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A significant portion of the population of the United Kingdom are considered to be in poverty under some measures of poverty.
Data based on incomes published in 2016 by the Department for Work and Pensions (DWP) show that, after housing costs have been taken into consideration, the number of people living in the UK in relative poverty to be 13.44m (21% of the population).[1] In 2015, a report by Institute for Fiscal Studies reported that 21.6% of Britons were in relative poverty. The report showed that there had been a fall in poverty in the first few years of the 21st century, but the rate of poverty remained broadly flat in the decade after 2004/5.[2]
Full Fact found that the British poverty rate is "almost exactly the same level as the EU average (17%)", much lower than the DWP figures due to differences in calculation methods between countries.[3]
The Poverty and Social Exclusion project at Bristol University, in 2014,[4] said that the proportion of households lacking three items or activities deemed necessary for life in the UK at that time (as defined by a survey of the wider population) has increased from 14% in 1983 to 33% in 2012.[5]
In 2018, Philip Alston, the UN Special Rapporteur on extreme poverty and human rights said that British Government policies and cuts to social support "are entrenching high levels of poverty and inflicting unnecessary misery", "driven by a political desire to undertake social re-engineering rather than economic necessity".[6][7] His report was rejected by the British Government, pointing to rising household incomes, declining income inequality and one million people fewer in absolute poverty since 2010.[8]
Before 1950s
See also: English Poor Laws and Poor relief
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By the end of the 19th century more than 25% of the population was living at or below the subsistence level due to low wages.[9] Only 75 per cent of population had enough money to access food, clothes, rent and fuel.[9] In 1900, millions of population lived in terrible conditions such as damp and badly built houses.[10] Persons without waged employment were generally supported by the poor law administration. At the same time, overcrowding led to the spread of disease. Things greatly improved after the First World War, and although poverty had not completely disappeared by the 1930s, it was much less than ever before.[9]
1950s and 1960s
In the early 1950s, it was believed by numerous people that poverty had been all but abolished from Britain, with only a few isolated pockets of deprivation still remaining.[11] Much of this assumption was derived from a 1951 study which showed that in 1950 only 1.5% of the survey population lived in poverty, compared with 18% in 1936 when a previous study had been conducted in York Joseph Rowntree Charitable Trust. A leader in The Times spoke positively of this 'remarkable improvement – no less than the virtual abolition of the sheerest want.'[12]
Over the course of the 1950s and 1960s, however, a "rediscovery" of poverty took place, with various surveys showing that a substantial proportion of Britons were impoverished, with between 4% and 12% of the population estimated to be living below the Supplementary Benefits' scales. In 1969, Professor A. Atkinson stated that
"it seems fair to conclude that the proportion of the population with incomes below the National Assistance/Supplementary Benefits scale lies towards the upper end of the 4-9 per cent."
According to this definition, between 2-5 million Britons were trapped in poverty. In addition, some 2.6 million people were in receipt of Supplementary Benefits and therefore living on the poverty line. This meant that at least 10% of the population were in poverty at this time. Bad housing conditions also constituted a major cause of poverty in the postwar era. In the early Sixties, it was estimated that three million families lived in "slums, near slums on grossly overcrowded conditions," while a 1967 housing survey of England and Wales found that 11.7% of all dwellings were unfit.[13]
In their 1965 study on poverty, "The Poor and the Poorest," Professors Peter Townsend and Brian Abel-Smith decided to measure poverty on the basis of the National Assistance levels of living and estimated that some 14% (around 7.5 million) of Britons lived in poverty.[11] Townsend and Abel-Smith also estimated that since the mid-1950s the percentage of the population living in poverty had risen from 8% to 14%.[14]
Differences in health between the classes
The continued existence of poverty in the 1960s was also characterised by differences in health between different social classes. In 1964-65 the incidence of infant deaths was more than half as much higher in the two lowest social classes than in the two highest social classes. In 1961-62 28% of all men recorded at least one spell of sickness of four days or more. For the lowest social classes, however, 35% of men had experienced this, compared with 18% of men in the highest social classes.[13] There is evidence that in large families the height of children was less than that for the average, while families with three or more children were more likely to be inadequately nourished.[15]
British disposable income Gini coefficient, a measure of income inequality, showing the significant increase of income inequality during the 1980s
In his 1979 work "Poverty in the UK", Townsend suggested that 15 million people lived in or on the margins of poverty. He also argued that to get a proper measure of relative deprivation, there was a need to take into account other factors apart from income measures such as peoples' environment, employment, and housing standards.[11]
According to one study, 365,000 families in Britain (excluding Northern Ireland) in 1966 were in poverty by an old assistance standard, and 450,000 families by a new standard.[15] In another study on poverty, Wilfred Beckerman estimated that 9.9% of the British population lived below a standardised poverty line in 1973, compared with 6.1% of the population of Belgium.[16]
Low pay was also a major cause of poverty,[17][18] with a report by the TUC in 1968 finding that about 5 million females and about 2.5 million males earned less than £15 a week.[12] According to one study, around 20% to 23% of employees in the late 1960s had low hourly wages.[19] In 1974, a quarter of adult employees in Britain earned less than £27 a week or less before tax, only slightly above the officially defined poverty line for an average family.[20] Regional differences in pay also remained pronounced during the post-war period.[21] Slum housing also remained a problem, with 12% of British households living in houses or flats considered to be unfit for human habitation in 1972.[22] In 1975, government statistics estimated that 1,800,000 children lived in poverty.[21]
Nevertheless, the number of people estimated to be living in poor housing conditions was lower at the start of the 1970s than at the start of the 1960s. In 1961, 4,700,000 households lived in unfit or substandard homes, compared with 2,846,000 in 1971.[23]
During the late 1960s and 1970s, progress was made in reducing the level of post-war poverty and inequality,[24] with 3 million families in Britain in poverty in 1977, compared with 5 million in 1961.[25] According to the 1971 Supplementary Benefits scale, the percentage of individuals living in poverty fell from 9.4% in 1963 to 2.3% in 1973.[26] Low pay continued to remain a major problem by the end of the 1970s, however, particularly amongst manual workers.[27]
Based on various measurements, however, the number of Britons living in poverty rose significantly from 1979 to 1985. The number of Britons living in poverty (when defined as living below the Supplementary Benefit level) rose from 2,090,000 to 2,420,000 during that period, while the number of people living in poverty when defined as living on or below the Supplementary Benefit level rose from 6,070,000 to 9,380,000. Using a poverty measurement of living at 140% of the Supplementary Benefit level or below, the rise was from 11,570,000 to 15,420,000.[28]
From 1979 to 1987, the number of Britons living in poverty (defined as living on less than half the national average income) doubled, from roughly 10% to 20% of the whole population. In 1989, almost 6 million full-time workers, representing 37% of the total full-time workforce, earned less than the "decency threshold" defined by the Council of Europe as 68% of average full-time earnings.[29] In 1994, 76.7% of all part-time workers earned less than this threshold.[30]
Comparison with the rest of Europe
Figures from the European Commission estimated that from 1975 to 1985 the number of people living in poverty had doubled in Britain, from just over 3 million to 6.5 million. In 1975, the United Kingdom had fewer people living in poverty than Germany, Italy, Belgium, and Luxembourg. By 1989, Britain had a higher poverty than each of these four countries. In 1989, 12% of the British population was estimated to be living in poverty, compared with 11.7% in Italy, 8.5% in Germany, 7.9% in Luxembourg, 7.4% in the Netherlands, and 7.2% in Belgium.[28]
From the late 1990s onwards, however, poverty began to fall steadily, helped by policies such as big increases in National Insurance benefits[31] and the National Minimum Wage Act 1998.[32] Using the 60% of median income after housing costs poverty line, the percentage of the British population living in poverty rose to 25.3% in 1996/97, compared with 13.7% in 1979.
From 1997/98 to 2004/05 (using the same 60% of median income after housing costs measurement), the percentage of the population living in poverty fell from 24.4% to 20.5%.[33] A 2000 report by the Joseph Rowntree Foundation estimated that 4 million people lacked access to a healthy diet,[34] while a review of EU food and health policies estimated that food poverty was far higher in the UK than any other EU member state.[35]
Poverty in the UK in the 21st century
See also: Hunger in the UK in the 21st century
REQUIRES CITATION Relative poverty rates (After Housing Costs) in the UK, 1997-2014. Figures are for Great Britain until 2001–02 and for the whole of the British (i.e. including Northern Ireland) from 2002–03 onwards. The relative poverty line is defined as 60% of median income in 2010–11.
Rates of poverty fell just before the turn of the century and continued to do so until 2004–5. The Institute of Fiscal Studies has counted the number of people in poverty as falling from c.37% in 1996/7 (21.8m people) to c.22% in 2004/5 (13.2m), a figure that remained the same in 2014/5 (14.1m taking population growth into account).[33][36]
The trend for Relative Poverty is the same (a fall in the number of poor from 1997/8 until 2004/5 and a relatively stable amount since then), although the earlier numbers are lower. Alternatively it is suggested poverty rose from about 2008 to 2012 but remained stable since then.[37] Socially excluded people are ten times more likely to die early than the general population.[38]
Changes to the benefit system from April 2017, such as not allowing some claimants to claim for more than two children, were predicted to increase the number of families in poverty and push a quarter of a million additional children into poverty. Policy in Practice estimates the two child limit will increase child poverty by 10% during this parliament. The Child Poverty Action Group charity (CPAG), claim it will reduce children's life chances.[39][40]
A doctor claimed it is not unusual for up to seven people to live in a one bedroom flat. Parents sometimes do without food themselves in order to care for children, and others cannot afford clothes, toothbrushes, or toothpaste. Basic hygiene products like shampoo and sanitary towels are sometimes hard for poor people to afford, and some must choose between buying hygiene products and buying food. Just under one in five British children under 15 suffers food insecurity. That means sufficient safe, nutritious food cannot be guaranteed.[41][42] In 2018, the minimum wage was reportedly insufficient to cover basic living expenses.[43] Nearly half of schools provide anti poverty services like food banks, clothes banks or emergency loans to families. Alison Garnham of the Child Poverty Action Group said, "With nine children in every classroom of 30 falling below the official poverty line, it is time to rebuild the safety net for struggling families."[44]
Children become sick because they cannot keep warm at home; overcrowding and damp worsens respiratory conditions. Alison Garnham of CPAG said, "Day in, day out, doctors see the damage rising poverty does to children's health. Low family incomes, inadequate housing and cuts to support services are jeopardising the health of our most vulnerable children. (...) Re-instating the UK's poverty-reduction targets would be an obvious place to start."[45]
Eurostat figures show that the numbers of Britons at risk of poverty fell to 15.9% in 2014, down from 17.1% in 2010 and 19% in 2005 (after social transfers were taken into account).[46] However, the Joseph Rowntree Foundation (JRF) fears that people who are "just about managing" could fall into poverty, as it forecast that the wages of people in low income and benefits might not keep pace with inflation.[37] One third of British households are living below what is considered an adequate income according to the JRF research.[47] Campbell Robb of the JRF said, "Millions of families across the country are teetering on a precipice, with 400,000 pensioners and over one million more children likely to fall into poverty and suffer the very real and awful consequences that brings if things do not change. One of the biggest drivers of the rise in child poverty is policy choices, which is why it is essential that the Prime Minister and Chancellor use the upcoming Budget to put in place measures to stop this happening. An excellent start would be to ensure families can keep more of their earnings under the Universal Credit."[48]
Poverty exists in rural communities as well as in urban areas. Rural poverty is frequently overlooked.[49]
The most common form of child poverty today is poverty in working families. Roughly 30% of British children are now classed as poor and of those two-thirds are from working families. Analysts claim cuts to working-age benefits would likely increase poverty rates greatly during the three years following 2017. Campbell Robb said, "These troubling figures are warning signs we could be at the beginning of a sharp rise in poverty, with forecasts suggesting child poverty could rise further by 2021."[50][51]
In work poverty can be compounded by employees who do not get the pay that they are entitled to. A 2017 report by Middlesex University and Trust for London revealed that at least 2,000,000 workers in Britain are losing an estimated £3,000,000,000 in unpaid holiday pay and wages per year. It suggested that withholding holiday pay, not paying wages and workers losing a couple of hours money per week are some of the deliberate strategies used by employers to increase their profits.[52]
Food Standards Agency (FSA) research suggests some poor people miss meals or do without healthy food due to financial pressure. One-third of unemployed people have skipped meals or reduced the quality of their diet due to lack of money. 8% of respondents to a survey have low or very low food security, implying just under 4,000,000 adults regularly struggle to get enough to eat. Other studies showed benefit freezes together with rising food prices are major factors in food insecurity. Rachel Loopstra who lectures in nutrition at King's College London, said: "These robust survey data confirm how serious the scale of the problem of people not having enough money for food to eat is in the UK, and are consistent with reports of increasing food bank usage. Anna Taylor of the 'Food Foundation' thinktank, said: "To take so many British people off the breadline the government must drive uptake of the Healthy Start programme for young and low-income mothers, tackle gaps in food provision during school holidays, and review our welfare policies to protect the diets of society's most vulnerable." Campaigners and MPs have urged the British government to monitor food insecurity. Ministers so far refused but the Scottish Government agreed to enact a food insecurity measure. Women and young people are more likely to live in food insecure households.[53]
The Institute for Fiscal Studies says the benefit rate freeze and child tax credit cuts, together with the rollout of Universal Credit, which is less generous due to changes in work allowances, means, "large losses" for low-income households. John McDonnell said the IFS analysis showed a "clear threat" to working people's living standards, while the Liberal Democrats said that the "savage cuts" would make millions of households poorer. Projected benefit cuts will lead to the poorest working-age households losing between 4% and 10% of their income a year, according to the IFS.[54] Fewer than one in ten British people believe all work is fair and decent, and 75% think more should be done to make work fairer. Many British people suffer insecure work with zero hours contracts.[55] Nearly half of workers are anxious over basic household expenses like food, transport and energy. One in six workers had left the heating off despite it being cold to save on fuel bills, and similar numbers had pawned possessions in the previous year because they were short of money.[56] Rents are rising and housing benefit is not rising to match this. Families are forced into increasing poverty, some facing a daily struggle to pay their rent and put food on their table. Some risk homelessness. Families with children are most affected and two-thirds of affected families are in work.[57]
Homelessness rose in the six years up to 2017 and the National Audit Office said in 2017 that welfare reforms and a freeze in housing benefit were a likely cause.[58] Over a million vulnerable people with low incomes are experiencing worse poverty because they have to rent in the private rental sector since social accommodation is in very short supply. A shortage of social housing caused the private rented sector to double over 25 years. That forced more households, sizable numbers on benefits with dependent children or a disabled person, to pay appreciably more for inappropriate housing. Benefit sanctions drive tenants into rent arrears, can lead to evictions and homelessness. Dr Julie Rugg of the centre for housing policy at the University of York said, "Because of sanctions you're more likely to fall into arrears and to be asked to leave because you are in arrears. The welfare system change has created vulnerability. It didn't used to be the case 10 years ago but it is now. People know the benefits system is tightening up but they might not realise that if you're at the bottom end and receiving benefits then your situation can be pretty precarious indeed." 38% of the private rented sector today is low income households, classed as vulnerable and 90% of these are either in poverty or living in overcrowded conditions. The short supply of social housing enables private landlords to charge more than housing associations, frequently for worse accommodation.[59]
An All Party Parliamentary Group on Hunger warned that too many poorer British children are hungry or malnourished during school holidays. Some subsist on a diet of crisps or stodgy food. 1,000,000 children who receive free school meals during term-time are at risk, as are 2,000,000 more from working poor families. For both types, school holidays add to financial pressure on families through the need to pay for childcare, food and energy bills. These children return to school in bad physical shape, don't learn as well and get behind children who were better fed during school holidays. The life chances of underfed children are damaged.[60][61]
When housing benefit does not fully cover rent, people can struggle to pay rent and buy other necessities as well. This can lead to increasing debt. Anne Baxendale of Shelter, said: "We are deeply concerned that the current freeze on housing benefit is piling a huge amount of pressure on to thousands of private renters who are already teetering on the brink of homelessness." People are forced out of their homes because they cannot pay their rent and all their other bills.[62][63]
As of 2017, 20% of Britons live in poverty including 8,000,000 working-age adults, 4,000,000 children and 1,900,000 pensioners. Research by the JRF found nearly 400,000 more British children and 300,000 more British pensioners were in poverty in 2016-17 compared with 2012–13.[64]
From April 2018, child benefit will be limited to the first two children, which will affect 150,000 families. Withdrawal of family element from new Universal Credit claims and tax credit claims for families with children will affect 400,000 families.[65][needs update]
Single parents are particularly heavily affected by benefit sanctions. A 2018 report from Gingerbread and Trust for London showed that three times as many single parents were sanctioned under JSA in 2016/17 than 2005/06. These sanctions can compound the financial hardship of those already on a low income.[66]
In 2018, Citizens Advice stated that up to 140,000 households went without power as they could not afford to top up pre-payment meters and most such households included children or someone with a long-term health problem. The Living Wage Foundation stated many poorest parents went without meals, one-third of parents on low incomes do this regularly through lack of money. Roughly half of those families are behind with household bills.[67]
TUC sponsored research indicated that 3,100,000 children in working families would be below the official breadline in 2018, a million more than in 2010. About 600,000 children with working parents became poor due to the government's benefit cuts and public sector pay limits, the report by the consultancy Landman Economics stated. The research found that the biggest increase in child poverty among working families would be in the East Midlands, followed by the West Midlands and Northern Ireland.[68] Teachers and teaching assistants brought items into schools like food, sanitary products and toilet paper for children from families who were short of those things.[69]
Inflation has been rising[when?] while the level of many benefits has remained fixed in money terms. This is causing hardship to low-income families and there are calls for the level of benefits to be increased.[70] Over 14,000,000 people, as well as 4,500,000 children, live below the breadline, and over half are trapped in poverty for years. Poverty is particularly frequent in families with a disabled person, single-parent families, and households where no one works or that are dependent for income on irregular or zero-hours jobs. 12% of the British population have spent the bulk or all of the four years to 2018 below the breadline. Alison Garnham of the Child Poverty Action Group said, "What we now need is for government to move on from its denial of the problem, set targets for reducing and eradicating child poverty, and implement policies to support low-income families." The Institute for Fiscal Studies predicted children living in poverty will reach a record 5.2 million over the five years from 2018 as government welfare cuts take effect, more than reversing all the progress made over the previous 20 years.[71]
Many poor people live in areas where there is no large supermarket nearby and must rely on corner shops where prices are higher and the food range is smaller. Poor people in these areas cannot easily afford to buy fresh fruit and vegetables or to travel to large supermarkets where there is healthier food at lower prices. Such areas include: Marfleet in Hull, Hartcliffe in Bristol, Hattersley in Greater Manchester, Everton in Liverpool and Sparkbrook in Birmingham. Eight of the ten most deprived areas in Scotland are in Glasgow, and three of the nine worst in Wales are in Cardiff. Poor people, older people and disabled people are most affected when fresh food is not available locally. Nearly 4,000,000 British children are judged to live in households that would find it difficult to afford enough fruit, vegetables and other healthy foods to reach official guidelines, the Food Foundation maintains. Food prices increased by 7.7% from 2002-16, while the poorest families' incomes fell by 7.1%.[72]
Rising poverty and austerity put pressure on low-income families and increase the number of children taken into care. Children in the poorest areas were 19 times more likely to be subject to a child protection plan or to be subject to care proceedings than children in wealthier areas.[73] Citizens Advice maintains over one-third of people subject to the freeze on benefits have under £100 a month to live on after paying for rent, council tax, gas, electricity and food.[74]
There were 56,210 emergency admissions for pneumonia in England from April 2018 to March 2019 among patients 18 years old or younger. From April 2008 to March 2009 there were only 36,862 such admissions. Hospital admissions were higher in deprived parts of England. WHO maintains crowded housing, indoor air pollution, parental smoking, lack of breastfeeding, and malnutrition are known to increase the risk of childhood pneumonia.[75]
Disabled people and their carers are disproportionately frequently in poverty. Disabled living is more expensive than living for able bodied people and disability benefits do not cover the extra cost. Disabled people frequently claim other benefits as well as disability benefits and many of these benefits have been frozen during austerity whilst prices have risen.[76]
Poor people develop ill health at an earlier age than better off people. Poorer men on average are diagnosed with their first serious long-term illness when they are 56 and poorer women at 55. In the poorest places, women develop their first serious long-term illness at only 47 and men at 49. Poor health reduces economic productivity and, since health is worse in the north of England, this is a factor in low economic productivity in the north.[77]
Reactions to poverty
This section needs to be updated. Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. (February 2021)
The Office for National Statistics has estimated that in 2011, 14,000,000 people were at risk of poverty or social exclusion.[citation needed] Poverty among young people increased by 3.9% from 2007-10.[78] In assessing social inequality in Britain,[when?] Danny Dorling said that "people in different parts of Britain and people living within different quarters of its cities are living in different worlds with different norms and expectations. This was not the case a few decades ago. This is not the case to the same extent in the majority of affluent nations in the world."[79]
In 2016, a new term reportedly appeared, 'Just About Managing' or 'JAM'. This applies to people who can put food on the table and pay rent or mortgage at least part of the time but have problems if their income falls or if there are unexpected bills. JAM's are typically families where at least one person works. JAM's may suffer social exclusion being unable to afford holidays or evenings out.[80][81]
The Resolution Foundation claimed that the incomes of the poorest 10% in the UK would fall by 3% in real terms by 2020 due to government policies on tax and welfare. The lowest third of incomes were forecast to suffer falls in income over the coming years. Incomes will fall because many welfare benefits that poorer people receive have been frozen in cash terms and with inflation cash will be worth steadily less.[82][needs update]
Relative poverty rates (After Housing Costs) in the UK, 1996-2014 Figures are presented for GB up until 2001–02 and for the whole of the UK from 2002–03 onwards. The relative poverty line is defined as 60% of the median income in each year
In 2017–18, the Resolution Foundation said the official poverty rate increased from 22.1% to 23.2% and the child poverty rate rose in 2017–18 from 30.3% to 33.4%. Cuts to benefits and inflation are blamed for the rise, benefit levels have remained unchanged in money terms while inflation erodes their real value.[83]
The Institute for Fiscal Studies reported the numbers of poor United Kingdom children in wage-earning families increased from 2009-14 and more poor children currently live in working families than live in families on benefits. The IFS reported "Recent falls in inequality are likely to prove temporary. Stronger earnings growth and the Conservatives' planned income tax cuts would do most for incomes towards the top of the distribution, while planned benefit cuts will hit low-income households [both in and out of work] hardest."[84][85]
In 2018, the number of workers becoming poor despite working was rising faster than employment. 4,000,000 people were classed as working poor, that is one in every eight workers. Growing numbers of working parents find it more difficult to earn enough money for food, clothing and housing because of poor to no wage growth, reduction in welfare support and tax credits and the increasing cost of living. Children trapped in poverty increased by half a million during the five years to 2018 and reached 4.1 million in 2017. In a typical class of 30 children, nine would be in poverty. Campbell Robb of the Joseph Rountree Foundation said, "We are seeing a rising tide of child poverty as more parents are unable to make ends meet, despite working." Over 14,000,000 people, about one in five of the British population were in poverty in 2018, according to the Joseph Rountree Foundation. Of them 8.2 million were working-age adults, 4.1 million were children and 1.9 million were pensioners. Eight million people lived in poverty in families where at least one person was working.[86]
Julia Unwin of the Joseph Rowntree Foundation said: "A strong economy and rising employment have masked the growing problem of in-work poverty, as years of below-inflation wage rises have taken their toll on people's incomes. The upcoming minimum wage rise will help, but many low-income working families will still find themselves worse off due to tax-credit changes. Boosting productivity and creating more jobs which offer progression at work is vital to make work a reliable route out of poverty."[84]
Campbell Robb of Shelter said: "It's heart-breaking to think that so many people are having to make a choice between paying the rent and putting food on the table, or living in fear that any drop in income would leave them unable to cover their housing costs. The sad truth is that far too many people in Britain right now are living in homes that just aren't up to scratch – from the thousands of families forced to cope with poor conditions, to a generation of renters forking out most of their income on housing each month and unable to save for the future."[87]
As of 2015 there was hunger in the United Kingdom and significant numbers of British citizens were driven to use food banks. There was also significant malnutrition. Poorer people were frequently forced to buy and eat cheaper, less healthy food. The BMJ, a British peer-reviewed medical journal published:
For the poorest in our society, up to 35% of disposable income will now be needed for food, compared to less than 9% for the more wealthy. This will increase reliance on cheap, highly processed, high fat, high sugar, high salt, and calorie-dense, unhealthy foods. Re-emerging problems of poor public health nutrition such as rickets and malnutrition in the elderly are also causes for concern.
—  (John D Middleton Vice president John R Ashton, Simon Capewell Faculty of Public Health)[88]
In 2016, 10% of British households lived in fuel poverty. Fuel poverty is calculated by gauging if a household's income would fall below the official poverty line after spending the actual amount needed to heat the home. The average fuel poverty gap of these households – that is, the amount needed to escape fuel poverty – is £371 a year, the latest figures indicate, with those in privately rented properties hit hardest.[89]
In a 2013 report commissioned by the Joseph Rowntree Foundation[90] poverty and participation are analysed as a social phenomenon characterising British society following the tradition initiated several decades ago by Peter Townsend. Participation in society is measured in terms of social relationships, membership of organisations, trust in other people, ownership of possessions and purchase of services. The study finds out that all these dimensions of participation are lower among people with low incomes. While participation generally drops as income declines, participation stops falling among the 30% or so of people with the lowest incomes, creating a participation 'floor'. The 30% of people with the lowest incomes are forced to choose between the basic necessities of modern life; they must decide which needs to neglect.
For people affected by the floor, additional income may well be spent on upgrading the quality of necessary goods and services rather than adding to them. Averages mask important variation. The participation floor for benefit recipients is lower than for other groups on the same income. Most ethnic minority groups experience greater material deprivation than the White majority but social participation is, on average, higher. Children's engagement in school life and friends is not directly affected by household income. However, parents on low incomes, on average, play less often with their children and spend less on activities. This is associated with poorer educational outcomes as judged by teachers. Low-income parents frequently spend more time than affluent ones assisting children with their school work because they have fallen behind their classmates.
Poverty and economic insecurity increase the risk that a person will commit suicide. In 2017, The Samaritans said that the British economic condition – including low incomes, job insecurity, zero-hours contracts, unmanageable debts and poor housing – all add to suicide risk. A report titled Dying from Inequality describes "overwhelming evidence of a link between socioeconomic disadvantage and suicidal behaviour". "Men in the lowest social class, living in the most deprived areas, are up to 10 times more at risk of suicide than those in the highest social class living in the most affluent areas," the report says. Unemployed people are more at risk of suicide than people with work, people with low education and people living in deprived areas are also at increased risk.[91]
In 2017, inequality was forecast to return to the levels of the Thatcher years. Torsten Bell of the Resolution Foundation, said that low- and middle-income families with children were set to be the worst affected by inflation rises, productivity flatlines and slow employment growth. Bell said: "This could leave Britain with the worst of both worlds on living standards – the weak income growth of the last parliament and rising inequality from the time Margaret Thatcher was in Downing Street. The prime minister's focus on supporting just managing families is absolutely right."[92]
Poverty within the UK is particularly concentrated in Wales. While the relative income-poverty rate for the UK stood at 16.8% in 2014, the same poverty rate for Wales stood at 23% in the same year.[93][94] Poverty in Wales has remained in the 25% range, with only small dips throughout the last decade.[94] While the trends correlate with overall reductions in less impoverished areas of the UK, it does not correlate with Scotland, who in the 1990s, had a relative similar poverty trend as Wales.[93] Conservative attitudes began to grow during the time of the Labour Party in government during the 2000s, culminating in an overall negative opinion towards public spending increases beginning in the 2010s.[95]
Data published in 2017 by the New Policy Institute and the Trust for London found that 27% of Londoners live in poverty, six percentage points higher than in the rest of England. This represents 2.3 million Londoners, 58% of whom are in a working family.[96] Further research published by Trust for London, carried out by Loughborough University, found that two in five Londoners cannot afford what the public regard as a decent standard of living – one that allows them to meet their basic needs and participate in society at a minimum level. This is significantly higher than the 30% that fall below the standard in the UK as a whole, and represents 3.3 million Londoners.[97]
How poverty in the United Kingdom is defined and measured
Historical statistics on poverty
The table below shows the percentage of the population in poverty derived by three different measures: relative poverty (earning less than 60% of the median), the National Assistance scale and the Supplementary Benefits scale. Estimates from the National Institute of Economic and Social Research.[98]
The United Kingdom currently does not have an official measurement of poverty.[99]
Percentage of population in poverty
Relative poverty National assistance scale Supplementary benefits scale
Year Households Individuals Households Individuals Households Individuals
1953/54 6.5% 4.8% 6.5% 4.8% 22.5% 21.0%
1963 6.8% 5.5% 2.5% 1.4% 10.5% 9.4%
1967 5.8% 5.3% 0.9% 0.9% 6.0% 5.5%
Estimates of poverty in the United Kingdom from 1950-1975 (percentage of population)[100]
1953–54: 1.2% (Abel-Smith and Townsend, FES) Unit: Household
1954: 12.3% (Gough and Stark, IR) Unit: Tax unit
1959: 8.8% (Gough and Stark, IR) Unit: Tax unit
1960: 3.8% (Abel-Smith and Townsend, FES) Unit: Household
1967: 3.5% (Atkinson, FES) Unit: Household
1968–69: 6.4% (Townsend, Survey) Unit: Household
1971: 4.9% (Fiegehen et al., FES) Unit: Household
1975: 11.3% (Berthoud and Brown, GHS) Unit: Household
Poverty as 60 percent of median income
The most common measure for poverty, as used in the Child Poverty Act 2010, is 'household income below 60 percent of median income'. The median is such an income that exactly a half of households earn more than that and the other half earns less.[101]
Income distribution (before housing costs) for the British total population (2014/15). In 2014/5, the median income in the UK was £473 per week (£24,596 a year). Those earning 60% of this figure (£284 a week / £14,758 a year) were considered to be in the low income bracket.
In 2014/5, the median income in the UK was £473 per week (£24,596 a year). Those earning 60% of this figure (£284 a week / £14,758 a year) were considered to be in the low income bracket.
This is the definition that is used by the British government's Department of Work and Pensions in its yearly survey Households below average income.[102] However, their reports expressly avoid using the word poverty, using low income instead. Reports from others agencies, such as the Institute of Fiscal Studies Living Standards, Poverty and Inequality in the UK, use the same methodology, but specifically use the word poverty.[36][103]
This measure can be further divided.
Those who live in absolute poverty have a 'household income below 60 percent of median income' as compared to a rate fixed in 2010/11 and that only changes in line with inflation.
Those who live in relative poverty have a 'household income below 60 percent of median income' as compared to all other incomes in the same year.
Absolute poverty is better at judging poverty in the short term, whereas relative poverty is better at seeing long-term trends. This is because general concepts of poverty change with time, and relative poverty reflects this better.[36]
Reports on poverty also tend to take housing costs in to account, distinguishing between before housing costs (BHC, where housing costs such as rent and mortgage interest payments have not been deducted) and after housing costs (AHC). Different social groups in the UK tend to have vastly different costs for housing, affecting available income.[36]
Relative poverty was used before its formal adoption now. In the early 1980s, Tony Byrne and Colin F. Padfield defined relative poverty in Britain as a situation in which people are able to survive adequately, but they are either less well off than they used to be (such as when they retire from paid employment) or that they are at a serious disadvantage "in their ability to experience or enjoy the standard of life of most other people – for example, not being able to afford an annual holiday."[11]
In 2011, there was some discussion of the measurement for poverty being changed (from households earning less than 60% of median income) to a broader analysis of poverty.[104]
The Consensual Method
As opposed to measuring income, the Consensual Method examines which necessities (e.g. food, clothing, access to healthcare, involvement in social and leisure activities) are thought by the general public to be essential for living in contemporary British society.[105] Those families or individual who lack a number of these necessities are considered as poor. In the 2012 Poverty and Social Exclusion (PSE) survey on Living Standards, the three necessities deemed as being most often essential to a good standard of living were the ability 'to warm living areas of the home ', a 'damp-free home' and 'two meals a day.'[106]
Six specific surveys of low standards of living in the UK have made use of this method.
1983 Breadline Britain Survey
1990 Breadline Britain Survey of Britain
1999 Poverty and Social Exclusion Survey
2002 Poverty and Social Exclusion in Northern Ireland
The 2012 PSE UK 'Attitudes to Necessities of Life and Services' survey
The 2012 PSE UK 'Living Standards' survey
Social Metrics Commission
In 2018, the bipartisan Social Metrics Commission (housed by the Legatum Institute and run by CEO Philippa Stroud) proposed a New Poverty Measure to more fully capture the overall income and inescapable costs, and better identify who is in poverty. It found 14.2 million people in poverty, 7.7 million of whom are in persistent poverty.[107] It is however still a relative measurement and does not evidence the real increases in the incomes of the poorest picked up by the standard absolute measurement of poverty. In February 2019, the Social Metrics Commission voluntarily adopted the code of practice for statistics.[108] Later that year, the British Government announced it would be taking steps to adopt the metric as the official measure of British poverty.[109] Their second report published in 2019 showed that 7 million people live in persistent poverty.[110]
Other forms of poverty
Further information: Fuel poverty in the United Kingdom
Water poverty is defined by the government as spending more than 3% of disposable income on water bills. Nationally, in 2006, nearly 10% of households were in water poverty.[111]
Fuel poverty. A fuel poor household is one that struggles to keep adequately warm at reasonable cost. The most widely accepted definition of a fuel poor household is one which needs to spend more than 10% of its income on all fuel use and to heat the home to an adequate standard of warmth. This is generally defined as 21 °C in the living room and 18 °C in the other occupied rooms.[112][113] Fuel poverty affects over a million British working households and over 2.3 million households in total and increases in energy prices affect poor people severely.[114]
Disability – Disabled adults are twice as likely to live in low income households as non-disabled adults.[115][needs update]
Low intelligence[116] – People with an IQ of 60 or below are speculated to be in danger of poverty and homelessness in the US in 2006.[needs update]
Underemployment – having a low-paid job with wages lower than the living wage, often the minimum wage, and working part-time.
Being born to poor parents
Lack of social capital
Cuts to social services
Being a lone parent – half of all lone parents are on a low income.[115]
Racial discrimination[117][118]
Current/recent figures
Eurostat figures show that the numbers of Britons at risk of poverty has fallen to 15.9% in 2014, down from 17.1% in 2010 and 19% in 2005 (after social transfers were taken into account).[46]
If the poverty line is defined as those individuals and households with incomes less than 60% of their respective medians, then "nearly 60%" of those in poverty are homeowners.[119]
Historical measurements of poverty
Seebohm Rowntree chose a basic 'shopping basket' of foods (identical to the rations given in the local workhouse), clothing and housing needs – anyone unable to afford them was deemed to be in poverty. By 1950, with the founding of the modern welfare state, the 'shopping basket' measurement had been abandoned.
Welfare overview
People enter the world of poverty due to: problems at the individual/family level and problems with the economy as a whole. Problems at the individual level include: race (human categorization), gender, sexual orientation, drug use, and level of education. Problems with the economy can include: low labor participation and high levels of unemployment .[120] Welfare is financial support given by the government to people in need. There are pressures on the welfare state because welfare must be justified in terms of its contribution to economic success. Welfare must contribute positively to the economy otherwise there is a risk of damaging currency values. Damage to currency values will damage trading positions and investment which will, in turn, hurt the economy overall.[121]
The Department of Health and Social Security (DHSS) is responsible for the welfare services in the United Kingdom. Income maintenance is centrally administered through DHSS offices (regional and local level).[122] Those who earn 39 pounds a week (except some married women) or more must contribute to the National Insurance Scheme. The National Health Service (NHS) provides virtually free healthcare for all residents – this is also centrally administered.
Persistent poverty and poverty statistics
Persistent poverty is the effects of experiencing low income for long periods of time. In 2014, 6.5% of the United Kingdom's population was classified as being in persistent poverty; that equates to approximately 3.9 million people. The UK's poverty rate overall in 2014 was the 12th highest amongst all European nations at 16.8%, however; it has the third-lowest persistent poverty rate.[123] Income tends to be measured before or after housing costs are accounted for (BHC or AHC).[124] Poverty levels tend to be higher after housing costs are accounted for because the poorer households need to spend a higher percentage of their income on housing. In 2014–2015, 13.5 million people were in relative low income AHC (an increase of 300,000 from the year before) and 12.9 million people were in absolute low income AHC (a decrease of 700,000 from the year before). Relative low income means that people live in households with income below 60% of the median in a specified year. Absolute income means that people live in households with income below 60% of the median income in some base year.[124]
In 2016, the incomes of poor households were extremely sensitive to the activity in the labour market. When any downturn in the labor market occurs, the poorest people in the UK are increasingly more vulnerable and at greater risk.[125] Median income (overall) has moved 2% above pre-crisis (2007–2008) levels. During the recovery period, inequality in workers' earnings has decreased. There has been strong employment growth along with weak earnings growth which have kept inequality low for several years.[125]
Poverty reduction strategies
In 1999, Tony Blair, the former Prime Minister of the United Kingdom, pledged that child poverty in the United Kingdom will end within a generation. The goal was to completely eradicate child poverty by 2020. Poverty is a result of several different factors, some of which include a lack of education and training, low participation in the labour market, poor working conditions and affordable housing.[126]
The key components of the UK's strategy to fight poverty are:
To increase labour market participation of those eligible to work.
To make work more advantageous for those receiving benefit.
To promote financial security for families.
To improve access to public transportation.[126]
One of the most crucial ways to reduce poverty is to increase benefit take-up. In 2009–10 almost a third of those who were eligible for means-tested benefit did not claim. In 2011–2012, 15% of those eligible for Child Tax Credit did not claim, neither did 35% of those eligible for Working Tax Credit.[120] Improving these numbers and getting those people to claim their entitlements would significantly help reduce poverty.
Ways that would help to increase benefit take-up include:
Simplifying the procedure so that claimants could better understand their entitlements.
Improvements to mental health services and support.
Improving child welfare, thus enabling children to benefit from a quality education.
A decrease in poverty would mean a more active economy because more people would have the ability to purchase more consumer goods.[127]
In one of the richest nations in the world there are 14 million people below the poverty line,[clarification needed] so there are wider issues. On the whole the wealth level below the threshold can change. China have moved 800 million people out of poverty since 1978, following its lead the UK can increase the minimum wage, decrease gender wage gap, encourage income growth through profit sharing in companies, give tax refunds to lower income earners, by working closer with charities, aiming for a higher average annual income increase, decreasing inflation, allowing greater equality through education and other means of economic freedom, and cutting down on poverty on a per region basis.[128][better source needed]
Viewpoints of major political parties
Poverty in 2015 General Election
For the British General Election of 2015, research was undertaken to analyse the commitment of the UK's political parties in addressing poverty. It demonstrated that "poverty has been overlooked as an issue in the General Election campaign" and that only the Green Party had an effective policy to deal with poverty. Analysis of other parties' policies and how they are used to deal with poverty ended in negative conclusions: "The Conservatives and UKIP both performed fairly badly". Labour performed better in some specific policy areas when compared to the Conservatives, but "there is not very much difference between them." Overall, the audit noted that views towards poverty were affected by specific views for those receiving social security benefits: "there was a general tendency to come down hard on welfare recipients, with a shift towards means-testing and victim-blaming across the board. This can be seen particularly in the context of Immigration and Housing."[129][non-primary source needed]
Poverty and political parties in 2000s
While leader of the Labour Government, Tony Blair vowed in 1999 to cut child poverty 25% by 2005, 50% by 2010 and to eradicate child poverty completely by 2020. The Labour Party website states:
"In 1997 Labour inherited one of the highest rates of child poverty in Europe – with one in three children living in poverty. Our mission to abolish child poverty is grounded both in our determination to secure social justice, and to tackle the problems that the social exclusion of children builds up for the long-term. Work is the best route out of poverty and our successful welfare to work measures have lifted millions out of poverty including disabled people, who have too often previously been consigned to a life on benefits. At the same time, millions of families are benefiting from the Child tax credit, the Working tax credit, and record rises in Child benefit."[130]
Their 2005 manifesto[131] states:
"[Since the Labour government came to power in 1997] there are two million fewer children and nearly two million fewer pensioners living in absolute poverty."
In late November 2006, the Conservative Party garnered headlines across the press when a senior member spoke out on poverty, invoking the name of Polly Toynbee. The headlines began when David Cameron's policy advisor and shadow minister Greg Clark wrote:
"The traditional Conservative vision of welfare as a safety net encompasses another outdated Tory nostrum – that poverty is absolute, not relative. Churchill's safety net is at the bottom: holding people at subsistence level, just above the abyss of hunger and homelessness. It is the social commentator Polly Toynbee who supplies imagery that is more appropriate for Conservative social policy in the twenty first century."[132][133]
This approach generated much comment and analysis.[134] It was followed two days later by Cameron saying poverty should be seen in relative terms to the rest of society, where people lack those things which others in society take for granted, "those who think otherwise are wrong [...] I believe that poverty is an economic waste, a moral disgrace. [...] We will only tackle the causes of poverty if we give a bigger role to society, tackling poverty is a social responsibility [...] Labour rely too heavily on redistributing money, and on the large, clunking mechanisms of the state."[135]
Pressure/interest groups
The Joseph Rowntree Foundation is one of the largest social policy research and development charities in the UK and takes particular interest in the issue of poverty, with over 2,000 reports on poverty and disadvantage available on its website.
The Child Poverty Action Group campaigns for the elimination of poverty amongst children.
End Child Poverty coalition also seeks the eradication of child poverty.
The Oxfam UK Poverty Programme[136] works with people and policy makers to tackle the causes of poverty.
In July 2013, Freedom from Torture published its report "The Poverty Barrier: The Right to Rehabilitation for Survivors of Torture in the UK[137] which highlighted failings of the British asylum system in their handling of torture survivors arriving in the UK. The evidence included in the report came from the testimony of over 100 survivors of torture and eighteen members of Freedom from Torture's clinical department. The report highlighted financial insecurity, social exclusion and hopelessness and how poverty prevented the rehabilitation process. One survivor stated: "... Our current living conditions keep our torture trauma still alive. We can't move on."
Basic income in the United Kingdom
Homelessness in the United Kingdom
Hunger in the United Kingdom
Income in the United Kingdom
Levelling up policy of the Boris Johnson government
Poverty by country
United Kingdom government austerity programme
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^ More than 2.3m families living in fuel poverty in England, The Guardian
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Key sources and external links
Government statistics
The UK Government's Department of Work and Pensions makes a yearly collection of Households below average income (HBAI) statistics, and has been doing so since 1994–5. The report for 2014-5 includes data and summary the overall income distribution, income equality, sources of income, low income indicators, and data on the relationship between poverty and children, age, pensioners and disability. The Department for Work and Pensions (official site) is responsible for policy relating to social welfare and tends to take the lead in addressing or contributing to poverty
Government reports
"Measuring Child Poverty" (PDF). Department for Work and Pensions. December 2003. Archived from the original (PDF) on 6 June 2014.
"Understanding older people's experiences of poverty and material deprivation" (PDF). DWP. July 2006. Archived from the original (PDF) on 5 June 2009.
Other sources of reports and analysis
UK Poverty 2017, The Joseph Rowntree Foundation - This report examines poverty rates in the UK, and looks at how figures have changed over the past two decades.
One hundred years of poverty and policy by Howard Glennerster, John Hills, and David Piachaud and Jo Webb - The Joseph Rowntree Foundation. Contains information on historical trends in poverty and anti-poverty legislation
Government debates (most recent first)
Child poverty debate - Westminster Hall, 4 July 2006.
Poverty debate - House of Lords, 6 February 2002.
Student poverty debate - House of Lords, 15 March 2001.
Child poverty, The Joseph Rowntree Foundation
Number and percentage of children living in poverty, in each year, 1979-2004.
Number and percentage of children living in poverty, in each year, 1979-2004 before and after housing costs.
Percentage of children living in poverty in working or workless households, 2003-04.
Proportion of children in families with (a) a lone parent, (b) married parents or stepparents and (c) cohabiting parents or stepparents in poverty, 2004-05.
Number and percentage of children living in poverty, 1997-2004.
Northern Ireland: children living in the province estimated to be living in poverty, broken down by (a) Northern Ireland local government district and (b) parliamentary constituency, 2002/04.
Working-age poverty
Working-age poverty, The Joseph Rowntree Foundation
Pensioner poverty
Pensioner poverty, Joseph Rowntree Foundation
Number and percentage of pensioners living in poverty from 1979-2004.
Pensioners in poverty 1994-2003, broken down by region.
Rural poverty
Rural poverty, 2002.
Percentage of children and adults living in poverty both before and after housing costs from 1995-2005.
Poverty among (a) pensioners, (b) the unemployed, (c) disabled and (d) others in 1996/97 and 2003/04.
JRF's What is poverty? page
The average weekly income for a) the lowest earning 40% and b) the highest earning 40% in England as a whole and the South West in particular for 1996/97-1998/99 and 2002/03-2004/05.
Contains estimates on trends in poverty and inequality in the United Kingdom from 1960 onwards
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Breadline Britain - the welfare state 60 years on - BBC News, 2006.
Social Exclusion - The Guardian, updated regularly.
Smoking Poverty in the UK - Shout Out UK, 2019
Charles Bradlaugh (1870s), Why do men starve?, London, Wikidata Q26395493
Charles Bradlaugh (1870s), Poverty: its effects on the political condition of the people, London: Austin & Co., Wikidata Q26720834
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Doctors know the cumulative effects of pollutants, toxins, heavy metals and other carcinogens can have a devastating effect on our bodies. No matter what we try do to minimize exposure, we are all at risk due to their presence in our environment—the air we breathe, the water we drink, the food we eat.
Certainly diet and lifestyle modification may help reduce some of the overall risk—such as eating a healthy, low-fat diet rich in fiber and antioxidants. However, it is abundantly clear that diet and lifestyle changes are not enough.
Environmental factors—such as chemicals in household cleaners, toxic ingredients in our daily skincare products and heavy metals in the water and food supply that increase our risk of chronic diseases, including cancer—are generally beyond our control.
What if there is a mineral with physical properties that trap, inactivate and eliminate from your body toxins, heavy metals, and pollutants such as nitrosamines and nitrites? Who would benefit from such a mineral? The simple answer is: Everyone!
As a practicing physician, I know that prevention and decreasing your risk of chronic diseases is a far better alternative to medical or surgical treatment after the fact, and is certainly a lot more cost effective. Prevention is clearly the best form of health insurance you and your family can get.
The mineral zeolite is gaining increasing attention in scientific and medical communities for its natural ability to trap and remove heavy metals and toxins from the body. Proven in numerous studies, the zeolite clinoptilolite is 100% safe, non-toxic and easy to use. Available without a prescription, this natural product is something that should be an everyday part of a healthy lifestyle.
While there are many zeolite products on the market today, one zeolite product in particular meets the rigorous standards medical professionals seek—a product called Pure Body.
What sets Pure Body apart is its commitment to efficacy—with comprehensive third-party testing by an independent lab—and a proprietary process that delivers a zeolite particle size small enough for fast absorption into the bloodstream, where it can provide systemic detoxification. This is particularly important as heavy metals and toxins are sequestered and stored in fat and tissue in the body.
Pure Body is not a drug, and as such, is safe for everyday use, with no side effects. A simple delivery method—by adding tasteless drops to water—make it an easy addition to your daily routine. In an age of rising health costs, Pure Body provides an affordable solution to many of the environmental risk factors we face today.
Dr. Alex Lee is board certified in Internal Medicine and Gastroenterology and serves as an Assistant Clinical Professor of Medicine at UCLA. A tireless advocate for the benefits of preventing many of the chronic diseases he sees all too often in his patients, Dr. Lee encourages a healthy diet and lifestyle choices. He also uses and recommends the products of Touchstone Essentials as part of a healthy lifestyle.
The information in this article is intended for educational purposes only. The views expressed are those of Dr. Lee, and he has not been compensated in any way for this article. These statements have not been evaluated by the Food and Drug Administration, and any products referenced are not intended to diagnose, treat, cure or prevent any disease. Touchstone is all the good of earth's bounty in a simple form that fits the reality of our lives in a complex world. The good inside.


text:
FROM mcr.microsoft.com/windows/nanoserver:ltsc2022
RUN i-will-fail

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
God Save Queens Park Rangers, The Most Fun Bad Team In The EPL
Billy Haisley
Filed to:queens park rangers
QPR aren't very good. In fact, they're quite terrible. They have the Premier League's second-worst points-per-game rate, have given up by far the most goals, and look generally incompetent performing many of the duties usually required of an EPL-quality club. But goddammit if they aren't the most entertaining side among the drearily boring relegation threats, and mainly for that reason, we're hoping they can bungle their way into safety.
The team itself makes the best argument for why you should pull for them. Here are the results of their last four matches: Crystal Palace 3-1 QPR; QPR 1-2 Everton; West Brom 1-4 QPR; Aston Villa 3-3 QPR. Notice something there? A whole lotta scoring.
In 12 of the Hoops' 32 league matches, QPR and their opponents have combined to score at least four goals. They've conceded 58 times while scoring 38 goals of their own, which combined gives their matches the highest number of total goals in the entire league. And aren't goals what we're all here for?
The best part about QPR is that they are the rare team that combines atrocious defending with pretty effective attacking. Tracking backward, they are a complete mess and allow their opponents an EPL-high 16 shots per game. Their closest company near the top of the shots-allowed table are fellow dumpster dwellers Sunderland in second, Leicester in third, West Ham in fourth, and Burnley in fifth.
However, the Londoners separate themselves on the other side of the ball. Their average of 14.3 shots taken per game is fifth in the league, only behind four of the current top five clubs in the points table. These guys know they're prone to coughing up multiple goals every time out, but instead of sitting deep and trying to aid their practically non-existent defense, they've decided to charge recklessly in the other direction looking for a little glory of their own.
QPR's attack is extremely basic. They gain possession of the ball and look to punt it forward as soon as possible. The Hoops don't care about possession (they average the fifth-least time on the ball), they don't care about passing accuracy (where they are third-worst), and they play more long balls than anyone. Most of these hoofed passes are aimed at old man Bobby Zamora's head, where hopefully he can knock it down in the path of Charlie Austin. Austin can then lay the ball off to one of the midfielders and run towards the box, where he performs his only (though exceedingly valuable) talent: scoring goals.
Austin has been one of the surprise performers this season thanks to his knack for scoring. The 25-year-old Englishman's 17 goals are just two behind league leaders Diego Costa and Harry Kane. He really isn't good at anything other than shooting and scoring, as this visual representation of his stats shows you:
Still, watching his movement and the quality of the shots he's able to crack off towards goal hints that he isn't in the midst of a completely fluky run; he has real talent, if only for the kind of lower-mid-table club QPR aspire to be.
Yesterday's barnstormer against Aston Villa was a perfect example of the typical QPR match. The R's twice had the lead in what was a crucial game against another relegation-battling team—including a 3-2 advantage with only 12 minutes left in regulation. Rather than try to protect those priceless three points, though, they played the only way they know how: balls to the wall.
Open vplayer.nbcsports.com
They ended up sharing a useful but probably insufficient point thanks to a Christian Benteke hat-trick and their inability to do more than try to maybe prevent the other team from running roughshod over their back line, but that doesn't really matter. What does matter is that a match between two clubs way down in the table about two or three weeks before the real panic sets in was a blast to watch. And that's largely because of how QPR play.
There aren't many good reasons to favor any one team over another in the relegation race—especially for American fans who've hopefully picked a more stable contender to root for rather than the chaff padding the bottom of the league. You might've wanted Stu Holden to remain in your field of vision back before he'd fully transitioned from tantalizing America soccer prospect to heartbreaking injury tale, or you might've appreciated Norwich's commitment to expansive play during their stint in the top division a couple years ago. Just as likely, however, is that you don't regularly have any particular inclination towards Burnley or Reading or Wolverhampton or any of the other once and future clubs whose only ambition is to suffer one or two fewer shellackings than the next three teams down the rankings.
For us neutrals, then, there's only one thing we can hope for from the bottom feeders—that they aren't boring. The safest path to Premier League safety involves stodgy defending and the odd careful counter, predicated on the idea that scoring zero goals yourself in an effort to keep a clean sheet will result in more points than leaving your own half and trying to score a couple. It's probably the correct way to go about things, but when those defensive-minded clubs don't end up with one of the 17 chairs when the music stops, not many are sad to see them sent down a level.
QPR, for better or for worse, actually try to entertain. They know they aren't going to hold many opponents scoreless, and focus on what they can do pretty well and go out and attack with everything they've got. They've spent money on big-name managers (unsuccessfully) and on big-name players (also largely unsuccessfully—and another reason to pull for them is the lingering threat of a triple relegation should they find themselves in the Football League's hands) and have dedicated themselves to getting some damn goals.
By the looks of the odds, it really will take the grace of God to keep QPR in the Premier League for next season. But the sacrifices they've made in the name of fun should've earned them a couple breaks by now.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Different diving conditions and divers requirements mean that we need to offer a choice of valves from both Si-Tech and Apeks. All valves though offer the same high quality and reliability which has become the hallmark of VIKING™.
The VIKING™ Standard Inlet Valve has a push button which is slightly higher than the housing. 360 degree swivel. Airflow 80 liters/min.
Fitted as an option on request.
The VIKING™ Push Protected Inlet Valve has a push button slightly lower than the housing which helps prevent accidental inflation by equipment straps etc. 360 degree swivel. Airflow 80 liters/min.
Fitted as standard to VIKING™ PRO, PROTECH II, HD, HAZTECH, VSN, VTS & WRS-D suits.
The VIKING™ Hazmat Inlet Valve is developed specifically for contaminated water diving conditions, and is equipped with a slide valve which may be closed manually enabling the diver to shut off the airflow in an emergency. This avoids the need to disconnect the hose, and eliminates the possibility of contaminated water entering the valve. This in addition to the non return valve already inside the valve. 360 degree swivel. Airflow 80 liters/min.
Fitted as standard to VIKING™ HDS suits.
The VIKING™ Low-Acoustic Inlet Valve is visually the same as the Hazmat inlet, but the slide performs a different function. Fully open the valve has an airflow of 80 liters/min, and in the "second" position, the airflow is reduced to only 20 liters/min, which creates a significantly lower acoustic profile. This valve is therefore intended for military use.
ALL OF THE ABOVE VALVES ARE AVAILABLE IN A NON-MAGNETIC VERSION FULFILLING THE REQUIREMENTS ACCORDING TO STANAG EOD OPERATIONS.
The VIKING™ Apeks Inlet Valve is a push protected inlet valve with the button slightly below the housing to prevent accidental valve inflation. 350 degree valve rotation. Airflow -- liters/min.


February 24, 2011 – Richmond, BC, Canada – Point Grey, a world leader of advanced digital imaging products, today announced the launch of its new 1.4 megapixel IEEE 1394b high-performance Grasshopper®2 camera.
The next-generation Grasshopper2 camera uses the exceptionally sensitive Sony® ICX285 2/3" EXview HAD CCD and a 14-bit analog-to-digital converter to generate high quality 1.4 megapixel images at 30 FPS – double the rate of the previous Grasshopper. The compact Grasshopper2 measures just 44 x 29 x 58 mm in size, and offers new features such as opto-isolated GPIO for industrial triggering and strobe output, and optimized performance imaging modes.
"The Sony ICX285 continues to be one of the industry's most popular sensors for high-sensitivity imaging," says Vladimir Tucakov, Director of Sales and Marketing at Point Grey. adds Tucakov. "With Grasshopper2 we have added special enhanced imaging modes that minimize noise, maximize dynamic range, and provide very long exposures, making it ideal for medical and bioscience applications. We have also doubled the maximum frame rate to 30 FPS – made possible by the 800 Mbit/s FireWire interface – to address the needs of more demanding machine vision applications, and made it all available at an industry-leading price."
Every Grasshopper2 GS2-FW camera is equipped with a 32 MByte frame buffer, 512 KByte non-volatile flash memory, and on-board temperature and power sensors to monitor camera status. Like all Point Grey cameras, every model provides automatic control of most camera properties, such as gain, exposure, and white balance; user configuration sets for defining custom power-up settings; and customizable region of interest and binning modes. Mechanical features of the Grasshopper2 GS2-FW include an industry-standard C-mount lens holder, removable optical window (monochrome models) or IR cut filter (color models), and IEEE 1394b connector with screw locks.
Point Grey introduced GigE Vision® models of the Grasshopper2 in September 2010. All Grasshopper2 models benefit from the seamless software integration that is available using the FlyCapture® Software Development Kit (SDK). The FlyCapture SDK is compatible with Point Grey FireWire, USB 2.0, and GigE cameras using the same API, and includes support for 32- and 64-bit Windows and Linux. The Grasshopper2 complies with v1.32 of the IIDC specification, which also allows it to be used with many third-party software packages.
The GS2-FW-14S5 (2/3-inch 1384x1036 at 30 FPS), list priced at USD $1,945, is available to order now from Point Grey and its network of distributors.
About Point Grey Research, Inc.
Point Grey Research, Inc. is a worldwide leader in the development of advanced digital camera technology products for machine vision, industrial imaging, and computer vision applications. Based in Richmond, BC, Canada, Point Grey designs, manufactures and distributes IEEE-1394 (FireWire) and USB 2.0 cameras that are known for their excellent quality, performance, and ease of use. A broad range of hardware, software and mechanical engineering skills has allowed Point Grey to successfully bring many innovative and ground-breaking products to market. This drive for innovation has led to many industry firsts, including the first and smallest 1394b digital camera.
Since its founding in January of 1997, the company's approach to product pricing, quality control, and customer service has attracted thousands of customers worldwide, and its organic growth through product sales has enabled the company to expand significantly without any outside investment. Point Grey currently employs more than 90 people worldwide and has a wholly-owned German subsidiary that provides sales and support services to customers in Europe, Africa and Israel. The company also has a strong network of distributors in Japan, Korea, China, Singapore, and Taiwan. For more information, visit www.ptgrey.com.


The Lone Star State has some outstanding cities within its boundaries, yet when it pertains to a few of the most globally understood cities on the planet, all eyes indicate Austin, TX. Not just is it the funding city of Texas, yet it is also the oft-referred to "music capital of the globe". Nonetheless, it would certainly come as no surprise that Austin, as well, has to manage the ordinary things like appliance repair. Austin, and its surrounding locations, all know the discomfort of handling residence devices breaking down much like every person else. Often, it's finest to reduce ties with an appliance when you understand it's as well old or also pricey to repair.
Positive Maintenance – Get to know how your home appliances work, review the handbook & comply with upkeep guidelines, and make a routine to aid points to remain normal. It pays off in the long-run since despite the fact that you may still need to change an appliance; you can expand its life years past a producer price quote.
Have Repair Components Accessible – If you are great with going the Do It Yourself course, having some repair parts handy is check this refrigerator repair free estimate site a great suggestion because you can make repairs promptly & quickly. Austin has some terrific appliance part sources that obtain good evaluations.
Sell, Scrap, or Donate – You can sell appliances as "handyman specials" via Austin Craigslist. You might junk them or reuse them CMC Recycling has multiple locations in Austin. You can additionally donate the appliance to a regional charity that can make some minor repair work & use it at a low cost for those in requirement Hope Family Second Hand & Restore are good regional alternatives.
Go Independent – A Consumer Reports study located that people who obtained their home appliances repaired at an independent repair shop were even more pleased with all aspects of the repair than they were working with a dealership or producer. It's a bit "scorched-Earth", yet by conserving for the unpreventable, you reduce the sting of the substitute bill.


When I was a kid, I used to love to bring pets home. Frogs, toads (except for some time when I strongly believed that if you touched a toad, you would certainly obtain growths), hermit crabs, turtles as well as even more.
I constantly discovered frogs to be type of fun and also amusing, yet I never truly kept them for long. I always felt negative and released them back right into the wild.
That was probably a good idea. As a kid I didn't truly understand what enters into taking care of pet frogs (or turtles or hermit crabs). It's not simply an issue of bringing one home; you need to be able to deal with him correctly or he isn't mosting likely to live long.
They do not need or desire a great deal of cuddling, patting or working out (and would possibly highly object if you tried to leash them). They are low-maintenance animals.
If you don't have the "icks" when it involves pests, you can possibly capture much of a frog's food on your own, depending upon where you live and also what time of the year it is.
Frogs can live a long time when they are given the chance not to be food for prey pets. Some might live to be 15 years or older.
Frogs can carry salmonella on their skin. Handle your frog carefully, making use of handwear covers. Maintain cats, pet dogs, young kids and also the immune-compromised far from your frog.
You have to deal with pests to feed a family pet frog. Some bigger breeds likewise consume tiny mice. Extremely high "eek" or "ick" elements below, so assume this with.
In numerous states and countries, you will need to check with your regional fish and also wild animals agencies to see to it there are no regulations concerning keeping frogs. I stay in Massachusetts, so I just mosted likely to the Massachusetts government website and browsed to the suitable web page. When unsure, call your company straight.
Equally as with pet dogs or pet cats, you need to find out about the type of frog you are considering earning.
Some are a lot more high-maintenance than others.
Some are prohibited and/or harmful to people.
Others start out little as well as lovable in their youth, yet morph right into enormous beasts as they get older.
You can discover details by asking your veterinarian and even rolling up your sleeves as well as doing some study.
Consider your lifestyle and, once again, your ick aspect. Personally, I would not also take into consideration obtaining a frog that would need me to deal with real-time bugs or computer mice.
Know What Devices You'll Require.
Plainly, it is not risk-free for your frog to just hop regarding your house. They can get stuck in little areas, harmed by jumping from big heights or even consumed by an additional pet dog. You will certainly require a durable fish tank or habitat.
Frogs' demands vary by type, yet you will need to make sure that your pet is warm sufficient. Some types will require a heating system in addition to a UV light to maintain them healthy and also pleased.
You will need recipes for food as well as water. Several frogs require an environment that consists of a swimming area, objects developed for secure climbing, humidity assesses, plants as well as even more. Each week, you'll require to cleanse the habitat as well as things within it.
Similar to all family pets, frogs have their very own certain needs. Any type of pet under your treatment is entitled to the very best you can provide, so make the effort to ensure there's an excellent, clean environment as well as lots of nasty pests for the frog's enjoyment.
On the silver lining, if your house has a cricket trouble, you may find a frog extremely helpful certainly!