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Use dmy dates from August 2012, Articles with invalid date parameter in template, Missing redirects,
Intelligence services of World War II
British intelligence agencies
Secret Intelligence Service
Template:Redirect2
"Her Majesty's Secret Service" redirects here. For other uses, see On Her Majesty's Secret Service (disambiguation).
Not to be confused with MI5.
Template:Infobox Government agency The Secret Intelligence Service (SIS), commonly known as MI6, (Military Intelligence, Section 6) is the agency which supplies Her Majesty's Government with foreign intelligence. It operates under the formal direction of the Joint Intelligence Committee (JIC) alongside the internal Security Service (MI5), the Government Communications Headquarters (GCHQ) and the Defence Intelligence (DI).
It is frequently referred to by the name MI6 (Military Intelligence, Section 6), a name used as a flag of convenience during the Second World War when it was known by many names.[1] The existence of MI6 was not officially acknowledged until 1994.[2]
In late 2010, the head of SIS delivered what he said was the first public address by a serving chief of the agency in its 101-year history. The remarks of Sir John Sawers primarily focused on the relationship between the need for secrecy and the goal of maintaining security within Britain. His remarks acknowledged the tensions caused by secrecy in an era of leaks and pressure for ever-greater disclosure.[3]
Its headquarters, since 1995, are at Vauxhall Cross on the South Bank of the Thames.
1 History and development
1.2 First World War
1.3 Inter-War period
1.4 Second World War
1.5 Cold War
1.6 After the Cold War
2 SIS buildings
2.1 SIS headquarters
2.2 Other buildings
3 Chiefs of the SIS
History and development[edit | edit source]
The SIS today is "the secret front line" of Britain's national security.[3]
Foundation[edit | edit source]
The service is derived from the Secret Service Bureau, which was founded in 1909.[1] The Bureau was a joint initiative of the Admiralty and the War Office to control secret intelligence operations in the UK and overseas, particularly concentrating on the activities of the Imperial German Government. The bureau was split into naval and army sections which, over time, specialised in foreign espionage and internal counter-espionage activities respectively. This specialisation was because the Admiralty wanted to know the maritime strength of the Imperial German Navy. This specialisation was formalised before 1914. When the First World War started, the two sections underwent administrative changes so that the foreign section became the Directorate of Military Intelligence Section 6 (MI6), the name by which it is frequently known in popular culture today.
Its first director was Captain Sir George Mansfield Smith-Cumming, who often dropped the Smith in routine communication. He typically signed correspondence with his initial C in green ink. This usage evolved as a code name, and has been adhered to by all subsequent directors of SIS when signing documents to retain anonymity.[1][4][5]
First World War[edit | edit source]
The service's performance during First World War was mixed, because it was unable to establish a network in Germany itself. Most of its results came from military and commercial intelligence collected through networks in neutral countries, occupied territories, and Russia.[6]
Inter-War period[edit | edit source]
After the war, resources were significantly reduced but during the 1920s, SIS established a close operational relationship with the diplomatic service. In August 1919 Cumming created the new passport control department, providing diplomatic cover for agents abroad. The post of Passport Control Officer provided operatives with diplomatic immunity.[7]
Circulating Sections established intelligence requirements and passed the intelligence back to its consumer departments, mainly the War Office and Admiralty.
The debate over the future structure of British Intelligence continued at length after the end of hostilities but Cumming managed to engineer the return of the Service to Foreign Office control. At this time, the organisation was known in Whitehall by a variety of titles including the Foreign Intelligence Service, the Secret Service, MI1(c), the Special Intelligence Service and even C's organisation. Around 1920, it began increasingly to be referred to as the Secret Intelligence Service (SIS), a title that it has continued to use to the present day and which was enshrined in statute in the Intelligence Services Act 1994.[1]
In the immediate post-war years under Sir George Mansfield Smith-Cumming and throughout most of the 1920s, the SIS was focused on Communism, in particular, Russian Bolshevism. Examples include a thwarted operation to overthrow the Bolshevik government[8] in 1918 by SIS agents Sidney George Reilly[9] and Sir Robert Bruce Lockhart,[10] as well as more orthodox espionage efforts within early Soviet Russia headed by Captain George Hill.
Smith-Cumming died suddenly at his home on 14 June 1923, shortly before he was due to retire, and was replaced as C by Admiral Sir Hugh "Quex" Sinclair. Sinclair created the following sections:
A central foreign counter-espionage Circulating Section, Section V, to liaise with the Security Service to collate counter-espionage reports from overseas stations.
An economic intelligence section, Section VII, to deal with trade, industrial and contraband.
A clandestine radio communications organisation, Section VIII, to communicate with operatives and agents overseas.
Section N to exploit the contents of foreign diplomatic bags
Section D to conduct political covert actions and paramilitary operations in time of war. Section D would come to be the foundation of the Special Operations Executive (SOE) during the Second World War.[7]
With the emergence of Germany as a threat following the ascendence of the Nazis, in the early 1930s attention was shifted in that direction.[7]
Sinclair died in 1939, after an illness, and was replaced as C by Lt Col. Stewart Menzies (Horse Guards), who had been with the service since the end of World War I.[11]
Second World War[edit | edit source]
During the Second World War the human intelligence work of the service was overshadowed by several other initiatives:
The cryptanalytic effort undertaken by the Government Code and Cypher School (GC&CS), the bureau responsible for interception and decryption of foreign communications at Bletchley Park.
The extensive "double-cross" system run by MI5 to feed misleading intelligence to the Germans
Imagery intelligence activities conducted by the RAF Photographic Reconnaissance Unit (now JARIC, The National Imagery Exploitation Centre).
GC&CS was the source of Ultra intelligence, which was very useful.[12]
The most significant failure of the service during the war was known as the Venlo incident, named for the Dutch town where much of the operation took place. Agents of the German army secret service, the Abwehr, and the Counter-Espionage section of the Sicherheitsdienst (SD), posed as high-ranking officers involved in a plot to depose Hitler. In a series of meetings between SIS agents and the 'conspirators', SS plans to abduct the SIS team were shelved due to the presence of Dutch police. On the night of 8–9 November 1939, a meeting took place without police presence. There, the two SIS agents were duly abducted by the SS.[13]
In 1940, journalist and Soviet agent Kim Philby applied for a vacancy in Section D of SIS, and was vetted by his friend and fellow Soviet agent Guy Burgess. When Section D was absorbed by Special Operations Executive (SOE) in summer of 1940, Philby was appointed as an instructor in the arts of "black propaganda" at the SOE's training establishment in Beaulieu, Hampshire.[14]
In early 1944 MI6 re-established Section IX, its prewar anti-Soviet section, and Kim Philby took a position there. He was able to alert the NKVD about all British intelligence on the Soviets—including what the American OSS had shared with the British about the Soviets.[15]
Despite these difficulties the service nevertheless conducted substantial and successful operations in both occupied Europe and in the Middle East and Far East where it operated under the cover name Interservice Liaison Department (ISLD).[16]
Cold War[edit | edit source]
In August 1945 Russian intelligence officer Konstantin Volkov tried to defect to Britain, offering the names of all Soviet agents working inside British intelligence. Philby received the memo on Volkov's offer, and alerted the Soviets so they could arrest him.[15] In 1946, SIS absorbed the "rump" remnant of the Special Operations Executive (SOE), dispersing the latter's personnel and equipment between its operational divisions or "controllerates" and new Directorates for Training and Development and for War Planning.[17] The 1921 arrangement was streamlined with the geographical, operational units redesignated "Production Sections", sorted regionally under Controllers, all under a Director of Production. The Circulating Sections were renamed "Requirements Sections" and placed under a Directorate of Requirements.
SIS operations against the USSR were extensively compromised by the fact that the post-war Counter-Espionage Section, R5, was headed for two years by an agent working for the Soviet Union, Harold Adrian Russell "Kim" Philby. Although Philby's damage was mitigated for several years by his transfer as Head of Station in Turkey, he later returned and was the SIS intelligence liaison officer at the Embassy in Washington D.C. In this capacity he compromised a programme of joint U.S.-UK paramilitary operations (Albanian Subversion, Valuable Project) in Enver Hoxha's Albania (although it has been shown that these operations were further compromised "on the ground" by poor security discipline amongst the Albanian émigrés recruited to undertake the operations). Philby was eased out of office and quietly retired in 1953 after the defection of his friends and fellow members of the "Cambridge spy ring" Donald Duart Maclean and Guy Burgess.[18]
SIS suffered further embarrassment when it turned out that an officer involved in both the Vienna and Berlin tunnel operations had been turned as a Soviet agent during internment by the Chinese during the Korean War. This agent, George Blake, returned from his internment to be treated as something of a hero by his contemporaries in "the office". His security authorisation was restored, and in 1953 he was posted to the Vienna Station where the original Vienna tunnels had been running for years. After compromising these to his Soviet controllers, he was subsequently assigned to the British team involved on Operation Gold, the Berlin tunnel, and which was, consequently, blown from the outset. In 1956 MI6 Director John Alexander Sinclair had to resign after the botched affair of the death of Lionel Crabb.[19]
SIS activities included a range of covert political action successes, including the overthrow of Mohammed Mossadeq in Iran in 1953 (in collaboration with the U.S. Central Intelligence Agency).[20]
Despite earlier soviet penetration, SIS began to recover as a result of improved vetting and security, and a series of successful penetrations. From 1958, SIS had three moles in the Polish UB, the most successful of which was codenamed NODDY.[21] The CIA described the information SIS received from these Poles as "some of the most valuable intelligence ever collected", and rewarded SIS with $20 million to expand their Polish operation.[21] In 1961 Polish defector Michael Goleniewski exposed George Blake as a Soviet agent. Blake was identified, arrested, tried for espionage and sent to prison. He escaped and was exfiltrated to the USSR in 1966.[22]
Also, in the GRU, they recruited Colonel Oleg Penkovsky. Penkovsky ran for two years as a considerable success, providing several thousand photographed documents, including Red Army rocketry manuals that allowed U.S. National Photographic Interpretation Center (NPIC) analysts to recognise the deployment pattern of Soviet SS4 MRBMs and SS5 IRBMs in Cuba in October 1962.[23] SIS operations against the USSR continued to gain pace through the remainder of the Cold War, arguably peaking with the recruitment in the 1970s of Oleg Gordievsky whom SIS ran for the better part of a decade, then successfully exfiltrated from the USSR across the Finnish border in 1985.[24]
The real scale and impact of SIS activities during the second half of the Cold War remains unknown, however, because the bulk of their most successful targeting operations against Soviet officials were the result of "Third Country" operations recruiting Soviet sources travelling abroad in Asia and Africa. These included the defection to the SIS Tehran Station in 1982 of KGB officer Vladimir Kuzichkin, the son of a senior Politburo member and a member of the KGB's internal Second Chief Directorate who provided SIS and the British government with warning of the mobilisation of the KGB's Alpha Force during the 1991 August Coup which briefly toppled Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev.[25]
After the Cold War[edit | edit source]
File:Secret Intelligence Service (UK) logo.png
Former SIS logo, replaced by the current logo in 2010
The end of the Cold War led to a reshuffle of existing priorities. The Soviet Bloc ceased to swallow the lion's share of operational priorities, although the stability and intentions of a weakened but still nuclear-capable Federal Russia constituted a significant concern. Instead, functional rather than geographical intelligence requirements came to the fore such as counter-proliferation (via the agency's Production and Targeting, Counter-Proliferation Section) which had been a sphere of activity since the discovery of Pakistani physics students studying nuclear-weapons related subjects in 1974; counter-terrorism (via two joint sections run in collaboration with the Security Service, one for Irish republicanism and one for international terrorism); counter-narcotics and serious crime (originally set up under the Western Hemisphere Controllerate in 1989); and a 'global issues' section looking at matters such as the environment and other public welfare issues. In the mid-1990s these were consolidated into a new post of Controller, Global and Functional.
During the transition, then-C Sir Colin McColl embraced a new, albeit limited, policy of openness towards the press and public, with 'public affairs' falling into the brief of Director, Counter-Intelligence and Security (renamed Director, Security and Public Affairs). McColl's policies were part and parcel with a wider 'open government initiative' developed from 1993 by the government of John Major. As part of this, SIS operations, and those of the national signals intelligence agency, GCHQ, were placed on a statutory footing through the 1994 Intelligence Services Act. Although the Act provided procedures for Authorisations and Warrants, this essentially enshrined mechanisms that had been in place at least since 1953 (for Authorisations) and 1985 (under the Interception of Communications Act, for warrants). Under this Act, since 1994, SIS and GCHQ activities have been subject to scrutiny by Parliament's Intelligence and Security Committee.[26]
During the mid-1990s the British intelligence community was subjected to a comprehensive costing review by the Government. As part of broader defence cut-backs SIS had its resources cut back 25% across the board and senior management was reduced by 40%. As a consequence of these cuts, the Requirements division (formerly the Circulating Sections of the 1921 Arrangement) were deprived of any representation on the Board of Directors. At the same time, the Middle East and Africa Controllerates were pared back and amalgamated. According to the findings of Lord Butler of Brockwell's Review of Weapons of Mass Destruction, the reduction of operational capabilities in the Middle East and of the Requirements division's ability to challenge the quality of the information the Middle East Controllerate was providing weakened the Joint Intelligence Committee's estimates of Iraq's nonconventional weapons programmes. These weaknesses were major contributors to the UK's erroneous assessments of Iraq's 'weapons of mass destruction' prior to the 2003 invasion of that country.[27]
In the run up to the invasion of Iraq in 2003, it is alleged, although not confirmed, that some SIS conducted Operation Mass Appeal which was a campaign to plant stories about Iraq's WMDs in the media. The operation was exposed in the Sunday Times in December 2003.[28][29] Claims by former weapons inspector Scott Ritter suggest that similar propaganda campaigns against Iraq date back well into the 1990s. Ritter claims that SIS recruited him in 1997 to help with the propaganda effort. "The aim was to convince the public that Iraq was a far greater threat than it actually was."[30]
On 6 May 2004 it was announced that Sir Richard Dearlove was to be replaced as head of the SIS by John Scarlett, former chairman of the Joint Intelligence Committee. Scarlett was an unusually high-profile appointment to the job, and gave evidence at the Hutton Inquiry.[31]
On 15 November 2006, SIS allowed an interview with current operations officers for the first time. The interview was on the Colin Murray show on BBC Radio 1. The two officers (one male and one female) had their voices disguised for security reasons. The officers compared their real experience with the fictional portrayal of SIS in the James Bond films. While denying that there ever existed a "licence to kill" and reiterating that SIS operated under British law, the officers confirmed that there is a 'Q'-like figure who is head of the technology department, and that their director is referred to as 'C'. The officers described the lifestyle as quite glamorous and very varied, with plenty of overseas travel and adventure, and described their role primarily as intelligence gatherers, developing relationships with potential sources.[32]
Sir John Sawers became head of the SIS in November 2009, the first outsider to head SIS in more than 40 years. Sawers came from the Diplomatic Service, previously having been the British Permanent Representative to the United Nations.[33]
During the global war on terror, SIS accepted information from the CIA that was obtained through torture, including the extraordinary rendition program. Craig Murray, a UK ambassador to Uzbekistan, had written several memos critical of the UK's accepting this information; he was then fired from his job.[34]
On 7 June 2011, John Sawers received Romania's President Traian Băsescu and George-Cristian Malor, the head of the Serviciul Roman de Informatii (SRI) at SIS headquarters.[35]
In July 2011 it was reported that SIS has closed several of its stations in the past couple of years, particularly in Iraq, where it used to have several outposts in the south of the country in the region of Basra according to the annual report of the parliamentary Intelligence and Security Committee. The closures have allowed the service to focus its attention on Pakistan and Afghanistan, which are its principal stations. On 16 November 2011 SIS warned the national transitional council in Benghazi after discovering details of planned strikes, said foreign secretary William Hague. 'The agencies obtained firm intelligence, were able to warn the NTC of the threat, and the attacks were prevented,' he said. In a rare speech on the intelligence agencies, he praised the key role played by SIS and GCHQ in bringing Gaddafi's 42-year dictatorship to an end, describing them as 'vital assets' with a 'fundamental and indispensable role' in keeping the nation safe. 'They worked to identify key political figures, develop contacts with the emerging opposition and provide political and military intelligence. 'Most importantly, they saved lives,' he said. The speech follows criticism that SIS had been too close to the Libyan regime and was involved in the extraordinary rendition of anti-Gaddafi activists. Mr Hague also defended controversial proposals for secrecy in civil court involving intelligence material.[36]
The Daily Star reported in November 2011 that SIS helped capture Saif al-Islam Gaddafi. The top-secret mission, dubbed Operation X so it gave away no clues, used the latest hi-tech ELINT electronic intelligence gadgets to bug him along with friends and family. Gaddafi had been hiding out in the desert for a month but the breakthrough came when he made two calls, one after the other, to say he was safe. It allowed the joint British and French bugging operation to pinpoint where he was. SIS agents using the £25million top-secret equipment closed in on him before calling in the Libyan snatch squad. A British security source said: "He made a mistake and we were waiting for him. "When someone drops out of sight they cannot resist the urge to ring someone and say they are OK. "We knew what kit he had and all the phones he had. "Saif was targeted by us but it was vital the Libyans were the ones to capture him.[37]
SIS buildings[edit | edit source]
SIS headquarters[edit | edit source]
File:Secret Intelligence Service building - Vauxhall Cross - Vauxhall - London - 24042004.jpg
The SIS building at Vauxhall Cross, London, seen from Vauxhall Bridge
Main article: SIS Building
Since 1995, SIS headquarters has been at 85 Vauxhall Cross, along the Albert Embankment in Vauxhall on the banks of the River Thames by Vauxhall Bridge, London. Previous headquarters have been Century House, 100 Westminster Bridge Road, Lambeth (1966–95); and 54, Broadway, off Victoria Street, London (1924–66). (Although SIS operated from Broadway, it was actually based at St James's Street and also made considerable use of the adjoining St Ermin's Hotel).
The building was designed by Sir Terry Farrell and built by John Laing.[38] The developer Regalian Properties approached the Government in 1987 to see if they had any interest in the proposed building. At the same time MI5 was seeking alternative accommodation and co-location of the two services was studied. In the end this proposal was abandoned due to the lack of buildings of adequate size (existing or proposed) and the security considerations of providing a single target for attacks. In December 1987 Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher's Government approved the purchase of the new building for the SIS.[39]
The building design was reviewed to incorporate the necessary protection for Britain's foreign intelligence gathering agency. This includes overall increased security, extensive computer suites, technical areas, bomb blast protection, emergency back-up systems and protection against electronic eavesdropping. While the details and cost of construction have been released, about ten years after the original National Audit Office (NAO) report was written, some of the service's special requirements remain classified. The NAO report Thames House and Vauxhall Cross has certain details omitted, describing in detail the cost and problems of certain modifications but not what these are.[39] Rob Humphrey's London: The Rough Guide suggests one of these omitted modifications is a tunnel beneath the Thames to Whitehall. The NAO put the final cost at £135.05m for site purchase and the basic building, or £152.6m including the service's special requirements.[39]
The setting of the SIS offices were featured in the James Bond films GoldenEye, The World Is Not Enough and Die Another Day. SIS allowed filming of the building itself for the first time in The World is Not Enough for the pre-credits sequence, where a bomb hidden in a briefcase full of money is detonated inside the building. A Daily Telegraph article claimed that the British government opposed the filming, but these claims were denied by a Foreign Office spokesperson.[40]
On the evening of 20 September 2000, the building was attacked using a Russian-built RPG-22 anti-tank rocket. Striking the eighth floor, the missile caused only superficial damage. The Anti-Terrorist branch of the Metropolitan Police attributed responsibility to the Real IRA.[41]
Other buildings[edit | edit source]
Most other buildings are held or nominally occupied by the Foreign & Commonwealth Office. They include:
Hanslope Park: on the outskirts of Milton Keynes housing the Her Majesty's Government Communications Centre, which supports the Foreign & Commonwealth Office and the British intelligence community.[42]
Fort Monckton: a former Napoleonic War fort, rebuilt in the 1880s, is now the field operations training centre for SIS.[43]
Chiefs of the SIS[edit | edit source]
1909–1923: Sir Mansfield Smith-Cumming, KCMG, CB
1923–1939: Admiral Sir Hugh Sinclair, KCB
1939–1952: Major General Sir Stewart Menzies, KCB, KCMG, DSO, MC
1953–1956: Sir John Alexander Sinclair, KCMG, CB, OBE
1956–1968: Sir Richard White, KCMG, KBE
1968–1973: Sir John Rennie, KCMG
1973–1978: Sir Maurice Oldfield, GCMG, CBE
1979–1982: Sir Dick Franks, KCMG
1982–1985: Sir Colin Figures, KCMG, OBE
1985–1989: Sir Christopher Curwen, KCMG
1989–1994: Sir Colin McColl, KCMG
1994–1999: Sir David Spedding, KCMG, CVO, OBE
1999–2004: Sir Richard Dearlove, KCMG, OBE
2004–2009: Sir John Scarlett, KCMG, OBE
2009–present: Sir John Sawers, KCMG
List of intelligence agencies
Charles Cumming author, former SIS officer
Richard Tomlinson author, former SIS officer
Graham Greene author, former SIS officer
David Cornwell (John le Carré) author, former SIS officer
Ian Fleming author, former NID officer
Ralph Izzard journalist, author, former NID officer
Krystyna Skarbek agent, friend of Ian Fleming, inspiration for Vesper Lynd
Paul Dukes, SIS officer and author
Sidney Reilly, Ace of Spies, worked for SIS and others, Intelligence mentor of Sir Henry Osborne Oswald
Alex Rider, fictional agent
Horst Kopkow, SS officer who worked for SIS post Second World War
Valentine Vivian Vice-Chief of the SIS and head of counter-espionage, Section V
Kim Philby (cryptonym: Stanley), SIS officer and Soviet agent
Donald Maclean (cryptonym: Homer), SIS officer and Soviet agent
Guy Burgess (cryptonym: Hicks), SIS officer and Soviet agent
Anthony Blunt (cryptonym: Johnson), MI5 officer and Soviet agent
John Cairncross (cryptonym: Liszt), SIS officer and Soviet agent
Death of Gareth Williams, seconded to SIS from GCHQ, likely to have been unlawfully killed
James Bond, a fictional character from the popular book, movie and video game franchise named 007 who is said to work for MI6
George Smiley, a fictional character from the popular book of John Le Carré, movie franchise who is said to work for MI6
↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 "SIS Or MI6. What's In A Name?". SIS website. http://www.sis.gov.uk/output/sis-or-mi6-what-s-in-a-name.html. Retrieved 11 July 2008.
↑ Whitehead, Jennifer (13 October 2005). "MI6 to boost recruitment prospects with launch of first website — Brand Republic News". Brandrepublic.com. http://www.brandrepublic.com/news/521906/mi6-boost-recruitment-prospects-launch-first-website/. Retrieved 10 July 2010.
↑ 3.0 3.1 Burns, John F. et al. "Defending Secrecy, British Spy Chief Goes Public," New York Times. 28 October 2010.
↑ MI6 boss Sir John Scarlett still signs letters in green ink, Matthew Moore, The Telegraph, 27 July 2009
↑ The usage inspired Ian Fleming in his James Bond novels to use the denominator M for the head of service.
↑ MI6 (British Secret Intelligence Service), K. Lee Lerner and Judson Knight in Encyclopedia of Espionage, Intelligence, and Security. Accessed:2007-09-02.
↑ 7.0 7.1 7.2 "C": The Secret Life of Sir Stewart Graham Menzies, Spymaster to Winston Churchill, Anthony Cave Brown, Collier, 1989
↑ Richard B. Spence, Trust No One: The Secret World Of Sidney Reilly; 2002, Feral House, ISBN 0-922915-79-2.
↑ Andrew Cook, Ace of Spies: The True Story of Sidney Reilly; 2004, Tempus Publishing, ISBN 0-7524-2959-0.
↑ Robert Bruce Lockhart, Memoirs of a British Agent (reprint); 2003, Folio Society, ASIN B000E4QXIK.
↑ "The Oldest Boy of British Intelligence". The New York Times. 27 December 1987. http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9B0DE2DF1E3EF934A15751C1A961948260. Retrieved 1 July 2012.
↑ "GCHQ releases Alan Turing's secret wartime papers". 20 April 2012. http://www.wired.co.uk/news/archive/2012-04/20/turing-papers. Retrieved 1 July 2012.
↑ "Affidavit of Walter Schellenburg". Nazi Conspiracy and Aggression. Volume VII. USGPO, Washington, 1946/pp.622-629. Document UK-81 (Washington). 1946. http://www.ess.uwe.ac.uk/genocide/schellenberg.htm. Retrieved 6 October 2010.
↑ "Beaulieu". Pen & Sword Books. http://www.heritageandhistory.com/contents1a/2012/01/beaulieu/?doing_wp_cron=1341174231.7020881175994873046875. Retrieved 1 July 2012.
↑ 15.0 15.1 "Kim Philby - new Russian god?". International News Analysis Today. 20 December 2010. http://www.inatoday.com/philbyspygod20101221.htm. Retrieved 1 July 2012.
↑ "World War II: The Underground War". Library of Congress. p. 711. http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=0bRaa7UuD6EC&pg=PA711&lpg=PA711&dq=%22Interservice+Liaison+Department%22&source=bl&ots=tSeqdb-dAA&sig=44mXscb6IFnjq7cdcSCU7Xncqlg&hl=en&sa=X&ei=ObDwT-KaIJKr8QP92PmFDQ&ved=0CEwQ6AEwBg#v=onepage&q=%22Interservice%20Liaison%20Department%22&f=false. Retrieved 1 July 2012.
↑ "Churchill's secret army lived on". BBC - Today. 13 December 2008. http://news.bbc.co.uk/today/hi/today/newsid_7780000/7780476.stm. Retrieved 13 March 2009.
↑ "The Cambridge Spies". BBC. http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/historic_figures/spies_cambridge.shtml. Retrieved 1 July 2012.
↑ "Mystery of missing frogman deepens". 1956. http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/may/9/newsid_4741000/4741060.stm. Retrieved 1 July 2012.
↑ "Licence to kill: When governments choose to assassinate". BBC. 17 March 2012. http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/magazine-17353379. Retrieved 1 July 2012.
↑ 21.0 21.1 Shaun McCormack (2003). Inside Britain's MI6: Military Intelligence 6. The Rosen Publishing Group. p. 28. ISBN 0-8239-3812-3. http://books.google.com/books?id=hJHMKJCnPBcC&pg=PA28&lpg=PA28&dq=polish+noddy+mi6&source=bl&ots=XYR_VGzvtU&sig=hmo9osm0v-0uvQj6IJGANsLJV2Y&hl=en&ei=adXqS8GnJouAOMOEmP0K&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=5&ved=0CCMQ6AEwBA#v=onepage&q=polish%20noddy%20mi6&f=false.
↑ "George Blake". History Learning. http://www.historylearningsite.co.uk/george_blake.htm. Retrieved 1 July 2012.
↑ "The spy who loved us - Oleg Penkovsky". Washington Monthly. May, 1992. http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m1316/is_n5_v24/ai_12249377/. Retrieved 1 July 2012.
↑ "What every good spy should know". 28 April 2000. http://www.guardian.co.uk/uk/2000/apr/28/military.davidshayler. Retrieved 1 July 2012.
↑ "The Soviets: Coups and Killings in Kabul". 22 November 1982. http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,955063,00.html. Retrieved 1 July 2012.
↑ "Intelligence Services Act 1994". UK Parliament. http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1994/13/pdfs/ukpga_19940013_en.pdf. Retrieved 1 July 2012.
↑ "Review of Intelligence on weapons of mass destruction". Committee led by Lord Butler. http://image.guardian.co.uk/sys-files/Politics/documents/2004/07/14/butler.pdf. Retrieved 1 July 2012.
↑ Revealed: how SIS sold the Iraq war, Sunday Times, 28 December 2003
↑ MI6 ran 'dubious' Iraq campaign, BBC, 21 November 2003
↑ Scott Ritter, Sunday Times, 28 December 2003
↑ "Hutton Inquiry: Day 9: John Scarlett gives evidence". NFO. http://www.nfo.ac.uk/collections/records/0013-0000-7576-0000-0-0000-0000-0.html. Retrieved 1 July 2012.
↑ "MI6 licensed to thrill listeners to Radio 1". 16 November 2006. http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/1534306/MI6-licensed-to-thrill-listeners-to-Radio-1.html. Retrieved 1 July 2012.
↑ Michael Evans (16 June 2009). "Outsider Sir John Sawers appointed new head of MI6". The Times. http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/uk/article6511372.ece. Retrieved 16 June 2009.
↑ Dirty Diplomacy, 2007, Craig Murray, Scribner.
↑ "Romanian president meet with British MI6 head in London". BBC Monitoring International Reports. 9 June 2011. http://www.accessmylibrary.com/article-1G1-258530473/romanian-president-meet-british.html. Retrieved 1 July 2012.
↑ Radnedge, Aidan. "MI6 thwarted attacks on Libya rebel forces by Gaddafi regime". Metro.co.uk. http://www.metro.co.uk/news/881971-mi6-thwarted-attacks-on-libya-rebel-forces-by-gaddafi-regime. Retrieved 28 December 2011.
↑ Sherwood, Deborah (20 November 2011). "Simply The Best 7 Days A Week :: News :: Gaddafi's son snared by MI6". Daily Star. http://www.dailystar.co.uk/news/view/221616/Gaddafi-s-son-snared-by-MI6/. Retrieved 28 December 2011.
↑ Construction information
↑ 39.0 39.1 39.2 Thames House and Vauxhall Cross, Report by the Comptroller and Auditor General, 18 February 2000
↑ "Bond is backed... by the government". Guardian Unlimited. 27 April 1999. http://film.guardian.co.uk/Column/0,4541,45454,00.html. Retrieved 29 December 2007.
↑ "'Rocket' theory over MI6 blast". BBC. 21 September 2000. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/934937.stm. Retrieved 1 July 2012.
↑ Ian Cobain and Richard Norton-Taylor (18 April 2012). "Sins of colonialists lay concealed for decades in secret archive". The Guardian. http://www.guardian.co.uk/uk/2012/apr/18/sins-colonialists-concealed-secret-archive. Retrieved 25 June 2012.
↑ Richard Tomlinson (2001). The Big Breach: From Top Secret to Maximum Security. Mainstream Publishing. ISBN 1-903813-01-8.
Aldrich, Richard J. (2006), The Hidden Hand: Britain, America and Cold War Secret Intelligence, London: John Murray ISBN 1-58567-274-2
Davies, Philip H.J. (2004). MI6 and the Machinery of Spying London: Frank Cass, ISBN 0-7146-8363-9 (h/b)
Davies, Philip H.J. (2005) 'The Machinery of Spying Breaks Down' in Studies in Intelligence Summer 2005 Declassified Edition.
Dorril, Stephen (2001) MI6: Fifty Years of Special Operations London: Fourth Estate, ISBN 1-85702-701-9
Humphreys, Rob (1999) London: The Rough Guide, Rough Guides, ISBN 1-85828-404-X
Jeffery, Keith (2010) MI6: The History of the Secret Intelligence Service 1909-1949 London: Bloomsbury, ISBN 978-0-7475-9183-2
Judd, Alan (1999) The quest for C : Sir Mansfield Cumming and the founding of the British Secret Service, London: HarperCollins, ISBN 0-00-255901-3
Seeger, Kirsten Olstrup (2008) 'Friendly Fire' (DK) ISBN 978-87-7799-193-6. A biography of the author's father who was a member of the Danish resistance during the Second World War.
Smith, Michael (2010) SIX: A History of Britain's Secret Intelligence Service Pt 1 Murder and Mayhem 1909-1939, London: Dialogue, ISBN 978-1-906447-00-7
Smiley, Colonel David (1994). Irregular Regular. Norwich: Editions Michael Russell. ISBN 0-85955-202-0. An autobiography of a British officer, honorary colonel of the Royal Horse Guards, David de Crespigny Smiley LVO, OBE, MC, who served in the Special Operations Executive during World War II (Albania, Thaïland) and was a MI6 officer after war (Poland, Malta, Oman, Yemen). Translated in French by Thierry Le Breton, Au cœur de l'action clandestine. Des Commandos au MI6, L'Esprit du Livre Editions, France, 2008 (ISBN 2915960275)
Tomlinson, Richard; Nick Fielding (2001). The Big Breach: From Top Secret to Maximum Security. Mainstream Publishing ISBN 1-903813-01-8
40x40px Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Secret Intelligence Service of the United Kingdom
UK Intelligence Community On Line
"Information about SIS". Archived from the original on 25 August 2007. http://web.archive.org/web/20070825075055/http://www.fco.gov.uk/servlet/Front?pagename=OpenMarket/Xcelerate/ShowPage&c=Page&cid=1059736061019. from the Foreign and Commonwealth Office's website
Entry for MI6 on the Federation of American Scientists' Intelligence Resource Program
BBC interview with MI6 spy. BBC's The One show presenter interviews MI6 spy
Template:Coord/display/title
Template:UK Intelligence Agencies Template:National intelligence agencies in Europe Template:External national intelligence agencies
ar:سلك الاستخبارات السرية bn:সিক্রেট ইন্টেলিজেন্স সার্ভিস ca:MI6 cs:Secret Intelligence Service cy:MI6 da:Secret Intelligence Service de:Secret Intelligence Service (MI6) et:Secret Intelligence Service el:Secret Intelligence Service es:MI6 eo:MI6 eu:Secret Inteligence Service fa:سازمان اطلاعات و امنیت خارجی بریتانیا fr:Secret Intelligence Service ko:영국 비밀정보청 hi:सीक्रेट इंटेलिजेंस सर्विस hr:Secret Intelligence Service id:Secret Intelligence Service it:Secret Intelligence Service he:SIS jv:MI6 lt:MI6 ms:Perkhidmatan Perisikan Rahsia nl:Secret Intelligence Service ja:イギリス情報局秘密情報部 no:MI6 pl:Secret Intelligence Service pt:MI6 ro:Secret Intelligence Service ru:Секретная разведывательная служба sq:Secret Intelligence Service simple:Secret Intelligence Service sk:Secret Intelligence Service sl:Secret Intelligence Service sr:MI6 fi:Secret Intelligence Service sv:Secret Intelligence Service tr:Gizli Haberalma Servisi uk:Таємна служба розвідки (Великобританія) zh:英國秘密情報局
Retrieved from "https://covert-history.wikia.org/wiki/Secret_Intelligence_Service?oldid=10745"
Use dmy dates from August 2012
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Over 120 minutes of comprehensive instruction with techniques and tips on how to paint hydrangeas, in oils. Watch Jeanne as she creates a soft, delicate look using value, temperature and intensity. Learn about brush mixing, color selection and execution, and rouging, and paint a compliment of leaves.
This is the first DVD in the Hydrangea Series and shows you just one way to paint a hydrangea.


text:
Ways & Means is a double album recorded by Australian artist Paul Kelly and originally released in February 2004, which peaked at #13 on the ARIA Albums Charts. It won the 2004 ARIA Music Award for Best Adult Contemporary Album. It was issued on EMI in Australia and Cooking Vinyl in the US. Kelly's backing band were later called The Boon Companions and consisted of his nephew Dan Kelly on guitar, Peter Luscombe on drums and his brother Dan Luscombe on guitar and keyboards, and Bill McDonald on bass guitar. "Beautiful Feeling" was used as the theme song for the ABCTV series Fireflies (2004).

Paul Kelly & the Boon Companions released a DVD titled, Ways & Means later in 2004. It contained 31 tracks divided into three sections: 15 tracks subtitled, Live in Boston, 12 tracks subtitled, Musicmax Sessions - Live at the Sydney Opera House (recorded on 27 January), and four tracks subtitled, Film Clips.

Background
Ways & Means was released by Paul Kelly on 17 February 2004, which peaked at #13 on the ARIA Albums Charts. Though identified as a solo record, it was more of a group effort, with a backing band later dubbed The Boon Companions co-writing many of the tracks. The Boon Companions consisted of Kelly's nephew Dan Kelly on guitar, Peter Luscombe on drums and his brother Dan Luscombe on guitar and keyboards, and Bill McDonald on bass guitar. On 7 February, the Australian Broadcasting Corporation had started broadcasting the television series Fireflies which featured a score by Kelly and Stephen Rae. The associated soundtrack CD Fireflies: Songs of Paul Kelly included tracks by Kelly, Paul Kelly & the Boon Companions, Professor Ratbaggy (containing Kelly and three earlier bandmates), Paul Kelly with Uncle Bill, and "Los Cucumbros" by the Boon Companions featuring Sian Prior, which was later a track on Stardust Five by Stardust Five (same line-up as Paul Kelly & the Boon Companions).

Track listing

Personnel
Paul Kelly Band aka Paul Kelly & the Boon Companions
Credits:
 Dan Kelly – guitars, vocals
 Paul Kelly – vocals, guitars
 Dan Luscombe – guitars, keyboards
 Peter Luscombe – drums
 Bill McDonald – bass guitar

Production details
 Producer – Tchad Blake, Paul Kelly

Charts

References

2004 albums
Albums produced by Tchad Blake
ARIA Award-winning albums
Paul Kelly (Australian musician) albums
EMI Records albums
Cooking Vinyl albums

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


Digital Uzu - App, Game, and Software developer.
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Digital Uzu was founded in 2013 by Shyam Guthikonda, after leaving the AAA gaming industry, where he worked as a developer at Kojima Productions (Konami) on the Metal Gear video game series.
Our mission is to build the highest quality software for both our clients and our customers. From apps to games and everything in between, we love building digital things. At Digital Uzu, we build digital.


Quick, you have to pick one artist to associate with Kitty Pryde.
Hmmmn… I've seen J.Mad draw Shadowcat once or twice. It was fine. Pretty good actually. But this combo makes no sense to me. Also, how awkward is that action figure? Is it even an action figure? Isn't a Shadowcat figure more of a doll? Let's be real.
This is an autographed Kitty Pryde doll. Be bold. Make the purchase. I thought you were a real fan.
Comments Off on This is just weird.


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text:
The United Methodist Church holds that the living core of the Christian faith was revealed in Scripture, illumined by tradition, vivified in personal experience, and…
The United Methodist Church holds that the living core of the Christian faith was revealed in Scripture, illumined by tradition, vivified in personal experience, and confirmed by reason. What is your understanding of this theological position of the Church? In spite of the fact that regularly an eclipsed individual inside the captivativing character that is Martin Luther King, Jr., Coretta Scott King produced Martin's accomplishments further both inside the Civil Rights Movement just as the years going before his death. It is inside her life account, titled Coretta: My Life, My Love, My Legacy, that Coretta Scott states, "obviously, while my diary is about me, it is about Martin, as well. Our lives were too indistinguishable to be in any way punctured. Cutting us one from the other would leave a spiked edge. However, I had an actual existence after Martin, similarly as I had a real existence before Martin. I have a reason. I have a crucial, I have done it on the world stage." (Scott King and Reynolds 2). Through her proceeded with activism in the Movement and years going before Martin's passing, Coretta Scott King encouraged an everlasting heritage for King, bringing Martin, herself, and supporters closer to the much of the time referenced "guarantee land." (King 5). With a splendid and promising music profession not too far off, Coretta was given the decision of following music or Martin. In her 1969 account, My Life with Martin Luther King, Jr.. Coretta opens up with respect to her worry originating from Martin's dialog on early marriage. Coretta ended up thinking about taking a chance with the loss of her music vocation or losing her opportunity to wed King (Scott King 56). In the long run, these worries would die down and Coretta would assume the title of Mrs. Coretta Scott King. As the years passed, Coretta embraced numerous jobs inside the development, helping in King's work. In her article, "Coretta Scott King and the Struggle for Civil and Human Rights: An Enduring Legacy", Vicki Crawford states, "During these years Coretta Scott King kept up a promise to harmony and social liberties exercises, joining her significant other at walks, showings, and on trips the world over at whatever point conceivable. Simultaneously, Coretta King attempted to keep up some similarity to "ordinary" family life for the youngsters. She moved her better half to and from the air terminal, got kids from school, assisted with schoolwork, arranged dinners, while remaining over the development's advancements." (Crawford 110-111). In a similar article, Crawford furnishes proof to Coretta's work with the development and the manners by which she figured out how to consolidate her melodic ability. The article expresses that Coretta had the option to have "opportunity shows" in different scenes which consequently carried both mindfulness and money related help to the Movement (Crawford 112). In spite of the fact that Coretta's decision to wed Martin overwhelmed her melodic future, it started the start of her association with the Civil Rights Movement. Coretta's development contribution didn't stop to exist with "opportunity shows", rather, she wanted to walk close by Martin and individuals from the network. Adjusting her job as mother, spouse, and open figure Coretta made progress to satisfy all jobs as well as could be expected. Lord even goes on about his better half's essence inside the development. In Stride Toward Freedom King states, "My better half and I got up sooner than expected on Monday morning. We were up and completely dressed by five-thirty. The day for the dissent had shown up, and we were resolved to see the primary demonstration of this unfurling dramatization." (King, Jr. 41). As King was setting out occasions toward the development, Coretta remained adjacent to him in solidarity. Shockingly, Coretta's job as spouse frequently eclipsed her enthusiasm for the development, keeping her activism down in specific cases. In Stephen J. Wermiel and Robert E. Stein's diary article, "Human Rights Hero: Coretta Scott King", it states, "During the March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom (March) in 1963, she was not permitted to walk with her better half and different pioneers, as the occasion's Planning Council had chosen that solitary the top administration would stroll in the March." (Wermiel and Stein 25). The article proceeds to cite Coretta featuring her mistake with this choice. Coretta Scott King felt the significance of her own activism and the spouses of the pioneers was incredibly undermined (Wermiel and Stein 25). Coretta Scott King was at this point to realize that her activism would be lifted in just five brief years. Despite the fact that incredibly unpredicted and heartbreaking, Coretta's inclusion in crafted by the development and Martin would build following King's death. Following the passing of her dearest Martin, one would have expected for Coretta to remove strides from the Movement. Rather than upbraiding the development, Coretta dove into keeping King's work. Laura T. McCarty addresses this in her book, Coretta Scott King: A Biography. McCarty states, "She was resolved to accomplish more than bring up youngsters. She was focused on observing that her significant other's work was continued." (McCarty 58). Coretta was positively mindful of the troubles that would pursue her in her steps to encourage a development that as of late lost its most powerful pioneer. Despite the fact that uncertain in where to set her first walks, Coretta Scott King would before long start her continuation of King's work and heritage. McCarty states, "Coretta's vision of how to memorialize Martin incorporated a few parts. She felt emphatically that the area wherein he grew up and worked ought to be saved and improved as vacation spots. She additionally planned to gather and utilize his works and those of other social liberties gatherings to save the narratives of the development." (McCarty 57). In the long run, Coretta Scott King would have built what was to be known as the "Martin Luther King, Jr., Center for Nonviolent Social Change, Inc." (Crawford 113). Through her consolidation of King's homegrown nature just as his persuasive work, Coretta ensured a venturing stone for the still present and developing development. Through this specific dedication, Coretta had given the network a guide that could be developed, with expectations of in the long run driving the network to the "guaranteed land." (5). Coretta Scott King produced numerous ways to keep King's work, made effective by her capacity to draw on King's oral nearness, rally for further change, just as build up enduring national familiarity with King. In his personal history And the Walls Came Tumbling Down, Ralph David Abernathy acquaints crowds with Coretta's oral fascination. Abernathy states, "Thousands came to hear Coretta King give a blending discourse, calling for "dark ladies, white ladies, darker ladies, and red ladies—every one of the ladies of this country—[to join] in a battle of inner voice. She called for welfare change, and a rebuilding of advantages for ladies with kids, saying: "Our Congress passes laws which sponsor organization ranches, oil organizations, carriers and houses for the suburbs, however when it directs its concentration toward poor people, it all of a sudden gets worried about adjusting the spending limit."" (Abernathy 511). In spite of the fact that no adversary to the crowds that assembled to hear King's words, Coretta's capacity to attract upon thousands addresses the craving of an enduring heritage. A significant part of the books and articles draw upon Coretta's extension of Martin's activism through her open and private exchanges.. Specifically, The King Center's site states, "Coretta Scott King enthusiastically conveyed the message of peacefulness and the fantasy of the adored network to pretty much every edge of our country and globe." (Thekingcenter.org).While Martin's work was engaged in America, in the long run stemming to Vietnam, Coretta took his belief systems and made them overall marvels. The King Center's site goes forward to state, "During her lifetime, Mrs. Ruler discourse with heads of state, including PMs and presidents, just as partaking in fights close by typical working individuals all things considered." (Thekingcenter.org). Coretta Scott King's capacity to advocate for those people disregarded or not yet referenced in King's work with the development enabled her to facilitate a collective push towards King's referenced "guaranteed land." (5). In spite of the fact that the spreading of his philosophies encouraged his work, Coretta's capacity to make national familiarity with King ensured a heritage that would even outlast her. In her continuation of Martin's work, Coretta felt that it was important to have a complete sign of the obstruction breaking work King accomplished during his lifetime. In the end, Coretta had the option to go through Congress a national occasion that would respect the heritage of Martin Luther King, Jr. Crawford states, "Coretta King drove the campaigning efforts to build up Dr. Ruler's birthday as a government occasion, the main national occasion to be named to pay tribute to an African American." (Crawford 114). As referenced on The King Center's site, "… in January 1986, Mrs. Lord regulated the main legitimate occasion out of appreciation for her significant other an occasion which has come to be commended by a huge number of individuals worldwide and, in some structure, in more than 100 nations." (thekingcenter.org). Martin Luther King, Jr. day stays as the main day celebrated for a solitary individual, an incredible portrayal of King's work to advance and further the African-American individuals, and simply the general total populace. As the years advanced, Coretta Scott King would accomplish unquestionably increasingly, both with work to pay tribute to King just as work she believed she was called upon. The character that Coretta Scott King showed enables one to determine various considerations concerning King as a person. Lord was an accomplished man, a committed minister, and exceptional pioneer in activism. It isn't foolish to state that if anybody somehow happened to equal crafted by Dr. Lord it would surely be his significant other. Martin was a man of prudence and he obviously applied the qualities and convictions of his confidence to each choice he had made. Ruler's choice to wed Coretta was not one he thought upon as straightforward. Dr. Ruler has decided to wed a lady who held God as high as he did. Coretta was incredibl>GET ANSWERLet's block ads! (Why?)

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


The recent announcement of American Apparel's store closures across Canada will affect downtown Saskatoon where they occupy a large building on the 21st St pedestrian corridor.
To the public, this is just another sign of the struggle retailers are feeling in our slower economy. The events leading to American Apparel's demise however have very little to do with our current economy and are more likely attributable to long term poor management at a high level.
One school of thought that occurred to me and a few agents this morning in our water cooler discussion was the opportunity this presents.
Retail vacancy across Saskatoon is quite low, including downtown where it sits at 3.8 per cent including this soon to be vacant American Apparel space. This is a very low percentage in any market where an equilibrium exists for tenants and landlords.
Traditionally it has been very difficult to find vacant space on this well tread lane downtown. In fact, in some instances, nationals with an interest in locating in the area have been shut out because of a lack of suitable options.
This large vacancy will represent a tremendous opportunity for one of those businesses that has been seeking real estate on one of downtown's busiest streets.
Another recent example is the downsizing of one central downtown shop at the corner of 21st St and 2nd Ave. The business is moving their downtown goods into an existing location elsewhere.
This vacancy was advertised a very short period of time and was immediately thereafter leased.
Details will emerge soon as to the next intended use, but it definitely backs up my theory of the opportunity turnovers present in this area of town.
While we're hearing about closures or businesses struggling there is more often than not a much more complex reason for vacating a space. In this case, the tenant may have pulled the plug on the location for a number of reasons.
Ultimately it means a primo spot has opened up for a business who is confident they can make a go of it there.
Industrial vacancy remains relatively high in Saskatoon, approximately 10 per cent according to ICR's most recent market research. There have been reports in our market of the effects of the global economic slowdowns with layoffs and downsizing.
This includes the Hitachi plant in Saskatoon's north end industrial. The facilities are made up of a number of buildings and include substantial industrial zoned land.
The intentions for the site have yet to be announced but this large tract of land in an area where tenants and owners are land locked presents some interesting options.
I would not be surprised to hear the property gets subdivided and functionally obsolescent building are removed. The value of land in this area alone is considerable.
Long story short, the public perception of tenants or businesses vacating space does not hold the same value as it does for those of us in the real estate industry. We don't believe it's all doom and gloom and I'm not just us blowing smoke.
Commercial brokers, investors and owner users with imagination can utilize creative thinking in times like this to turn these challenges into something productive for our economy.
A quick glance in City archives proves that commercial real estate will change and adjust to market needs. Nobody said progress would be necessarily easy.


text:
require_relative "../../test_helper"

module MinitestReportersTest
  class SpecReporterTest < Minitest::Test
    def setup
      @reporter = Minitest::Reporters::SpecReporter.new
      @test = Minitest::Test.new("")
      @test.time = 0
    end

    def test_removes_underscore_in_name_if_shoulda
      @test.name = "test_: Should foo"
      assert_output /test:/ do
        @reporter.io = $stdout
        @reporter.record(@test)
      end
    end

    def test_wont_modify_name_if_not_shoulda
      @test.name = "test_foo"
      assert_output /test_foo/ do
        @reporter.io = $stdout
        @reporter.record(@test)
      end
    end

    def test_responds_to_test_name_after_record
      test_name = 'test_: Should foo'
      the_test_class = Class.new(Minitest::Test) do
        define_method test_name do
          assert(false)
        end
      end
      the_test = the_test_class.new('')
      the_test.name = test_name
      @reporter.io = StringIO.new
      @reporter.record(the_test)
      assert_respond_to the_test, the_test.name
    end
  end
end

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
Select a Different Unit 1. Native Voices 2. Exploring Borderlands 3. Utopian Promise 4. Spirit of Nationalism 5. Masculine Heroes 6. Gothic Undercurrents 7. Slavery and Freedom 8. Regional Realism 9. Social Realism 10. Rhythms in Poetry 11. Modernist Portraits 12. Migrant Struggle 13. Southern Renaissance 14. Becoming Visible 15. Poetry of Liberation 16. Search for Identity
11. Modernist Portraits
• Unit Overview
• Using the Video
• Authors
- Sherwood Anderson
- Hart Crane
- F. Scott Fitzgerald
- Susan Glaspell
- Ernest Hemingway
- Nella Larsen
- Marianne Moore
- John Dos Passos
- Gertrude Stein
- Wallace Stevens
- Suggested
• Timeline
Authors: Gertrude Stein (1874-1946)
[4004] Carl Van Vechten, Portrait of Gertrude Stein (1935), courtesy of the Library of Congress [LC-USZ62-103680].
Gertrude Stein Activities
This link leads to artifacts, teaching tips and discussion questions for this author.
Gertrude Stein lived most of her life in Europe, yet considered herself an American, famously declaring that "America is my country and Paris is my hometown." In 1903, after dropping out of medical school, she joined her brother Leo in Paris and began to write. She and her brother began collecting modern art; paintings by Matisse, Picasso, and other avant-garde artists hung on the walls of her studio. In Paris she developed friendships with some of the foremost artists and writers of her time: Picasso, Hemingway, Matisse, and Fitzgerald, among many others. Her home at 27 Rue de Fleurus became a well-known gathering place for the artistic avant-garde as well as intellectuals and up-and-coming writers, who received advice and encouragement from Stein. In 1913 her brother Leo moved out and they divided their art collection. Her longtime companion and lover Alice B. Toklas lived with her from 1909 until Stein's death in 1946, and the two traveled together and hosted artists and expatriates at their house in Paris. Together they served France in both world wars, amassed an impressive collection of modern art, and created a gathering place for literati and artists seeking one another in a time of artistic experimentation.
Her first published book, Three Lives (1909), was composed of three stories written while examining a Cezanne painting and struck her as being "the first definite step away from the nineteenth century and into the twentieth century in literature." In the five hundred novels, stories, articles, plays, and poems Stein would write in her lifetime, she remained committed to experimentation with language and to breaking away from the traditions of the past. Her radical outlook on art and the central role she played in the modern art world made Stein a celebrity in America and Europe, and following World War I, she gave lectures at Oxford and Cambridge, as well as in numerous American cities on a lecture tour in the 1930s.
Stein is known for her radical experiments with language; in The Making of Americans (1925) she employs stream-of-consciousness and repetition to draw readers' attention to her language. Tender Buttons (1914) likewise challenges readers: Stein invents her own system of language here, and often meaning is not possible to determine. Stein wished to separate language from its use in representing the world of objects in the same way that abstract painters tried to separate painting from representation.
This tool builds multimedia presentations for classrooms or assignments.
An online collection of 3000 artifacts for classroom use.
Download the Instructor Guide PDF for this Unit.


It's official – I've got a love affair with Réalisation Par. I don't know what it is about these dresses that make me want to throw on a pair of barely-there heels and sip on a glass of white wine in a Parisian cafe. Ok, maybe I always want to do that, but I rest my case.
The midi-length dresses feel slightly more modest while still exuding a certain level of sexiness that skyrockets my confidence to the moon. Confidence? Ya' can't put a price on that.
Happy Easter everyone! I don't post often on Sundays, but today feels like a big deal to me. I have fond Easter memories from when I was little. Even when I was in college, my parents used to have chocolate delivered right to my dorm for the holiday. Even though chocolate is not really the 'reason for the season' I can't lie and say that I didn't love it every single year. It was just a reminder that my parents loved, cared, and thought about me, even from a different state. And, as much as I didn't love fighting for a seat in the pews at Easter service, those memories with my family still bring a smile to my face.
Does anyone else set a big reading goal at the beginning of the year? I never used to and I haven't had much time to read in the last few years, but this year, I set a goal to read 30 books. It feels like a lot, especially since I only finished two during busy season (aka the first three months of the year), but I realized it's actually completely doable. It's about making it a priority.
Thank you to Holly Kapp Photography for these photos!
I'm not sure when I first spotted this trend, but I wasn't exactly sure how I felt about it at first. I mean, clear shoes? I'm not a Kardashian, this isn't my thing. However, when I found these clear shoes on sale at Urban Outfitters, my mind quickly changed. Maybe I can pull these off. In fact, after this pair of shoes, I have a new love for clear heels. But, there is a fine line between classy and trashy when it comes to this style of shoes.
Once I get hooked on something, I really get hooked. So it goes with my obsession with the Realisation Par brand and midi-length dresses. I got my hands on this beauty (as well as the Cher Top) during the spring sale and the multi-colored polka dot print is just perfect for spring and summer. I mean, I can already see myself throwing on a denim jacket and block heels for a night out or a cardigan and sandals for Easter service.
Welcome to Curated by Kirsten - a lifestyle blog written by an ambitious millennial who can't seem to stay in just one place. My name is Kirsten and I started this blog to help the modern woman on the move, like me! If you like cute clothes, good food, and traveling on a dime, well then, you're in the right place. Grab a glass of your favorite beverage and stay a while!
Get new weeknight recipes, affordable travel inspiration, and fashion advice delivered right to your inbox!
You'll also receive access to my blogger resource library in your welcome email!


text:
Nude man in Bristol not busted
BRISTOL — When a blue minivan with Florida license plates pulled into the Bristol Maplefields on West Street at 6 p.m. on Wednesday, Sept. 7, onlookers could barely believe their eyes: A male driver got out of the car completely unclothed.
"The only things he was wearing was a pair of sandals and a credit card," Bristol Police Chief Kevin Gibbs reported.
On seeing the nude man, a bystander immediately called the police. But contrary to what the caller and some fellow bystanders apparently expected, the police did not arrest the man.
"As long as he's not doing anything that's considered lewd … he can do just about whatever he wants," said Gibbs.
There is no state law prohibiting public nudity, but there are towns that have local ordinances. Bristol, however, is not one of them.
The out-of-towner was informed that he might encounter problems down the road, but that his naked ways were safe in Bristol.
Another call then came in for the police, reporting that the man had driven off without paying for gas.
A police officer pulled him over, and the man — now wearing only a Hawaiian shirt — presented his receipt, indicating that he'd paid with a credit card. The officer let him go on his way.
Reporter Andrew Stein is at andrews@addisonindependent.com.


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Comprised of Lizzi Bougatsos, Brian Degraw, Josh Diamond and Jesse Lee, Gang Gang Dance formed in New York in the early part of the new century. Originating from the same experimental Brooklyn scene as Animal Collective and Black Dice, the bands first recorded output was a string of records released on influential local label Social Registry. With the burgeoning arts community of which they were a part continually falling under the microscope of the wider world, Gang Gang Dance recorded second full length album Gods Money and in the process transcended all associations with their peers. Boldly forging their various avant garde influences into a coherent statement, Gods Money was wildly off kilter and out of sync with what was currently happening in the US underground.
Constructed from assorted fragments of Eastern scales, dub apexes and the inward looking gaze of noise aesthetics, Gods Money was Gang Gang Dances first definitive document of their own voice. Grounded by Bougatsos otherworldly vocals, the band cemented their position as purveyors of melodically stilted experimentations that aimed as much for the emotional as the cerebral.
If the more melodic elements of Gods Money suggested a wider audience was not beyond the band, it was three years later with fourth studio Saint Dymphna, that the band truly streamlined their tendency towards more outr influences into something approaching pop music. A mutant melting pot of Timbaland, The Pop Group, AR Rahman and elements of the UK underground (collaborating with Tinchy Stryder for the avant-grime of 'Princes'), Saint Dymphna cemented their status as one of the most essential and influential acts of their generation.
After touring Saint Dymphna for a few months, Tim DeWit decided to leave the band to concentrate on his producing career, which left the door open for Jesse Lees entry as the drummer. With Jesse behind the kit, one may notice a tighter, more motorized beat; a tendency in-keeping with the bands songwriting evolution. Now signed to 4AD, fifth album (inc. compilation album, Revival of the Shittest), Eye Contact arrived on 9th May 2011 and duly matched the incremental sonic progression Gang Gang Dance has made with each record. Leaning heavily on the melodicism hinted at on Saint Dymphna, Lizzis vocals guide the record throughout, embellished by typically intricate polyrhythms and unexpected influences. More so than before however, Eye Contact displays the bands meticulous song craft. Indebted to dance culture, the pacing of the record is such that subtle passages and enigmatic samples give way to relentless locked-in grooves, very much shaping Eye Contact as a coherent statement of intent, defined by its purposeful construction and immaculate production.


American singing sensation Anastacia arrived in Malta early this morning for tonight's Joseph Calleja concert at Luxol Grounds in St Andrews.
Italy's President Sergio Mattarella will be in Malta on an official visit tomorrow.
Microsoft has released a free tool that lets website owners spot when images of child abuse are being shared by users. It said it had made the PhotoDNA tool available to tackle the 720,000 abuse images uploaded to the net every day.
The 'Sliema Arts Festival', which also forms part of the Malta International Arts Festival Week, will culminate this weekend with many events taking place along the promenade and beaches between Friday 17 and Sunday 19 July.


Taipei, Premier Lai Ching-te (???) Friday defended the government's plan to re-open and expand the Shen'ao coal-fired Power Plant in New Taipei, claiming it will cause only a minimum level of pollution due to the use of advanced equipment.
Lai said two ultra-supercritical generators will be installed at the plant in Rueifang District and that they use "much cleaner" coal, adding that as a result carbon emission levels will be equivalent to that at a natural gas plant.
Lai made the remarks while answering questions at a plenary legislative session after an environmental impact difference review on the power plant project was approved by a committee under the Environmental Protection Administration (EPA) Wednesday.
The approval of the environmental impact difference review, which means the coal-powered plant could be allowed to restart operations and could affect the health of nearly 9 million residents of northern Taiwan, has met with strong objections from the opposition Kuomintang (KMT), environmentalists and six local governments -- Taipei, New Taipei, Yilan, Taoyuan, Hsinchu County and Keelung City.
The project passed an environment impact assessment in 2006, but Taipower was recently required to undertake an environmental impact difference review due to changes made to the plan.
In response to a statement posted by Acting Yilan County Magistrate Chen Chin-de (???) on his Facebook page that he does not accept the result of the environmental impact difference review and demands that Taipower provide a more comprehensive analysis and include Yilan in its environmental impact assessment, the premier said the matter will be handled in compliance with the law.
Meanwhile, proceedings at the Legislative Yuan were disrupted on Friday morning when KMT lawmakers, led by caucus leader Lee Yen-hsiu (???), occupied the podium in protest at the passing of the review, demanding the EPA review the project anew.
Lee told CNA the KMT demanded that Lai explain the government's energy policy and call a national energy conference. "It is unacceptable that the public have to pay the price of the government's wrongheaded policy."
"We will continue to occupy the podium until the session is dismissed if the ruling party is unwilling accept our demands," she said.
KMT lawmakers also demanded that EPA Minister Lee Yin-yuan (???) and EPA Deputy Minister Chan Shun-kuei (???), who has come under fire for casting the deciding vote to approve the environmental impact difference review, step down.
Meanwhile, Ker Chien-ming (???), a ruling Democratic Progressive Party (DPP) legislative caucus whip, said the party will not accede to the KMT's demands.
According to Ker, a key report on the Shen'ao Power Plant will be presented at the Social Welfare and Environmental Hygiene Committee Monday so there is no need to hold public hearings.
"We have asked Premier Lai to return to his office and the plenary questioning session will not continue," he noted.
The Shen'ao Power Plant, which began operations in 1960 with three generators that produced 40 megawatts of power, has been decommissioned since 2007.
However, to meet power demand in northern Taiwan, Taipower drafted a reopening and expansion project in 2017, aiming to install two generators with 160 megawatts of electricity altogether at the plant.
The project passed an EIA in 2006, but Taipower was recently required to undertake an environmental impact difference review after changes to the project over the past decade.
The passage of the environmental impact difference review has also triggered criticism from civic groups.
Taiwan Healthy Air Action Alliance director Yeh Kuang-peng (???) said Thursday that it was a pity the project passed the review.
It dealt a heavy blow to public health in northern Taiwan and to the country's image, he said." If the DPP refuses to take action to fix the issue, we will organize a large protest to oppose the power plant."
Greenpeace Taiwan campaigner Lisa Tsai (???) said the public and the local ecosystem are set to bear the brunt of the impact if the Shen'ao Power Plant resumes operation. All political parties must carefully scrutinize the need to reopen the plant and what has gone wrong with the screening process, she added.


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'Preppy Killer' 1986 case: Who was Robert Chambers and what happened?
Alison Fox
Robert Chambers, charged with the murder of Jennifer Levin, being taken from central booking in Manhatten on Aug. 26, 1986. Photo Credit: Newsday file photo / Tom Kitts
Jennifer Levin was found murdered in Central Park on Aug. 26, 1986.
Robert Chambers, charged with the murder of Jennifer Levin, being taken from central booking in Manhatten on Aug. 26, 1986. Photo Credit: Black Paw Photo
It was a warm early morning on Aug. 26, 1986 when a bicyclist in Central Park came across the body of Jennifer Levin, strangled and nearly nude, according to reports.
That witness, who later testified against Levin's killer Robert Chambers, said she spotted her first glimpse of the man who would be dubbed the Preppy Killer, wearing khaki pants and lingering near the crime scene.
Levin, 18, started the night innocently enough: she met up with Chambers, 19 at the time at Dorrian's Red Hand, an Upper East Side bar, according to a New York Magazine article from the same year. The pair had dated in the past and spent the next few hours flirting at the bar before leaving together around 4:30 a.m. on Aug. 26, 1986.
But less than two hours after the pair left the popular hangout spot, Levin's body was found in Central Park, her clothing disheveled, and her underwear and lipstick case about 40 feet away from her body in a gruesome strangulation death that shocked the city, according to reports.
Hours later, police picked up Chambers, according to New York Magazine, who then admitted to causing Levin's death. But Chambers said he didn't mean to hurt her, instead it was rough sex that got out of hand. He then reportedly said he stayed near the body, sitting on a wall behind the Metropolitan Museum of Art, waiting for police.
After he was arrested, Jack Dorrian, the owner of the bar, put up his $650,000 East Side town house for Chambers' $150,000 bail, according to The Associated Press.
Who was Robert Chambers
Chambers was born on Sept. 25, 1966. He lived in Jackson Heights, but moved to Park Avenue in 1975 and later to an apartment in a brownstone on East 90th Street, according to New York Magazine.
He grew up with an Irish immigrant mother and a life of privilege.
He was an altar boy at his church, a member of the Children of the American Revolution, and attended private schools.
But he started using drugs as a young teen and got hooked. Just three months before killing Levin, he had gotten out of a drug rehabilitation center and was talking about trying to get into Columbia University, according to New York Magazine.
His father, who suffered from alcoholism and split from his mother two years before Levin's murder, and was never home, friends told the magazine.
And to pay for his drugs, Chambers' friends said the teen started to steal. He would take jewelry, cash, and even ski equipment from his friends' parents, according to the magazine.
Nearly two years after killing Levin, Chambers pleaded guilty to first-degree manslaughter, according to The New York Times. His plea brought an end to a complicated trial, after the jury deliberating second-degree murder charges remained deadlocked for nine days.
And in April 1988, he was sentenced to 5 to 15 years in prison, of which he served all 15 years.
During his sentencing, according to The New York Times, Chambers said he was sorry and asked for forgiveness from his parents as well as Levin's family.
While in prison, Chambers committed 26 disciplinary infractions, according to People magazine, including drug possession and punching a guard. And when he was finally released from prison in 2003, Levin's mother couldn't help but wonder what her daughter would have been like had her life not been snuffed out so early.
"If he continues along the course he's been on he will be his own worst enemy," Ellen Levin told People. "My fear is for girls who don't know his past. I want to warn them about who he is.
"I think about the grandchildren I won't have," she added. "Her dream was to be a designer, but that's gone now. And all that loss runs deep."
After Chambers completed his sentence
In 2004, Chambers was arrested when traces of heroin and cocaine were found in his car, and he was found to have a suspended license, according to The New York Times. He was sentenced the next year to 100 days in prison.
Then in October 2007, Chambers and his girlfriend, Shawn Kovell, were arrested for selling cocaine out of their East Side apartment, busted after undercover cops bought thousands of dollars in drugs, according to the New York Daily News.
They apparently sold to police eight times, according to the Daily News.
Ten months later, Chambers pleaded guilty in exchange for a sentence of 19 years, according to The New York Times and the New York State Department of Correction and Community Supervision.
His earliest release date is 2024, with a parole hearing scheduled for November 2023. He is currently serving time in Wende Correctional Facility in Alden, NY, just under 30 miles east of Buffalo.
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Promenade II
Paul Nash 1889–1946
Wood engraving on paper
frame: 275 × 275 × 20 mm
Presented by the Trustees of the Paul Nash Trust 1971
P01026 Promenade II 1920
Not inscribed.
Woodblock, 4½ x 5½ (11.5 x 14).
Presented by the Paul Nash Trust 1971.
The following note on this woodblock and the print T01457 made from it has been kindly supplied by Alexander Postan (letter of 14 June 1972):
'"Promenade II" was one of a series of wood-engravings that Paul Nash made while he was living at Dymchurch in Kent. The subject of the woodcut is of course the bay and seawall at Dymchurch, a subject that Paul Nash painted, drew, and photographed a great deal at that time. I have seen four different woodcuts of this subject; three made in 1920, and one in 1922.
'The first is "Seawall", 1920, reproduced in The Keepsake, 1920. Only a few proofs remain from a proposed edition of 50 and, according to John Gould Fletcher, the block has been destroyed. (John Gould Fletcher, cat. no. 8).
'Paul Nash worked on "Promenade I" and "Promenade II" in 1920, not in 1923 as signed on your proof. The date 1923 most probably refers to when the impression was taken, rather than the date when it was cut. "Promenade I" and "Promenade II" can be thought of as first and second states, the same block being used in each case. A few proofs have been taken of "Promenade I". Approximately 30 proofs have been taken from " Promenade II ", some numbered as from an edition of 25, some numbered and inscribed as from an edition of 35 or from an edition of 50. "Promenade II" was reproduced in the Winter number of The Apple, in 1921, and also in Form, November–December, 1921. ("Promenade I", John Gould Fletcher, cat. no. 9 and "Promenade II", John Gould Fletcher, cat. no. 10).
'The final woodcut on this theme is "The Bay", 1922 (John Gould Fletcher, cat. no. 23), of which there were about 30 proofs pulled, some numbered and some inscribed as from an edition of 50.
'Incidentally, in most of the drawings and watercolours of this subject that I have seen, there is a female figure which can be taken to be Margaret Nash. Although neither of the figures in the "Promenade II" can be called portraits, one could guess that the two women are Margaret Nash and Paul Nash's sister Barbara.'
Published in The Tate Gallery Report 1970–1972, London 1972.
breakwater(53)
promenade(21)
seafront(373)
beach(1,195)
Paul Nash The Wall, Dymchurch
Paul Nash Black and white negative, pigeon beside the sea on a promenade
date not known
Paul Nash Black and white negative, breakwater at Dymchurch beach, Kent
Paul Nash Black and white negative, the shore, Dymchurch, Kent
Paul Nash Black and white negative, breakwater at Dymchurch, Kent
Paul Nash Black and white negative, breakwater
[c.1934–5]
Paul Nash Black and white negative, pebbles (Chesil Beach, Portland, Dorset)
Paul Nash Black and white negative, Timothy Russell on the beach, Swanage
Paul Nash Black and white negative, drainage trough, Dymchurch beach, Kent
Paul Nash Black and white negative, breaking wave, Dymchurch beach, Kent
Paul Nash Black and white negative, a log, study II
Paul Nash Black and white negative, the beach and steps near the Hôtel des Princes, Nice
Paul Nash Black and white negative, boat 'Nice' on the beach, south of France
Paul Nash Black and white negative, view of the beach from a cafe, Nice
Paul Nash Black and white negative, washing drying on the beach at Nice


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Artist Studios - Taos, Peñasco, Dixon, El Rito, Abiquiu, Questa & Chama Areas
ARTISTS LISTED ALPHABETICALLY
To Preview Artist's Portfolios & Information Click on Artist's Website Link
Peter Gilroy
Inspired By The Mountains
View Peter's TAO Studio Tour
Handmade in Taos, NM. Jewelry and accessories inspired by the rocks we climb on and the mountains we adventure in. Rings, bracelets, necklaces and more that capture the texture of granite crimps, the swirling waves of sandstone, and the silhouettes of stunning mountains.
GOLDEN ANDERSON STUDIOS
Gail Golden & David Anderson
Metalsmiths, Jewelry Designers,
Arroyo Seco, NM
VISIT GOLDEN ANDERSON STUDIO'S WEBSITE
Follow Gail on: Facebook Follow David on: Facebook
Metalsmiths, jewelry designers, partners. Gail Golden and David Anderson have been married since 2008 and continue to influence and inspire each other in business and in life. Their collaborative spirit developed over the years from sharing ideas, and moving forward with new concepts and techniques. David designs and makes many of their tools, and he is the expert jewelry repair specialist. Gail is the innovator in design and creative sales. Their individual talents are evident in their own original pieces, and when they make jewelry together, it is a seamless blend of their visions. They welcome visitors and clients to their studio and showroom by appointment.
Shop Gail and David's fresh collection of jewelry through their online store at goldenandersonstudios.com
Ann Huston Studio
Fine Art Pastel Painting
Huston's paintings are a quiet study of our inner and outer selves.
There is always a space that contains a story; there is always a path that leads us on into our own story.
The solitude and peace that we all seek is in the magic of Ann's work.
Painting is my form of meditation: it is going to a place of calm and quiet strength. My inspiration comes from the Northern New Mexico landscape, the high-altitude light, and the mysteries surrounding the old places. Inspirations' come from emotions and dreams.
Cheryl Janis
Fibers. Felt. Art.
Visit Artist's Listing on the New Mexico Fiber Arts Directory
Fibers. Felt. Art.
An invitation to nourishment.
"Art heals. It is an invitation
to transformation, deep nourishment, and joy; a path
to our center. Art heals."
— Cheryl R. Janis | Modern Artisan Maker
I donate a percentage of my
profits to farm animal sanctuaries, and I only use
ethically and sustainably sourced fibers in all of my work.
The integration of dry needle sculpting the feathery fibers
into the work evokes the soft iridescent qualities of nourishment—the clouds, the rainbows, the heavenly realms
of all that is—into a unified structure.
My textile art is a radical act of healing; a return to nourishment
and self love. Through the
alchemy of wet felting, transforming the individual wool fibers into a solid cloth, the pain of separation is transmuted and we are returned to the unconditional love of the Mother, akin to the drop of water who is finally reunited with her ocean.
David Michael Kennedy
View Artist's Workshops
Leaving New York and commercial photography in 1986
David Michael Kennedy moved to New Mexico and began to focus on his fine art photography.
David's impressive and vast body of work includes iconic portraits of musicians, actors and artists. Visitors often find themselves stumbling onto recognizable pictures of Bob Dylan, Debbie Harry or Willie Nelson –pictures that they have known well and for years-but now have the opportunity to meet the artist and hear the stories behind the famous images.
Kennedy's images are materialized through the traditional analogue technique of Platinum/Palladium printing, of which he is widely considered to be one of the best in the world. He teaches private landscape, portrait and platinum/palladium darkroom. Students come from all over the globe to study with this master photographer and printer. His state of the art darkroom is open to visitors to tour and see first hand how and where his work is made.
Tom Quinn Kumpf,
Tom is an internationally recognized, award-winning photographer, writer, and poet whose work has appeared in news publications and in exhibitions throughout the U.S., Europe, and the former USSR.
Kai Harper Leah,
Figurative, Narrative
View Kai's Facebook Page
Kai Harper Leah uses canvas board and watercolor paper to make her acrylic paintings and
colored pencil drawings. Her work is most frequently described as dream like and whimsical.
Annell Livingston,
Fragments, Geometry & Change
Represented By: Winterowd Gallery Santa Fe, NM -
Jay Jay Gallery in Sacramento, CA beth@jayjayart.com
The Sam Gallery in CA gallerysam@pacbell.net
Though I have worked in many mediums, I have chosen to work primarily on paper; painting and drawing. My choice of medium is gouache. I am a hard edge painter. I have been seriously working with grids since the early nineties. When I lived in Houston I worked with grids made up of squares. Upon moving to Taos, New Mexico, it was the addition of the random diagonal line, which creates compositions of squares, triangles, and some unexpected shapes. It is the diagonal line which allows me to think of the landscape of New Mexico; rivers, mountains, and sky. It is not that I expect the viewer to see what I see, but it is to explain where my inspiration comes from.
I am an artist who is in the studio everyday, I love to paint and to draw, and I have been doing it for almost five decades. I have learned that "to be an artist," is a life-time study. For me, two of the reasons I keep "at it" are; the goal is illusive, and it is always just out of reach.


We've been established for over 12 years now in the Canyon Crest Community and it has been such a great journey filled with familiar and new faces everyday. All of our food items are made with fresh ingredients and the quality of our food has been able to keep this family business open as well as put smile on peoples' faces for 12 years. Starting in 2017, Brian Dominguez and his wife Aileen Herrera became the owners of this restaurant and their goal since then has been to maintain the same great customer service and fresh food while adding new features to the restaurant. Brian is a father of a one year old boy (as of 2017) and the growth of this restaurant has been fueled by the growth of his family and the unconditional and loving support from everyone who comes in.


text:
Zubin Mehta in 2007
(1936-04-29) 29 April 1936 (age 84)
Mumbai, India (formerly Bombay)
Musical director and conductor
Directing and conducting:
Montreal Symphony Orchestra;
Los Angeles Philharmonic;
New York Philharmonic;
Carmen Lasky
(m. 1958; div. 1964)
Nancy Kovack (m. 1969)
Mehli Mehta
Tehmina Daruvala
Zarin Mehta (brother)
zubinmehta.net
Zubin Mehta (born 29 April 1936) is an Indian conductor of Western classical music.[1] He is the music director of the Israel Philharmonic Orchestra (IPO).
Career[change | change source]
Mehta was Music Director of the Montreal Symphony Orchestra from 1961 to 1967, and Music Director of the Los Angeles Philharmonic Orchestra from 1962 to 1978, being the youngest music director ever for any major North American orchestra. In 1969, he was appointed Music Adviser to the Israel Philharmonic Orchestra and in 1981 Mehta became its permanent Music Director for Life.
In 2016, Mehta has been appointed as Honorary Conductor of the Teatro San Carlo, Naples.
In December 2016, the Israel Philharmonic announced that Mehta is to retire from his permanent position as music director in October 2019.[2]
Awards[change | change source]
The Government of India honoured Mehta in 1966 with the Padma Bhushan and in 2001 with India's second highest civilian award, the Padma Vibhushan.[3]
In September 2006 the Kennedy Center announced Mehta as one of the recipients of that year's Kennedy Center Honors, presented on 2 December 2006 by President George W. Bush.
↑ "La Repubblica, 13 April 2015". Retrieved 7 May 2016.
↑ "Zubin Mehta announces retirement from Israel Philharmonic". Jerusalem Post. 2016-12-26. Retrieved 2017-11-06.
↑ "Padma Awards". Ministry of Communications and Information Technology). Retrieved 16 May 2009.
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Zubin Mehta.
Zubin Mehta at AllMusic
Zubin Mehta on IMDb
Two interviews with Zubin Mehta by Bruce Duffie, 8 December 1993 and 29 February 1996
Zubin Mehta interview on BBC Radio 4 Desert Island Discs, 6 July 1984
Retrieved from "https://simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Zubin_Mehta&oldid=6551348"
People from Mumbai


text:
Home>Previous Competitions>2019
3rd Zhuhai International Mozart Competition for Young Musicians
WEI Danwen
Wei Danwen, a native of the People's Republic of China, is hailed as one of the most outstanding musicians of his generation. His commanding technique and artistic temperament have resulted in his appearances as soloist with orchestras such as the New York Philharmonic, the Minnesota Orchestra, the Seattle Symphony, the St. Louis Symphony, the New York Chamber Symphony, the Augusta Symphony, Symphony of the Americas, the Hong Kong Philharmonic, the Shanghai Symphony, the Shanghai Broadcasting Orchestra, the National Orchestra of China and the Singapore Symphony among many others. His performance with the New York Philharmonic was broadcast on PBS' "Live from Lincoln Center" series.
A Steinway Artist, Mr. Wei has performed in cities throughout the United States as well as in Germany, Austria, Italy, France, Switzerland, Hong Kong, Taipei, and China. Mr. Wei has performed in festivals such as the Ravinia Festival in Chicago, the Mostly Mozart festival in New York, the Beijing Music Festival, and the "Tuscan Sun Festival" in Cortona, Italy. His two solo albums were released on 3D Classic label, and a concerto performance was released by China Record Company.
In recent years, Mr. Wei is expanding into the area of conducting as well. He has conducted Soloisti di Perigia, Badapest Youth Symphony, The Oshdot Symphony of Israel, University of Alicante Symphony, and Shenyang Symphony, the Virtuosi Brunenses of Czech Republic, and the Master's Chamber Orchestra of Central Conservaory of China among others. He has been a principal conductor of Music Fest Perugia in Italy since 2013.
A graduate of the Juilliard School, Mr. Wei's principal teachers include Li Qifang, Ilana Vered, and Martin Canin. He was also one of the last pupils of the legendary pianist Vladimir Horowitz. Mr. Wei is now a much sought-after teacher in China and a frequent adjudicator in both national and international piano competitions. He has been invited to give lectures and master classes both in China and abroad. Mr. Wei's students have won top prizes in many competitions, and he is a faculty member of many summer festivals including Musicfest Perugia in Perugia, Italy, and Beijing Music festival and Academy. Mr. Wei is a guest professor of many top conservatories in China. He is currently on the piano faculty of the Central Conservatory of China in Beijing, and in 2013, was elected vice Chairman of the Piano Society under the Chinese Musicians' Association.