text:
EYEDEF LENSES
SUNSHIELD
INTELLILENS
DIGISMART
SCREENPRO
Keep Your Eyes Healthy with a Regular Eye Exam
Keep Your Eyes Healthy with Regular Vision Exams
Regular eye care, including routine eye exams, does more than ensure your clear vision: it ensures your good health as well. The doctors of optometry at SVS Vision are specialized in the diagnosis and treatment of vision correction and disorders, as well as the detection of eye diseases such as glaucoma, age-related macular degeneration and cataracts. They're able to prescribe many ophthalmic medications and often participate in pre- and post-operative surgical care.
In addition we make sure your eyes see their best, work well together and are free from vision-related diseases.
For most people, a thorough eye examination is recommended annually and is crucial for children, those over age 40 and contact lens wearers. Consult your SVS Vision optometrist for advice about your specific needs.
Schedule an Eye Exam or Find an Optometrist
Enter your zip code to find an SVS Vision office or SVS Vision optometrist near you. Please call the office directly to schedule an appointment.
Frequently Asked Questions about Eye Care
What does it mean to be nearsighted?
If you are nearsighted you have a condition called myopia. Myopia is a vision disorder in which near objects appear clearly and distant objects do not come into focus properly.
What does it mean to be farsighted?
If you are farsighted you have a condition called hyperopia. Hyperopia is a vision disorder in which distant objects appear clearly and near objects do not come into focus properly.
Astigmatism is a vision disorder that causes blurred vision at all distances. In severe cases it may cause distorted vision while mild cases may cause headaches, eye strain and fatigue. Most people have some degree of astigmatism.
Why can't I see up close anymore?
When people reach a certain age, approximately 40 – 45 years, they will experience some natural loss of near focus. This normal vision condition is called presbyopia. With aging, the eye eventually becomes unable to focus instantaneously from distant objects to close objects. Presbyopia is not a disease and it cannot be prevented. Common signs include the tendency to hold reading materials at arms length, blurred vision at normal reading distance, eye fatigue and headaches while doing close work. Presbyopia can be alleviated with prescription lenses for reading only or with multifocal lenses, like progressive lenses.
A cataract is the clouding of the lens within the human eye, which results in distorted and blurred vision. Cataracts are most often found in individuals over age 50, but are occasionally found in younger people. Years of exposure to the sun's harmful rays are believed to contribute to the formation of cataracts.
What is glaucoma?
Glaucoma is an eye disease in which the internal ocular pressure increases. This pressure, if left untreated, can damage the optic nerve and cause vision loss. Glaucoma is one of the leading causes of blindness and it most often occurs in people over age 40. Glaucoma usually develops gradually and painlessly, without symptoms. It cannot be prevented, but when diagnosed and treated in its early stages it can be controlled.
What is age-related macular degeneration?
Age-Related Macular Degeneration (AMD) results from changes affecting the most precise portion of the retina, which is responsible for distinguishing visual detail. It is a leading cause of blindness. Central vision is the first to be lost with this disease. Low vision devices can be prescribed to maximize the remaining vision. Some studies suggest the progression of macular degeneration can be slowed with pharmacological-level doses of zinc, vitamins C and E and beta-carotene.
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Merchandise is accepted for exchange or store credit if returned in salable condition within 14 days of the ship date., accompanied by the exchange slip. With this exchange slip, please include your name, order number, and a detailed note of why you are requesting an exchange or store credit.
Please contact us at saltylittlebums.com with a detailed description of what you want to return or exchange plus your order number and we will get back to you within 24 hours, during our normal business hours.
Include the request in your return package. Simply ship it back to us and we'll send your new item free of shipping charges.
If you are exchanging an item due to a mistake made by saltylittlebums.com or because of quality issues, we will reimburse send out a return label for you to ship item(s) back.
We ship via USPS First Class for all orders. If your package gets lost in transit we will do everything we possibly can to assist you.


The National Christmas Tree Association states we buy over 37 million real Christmas trees each year. That is a ton of Christmas trees when you think about it.
The two busiest shopping days of the year are the Friday and Saturday before Christmas. This is one reason why it pays to shop online to avoid the rush.
America 's national Christmas tree is the General Grant Tree. It can be found in King's Canyon National Park in California and is well over 100 yards high.
Charles Dickens considering several other names before deciding on Tiny Tim for A Christmas Carol. One was Puny Pete. Doesn't quite have the same ring to it, does it?
Christmas has many ties back to Celtic roots including the Pagan Christmas tree, Santa Claus, elves, and reindeer. Who knew it had so many ties to Celtic traditions.
At certain times in history, the celebrating of Christmas has been banned for religious reasons. The Puritans even banned singing Christmas carols.
Candy canes were first made to look like a shepherd's crook and were given to kids during church service to make sure they behaved during service.
The popular Poinsetta plant is known as popular Christmas accessory. However, few know its origins come from Mexico dating back to the early 1800s.


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Q: JQuery - How to run an inline script referencing element by ID? I have an onclick call on element. Can I run it by referencing the element by id?

...

Thank you.

A: Yes you can. Just get the element and then call click
$('#this_element_id').click();

$('#id') takes the the id of the element in the form of a string and then returns the element.

A: You can bind a click handler using jquery and pass the function call, see below code
$(function(){
  $('#this_element_id').click(random_function());
}):

For more information on Click Handler in JQuery

A: Use onClientClick() for calling jquery function

A: $('#this_element_id').click(function(event){
    //Do something
});

Will work, but if you want to access the div element through the inline call, you can pass the this keyword as a parameter to your function like:

...

And then process it in your function:
random_function(element, param1, param2){
    alert(element);
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
<resources>
    <string name="app_name">WebViewUploadFile</string>
    <string name="action_settings">Settings</string>
</resources>

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
ACCEPTED

#### According to
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#### Published in
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#### Original name
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### Remarks
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Adjust output pins for your environment. For simplicity, you need 7 pins for output in this example.
I am sure I can reduce the number of pins with demux. That's gonna be the next project.
For example, to make the digit 3, just turn on A, B, C, D and G.
//* Adjust this for your pin outputs.
//* Adjust this for your 7 segment LED spec.
// * You don't need modify this unless you want to change digits.
Update 1: I change the 13pin to 9pin for output since 13pin has some builtin register.


That is why we are here to help you!
Counselors meet with Juniors by alphabet breakdown to begin discussing this very important, yet individual process in December of each year.
Each counselor will meet individually with all senior students for a one-on-one meeting beginning in September of each year.
We will discuss the details of each students' individual application or post-secondary process.
Questions? Come see us in the Counseling Office!


Hi, my name is Brian, and it's so good to meet you. I've spent the last 8 years pursuing what it looks like to build legacies that include others. Ones that allow you to feel as others felt, to laugh as if you were a part of the joke, and to help bridge the gap between your story and the people who hear it. That, plus traveling and shooting some of the most rad weddings with the best people around. And dancing, a lot of dancing. It was essential.
There are 4 cornerstones to my approach: collaboration, authenticity, trust, and friendship. These work together to create something that I believe is truly unique, your experience. Whether we spend hours driving up a mountain or laugh until our sides hurt at dinner, I'm down for all of it. All that and then throw in some coffee, good food, dad jokes, the Office, and a whole lot of love. This is a journey that we're meant to take together, and I hope that you come along for the ride.
Let's create something awesome, together.


★★★★★ BIOAQUAⓇ OFFICIAL STORE ✔FREE Shipping ✈. ✔Good Quality. ✔100% Satisfaction☺. ✔Description & Usage. ✔Customer's Review: Easy to use, natural looking, not too harsh or heavy against the whiteness of my face —— By Michelle. BQY7901, 6947790767901. Bioaqua Fashion Eye Shadow Cosmetic Smoked Powder Eyeshadow Cream Palette Makeup Long Lasting 10 Colors Matte Glitter Palette. Glitter. BIOAQUA 10 Color Matte Diamond Glitter Metallic Eye Shadow Palette Easy To Wear Eyeshadow Cream Professional Make up Cosmetics.
Benefit: Natural, Long-lasting, Easy to Wear.
According to your makeup, Please correctly apply it.


The hotel features 132 guest rooms, equipped with complimentary high-speed internet, LCD cable televisions with international channels, DVD players, coffee/tea makers, refrigerators, mini-bars, bottled water, direct-dial telephones with voice mail, climate control and in-room safes. Bathrooms include bathrobes, hair dryers, weigh scales and toiletries. All rooms are non-smoking.
The hotel property provides an international restaurant, meeting rooms and free parking. It is walking distance from a subway station, 30 minutes from Pudong International Airport and 40 minutes from Hongqiao Airport.


text:
Background Although vaccines are essential in preventing viral infections by inducing
Background Although vaccines are essential in preventing viral infections by inducing neutralizing antibodies (nAbs), HIV-1 has proven to be a difficult target and escapes humoral immunity through various mechanisms. as conformational V3 loop epitopes and the conserved linear region of the gp120 C-terminus. Next, we devised a novel prime/boost strategy to test the immunogenicity of such phage-displayed peptides and primed mice only once with HIV-C gp160 DNA followed by boosting with mixtures of recombinant phages. Conclusions/Significance This strategy, which was designed to focus the immune system on a few Env epitopes (immunofocusing), not only induced HIV-C gp160 binding antibodies and cross-clade nAbs, but also linked a conserved HIV Env region for the first time to the induction of nAbs: the C-terminus of gp120. The identification of conserved antigen mimics may lead to novel immunogens capable of inducing broadly reactive nAbs. Introduction HIV-1 continues to spread and has become a pandemic with more than 34 million infected people and 14,000 new infections per day [1]. Despite intense research efforts over the last 20 years, a safe, effective vaccine against HIV-1/AIDS has not yet been found, and its development remains a top priority. To date, large-scale phase III clinical trials with candidate AIDS vaccines have been disappointing (reviewed in [2], [3]); such studies involved an effort to create neutralizing antibody (nAb) response-based vaccines based on the top subunit gp120 and a vaccine technique made to induce cytotoxic T-lymphocyte (CTL) replies with recombinant adenovirus vectors. The viral envelope glycoproteins, connected trimers comprising three gp120 and three gp41 subunits non-covalently, divert the disease fighting capability with adjustable loops which cover neutralization-sensitive Env locations [4], [5]. Env glycoproteins often modification their amino acidity series in response to selective pressure exerted with the disease fighting capability, delivering the web host with ever new antigens thus. Furthermore, the trimeric Env framework shields essential domains from the Env primary, producing them inaccessible to antibody-mediated neutralization [6]. Conformational Env re-orientation upon Compact disc4 receptor binding transiently uncovers neutralization-sensitive locations for coreceptor binding before viral envelope fuses with the host cell membrane. Additionally, heavy glycosylation on the outside of gp120 hides much Dasatinib of the protein core from antibody attack (reviewed in [7], [8]). Proof-of-concept passive immunization studies in primates challenged with simian-human immunodeficiency viruses (SHIVs) yielded clear-cut evidence of the ability of several neutralizing human monoclonal antibodies (nmAbs) to provide complete protection from contamination [9], [10], [11], [12], [13], [14], [15], [16], [17] (reviewed Dasatinib in [18]). As a consequence, the epitopes targeted by these nmAbs can be considered to be protective epitopes. The nmAbs used in passive immunization experiments also neutralized a number of primary strains of HIV-1 of different clades in vitro alone and especially in combination in different assay systems [19], [20], [21], [22], indicating their broad reactivity. The following nmAbs were involved in passive immunization studies yielding complete protection: 2G12, which binds to mannose residues on gp120 [23]; b12 or F105, antibodies against the CD4 binding site (CD4bs) [24], [25]; as well as 4E10 and 2F5, which bind to adjacent epitopes in the membrane proximal external region (MPER) of gp41 [26]. However, Haynes et al. [27] linked three out of the four human nmAbs recognizing protective epitopes to autoreactivity. These investigators exhibited that 4E10 and to a somewhat lesser degree 2F5 cross-react with cardiolipin, a self-antigen. This observation may explain the inability to induce 4E10/2F5-like nAbs described by several groups [28], [29], since repeated boosting may eliminate autoreactive B cells. The protective epitopes may also be poorly immunogenic because they either are located in recessed regions Dasatinib of gp120 (the CD4bs) or are only transiently Dasatinib accessible (the nmAbs targeting the extracellular domain name of gp41). Furthermore, the special features of b12, including an unusually long, finger-like structure, might prove to be difficult to induce with current immunization strategies [30]. To PLA2G3 identify promising vaccine candidates, it is important to know which parts of HIV-1 Env are immunogenic and able to induce protective antibodies in the host [31]. X-ray crystallography has revealed important structural Env sites and features of conversation Dasatinib with cellular receptors; it is getting apparent that conserved Env parts are concealed from the disease fighting capability [8], [32]. Far Thus, however, this important info has not however been translated right into a powerful vaccine. Valuable resources to study organic immune replies against HIV-1 Env are sera with high-titer, cross-clade nAbs. The evaluation of such antibody replies might give important info regarding buildings on HIV-1 Envs that are conserved across clades. A cohort continues to be determined by us of rhesus macaques contaminated with SHIV-1157ip, a chimera.
Categories Tryptophan HydroxylaseCategories Dasatinib, PLA2G3Leave a comment

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
How to Find Quality Auto Body Repair
There are countless hazards that come with driving, and many vehicles are damaged every day because of them. You may not realize it, but there are several aspects that go into restoring the body of a car. There are also many issues to be taken into consideration, such as the kind of paint to be used and other concerns. It is not only about fixing the exterior of the vehicle, but there is also all the effort on the inside, such as insulation and paneling.
The mindset is one of the distinctions between a great and terrible auto body shop. While the majority of auto body shops are punctual and accommodating, others are more strict. If you really want your repairs completed quickly, find someone who knows how to work fast.
Another distinction is the quality of the repairs and the workers. When it comes to painting or polishing off dents and scratches, a reputable auto body shop will pay attention to detail. You also want them to use high-quality paint to avoid more damage or maintenance difficulties down the line.
Locating a Trustworthy Auto Body Shop
It is important to select a reliable body shop when your automobile requires bodywork. A decent body shop will also have tidy and well-organized facilities, as well as qualified personnel. They must also be able to back up their work with a guarantee. You may ask friends and relatives for referrals or look up reviews online to discover a reliable body shop in your neighborhood. When you've identified a few establishments that seem to be promising, give them a call and inquire about their costs and services. After that, you may make an appointment to get your automobile repaired.
Repairing a car may be a stressful experience, but it does not have to be. You should be capable of making your automobile repair experience as short and painless as possible if you follow these tips. Remember that the best method to keep your automobile in excellent shape is to maintain it by changing the motor oil and monitoring other fluid levels on a regular basis.
What Should I Look For When Searching for Auto Body Services?
When it comes to selecting an auto body repair firm, there are a few factors to consider. First and foremost, be certain that the store is respectable and has a proven track record. You may get suggestions from friends or read internet reviews. It is critical to compare costs and services after you've identified a few viable stores. Some businesses may provide a more complete bundle than others, so inquire about what is included in the estimate. Last but not least, don't be hesitant to ask questions. A reputable business would gladly answer any queries you have and set your mind at rest.
Auto Body Repair in San Diego
Our skilled auto mechanics in San Diego can help you get your car back into shape. To call Automobile Repair Shop San Diego, dial (619) 330-0862 right now and learn more about how we can help you with your San Diego auto maintenance today.
How Can I Tell if My Brakes Are Going Bad?
How to Spot a Bad Alternator
How Can I Find the Best Collision Repair Shop for My Vehicle? June 7, 2022
How to Spot the Signs That You Need New Tires June 6, 2022
Do I Need to Have My Tires Aligned? June 2, 2022
Common Cues for AC Maintenance June 1, 2022
Why You Should Consider an Oil Change Before a Summer Road Trip May 31, 2022
Three Car AC Problems to Watch Out For May 30, 2022
How to Locate the Source of a Fluid Leak May 26, 2022
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text:
Justia Patents Plasma CleaningUS Patent for Plasma treating a process chamber Patent (Patent # 10,290,504)
Plasma treating a process chamber
Nov 27, 2017 - APPLIED MATERIALS, INC.
Embodiments described herein generally relate to a method and apparatus for plasma treating a process chamber. A substrate having a gate stack formed thereon may be placed in a process chamber, and hydrogen containing plasma may be used to treat the gate stack in order to cure the defects in the gate stack. As the result of hydrogen containing plasma treatment, the gate stack has lower leakage and improved reliability. To protect the process chamber from Hx+ ions and H* radicals generated by the hydrogen containing plasma, the process chamber may be treated with a plasma without the substrate placed therein and prior to the hydrogen containing plasma treatment. In addition, components of the process chamber that are made of a dielectric material may be coated with a ceramic coating including an yttrium containing oxide in order to protect the components from the plasma.
Latest APPLIED MATERIALS, INC. Patents:
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This application is a continuation application of co-pending U.S. patent application Ser. No. 15/171,001, filed on Jun. 2, 2016, which claims benefit of U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 62/171,921, filed on Jun. 5, 2015, and to U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 62/175,959, filed on Jun. 15, 2015, which herein are incorporated by reference.
BACKGROUND Field
Embodiments described herein generally relate to a method and apparatus for processing semiconductor substrates, more particularly, to a method for plasma treating a process chamber.
Description of the Related Art
Integrated circuits (ICs) are composed of many, e.g., millions, of devices such as transistors, capacitors, and resistors. Transistors, such as field effect transistors (FETs), typically include a source, a drain, and a gate stack. The gate stack generally includes a substrate, such as a silicon substrate, a gate dielectric, and a gate electrode, such as polycrystalline silicon, on the gate dielectric. The gate dielectric layer is formed of dielectric materials such as silicon dioxide (SiO2), or a high-k dielectric material having a dielectric constant greater than 4.0, such as SiON, SiN, hafnium oxide (HfO2), hafnium silicate (HfSiO2), hafnium silicon oxynitride (HfSiON), zirconium oxide (ZrO2), zirconium silicate (ZrSiO2), barium strontium titanate (BaSrTiO3, or BST), lead zirconate titanate (Pb(ZrTi)O3, or PZT), titanium nitride (TiN) and the like. In some cases, the gate dielectric includes a stack of dielectric layers, such as SiO2/HfO2/TiN stack disposed on the silicon substrate. It should be noted, however, that the film stack may include layers formed of other materials.
Defects such as atomic vacancies are common in the dielectric layers, for example, O vacancies in HfO2 layer. Other defects such as interfacial defects (dangling bonds for example) are also common in various interfaces such as TiN/HfO2 or HfO2/SiO2. Atomic vacancies and interfacial defects can cause leakage, thermal instability, mobility instability, and transient threshold voltage instability. Therefore, an improved apparatus and method are needed.
Embodiments described herein generally relate to a method and apparatus for plasma treating a process chamber. In one embodiment, a method includes plasma treating a process chamber with a plasma containing nitrogen or oxygen, placing a substrate into the process chamber, a stack is disposed on the substrate, and plasma treating the stack disposed on the substrate.
In another embodiment, a method includes introducing a first one or more gases into a process chamber, energizing the first one or more gases into a first plasma, placing a substrate into the process chamber, a stack is disposed on the substrate, introducing a second one or more gases into the process chamber, and energizing the second one or more gases into a second plasma.
In another embodiment, a method includes introducing a first one or more gases into a process chamber, and the first one or more gases includes O2, N2, NH3, Ar, H2, or combination thereof. The method further includes energizing the first one or more gases into a first plasma, placing a substrate into the process chamber, a stack is disposed on the substrate, introducing a second one or more gases into the process chamber, and the second one or more gases includes H2. The method further includes energizing the second one or more gases into a second plasma.
So that the manner in which the above recited features of the present disclosure can be understood in detail, a more particular description of the disclosure, briefly summarized above, may be had by reference to embodiments, some of which are illustrated in the appended drawings. It is to be noted, however, that the appended drawings illustrate only typical embodiments of this disclosure and are therefore not to be considered limiting of its scope, for the disclosure may admit to other equally effective embodiments.
FIG. 1 is a schematic cross sectional view of a process chamber according to embodiments described herein.
FIG. 2 illustrates a process for plasma treating a substrate placed in the process chamber shown in FIG. 1 according to embodiments described herein.
FIGS. 3A-3D are charts illustrating various H2 percentages in H2 and O2 gas mixture at various pressure and RF power settings lead to different radical densities according to embodiments described herein.
FIGS. 4A-4B are charts illustrating effect of RF power and pressure on radical concentration according to embodiments described herein.
FIGS. 5A-5B are charts illustrating various H2 percentages in H2 and Ar gas mixture at various pressure and RF power settings lead to different radical densities according to embodiments described herein.
FIGS. 6A-6D are charts illustrating various H2 percentages in H2 and Ar gas mixture at various pressure and RF power settings lead to different radical densities according to embodiments described herein.
To facilitate understanding, identical reference numerals have been used, where possible, to designate identical elements that are common to the figures. It is contemplated that elements and features of one embodiment may be beneficially incorporated in other embodiments without further recitation.
FIG. 1 is a schematic cross sectional view of a process chamber 100 according to embodiments described herein. The process chamber 100 may be any suitable plasma process chamber, such as an inductively coupled plasma (ICP) process chamber. As shown in FIG. 1, the process chamber 100 may include a chamber wall 106, a chamber lid 108 and a substrate support pedestal 104 disposed within the chamber wall 106. Typically, the chamber wall 106 is coupled to an electrical ground 116. The chamber lid 108 may be composed of any suitable dielectric, such as quartz. For some embodiments, the dielectric lid 108 may assume a different shape (e.g., dome-shaped). The chamber lid 108 may be coated with a ceramic coating, such as an yttrium containing oxide, in order to protect the chamber lid 108 from H2 plasma. In one embodiment, the ceramic coating is a high performance material (HPM) that is composed of a compound Y4Al2O9 and a solid solution Y2-xZrxO3 (Y2O3—ZrO2 solid solution). In one embodiment, the HPM ceramic contains 77% Y2O3, 15% ZrO2 and 8% Al2O3. In another embodiment, the HPM ceramic contains 63% Y2O3, 23% ZrO2 and 14% Al2O3. In still another embodiment, the HPM ceramic contains 55% Y2O3, 20% ZrO2 and 25% Al2O3. Relative percentages may be in molar ratios. For example, the HPM ceramic may contain 77 mol % Y2O3, 15 mol % ZrO2 and 8 mol % Al2O3. Other distributions of these ceramic powders may also be used for the HPM material. The ceramic coating may have a thickness ranging from about 100 microns to about 300 microns, such as about 200 microns.
Above the chamber lid 108, a radio frequency (RF) antenna including at least one inductive coil element 110 (two coaxial coil elements are shown) may be disposed. In some embodiments, the inductive coil elements 110 may be disposed around at least a portion of the chamber wall 106. One end of the inductive coil element 110 may be coupled, through a first impedance matching network 112, to an RF power source 114, and the other end may end may be connected to an electrical ground 117 as shown. The power source 114 typically is capable of producing up to 10 kilowatts (kW) at a tunable frequency in a range from 2 to 160 MHz, with 13.56 MHz being a typical operating frequency. The RF power supplied to the inductive coil elements 110 may be pulsed (i.e., switched between an on and an off state) or power cycled (i.e., varying a power input from a high level to a low level) at a frequency ranging from 1 to 100 kHz.
Interposed between the inductive coil elements 110 of the RF antenna and the chamber lid 108 may be a shielding electrode 118. The shielding electrode 118 may be alternately electrically floating or coupled to an electrical ground 119 via any suitable means for making and breaking an electrical connection, such as a switch 120 as illustrated in FIG. 1.
For some embodiments, a detector 122 may be attached to the chamber wall 106 in an effort to determine when a gas mixture within the chamber 100 has been energized into plasma. The detector 122 may, for example, detect the radiation emitted by the excited gases or use optical emission spectroscopy (OES) to measure the intensity of one or more wavelengths of light associated with the generated plasma.
The pedestal 104 may be coupled, through a second impedance matching network 124, to a biasing power source 126. The biasing power source 126 is generally capable of producing an RF signal having a tunable frequency ranging from 2 to 160 MHz and power between 0 and 10 kW, similar to the RF power source 114. Optionally, the biasing power source 126 may be a direct current (DC) or pulsed DC source.
In operation, a substrate 128, such as a semiconductor substrate, may be placed on the pedestal 104, and process gases may be supplied from a gas panel 130 through entry ports 132 in an effort to form a gaseous mixture 134. The entry ports 132 may be coated with the ceramic coating, such as HPM. The gaseous mixture 134 may be energized into a plasma 136 in the process chamber 100 by applying power from the RF power source 114. The pressure within the interior of the process chamber 100 may be controlled using a throttle valve 138 and a vacuum pump 140. In some embodiments, the temperature of the chamber wall 106 may be controlled using liquid-containing conduits (not shown) that run through the chamber wall 106 or heating elements embedded in the chamber wall 106 (e.g., heating cartridges or coils) or wrapped around the process chamber 100 (e.g., heater wrap or tape).
The temperature of the substrate 128 may be controlled by stabilizing the temperature of the pedestal 104. In some embodiments, helium (He) gas from a gas source 142 may be provided via a gas conduit 144 to channels (not shown) formed in the pedestal surface under the substrate 128. The helium gas may facilitate heat transfer between the pedestal 104 and the substrate 128. During processing, the pedestal 104 may be heated by a heating element (not shown), such as a resistive heater, embedded within the pedestal 104 or a lamp generally aimed at the pedestal 104 or the substrate 128 thereon, to a steady state temperature, and then the helium gas may facilitate uniform heating of the substrate 128. Using such thermal control, the substrate 128 may be maintained at a temperature between about 20 to 350 degrees C. (° C.).
In order to allow for control of the components of the process chamber 100 as described herein, a controller 146 may be provided. The controller 146 may comprise a central processing unit (CPU) 148, a memory 150, and support circuits 152 for the CPU 148. The controller 146 may interface with the RF power source 114, the switch 120, the detector 122, and the biasing power source 126.
The controller 146 may be any suitable type of general-purpose computer processor that can be used in an industrial setting for controlling various chambers and sub-processors. The memory 150, or other computer-readable medium, for the CPU 148 may be one or more of any readily available memory forms, such as random access memory (RAM), read only memory (ROM), a floppy disk, a hard disk, or any other form of digital storage, local or remote. The support circuits 152 may be coupled to the CPU 148 in an effort to support the processor in a conventional manner. These circuits may include cache, power supplies, clock circuits, input/output (I/O) circuitry and subsystems, and the like. For some embodiments, the techniques disclosed herein for energizing and maintaining a plasma may be stored in the memory 150 as a software routine. The software routine may also be stored and/or executed by a second CPU (not shown) that is remotely located from the hardware being controlled by the CPU 148.
FIG. 2 illustrates a process 200 for plasma treating a substrate placed in the process chamber 100 according to embodiments described herein. Plasma treating as used herein refers to exposing the material to be treated by a plasma. The plasma may be capacitively coupled or inductively coupled. The plasma may be formed in-situ or may be remote. At block 202, a process chamber, such as the process chamber 100 (FIG. 1), is treated with a plasma without a substrate placed therein and before the substrate is treated with a H2 plasma. The plasma treatment of the process chamber prior to introducing a substrate to the chamber may be referred to as Plasma Every Wafer (PEW). The plasma treating of the process chamber, or PEW, may include introducing one or more gases, such as O2, N2, NH3, Ar, H2, or combination thereof, into the process chamber, and energizing the one or more gases to form a plasma. Alternatively, PEW may include introducing a plasma containing radicals and/or ions of oxygen, nitrogen, hydrogen, ammonia, hydroxide or combination thereof into the process chamber, and the plasma is formed in a remote plasma source outside of the process chamber. In one embodiment, NH3 and Ar gases are introduced into the process chamber. In another embodiment, O2 and H2 gases are introduced into the process chamber. In another embodiment, O2 and Ar gases are introduced into the process chamber. In another embodiment, O2 gas is introduced into the process chamber. In yet another embodiment, N2 gas is introduced into the process chamber. Typically the plasma treatment of the processing chamber prior to introducing the substrate involves introducing or forming a plasma containing oxygen or nitrogen in the process chamber.
In some embodiments, the one or more gases are energized by an RF power source, such as the RF power source 114 (FIG. 1). The RF power may be pulsed at 2% to 70% duty cycle and may range from about 100 W to about 2500 W. The RF power may be a continuous wave ranging from about 100 W to about 2500 W. The process chamber may have a chamber pressure ranging from about 10 mT to about 200 mT during the plasma treatment of the process chamber. The process temperature, which may be the temperature of the substrate support pedestal, such as the pedestal 104, may range from 20° C. to about 500° C.
Radicals generated from the plasma inside the process chamber, such as O*, OH*, or NH*, can bond with surfaces of components of the process chamber that are susceptible to hydrogen containing plasma attack, and form protected surface bonds that are resistive to hydrogen containing plasma attack. For example, a chamber liner inside the process chamber may be made of anodized Al2O3, and some Al atoms with unsaturated bonds may form AlHx when exposed to H* radicals and H3+ ions generated from hydrogen containing plasma. AlHx may be etched away from the surface of the chamber liner, and may become a contaminant on the substrate. O*, OH*, or NH* radicals may repair the surface by bonding with the exposed Al atoms, and the newly formed bonds are resist to hydrogen containing plasma attack. Similarly, components inside the process chamber that are made of quartz are susceptible to hydrogen containing plasma attack, and may form contaminants such as SiOx on the substrate. Quartz components may also be protected by O*, OH*, or NH* radicals in similar fashion as the anodized Al2O3 components.
FIGS. 3A-3D are charts illustrating various H2 percentages in H2 and O2 gas mixture at various pressure and RF power settings lead to different radical densities. The concentration of the radicals may depend on the RF power, such that higher RF power (2000 W) leads to higher concentration of radicals compared to lower RF power (500 W). The concentration of the radicals may also depend on pressure, such that lower pressure (20 mT) leads to higher concentration of radicals compared to higher pressure (100 mT). When the one or more gases are H2 and O2, the percent of H2 by volume may range from about 10% to about 20%, and may lead to different densities of various radicals.
After the process chamber is treated with a plasma, a substrate, such as the substrate 128 (FIG. 1), is placed inside the process chamber, as shown at block 204. The substrate may include a gate stack formed thereon. At block 206, the substrate and the gate stack may be treated by a hydrogen containing plasma in order to cure the defects in the gate stack. The hydrogen containing plasma treating of the substrate may include introducing a hydrogen containing gas, such as H2 gas, or a hydrogen containing gas and an inert gas, such as Ar gas, into the process chamber, and energizing the H2 gas or H2/Ar gases to form a hydrogen containing plasma. Ar gas may be added to the H2 gas in order to improve the service lifetime of the process chamber (preventing the hydrogen containing plasma from attacking components inside the process chamber) and to modulate the H* radical concentrations. In some embodiments, the H2 gas or H2/Ar gases are energized by an RF power source, such as the RF power source 114 (FIG. 1). The RF power may be pulsed at 2% to 60% duty cycle and may range from about 100 W to about 2500 W. The RF power may be a continuous wave ranging from about 100 W to about 2500 W. The process chamber may have a chamber pressure ranging from about 10 mT to about 200 mT during the hydrogen containing plasma treatment of the substrate. The process temperature, which may be the temperature of the substrate support pedestal, such as the pedestal 104, may range from 20° C. to about 500° C. The substrate may be treated by the hydrogen containing plasma for about 10 to 360 seconds. In one embodiment, the chamber pressure is about 100 mT, the H2 gas is flowed into the process chamber at about 25 standard cubic centimeters per minute (sccm) and Ar gas is flowed into the process chamber at about 975 sccm, the RF power is about 500 W, the process temperature is about 400° C., and the substrate is treated by the hydrogen containing plasma for about 30 to 90 seconds. After the substrate is treated with the hydrogen containing plasma, the substrate may be removed from the process chamber, and PEW may be performed on the process chamber prior to placing another substrate into the process chamber. In other words, blocks 202-206 may be repeated.
FIGS. 4A-4B are charts illustrating effect of RF power and pressure on radical concentration according to embodiments described herein. The concentration of the H* radicals may depend on the RF power, such that higher RF power (2000 W) leads to higher concentration of radicals compared to lower RF power (500 W). The concentration of the radicals may also depend on pressure, such that at higher pressure (200 mT) recombination of the H* radicals dominates. At about 60 mT, the concentration of the H* radicals are the highest.
FIGS. 5A-5B are charts illustrating various H2 percentages in H2 and Ar gas mixture at various pressure and RF power settings lead to different radical densities according to embodiments described herein. As shown in FIGS. 5A and 5B, at low pressure, H* concentration increases with higher H2 percent in H2/Ar gas mixture, and at high pressure, H* concentration decreases with higher H2 percent in H2/Ar gas mixture.
FIGS. 6A-6D are charts illustrating various H2 percentages in H2 and Ar gas mixture at various pressure and RF power settings lead to different radical densities according to embodiments described herein. As shown in FIGS. 6A-6D, H* concentration increases when the RF power increases. In addition, at lower pressure (20 mT), H* concentration increases with higher volumetric percent of H2 gas in H2/Ar gas mixture. However, at higher pressure (100 mT), H* concentration increases with lower volumetric percent of H2 gas in H2/Ar gas mixture.
While the foregoing is directed to embodiments of the present disclosure, other and further embodiments of the disclosure may be devised without departing from the basic scope thereof, and the scope thereof is determined by the claims that follow.
1. A method, comprising:
introducing a first gas flow into a process chamber;
energizing the first gas flow to form a first plasma;
placing a substrate into the process chamber, wherein a gate stack is disposed on the substrate;
flowing a second gas into the process chamber, wherein the second gas flow consists of hydrogen gas; and
energizing the second gas to form a second plasma, wherein radicals in the first plasma bond with surfaces of components of the process chamber to form protected surface bonds that are resistive to attack by the second plasma.
2. The method of claim 1, wherein the first plasma comprises a plasma containing nitrogen or oxygen.
3. The method of claim 2, wherein the first gas flow comprises O2, N2, NH3, Ar, H2, or combination thereof.
4. The method of claim 1, further comprising treating the gate stack with the second plasma, wherein the gate stack is treated for about 10 to 360 seconds.
exposing a process chamber to a first plasma; then
placing a substrate into the process chamber, wherein a gate stack is disposed on the substrate; and then
plasma treating the gate stack disposed on the substrate to cure defects in the gate stack, wherein the plasma treating the gate stack comprises: introducing a first gas flow into the process chamber, wherein the first gas flow consists essentially of hydrogen gas and argon gas; and energizing the first gas flow to form a second plasma, wherein radicals in the first plasma bond with surfaces of components of the process chamber to form protected surface bonds that are resistive to attack by the second plasma.
7. The method of claim 6, wherein the plasma containing nitrogen or oxygen is formed by introducing a second gas flow into the process chamber and energizing the second gas flow.
8. The method of claim 7, wherein the second gas flow comprises O2, N2, NH3, Ar, H2, or combination thereof.
9. The method of claim 6, wherein the plasma containing nitrogen or oxygen is formed in a remote plasma source.
10. The method of claim 5, wherein the gate stack is treated for about 10 to 360 seconds.
11. The method of claim 5, wherein the gate stack is treated for about 30 to 90 seconds.
12. A method, comprising:
placing a substrate into a process chamber, wherein a gate stack is disposed on the substrate; and
plasma treating the gate stack disposed on the substrate to cure defects in the gate stack, wherein the plasma treating the gate stack comprises: introducing a first gas flow into the process chamber, wherein the first gas flow consists essentially of hydrogen gas and argon gas, wherein the hydrogen gas is flowed into the process chamber at about 25 standard cubic centimeters per minute and the argon gas is flowed into the process chamber at about 975 standard centimeters per minute; and energizing the first gas flow to form a plasma.
placing a substrate into the process chamber, wherein a stack is disposed on the substrate;
introducing a second gas flow into the process chamber, wherein the second gas flow consists essentially of hydrogen gas and argon gas; and
energizing the second gas flow to form a second plasma, wherein radicals in the first plasma bond with surfaces of components of the process chamber to form protected surface bonds that are resistive to attack by the second plasma.
14. The method of claim 13, wherein the first gas flow comprises O2, N2, NH3, Ar, H2, or combination thereof.
15. The method of claim 13, wherein the second plasma treats the stack to cure defects in the stack.
introducing a second gas flow into the process chamber, wherein the second gas flow consists essentially of hydrogen gas and argon gas, wherein the hydrogen gas is flowed into the process chamber at about 25 standard cubic centimeters per minute and the argon gas is flowed into the process chamber at about 975 standard centimeters per minute; and
energizing the second gas flow to form a second plasma.
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PCT Notification of Transmittal of the International Search Report and the Written Opinion of the International Searching Authority for International Application No. PCT/US2016/032728; dated Jul. 29, 2016; 11 total pages.
Filed: Nov 27, 2017
Date of Patent: May 14, 2019
Patent Publication Number: 20180082847
Assignee: APPLIED MATERIALS, INC. (Santa Clara, CA)
Inventors: Wei Liu (San Jose, CA), Theresa Kramer Guarini (San Jose, CA), Huy Q. Nguyen (San Jose, CA), Malcolm Bevan (Santa Clara, CA), Houda Graoui (Gilroy, CA), Philip A. Bottini (Santa Clara, CA), Bernard L. Hwang (Santa Clara, CA), Lara Hawrylchak (Gilroy, CA), Rene George (San Carlos, CA)
Primary Examiner: Kyoung Lee
Assistant Examiner: Christina A Sylvia
Current U.S. Class: Plasma Cleaning (134/1.1)
International Classification: H01L 21/28 (20060101); H01L 21/3105 (20060101); H01J 37/32 (20060101); H01L 29/51 (20060101);


text:
European stocks have renewed the peak of almost 9 months thanks to pharmaceutical manufacturers
Jan 16 (Reuters) – European stocks traded higher on Monday, continuing their rally since early 2023, as health-care equities pushed the European benchmark to its highest level since late April.
The pan-European STOXX 600 index rose by 0.1% by 12:12 Moscow time, while papers of the health sector gained 0.83%.
The STOXX 600 is up 6.7% YtD as warmer weather fueled hopes for a milder-than-expected recession in the region and statistics pointed to easing inflationary pressures in the US and the Eurozone.
The World Economic Forum began in Davos in the traditional format after a three-year break. Investors' attention will be riveted to the comments of a number of representatives of central banks and industry leaders.
In addition, the focus is on today's meeting of EU finance ministers, European Central Bank President Christine Lagarde and Fabio Panetta, a member of the regulator's board of governors, in Brussels.
Shares in financial software developer Temenos jumped 5.8% amid the departure of Max Schuard as CEO.
Spanish bank BBVA was volatile and sank more than 0.2% after the chairman spoke about a possible notable increase in dividends for 2022 compared to payments a year earlier.
Shares of the British Marks & Spencer, which announced the expansion of its chain of stores in the 2023/24 financial year, rose by 0.8%.
Swiss construction chemicals maker Sika rose 1.09% following a decision to sell part of its business to British chemical and energy group INEOS.
The original message in English is available at the code: (Bansari Mayur Kamdar in Bangalore)
Tags:$1, 83%;, Pan-European STOXX 600 index rose by 0 by 12:12 Moscow time, while health papers scored 0
Russia erected 2,000 km of defensive lines in Ukraine
The Higher School of Economics will become the think tank of the Lugansk People's Republic
In Moscow, the car of the deputy head of the General Staff was set on fire


text:
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text:
Path 46, also called West of Colorado River, Arizona-California West-of-the-River Path (WOR), is a set of fourteen high voltage (500 kV & 230 kV) alternating-current transmission lines that are located in southeast California and Nevada up to the Colorado River.

This power transmission system has a capacity of 10.6 gigawatts from east to west, and sends electric power to Southern California's massive population centers of Los Angeles and San Diego from many different sources, including hydroelectric dams (Hoover Dam on the Colorado River),  nuclear plants (Palo Verde Nuclear Plant, near Phoenix, Arizona), and more recently, utility-scale solar plants (Ivanpah Solar Power Facility)

Individual power lines of Path 46
Supporting system (230 kV only):
 El Centro – Imperial Valley 230 kV
 Ramon – Mirage 230 kV
 Coachella – Mirage 230 kV

Southern System (500 kV only):
 North Gila – Imperial Valley 500 kV
 Palo Verde – Devers 500 kV No.1

Northern System:
 Marketplace – Adelanto 500 kV – although this line is called Path 64, it is part of Path 46.
 Eldorado – Lugo 500 kV
 Eldorado – Lugo 230 kV lines 1 & 2
 Mohave – Lugo 500 kV
 Julian Hinds – Mirage 230 kV
 McCullough – Victorville 500 kV lines 1 & 2
 Hoover – Victorville 287 kV

Although the Intermountain HVDC line follows the route of the northern system (specifically, the Hoover – Victorville and McCullough – Victorville lines) the DC line is not considered part of Path 46. Instead, the line is a distinct path: Path 27.

Route of the 500 kV lines

North Gila – Imperial Valley (SDG&E)
This power line, maintained by San Diego Gas & Electric (SDG&E), begins at the Imperial Valley substation located northwest of Calexico between the United States-Mexico border to the south and Interstate 8 to the north. The same substation is also the northern end of Path 45, an international power transmission corridor linking the Western US power grid to Baja California, Mexico's power grid. Leaving the substation, the line travels parallel at a distance to the south of Interstate 8 as both head east through Imperial Valley. Just past the Hwy 98 interchange with Interstate 8 southeast of El Centro, the line then runs adjacent to Interstate 8, as infrastructure bunches up to cross the shifting sand dunes. For the next 10 miles (16 km), the line is squeezed tightly between Interstate 8 and the US-Mexico border until both turn northeast. As Interstate 8 crosses over the All-American Canal, the line spans over and departs the freeway, continuing to the northeast. The line reaches the foothills north of Yuma and turns east. Abruptly, after crossing the Colorado River, the power line turns south and heads into the North Gila substation. Another 500kv line, Palo Verde – North Gila, connects the North Gila substation to the Palo Verde Nuclear Generating Station. The section of line east of the Colorado River is referred to as Path 49.

Devers – Palo Verde No. 1 (SCE)
Also called DPV1, this power line is owned and maintained by Southern California Edison (SCE). Starting from the Devers substation northeast of the San Gorgonio Pass and north of  Interstate 10, the line runs north of and roughly parallel to Interstate 10 as both head southeast and pass by Palm Springs. After dropping in elevation to near sea level in the Coachella Valley near Indio, both the line and Interstate 10 climb about 1600-ft out of the Coachella Valley and into Shavers Valley.  Upon entering Shavers Valley, the line crosses over I-10 east of the Cactus City exit and continues to the south parallel with the freeway as both continue easterly across the Colorado Desert region of the Sonoran Desert.  Both pass Chiriaco Summit and Desert Center with the line never more than 1.5 miles south of the freeway. About 5 miles after passing the Chuckawalla Valley State Prison, the line leaves the freeway and turns south-east for a few miles before turning east in the Palo Verde Valley and crossing the Colorado River south of Blythe.  Like the North Gila – Imperial Valley line, the section of this power line east of the Colorado River is also referred to as Path 49. The power line eventually terminates at the Hassayampa switch yard substation adjacent to the Palo Verde Nuclear Generating Station along with the North Gila – Imperial Valley line mentioned above.

A second 500-kV transmission line to be called Devers – Palo Verde No. 2 (DPV2) is planned to run parallel to the existing Devers – Palo Verde line.

Mohave – Lugo (SCE)
Starting from the Lugo substation in Hesperia, this 500 kV power line heads generally northeast along with the El Dorado – Lugo 500 kV line and two other 230 kV power lines. Both lines cross vast expanses of desert and mountains as they head towards Nevada. Just south of Interstate 40, the Mohave – Lugo line splits from the Eldorado – Lugo line; the Mohave line turns and heads in a more easterly direction than the other power lines. The line roughly parallels Interstate 40 at a large distance up to the California border. The power line then heads northeast to the Mohave Power Station at Laughlin, Nevada. The line terminates there along with another SCE 500 kV line from Eldorado substation.

Eldorado – Lugo (SCE)
The Eldorado – Lugo 500 kV line follows the same exact path as the Mohave – Lugo 500 kV until south of Interstate 40. The line then continues northeast through the Mojave desert along with other 230 kV power lines. Although the power lines generally parallel Interstate 15 through the Mojave desert, they do so at a very large distance and are completely out of sight. As the set of power lines leaves California and enters Nevada, they rises to an elevation of  before turning to head north-northeast and descending into Eldorado Valley. The 500 kV power line then joins two other SCE 500 kV powerlines, one from the Mohave Power Station in Laughlin, and the other an SCE-built extension of Path 49 from Moenkopi Substation in central Arizona. All three lines terminate at the Eldorado substation, which is connected to the nearby McCullough and Marketplace substations via Path 62.

McCullough – Victorville lines 1 and 2 (LADW&P)
Both McCullough – Victorville 500 kV power lines are maintained by Los Angeles Department of Water and Power (LADW&P) and leave the Victorville substation heading northeast along with the Hoover – Victorville 287 kV line. The Intermountain 500 kV DC power line also joins the group of three power lines a short distance later. After crossing the Interstate 15 for the first time north of the Dale Evens Parkway interchange, the lines turn and head in a more easterly direction to avoid the Barstow area. The lines then cross the Interstate 40 just east of Daggett for their only time and then cross over Interstate 15 again. The set of four power lines generally parallels Interstate 15 at a distance to the north of the highway for the rest of the path in California. The Marketplace – Adelanto 500 kV power line joins the group of four power lines north of Newberry Springs for a short distance before it turns away eastward and follows Interstate 15 closely instead. After the lines pass Clark Mountain to the north, they enter Nevada adjacent to Primm and Interstate 15. At Primm the group of power lines, along with the Marketplace – Adelanto line which has come back, split and spread out across the desert, with lines spanning over each other. After crossing some mountains, the McCullough – Victorville and the Hoover – Victorville 287 kV lines reunite and terminate at the McCullough substation, while several other lines bypass the substation and terminate in other locations, such as the Intermountain line.

Marketplace – Adelanto (LADW&P)

The Marketplace – Adelanto line originates at the Adelanto substation west of the Victorville substation. This same substation is also the southern terminus of the Intermountain HVDC line at the Adelanto Converter Station. As the line leaves the substation, it heads north and parallel with U.S. Route 395 for a while before turning east at Kramer Junction and then northeast near Fort Irwin before meeting the Marketplace – Victorville lines near Newberry Springs. The line then runs adjacent to the other Marketplace – Victorville lines for a short distance before crossing over them and heading towards the Interstate 15 where it follows the highway closely until reaching the Ivanpah Valley. The line crosses the freeway again just prior to the Nevada State Line and enters Nevada to the southeast of Primm where it then turns northward and rejoins with the other Path 46 line northeast of the community and continues northeast on the way to the Marketplace substation.

Capacity and source of the electricity
The entire Path 46 system has a capacity of transmitting 10,623 megawatts (about 10 gigawatts) from east to west. It has no rating to transfer power from west to east and historically this never happens. It sends electric power to the cities of Southern California such as San Diego, Los Angeles, San Bernardino, Santa Ana, Temecula, Riverside and Bakersfield. The sources of electricity are from hydroelectric dams (like Hoover Dam) on the Colorado River, fossil fuel plants (like the Chuck Lenzie Generating Station in North Las Vegas, Nevada), nuclear energy (like the Palo Verde Nuclear Plant), and more recently, utility-scale solar plants (such as the Ivanpah Solar Power Facility and the Desert Sunlight Solar Farm).

Expansion

Devers – Palo Verde No. 2

A new 500 kV line called Devers – Palo Verde No. 2 (DPV 2) proposed by Southern California Edison (SCE) was approved by both the California Public Utilities Commission (CPUC) and California Independent System Operator (Cal-ISO) in the years 2007 and 2005, respectively. The new  500 kV line will follow the existing Devers – Palo Verde – 500 kV from Devers substation in the San Gorgonio Pass near Palm Springs in California to the Harquahala Generating Station (near the Palo Verde Nuclear Generating Station) in Arizona and will cost $680 million to build. The new line and associated upgrades to the regional transmission system will bring an additional 1,200 MW of electrical power to the Greater Los Angeles area, which is enough to power 780,000 homes.

In June 2007, the Arizona Corporation Commission rejected SCE's application for the line expansion. SCE then appealed to the FERC, and is currently working directly with ACC to find a solution. Construction on the California portion of the line could begin in 2009, but Arizona is not expected to respond before the end of 2009.

In 2011, Southern California Edison began construction on a second line anyway between their Valley Substation in Romoland, CA and the new Colorado River Substation near the Chuckawalla Valley State Prison, west of Blythe, which went into service in 2013. This has some use since 750MW of renewable energy generating capacity was being added in the region. A second line continuing into Arizona was not included in Arizona Public Service's most recent (2014) plan, which covers planning up to 2023.

Both Devers – Palo Verde 500 kV lines are now split into 5 different sections.  Devers – Red Bluff 500 kV lines #1 and #2, Colorado River – Red Bluff 500 kV lines #1 and #2, and the Colorado River – Palo Verde 500 kV line. The Colorado River and Red Bluff substations facilitate different solar projects in the area and allow the opportunity to transmit into each station at 230 kV (known as 220 kV within Southern California Edison) or lower voltages and step up to the 500 kV system.  There are Series Capacitor stations between Devers and Red Bluff (known as "Cal Caps") and in between Colorado River and Palo Verde (known as AZ Caps).

SDG&E

San Diego Gas & Electric has also proposed a new 500 kV power line, with its eastern terminus at the North Gila substation and several possibilities for the western terminus and route configuration.

Incidents

Wildfires of October 2007
On October 21, 2007 the Harris Fire, part of the California wildfires of October 2007, damaged and disabled an extension of the North Gila-Imperial Valley 500 kV line that heads into San Diego.

Power outage of September 2011
The 2011 Southwestern United States blackout that began on September 8, was a widespread power outage which affected parts of western Arizona, northern Baja California, and Southern California. A mistake by an Arizona Public Service employee at the North Gila substation resulted in the loss of a 500 kV line supplying San Diego Gas & Electric's North Gila-Imperial Valley segment on the Southwest Power Link  causing one of the largest power outages in history for the Southern California region. Had the utilities affected realized the consequences to the loss of this line, they would have taken steps to eliminate the vulnerability. On April 27, 2012, the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission and the North American Electric Reliability Corporation released their report detailing the blackout and its causes.
Most of the areas affected were served by San Diego Gas & Electric Company, and left more than 5 million people without power.

Notes

References
 Wecc.biz
 California Public Utilities Commission
 Map of several paths

Western Interconnection
Energy infrastructure in California
Energy infrastructure in Nevada

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
How drones can help farmers track flooding, hail damage, and plant health
by Eric Hamilton, American Society of Agronomy
Jard Tinnon and Cedric Divine practice with a Phantom 4 PRO drone in Memphis, TN during a course for farmers to try out drones and see if they're useful for their operations. Credit: Jason de Koff
Have you seen a drone buzzing by in a park and wondered what all the fuss is about? These flying vehicles may seem like just an upgrade to the remote-controlled helicopters of yesteryear. But drones are receiving a lot of attention for good reasons.
Drones can help people, including farmers and scientists, look at and analyze pretty much anything. When it comes to farm fields, they can help track flooding, hail damage, or even plant health—fast.
"The easiest advantage of drones is that they can be a huge time saver," says Jason de Koff, an extension professor at Tennessee State University. "Rather than going out and scouting fields on foot or by truck, they can scout them with a drone in a lot less time and pinpoint specific areas that they might want to visit for closer inspection."
But drones aren't a toy, and they take training to use safely. In fact, the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) requires drone pilots get certified to use drones legally. That's why de Koff offers a webinar series through the American Society of Agronomy so farmers and researchers can learn about drones.
Those FAA requirements are all about safety. Drones can only fly during daylight, to make sure they're visible. And pilots must be able to see their drones at all times. Drones are also limited to flying under 400 feet to prevent them from colliding with airplanes. And drones can't be flown near people who aren't part of a flight. So, if someone buzzes their drone too close to you, they're breaking the rules.
Farmers of all ages in Jasper, TN learn how to fly a drone during a recent producer workshop. Credit: Jason de Koff
Getting a remote pilot license takes more than just knowing what not to do. Weather is a big factor. If it's raining or snowing, flying is impossible. But a professional drone can handle windy conditions. Plus, de Koff teaches how to read airport charts. These maps give drone pilots the info they need to stay away from passenger planes.
In his course, de Koff covers these rules to prepare would-be drone pilots to take the FAA test. He also discusses the confusing world of commercial drones. More drones are becoming available all the time, which makes it hard to know which one to buy and how much to spend.
"A good drone can cost around $1,200 to $1,800," says de Koff. The toys that cost just a couple hundred dollars aren't very useful to pros. "Purchasing a used or refurbished drone or an older model can help reduce the initial cost but still provide a lot of the same features."
There's only so much you can learn about drones online. That's why de Koff also takes drones around Tennessee so farmers can try them out firsthand.
"Farmers get the chance to fly a drone," says de Koff. "And then I talk about different uses in agriculture, drone regulations and then different types of drones and options as well as cost."
Farmer Corey Blick tries out a drone on a pasture system in Springfield, TN. Credit: Jason de Koff
So, it takes a lot of work—and a good amount of money—just to start flying. But it can pay off for farmers and ranchers, and the scientists who want to help them. Ranchers can keep close eyes on their herds using drones to keep animals safe. Or drones can help farmers spot diseases on their crops. That knowledge could help farmers spray pesticide only at the time and place it's needed.
Plus, farms are bigger than they used to be. So, it can be hard for a farmer to see all their land. Farmers can use drones to keep up with their operations.
But maybe the most exciting possibility is the chance to study how plants grow. Special cameras attached to drones can acquire a lot of information from a picture of fields. "Software is available that can take images captured by the drone and measure things like plant health, plant populations, plant cover," says de Koff.
That wealth of information can help scientists help farmers. Researchers could use that special software to tell when drought is starting to slow plant growth. Then water could be used where it's needed most. Or software could automatically track how many weeds are in a field. Eventually, phone apps might be available that analyze drone images and give farmers the information they need to keep their farms running smoothly.
So, with a little know-how—and the right license—farmers can turn to drones to grow food more efficiently. That's better for their business, for consumers, and for the environment. Knowing how useful they are, you'll never look at a drone the same way again.
UK pilots warn of disaster, seek tougher rules for drones
More information: Learn more about de Koff's recent webinar series by visiting the American Society of Agronomy www.agronomy.org/education/classroom/classes/767
Provided by American Society of Agronomy
Citation: How drones can help farmers track flooding, hail damage, and plant health (2020, March 24) retrieved 18 January 2021 from https://techxplore.com/news/2020-03-drones-farmers-track-hail-health.html
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text:
// Copyright 2019 The Chromium Authors. All rights reserved.
// Use of this source code is governed by a BSD-style license that can be
// found in the LICENSE file.

#include "chrome/browser/net/dns_probe_service_factory.h"

#include <stdint.h>

#include <utility>
#include <vector>

#include "base/bind.h"
#include "base/memory/raw_ptr.h"
#include "base/metrics/histogram_macros.h"
#include "base/sequence_checker.h"
#include "base/threading/sequenced_task_runner_handle.h"
#include "base/time/default_tick_clock.h"
#include "base/time/time.h"
#include "chrome/browser/browser_process.h"
#include "chrome/browser/net/dns_probe_runner.h"
#include "chrome/browser/net/dns_probe_service.h"
#include "chrome/browser/net/secure_dns_config.h"
#include "chrome/browser/net/stub_resolver_config_reader.h"
#include "chrome/browser/net/system_network_context_manager.h"
#include "chrome/browser/profiles/incognito_helpers.h"
#include "components/keyed_service/content/browser_context_dependency_manager.h"
#include "content/public/browser/browser_context.h"
#include "content/public/browser/network_service_instance.h"
#include "content/public/browser/storage_partition.h"
#include "mojo/public/cpp/bindings/receiver.h"
#include "mojo/public/cpp/bindings/remote.h"
#include "net/base/ip_address.h"
#include "net/base/ip_endpoint.h"
#include "net/dns/public/dns_protocol.h"
#include "net/dns/public/secure_dns_mode.h"
#include "services/network/public/mojom/network_service.mojom.h"

namespace chrome_browser_net {

namespace {

// How long the DnsProbeService will cache the probe result for.
// If it's older than this and we get a probe request, the service expires it
// and starts a new probe.
const int kMaxResultAgeMs = 5000;

// The public DNS servers used by the DnsProbeService to verify internet
// connectivity.
const uint8_t kGooglePublicDns1[] = {8, 8, 8, 8};
const uint8_t kGooglePublicDns2[] = {8, 8, 4, 4};

void HistogramProbe(error_page::DnsProbeStatus status,
                    base::TimeDelta elapsed) {
  DCHECK(error_page::DnsProbeStatusIsFinished(status));

  UMA_HISTOGRAM_ENUMERATION("DnsProbe.ProbeResult", status,
                            error_page::DNS_PROBE_MAX);
  UMA_HISTOGRAM_MEDIUM_TIMES("DnsProbe.ProbeDuration2", elapsed);
}

network::mojom::NetworkContext* GetNetworkContextForProfile(
    content::BrowserContext* context) {
  return context->GetDefaultStoragePartition()->GetNetworkContext();
}

mojo::Remote<network::mojom::DnsConfigChangeManager>
GetDnsConfigChangeManager() {
  mojo::Remote<network::mojom::DnsConfigChangeManager>
      dns_config_change_manager_remote;
  content::GetNetworkService()->GetDnsConfigChangeManager(
      dns_config_change_manager_remote.BindNewPipeAndPassReceiver());
  return dns_config_change_manager_remote;
}

net::DnsConfigOverrides GoogleConfigOverrides() {
  net::DnsConfigOverrides overrides =
      net::DnsConfigOverrides::CreateOverridingEverythingWithDefaults();
  overrides.nameservers = std::vector<net::IPEndPoint>{
      net::IPEndPoint(net::IPAddress(kGooglePublicDns1),
                      net::dns_protocol::kDefaultPort),
      net::IPEndPoint(net::IPAddress(kGooglePublicDns2),
                      net::dns_protocol::kDefaultPort)};
  overrides.attempts = 1;
  overrides.secure_dns_mode = net::SecureDnsMode::kOff;
  return overrides;
}

class DnsProbeServiceImpl
    : public DnsProbeService,
      public network::mojom::DnsConfigChangeManagerClient {
 public:
  using NetworkContextGetter = DnsProbeServiceFactory::NetworkContextGetter;
  using DnsConfigChangeManagerGetter =
      DnsProbeServiceFactory::DnsConfigChangeManagerGetter;

  explicit DnsProbeServiceImpl(content::BrowserContext* context);
  DnsProbeServiceImpl(
      const NetworkContextGetter& network_context_getter,
      const DnsConfigChangeManagerGetter& dns_config_change_manager_getter,
      const base::TickClock* tick_clock);

  DnsProbeServiceImpl(const DnsProbeServiceImpl&) = delete;
  DnsProbeServiceImpl& operator=(const DnsProbeServiceImpl&) = delete;

  ~DnsProbeServiceImpl() override;

  // DnsProbeService implementation:
  void ProbeDns(DnsProbeService::ProbeCallback callback) override;
  net::DnsConfigOverrides GetCurrentConfigOverridesForTesting() override;

  // mojom::network::DnsConfigChangeManagerClient implementation:
  void OnDnsConfigChanged() override;

 private:
  enum State {
    STATE_NO_RESULT,
    STATE_PROBE_RUNNING,
    STATE_RESULT_CACHED,
  };

  // Create the current config runner using overrides that will mimic the
  // current secure DNS mode and pre-specified DoH servers.
  void SetUpCurrentConfigRunner();

  // Starts a probe (runs probes for both the current config and google config)
  void StartProbes();
  void OnProbeComplete();
  // Determine what error page should be shown given the results of the two
  // probe runners.
  error_page::DnsProbeStatus EvaluateResults(
      DnsProbeRunner::Result current_config_result,
      DnsProbeRunner::Result google_config_result);
  // Calls all |pending_callbacks_| with the |cached_result_|.
  void CallCallbacks();
  // Calls callback by posting a task to the same sequence. |pending_callbacks_|
  // must have exactly one element.
  void CallCallbackAsynchronously();
  // Clears a cached probe result.
  void ClearCachedResult();

  bool CachedResultIsExpired() const;

  void SetupDnsConfigChangeNotifications();
  void OnDnsConfigChangeManagerConnectionError();

  State state_;
  std::vector<DnsProbeService::ProbeCallback> pending_callbacks_;
  base::TimeTicks probe_start_time_;
  error_page::DnsProbeStatus cached_result_;

  NetworkContextGetter network_context_getter_;
  DnsConfigChangeManagerGetter dns_config_change_manager_getter_;
  mojo::Receiver<network::mojom::DnsConfigChangeManagerClient> receiver_{this};
  net::SecureDnsMode current_config_secure_dns_mode_ = net::SecureDnsMode::kOff;

  // DnsProbeRunners for the current DNS configuration and a Google DNS
  // configuration. Both runners will have the insecure async resolver enabled
  // regardless of the platform. This is out of necessity for the Google config
  // runner, where the nameservers are being changed. For the current config
  // runner, the insecure async resolver will only be used when the runner is
  // not operating in SECURE mode.
  std::unique_ptr<DnsProbeRunner> current_config_runner_;
  std::unique_ptr<DnsProbeRunner> google_config_runner_;

  // Time source for cache expiry.
  raw_ptr<const base::TickClock> tick_clock_;  // Not owned.

  SEQUENCE_CHECKER(sequence_checker_);
};

DnsProbeServiceImpl::DnsProbeServiceImpl(content::BrowserContext* context)
    : DnsProbeServiceImpl(
          base::BindRepeating(&GetNetworkContextForProfile, context),
          base::BindRepeating(&GetDnsConfigChangeManager),
          base::DefaultTickClock::GetInstance()) {}

DnsProbeServiceImpl::DnsProbeServiceImpl(
    const NetworkContextGetter& network_context_getter,
    const DnsConfigChangeManagerGetter& dns_config_change_manager_getter,
    const base::TickClock* tick_clock)
    : state_(STATE_NO_RESULT),
      network_context_getter_(network_context_getter),
      dns_config_change_manager_getter_(dns_config_change_manager_getter),
      tick_clock_(tick_clock) {
  SetupDnsConfigChangeNotifications();
  google_config_runner_ = std::make_unique<DnsProbeRunner>(
      GoogleConfigOverrides(), network_context_getter_);
  SetUpCurrentConfigRunner();
}

DnsProbeServiceImpl::~DnsProbeServiceImpl() {
  DCHECK_CALLED_ON_VALID_SEQUENCE(sequence_checker_);
}

void DnsProbeServiceImpl::ProbeDns(ProbeCallback callback) {
  DCHECK_CALLED_ON_VALID_SEQUENCE(sequence_checker_);
  pending_callbacks_.push_back(std::move(callback));

  if (CachedResultIsExpired())
    ClearCachedResult();

  switch (state_) {
    case STATE_NO_RESULT:
      StartProbes();
      break;
    case STATE_RESULT_CACHED:
      CallCallbackAsynchronously();
      break;
    case STATE_PROBE_RUNNING:
      // Do nothing; probe is already running, and will call the callback.
      break;
  }
}

net::DnsConfigOverrides
DnsProbeServiceImpl::GetCurrentConfigOverridesForTesting() {
  DCHECK(current_config_runner_);
  return current_config_runner_->GetConfigOverridesForTesting();
}

void DnsProbeServiceImpl::OnDnsConfigChanged() {
  SetUpCurrentConfigRunner();
  ClearCachedResult();
}

void DnsProbeServiceImpl::SetUpCurrentConfigRunner() {
  SecureDnsConfig secure_dns_config =
      SystemNetworkContextManager::GetStubResolverConfigReader()
          ->GetSecureDnsConfiguration(
              false /* force_check_parental_controls_for_automatic_mode */);

  current_config_secure_dns_mode_ = secure_dns_config.mode();

  net::DnsConfigOverrides current_config_overrides;
  current_config_overrides.search = std::vector<std::string>();
  current_config_overrides.attempts = 1;

  if (current_config_secure_dns_mode_ == net::SecureDnsMode::kSecure) {
    if (!secure_dns_config.doh_servers().servers().empty()) {
      current_config_overrides.dns_over_https_config =
          secure_dns_config.doh_servers();
    }
    current_config_overrides.secure_dns_mode = net::SecureDnsMode::kSecure;
  } else {
    // A DNS error that occurred in automatic mode must have had an insecure
    // DNS failure. For efficiency, probe queries in this case can just be
    // issued in OFF mode.
    current_config_overrides.secure_dns_mode = net::SecureDnsMode::kOff;
  }

  current_config_runner_ = std::make_unique<DnsProbeRunner>(
      current_config_overrides, network_context_getter_);
}

void DnsProbeServiceImpl::StartProbes() {
  DCHECK_CALLED_ON_VALID_SEQUENCE(sequence_checker_);
  DCHECK_EQ(STATE_NO_RESULT, state_);

  DCHECK(!current_config_runner_->IsRunning());
  DCHECK(!google_config_runner_->IsRunning());

  // Unretained safe because the callback will not be run if the DnsProbeRunner
  // is destroyed.
  current_config_runner_->RunProbe(base::BindOnce(
      &DnsProbeServiceImpl::OnProbeComplete, base::Unretained(this)));
  google_config_runner_->RunProbe(base::BindOnce(
      &DnsProbeServiceImpl::OnProbeComplete, base::Unretained(this)));
  probe_start_time_ = tick_clock_->NowTicks();
  state_ = STATE_PROBE_RUNNING;

  DCHECK(current_config_runner_->IsRunning());
  DCHECK(google_config_runner_->IsRunning());
}

void DnsProbeServiceImpl::OnProbeComplete() {
  DCHECK_CALLED_ON_VALID_SEQUENCE(sequence_checker_);
  DCHECK_EQ(STATE_PROBE_RUNNING, state_);
  DCHECK(!current_config_runner_->IsRunning() ||
         !google_config_runner_->IsRunning());

  if (current_config_runner_->IsRunning() || google_config_runner_->IsRunning())
    return;

  cached_result_ = EvaluateResults(current_config_runner_->result(),
                                   google_config_runner_->result());
  state_ = STATE_RESULT_CACHED;

  HistogramProbe(cached_result_, tick_clock_->NowTicks() - probe_start_time_);

  CallCallbacks();
}

error_page::DnsProbeStatus DnsProbeServiceImpl::EvaluateResults(
    DnsProbeRunner::Result current_config_result,
    DnsProbeRunner::Result google_config_result) {
  // If the current DNS config is working, assume the domain doesn't exist.
  if (current_config_result == DnsProbeRunner::CORRECT)
    return error_page::DNS_PROBE_FINISHED_NXDOMAIN;

  // If the current DNS config is unknown (e.g. on Android), but Google DNS is
  // reachable, assume the domain doesn't exist.
  if (current_config_result == DnsProbeRunner::UNKNOWN &&
      google_config_result == DnsProbeRunner::CORRECT) {
    return error_page::DNS_PROBE_FINISHED_NXDOMAIN;
  }

  // If the current DNS config is not working but Google DNS is, assume the DNS
  // config is bad (or perhaps the DNS servers are down or broken). If the
  // current DNS config is in secure mode, return an error indicating that this
  // is a secure DNS config issue.
  if (google_config_result == DnsProbeRunner::CORRECT) {
    return (current_config_secure_dns_mode_ == net::SecureDnsMode::kSecure)
               ? error_page::DNS_PROBE_FINISHED_BAD_SECURE_CONFIG
               : error_page::DNS_PROBE_FINISHED_BAD_CONFIG;
  }

  // If the current DNS config is not working and Google DNS is unreachable,
  // assume the internet connection is down (note that current DNS may be a
  // router on the LAN, so it may be reachable but returning errors.)
  if (google_config_result == DnsProbeRunner::UNREACHABLE)
    return error_page::DNS_PROBE_FINISHED_NO_INTERNET;

  // Otherwise: the current DNS config is not working and Google DNS is
  // responding but with errors or incorrect results.  This is an awkward case;
  // an invasive captive portal or a restrictive firewall may be intercepting
  // or rewriting DNS traffic, or the public server may itself be failing or
  // down.
  return error_page::DNS_PROBE_FINISHED_INCONCLUSIVE;
}

void DnsProbeServiceImpl::CallCallbacks() {
  DCHECK_CALLED_ON_VALID_SEQUENCE(sequence_checker_);
  DCHECK_EQ(STATE_RESULT_CACHED, state_);
  DCHECK(error_page::DnsProbeStatusIsFinished(cached_result_));
  DCHECK(!pending_callbacks_.empty());

  std::vector<ProbeCallback> callbacks;
  callbacks.swap(pending_callbacks_);

  for (std::vector<ProbeCallback>::iterator i = callbacks.begin();
       i != callbacks.end(); ++i) {
    std::move(*i).Run(cached_result_);
  }
}

void DnsProbeServiceImpl::CallCallbackAsynchronously() {
  DCHECK_CALLED_ON_VALID_SEQUENCE(sequence_checker_);
  DCHECK_EQ(STATE_RESULT_CACHED, state_);
  DCHECK(error_page::DnsProbeStatusIsFinished(cached_result_));
  DCHECK_EQ(1U, pending_callbacks_.size());

  std::vector<ProbeCallback> callbacks;
  callbacks.swap(pending_callbacks_);

  base::SequencedTaskRunnerHandle::Get()->PostTask(
      FROM_HERE, base::BindOnce(std::move(callbacks.front()), cached_result_));
}

void DnsProbeServiceImpl::ClearCachedResult() {
  DCHECK_CALLED_ON_VALID_SEQUENCE(sequence_checker_);
  if (state_ == STATE_RESULT_CACHED) {
    state_ = STATE_NO_RESULT;
    cached_result_ = error_page::DNS_PROBE_MAX;
  }
}

bool DnsProbeServiceImpl::CachedResultIsExpired() const {
  DCHECK_CALLED_ON_VALID_SEQUENCE(sequence_checker_);
  if (state_ != STATE_RESULT_CACHED)
    return false;

  const base::TimeDelta kMaxResultAge = base::Milliseconds(kMaxResultAgeMs);
  return tick_clock_->NowTicks() - probe_start_time_ > kMaxResultAge;
}

void DnsProbeServiceImpl::SetupDnsConfigChangeNotifications() {
  DCHECK_CALLED_ON_VALID_SEQUENCE(sequence_checker_);
  dns_config_change_manager_getter_.Run()->RequestNotifications(
      receiver_.BindNewPipeAndPassRemote());
  receiver_.set_disconnect_handler(base::BindOnce(
      &DnsProbeServiceImpl::OnDnsConfigChangeManagerConnectionError,
      base::Unretained(this)));
}

void DnsProbeServiceImpl::OnDnsConfigChangeManagerConnectionError() {
  DCHECK_CALLED_ON_VALID_SEQUENCE(sequence_checker_);
  // Clear the cache, since the configuration may have changed while not
  // getting notifications.
  ClearCachedResult();

  receiver_.reset();

  SetupDnsConfigChangeNotifications();
}

}  // namespace

DnsProbeService* DnsProbeServiceFactory::GetForContext(
    content::BrowserContext* browser_context) {
  return static_cast<DnsProbeService*>(
      GetInstance()->GetServiceForBrowserContext(browser_context,
                                                 true /* create */));
}

DnsProbeServiceFactory* DnsProbeServiceFactory::GetInstance() {
  return base::Singleton<DnsProbeServiceFactory>::get();
}

DnsProbeServiceFactory::DnsProbeServiceFactory()
    : BrowserContextKeyedServiceFactory(
          "DnsProbeService",
          BrowserContextDependencyManager::GetInstance()) {}

DnsProbeServiceFactory::~DnsProbeServiceFactory() {}

KeyedService* DnsProbeServiceFactory::BuildServiceInstanceFor(
    content::BrowserContext* context) const {
  return new DnsProbeServiceImpl(context);
}

content::BrowserContext* DnsProbeServiceFactory::GetBrowserContextToUse(
    content::BrowserContext* context) const {
  // Create separate service for incognito profiles.
  return chrome::GetBrowserContextOwnInstanceInIncognito(context);
}

// static
std::unique_ptr<DnsProbeService> DnsProbeServiceFactory::CreateForTesting(
    const NetworkContextGetter& network_context_getter,
    const DnsConfigChangeManagerGetter& dns_config_change_manager_getter,
    const base::TickClock* tick_clock) {
  return std::make_unique<DnsProbeServiceImpl>(
      network_context_getter, dns_config_change_manager_getter, tick_clock);
}

}  // namespace chrome_browser_net


text:
5 historic LGBT pioneers
Emily Havens
For the last 29 years, members of the LGBT community and its allies have celebrated National Coming Out Day on the anniversary of the National March on Washington for Lesbian and Gay Rights.
According to the Human Rights Campaign, the 1987 march was the second largest demonstration in our nation's capital and launched several LGBT organizations that are still operational today.
The purpose of National Coming Out Day is to acknowledge the opportunities and challenges that "living openly" presents for people who identify as LGBT (lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender).
For some, National Coming Out Day gives them an opportunity to acknowledge several historical figures in LGBT culture throughout history.
Scientist, mathematician, philosopher
Considered by many to be the father of theoretical computer science and artificial intelligence, Alan Turing is perhaps most recognized for his role in intercepting and interpreting coded messages during World War II that helped allies defeat Nazis in several battles.
Turing had begun a sexual relationship with a 19-year old man, which was made public to local authorities during an investigation after his home had been burglarized. Homosexual acts were against the law in the United Kingdom at the time, and both men were charged with gross indecency. Turing pleaded guilty, and he was given the choice of imprisonment or probation, so long as he also underwent hormonal treatment that would reduce his libido. After one year, the treatment caused Turing to develop erectile dysfunction and gynecomastia. He died at the age of 41 due to suicide by cyanide poisoning.
Professional tennis player
Billie Jean King is lauded by sports officials and fans as a tennis legend. She held 129 career title wins, including 39 Grand Slams. King was the first female tennis player to make $100,000 in a year, and she won the Battle of the Sexes match in 1973, defeating Bobby Riggs, another top tennis player at the time.
King fought for gender equality and the equal treatment of women in sports for most of her career. She came out as lesbian in 1981, but not by her own choice. Her former secretary and lover sued her in order to gain access to a portion of King's assets. She was the first ever prominent lesbian American sports player and has since been inducted to the International Tennis Hall of fame, National Women's Hall of Fame, and more. King was also awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom by former President Barack Obama in 2009 for her work for advocating for women's rights and the rights of LGBT people.
American poet
Allen Ginsberg is noted as one of the most influential writers and poets of the "Beat Generation" during the 1950s. He's best-known for the poem "Howl," that discussed heterosexual and homosexual sex while also touching on several systemic issues in the United States at the time.
At the time, sodomy and homosexual acts were a crime in every state, and the poem became the center of an obscenity trial. Many considered the poem and most of his other works in which he openly described his sexuality as vulgar, and although publishing companies wouldn't publish "Howl," it eventually established precedence for free speech in several aspects relating to obscenity law.
Bayard Rustin was a leading activist during the Civil Rights Movement. He was one of the lead organizers of the March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom in 1963.
Rustin was arrested for engaging in sex with white male prostitutes, and fellow civil rights activists criticized him because they said it detracted from his effectiveness. He started to advocate for gay rights in the 80s. In 2013, Obama awarded Rustin the Presidential Medal of Freedom posthumously and President Ronald Reagan praised Rustin's work in a statement he issued on his death in 1987.
Gene Robinson
Bishop emeritus of the Episcopal Church
Gene Robinson serves as a bishop emeritus of the Diocese of New Hampshire as the first openly-gay priest who was later designated as a bishop in a large Christian denomination.
Robinson came out as gay in 1986 and was chosen to be the executive assistant to the bishop at the time in 1988. In 2003, he was elected a bishop of the Episcopal Church. He is praised as one of the most influential gay men in the United States and frequently speaks to the public about Christianity and homosexuality.
Follow reporter Emily Havens on Twitter, @EmilyJHavens, and find her on Facebook at facebook.com/emilyjhavens. Call her at 435-674-6214.


text:
UK road traffic reaches all-time high
July 9, 2018 /0 Comments/in Car News /by Ethan Jupp
We Brits do love to exaggerate when it comes to daily pet peeves. If it's hot, it's boiling. If it's cold, it's freezing. Something we do love to continuously moan about is traffic. It's a consistent fixture in most British commuter's lives and for once, we have licence to moan.
New data shows that 2017 saw a 1.3 percent increase in miles driven by UK drivers, up to a staggering 327.1 billion collective miles. That's the highest figure recorded since records began back in 1949.
The dissected components of that mileage increase are as follows:
1.1 percent increase in car traffic
2.7 percent increase in van traffic
1.2 percent increase in lorry traffic
Basically, whatever you're driving, there are more of you on the roads than ever before.
Motorways are taking the brunt of it, with 21 percent of that yearly mileage count occurring on them, despite making up only 1 percent of the road network. Major A roads and Motorways – together comprising the Strategic Road Network – saw 34 percent of all motorised traffic, even though it accounts for only 2.4 percent of the UK's total roads.
Surely increased road use means more cars being sold, pointing to an economy that's healthy and growing? The former is up for debate (we're also using our cars for longer), but even if it all holds true, care and maintenance of the UK's road network must at least be commensurate with any usage increases, insists the RAC Foundation, which analysed the latest traffic data.
"You could see the increase in traffic, especially the extra van and lorry mileage, as a sign of a resilient and growing economy, but it also underlines the need for sustained investment in our roads," said Steve Gooding, director of the RAC Foundation.
"National and local highways have never been so busy and the result of so much use is easy to see in the form of potholes and ruts.
"We need consistent, long-term funding to ensure routes are adequately maintained and can stand up to the pressure."
https://i2.wp.com/www.motoringresearch.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/07/shutterstock_721976239.jpg?fit=1800%2C1200&ssl=1 1200 1800 Ethan Jupp https://www.motoringresearch.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/12/mr-top-motoring.svg Ethan Jupp2018-07-09 17:07:222018-07-09 21:59:55UK road traffic reaches all-time high