebreid met een nieuwe pastorie en aan het begin van de 17e eeuw met een nieuwe consistoriekamer. Van 1723 tot 1729 werd een uitgebreide verbouwing uitgevoerd. De kerk had op dat moment nog geen torens enkel een kleine spits met een bel op het dak. Aan het einde van de 19e eeuw werd besloten dat de kerk een verbouwing moest ondergaan om tot een neogotische stijl te komen. Deze verbouwing heeft geleid tot de huidige constructie van de basiliek. Tussen 1988 en 1994 is het interieur van de kerk gerestaureerd. In 2003 heeft paus Johannes Paulus II de kerk gepromoveerd tot een kleine pauselijke basiliek.

De verbouwing 1885-1887
De verbouwing vond plaats van 1885 tot 1887 naar de ontwerpen van architect Josef Mocker. Tijdens deze verbouwing kreeg de kerk een nieuwe gevel en twee torens van elk 58 meter hoog. Deze torens zijn verdeeld in vijf verdiepingen waarvan de torenspits de bovenste is, versierd met kruisbloemen. De torens hebben elk, drie smalle spitsramen aan elke zijde op de 3e verdieping en 2 bredere spitsramen op de 4e verdieping. De torenspitsen zijn versierd met hoekpinakels.

Fresco's
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Petrus
Petrus

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