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The British Amateur Television Club (BATC) convention takes place on the weekend of October 26-27 at the Finningley Amateur Radio Club facilities near Robin Hood airport in Yorkshire.
On the Saturday at 16:00 BST if the weather is suitable Philip Crump M0DNY will be giving a live demonstration of a High Altitude Balloon launch. There should be 3G Streaming Video at up to 1000 metres and possibly Slow Scan Digital Video (SSDV) images on 434 MHz above that altitude if the hardware is available in time.
• 10 GHz ATV equipment and operation.
• Ku band LNB developments and the use of PLL LNBs on 10 GHz.
• How to get going on 437 MHz and 3.4 GHz DATV and experiences to date.
• HAMTV on ISS – introduction and how to receive it.
• Digital update – including the latest from the Digilite and DATV express teams.
• Narrow band modes below 432 MHz – presentation and discussion.
• Talk and demo of DTX1 transmitter system.
• SMD soldering workshop where you can buy, build and test equipment – we will be selling kits for the G4DDK PGA103 amplifier (see CQ-TV 241).
• Demonstration area – featuring member's demo including M0DTS showing his integrated MK808 Digilite system.
• Comprehensive RF test and measurement equipment up to 10 GHz.
• Selected RF and video suppliers.
• Members bring and buy area.
• Antenna test range (Sunday only & weather permitting).
There will be a group dinner on Saturday night but you do need to book ahead with the hotel – so far no-one has emailed a menu request so the hotel are asking if they should cancel the booking!
See http://www.batc.org.uk/forum/viewtopic.php?f=74&t=3293 for details and also details on nearby hotels.


I was a 5 year old sitting in my friend's room, playing with her Barbies! I remember it being a warm day, and I was wearing a pair of striped shorts that had super deep pockets. We dressed the dollies and brushed their hair. Made them walk up and down the stairs in the Barbie house and we took them for a drive down the "beach" in their light yellow jeep. After a while my friend was called downstairs to greet her Granny but I stayed in her bedroom and played. As I was driving Barbie and Ken around the bedroom I spotted this amazing sticker. It was white and blue with a lion on it. I knew that it was the local football club logo. It was awesome.
Somehow that sticker found its way in to one of the deep pockets, on my striped shorts.
I forgot about the sticker. I can't say I intentionally meant to steal it, nor that I had an understanding of what stealing was, non the less, I had stolen this sticker from my best friend.
A few days later, my mum found the sticker as she was sorting the washing. She called me down and asked me where the sticker had come from. After I had told her that this sticker had "accidentally" ended up in my pocket and I had removed it from it's owner, I was marched down the street and made to apologise as I returned the sticker. The shame and horror I felt when I realised what my actions did, was unbearable. Did I learn from the forced apology? No. did I learn from owning my misstake? Yes. But that didn't happen as a result of my mothers actions. It happened as a result of empathy.
I can't remember ever being forced to apologise before or after this, apologies were modelled and not really forced in our Swedish home. You were told what your actions had created but you made the choice to apologise when ready, if at all- little focus was placed on the actual word! I mean, we can all use actions to say sorry! Regret can be shown in so many ways! Through a smile or a quick hug. The word is irrelevant without the regret. The action of showing regret however, is not irrelevant without the words.
After all they do say that "actions speak louder then words".
My kids fight a lot at the moment! They love each other and are the best of friends but they also have the most ferocious arguments. I try to let them find a way to interact and communicate, and I only involve myself if I feel that it's truly getting out of hand. I believe that my interference will hinder their ability to resolve conflict in the future. When I do intervene I do so by assisting them in explaining their feelings to each other. I model empathy and respect and encourage them to use these tools when interacting with each other.
This is followed by a swift, uninvolved sorry from one to the other. There is no emotion in it, no regret. It's just empty words.
In Britain we are very quick to ask our children to apologise. It shows other parents that we take the actions of our children seriously. It shows our children that they are in the wrong. But does it really?
Translate a "say sorry" scenario in to an adult situation. If I have an argument with my husband, one where I feel hurt, and as does he. We are both confused by what happened and we are both needing time to digest who said what and who did what- would it really be beneficial if someone came up and told me to apologise? How would I feel and what would the benefit be? Would I even mean it if I decided to say it?
Thinking back at that one time I was made to say sorry, I can imagine that if someone else asked me to say sorry to my husband I would likely feel belittled and unheard. Forced in to a corner I wasn't yet ready to be in. As adults we have the right to apologise when we are ready. We have the right to resolve conflict as we choose yet when it's a child (who has no consequential or logical thinking!) who makes a misstake (which will happen often as a result of lacking in impulse control) they should apologise within seconds, and if it's not said instantly the "say sorry" goes on repeat until the child apologises- not because of feeling sorry. Not because of regret but as a "get out of jail" card.
"Sorry" is a word that shouldn't be forced. It should be modelled. By modelling graciousness, kindness and empathy our children will learn these behaviours and repeat them. By encouraging our children to see a situation from another child's perspective we are disciplining positively, not just asking them to say a word that has little or no meaning to these young kids.
I'm not sure where I got lost and I decided that shouting "say sorry" down the hall is sufficient! I don't know when I found myself overwhelmed and turning to a response that isn't actually one that I believe in! I do know that from now on I'm working on changing this. This isn't the mother I want to be, and although 4.30pm comes like a sledgehammer every day, a forced sorry, isn't going to make the sun shine!
I actually agree with what my mum did. I agree that I should return that sticker. Thing is- the sorry isn't what I remember as shameful.
Previous Post "Will I get you a bottle? For the baby"?!


text:
Utilization of breast conserving therapy in stages 0, I, and II breast cancer patients in new jersey: An American College of Surgeons National Cancer Data Base (NCDB) analysis
Parima Daroui, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School at New Brunswick
Molly Gabel, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School at New Brunswick
Atif J. Khan, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School at New Brunswick
Bruce G. Haffty, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School at New Brunswick
Sharad Goyal, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School at New Brunswick
American Journal of Clinical Oncology: Cancer Clinical Trials
10.1097/COC.0b013e318209aa57
Breast conserving therapy; Early-stage breast cancer; Radiation therapy; Utilization
Background: The purpose of the study was to determine the use of breast conservation surgery (BCS) followed by whole breast irradiation [BCS + radiation therapy (RT)] in stages 0, I, and II breast cancer patients treated in New Jersey using the National Cancer Database. Materials and Methods: A retrospective analysis was conducted using the data from 13 hospitals in New Jersey certified by the American College of Surgeons Commission on Cancer and members of the Cancer Institute of New Jersey's Network affiliates. Subjects with a first primary malignancy of the breast (stages 0, I, and II) treated from 2000 to 2006 were included in the analysis. Results: A total of 11,146 patients with stage 0 (n = 2843), stage I (n = 4757), and stage II (n = 3546) were treated for their breast cancer. Of stage 0, I, and II patients, 72% (n = 2053), 73% (n = 3482), and 53% (n = 1865) received BCS, respectively. Of these patients, 40% (n = 826), 67.6% (n = 2353), and 63% (n = 1177) received adjuvant RT after BCS for their stages 0, I, and II, respectively. Use of BCS +RT was equivalent across racial groups and all ages, except patients above 70 years of age (61% <40 y, 57% 40 to 49 y, 60% 50 to 59 y, 65% 60 to 69 y, and 51% >70 y). Conclusions: These data report an underutilization of RT after BCS in patients with stage 0 breast cancer treated across 13 hospitals in New Jersey. The Commission on Cancer's Rapid Quality Reporting System may be one method of identifying groups of patients not receiving care according to evidence-based guidelines. Copyright © 2011 by Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.
Daroui, P., Gabel, M., Khan, A., Haffty, B., & Goyal, S. (2012). Utilization of breast conserving therapy in stages 0, I, and II breast cancer patients in new jersey: An American College of Surgeons National Cancer Data Base (NCDB) analysis. American Journal of Clinical Oncology: Cancer Clinical Trials, 35 (2). http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/COC.0b013e318209aa57

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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How does the Scheme determine the Monetary Ceiling of a Member?
The Membership category for each Member is determined by reference to the member's highest single valuation amount in the 12 months prior to the inception/renewal of their policy (Upper End Value) irrespective of the purpose of the valuation (ie., whether it is for the purposes of mortgage, insurance, asset valuations, etc).
The table below sets out the Monetary Ceiling applicable to each Membership Category. The Monetary Ceiling is the maximum amount for which a Member can be held liable (ie. the cap) where a Court determines that the Member is compliant with all relevant obligations.
Can I obtain a higher Monetary Ceiling?
Pursuant to section 4.1 of the Scheme and section 24 of the Professional Standards Act 1994 (NSW), the APIV has discretionary authority to specify a higher monetary ceiling not exceeding $20 million on application by a Member.
The Member would need to demonstrate a compelling commercial reason as to why a higher cap is warranted. There are stringent risk management and reporting obligations imposed on members who are successful in their application for a Discretionary Higher Monetary Ceiling. These requirements are contained in the APIV Guidelines for Higher Discretionary Monetary Ceilings.
If you wish to apply for a Higher Discretionary Monetary Ceilings, the Application Form is available here.


text:
Q: Calculate length of list pandas dataframe where cell value is a list Given such a data frame df:
id     elements
1     Ba, Ca
2     Th
3     Ag, Au, Ca, Mg, V
4     Au, Ca

I would like to calculate a column that has the number of items in the elements list. For example:
id    elements             count
1     Ba, Ca               2
2     Th                   1
3     Ag, Au, Ca, Mg, V    5
4     Au, Ca               2

Any ideas on how to solve this issue would be greatly appreciated.

A: Let us try count the sep
df['ct']=df.elements.str.count(',')+1

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
History, Titanic
Titanic Chronology:Carpathia Arrives on 18 April 1912
April 18, 2022 Mark Taylor
Crowd Awaiting Survivors of Titanic, 18 April 1912
U.S. Library of Congress,Bain Collection, Control #ggb2004010347
It had been a long three days since Titanic sank when Carpathia arrived bearing Titanic's survivors. What had been first optimistic news turned grim after the miscommunication had been sorted out. Titanic had sunk and 1500 had perished out in the cold North Atlantic. News as to who exactly had survived was not fully known as Carpathia had kept a media blackout during its journey to New York. There was a reporter on board but had to keep his notes secret in a cigar box lined with champagne corks. He would toss it towards a Hearst editor in a tugboat in New York harbor where it would be raced for a special evening edition of New York World. 50 tugboats full of reporters yelled at the ship through megaphones offering money for eyewitness accounts. Carpathia first stopped at Pier 59, the White Star Line pier and offloaded Titanic's lifeboats. They were all that were left of the ship aside from the flotsam and jetsam that would be found later in the Atlantic. Then Carpathia proceeded to Pier 54 and the Titanic survivors disembarked. It was only then it was truly known who did survive and who did not.
Behe, George TITANIC: SAFETY, SPEED AND SACRIFICE, Transportation Trails, Polo, IL 1997
Eaton John P. & Haas Charles, TITANIC TRIUMPH AND TRAGEDY, SECOND EDITION, W.W. Norton & Company, New York, New York, 1995 First American Edition
Lord, Walter, A NIGHT TO REMEMBER, Holt Rinehart and Winston, New York, New York, 1955. Multiple revisions and reprints, notably Illustrated editions (1976,1977,1978 etc)
Lord, Walter, THE NIGHT LIVES ON, Willian Morrow and Company, New York, New York, 1986 (First Edition)
Lynch, Don & Marshall Ken, TITANIC AN ILLUSTRATED HISTORY, Madison Press Books, Toronto, Ontario Canada, 1992
Cobh Heritage Center
CarpathiaCarpathia arrives in New Yorkmaritime disastersTitanicTitanic lifeboatsWhite Star Line
Titanic Chronology: White Star Line Hires Ships To Retrieve Bodies (17 April 1912)
CS Mackay Bennett (circa 1884)
Public Domain/Wikimedia Commons
As the world awaits news of who survived Titanic, the White Star Line decides to hire ships to go out and retrieve bodies. Reports of bodies floating in the Atlantic had been reported and White Star wanted to retrieve them as quickly as possible for a number of practical reasons. Ocean currents would eventually move them out of the area, so getting them retrieved as soon as possible would allow families to lay them to rest. Another reason for speed was that sea creatures and birds would start consuming the bodies making identification difficult as well. The cable ship Mackay Bennett was the first ship hired by White Star (others would be employed as well) to retrieve bodies. The ship emptied itself of its normal stores in Halifax, Nova Scotia and brought aboard supplies for its new mission:
Embalming supplies and coffins (100)
Chief embalmer of John Snow & Co., John R. Snow Jr.
100 tons of ice to store the bodies
Canon Kenneth Hind of All Saints Cathedral, Halifax
Mackay Bennett left Halifax at 12:28 pm on 17 April 1912. Due to heavy fog and rough seas, it would take four days to reach where Titanic sank. They began recovery at 0600 on 20 April. Bodies were manually recovered by skiffs and brought back to the ship. They recovered 51 bodies but realized they did not have enough embalming supplies on hand. Since the laws at the time required bodies to be embalmed before unloading from ships docking in a Canadian port, they followed a general procedure:
First class passengers were embalmed and placed in coffins
Second and third class passengers along with crew were embalmed but wrapped in canvas
Bodies that were too decomposed or disfigured were buried at sea
Bodies that were brought back were either transported by relatives to their final resting place or interred in Halifax, Nova Scotia.
HalifaxMackay-Bennettmaritime disastersRecovering Titanic bodiesTitanicTitanic passengers buried at SeaWhite Star Line
History, Religion
The Resurrection of Jesus Christ by Piero della Francesca (1463)
Public Domain (via Wikimedia Commons)
ChristianityEasterEaster SundayreligionReligious holidays
Titanic Chronology: Titanic Sunk (15-16 April 1912)
New York Times Front Page 16 April 1912
Public Domain (Wikimedia Commons)
Titanic lost: Belfast Telegraph front page on 16 April 1912
Source: Belfast Telegraph
The distress call from Titanic was greeted with disbelief and shock. News reached New York on on Monday evening about the distress call. Philip Franklin, who was in charge of the White Star Line office in New York issued a statement around 10:30 pm that "There is no danger that Titanic will sink. The boat is unsinkable, and nothing but inconvenience will be suffered by the passengers."
Messages from Titanic and other ships responding were being relayed to Cape Race and then re-transmitted on. It is during this process that things likely went amiss causing confusion. Pieces of messages got mixed up with others indicating Titanic and its passengers had been saved and was in tow to Halifax. This led to Franklin issuing another statement later that said (in part) "We hope that reports from the Virginian and the Parisian will prove to be true, and that they will turn up with some of the passengers…"Most newspapers were reporting that evening that all Titanic passengers had been saved and on various ships. Titanic was being towed to Halifax. Based on that, White Star chartered trains to take families to Halifax to meet their relatives there.
Over at the New York Times, its managing editor Carr van Anda, did not accept this. Messages from Titanic had stopped indicating it likely sank. On Monday morning, 15 April 1912, the headline of the Times had the following headline:
New Liner Titanic Hits Iceberg;
Sinking By Bow At Midnight;
Women Put Off In Lifeboats;
Last Wireless At 12:27 A.M Blurred
By midnight on the previous day, Franklin had begun to realize that something had gone terribly wrong, but it was still unconfirmed at that point. "I thought her unsinkable, and I based my opinion on the best expert advice. I do not understand it." He would weep later when the truth would eventually be learned. As the trains sped north to Halifax, they would be stopped and turned back to New York with apologies to all aboard. The survivors were coming to New York instead. The message sent by J. Bruce Ismay from Carpathia to White Star reported Titanic had sunk. It would be learned all the survivors were aboard Carpathia bound for New York.
There were no such confusing reports in Ireland, Britain or elsewhere. In Belfast, those who had worked on the great ship awoke the next day to see two words on the news board the kids had to sell newspapers:
Titanic Sunk
They could not believe what they were reading. The ship they had helped build, craft, and launch was now lying on the bottom of the Atlantic. Many wept and others just stood in shock at the news. Ships back then were constructed by hand so many who had labored on the ship had a sense of pride at what they did. In Southampton, many went to the White Star Line offices to find out what had happened to their husbands, sons or daughters. White Star had lists but not great ones with just last names listed in many cases. Southampton would see many homes without fathers, mothers (or both) as a result of Titanic sinking. As news spread around the world, anxious families would also inquire but would not be able to learn anything.
Aboard Carpathia, Ismay isolated himself in a cabin. Wireless messages were being sent outbound by survivors aboard, but it would not respond to specific requests, even one from the President Taft of the United States inquiring about the fate of his friend and military aide Colonel Archibald Butt.
That would not be known for a few days. Carpathia was inbound to New York and only when it arrived on 18 April 1912, would they truly know who had survived and who had perished. And all that remained of that once great ship were the lifeboats that would be unloaded at the White Star Line pier.
Carr van AndaConfused messages on TitanicCQDmaritime disastersNew York TimesPhilip FranklinSOSTitanicTitanic distress callsWhite Star Line
Passover Begins Today at Sundown
The Israelites Leaving Egypt, 1828/1830 by David Roberts (1796-1864)
Public Domain(Wikipedia)
Passover is an eight day festival celebrated in the spring between the 15th through 22 during the Hebrew month of Nissan. Passover commemorates the emancipation of the Israelites from slavery in ancient Egypt. The first two and last two days are considered holidays. On those days holiday meals are served and observant Jews do not work or drive on those days (they also cannot write and even switch on/off electric devices though exception is made for cooking and carrying food outdoors.) The middle four days are called intermediate days and most forms of work are permitted.
A very important way Jews recall the Exodus is that they cannot eat or have an form of leavened bread (and that includes any food or drink that contains wheat, barley, oats, spelt or derivatives of it). That includes a lot of foods from breads, pastas, cookies and cakes, alcohol and soda. Most processed or industrial made foods are thus not allowed unless they have been certified for Passover by a rabbinical authority. It is not uncommon to see certain sodas in heavy Jewish areas reconfigured for the Passover season (such as Coke using real sugar and nothing that is derived from leavened bread in its making).
Observe the month of Aviv and celebrate the Passover of the Lord your God, because in the month of Aviv he brought you out of Egypt by night. Sacrifice as the Passover to the Lord your God an animal from your flock or herd at the place the Lord will choose as a dwelling for his Name. Do not eat it with bread made with yeast, but for seven days eat unleavened bread, the bread of affliction, because you left Egypt in haste—so that all the days of your life you may remember the time of your departure from Egypt. Let no yeast be found in your possession in all your land for seven days. Do not let any of the meat you sacrifice on the evening of the first day remain until morning. (Deuteronomy, 16:1-4)
Seder table Image: Gilabrand at en.wikipedia
The most important part of Passover is the Seder. It is a fifteen step tradition that is family oriented and packed with rituals for the feast. The most important points of the Seder are eating matzah, bitter herbs(to commemorate the slavery under the Egyptians),drinking wine or grape juice to commemorate their freedom, and most importantly reciting from the Haggadah. The Haggadah is the liturgy of the Exodus from Egypt and the duty of every family to recite the story so the next generation never forgets what Passover means to them.
Hear, O Israel! The LORD is our God, the LORD alone! Therefore, you shall love the LORD, your God, with your whole heart, and with your whole being, and with your whole strength. Take to heart these words which I command you today. Keep repeating them to your children. Recite them when you are at home and when you are away, when you lie down and when you get up. Bind them on your arm as a sign and let them be as a pendant on your forehead. Write them on the doorposts of your houses and on your gates. (Deuteronomy 6:1-9)
What Is Passover (Pesach)? (Chabad.org)
Passover – Pesach: History & Overview (Jewish Virtual Library)
HaggadahJudaismKosherMatzoMosesPassoverSederThe Exodus
Today is Good Friday
Ecce homo by Antonio Ciseri(1821-1891)
Today is Good Friday, an important event in the Christian liturgical calendar. Some argue the word Good is a corruption and used to mean God Friday. Others argue it always meant that the day is meant to be pious or holy. For Christians, Good Friday is the day Jesus was crucified on the cross. Observant Christians will mark the day by silent meditation, prayer, and church attendance. Many will fast during the day, particularly during the hours of 12 noon to 3 p.m. Hot Cross Buns are a traditional food many cultures use on this day (and through the Easter season). Most Catholics and Christians will avoid eating meat on this day and usually the main meal will be fish. Good Friday (and sometimes Easter Monday)are public holidays in many countries. Good Friday always occurs on the Friday before Easter Sunday.
Good Friday (Catholic Online)
What Is Good Friday, and What Makes it so Good? (BibleStudyTools.com)
Good Friday (Fish Eaters)
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Titanic Chronology:Titanic Strikes Iceberg And Sinks (14-15 April 1912)
Poster Advertising Vinolia Otto Soap for Titanic
Image:Public Domain
Sunday, 14 April 1912 was what many survivors thought was the best day of the journey so far. Religious service was held in the First-Class dining room at 10:30 am. Many in first and second class had a very nice meal afterwards, followed by a stroll around the deck. Ice warnings had been received from other ships in the past two days, but no one had plotted them or gave them deep thought. Icebergs were common and no one thought they were that serious of an issue at the time. At noon the ship's officers got together on wing bridge to calculate the Titanic's position.
About 1:42 pm, White Star Liner Baltic reported large quantities of field ice along with the coordinates. The message was delivered to Captain Edward J. Smith who passed it on to Joseph Bruce Ismay, chairman of White Star Line. The Amerika sighted a large iceberg at 1:45 pm and transmitted notice and its coordinates as well. As the afternoon progressed, air temperature began to drop and by 7:30 pm was at 33?F. At 5:50 pm, Captain Smith orders the course to south and west of the usual course taken possibly due to the ice warnings.
Titanic Lunch Menu 14 April 1912
At 7:30 pm, the Californian reported three large icebergs, which was reported to the bridge while Second Officer Charles Lightoller is on duty. Captain Smith was attending a dinner in the First-Class Dining Room. Contrary to what is shown in A Night To Remember, messages were not delivered by the wireless operators but by Titanic crew. Lightoller would order the crew to watch the fresh water supply as the temperature was dropping to freezing. Smith would return to the bridge at 8:55 pm and discuss with Lightoller to the weather and icebergs. Captain Smith would retire for the night at 9:20 pm telling Lightoller to wake him "if becomes at all doubtful'. At 9:30 pm, Lightoller would advise the lookouts to watch for icebergs.
The Mesaba sent a warning of heavy pack ice and icebergs at 9:40 pm. However due to heavy wireless passenger traffic, Jack Phillips was too busy to have it sent to the bridge. At 10:00 pm, First Officer William Murdoch would relieve Second Officer Lightoller. Lightoller would tell Murdoch of current conditions. The lookouts were also relieved by the new watch. Lookouts Frederick Fleet and Reginald Lee are advised to watch for icebergs. Since it is a moonless night and the sea calm, they will need to be extra alert in looking for any ice fields or icebergs that might appear. Also, they have no binoculars as they have been misplaced. The temperature continues to drop and is recorded at 31?F.
The Californian decides to stop at 10:55 pm due to large field ice in its way. Warnings were sent out to all shipping in the area. The wireless operator contacts Titanic with additional ice warning. Jack Phillips sends back a blunt response telling him to shut up as he was sending messages through Cape Race. At around 11:00 pm, most people are either in bed or heading back to their cabins. A few might still be enjoying a drink, a card game, or reading. By 11:30 pm, the Californian wireless operator, after listening to Titanic's message traffic, shuts down and goes to bed.
Photograph of iceberg taken by chief steward of Prinz Adalbert on morning of 15 April 1912 near where Titanic sank. At the time he had not learned of the Titanic disaster. Smears of red paint along the base caught his attention. The photo and accompanying statement were sent to Titanic's lawyers, which hung in their boardroom until the firm dissolved in 2002. Public Domain
Just before 11:40 pm, lookouts spot an iceberg 500 feet away. Lookout Frederick Fleet rings the bell three times and calls the bridge telling Murdoch 'Iceberg, right ahead.' Titanic was doing around 21 knots (or slightly less) at the time. Murdoch gives the order "hard a starboard," orders the engines stopped then full astern, and seals the watertight doors. Due to the size, ships of this size have a larger turning radius then most. At first it looked like Titanic would hit the iceberg dead on but then slowly veers to port to pass by on the starboard. Some speculate the iceberg may have been inverted making it larger underwater than on top. The iceberg makes contact with the ship causing large and small punctures in the process as it scraped the ship.
Thomas Andrews, 1911
Captain Smith would come to the bridge to determine what happened and informed they struck an iceberg. Reports started coming in of water in the mail room and other areas of the ship. Titanic designer Thomas Andrews assesses the damage along with Captain Smith. With water coming in the mail room and in the first five compartments of the ship, Andrews informs Smith that Titanic will stay afloat for 1 ½ to 2 hours. The ship could survive one compartment being damaged but all not all five with water coming pulling it down at the bow. Captain Smith was in a state of shock at this news and had to be prodded to order lifeboats be lowered, muster the crew, and evacuate the passengers. Since lifeboats were based on tonnage (per British Board of Trade regulations) and not capacity, 1,178 of 2,227 passengers could be put into them if filled to capacity.
At 12:15 am, Captain Smith orders wireless operators Jack Phillips and Harold Bride to send out distress messages. While SOS is the new distress signal, they also send out the older one CQD (come quick distress). Many ships will hear the distress but many like the Frankfurt are too far away to respond. On Carpathia, approximately 58 miles away, its wireless operator heard the message at 12.20 am, "Come at once. We have struck a berg. It's a CQD, old man." Once informed of this, Captain Arthur Rostron immediately orders his ship make to the coordinates provided by Titanic. As the ship speeds to the scene at top speed, he issues a flurry of orders to make ready the ship for receiving survivors. It would take three hours for Carpathia to arrive.
Since Titanic lacked a central alarm system to notify passengers to evacuate the ship, it fell to stewards and others to knock on passenger's doors to rouse them. At first many did not believe the ship was in any danger but that would become apparent as time went on. Since the crew had not had any training or drills in lowering the lifeboats, they were unsure the davits were strong enough or the capacity of the lifeboats. And the system of who could board lifeboats varied from port or starboard side. Lightoller was strict about women and children first. At 12:45 am, lifeboat number 7 on the starboard side was lowered but only had 27 people instead of full capacity of 65.
Titanic fired distress rockets as well to get the attention of any nearby ships. They were seen by the Californian, but they did not know the source and did not investigate. A ship appeared to be ten miles away but did not respond to rockets or the Morse lamp. Later some thought this was a Norwegian fishing vessel illegally hunting seals, but evidence did not confirm it. Whether this ship was a mirage caused by conditions on the sea or atmospherics, or the real thing, has never been confirmed. By 12:55 am, lifeboats 5 and 6 are lowered. Number 6 had passenger Molly Brown and lookout Frederick Fleet. Quartermaster Robert Hitchens, who was at the helm when Titanic struck the iceberg, would be criticized later for refusing to look for survivors
By 1:00 am, lifeboat 3 is lowered and only carries 39 people, 12 from the crew. Lifeboat 1 is lowered with only 12 people. It is one of the emergency cutters designed for quick lowering and raising in cases of a person overboard. It can hold up to 40. Both Sir Cosmo Edmund-Duff Gordon are aboard this lifeboat. They would be accused, but denied it, of bribing the crew by giving them £5 each to keep others from using the boat. Sir Cosmo would say the money was offered to them for them to replace lost clothing and gear.
At 1:10 am, the first lifeboat on the port side is lowered. Number 8 only had 28 people on it and included the Countess of Rothes, Lucy Noel Martha. Ida and Isidor Strauss were offered seats on this lifeboat but decline. Isidor believed women and children should go first and Ida did not want to leave her husband. "Where you go, I go," she said. Both would remain aboard Titanic and perish when it sank. Lifeboat 10 is launched at 1:20 am and had the nine-week-old Milvina Dean on it. She would become later one of the survivors often interviewed about Titanic and lived a long life till dying in 2009 at the age of 97. Lifeboat 9 is launched and is near capacity at 56 people aboard. Benjamin Guggenheim's mistress was aboard, but he remained with his valet aboard the ship dressed in formal attire.
On Olympic, there was some confusion about the distress call they received. It is possible that with all the signals going out that night, that some got jumbled up (this proved true later when apparently confusing messages were received in New York). About 1:25 am, they radioed Titanic asking if they steaming to meet them. The response was simple that they were putting women off in the boats. Later Olympic would be informed by Carpathia of the sinking. Panic was starting to set in aboard the ship as it became very obvious by this time she was sinking and filling up with water. A panic near lifeboat 14 caused Fifth Officer Boxhall to discharge his weapon. He took command of the lifeboat and would later transfer people into other lifeboats so they could look for survivors. The lowering of lifeboat 13 is quickly followed by 15. However, it drifts underneath the lowering lifeboat but quick action by crewman in 13 save it by cutting the ropes and rowing away.
Between 1:35-1:40 am lifeboat 16 and collapsible C is lowered. On C is White Star chairman J. Bruce Ismay. Later he would be criticized that he boarded before women and children. He would claim that neither were around when he boarded the lifeboat. True or not, it would stick with him for the rest of his life with some calling him a coward. By 1:45 am, Emergency Cutter 2 is launched with Boxhall with 20 people. Lifeboats 11 and 4 would be launched as well. Madeline Astor, five months pregnant, is aboard number 4. Her husband, John Jacob Astor, would ask to join her but Lightoller, who followed the order of woman and children first, declined. Astor's body would later be recovered.
Titanic Captain Edward J Smith, 1911
Author unknown. Published after sinking in 1912
Public Domain/Wikipedia Commons
By 2 am only the collapsible boats remain. Titanic had sunk low enough that the stern propellors were now visible. Collapsible lifeboat D is launched from the roof of the officer's quarters and would have 20 people in it. Collapsible A is washed off the deck and partly filled with water. Fifth Officer Harold Lowe in lifeboat 14 finds only 12 of the 20 that got into it are alive. Collapsible B falls and swept off before it can be righted. The now overturned lifeboats is used by 30 people including Lightoller and wireless operator Bride. At this point, Captain Smith releases the crew saying, "it's every man for himself." Smith was last seen on the bridge and his body was never recovered. Wireless operator Phillips sends the final distress signal at 2:17 am. He made it to collapsible lifeboat B but died from exposure. His body would not be recovered.
Titanic is plunged into darkness as its power generators fail. The bow continues its inexorable pull downward as the stern rises higher out of the water. Around 2:18 am, the tremendous strain on the midsection of the ship causes it to break in two between the third and fourth funnels. The bow would disappear beneath the waves while the stern settles back in the water. At this moment, those on the stern can literally swim away before it starts rising. Water would fill into the stern causing it to rise and becoming vertical. At 2:20 am, it would begin the final plunge and disappear. Titanicwas gone.
RMS Carpathia (date unknown)
Image: public domain
Carpathia would arrive in the area firing rockets to get attention at around 3:30 am. Lifeboat 2 was the first to reach the rescue ship. It would take several hours to pick up all the survivors. Ismay would send a message to the White Star Line office informing them Titanic sank. He then would isolate himself in a cabin for the remainder of the voyage to New York. The Californian arrived on scene at 8:30 am. They learned of the sinking around 5:30 am. They find no survivors.
Collapsible lifeboat D photographed by passenger on Carpathia on the morning of 15 April 1912.
At 8:50 am, Carpathia sounded her whistle and began heading to New York with the 705 survivors aboard. Due to garbled and mixed-up messages, the American press believed at first disaster had been averted and she was in tow. People were gathering outside of the White Star Liner offices in New York, London and other offices for information. The White Star Line office in New York believed Titanic was okay and conveyed that to the public that morning. However, that changed by the afternoon when Ismay's message from Californian was received and other information also confirmed it as well. Titanic, the pride of the White Star Line, had sunk on her maiden voyage taking 1,500 lives with only 705 survivors.
CQDdistress signalsJ. Bruce Ismaymaritime disastersSOSSS CalifornianSS CarpathiaThomas AndrewsTitanicTitanic captain Edward J SmithTitanic ChronologyWhite Star Line
Titanic Chronology: 13 April 1912
RMS Olympic's A la Carte Restaurant, located in B-Deck level. Circa May 1911
Robert John Welch (1859-1936), official photographer for Harland & Wolff
Titanic is enroute to New York and people settle into their familiar patterns. Mealtimes are very popular to meet with your fellow travelers and all classes have a place to gather and eat. The ticket price covers all three meals though first class has its own a la carte restaurant where you can buy dishes sold separately. Food portions were plentiful, unlike earlier passenger liners, so you got a lot of food for the ticket. In many ways Titanic and other ships that followed this pattern became adept in creating expert meals at any time of the day with a dedicated crew of food professionals with access to quality foods stored aboard the ship. Working off all that food was not the difficult either. You could take laps walking around the deck or use one of the many exercise equipment aboard. The gymnasium was quite impressive with punching bags, stationary bikes (called cycle racing machines), electric horse and camel, and a squash court (men and women played at different times). The mechanical rowing machine was apparently very popular. Of course you could work up a sweat in the Turkish bath or treat yourself to a nice massage. There was an electric bath which today would be like a tanning bed. It was more of a curiosity than anything else. One had to exhibit a certain amount of bravery to get into something that looked like an iron lung.
RMS Olympic First Class Lounge (1912)
Photo: Robert John Welch (1859-1936), official photographer for Harland & Wolff
You might decide to relax in the library or send a telegram off to family using the Marconi wireless. April 13 was actually a nice day to be outside on the Titanic. Spring like temperatures were in the upper 50's, so one could enjoy walking the deck. Or you could be indoors in one of the smoke rooms playing cards. And there were professional gamblers aboard who made a living plying the ocean liners. They were known to White Star and other liners of the day, but the liners simply warned passengers that they were not responsible for such private games. These gamblers were keen on trying to get as much money from those who could afford to lose. And they readily took advantage of the naïve and inexperienced. The did face steely competition though from men who, like the professional gambler, spent time in their gentleman's clubs (not to be confused with its modern day nearly porn image with strippers) playing cards with other members. They usually were just as skilled as the professional gambler and knew what to watch out for.
Dinners were when everyone in first and second class had to appear in the right way. Men and women wore formal evening clothes. It was important to be seen properly attired for the meal especially the higher in status you were. To be seen in anything but such attire was unthinkable. A gentleman or lady who showed up in casual clothes for first- or second-class meals would not only get impolite stares but a discreet word that they must dress up to be seated. Breakfast was the only time you could be casual but even then, you did not show up looking sloppy or in gym clothes.
The Grand Staircase of the RMS Olympic
Photo:Public Domain (Wikipedia)
As Titanic traveled on, by 13 April it had gone about 519 miles. During this time, she received many warnings of ice. At 10:30 PM, she got a warning of heavy pack ice from the Rappahannock. The weather was starting to change. The nice spring weather was going to be replaced by a cold front that by noon the next day would have people wearing heavy clothing and scarves if they wanted to walk outside.
Dressing for meals on Titanicmaritime historyTitanicTitanic amenitiesTitanic ChronologyWhite Star Line
Titanic Chronology: Titanic Sails to New York (12 April 1912)
Titanic made its last stop yesterday (11 April 1912) in Queenstown (now Cobh) Ireland. She has now begun her maiden voyage to New York. Passengers adjust to the ship routine and their temporary lodgings. The ship was laid out not unlike a major hotel and designed with luxury in mind. First class cabins were designed in Empire style, which had become popular towards the end of the 19th century. Napoleon had started it back when he was in power and it became popular outside of France. It faded in popularity, but many upper class and aristocrats began to appreciate it again in the late 19thand early 20th centuries. Other styles were used in Second Class and public areas of the ship. All of it was designed to convey you were not on a ship but in a grand place.
Aside from amenities such as a salt-water swimming pool, a gymnasium and Turkish bath (to name a few), there was a massive reception area, a smoking room for men, and a room to read and write while aboard. The A La Carte restaurant was designed like the Ritz Hotel and run by well-known Italian restaurateur, Gaspare Gatti. The Cafe Parisien was designed to resemble a French sidewalk café. This was an annex to the restaurant and offered high end French cuisine. The Dining Saloon on D deck could seat up to 600 at a time.
Third Class (called Steerage back then) was different from other ships of its time. In other ships, most slept in dormitories, had little food and toilet facilities were inadequate. White Star changed that (they made a lot of money from this class, so it was worth the improvements). Single men were housed in the forward areas while families, single women, and couples in the after. All had private rooms that were small but comfortable holding each up two, four, six or eight and ten passengers depending on the accommodation. Running water and toilet facilities were provided as well (though not in the rooms). Unlike first and second class toilets that required the passenger to flush, the ones in third class were always running. This was done because many were unaccustomed to these types of toilets (many from rural and even small towns had no indoor plumbing and relied on outdoor latrines). An attendant was assigned to help people understand how to use the toilet.
Third class had its own dining rooms and gathering areas as well. There was a large open space on D Deck for socializing, its own smoking room for men, and an area on C Deck women could use for reading and writing. Third Class on Titanic was luxurious compared to other shipping lines of the day.
Including her stop in Queenstown, Titanic traveled 326 miles by this date.
Updated 2022-Added information about third class toilets and attendant.
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Titanic Chronology:Titanic Arrives Queenstown (Cobh) 11 April 1912
RMS Titanic pictured in Queenstown, Ireland 11 April 1912
Source:Cobh Heritage Centre, Cobh Ireland/Wikimedia Commons
Titanic arrives in Queenstown (now Cobh) Ireland at 11:30 am at Roches Point, the outer anchorage of Queenstown Harbor. Tenders PS Ireland and PS America would transport passengers from the White Star Line pier to the ship. The tenders also picked up mail bags at Deepwater Quay that had been brought in by train. 123 passengers embarked from Queenstown. Of the 123, three were first class, seven second class, and the remaining third class (called steerage back then). One of those disembarking was Francis Brown (later Father Brown, SJ) with his camera and photos of life aboard ship. Titanic departed at 1:30 pm for New York.