text:
Judge Lott Warren
June 23, 2018 at 1:12 am	(Franklinville of Old Lowndes County, Law and Order)
Tags: 1837 Convention of the State Rights Party, Albany GA, Ambrose Barber, Americus GA, Anti-Van Buren Convention, Augusta GA, Baptist Church in Americus, Battle of Chickasawhatchee Swamp, Bethel Association, Blackshear Road, Blackstone's Commentaries, Charles Culpepper, Chehaw Massacre, Cherokee Indian Territory, Constitutional Convention of 1877, Corn Tassels, Daniel McDonald, Daniel McNeel, Dublin GA, East Florida, Eli Warren, First Seminole War, First Seminole Ware, General Julius C. Alford, General Levi J. Knight, General Winfield Scott, Georgia Baptist Institute, Grand Jury of Telfair County, James Jackson Scarborough, James Pohill, Jane DeSaubleaux, John Lawson, Laurens County Militia, Lott Warren, Lowndes County GA, Lowndes County Grand Jury of 1833, Marion GA, Moses Fort, Nullification Crisis, Paul Coalson, Philema GA, Redden Wooten, Revolutionary War, Richland Church, Riverside Cemetery, Scott Convention of 1852, Solicitor-General of the Southern Circuit, Southern Circuit Court of Georgia, Sumter County Volunteer Militia, Talbotton GA, Thaddeus G. Holt, Thomas D. Mitchell, Twiggs County Free Trade & State Rights Association, Twiggs County GA, Twiggs County Temperance Society, United Effort Company, W. L. Mcree, Whig Party, William A. Graham, William H. Crawford, William H. Torrance, William Hardwick
Judge Lott Warren presided over the Lowndes County Grand Jury of 1833, at Franklinville, GA, the county seat of Lowndes which then included most of present day Berrien County.
Lott Warren was the presiding judge on the Southern Circuit at the Lowndes County Grand Jury Presentments of 1833.
According to the History of Bethel Association,
"His ancestors came from England, and settled in Virginia, from whence his father, Josiah Warren, removed to North Carolina during the Revolutionary war, and married Nancy Doty, in the county of Onslow. After the birth of two children, his parents settled in Burke county, Georgia, where Lott, the eleventh child, was born on the 30th day of October, 1797. From Burke they removed, in 1804, to a place four miles below Dublin, on the Oconee River, in Laurens county.
In his eighth year the subject of this memoir went to his first school, with six brothers and sisters, who walked daily upwards of three miles, to obtain what knowledge Mr. Matthew Burns, an Englishman, could impart during his sober intervals. The school lasted nine months; but, at the end of two quarters, Mr. Warren withdrew his children, owing to the intemperate habits of the teacher. Being a pious member of the Baptist Church, and a magistrate, Mr. Warren had a peculiar dislike to drunkards', and, from his condemnation of that vice, his son, of whom it is our privilege to speak, no doubt imbibed that antipathy to alcoholic drinks which has since marked his career. Residing in a wilderness frontier, distant from other settlements, Mr. Warren was frequently called upon, as a justice of the peace, to unite persons in wedlock at his own house. On such occasions the visiting party brought their own wine or brandy, as the case might be, and used it among themselves; no member of the household participating.
In February, 1809, Mr. Warren and his wife both died. It is due to the memory of this excellent man to say, that he was an humble and zealous Christian, and a faithful magistrate. His very name was a terror to evil doers. He committed the guardianship of his sons Lott and Eli, (the latter now General Warren, of Houston county,) to the Rev. Charles Culpepper, who had married his eldest daughter. Mr. Culpepper was a minister of the Baptist Church, and brother of the Hon. John Culpepper, formerly a representative in Congress from North Carolina. After the season for working the crop was over, Lott passed a few weeks at school, under Mr. Joseph Culpepper, in 1809. His guardian removed to Wilkinson county in 1812, then a rough frontier settlement, and was sent to school to Mr. Elkanah Powell, (who was afterwards killed in Twiggs county, by a man named Summers.) During the six months under Mr. Powell's tuition, our pupil learned to write, and made some progress in arithmetic. His next teacher was Mr. James Fitzgerald, (now a venerable citizen of Houston county.) and, after the usual labor on the farm, he again went to Mr. Powell's school. While there an incident occurred, which, as it had a controlling influence on the mind of young Warren, is worthy of special notice.
A man was charged with forging a note on Gov. Irwin, and his trial came on in Wilkinson Superior Court, before the Hon. Stephen W. Harris, Judge. The prosecution was sustained by Colonel Abednego Franklin, Solicitor-General, assisted by Colonel Moses Fort. The prisoner was defended by Colonel Seaborn Jones, now of Columbus. Gov. Irwin was sworn and examined as a witness. His praise was in all the land. By leave of his teacher, young Warren was present as a spectator, the first privilege he had ever enjoyed of witnessing a trial in court. Standing barefoot, a coarse, ungainly lad of fifteen, clad in homespun, with wool hat in hand, gazing with intense curiosity, from a window, on the scene before him, all silence to hear the Governor deliver his testimony, what was his astonishment to hear Colonel Jones cross-examine the witness with as much boldness and rigor as if he had been only a common man! Speeches of counsel and the charge of the court followed; the whole proceeding filled him with an irresistible desire to be a lawyer. On his return home at night, he mentioned the subject to his sister, who expressed surprise and sorrow, raising two principal objections: first, that he had not the means, (his patrimony being less than $500,) to prepare for the bar, and in the next place she did not consider lawyers sufficiently moral. He replied that he must have an English education in some way, and as to any supposed vices prevalent amongst lawyers, he would endeavor to be an exception. His sister was nothing convinced, and disposed of his request without even consulting his guardian. She lived to see him, in less than twenty years afterwards, Judge of the Southern Circuit.
His brother, Eli Warren, also became a lawyer and a judge, as well as a planter, state representative and representative to two Georgia Constitutional Conventions.
In the spring of 1810, young Warren entered as a clerk in the store of Amos Love, a pious Baptist, to whom Mr. Culpepper ministered in, Dublin. Owing to bad health, he left Dublin in the fall, and became clerk to S. & B. Worrel, in Irwinton, near his sister, and shortly returned to Mr. Love. Within a few weeks he was drafted into the militia service for the Seminole war; and in February, 1818, was elected Second Lieutenant of the Laurens Company, commanded by Capt. Elijah Dean.
[This was during Andrew Jackson's invasion of Spanish East Florida on an expedition against the Seminoles in 1818, the First Seminole War.]
This was his first promotion; and highly gratified, no doubt, was he with his martial honors on the eve of an expedition. Not for the purpose of showing any military talent or conspicuous deed in arms, to entitle Lieutenant Warren to public admiration, do we attempt a brief sketch of the campaign in which he served; but to preserve a few incidents, of which he is, perhaps, the best if not the only living witness, in relation to the burning of the Indian town of Chehaw, near the present site of Starkville, Lee county. It was the burning of this town that led to an animated correspondence* between Gen. Andrew Jackson and Gov. Rabun.
After General Gaines retired from Amelia Island, he took command of the state troops which had been ordered out by the Governor, and among them a company of Chatham militia, together with the Laurens and Wilkinson Companies. They were ordered to the Big Bend of the Ocmulgee River, below Hartford, under the command of Major Clinton Wright, of the U. S. Army, to discover the course of the Indians, who had been committing murders and robberies on that frontier. After organizing the guard, Major Wright, pointing his sword towards him, said, "Lieut. Warren, I shall look to you for the discharge of the duties of Adjutant of this detachment. Come to my fire as soon as possible." The young subaltern went accordingly, and in vain alleged his ignorance of duty as a reason why he should be excused from the task. But the reply was, "You have nothing to do except to obey orders." Thus forced into the position, Lieut. Warren performed its labor actively, much to his own improvement, and to the satisfaction of a meritorious officer, who was drowned soon afterwards in attempting to cross Flint River on a raft.
From Big Bend, by way of Hartford, the command marched on the Blackshear road to Fort Early, where it crossed Flint River in the night, and proceeded to destroy the Hoponee and Philemi towns, fifteen or twenty miles west of the river. Evidence had been collected implicating these towns in the atrocities on the frontier. Arrived within a few miles of the Chehaw town, which was supposed to be Philemi [Now the site of Philema, Lee County, GA?], a council of war was called, and it was determined to send forty of the best mounted men to reconnoitre. They discovered large herds of cattle that had been stolen from the whites on the Ocmulgee, ahd an Indian minding them. Captain Obed Wright, of the Chatham militia, who had volunteered his services, had positive orders from the Governor to destroy the Hoponee and Philemi towns, which were known to be hostile. Captain Wright then formed the command into column, and gave express orders that the women and children should not be hurt, and that a white flag should be respected. Within half a mile of the main town a gate was opened by an aged warrior, and the troops passed in. Every thing was quiet. The children swung in their hammocks, and the women were beating meal. The cavalry in front fired several pistols to the left, killing the warrior who opened the gate. Capt. Dean ordered a charge, but Capt. Wright countermanded the order. Two Indians were seen loading their guns. About this time, Howard, a friendly chief, was killed, while holding up a white flag. The men dashed off in pursuit of the Indians, who fled in every direction. Lieut. Warren was ordered, with eighteen men, to burn the cabins. First removing whatever was valuable, two or three cabins only were burnt. The command then returned to Fort Early that night, sold the plunder next day, and divided the spoil. Lieut. Warren refused his portion.
It was the opinion of all concerned at the time, that it was Philemi town which had been destroyed. The chief Howard, and two other Indians who placed themselves in the power of the troops, were murdered in cold blood. But the error had been committed rashly, under excitement, and could not be repaired. The companies were soon discharged, and returned home. Lieut. Warren resumed his situation in Mr. Love's store.
In a few days, Major Davis, of the U. S. Army, called on Lieut. Warren in Dublin, and stated that he had orders from Gen. Jackson to arrest Capt. Wright. Lieut. Warren accompanied him to the hotel, .where he introduced him to Capt. Wright, who at once submitted. It may as well be remarked here that Capt. Wright had not been mustered into the service of the United States, and was, of course, not subject to the orders of Gen. Jackson. His arrest, by the authority of the latter, was therefore regarded by Gov. Rabun and the justices of the Inferior Court of Baldwin county, as a usurpation of power. After the discharge of Capt. Wright, upon Habeas Corpus, at Milledgeville, the Governor had him immediately arrested for disobeying orders, in not destroying the Hoponee and Philemi towns, as well as Chehaw, but, being at liberty on his parole of honor, Capt. Wright escaped.
We close this part of the memoir by a few extracts from the correspondence between Gen, Jackson and Gov. Rabun, as relevant. Referring to the outrage on the Chehaw village, Gen. Jackson in his letter of May 7, 1818, says:
"Such base cowardice and murderous conduct as this transaction affords, has no parallel in history, and shall meet with its merited punishment. You, sir, as Governor of a State within my military division, have no right to give a military order while I am in the field; and this being an open and violent infringement of the treaty with the Creek Indians, Capt. Wright must be prosecuted and punished for this outrageous murder, and I have ordered him to be arrested and confined in irons, until the pleasure of the President of the United States is known upon the subject. If he has left Hartford before my orders reach him, I call upon you, as Governor of Georgia, to aid me in carrying into effect my order for his arrest and confinement, which I trust will be afforded, and Captain Wright brought to condign punishment for this unparalleled murder."
In his reply of June 1st, after referring to the communication of Gen. Glascock, on which Gen. Jackson based his censure, Gov. Rabun says:
"Had you, sir, or General Glascock, been in possession of the facts that produced this affair, it is to be presumed, at least, that you would not have indulged in a strain so indecorous and unbecoming. I had, on the 21st March last, stated the situation of our bleeding frontier to you, and requested you, in respectful terms, to detail a part of your overwhelming force for our protection, or that you would furnish supplies, and I would order out more troops, to which you have never yet deigned to reply. You state, in a very haughty tone, that I, a Governor of a State under your military division, have no right to give a military order whilst you were in the field. Wretched and contemptible indeed must be our situation if this be the fact. When the liberties of the people of Georgia shall have been prostrated at the feet of a military despotism, then, and not till then, will your imperious doctrine be tamely submitted to. you may rest assured that if the savages continue their depredations on our unprotected frontier, I shall think and act for myself in that respect."
We have introduced these pungent passages, not only as a part of history, but to prepare the way to a graceful scene in Congress, twenty-four years afterward, between Ex-President Adams and Judge Warren, which we shall describe at the proper time.
Not having relinquished his design of becoming a member of the legal profession, Mr. Warren applied himself six months to a grammar school, in 1819, kept by Doctor William A. Hill, at the residence of General David Blackshear. Soon thereafter he was employed as supercargo, or agent, on a flatboat, to keep the accounts of the commissioners of the Oconee River, to buy provisions for the hands at work in cleaning out the river, and to disburse money set apart for this and other purposes connected with the inland navigation of Georgia. Having frequent intervals of leisure, he read Blackstone's Commentaries, through while on the river, and before retiring from his situation, in February, 1820.
Commentaries on the Laws of England, by William Blackstone, are an influential 18th-century treatise on the common law of England by Sir William Blackstone, originally published by the Clarendon Press at Oxford, 1765–1769. The work is divided into four volumes, on the rights of persons, the rights of things, of private wrongs and of public wrongs. " As an elementary book, however, it may be enough to say that the whole body of American lawyers and advocates, with very few exceptions, since the Revolution, have drawn their first lessons in jurisprudence from the pages of Blackstone's Commentaries; and no more modern work has succeeded as yet in superseding it."
He then entered the law-office of Daniel McNeel, Esq., in Dublin, and diligently applied himself to legal studies, not, however, with such entire devotion as to exclude matrimony from his thoughts. An attachment formed at school was crowned, October 19th, 1820, by his marriage with Miss Jane Desaubleaux, orphan of a French gentleman [Louis P. B. DeSaubleaux] who came to the United States during the Revolutionary War, and who constituted General Blackshear the testamentary guardian of his daughters. The patrimony of his bride for a long time was unproductive, but at length became valuable from the character of the property.
At March term, 1821, of Laurens Superior Court, Mr. Warren was admitted to the bar. He immediately opened an office in Dublin, and attended several of the courts in the southern and middle circuits, with a fair prospect of business.
That same year he became the guardian of his wife's younger sister, Penelope DeSaubleaux, who was still a minor. He acted as an administrator, along with William L. Mcree, for his father-in-law's estate, liquidating DeSaubleaux's slave holdings and Laurens county plantation for the benefit of the heirs.
Appointment of Lott Warren as an administrator of the estate of Louis P. DeSaubleaux and guardian of his minor child, Penelope DeSaubleaux
In 1823, he was elected a major of battalion in the militia, and in 1824 a representative in the legislature from Laurens county. With a view to improve his situation he removed to the village of Marion, Twiggs county, in February, 1825.
Lott Warren was temporarily serving as Solicitor-General of the Southern Circuit during the presentments of the Grand Jury of Telfair County at the June term, 1825. Among the jurors at that term of court were Redden Wooten, John Lawson, and Daniel McDonald, the three of which would later move to Lowndes County, GA. The presiding judge was Thaddeus G. Holt who that same year presided over the very first session of the Superior Court of Lowndes County, convened at the home of Sion Hall, and where Levi J. Knight served as foreman of the Grand Jury.
In March of 1826, Thomas D. Mitchell, Esq., Solicitor-General of the Southern Circuit, was killed in a duel with Dr. Ambrose Barber. Governor Troup made a recess appointment to place Lott Warren as Solicitor-General of the Southern Circuit, the appointment being ratified by the Legislature in November, 1826. While in office, it became his duty to prosecute several Indians in Thomas county, for murder. According to the Bench and Bar of Georgia,
That portion of Georgia was then on the Indian frontier, and the abode of a miserable population, such as the adjoining wilds of Florida had invited. Robberies and murders were frequent, sometimes perpetrated by white men and most generally shifted off on the Indians. The Hon. Moses Fort, Judge of the Southern Circuit, held the first court in Thomas county in 1826. Two Indians were convicted before him on the offence of murder. They had killed a man by the name of White as the latter and his friends were trying to recapture certain property which the Indians had stolen. The late William H. Torrance, Esq. was appointed by the court to see that the prisoners got a fair trial. His plea to the jurisdiction of the court, on the ground that the offence was committed in Florida, (within certain disputed lines,) having been overruled, very little could be said to the merits. The solicitor-general [Lott Warren] had the assistance of Mr. [Paul] Coalson, -if not in the argument, at least in the evidence. It is presumed, however, that the prosecution needed no very special aid, as there was no adverse public opinion to combat.
When the prisoners were brought before the court to receive sentence of death, they were told through an interpreter what was to be done with them, – hung by the neck until they were dead. The judge omitted to invoke the usual blessing, – "May God have mercy on their souls!" – for the reason that the prisoners did not understand English."
He served in this capacity to April, 1828, inclusive. He declined being a candidate for re-election.
About the time he retired from the office of Solicitor-General, the intellect and energy of Major Warren began to attract public observation. He was employed in almost every litigated case on the circuit. No one excelled him in zeal, and but few in strength, among his associates at the bar. He frequently came in collision with Shorter, Prince, Rockwell, Torrance, Strong, and other advocates of established reputation, and always sustained himself in argument. Mr. Warren was never eloquent, if flowery language, a cultivated voice, and classic gestures be indispensable to eloquence; but he was at all times interesting,—a close reasoner, with authorities well applied; and what was better still, he exhibited a degree of self-possession and common-sense which often secured him victory in the jury-box over a competitor far more astute and pretending.
In 1828, Lott Warren chaired a large public meeting held at the Twiggs County courthouse at Marion, GA to protest the "Tariff of Abominations" which had been enacted during Andrew Jackson's administration. The tariff, which protected northern industry and was unfavorable to the Southern agricultural economy, would lead to the Nullification Crisis. On February 1, 1833 Lott Warren would play a prominent role in the formation of the Twiggs County Free Trade & State Rights Association; Thaddeus G. Holt served as the first chairman of that organization. The State Rights Party of Georgia would be launched in 1833 by prominent leaders of the Troup party, including William H. Crawford, John M. Berrien, George R. Gilmer, William C. Dawson, and Augustin S. Clayton. In Lowndes County, the effort to form a State Rights Association was led by William A. Knight, Levi J. Knight, Hamilton W. Sharpe, John Blackshear, John McLean, John E. Tucker, and William Smith at Franklinville, GA, 1834. At the Independence Day Celebration, 1834 at Franklinville, these men and other prominent citizens of Lowndes County repeatedly toasted Nullification in opposition to Federal authority. Among the state rights Lott Warren was most concerned with were the right of Georgia to incarcerate Native Americans without interference from the Federal Government, and the right of Georgians to retrieve fugitive slaves from other states. Lott Warren was a slave owner, as shown in the 1860 Census of "Slave Inhabitants" of Albany, Dougherty County, GA.
Lott Warren had always been a warm supporter of Governor Troup. In 1830 he was elected to the state Legislature as the senator from Twiggs County and was seated when that body convened, but the election was contested. An investigation ensued in the Legislature, but ultimately his election was confirmed.
In his senatorial career of only one session, he was active in the preparation and advocacy of measures which he deemed for the public good. He exerted considerable influence in debate, and returned to his constituents with praise. The organization of the Cherokee Territory, which led to the imprisonment of the Missionaries, and the fruitless mandate of the Supreme Court to enjoin the execution of the Indian Tassels, was the leading topic of the session, and received the cordial support of the Senator from Twiggs.
In November, 1831, Mr. Warren was elected by the legislature, Judge of the Superior Courts of the Southern District, for a term of three years. Although his manner of presiding was not altogether as affable and patient as some members of the bar desired, his decisions were in general satisfactory, from the sound reasoning on which they were based. Occasionally, when a question was raised, he embarrassed counsel by an intimation of his mind, yet seldom declined hearing the argument in full. It was evident, however, from his countenance, which he rarely attempted to control for effect, that his opinion had been formed, and that it was a useless consumption of time to combat it. In such emergencies, if counsel, gathering courage and fresh ideas from the necessity of the case, could succeed in impressing the Judge that his hasty conclusion was adverse to recognized authorities, a very patient hearing was accorded; and if he was really convinced of error, he always had the frankness to correct it in proper time. It has happened, that older members of the bar, entertaining a very liberal estimate of their own qualifications, and no extraordinary respect for those of the Judge, owing, no doubt, to his want of polish and urbanity,—have ventured to argue a point, contrary to rule, after the court had pronounced its decision. To such experiments, he promptly gave a quietus by reminding counsel that the protection which the Rules of Court afforded the Bench, after a question had been decided, was not altogether nominal in his court. On a few occasions, when even this hint was unavailing, and the attempt to argue was further persisted in, he has been known to order counsel to their seats.
Judge Warren never pretend[ed] to forget the obscurity and adversities of his youth; and while he manifest[ed] a due respect for the rights and feelings of others, he never permitted any infringement of his own to escape rebuke. Soon after he settled in Marion, a gentleman, who felt himself aggrieved by the testimony of Mr. Warren before a committee of the House of Representatives, made a very conspicuous and disrespectful allusion to him, in his absence, at a public dinner. As soon as he was informed of it, Mr. Warren dispatched a note by a gallant friend, opening the way to explanation, or, that failing, to another resort usual among gentleman who recognized the code of honor. Mutual friends interposed, and the affair was honorably adjusted. We mention this circumstance merely to show that Judge Warren [had] warm passions. His temperament [was] essentially sanguine. [From 1833], however, he [was] a pious member of the Baptist Church, and kept his constitutional ardor more in subjection.
In the 1830s, Lott Warren became a prominent member of the Twiggs County Temperance Society. On July 28, 1832 he was present at the constitution of this organization and was elected its first president. He was a member of Richland Church. He served on the church committee organizing the protracted meeting of the United Effort Company held at Richland Church which commenced on the Friday before the second Sunday in May, 1835.
At the expiration of his judicial term, in 1834, without having placed himself in the power of a legislative majority opposed to him in politics, Judge Warren resumed the practice of the law.
In December 1834, in order to pursue his business interests, Lott Warren offered his Twiggs County property for sale; "577 and 3/4 acres of land, lying near Marion, most of it good planting land, finely timbered and well-watered; 200 acres in cultivation and in a good state for making a crop – also, a few hands, stock of horses, cattle, hogs, &c."
In January 1836. Lott Warren moved from Marion County to Americus, GA. Following the Battle of Chickasawhatchie Swamp in the summer of 1836, he was among those presiding at a testimonial dinner at Americus, GA given in honor and gratitude for the "arduous service" of the Sumter County Volunteer Militia in the campaign "against the Creek Indians." The Native Americans, resisting the forceful removal to the West and fleeing to Florida, also passed through Lowndes County where local militia companies engaged them at several locations including the Skirmish at Bill Parker's Place, the Battle of Brushy Creek, actions on Warrior Creek, Skirmish at Cow Creek, actions on Little River and at Grand Bay, and the skirmish at Troublesome Ford.
In 1837, Lott Warren was a trustee of The Georgia Baptist Institute, at Talbotton, GA. "Talbotton is situated on the ridge of country dividing the waters of the Flint and Chattahoochee rivers, and directly on the daily stage rout from Washington City to New Orleans." That same year he went into partnership with William H. Crawford, with offices in Americus, GA and providing legal services in Muscogee, Marion, Stewart, Randolph, Early, Baker, Lee, Sumter, Houston, Twiggs, Pulaski, Lowndes, Thomas Decatur and Dooly counties. In December, 1837, at a Convention of the State Rights Party, Lott Warren was nominated as a candidate for the United States Congress. In the election of 1838, he won a seat in the the U.S. House of Representatives; Julius C. Alford, who led actions against the Indians in Lowndes in Lowndes County in 1836, was also elected to the House. Although Warren did not seek the nomination, at the Anti-Van Buren Convention held June 1, 1840 at Milledgeville, he was again advanced as a candidate in the election of 1840. Subsequently , he was duly elected.
On his motion, the one-hour rule was adopted. He had seen such unnecessary waste of time for the sake of notoriety in discussion, and for selfish purposes on the part of members of Congress, that he resolved to correct the evil. Guided by a strong will of his own, against the persuasion of many friends, he moved in the matter, and the one-hour rule was incorporated into the forms of the House. Though much complained of by longwinded talkers, the rule continues still unrepealed, and will remain a proof of the sagacity and nerve of the mover…
While absent in Congress, Judge Warren was ably represented at the bar by his partner in the practice, William H. Crawford, Esq., son of the former distinguished Secretary of the Treasury—Georgia's candidate for President in 1824. From Americus he removed to his farm in Lee county, and from thence to the town of Albany, [then] in Baker county…. In 1843 he was elected Judge of the Superior Courts of the South-Western District, and re-elected in 1847 for a term which …expire[d] in December, 1852.
For many years the Judge has acted a prominent part in the affairs of his church, frequently officiating in the pulpit, and is ever foremost in the promotion of Sunday-Schools, Bible Societies, and other benevolent institutions. He has tender sympathies and a charitable heart. Avarice forms no part of his nature. His property, though not large, renders him independent. Much of his income has been expended in a generous hospitality. Preachers, religious persons of all denominations, and his friends generally, feel quite at home under his roof.
In person, the Judge is fully six feet high, and weighs about one hundred and ninety pounds. His forehead is large and round, eyes blue, and complexion fresh and sandy. He steps quick, and is a little restless when sitting, unless his attention is much engaged. Owing to his kind feelings, which are manifest in his countenance, he does not always preserve that order in Court which a more austere visage and deportment would command. When the noise amounts to an interruption of business, he frequently alarms the bailiffs by threats of a fine for a neglect of duty. Perfect silence then reigns for a moment, but soon the uproar is renewed, the Judge himself setting the example by some pleasantry with the bar.
As the style of "Lott Warren Division, No. —," in Sumter county, would indicate, the Judge is a son of Temperance. His lectures on that subject are very interesting. In fact, his whole time is occupied, in some way, in trying to benefit his fellow-beings. In politics, he is strictly conservative, and prefers the Union as it is, to any change which might be proposed as a remedy for real or imaginary grievances.
We have endeavored to exhibit the character and qualities of Judge Warren with that fidelity which an acquaintance of twenty-five years enables us to exercise. His example ought to stimulate poor and friendless youth to strike bravely, and bear up with fortitude, in the contest of life. If such shall be the tendency of this memoir, the writer will have accomplished his object.
In politics Lott Warren was a Whig, and he, along with his brother, General Eli Warren, and nephew Judge James Jackson Scarborough all attended the 1852 Scott Convention, the Whig state convention held at Macon, Georgia to nominate General Winfield Scott as the Whig candidate for president, with his running mate William A. Graham. James Jackson Scarborough was trained in law under the supervision of his uncles; In 1848, Judge Scarborough would preside at Troupville, GA in the Lowndes County trial of Manuel and Jonathan Studstill for the murder of William Slaughter.
The 1934 History of Bethel Association adds the eulogy of Lott Warren by the Albany church:
"Our beloved brother, Lott Warren, departed this life on Monday, 17th of June, 1861. Such was his prominence as a citizen, a Christian, and an able and active member of this church, that it becomes highly proper that a brief memorial of his life and character should be entered upon our record.
He was born in Burke County, Georgia, October 30th, 1797. After an energetic and noble struggle with many difficulties in his early years, he at length entered upon the practice of law, which he prosecuted, with some short intervals, with much ability and success to the hour of his death. He was called by his fellow citizens to many important positions of trust and honor. He was for a time a member of our State Legislature (of the House in 1824, and of the Senate in 1830); and also Solicitor-General (from 1826 to 1828), and Judge (from 1831 to 1834), of the Southern Circuit. [It was during this period that he presided over the presentments of the Lowndes County Grand Jury.]
But it was as a decided Christian and Baptist that Brother Lott Warren became entitled to a special and honorable place upon our church records. He was baptized by the Reverend Joseph R. Hand, and became a member of the Richland Church, Twiggs County, GA in 1834. Subsequently removing to southwestern Georgia, he united with the Baptist Church in Americus. In 1845 he united with the work of the Gospel ministry, and by his occasional fervent labors in the pulpit, he rendered much useful service to the cause of Christ.
Brother Warren was remarkably exemplary in all the relations of life. He was a man of warm, earnest and unquestioned piety, decided in his opinions, of whatever he believed to be right. He was a conscientious, decided and uncompromising Baptist, though kind and affectionate in his feelings towards all whom he believed to be good men. He was the advocate of strict discipline, contributed liberally of his substance to the support of his pastor, and other pious objects. He was a friend of the poor, a bold and able champion of the cause of temperance, and an unwearied and enthusiastic supporter of the Sabbath School enterprise. For many years he labored with indefatigable zeal as a teacher in the Sunday School connected with the Albany Church. He was a lover of gospel truth, a lover of the gates of Zion, and remarkably punctual in the discharge of his duties as a church member. It deserves a special place upon our records that the Hon. Lott Warren, the able Representative, lawyer, statesman and Judge, was emphatically the humble doorkeeper of our church. On days of public worship his watchful, affectionate and gentlemanly service was ever tendered where needful, to friends and strangers, to rich and poor, that they might be provided with comfortable seats in our worshiping assemblies. His humble, cheerful conduct in this particular was a delightful comment upon the expression of the Psalmist, 'I had rather be a door-keeper in the house of my God than to dwell in the tents of wickedness.'
Brother Warren had his faults, but they were such as we might naturally expect to see in one of his ardent temperament, strong impulses and great force of character. The grace of God shone conspicuously in his life; his frailties were overshadowed by bright, prevailing virtues. He died suddenly when making a speech in the courthouse at Albany, in the defense of the life of a slave, who was on trial for commitment. He was smitten with apoplexy, sunk suddenly to the floor, and without a word, breath or struggle, passed into eternity. On the following day a large concourse followed his remains to the tomb, where they sleep in hope of a blessed resurrection.
From the Biographical Directory of the United States Congress:
Lott Warren, born in Burke County, near Augusta, Richmond County, GA, October 30, 1797. He attended the common schools in the area. At the age of 19 he moved to Dublin, Laurens County, GA. He served as a second lieutenant of Georgia Militia Volunteers in Andrew Jackson's invasion of Spanish East Florida on an expedition against the Seminoles in 1818 (First Seminole War). After the war he studied law; was admitted to the bar in 1821 and commenced practice in Dublin, Laurens County, GA. ; was also a regularly ordained Baptist minister, but never filled a definite charge; moved to Marion in 1825; elected major of the State militia in 1823; member of the State house of representatives in 1824 and 1831; served in the State senate in 1830; solicitor general and judge of the southern circuit of Georgia 1831-1834; moved to Americus, Sumter County, in 1836; elected as a Whig to the Twenty-sixth and Twenty-seventh Congresses (March 4, 1839-March 3, 1843); was not a candidate for renomination in 1842; moved to Albany in 1842; was judge of the superior court of Georgia 1843-1852; resumed the practice of his profession; died in Albany, Dougherty County, Ga., June 17, 1861; interment in Riverside Cemetery [Oakview Cemetery].
An Antebellum Trial at Troupville
The Good Judge Holt
Judge Holt and the Fish-Grass Case
Levi J. Knight and Lowndes First Superior Court.
Grand Jurors of 1845, Lowndes County, GA
The Grand Jury of 1868, Berrien County, Georgia
James Rountree (1787-1834), Pioneer Settler of Old Lowndes
Grand Jury Presentments of 1845, Old Lowndes County, GA
Old Land Mark Gone ~ Death Of Uncle Billy Smith
Double Jeopardy for Rachel Sirmans
Biggles case was tried by Judge Hansell
William H. Griffin, Wiregrass Jurist
Thomas Babington McCauley, Locomotive Engineer on the G&F
February 10, 2018 at 12:27 am	(Georgia & Florida Railroad, Uncategorized)
Tags: Augusta GA, Augustus Harvey Green, Carrie Mae Fouts, Carrie McCaulie, Douglas GA, Elijah H. McCauley, Elizabeth S. Beck, Furman Fouts, Georgia & Florida Railroad, Harvey Green, Harvey McCauley, Jeanette McCauley, Marion McCauley, Mitchell GA, Ray City GA, Thomas Babington McCauley, Thomas Babington McCauley Jr., Vidalia GA, Vidalia Union Station
Thomas Babington McCauley, Locomotive Engineer on the Georgia and Florida Railroad.
The Georgia & Florida Railroad was Ray City, Georgia's connection to the world. In the 1920s, G&F trains stopped at Ray City several times a day, with freight and passenger service. Ray City had its own train depot, and section houses for railroad employees and their families. A big wooden water tower stood just south of Main Street on the east side of the tracks to provide water for the trains.
The G&F railroad chose Douglas, GA, about 60 miles northward up the track from Ray City, as the location for its offices and railroad shops. The railroad employed many workers at Douglas, including the porters, conductors, brakemen, firemen, and engineers that ran the trains. Thomas Babington McCauley was one of those locomotive engineers.
Thomas Babington McCauley (1878-1948), Engineer on the Georgia & Florida Railroad.
‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡
Thomas Babington McCauley, Sr., engineer for the Georgia & Florida Railroad
Thomas Babington McCauley was born on the 4th of July, 1878 in Wilkes County, GA and raised on his father's farms in Wilkes and Taliferro counties. He was a son of Elijah H. McCauley and Elizabeth S. Beck. His father was a farmer and served as U.S. Postmaster at Robinson, GA.
Thomas B. McCauley's father died in 1906. In 1907 he married Carrie Mae Fouts. McCauley and his brother-in-law, Furman Fouts, went to work as railroad engineers on the newly opened Georgia & Florida Railroad. By 1910, they both moved to Douglas, GA where the G&F rail yard was located. Both the McCauleys and the Fouts rented houses on Madison Avenue in Douglas, in a neighborhood full of railroad workers.
Georgia & Florida Engine No. 208 photographed at Douglas, GA in 1948
Other locomotive engineers in Douglas, GA in 1910 were John Stewart, Pat Sellers, William C. McKinley, Hiram Handcock, Henry Handcock, John M. Chatman, Theodore Steinecke, John Rolison, Mitchell Drew, James P. Meade, Arthur Sikes, Thomas R. Sykes, Spencer H. Strickland Remer Brown, John C. Tucker, —- Fullerton, Riley B. Sweat, Thomas B. Folsom, William H. Edenfeld, Albert W. Johnson, Calvin Yawn, John E. Yawn.
Working at locomotive fireman were Thomas Ford, Julius Burton, Ben Jackson, Will Mahorn, Jim Reeves, John Wesley, Thomas McLeod, William H. Dies, Dave Wilcox, Augustus Allen, Joe Button, Milton Thorn, Alvin Lee, Henry Jones and George Kings.
Watt Dishman, John English, George Williams, Jeff Caloway, Tom Thomas, Willie Johnson and Thomas Burel worked at brakeman.
The railroad conductors were John Coleman, Sam Barber, John Rowland, Charlie H. Vaugh, and John H. Renfroe, Jesse Kennedy, Lewis Odum, Earnest E Graybill, Hardee Slaughter, John F. Touchton, Roscoe G. Lufter, Willie B. Lee, Albert M. Barrett and Floyd Mainor.
Thomas Dumes and Fred Brown were railroad porters.
By 1920, Tom McCauley had moved his family some 40 miles up the track of the G&F to Vidalia, GA where he continued as a locomotive engineer for the railroad. The McCauleys rented a house in Vidalia on Church Street about two blocks from the train station. "Vidalia was an important railroad hub…. With the addition of the Georgia and Florida Line in 1917, the city had five railroads running through it (tracks ran in seven different directions). In 1917, direct lines were available "in busy season" to Savannah, Macon, Augusta, and Florida's cities, with 10 to 14 passenger trains scheduled daily. In addition, some 500 cars of freight were handled each day. Railroad structures included Union Station passenger depot, two freight depots, coal chute and water tank that supplied fuel and steam power for the many locomotives and a train car service turntable."
Vidalia Union Station, built in 1912-13 at the junction of the tracks of the Georgia & Florida Railroad (right) and Seaboard Air Line Railway (left). Located at the far western edge of Railroad Avenue, facing the bisected block of Leader and Main streets, the brick passenger depot (Union Station) was a fish hook-shaped building dominated by its two-story corner tower with bellcast conical roof. It also featured a Ludowici tile roof, dormer windows, and wide overhanging eaves with brackets. The water tower, which was the tallest structure in the area for nearly forty years, stood almost directly in front of Union Station. The tank's swivelling hoses pivoted almost 360 degrees, enabling trains to be serviced from either side of the structure. East of Union Station along Railroad Avenue was the first freight depot. Image source: https://railga.com/Depots/vidalia.html
Railroad Engineer Thomas Babington McCauley and children, Harvey McCauley, Jeanette McCauley, Marion McCauley, and Thomas Jr., on a Georgia & Florida Railroad locomotive, probably photographed 1919 or early 1920.
Sadly, Harvey McCauley died shortly after the above photograph was taken.
By 1922 Tom McCauley transferred again on the Georgia & Florida route, to Augusta, GA where he would remain the rest of his life.
On the afternoon of October 28, 1922, Tom McCauley and his fireman, Augustus Harvey Green, survived the derailment of their G&F locomotive. The Atlanta Constitution briefly noted the wreck in the Sunday edition, October 29, 1922, with some minor errors in the reporting.
Atlanta Constitution reports engineer Tom McCauley is injured in train derailment on the Georgia & Florida Railroad.
Engineer Hurt As Locomotive And Car Derail
Augusta, Ga., Oct 28. – (Special.) – Engineer T. B. McCauley, of Sandersville, was seriously injured when his engine and baggage car of Georgia and Florida passenger train No. 2, bound for Augusta, derailed two miles out of Mitchel this afternoon. Both of his feet were severely mashed and he received internal injuries. He was taken to the Sandersville hospital. The negro fireman, Harvey Green, of Augusta, was internally injured.
The G&F wreck was reported in more detail in the Constitution's follow-up story on Monday, October 30, 1922
Atlanta Constitution reports 1922 train wreck on Georgia & Florida Railroad
Hurt in Wreck, Engineer Better
McCauley Loses Five Toes When Passenger Locomotive Turns Over Near Mitchell, GA.
Sandersville, Ga., October 29.- (Special.)- Engineer Tom McCauley, of Augusta, who was injured on the Georgia & Florida near Mitchell Saturday afternoon when his engine turned over, was reported out of danger at the sanitarium here Sunday night.
McCauley was at the throttle of passenger train No. 2 from Tennille to Keysville, running half an hour late, one-half mile north of Mitchell, while running about 20 miles an hour going around a curve on a crossing, the pony truck jumped the track on an accumulation of sand. The driving wheels followed and the locomotive turned over almost squarely across the track.
McCauley's right foot was crushed, making it necessary for local surgeons to amputate five toes. He was also slightly scalded but not internally injured, as first reported. No passengers were injured. The negro fireman, Harvey Green, of Tennille, on of the oldest in service of this road, received a dislocated shoulder and severe bruises.
The engine was literally demolished, the boiler being stripped clean with exception of wheels. The baggage car was derailed but did not turn over, and the first class coach remained on the rails. Several hundred people gathered at the scene of the wreck today to see the wrecker clean up the debris.
Trains were able to pass at noon and normal traffic restored. The Georgia and Florida secured the C. & W. C. wrecker and its crew from Augusta, rather than delay waiting on their equipment at Douglas.
Thomas Babington McCauley and family. Tom Babington was a locomotive engineer for the Georgia & Florida Railroad. His right foot was maimed in a train derailment.
Georgia & Florida Railroad Card belonging to wife of retired railroad engineer Thomas Babington McCauley
Carrie McCauley, wife of railroad engineer Tom McCauley
The Georgia and Florida Construction Company
Rays Mill Wins Route for the Georgia & Florida Railroad
Rays Mill Gets G & F Depot
G & F Railroad To Open with Big Excursion
October 1, 1908 First Train Rolls into Rays Mill, GA
Bound by a Band of Steel
1910 Train Wreck in Valdosta, GA
M. W. Henderson and the Wreck of the G & F
Clements Lumber Company and the Company Town
The Last Run of the Iron Horse
Ray's Mill has Arrived
Whangdoodled on Panama Canal Contract, Billy Oliver put in a Bid to Construct G & F Railroad Through Ray City
Luckie Stop at Ray City
1910 Train Wreck Gave Charlie Taylor A Fat Lip
Mayhaw Lake Resort at Ray City, GA
Southern Georgia: Railroad Pamphlet
1914 Box Ball Alley ~ Mayhaw Lake at Rays Mill, GA
1922 Ray City Bus Service was Competition for the G & F
Batts Goins ~ Tie Chopper
Railroad Horror! 1888 Train wreck kills John T. Ray and 30-odd others
General Levi J. Knight ~ Railroad Tycoon
August 4, 2012 at 9:45 pm	(Georgia & Florida Railroad, Uncategorized)
Tags: A. H. Rutherford, Albert H. Carroll, Augusta & Gulf Railroad, Augusta and Florida Railroad, Augusta GA, Bank of Richmond, Bemiss GA, Douglas H. Gordon, E. L. Bemiss, F. E. Nolting, Georgia and Florida Construction Company, Georgia and Florida railroad, International Trust Company, J. William Middendorf, John Skelton Williams, L. M. Williams, Lewis C. Williams, Madison FL, Midville Swainsboro and Red Bluff Railroad, Millen and Southwestern Railroad, Ray's Mill GA, Seaboard Air Line Railway, Southern Investment Company
If any one man can be credited for the creation of the Georgia and Florida Railroad, it was John Skelton Williams. From inception it was intended that the G & F would run from Augusta, GA to Madison, FL, with plans to extend the line all the way to the Gulf of Mexico. But when Williams organized the railroad in 1906 it was far from clear to the citizens of Rays Mill, GA (now Ray City) that they would ever get a connection.
John Skelton Williams, organizer of the Georgia and Florida Railroad, was the first president of the Seaboard Airline Railroad, and later became U. S. Comptroller of the Currency. Image courtesy of the Library of Congress.
In 1906, John Skelton Williams was already a great power among the railroad men. He was a leading 'southern financier' and the ex-president of the Seaboard Air Line railway.
He became a partner with his father in the banking and brokerage business and later engaged actively in the material development of the South. He organized and consolidated the Seaboard Air Line and was elected the first president of this company in 1900. He also served as president of other railroad companies of less mileage and was president of the Bank of Richmond and of the Southern Investment Company. He was director of several other trust companies, banks and other corporations, and was recognized as one of the leading financiers of the South. – Biography-Of-John-Skelton-Williams
One of the "other railroad companies of less mileage" Williams organized was the Georgia and Florida Railroad. In the spring of 1906, The Valdosta Times reported with cautious optimism on Williams' interest in Valdosta for his new line. At the time, Williams was occupied with consolidating a precursor to the G & F, referred to in the article as the Augusta & Gulf.
March 10, 1906 The Valdosta Times reports on the organization of the Georgia and Florida Construction Company by John Skelton Williams.
DETAILS OF RAILROAD DEALS.
Official Statement in Regard to the Augusta & Gulf Railroad.
Messrs. Williams and Middendorf Give Out a Statement of Their Recent Deals and Also Give Some Intimation of Their Plans – Valdosta's Name is Frequently Used in the Deal, But That is All.
(From Tuesday's Daily.)
The following official announcement from the Manufacturers' Record relative to the proposed Augusta and Gulf railroad which will be one of the biggest trunk lines in the south, will prove of great interest locally as shown in the scope and certainty of this project.
The Georgia and Florida Construction Company, incorporated has been organized at Richmond, Va., for the purpose of uniting and forming a trunk line out of the several Georgia railroads purchased by the syndicate organized by John Skelton Williams of Richmond, J. William Middendorff of Baltimore and their associates. Information from Richmond received by the Manufacturers' Record says that the Construction Company, with an authorized capital of 50,000 to $90,000, has the following directors Douglas H. Gordon of Baltimore, president, and representing the International Trust Company of Baltimore, which is a member of the syndicate: E. L. Bemiss, vice president, and F. E. Nolting, treasurer, both of Richmond; A. H. Rutherford, of Baltimore, secretary; Albert H. Carroll, of Baltimore, Lewis C. Williams and L. M. Williams, both of Richmond.
Buys Six Roads.
The syndicate has thus far purchased six railroads in Georgia with a total length of 227 miles. They are the Augusta and Florida 30 miles long, from Keysville to Midville; the Midville, Swainsboro and Red Bluff railway, 20 miles long from Midville to Swainsboro; the Millen and Southwestern railroad, 53 miles line, from Millen via Stillmore to Vidalia; the Ocilla and Valdosta railroad, 55 miles long, from Hazelhurst via Broxton and Ocilla to Irwinville; the Douglas Augusta and Gulf railway, 57 miles long, from Barrows Bluff via Broxton, Douglas and Pinebloom to Nashville, and the Nashville and Sparks railroad, 12 miles long, from Nashville to Sparks. The Millen and Southwestern has a small branch of four miles from Durdenville to Monte. It will be necessary to use only part of some of these roads to form the proposed trunk line.
The Connecting Links.
To connect these various properties and make the proposed continuous railroad from Augusta to Valdosta it will be necessary to build links as follows: Augusta to Keysville, about 20 miles, connection between the Midville, Swainsboro and Red Bluff railway and the Millen and Southwestern railroad, about 10 miles; Vidalia to Hazelhurst about 25 miles: total, 80 or 90 miles of new construction.
The proposed extension from Valdosta southeward is not yet definitely decided upon. The object is to reach the Gulf of Mexico, and this may be done by building to Tallahassee to connect with the Georgia, Florida, and Alabama railway, which would take it to the port of Carabelle or a direct line south might be chosen. From 50 to 60 miles of new line might be required.
Come summertime, Williams had his railroad chartered and funded with a million dollars in capital. By this time it was clear that Nashville, Berrien County and the Wiregrass stood to benefit from the new railroad.
July 13, 1906, The Americus Times-Recorder reports that John Skelton Williams has received a charter for the Georgia and Florida Railroad.
By September, 1906 surveying was underway to determine the route the Georgia & Florida would follow from Augusta, GA to Madison, FL. But it appeared that the main trunk line of the G & F might pass east of Berrien County.
The Valdosta Times, September 15, 1906 reports Georgia and Florida Railroad has surveyors in the field.
But by the following summer, July 1907 it began to look like the trunk line of the Georgia & Florida would include construction of a connecting line from Nashville to Valdosta. No doubt the residents of Rays Mill began to contemplate the possibilities. Next up, Rays Mill Wins Route for the Georgia & Florida Railroad.
Rays Mill Wins Route for the Georgia & Florida Railroad.
routes surveyed | Search Results | Ray City History Blog
August 1, 2012 at 12:38 am	(Georgia & Florida Railroad, Uncategorized)
Tags: Army Corps of Engineering, Augusta GA, Berrien County GA, Georgia and Florida railroad, Lowndes County GA, Madison FL, Nashville GA, Panama Canal, Ray City GA, Sanford FL, Schofield & Sons, Valdosta GA, William J. Oliver
The contract to build the railroad line connecting Nashville, GA by way of Rays Mill (now Ray City) to Valdosta, GA, might not seem like a project that would attract one of the largest construction companies in America, but the 1907 call for bids for construction of the Georgia and Florida Railroad did just that. To be fair, the total contract concerned not just the 30 mile stretch of railroad from Berrien to Lowndes county, but about 70 additional miles of track to connect the various shortlines that comprised the Georgia and Florida railroad.
Perhaps the most prominent bidder for constructing the connecting lines of the G & F was William J. Oliver, the Tennessee contractor who earlier that year had submitted the lowest bid for the immensely huge task of constructing the Panama Canal. Oliver expected that the South Georgia cotton shipped over the Georgia and Florida Railroad would eventually find its way through the Panama Canal to meet the demand in Asian markets. When completed, the G & F line would certainly open the way for economic development in Berrien County, GA and fuel the growth of firms such as the Luckie Lumber Company at Ray City, GA.
William Jesse Oliver (1867-1925) was a prominent bidder for the contract to construct the Georgia and Florida Railroad.
In 1907, the early accounts indicated Oliver had a lock on the canal contract.
January 28, 1907, William J. Oliver to build the Panama Canal.
The first week of February, 1907, Harper's Weekly Magazine gave a short sketch on William J. Oliver and his bid for the Panama Canal.
William J. Oliver, Harper's Weekly, Feb 2, 1907
THE MAN WHO BID LOWEST FOR THE PANAMA CANAL CONTRACT
William J. Oliver, in association with Anson J. Bangs, has made a proposition to build the Panama Canal for 6.75 percent, of total cost, and this bid, at the time of writing, is under favorable consideration by the government. In the combination which made this bid, Mr. Oliver has the dominant interest. Other bids were for 7.19, 12.50, and 28 per cent.
Mr. Oliver is thirty nine years of age. He was born in Mishawauka, a suburb of South Bend, Indiana. When he was sisteen years of age he started out on the Cotton Belt railroad with s fifteen team outfit as a railroad contractor. He has gradually progressed from one branch of railroad contracting to another, and owns one of the largest manufacturing plants in the United States for the building of contractors' machinery.
Mr. Oliver has also made a specialty of what contractors call "concrete work," and has built a number of concrete buildings, viaducts, and river bridges for railroads. He has over $30,000,000 of contracts now under way including the tunnelling of Lookout Mountain for the Southern Railway company, concrete buildings in Louisville and Nashville, a concrete dam at Chattanooga, sixty five feet high,in which there will be 50,000 cubic yards of reinforced concrete work. He is also laying double tracks and building extensions for various railroads.
In view of the announcement that Mr. Oliver purposes to use negroes from the West Indies as laborers on the canal, under the superintendence of white men from the South, it is interesting to recall the report that Governor Swettenham of Jamaica is opposed to the use of negroes from that island as foreign laborers, and has imposed a prohibitive emigration head tax to prevent the natives from leaving the island for America or Panama.
In the case of an award, Mr.Oliver will go to the isthmus to superintend personally the work of construction; he will take over the entire plant owned by the government, and will at once proceed to ship additional materials to the Zone.
Ultimately, the contract for construction of the Panama Canal went to the Army Corps of Engineers. Oliver said he had been "whangdoodled" by President Teddy Roosevelt, but his manufacturing company did end up supplying some of the construction equipment. The completed canal is still regarded as one of the greatest engineering achievements of the modern world.
May of 1907 found Oliver not in the Canal Zone but in Augusta, GA to bid on the G & F construction project. In the May 20, 1907 edition of The Atlanta Georgian and News, he was still protesting the politicized award of the Panama Canal contract, but the paper also reported his comments on the global impact of the opening of the Georgia and Florida Railroad. "When this line is completed,"he said, "it will largely solve the problem involved in the big suits now before the interstate commerce commission in the matter of rates from the South to Oriental ports. All the cotton goods and other freight that must cross the Pacific will go over this line and through the Panama Canal when it is finished," he said.
The Atlanta Georgian and News reports William J. Oliver will bid on the construction of the Georgia and Florida Railroad.
Within a few weeks, The Atlanta Georgian and News reported that The Georgia and Florida Railroad was ready to select a contractor.
By June of 1907, the selection of a contractor for construction of the Georgia and Florida Railroad was imminent.
But the bids came in too high and on June 22,1907 the railroad announced it would hold off on awarding a contract.
June 22, 1907 The Atlanta Georgian and News announced that the Georgia and Florida Railroad would not be letting a construction contract for some time.
On August 24 the contract was finally awarded, but went to Schofield & Sons of Philadelphia.
August 24, 1907, the Georgia and Florida Railroad contracts for construction of new line.
-So in the end, the man who famously did not get the Panama Canal contract, also did not get the Georgia & Florida railroad contract.
Dr. Sloan Had Ray City Roots
June 20, 2011 at 12:28 am	(Knight Family, Remedies and Medicine, WWI)
Tags: Augusta GA, Charles Conner, Charlie Weaver, David Jackson Rigell, David Rigell, David Sloan, Diadema Sloan, Dr. William David Sloan, Georgia Regents University, James Murray Sloan, Jimmie Gardener Gullette, Julia Knight, Lane Young, Martha Susan Gordon, Merle Elizabeth Langford, Ray's Mill GA, Stanley's Business College, Stockton GA, Walter Howard Knight, Wayfare Primitive Baptist Church
Dr. William David Sloan (1879 – 1935) (image courtesy of http://berriencountyga.com/)
William David Sloan was born March 12, 1879 in the 1144 Georgia Militia District, the "Rays Mill District." He was one of 11 children born to Martha Susan Gordon and James Murray Sloan.
William David Sloan's parents came from North Carolina. His father moved the family from North Carolina to Mississippi for a brief stay, then to Echols Co., Ga.; thence to Berrien County, GA in 1871 where he engaged in farming. His father, James M. Sloan, a son of David and Diadema Sloan, was born January 18, 1833 in Duplin County, N.C., and died November 20, 1894.
In 1897, W. D. Sloan went with Lane Young to Thomasville, GA to study at Stanley's Business College. The census of 1900 shows 21-year-old William back in the Rays Mill District living in the household of his widowed mother . She owned the family farm, free and clear of mortgage, which she worked on her own account, with the assistance of farm laborer Charlie Weaver. William's mother, Mrs. Martha Susannah Gordon Sloan, died Oct. 25, 1908.
Julia Elizabeth Knight Ridgell (photo circa 1910), widow of David Rigell, married Dr. William Sloan.
In 1907 William received a scholarship from the Governor. The August 28, 1907 issue of the Atlanta Constitution noted that W. D. Sloan, of Milltown, had been appointed by the governor to receive a scholarship at the Medical College of Georgia.
He moved to Augusta, GA where he studied medicine at the University of Georgia's Medical Department, now known as Georgia Regents University. He graduated from UGA with a medical degree in 1910 and went into general practice, working on his own account. At the time he was boarding in the household of Charles Conner, of Watkins Street, Augusta, GA.
William David Sloan returned to Berrien County, GA and sometime after 1911 married Julia Elizabeth Knight Rigell. She was the widow of David Rigell, an early merchant of Rays Mill, GA. She was born August 9, 1880, a daughter of Walter Knight and Jimmie Gullette.
Dr. William David Sloan and Julia Knight Rigell Sloan. (Image courtesy of http://berriencountyga.com/)
William David Sloan enlisted in the Army Medical Service in 1917, and served during World War I.
Dr. William David Sloan, Army Medical Service, WWI. (image courtesy of http://berriencountyga.com/)
Dr. Sloan later made his home in Stockton, GA but often visited his many family connections in the Ray City area. In September 1925, he happened to be on hand when little Merle Elizabeth Langford suffered a fatal rattlesnake bite. (Ray City Child Dies From Bite Of Rattle Snake, 1925)
Dr. William David Sloan and his automobile. Dr. Sloan was born and raised in the Rays Mill, GA vicinity.
In his later years Dr. Sloan suffered from kidney and heart disease.
The Journal of the American Medical Association, March 2, 1935 issue reported the obituary of William David Sloan.
William David Sloan, Stockton, Ga. ; University of Georgia
Medical Department, Augusta, 1910; served during the World
War ; aged 55 ; died, January 10, in a hospital at Atlanta, of
chronic nephritis and heart disease.
He was buried at Wayfare Primitive Baptist Church Cemetery, in Echols County, Georgia.
Grave of William David Sloan, M.D. (1879-1935), Wayfare Primitive Baptist Church Cemetery, Echols County, GA.
Julia Rigell Sloan died September 10, 1955. She was buried at the City Cemetery in Lakeland, GA next to the grave of her infant daughter, born February 3, 1907.
Grave of Julia Rigell Sloan, City Cemetery, Lakeland, Lanier County, GA
William Sloan Attended Stanley's Business College
Knight Sisters of Ray City
Medical Men of Ray's Mill
J. M. Sloan Dies after Throw From Horse
Ray City Child Dies From Bite Of Rattle Snake, 1925
Ida Sloan Ray Endorsed Doan's Pills
David Jackson Rigell ~ Merchant of Ray's Mill, GA
June 2, 2010 at 1:21 am	(Georgia & Florida Railroad, Historic Businesses)
Tags: Augusta GA, Berrien County GA, Dixie Bus Line, Douglas GA, Georgia & Florida Railroad, Louisville GA, Ray City GA, Ray's Mill, Swainsboro GA, Tennille GA, Valdosta GA, Wrens GA
By 1922, busses were providing passenger service in Ray City and south Georgia, and giving the railroads real competition for the service. The 1922 Bus Transportation book reported the following:
Buses Get all Passengers.—Because it claims the buses operating out of Valdosta, Ray City and Douglas are absorbing all the passenger business, the Georgia & Florida Railroad has petitioned the Georgia Railroad Commission to reduce its passenger service in and out of Valdosta and between Augusta and Tennille. The petition says that passenger trains 6 and 7 between Hazlehurst and Valdosta earned in January 31 and 32 cents respectively per train mile. A bus line, the petition says, operates from Swainsboro to Augusta, by way of Louisville and Wrens, and runs on a schedule just ahead of the passenger train schedule. Of late the bus has absorbed completely the passenger travel between Wrens and Augusta, and left practically none at the other points.
1922 Bus provides public transportation for Pennsylvania bus line.
Image above: From the preceding page of the same issue of Bus Transportation, a photo of a 1922 era bus. The busses had to be rugged to take the ride on the rough early dirt roads of the day. There were no paved roads serving Ray City until the 1940s.
By the late 1920s it was the Dixie Bus Line that was providing regularly scheduled passenger service to Ray City.
Nashville Herald. Jan 24, 1929.
DIXIE BUS LINES
Leave for Ray City, Valdosta, Cly-
attville, Pinetta, Madison 7:40 a.m. 2:40 p.m. Connects at Valdosta for Lake City, Jacksonville, Tampa; at Madison for Greenville, Tallahassee, and Perry, for Ray City, Lakeland 5:15 p.m.
Leaves for Alapaha, Ocilla, Fitzgerald, 9:40 a.m., 6:40 p.m. Morning coach connects at Alapaha for Tifton, Albany, at Fizgerald for Cordele, Atlanta, Rochelle, Hawkinsville, Abbeville, Eastman, Dublin, Afternoon for Cordele, Atlanta.
Leave for Alapaha, Enigma, Brookfield, Tifton, 1:00 connects at Tifton for Fitzgerald, Sylvester, Albany, Moultrie, Thomasville, Cordele, Macon.
For further information call the Union Pharmacy, Bus Station.
Your patronage appreciated,
W.I. McCranie, Mgr.


text:
Q: How to disable native "datalist" / autocomplete in Google Chrome? and thank you in advance. I am experiencing an issue with Google Chrome today. I have made the decision to implement a JS plugin called awesomplete, it is a autocomplete plugin. The plugin works wonderful in every browser except for Google Chrome. The plugin works, except Google Chrome is ignoring my autocomplete="off" pleas and throwing in its own suggestions which, of course, appear OVER the awesomplete's generated content.
Whenever I type into my input, Google Chrome automatically creates a menu below the input, exactly as if there was a datalist attached to the input (which there isn't). This false "datalist" appears over the awesomplete suggestions making the plugin useless. I have searched and searched without success. I have tried both autocomplete="false" and autocomplete="off" on the form, and on the input. I also have aria-autocomplete="off" on there even though I'm not sure what that does. I have even tried a suggestion from others to put to "fake" inputs at the beginning of the field, so that Google Chrome's autocomplete feature will attack them instead of the real input. Yeah, no go.
Most of my users are using Google Chrome, so this is a problem for me. Is there anything I can do? Or I'm I left helplessly powerless to the browser, who for some reason the devs decided to take form matters into their own hands.
<input required type="search" data-list="<?php echo $list; ?>" class="awesomplete" name="gameSearch" size="50" placeholder="Search for game titles here!" autocomplete="off" aria-autocomplete="list">

$list is a generated list of game titles courtesy of some php before the input.
Any advice or help is greatly appreciated...

A: I am pretty much sure chrome does it by matching the 'id'/'name'. At this point of time, I guess there is no solution other than removing them off your datalist.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
package com.google.common.util.concurrent;

import static com.google.common.truth.Truth.assertThat;

import com.google.common.annotations.GwtCompatible;
import com.google.common.annotations.GwtIncompatible;
import com.google.common.base.Preconditions;

import junit.framework.TestCase;

import org.mockito.Mockito;

import java.util.concurrent.CancellationException;
import java.util.concurrent.Executor;
import java.util.concurrent.Future;
import java.util.concurrent.TimeUnit;

import javax.annotation.Nullable;

/**
 * Test for {@link FutureCallback}.
 *
 * @author Anthony Zana
 */
@GwtCompatible(emulated = true)
public class FutureCallbackTest extends TestCase {
  public void testSameThreadSuccess() {
    SettableFuture<String> f = SettableFuture.create();
    MockCallback callback = new MockCallback("foo");
    Futures.addCallback(f, callback);
    f.set("foo");
  }

  public void testExecutorSuccess() {
    CountingSameThreadExecutor ex = new CountingSameThreadExecutor();
    SettableFuture<String> f = SettableFuture.create();
    MockCallback callback = new MockCallback("foo");
    Futures.addCallback(f, callback, ex);
    f.set("foo");
    assertEquals(1, ex.runCount);
  }

  // Error cases
  public void testSameThreadExecutionException() {
    SettableFuture<String> f = SettableFuture.create();
    Exception e = new IllegalArgumentException("foo not found");
    MockCallback callback = new MockCallback(e);
    Futures.addCallback(f, callback);
    f.setException(e);
  }

  public void testCancel() {
    SettableFuture<String> f = SettableFuture.create();
    FutureCallback<String> callback =
        new FutureCallback<String>() {
          private boolean called = false;

          @Override
          public void onSuccess(String result) {
            fail("Was not expecting onSuccess() to be called.");
          }

          @Override
          public synchronized void onFailure(Throwable t) {
            assertFalse(called);
            assertThat(t).isInstanceOf(CancellationException.class);
            called = true;
          }
        };
    Futures.addCallback(f, callback);
    f.cancel(true);
  }

  public void testThrowErrorFromGet() {
    Error error = new AssertionError("ASSERT!");
    ListenableFuture<String> f = ThrowingFuture.throwingError(error);
    MockCallback callback = new MockCallback(error);
    Futures.addCallback(f, callback);
  }

  public void testRuntimeExeceptionFromGet() {
    RuntimeException e = new IllegalArgumentException("foo not found");
    ListenableFuture<String> f = ThrowingFuture.throwingRuntimeException(e);
    MockCallback callback = new MockCallback(e);
    Futures.addCallback(f, callback);
  }

  @GwtIncompatible("Mockito")
  public void testOnSuccessThrowsRuntimeException() throws Exception {
    RuntimeException exception = new RuntimeException();
    String result = "result";
    SettableFuture<String> future = SettableFuture.create();
    @SuppressWarnings("unchecked") // Safe for a mock
    FutureCallback<String> callback = Mockito.mock(FutureCallback.class);
    Futures.addCallback(future, callback);
    Mockito.doThrow(exception).when(callback).onSuccess(result);
    future.set(result);
    assertEquals(result, future.get());
    Mockito.verify(callback).onSuccess(result);
    Mockito.verifyNoMoreInteractions(callback);
  }

  @GwtIncompatible("Mockito")
  public void testOnSuccessThrowsError() throws Exception {
    class TestError extends Error {}
    TestError error = new TestError();
    String result = "result";
    SettableFuture<String> future = SettableFuture.create();
    @SuppressWarnings("unchecked") // Safe for a mock
    FutureCallback<String> callback = Mockito.mock(FutureCallback.class);
    Futures.addCallback(future, callback);
    Mockito.doThrow(error).when(callback).onSuccess(result);
    try {
      future.set(result);
      fail("Should have thrown");
    } catch (TestError e) {
      assertSame(error, e);
    }
    assertEquals(result, future.get());
    Mockito.verify(callback).onSuccess(result);
    Mockito.verifyNoMoreInteractions(callback);
  }

  public void testWildcardFuture() {
    SettableFuture<String> settable = SettableFuture.create();
    ListenableFuture<?> f = settable;
    FutureCallback<Object> callback = new FutureCallback<Object>() {
      @Override
      public void onSuccess(Object result) {}

      @Override
      public void onFailure(Throwable t) {}
    };
    Futures.addCallback(f, callback);
  }

  private class CountingSameThreadExecutor implements Executor {
    int runCount = 0;
    @Override
    public void execute(Runnable command) {
      command.run();
      runCount++;
    }
  }

  // TODO(user): Move to testing, unify with RuntimeExceptionThrowingFuture

  /**
   * A {@link Future} implementation which always throws directly from calls to
   * get() (i.e. not wrapped in ExecutionException.
   * For just a normal Future failure, use {@link SettableFuture}).
   *
   * <p>Useful for testing the behavior of Future utilities against odd futures.
   *
   * @author Anthony Zana
   */
  private static class ThrowingFuture<V> implements ListenableFuture<V> {
    private final Error error;
    private final RuntimeException runtime;

    public static <V> ListenableFuture<V> throwingError(Error error) {
      return new ThrowingFuture<V>(error);
    }

    public static <V> ListenableFuture<V>
        throwingRuntimeException(RuntimeException e) {
      return new ThrowingFuture<V>(e);
    }

    private ThrowingFuture(Error error) {
      this.error = Preconditions.checkNotNull(error);
      this.runtime = null;
    }

    public ThrowingFuture(RuntimeException e) {
      this.runtime = Preconditions.checkNotNull(e);
      this.error = null;
    }

    @Override
    public boolean cancel(boolean mayInterruptIfRunning) {
      return false;
    }

    @Override
    public boolean isCancelled() {
      return false;
    }

    @Override
    public boolean isDone() {
      return true;
    }

    @Override
    public V get() {
      throwOnGet();
      throw new AssertionError("Unreachable");
    }

    @Override
    public V get(long timeout, TimeUnit unit) {
      throwOnGet();
      throw new AssertionError("Unreachable");
    }

    @Override
    public void addListener(Runnable listener, Executor executor) {
      executor.execute(listener);
    }

    private void throwOnGet() {
      if (error != null) {
        throw error;
      } else {
        throw runtime;
      }
    }
  }

  private final class MockCallback implements FutureCallback<String> {
    @Nullable private String value = null;
    @Nullable private Throwable failure = null;
    private boolean wasCalled = false;

    MockCallback(String expectedValue) {
      this.value = expectedValue;
    }

    public MockCallback(Throwable expectedFailure) {
      this.failure = expectedFailure;
    }

    @Override
    public synchronized void onSuccess(String result) {
      assertFalse(wasCalled);
      wasCalled = true;
      assertEquals(value, result);
    }

    @Override
    public synchronized void onFailure(Throwable t) {
      assertFalse(wasCalled);
      wasCalled = true;
      assertEquals(failure, t);
    }
  }
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
Refund and Cancellation Policies
A full refund, minus a $10.00 processing fee, will be made to any student who cancels the enrollment contract within 30 days of registering for the course and prior to completion of course. The COURSE PROVIDER will terminate, without notice, the enrollment of any student who has not successfully completed the course within 180 days. All registration fees paid are due and refundable when the course of instruction is discontinued by the COURSE PROVIDER, preventing a student from completing the course, or the enrollment of the student was procured as a result of any misrepresentation in advertising, promotional materials of the COURSE PROVIDER, or representation made by the owner or employee of the COURSE PROVIDER. All refunds will be issued within 30 days following receipt of a permissible request for cancellation.
Online defensive driving school for all Texas... Houston, Dallas and Fort Worth.
TDLR License #C3173
Privacy Policy | Refund Policy | Terms & Conditions | Contact Us
© 2023 Cheaper Faster Easier Texas - All Rights Reserved.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


How can associations accomplish the objectives of member engagement, member recruitment, and advocacy with content marketing?
On the one hand, associations are natural content generators, producing conference sessions and publications that can easily be repurposed for online marketing. They also have a natural community they can potentially rally and engage online.
On the other hand, slowness to adapt to new technology, combined with political or bureaucratic considerations, can keep associations from making the changes that are needed to stay relevant in a rapidly evolving marketing environment.
We took on these questions with the help of Meagan Rockett, Director of Client Solutions at Greenfield Services Inc., on this week's #ContentChat.
Please check out the summary, below.
You may also want to look back over our previous chat summary with Meagan – Event Sponsorships: How to Create Win-Win Solutions.


This afternoon we look at some verses from the book of James for advice on responding to temptation.
Who are your heroes in life—the examples you follow and the models you look up to? Hebrews chapter 3 is all about faithfulness. It begins with a positive example to follow in v 1-6.
As we dip into chapter 11 of Luke's Gospel, the antagonism between Jesus and His opponents is ratcheting up, notch by notch. How will God's chosen King respond to living in a society increasingly opposed to Him? And how should His followers live in such a society, then and today?
There are many views on how to obtain blessing in life. Some seek it from God through working hard for Him, making sacrifices to Him. Others seek it apart from Him, through money or career or something else.
In these verses, Peter explains definitively how it is done!
There is perhaps no greater freedom than a clear conscience. Disease buffets the body, but guilt sinks the soul. And, unlike some diseases, there is a cure for guilt.
The Christian life is a race—one in which all of us are runners.


text:
The "Most Oscar® Wins By Film"
The "Most Oscar® Nominations By Film"
The "Most Acting Nominations By Film"
The "Actors-Actresses with the Most Nominations and Wins" (charts)
The Most Actor-Actress Nominations and Wins" (4 parts, detailed)
Academy Awards History (By Decade and Year):
Most Actor-Actress Nominations and Wins
(includes both Leading and Supporting Categories)
in descending order of number of nominations
(Oscar® Wins are Designated by CAPITAL Letters
S = Supporting Category)
DEBORAH KERR
6 Nominations, 0 OSCARS®
Edward, My Son (1949)
The King and I (1956)
Heaven Knows, Mr. Allison (1957)
Separate Tables (1958)
The Sundowners (1960)
THELMA RITTER
All About Eve (1950) S
The Mating Season (1951) S
With A Song In My Heart (1952) S
Pickup on South Street (1953) S
Pillow Talk (1959) S
Birdman of Alcatraz (1962) S
Junebug (2005) S
Doubt (2008) S
The Fighter (2010) S
The Master (2012) S
Vice (2018) S
GARY COOPER
SERGEANT YORK (1941)
The Pride of the Yankees (1942)
For Whom the Bell Tolls (1943)
HIGH NOON (1952)
OLIVIA DE HAVILLAND
Gone With The Wind (1939) S
Hold Back the Dawn (1941)
TO EACH HIS OWN (1946)
The Snake Pit (1948)
Bonnie And Clyde (1967) S
I Never Sang For My Father (1970) S
Mississippi Burning (1988)
UNFORGIVEN (1992) S
The Royal Family of Broadway (1930/31)
DR. JEKYLL AND MR. HYDE (1931/32)
Death of a Salesman (1951)
Sweet and Lowdown (1999)
I Am Sam (2001)
MYSTIC RIVER (2003)
Raintree County (1957)
Cat on a Hot Tin Roof (1958)
Suddenly, Last Summer (1959)
BUTTERFIELD 8 (1960)
WHO'S AFRAID OF VIRGINIA WOOLF? (1966)


text:
Our country's lakes, rivers and streams give life to ecosystems and people alike from coast to coast. Now it's time we protect them as the life-giving resources they are.
The Latest on Rivers & lakes
Four decades later, another win for the Boundary Waters
Wildlife & wild places
The Biden administration canceled mining leases near the Boundary Waters Canoe Area Wilderness -- a place that our network first helped protect way back in 1978.
Statement: Senate rejects amendment that would speed approval of polluting projects
Fossil fuel pollution
Media Statements ● December 15, 2022
All of America's waters should be safe for swimming. Fixing our infrastructure is the first step
Update: Environmental law under threat
Tell the EPA: Keep plastic pollution out of our waterways
Report ● July 1, 2021
Report ● June 21, 2021
A Path to Cleaner Water
Report ● December 2, 2020
Pathogens pose risk at 87 North Carolina beaches
With North Carolinians returning to local beaches this summer, a new report warns that more work is needed to ensure that all waters are safe for swimming. In 2020, 87 North Carolina beaches were potentially unsafe for swimming on at least one day and 7 of those beaches were unsafe on at least 25% of the days they were tested according to Safe for Swimming?, Environment North Carolina Research and Policy Center's annual analysis of bacteria testing. The report comes as Congress considers investments in water infrastructure.
Media Releases ● July 2, 2021
Statement: Bipartisan bill a big leap forward for America's clean water infrastructure
The House Transportation and Infrastructure Committee advanced the Water Quality Protection and Job Creation Act of 2021 (H.R. 1915) on Wednesday. The bill would authorize $40 billion over five years for the Clean Water State Revolving Fund, a U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) program that provides communities with low-cost financing for clean water infrastructure projects. Additionally, H.R. 1915 includes provisions designed to both assist small or financially disadvantaged communities and dedicate 15 percent of the funding to state grants for green infrastructure improvements.
Media Statements ● June 9, 2021
Statement: U.S. House passes major public lands bill
"With today's passage of this bill, we're one step away from putting a lock and key on funding that has always been intended for conservation projects -- yet consistently diverted to other purposes. We're closer to adopting a new consciousness for today's world, that our lives are made richer if surrounded by more nature, rather than more extracted resources."
Media Statements ● July 22, 2020
Statement: U.S. Senate votes to make major investment in America's public lands
"This bill reflects what we all know -- protecting and enhancing our public lands is an essential part of the American ethos. By locking in $900 million a year for outdoor projects, plus providing a short-term infusion of money to address maintenance issues, the Senate is reaffirming that commitment to the natural world."
Bringing Nature to Your Screen
Social distancing may mean putting a pause on certain outdoor adventures. However, that doesn't mean you can't appreciate the natural world from the comfort of your own home. Consider watching some (or all) of these 14 nature films to make you feel like you are summiting a mountain or trekking through the Amazon.


text:
Egg Producers Acquiescence To HSUS Is Worrisome
TAGS: Agenda Regulatory Animal Welfare
Dave Sjeklocha 2 | Jul 11, 2012
Eggs are not a typical topic of discussion in BEEF magazine. But eggs and how they are produced recently had the full attention of beef and pork producers, as well as veterinarians.
The United Egg Producers (UEP), an umbrella organization encompassing five regional egg cooperatives,has long had an adversarial relationship with animal rights groups. About a year ago, however, UEP approached the Humane Society of the U.S. (HSUS) about collaborating on federal legislation regarding housing for laying hens. Among other things, the legislation would specifically outline the exact pen space requirements, also called "enriched cage housing."
At a superficial level, this may seem rational. But this seemingly rational legislation resulted in great dissension between poultry organizations, beef and pork production groups, veterinary organizations, and even animal rights groups themselves.
In the end, the Egg Products Inspection Act Amendment (S. 3239) wasn't attached to the Senate version of the farm bill. And beef and pork producer and veterinary groups were instrumental in that. But the measure is very likely to be introduced as an amendment to the House version of the farm bill.
When the measure failed in the Senate, however, the animal rights groups involved attempted to point their collective finger at the beef and pork groups, claiming we don't care about animal welfare. This, of course, is ludicrous. If providing more room is in the best interest of the laying hen, I know of no one who would oppose it.
However, I know many people who oppose such federal legislation. These are hard-working farm families that care for the animals in their charge, and also care deeply about the consumers of their products.
The bottom line is that a federal mandate that prescribes how farm animals should be raised should deeply concern all of agriculture. A federal law isn't necessary, and the success of the beef industry's Beef Quality Assurance (BQA) program is a case in point. Through the program, U.S. beef producers voluntarily responded to consumer concerns and made significant changes to enhance the quality of their product. BQA has been a resounding success story.
Why didn't UEP put together a quality assurance program that required producers to provide this enriched cage housing? They did; it's called UEP Certified (www.uepcertified.com).
However, it didn't seem to help with pressure from animal rights groups. But when UEP tossed federal legislation into the pot, these groups jumped on the opportunity to get it on the books.
Of course, some animal rights groups were vehemently opposed to the legislation; they didn't feel it went far enough. Still, UEP's efforts to include animal rights groups in the passage of this mandate gave UEP a reprieve from assaults from such groups, as well as lending legitimacy to these same groups.
Producing safe, wholesome food is a tremendously gratifying endeavor for livestock producers. And agriculture has proven that it is responsive to consumer demands.
There are two primary reasons to alter how we produce food:
• The consumer asks for it.
• Science supports the change.
As it stands currently, consumers are blessed with the choice of a wide variety of food choices and how those foods are raised. And this has been done without federal legislation.
The science of animal welfare is ever-evolving. It will require an act of Congress to legislate how animals are to be raised. And if somewhere down the road, new science contradicts the federal legislation, it would take another act of Congress to change it.
Food producers can be much more responsive to new developments when their progress isn't impeded by federal mandates. A federally legislated approach to animal well-being just doesn't make a lot of sense, especially when we know that science will dictate change in the future.
Dave Sjeklocha, DVM, is director of animal health for Cattle Empire, LLC, of Satanta, KS. He can be reached at drdave@cattle-empire.net.
Science Contradicts the Humane Society of the United States on Salmonella and "Cage-Free" Eggs
HSUS, UEP Legislation Dangerous For Producers
Pork Producers Worried Egg Legislation Could Set Precedent


Our client is a high-end global Management Consultancy located in the heart of the City of London. They are currently looking to recruit an experienced Executive Assistant to join them on a 12 month Maternity contract to support the Global Programme Director. This is an excellent opportunity to join this well-known organisation.
This is an excellent opportunity for an experienced EA to join an established global organisation. The role is initially on a Maternity contract basis however due to the nature of the organisation there may be further opportunity to develop your career within the company. The client offers excellent benefits and incentives and the offices are located within easy access of multiple tube stations.
Thank you for your application. Due to the high levels of interest in this position it is not always possible to contact you if your application is unsuccessful.


text:
Q: What is by default capacity of list?How many elements can a list store? My first question is I want to select 100000 elements from database,can list store that many elements?
My second question is I want to fetch all the elements from database in minimum time?Is list is the best way to store elements or is there any other way which can improve performance?

A: 1) Yes, list can store 100000+   elements.The maximum capacity of an List  is limited only by the amount of memory the JVM has available.
2) For performance issues, it depends on the type of data to be stored. Normaly HashMaps are used for databases.

A: i normally use list over your quota, and lists is a good way. If you use string is really great but what about raw type?

A: you can store Integer.MAX_VALUE elements in List I suspect since the value of index can not accept more than this.

A: The maximum size of a List is limited by the maximum value of a Java integer, because integers are used to index the list and to return the size of the list in the method int size();. The maximum value of an int in Java is Integer.MAX_VALUE which is 2147483647.
A particular implementation of List could have a lower limit, but for java.util.ArrayList, that is the limit.
Of course you could run out of memory long before that, that really depends on the memory of your computer and whether you are using a 64-bit version of the JVM or the 32-bit version.
For your second question: the time it takes to transfer data from the database is almost always far higher than the time taken to store the data in the memory of the computer, so if you only worry about the time it takes to store the data in the list, then you should not worry.
If you however are thinking about the time it takes to retrieve the data, then it really depends on how you are retrieving the data from the collection (using a particular key for example).
In many cases, an implementation of java.util.Map such as java.util.HashMap will have better performance when you are retrieving data by a particular key.

A: *

*List can store more that 100000 elements. The list capacity is only bound by the JVM memory capacity or Integer.MAX_VALUE whichever is less.

*However, If you use know the number of elements that will be retrieved, then, using a simple array gives far better performance.

A:
can list store that many elements?

Many implementations of java.util.List do not restrict the number of elements, i.e. the number of elements is only limited by available heap memory.
The most commonly used List implementation, ArrayList, is limited to about 2 billion elements (Integer.MAX_VALUE), because that is the maximum length of a Java array.
Other List implementations, such as the Lists returned by Arrays.asList(), Collections.emptyList(), or Collections.singletonList(), have a fixed size, and can not be added to.

Is list is the best way to store elements or is there any other way which can improve performance?

If all you need is to store the elements for later iteration, an ArrayList is probably the best choice, but compared to the cost of communicating with a database, the overhead of any collection implementation will be insignificant, as the database will generally have to perform disk I/O, which is far slower than writing the data to main memory, and writing the actual data (the objects in the list) will take longer than writing the Collection itself.

A:
I want to select 100000 elements from database,can list store that many elements?

Yes.  There is an upper limit on the size of an ArrayList (2^31) ... but you are a long way off that.  And some other List implementations don't have that limit.

I want to fetch all the elements from database in minimum time?  Is list is the best way to store elements or is there any other way which can improve performance?

Most of the CPU time will be spent performing the query and reading from the resultset rather than appending to the list.
The performance of the collection will depend on the element type (object or primitive), and on whether or not you know how many elements there will be.  A bare array will give you the best performance if you know the element count beforehand, and an ArrayList if you don't know1.  For the case of a primitive types, consider using the "trove" list type instead to avoid the overhead of using primitive type wrappers.
1 - That is ... unless you are prepared to implement an ArrayList-like expansion algorithm for your array based collection.


Mozilla released Beta 1 of Firefox 3.0 a few days ago, so I thought it was about time I tried out the latest and greatest from the guys at Mozilla. Grab it here if you haven't yet, but be warned, it's only meant for testing, and shouldn't be used if you require a stable browser.
The memory footprint has reduced immensely. Before upgrading, I had over 200 tabs open in Firefox 2.0 using around 1100MB of RAM. After upgrading to 3.0 Beta 1, the memory footprint has shrunk by half to just over 600MB. It's important to note that these figures are after a day's worth of usage, opening/closing tabs throughout the day, on both 2.0 and 3.0 Beta 1. My experience appears to match with Adrian Kingsley-Hughes' over at ZDNet.
Firefox's giant memory footprint was one of my biggest bugbears, and it seems as though 3.0 is making a step in the right direction. This is excellent progress.
CPU usage is down, too. In Firefox 2.0, running 200 tabs used around 45% CPU on a Dual Core. After upgrading to 3.0 Beta 1 CPU usage is running at roughly 15%.
Overall, the browser seems snappier – particularly when moving between tabs. I also like the flashy "whizzy" thing it does when moving between distant tabs. Very "Compiz".
The new, unobtrusive, Remember Password widget is also a welcome addition. It lets you get on, without interrupting your work flow, allowing you to set your preference in your own time.
The Address/Location Bar now searches through your history and bookmarks; not just on URL, but also on page titles. So for example, you can type in "USB" into the location bar, and it'll show you a list of results. I have mixed feelings about this, as I quite liked just typing in the start of an address, and choosing from a descending list of most frequently viewed sites that match the start of what I'm typing. I'm sure I'll get used to it.
Have you tried Firefox 3.0 Beta 1 yet? What are your impressions of it?