Food additives are substances added to food to preserve flavor or enhance its taste, appearance, or other qualities. Some additives have been used for centuries; for example, preserving food by pickling (with vinegar), salting, as with bacon, preserving sweets or using sulfur dioxide as with wines. With the advent of processed foods in the second half of the twentieth century, many more additives have been introduced, of both natural and artificial origin. Food additives also include substances that may be introduced to food indirectly (called "indirect additives") in the manufacturing process, through packaging, or during storage or transport.
To regulate these additives, and inform consumers, each additive is assigned a unique number, termed as "E numbers", which is used in Europe for all approved additives. This numbering scheme has now been adopted and extended by the Codex Alimentarius Commission to internationally identify all additives, regardless of whether they are approved for use.
E numbers are all prefixed by "E", but countries outside Europe use only the number, whether the additive is approved in Europe or not. For example, acetic acid is written as E260 on products sold in Europe, but is simply known as additive 260 in some countries. Additive 103, alkannin, is not approved for use in Europe so does not have an E number, although it is approved for use in Australia and New Zealand. Since 1987, Australia has had an approved system of labelling for additives in packaged foods. Each food additive has to be named or numbered. The numbers are the same as in Europe, but without the prefix "E".
The United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) lists these items as "generally recognized as safe" (GRAS); they are listed under both their Chemical Abstracts Service number and FDA regulation under the United States Code of Federal Regulations.
See list of food additives for a complete list of all the names.
Food additives can be divided into several groups, although there is some overlap because some additives exert more than one effect. For example, salt is both a preservative as well as a flavor.
Acidulents confer sour or acid taste. Common acidulents include vinegar, citric acid, tartaric acid, malic acid, fumaric acid, and lactic acid.
Acidity regulators are used for controlling the pH of foods for stability or to affect activity of enzymes.
Antifoaming agents reduce or prevent foaming in foods. Foaming agents do the reverse.
Antioxidants such as vitamin C are preservatives by inhibiting the degradation of food by oxygen.
Bulking agents such as starch are additives that increase the bulk of a food without affecting its taste.
Colorings are added to food to replace colors lost during preparation or to make food look more attractive.
In contrast to colorings, color retention agents are used to preserve a food's existing color.
Emulsifiers allow water and oils to remain mixed together in an emulsion, as in mayonnaise, ice cream, and homogenized milk.
Flavors are additives that give food a particular taste or smell, and may be derived from natural ingredients or created artificially.
Flavor enhancers enhance a food's existing flavors. A popular example is monosodium glutamate. Some flavor enhancers have their own flavors that are independent of the food.
Flour treatment agents are added to flour to improve its color or its use in baking.
Glazing agents provide a shiny appearance or protective coating to foods.
Tracer gas allow for package integrity testing to prevent foods from being exposed to atmosphere, thus guaranteeing shelf life.
Sweeteners are added to foods for flavoring. Sweeteners other than sugar are added to keep the food energy (calories) low, or because they have beneficial effects regarding diabetes mellitus, tooth decay, or diarrhea.
Thickening agents are substances which, when added to the mixture, increase its viscosity without substantially modifying its other properties.
Bisphenols, phthalates, and perfluoroalkyl chemicals (PFCs) are indirect additives used in manufacturing or packaging. In July 2018 the American Academy of Pediatrics called for more careful study of those three substances, along with nitrates and food coloring, as they might harm children during development.
With the increasing use of processed foods since the 19th century, food additives are more widely used. Many countries regulate their use. For example, boric acid was widely used as a food preservative from the 1870s to the 1920s, but was banned after World War I due to its toxicity, as demonstrated in animal and human studies. During World War II, the urgent need for cheap, available food preservatives led to it being used again, but it was finally banned in the 1950s. Such cases led to a general mistrust of food additives, and an application of the precautionary principle led to the conclusion that only additives that are known to be safe should be used in foods. In the United States, this led to the adoption of the Delaney clause, an amendment to the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act of 1938, stating that no carcinogenic substances may be used as food additives. However, after the banning of cyclamates in the United States and Britain in 1969, saccharin, the only remaining legal artificial sweetener at the time, was found to cause cancer in rats. Widespread public outcry in the United States, partly communicated to Congress by postage-paid postcards supplied in the packaging of sweetened soft drinks, led to the retention of saccharin, despite its violation of the Delaney clause. However, in 2000, saccharin was found to be carcinogenic in rats due only to their unique urine chemistry.
Periodically, concerns have been expressed about a linkage between additives and hyperactivity, however "no clear evidence of ADHD was provided".
In 2007, Food Standards Australia New Zealand published an official shoppers' guidance with which the concerns of food additives and their labeling are mediated. In the EU it can take 10 years or more to obtain approval for a new food additive. This includes five years of safety testing, followed by two years for evaluation by the European Food Safety Authority and another three years before the additive receives an EU-wide approval for use in every country in the European Union. Apart from testing and analyzing food products during the whole production process to ensure safety and compliance with regulatory standards, Trading Standards officers (in the UK) protect the public from any illegal use or potentially dangerous mis-use of food additives by performing random testing of food products.
There has been significant controversy associated with the risks and benefits of food additives. Natural additives may be similarly harmful or be the cause of allergic reactions in certain individuals. For example, safrole was used to flavor root beer until it was shown to be carcinogenic. Due to the application of the Delaney clause, it may not be added to foods, even though it occurs naturally in sassafras and sweet basil.
A subset of food additives, micronutrients added in food fortification processes preserve nutrient value by providing vitamins and minerals to foods such as flour, cereal, margarine and milk which normally would not retain such high levels. Preservatives also reduce spoilage from sources such as air, bacteria, fungi, and yeast.
ISO has published a series of standards regarding the topic and these standards are covered by ICS 67.220.
Many food additives absorb radiation in the ultraviolet or visible regions of the spectrum. This absorbance can be used to determine the concentration of an additive in a sample using external calibration. However, additives may occur together and the absorbance by one could interfere with the absorbance of another. A prior separation stage is necessary and the additives are first separated by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and then determined on-line using a UV and/or visible light detector.
^ a b "Food Additives & Ingredients - Overview of Food Ingredients, Additives & Colors". FDA Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition. Retrieved 11 April 2017.
^ "Food Ingredients and Packaging Terms". FDA. January 4, 2018. Retrieved 9 September 2018.
^ Codex Alimentarius. "Class Names and the International Numbering System for Food Additives" (PDF).
^ "Press release: Some Common Food Additives May Pose Health Risks to Children". American Academy of Pediatrics. July 23, 2018.
^ a b Bucci, Luke (1995). Nutrition applied to injury rehabilitation and sports medicine. Boca Raton: CRC Press. p. 151. ISBN 0-8493-7913-X.
^ Assessment of technologies for determining cancer risks from the environment. Darby, Pennsylvania, USA: DIANE publishing. 1981. p. 177. ISBN 1-4289-2437-X.
^ Whysner, J.; Williams, GM. (1996). "Saccharin mechanistic data and risk assessment: urine composition, enhanced cell proliferation, and tumor promotion". Pharmacol Ther. 71 (1–2): 225–52. doi:10.1016/0163-7258(96)00069-1. PMID 8910956.
^ Dybing, E. (December 2002). "Development and implementation of the IPCS conceptual framework for evaluating mode of action of chemical carcinogens". Toxicology. 181-182: 121–5. doi:10.1016/S0300-483X(02)00266-4. PMID 12505296.
^ McCann, D; Barrett, A; Cooper, A; Crumpler, D; Dalen, L; Grimshaw, K; Kitchin, E; Lok, K; et al. (2007). "Food additives and hyperactive behaviour in 3-year-old and 8/9-year-old children in the community: a randomised, double-blinded, placebo-controlled trial". Lancet. 370 (9598): 1560–7. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(07)61306-3. PMID 17825405.
^ Food Standards Australia New Zealand (2007). "Choosing the Right Stuff - the official shoppers' guide to food additives and labels, kilojoules and fat content". Archived from the original on 14 May 2009. Retrieved 3 May 2009.
^ Martin Downs, MPH (17 December 2008). "The Truth About 7 Common Food Additives". WebMD.
^ Fennema, Owen R. (1996). Food chemistry. New York, N.Y: Marcel Dekker. p. 827. ISBN 0-8247-9691-8.
^ International Organization for Standardization. "67.220: Spices and condiments. Food additives". Retrieved 23 April 2009.
U.S. Food and Drug Administration. (1991). Everything Added to Food in the United States. Boca Raton, Florida: C.K. Smoley (c/o CRC Press, Inc.).
Everything Added to Food in the United States (EAFUS) i.e. Castor oil, etc.
Acceptable daily intake or ADI is a measure of the amount of a specific substance (originally applied for a food additive, later also for a residue of a veterinary drug or pesticide) in food or drinking water that can be ingested (orally) on a daily basis over a lifetime without an appreciable health risk. ADIs are expressed usually in milligrams (of the substance) per kilograms of body weight per day.
Butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA) is an antioxidant consisting of a mixture of two isomeric organic compounds, 2-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyanisole and 3-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyanisole. It is prepared from 4-methoxyphenol and isobutylene. It is a waxy solid used as a food additive with the E number E320. The primary use for BHA is as an antioxidant and preservative in food, food packaging, animal feed, cosmetics, rubber, and petroleum products. BHA also is commonly used in medicines, such as isotretinoin, lovastatin, and simvastatin, among others.
Butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT), also known as dibutylhydroxytoluene, is a lipophilic organic compound, chemically a derivative of phenol, that is useful for its antioxidant properties. European and U.S. regulations allow small amounts to be used as a food additive. In addition to this use, BHT is widely used to prevent oxidation in fluids (e.g. fuel, oil) and other materials where free radicals must be controlled.
Flavin mononucleotide (FMN), or riboflavin-5′-phosphate, is a biomolecule produced from riboflavin (vitamin B2) by the enzyme riboflavin kinase and functions as prosthetic group of various oxidoreductases including NADH dehydrogenase as well as cofactor in biological blue-light photo receptors. During the catalytic cycle, a reversible interconversion of the oxidized (FMN), semiquinone (FMNH•) and reduced (FMNH2) forms occurs in the various oxidoreductases. FMN is a stronger oxidizing agent than NAD and is particularly useful because it can take part in both one- and two-electron transfers. In its role as blue-light photo receptor, (oxidized) FMN stands out from the 'conventional' photo receptors as the signaling state and not an E/Z isomerization.
It is the principal form in which riboflavin is found in cells and tissues. It requires more energy to produce, but is more soluble than riboflavin.
The Food Additives Amendment of 1958 is a 1958 amendment to the United States' Food, Drugs, and Cosmetic Act of 1938. It was a response to concerns about the safety of new food additives. The amendment established an exemption from the "food additive" definition and requirements for substances "generally recognized as safe" by scientific experts in the field, based on long history of use before 1958 or based on scientific studies. New food additives would be subject to testing including by the "Delaney clause". The Delaney clause was a provision in the amendment which said that if a substance were found to cause cancer in man or animal, then it could not be used as a food additive.
Generally recognized as safe (GRAS) is a United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) designation that a chemical or substance added to food is considered safe by experts, and so is exempted from the usual Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act (FFDCA) food additive tolerance requirements. The concept of food additives being "generally recognized as safe" was first described in the Food Additives Amendment of 1958, and all additives introduced after this time had to be evaluated by new standards.
High-maltose corn syrup is a food additive used as a sweetener and preservative. The majority sugar is maltose. It is less sweet than high-fructose corn syrup and contains little to no fructose. It is sweet enough to be useful as a sweetener in commercial food production, however. To be given the label "high", the syrup must contain at least 50% maltose. Typically, it contains 40–50% maltose, though some have as high as 70%.By using β-amylase or fungal α-amylase, glucose syrups containing over 50% maltose, or even over 70% maltose (extra-high-maltose syrup) can be produced.p. 465 This is possible because these enzymes remove two glucose units, that is, one maltose molecule at a time from the end of the starch molecule.
Lecithin (UK: , US: , from the Greek lekithos, "egg yolk") is a generic term to designate any group of yellow-brownish fatty substances occurring in animal and plant tissues, which are amphiphilic – they attract both water and fatty substances (and so are both hydrophilic and lipophilic), and are used for smoothing food textures, emulsifying, homogenizing liquid mixtures, and repelling sticking materials.Lecithins are mixtures of glycerophospholipids including phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylinositol, phosphatidylserine, and phosphatidic acid.Lecithin was first isolated in 1845 by the French chemist and pharmacist Theodore Gobley. In 1850, he named the phosphatidylcholine lécithine. Gobley originally isolated lecithin from egg yolk—λέκιθος lekithos is "egg yolk" in Ancient Greek—and established the complete chemical formula of phosphatidylcholine in 1874; in between, he had demonstrated the presence of lecithin in a variety of biological matters, including venous blood, in human lungs, bile, human brain tissue, fish eggs, fish roe, and chicken and sheep brain.
Monosodium phosphate (MSP), also known as monobasic sodium phosphate and sodium dihydrogen phosphate, is an inorganic compound of sodium with a dihydrogen phosphate (H2PO4−) anion. One of many sodium phosphates, it is a common industrial chemical. The salt exists in an anhydrous form, as well as mono- and dihydrates.
In chemistry, a pyrophosphate are phosphorus oxyanions that contain a P-O-P linkage. A number of pyrophosphate salts exist, such as Na2H2P2O7, as well as the normal pyrophosphates. Often pyrophosphates are called diphosphates. The parent pyrophosphates are derived from partial or complete neutralization of pyrophosphoric acid. Important salts are disodium pyrophosphate and tetrasodium pyrophosphate. The pyrophosphate bond, as found in ATP, is very important in biochemistry.
Pyrophosphates are prepared by heating phosphates, hence the name pyro-phosphate (from the Ancient Greek: πῦρ, πυρός, translit. pyro, lit. 'fire'). More precisely, they are generated by heating phosphoric acids to the extent that a condensation reaction occurs.
Pyrophosphates are generally white or colorless. The alkali metal salts are water soluble. They are good complexing agents for metal ions (such as calcium and many transition metals) and have many uses in industrial chemistry. Pyrophosphate is the first member of an entire series of polyphosphates.The term pyrophosphate is also the name of esters formed by the condensation of a phosphorylated biological compound with inorganic phosphate, as for dimethylallyl pyrophosphate. This bond is also referred to as a high-energy phosphate bond.
Sodium hexametaphosphate (SHMP) is a hexamer of composition (NaPO3)6. Sodium hexametaphosphate of commerce is typically a mixture of polymeric metaphosphates, of which the hexamer is one, and is usually the compound referred to by this name. It is more correctly termed sodium polymetaphosphate.
Stevia () is a sweetener and sugar substitute extracted from the leaves of the plant species Stevia rebaudiana, native to Brazil and Paraguay. The active compounds are steviol glycosides (mainly stevioside and rebaudioside), which have 30 to 150 times the sweetness of sugar, are heat-stable, pH-stable, and not fermentable. The body does not metabolize the glycosides in stevia and therefore it contains 0 calories like some artificial sweeteners. Stevia's taste has a slower onset and longer duration than that of sugar, and some of its extracts may have a bitter or licorice-like aftertaste at high concentrations.
Stigmasterol – a plant sterol (phytosterol) – is among the most abundant of plant sterols, having a major function to maintain the structure and physiology of cell membranes. In the European Union, it is a food additive listed with E number E499, and may be used in food manufacturing to increase the phytosterol content, potentially lowering the levels of LDL cholesterol.
Sunset Yellow FCF (also known as Orange Yellow S, or C.I. 15985) is a petroleum-derived orange azo dye with a pH dependent maximum absorption at about 480 nm at pH 1 and 443 nm at pH 13 with a shoulder at 500 nm. When added to foods sold in the US it is known as FD&C Yellow 6; when sold in Europe, it is denoted by E Number E110.
Xanthan gum () is a polysaccharide with many industrial uses, including as a common food additive. It is an effective thickening agent and stabilizer to prevent ingredients from separating. It can be produced from simple sugars using a fermentation process, and derives its name from the species of bacteria used, Xanthomonas campestris.


text:
Van Hollen crafts gun licensing bill
By John Fritze
| WASHINGTON
"States require licenses to drive a car or even to fish in local rivers, so requiring a license to buy a deadly handgun is a common sense step that could save countless lives," said Rep. Chris Van Hollen, D-Md. (Brian Witte, Associated Press)
Rep. Chris Van Hollen, the Montgomery County Democrat who is running for the Senate, introduced legislation Thursday to encourage states to toughen handgun licensing requirements — an effort he said would reduce homicides.
The bill, supported only by Democrats, would create a federal grant program to help states create permit-to-purchase requirements for all handguns, including those bought at gun shows and from private dealers. They are the kinds of requirements that Maryland approved in 2013.
"States require licenses to drive a car or even to fish in local rivers, so requiring a license to buy a deadly handgun is a common-sense step that could save countless lives," Van Hollen said.
Van Hollen unveiled the legislation in tandem with a study from the Johns Hopkins Center for Gun Policy and Research, which found that a 1995 Connecticut law requiring a permit and background check to purchase a handgun was associated with a 40 percent reduction in firearm-related homicides. Ten states and the District of Columbia have handgun purchaser laws.
Sens. Richard C. Blumenthal and Christopher S. Murphy of Connecticut are introducing similar legislation in the Senate.
[Most read] Security being increased at Baltimore city buildings after fired IT employee gained 'unfettered access' to sensitive areas »
The proposal, which is unlikely to advance in the Republican-controlled Congress, would set up a Justice Department grant program.
A spokeswoman for the National Rifle Association dismissed the study and the legislative effort.
"A majority of Americans don't want more gun control and they definitely don't want to have to ask permission from the federal government to exercise their constitutional right," Catherine Mortensen said.
Van Hollen is running to replace Sen. Barbara A. Mikulski, who is retiring. Rep. Donna F. Edwards, a Prince George's County Democrat, also is running.
"Background checks are a good first step, but we've been down this road before," Edwards said. "We need leaders willing to take on the NRA to keep guns out of the hands of criminals and domestic abusers once and for all."
john.fritze@baltsun.com
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twitter.com/jfritze
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Bold and brash, Prophere launches the next era of streetwear culture. These shoes have a knit upper with oversize nubuck 3-Stripes. An elastic collar makes these shoes easy to take on and off. They ride on a sculpted midsole with striking proportions and a resilient feel.


text:
Home/Europe/Covid-19: Omicron spreading at lightning speed – French PM
EuropeHealthlatest news
Covid-19: Omicron spreading at lightning speed – French PM
NewsroomDecember 18, 2021
bbc– The Omicron variant is "spreading at lightning speed" in Europe and will likely become dominant in France by the start of next year, French Prime Minister Jean Castex has warned.
He spoke on Friday, hours before France imposed strict travel restrictions on those entering from the United Kingdom.
The UK has so far been the hardest hit in the region, with nearly 15,000 confirmed Omicron cases on Friday.
Across the continent, health officials are bracing for a wave of infections.
Additional restrictions were announced in Germany, the Republic of Ireland and the Netherlands on Friday as governments seek to stem the tide.
In Germany – which reported 50,000 new cases on Friday – Health Minister Karl Lauterbach told reporters the country "must prepare for a challenge that we have not yet had in this form".
Meanwhile in Ireland, where a third of new cases have been due to the new variant, Taoiseach Micheál Martin said they were expecting "to see infections at a rate that is far in excess of anything we have seen to date".
Their words came as the UK reported a record number of Covid infections for a third day in a row – more than 93,000 – largely driven by Omicron.
What are France's new rules for UK travellers?
Ports and Eurostar busy ahead of France travel ban
France closed its border to tourists and business people travelling from the UK at 23:00 GMT on Friday, with huge queues forming at the Port of Dover and Eurostar terminals as people tried to enter before the ban came into effect.
Speaking hours before, Mr Castex said the new travel restrictions were part of a series of measures being brought in to stem the tide of infections.
They include shortening the gap between the second and third dose of vaccine, and requiring a full vaccination to enter restaurants and long-distance public transport.
Additionally, all official New Years Eve celebrations and firework displays have been cancelled.
Mr Castex also said the government would announce new steps to tackle vaccine hesitancy next year, saying it was "not acceptable that the refusal of a few million French people to be vaccinated puts the life of an entire country at risk".
In the Netherlands, Dutch health experts have said the country should go into a "strict" lockdown, local media has reported.
Prime Minister Mark Rutte has said Omicron could be the country's dominant strain by January, similar to France.
Since late November, bars, restaurants and most shops have been ordered to close between 17:00 and 05:00 local time. This measure was meant to end before Christmas, but will now continue until 14 January.
The Netherlands recorded more than 15,400 infections on Friday – less than previous days, but far higher overall than any other time during the pandemic.
The hospitality industry in the Republic of Ireland has said it will be devastated by new rules from Monday that mean pubs, restaurants, theatres and cinemas must close every night by 20:00 local time.
Hospitality venues in Ireland to close early
Netherlands further tightens Covid lockdown
The move has also been criticised by some politicians from Ireland's governing coalition, who said the new rules would encourage more gatherings in people's homes.
Sports venues will have to operate at 50% capacity or have attendance numbers capped at 5,000. Wedding celebrations will be allowed to go on until midnight – with a maximum of 100 guests.
There is already a limit of four households allowed to socialise together inside a home.
Tánaiste (Irish deputy PM) Leo Varadkar said the government would announce financial measures on Monday to support businesses affected by the new rules.
French PM Omicron
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Are Good Kidneys Going to Waste?


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//  KML Framework
//
//  Created by NextBusinessSystem on 12/04/06.
//  Copyright (c) 2012 NextBusinessSystem Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.
//

#import <Foundation/Foundation.h>
#import "KMLElement.h"

/** This is an abstract base class and cannot be used directly in a KML file.
 It provides the id attribute, which allows unique identification of a KML element, and the targetId attribute, which is used to reference objects that have already been loaded into Google Earth.
 The id attribute must be assigned if the Update mechanism is to be used.

 The KML Framework follows KML standard specification.
 You can see the Google's KML reference at http://code.google.com/apis/kml/documentation/kmlreference.html
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@interface KMLAbstractObject : KMLElement

/// ---------------------------------
/// @name Accessing Properties
/// ---------------------------------

/** The unique identification of a KML element. */
@property (strong, nonatomic) NSString *objectID;

/** This is used to reference objects that have already been loaded into app. */
@property (strong, nonatomic) NSString *targetID;

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You are here: Home / Categories / Astro News & Commentary / Astro News / 17.03.11- Mercury: At Last!
The planet Mercury has been subject to brief flybys since the first and only one conducted by Mariner 10 in 1974, but never played host to a dedicated orbiter until today. In fact, the entire surface of Mercury hadn't been accurately mapped until the advent of Messenger. A low cost ($446 million) Discovery class mission, Messenger sports a science payload including the Mercury Dual Imaging System (MDIS) Spectrometers designed to measure the x-ray, neutron, and gamma-ray environment, as well as various plasma and particle monitoring devices. Already, Messenger has detected an elusive anti-sunward ion tail related to the planet, and returned some stunning images from previous flybys. A live webcast on the event is planned for tonight at 7:55 PM EDT/11:55 PM UT, but don't expect pretty pictures to become routine until a few weeks post insertion. March 23rd will mark the start of a complete wring through of the instrumentation, and April 4th the true science phase of the mission begins.
Some of the questions that scientists hope to answer about Mercury are: why is it so dense? What is the history of this rocky world? How dynamic is its environment? This is planetary science in the making, as we hunker down to begin a proper survey of a new world. Messenger's primary mission is to orbit Mercury for one Earth year or just over four solar orbits of Mercury. And don't forget to look westward in the dusk skies tonight for Mercury low to the horizon, and realize that a little unknown slice of the universe is about to become just a little more known!


Palmer amaranth (left) and waterhemp (right) are both invasive weeds that can threaten corn yields.
As cousins in the pigweed family, Palmer amaranth and waterhemp are aggressive, invasive weeds and a threat to corn yields throughout the Midwest. They are also glyphosate-resistant, making them that much more challenging to contain.
Managing these two resistant weeds continues to become more difficult. Understanding how to identify and control these problem weeds is more important than ever.
Waterhemp and Palmer amaranth have similar physical characteristics and are difficult to distinguish from each other. They both have the capacity to grow upwards of six feet in height. Waterhemp stands tall, with a glossy appearance and a stem that can be green or red. The waterhemp leaf and stem are both hairless, and the leaf shape tends to be long, slender and either egg- or lance-shaped with a shorter petiole.
Palmer amaranth is a summer annual. It may have a single hair at the leaf tip, with the rest of its leaf and stem also being hairless. Its leaf shape is much wider and ovate than waterhemp, and its petiole is longer than its leaf. The leaves often have a white "V" patterned into them. Finally, Palmer amaranth plants have a taller female seedhead, which can reach to over two feet in length.
Both plants are dioecious, meaning they have separate male and female plants. They produce hundreds of thousands of seeds that are less than 1/32 inch in diameter. This is the first of many challenges with both waterhemp and Palmer amaranth. These seeds are tiny and easily escapable. They transfer through wind, weather, manure and animals, as well as in machinery. Millions of seeds mean that these weeds have an optimal environment to develop into the current problem that they are.
The challenge doesn't end there. Both plants are biologically adaptable and can withstand climate limitations. They bloom from the early spring to well past the first frost. This allows them to be genetically diverse and develop resistance to single site-of-action herbicides.
Managing these weeds will require a holistic approach, including crop rotation, tillage, cover crops and monitoring ditches and borders. Using pre- and post-emergence or multiple mode-of-action herbicides are other ways to control resistant weeds. Maintaining extreme vigilance helps capture them at the earliest stages of development.
Both Palmer amaranth and waterhemp can grow up to three inches per day. That means capturing them at their first emergence is key to keeping these weeds from going to seed. Once these prolific, resistant weeds get started with seed production, they are difficult to slow down. A zero-tolerance policy and scouting 10 to 12 days post-planting protect fields from these resistant weeds.
If resistant weeds are present in a field, Rittemann recommends a two-pass herbicide program. This includes pre- and post-emergence applications of herbicides with multiple effective sites of action.
Utilizing two products from Bayer in a program approach, Corvus® followed by DiFlexx® DUO, helps provide zero tolerance control against resistant weeds. Corvus is a proven performer in crop protection and the number one pre-emergence corn herbicide amongst growers.iii It offers burndown to take out early weeds, residual control to prevent new weeds and reactivation with as little as a half inch of rain.
DiFlexx DUO offers highly effective post-emergence protection on glyphosate-resistant and other tough-to-control weeds, including Palmer amaranth and waterhemp. With two effective sites of action, DiFlexx DUO provides built-in resistance management, while also offering exceptional crop safety for all types of corn and soil types.
Local agronomists or University extension representatives can confirm the presence of resistant Palmer amaranth or waterhemp in fields.
© 2018 Bayer CropScience LP, 2 T.W. Alexander Drive, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709. Always read and follow label instructions. Bayer, the Bayer Cross and Corvus are registered trademarks of Bayer. Corvus is a Restricted Use Pesticide. For additional product information, call toll-free 1-866-99-BAYER (1-866-992-2937) or visit our website at www.cropscience.bayer.us.


text:
The Great Gap in Financial Reform
by Ralph Nader
Dear President Obama, Senator Schumer and Senator Shelby:
On the eve of the portentous Senate debate over the extent to which the financial industry is to be so as to avert future megacollapses on the backs of taxpayers, workers and consumers, a great gap has been left unattended.
That gap pertains to the continued powerlessness of the investors and consumers—the people who bear the ultimate brunt of Wall Street's recklessness, avarice and crimes and who have the greatest interest in strong regulatory enforcement.
Among all the amendments filed for the upcoming Senate debate, only amendment number 29, introduced by Senator Schumer, provides a facility to establish an independent non-governmental non-profit Financial Consumers' Association (FCA).
Amendment 29 includes the following for funding this unique institution:
"…the financial industry has enjoyed virtually unlimited access to represent its interest before Congress, the courts, and State and Federal regulators, while financial services consumers have had limited representation before Congress and financial regulatory entities;" and
"…the Federal Government has a substantial interest in the creation of a public purpose, democratically controlled, self-funded, nationwide membership association of financial services consumers to enhance their representation and to effectively combat unsound financial practices."
Anyone modestly familiar with the history of regulatory failures knows that the gross disparity of power and organized advocacy between big business and consumers outside of government leads to an absence of fair standards and law enforcement.
It also leads, as everyone knows, to massive taxpayer bailouts, subsidies and guarantees when these giant banks and other financial firms immolate themselves, after enriching their bosses, while engulfing tens of millions of innocent people in the subsequent economic conflagration.
Given all the privileges and costly rescues for culpable corporations that flow regularly from Washington, D.C., adopting ever so mildly the principle of reciprocity makes a powerful case for facilitating a nationwide Financial Consumers' Association—one that would be composed of voluntary memberships by consumers who, through their annual dues, will sustain the FCA for an expert place at the table.
Senator Schumer, when he was a Congressman during the savings and loan bailout in the nineteen eighties, introduced such a proposal. But the bankers took the $150 billion bailout and blocked this reciprocal respect for depositors in the House Banking Committee.
Then Representative Schumer and his supporting colleagues on that Committee understood that without the supposed beneficiaries of regulatory authority being organized to make regulation and deterrence work, the Savings and Loan collapse could happen again. And so they became prophetic beyond their wildest nightmares.
Before he died in a plane crash in 2002, Senator Paul Wellstone recognized the need for such a facility, when he introduced the Consumer and Shareholder Protection Association Act.
A key enhancing feature in amendment 29 is a requirement that invitations to membership in the FCA be included in the billing envelopes or electronic communications of financial institutions with their customers. At no expense to these vendors, these notices would ensure that the maximum number of consumers are invited to join and fund such a democratically run, educational and advocacy organization.
In early 2009 I met with Chairman Christopher Dodd and explained the nature and importance of the FCA and Senator Schumer's earlier role in advancing this civic innovation. He seemed receptive to the idea and urged us to have his colleague Senator Schumer take the lead, which he has done with amendment 29 just a few weeks ago. Senator Shelby and I have also discussed the FCA proposal.
The major valiant but overwhelmed consumer groups, who experience daily this enormous imbalance of power between corporations and consumers, presently stacked by unprecedented amounts of federal funds and bailout facilities for the misbehaving companies, support the creation of a self-funded FCA.
The Federal Government has long paid for facilities in the U.S. Department of Agriculture for agricultural businesses to band together and assess themselves to promote beef, corn, cotton and other commodities to increase their profits. By contrast the FCA, once launched, would be composed of consumers paying their own way to preserve their hard-earned savings from predatory financial speculators.
Allow one prediction. Even if the ultimate legislation comes out stronger than expected on such matters as derivatives, rating agencies, too big to fail, using depositor funds for speculation, and the consumer financial regulatory bureau, unless the consumer-investor is afforded modest facilities to band together with their experts and advocates, the laws will hardly be enforced with sufficient budgets, personnel and regulatory will power.
Give the consumer a modest round in this prolonged deliberation following the destructive events of 2008.
WORDS THAT STICK
More articles by:Ralph Nader
Ralph Nader is a consumer advocate, lawyer and author of Only the Super-Rich Can Save Us!


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M. Uyehara is the founder and owner of Black Belt magazine, having created the martial arts industry's leading publication in 1961. During the early years, Uyehara served as a hands-on owner and publisher, and made every effort to bring the world's greatest martial artist to his readers. In the following account. he describes how he became acquainted with a then up-and-coming martial artist and actor named Bruce Lee.
Black Belt magazine's first interview with Bruce was when he was working on The Green Hornet television series in Los Angeles. Bruce and I had a long conversation that day. He and I clicked and got along from the very first time we met.
A few weeks later, Bruce was scheduled to do a demonstration at Ed Parker's Long Beach (California) International Karate Championship. I went to the tournament, and Bruce went out on the floor when it came time for his demonstration. I think there were over 4,000 people in attendance. There were a lot of kids there, because they had announced that Kato from The Green Hornet would be there. He was signing autographs; he was very good with kids.
So he went up and put on some demonstrations. He asked for volunteers to help with his demonstrations, but nobody would go up. Finally a guy volunteered. Someone told me he was a former boxer. Bruce told this guy to throw a punch at his face. Bruce stood about six or seven feet away, and this guy missed every time. Bruce would yell "Oops' you missed again." He was the comical type.
After we became friends, he would call me just about every day, unless he was filming on location. When he called, he would usually talk about acting, martial arts, weight-lifting, vitamins and exercises. Once in a while he would come to the office at Black Belt and say hello to everybody.
I used to train with him, so I would go to his house and we would practice different techniques. Ted Wong, Danny Jackson, myself and Bruce there were always four of us training.
Sometimes Bruce would hold a padded shield and tell us to hit it, and we tried to move it. After a while, we started to get pretty good at it and we were reaching him. So one day he stopped by Black Belt, came into my office and told me to take my shoes off. He said he wanted to try something new. So I took my shoes off, and he said "Attack me."
I kicked toward his stomach, and then pulled my leg back. He said "You're pretty good. You're pretty fast."
Then he told me to move further away from him and try it again. He said "That's not bad." He kept telling me how good I was.
Then, the third time I tried to kick him, he whacked me in the stomach. He caught me before I could move. I looked at him and said "Try that again," because I couldn't believe it.
So he tried again, and he caught me again in the stomach before I could kick. He was just trying to figure out if the techniques he was developing would work on me. The employees at Black Belt were always wondering what all the noise was when Bruce was visiting the office.
He got along really great with kids and had a lot of fun with them. Sometimes, when kids would come around the Black Belt office, they didn't know who Bruce was. Bruce would say to the kid "Do you want this dime?" And the kid would say "I don't mind having a dime." So Bruce would put the dime in the palm of the kid's hand, and he told the kid that if he couldn't grab the dime before the youngster closed his hand, the kid could keep it. Then Bruce would move his hand toward the kid's palm, and the kid would close his hand, get excited and say "l got it!"
Then Bruce would tell him to open his hand. And the kid would find a penny. Bruce could swap the dime for a penny that quick. That was his favorite trick with the kids. I never saw a kid beat him at that.
By the time I met Bruce, Black Belt had been in existence for several years.
He came to us because he thought we had the best magazine in the industry. He told me of a time when he was going to travel to Switzerland to teach a private lesson to filmmaker Roman Polanski. Nobody really knew of Bruce back then. When he was getting his passport, he told them that he was Bruce Lee. The guy said "Oh yeah, weren't you in Black Belt magazine?" They knew Black Belt more than they knew Bruce Lee. After that experience, he was so loyal to me.
He used to tell me that "If it weren't for Black Belt, no one would think I was authentic. They would think I was just an actor. They would think I just had stunt people to do the things I do on the screen. But you guys made me a genuine martial artist." He really appreciated Black Belt's coverage of him.
© 1995 Rainbo Publications, Inc. All rights reserved.


text:
Electoral Carlism of Restoration was vital to sustain Traditionalism in the period between the Third Carlist War and the Primo de Rivera dictatorship. Carlism, defeated in 1876, during the Restauración period recalibrated its focus from military action to political means and media campaigns. Accommodating themselves to political framework of the Alfonsine monarchy, the movement leaders considered elections, and especially elections to Congreso de los Diputados, primary vehicle of political mobilization. Though Carlist minority in the Cortes remained marginal and its impact on national politics was negligible, electoral campaigns were key to sustain the party until it regained momentum during the Second Spanish Republic.

Electoral system

The Spanish electoral system of the Restauración period envisioned that 1 deputy should represent around 50.000 inhabitants. The lower and the only fully electable chamber of the legislative, Congreso de los Diputados, was composed of around 400 deputies. Electoral districts were territorially roughly corresponding to existing judicial districts, though there could have been minor local differences. The districts were falling into two categories: 279 distritos rurales and 88 circunscripciones. The former were electing one deputy; the latter were electing a plurality of deputies, differing in number depending on the number of inhabitants; in these districts a voter was entitled to choose more than one candidate. In both types of districts mandates were assigned according to the first-past-the-post system. Though districts formed provinces and provinces were part of wider regiones, none of these two types of units played any role in the election process.

Until the 1886 election the eligible voters were Spanish male citizens above 25 years of age with appropriate material status, i.e. those who paid annual fees known as "contribución territorial" in rural areas or as "subsidio industrial" in case of urban residents. Starting the 1891 campaign the rights were granted to all males above 25 years, which increased the number of potential voters from 0.8m to 4.8m, the latter figure corresponding to 27% of the entire population.
Spanish elections of the Restauración are marked by 2 distinct features: turnismo and caciquismo. According to the turnista routine, elections were organized by one of two rotating pre-appointed parties, Conservatives and Liberals, to ensure their parliamentary majority; the objective was achieved by a wide range of manipulations known as pucherazos. Caciquismo was the system of political corruption based on networks of local party bosses. Efficiency of both mechanisms decreased over time and varied across the country; rural areas were typically more prone to electoral fraud. Carlism functioned on the sidelines of the system, deprived of the privileges enjoyed by two partidos turnistas; though there were a few local Carlist bosses or even dynasties, in general caciquismo worked against the Carlist fortunes.

General performance overview

During the period of 1879-1923 general elections were held 20 times; the aggregate number of mandates available was 8,048. All branches of Traditionalism combined – the Carlists/Jaimists, the Integrists, the Mellists and the independent candidates - gained 145 mandates, which is 1,8% of the total. This score positions the Traditionalists far behind two key political groupings of the Restoration era, the Conservatives and the Liberals; together with offshoot branches and related groups they seized above 3,500 mandates each. The Traditionalist result is also much worse than this recorded by various and usually highly ephemeral parties and electoral alliances falling into the generic republican-democratic rubric; on aggregate they won some 500 tickets. Traditionalism comes fourth, behind the Conservative, Liberal and Republican political currents. On the overall basis it won more seats than parties which gained dynamics in the 20th century: the Catalanists, the Basques or the Socialists.

Traditionalist performance measured in terms of the number of voters is difficult to gauge due to different factors, ranging from fraud and manipulation to peculiarities of electoral arithmetic. In the 1890s the aggregate number of votes obtained by Traditionalist deputies in each campaign hovered around 40,000, though given one should also include votes obtained by unsuccessful candidates the number was probably closer to 50,000; this would stand for some 1,7% of all active electorate. In the 20th century the combined number of votes received by victorious Traditionalists in each campaign was some 65,000 on average. In 1907, 1918 and 1919 it was rather around 90,000, which suggests that at best there might have been as many as 100,000 people voting Traditionalism, around 4% of the total active electorate. Though hardly an imposing figure, even in the early 1920s the Traditionalist electorate was by far larger than e.g. the Socialist one, as until the advent of Primo de Rivera dictatorship PSOE did not manage to attract more than 40,000 voters.

Periodization

From the general Spanish perspective, the position of Carlists in the parliament underwent little if any change throughout all of the Restauración: the group formed an insignificant minority, ranging from barely noticeable to minor, and was in no way able to influence the course of national politics. It was only its most eloquent members that occasionally managed to make their presence felt. From the Carlist perspective, however, the size of their Cortes contingent differed enormously and could have been anything in the range between 1 and 16. Fluctuating fortunes of the movement at the polls stemmed to a large extent from their wavering performance in Navarre. In other regions their potential remained rather constant, as Vascongadas used to elect 2-3 MPs, Catalonia (except the 1907 campaign) 1-2 MPs and Old Castile 1 MP. Measured by the number of Carlist deputies present, the Restoration era falls into 4 sub-periods.

The years of 1879-1891 saw very few Carlist deputies, successful only as individuals - the first one elected baron de Sangarrén in 1879 - since officially the party did not participate in the elections. The movement, defeated during the Third Carlist War, suffered from results of military disaster and the ensuing repressions. With press titles suspended, circulos closed, holdings expropriated and supporters exiled Carlism was only gradually rebuilding its infrastructure. The recovery was made difficult by growing animosity between the claimant Carlos VII and the Nocedal father and son, resulting in the Integrist secession of 1888. As a result, up to 1891 there were only single deputies elected from Guipuzcoa, Álava and Biscay though there were also successful candidates from other parties, supported by the Carlists, and though Carlism dominated in local elections in some provinces.

The Nocedalista breakup triggered a more aggressive electoral policy, as both the Integrists and the mainstream Carlists tried to outpace each other. The year of 1891 marked their first official campaign. Demonstrating mutual and bitter hostility, both groups considered traditional Carlist enemies lesser evil; Carlos VII and Ramón Nocedal alike instructed their followers to seek alliance even with the Liberals if that was to produce defeat of their ex-fellow brethren. This approach started to change locally in the final years of the 19th century, in the 20th century both groups driven together by a joint opposition to new governmental laws.  Nevertheless, between 1891 and 1907 both branches combined failed to gather more than 10 MPs in one term, the mainstream Carlism holding on aggregate 44 mandates and Integrism winning 12

The campaign of 1907 produced the best Carlist electoral score achieved during Restauración, which was the result of two factors. Traditionalism grew to almost total control of Navarre, where both branches grabbed 6 out of 7 mandates, willingly conceding the remaining one to Conservatives. In Catalonia the Carlists joined a regional alliance, which elevated the number of their Catalan MPs from the usual one or two to 6. Though the coalition fell apart few years later, it was in turn a rapid though ephemeral growth of the Valencian branch of the movement combined with continuous supremacy in Navarre and rapprochement with the Integrists which allowed Carlism to occupy 10-12 seats in the lower chamber of the Cortes through most of the terms until 1920.

The final years of 1920-1923 are marked by reduction of the minority. Another breakup within the movement, the Mellista secession, devastated Carlism, with a huge number of leaders and regional jefes joining the breakaways. In the traditional stronghold, Navarre, the policy of short-lived pivotal alliances – even with the Liberals – bewildered the electorate, and Carlism lost its grip on the province. Basque and Catalan movements were assuming increasingly cautious policy towards Carlism. Finally, the growth of new rivals, Republicans and Socialists, started to undercut whatever electoral support Carlists still enjoyed in the Northern and Eastern provinces. During the last campaign of 1923 Jaime III ordered abstention, quoting disillusionment as to the corrupted democracy.

Program and alliances

Initially the Carlists preferred not to compete on an ideology-driven program and limited themselves to arguing that only Traditionalism would be a genuine representative of local interests in Madrid. Actually, it was the "Fueros" part of their ideario which was put on the forefront, materialized as support for the Fueristas in the 1880s, local regional alliances of the 1890s, Solidaritat Catalana of 1907 or Alianza Foral of the 1920s. However, support for traditional local establishments has never amounted to clear endorsement of autonomous designs for Vascongadas, Catalonia or any other region, which kept undermining the Carlists-Nationalist relations. Another typical feature of Traditionalist propaganda was defense of rights enjoyed by the Roman Catholic Church and constant references to Christian values. Carlists tried to obtain an exclusive "Catholic" license from the hierarchy and criticized alleged abuse and inflation of the term, granted by the bishops even to Liberal candidates. Dynastical claims were usually veiled and the party avoided open challenge of the Alfonsist rule.

As the turnista system degenerated, in the 20th century the Carlist propaganda focused increasingly on political corruption, presented as inevitable consequence of liberalism. Campaigns of Carlist candidates, always ultra-conservative and anti-democratic, at the turn of the centuries became even more reactionary and included increasingly frequent calls to defend traditional values against "red revolution". In the late 1910s and early 1920s, with the Carlist policy of tactical alliances in full swing, they sidelined ideological threads again and shifted attention to practical issues. On the contrary, it was the Integrists who excelled in lambasting the Jaimistas for allying with the arch-enemies Liberals. Finally, the last years of Restauración were marked by outward rejection of the political system and "farsa parlamentaria".

There was no clear Carlist system of alliances applicable through all of the Restauración period. Initially, when refraining from fielding own candidates themselves, the followers of Carlos VII sympathized mostly with right wing factions of the Conservatives, local groupings centred on defence of regional identities or with the independent Catholic candidates. The Liberals, victorious at battlefields, remained their arch-enemy.

The alliance pattern changed following the 1888 split; both groups considered each other primary enemy and contended with venomous hostility, occasionally supporting even the Liberals. Enmity turned into rapprochement in early 1899, first locally in Guipuzcoa, and later nationally. In early 20th century two factions allied again against the Liberals, particularly against Ley de Jurisdicciones. Opposition to liberal governments made Carlists swallow their enmity for Republicans and backtrack on their caution towards Catalanism; access to Solidaritat Catalana produced the largest Carlist parliamentary contingent in 1907, though the grouping fell apart few years later and its emulations elsewhere, like in Galicia or Asturias, were only moderately successful. Provincial alliances under a broad monarchist-Catholic-regional umbrella continued until around 1915, concluded mostly with Integristas, Mauristas and independent candidates, though there were skirmishes also among petty local Traditionalist factions.  The last years of Restauración are marked by mainstream Carlism entering into pivotal tactical alliances, including those with the Liberals and Nationalists, concluded at the expense of the enraged Integristas. Finally, the Mellista secession divided Carlism further on.

Geography

Measured in terms of the number of Cortes mandates won, geographical support for Carlism during the Restoration period remained extremely uneven; it was absent in most of the country, minor though rather constant in some provinces, and thriving only in one area. In general, Carlism maintained some electoral potential in the North-Eastern crescent, ranging from the Bay of Biscay, along the Pyrenees to the Central Mediterranean coast.

The core of Carlist electoral background was formed by Vascongadas and Navarre, which elected 94 MPs (65% of all Traditionalists in the parliament).  Navarre elected 35% of legitimist deputies and emerged as the only area where the movement dominated local political life. Though it was almost non-existent in the 1880s, by the end of the century Carlism controlled some 35-40% of the Navarrese mandates available; during the first two decades of the 20th century it emerged as a majoritarian force; with 60-80% of the mandates won in each campaign, it even acted as an arbiter on the local political scene, namely by means of alliances with other parties controlling the entire pool of seats assigned to the province. Within Navarre the Carlist stronghold was located in Estella district, the only one in the province (and one of 3 in Spain) where Carlism won on aggregate the majority of mandates available during the Restauración period. Two Vascongadas provinces where Carlism strove for domination were Guipuzcoa and Álava. In Guipuzcoa the movement obtained 33 mandates, which was 33% of all mandates available in the province throughout the period and 22% of all Carlist mandates won during the Restauracion. Two local strongholds were rural districts of Azpeitia and Tolosa, which recorded the highest Carlist rate of success across all Spain. In the small Álava province the Traditionalists gained altogether 15% of the mandates available, though in local elections they used to dominate, especially during the 19th century.  Another Vascongadas province, Biscay, was the area where sympathy for legitimist cause was rapidly deteriorating, twice electing a Carlist MP from Durango.

The regions where Carlism merely made its presence visible (1-3% of mandates available) were Old Castile and the Levantine coast, covering Catalonia, Valencia and the Balearic Islands. In Catalonia the Traditionalists elected 23 deputies, which was the not marginal 16% of all legitimist MPs, but which amounted to only 3% of all the Catalan mandates available. Across the 4 provinces forming the region, in Gerona the Carlists got 6% of the mandates, in Barcelona and Tarragona 3%, and in Lerida this percentage dropped to a mere 1%. In most electoral campaigns (except 1907) Carlist share of Catalan seats hovered in the range of 2-5%. The most Carlist of all the Catalan districts was Olot, somewhat approached only by Vich. Valencia was way behind Catalonia in absolute terms (11) and in terms of success rate. Somewhat stronger in Castellón province (3%) than in Valencia province (2%), the Carlists could have boasted relative success in Nules and Valencia. The most successful for the Valencian Carlists was the campaign of 1919, when with 3 mandates won they took 9% share of the electoral prize. The small Baleares region elected 2 Carlist MPs from Palma. In Old Castile the Carlist position - 11 MPs and 1,3% of all mandates available - was mostly due to 8 triumphs in Cervera de Pisuerga, one of the 5 most Carlist electoral districts in the country, which also marked Palencia as one of the 5 most Carlist electoral provinces. In the provinces of Santander, Valladolid and Burgos the Carlists managed to elect one deputy.

There were 2 regions with 1-2 Carlist MPs elected, making the movement barely present though not really visible: León, and Asturias. In the North the Carlist share of mandates was below 1%. There were no Carlist deputies elected in the regions of Andalusia, Galicia, Aragon, New Castile, Murcia, Extremadura and Canary Islands. The movement was underrepresented in large urbanized constituencies; the 10 largest Spanish cities (with 10% of all population) elected 10 Carlist deputies, it is 7% of all Traditionalist MPs.

Personalities

There were 64 individuals elected as Carlist deputies throughout the Restoration period; some of them served only one term, and some were parliamentarian veterans. The 4 most-serving deputies held 25% of all Carlist mandates of the period. Lloréns was 3 times elected from Levantine districts, before serving 8 consecutive terms from the Navarrese Estella.  Until today he remains the longest serving Carlist deputy ever (24 years), the longest continuously serving Carlist deputy ever (18 years) and the most-elected Carlist deputy ever (11 times). Vázquez de Mella was 7 times elected from Navarre and once representing Oviedo. Barrio served as Carlist political leader between 1899 and 1909; in the 1891-1909 period (except 1903–1905) he was elected from his native Palencian Cervera de Pisuerga and led the Carlist minority in the lower chamber. Senante represented the Integrist branch of the movement. Though an Alicantino, for 16 years he was continuously standing for Azpeitia and together with Llorens he holds the title of the most continuously elected Carlist deputy ever (8 times).

There was no rule as to Traditionalist political leaders competing for parliament. Candido Nocedal did not field his candidature after the 1876 defeat, marqués de Cerralbo had a seat guaranteed in the Senate by virtue of his grandeza de España, Matías Barrio did run between 1901 and 1907 (and lost in 1903), Bartolome Feliu Perez was successful in 1910, Pascual Comin did not compete in 1919, Luis Hernando de Larramendi lost in 1920 and marqués de Villores was obliged by the royal order of the Carlist king to abstain in 1923. Leaders of the breakaway Traditionalist factions tended to compete for parliamentary seat: the first Integrist jefe Ramón Nocedal was 4 times successful though he recorded also defeats, the successive one Juan Olazábal Ramery preferred to stay out of electoral campaigns. Following the secession from mainstream Carlism in 1919, Vazquez de Mella failed in his bid for the Cortes.

Three times there were two generations serving as Carlist MPs. Chronologically first are the Ortiz de Zarate father and son, Ramon and Enrique, both representing the Alavese Vitoria in the 19th century. Then come the Ampuero father and son, José María and José Joaquín, from Durango. The Dominguez father and son, Tomas and Tomás, stood for the Navarrese district of Aoiz. There are only 5 cases of individuals serving in the parliament before and after the Third Carlist War. Some of the politicians who started their deputy career during Restoration served in the Cortes until the late 1960s, the best known case being this of Esteban Bilbao, the future president of the Francoist quasi-parliament; his first and his last days in the legislative are spanned by the time distance of 49 years.

There were cases of Carlist deputies acquiring their seat with no competition during the elections. They were most frequent in Navarre (8 times), where periodically in Estella and Aoiz districts potential counter-candidates acknowledged Carlist supremacy and did not even bother to compete, though sporadically the notorious Article 29 was applied also elsewhere (e.g. in favor of Senante in the Guipuzcoan Azpeitia or in favor of Llosas Badia in the Catalan Olot). Joaquín Llorens recorded the most triumphant victory, conquering 99,51% of votes cast in 1907. None of the studies consulted offers any detailed and systematic personal profiling. The information available suggests that Carlist deputies were usually landowners, lawyers, academics and journalists, with rather few entrepreneurs, officials and military men. Most of them commenced the Cortes career in their 30s.

Success factors

Many students striving to analyze the Carlist popularity (or lack of thereof) point to socio-economic conditions, though conclusions offered by scholars from this school could be contradictory. The prevailing opinion holds that the movement flourished in rural areas with large commons and dominated by middle-size holdings, at least self-sustainable but usually able to enter the market exchange. This type of units provided economic grounds for peasant owners, the social base of Carlism, and was frequent in the Northern belt of Spain. Whenever this social group was giving way to peasant owners of small, non-sustainable plots, landless peasants, tenants or jornaleros, the rural workers – like was the case in New Castile or Andalusia, home to many Spanish landowners – Carlism was losing its base. In industrialized areas the ensuing social mobility was undermining traditional life patterns and undercutting the Carlist popularity. Rapidly growing urban proletariat, though not entirely immune to Carlist propaganda, tended to embrace anarchism and socialism instead.

Another group of determinants listed is related to culture and religion. It is noted that Carlism was strongly linked to religiosity, most fervent in the Northern provinces; destitute peasant masses in Extremadura, Andalusia or New Castile have largely ceased to be Catholic. Population groups demonstrating religious apathy or outward hostility, like socially mobile middle-class professionals dominating culturally and politically in urban communities during the early Restauración, are held responsible for trailing Carlist popularity in the cities. In the 20th century it was the class of industrial workers which became liable for growing secularization of large metropolitan areas and the Carlist lack of appeal in Madrid, Barcelona, Seville, Málaga, Zaragoza or Bilbao. The ensuing Carlist anti-urbanism should not be applied universally, though; some scholars note that in parts of Spain like Galicia the movement was absent in rural areas and remained sustained only in middle-size cities, like this of Ourense.

Scholars focusing on Carlism and regional movements agree that until some point the two sustained each other. The discussion is mostly about whether they started to part when regional identities gave way to ethnic threads or even later, when conscious ethnic communities embraced national and political claims. It is also not clear why the interaction was material in some regions, while in the other – like Galicia – it remained marginal. Carlist historiography of the last decades seems marked by increasing skepticism towards socio-economic conditions being put on the forefront, now suspected of schematic Darwinism and oversimplifications. One reviewer underlines emergence of "nueva historia política", backed by focus on family interaction patterns, collective mentality, religious and moral values, anthropological factors like customs and other elements described as "microsystems of daily life". Another notes an apparent return of political analysis as a primary investigation key. One more prefers to analyse semiotics of culture discourse as key to understanding of Carlist popularity - also in terms of electoral efforts - among the underprivileged.

See also
 Carlism
 Electoral Carlism (Second Republic)
 Carlo-francoism
 Integrism (Spain)
 Mellismo
 Restoration
 Navarrese electoral Carlism
 Turno

Footnotes

Further reading
 Pere Anguera i Nolla, El carlismo a Catalunya, 1827-1936, Barcelona 1999,
 Jordi Canal i Morell, Banderas blancas, boinas rojas: una historia política del carlismo, 1876-1939, Madrid 2006, , 9788496467347
 Albert Carreras, Xavier Tafunell, Estadísticas históricas de España: siglos XIX-XX, vol. 3, Madrid 2005, , 9788496515000
 Demetrio Castro Alfín, El carlista en las Cortes: la política electoral y parlamentaria del Carlismo en la primera etapa de la Restauración, Pamplona 2015,
 Agustín Fernández Escudero, El marqués de Cerralbo (1845-1922): biografía politica [PhD thesis], Madrid 2012
 Miguel Martínez Cuadrado, Elecciones y partidos políticos de España, 1868-1931, Madrid 1969
 Román Oyarzun Oyarzun, Historia del carlismo, Madrid 2008, , 9788497614481, pp. 430–443
 Javier Real Cuesta, El Carlismo Vasco 1876-1900, Madrid 1985,
 José Varela Ortega, José, El poder de la influencia : geografía del caciquismo en España: (1875-1923), Madrid 2001,

External links
 Historical Index of Deputies (official Cortes service)
 electoral history of Spain (independent site of Carles Lozano)
 Don Carlos funeral footage (1909)

Appendix. Carlist deputies, 1879–1923

source: Índice Histórico de Diputados at official Cortes service. For division into branches, see footnote #28

Carlism
Restoration (Spain)
Elections in Spain
Catholic political parties

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[whatsapp url="http://www.sahara.gov.ma/en/portugal-congratulates-morocco-reintegration-african-union/" title="Portugal Congratulates Morocco on Reintegration into the African Union"]
Portugal Congratulates Morocco on Reintegration into the African Union
The Portuguese government congratulated Morocco on its reintegration into the African Union (AU), the Portuguese news agency Lusa reported.
Portugal's foreign minister, Augusto Santos Silva, expressed his country's satisfaction with the return of Morocco to the Pan-African organization, Lusa said.
The reintegration of Morocco is "an important step towards the full representativeness of the AU, which is the voice of the African continent," he said.
"The important work that the Kingdom of Morocco has done to promote the development of Africa will undoubtedly be a major contribution which will enable the African Union to assert itself as a source of solutions for the African continent and as a privileged interlocutor of all the partners wishing to cooperate for the same purpose," Santos Silva underlined.
The Portuguese top diplomat reiterated his country's "commitment" to deepen the excellent relations with Morocco and to strengthen dialogue on African issues.
An overwhelming majority of African countries on Monday voted in favor of Morocco's return to the African Union (AU), at the 28th Summit of African Heads of State and Government held in Addis Ababa.
Map of Morocco
Gabonese FM Reiterates in Laayoune his Country's Unwavering Support to Moroccanity of Sahara
Oman Supports Autonomy Initiative as 'Final Solution' to Moroccan Sahara Issue
Egyptian Newspaper: Attempts of Those Who Cast Doubt on the Moroccanity of the Sahara Will Be Vain
Czech PM Commends HM the King's Call for Dialogue with Algeria
Paraguay Reiterates its 'Unconditional Support' for Morocco's Territorial Integrity
Interview of Mme Aminata Tall – Crans Montana Forum in Dakhla
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Interview of M. Yves Leterme – Crans Montana Forum in Dakhla
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Interview of Mr. Douglas Ete – Crans Montana Forum in Dakhla
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Suggest a contact-free method for the measurement of the surface tension coefficient of water. Make an estimate of the accuracy of the method.
A tuning fork with resonant frequency of about 100 Hz is struck and held horizontally, so that its prongs oscillate up and down. A drop of water is placed on the surface of the upper prong. During the oscillation of the tuning fork standing waves appear on the surface of the drop and change with time. Explain the observed phenomena.
Investigate the electrical conductivity of the flame of a candle. Examine the influence of relevant parameters, in particular, the shape and polarity of the electrodes. The experiments should be carried out with a voltage not exceeding 150V.
Measure the height reached by splashes of water when a spherical body is dropped into water. Find a relationship between the height of the splashes, the height from which the body is dropped, and other relevant parameters.
Bubbles in a glass of sparkling water adhere to the walls of the glass at different heights. Find a relationship between the average size of the bubbles and their height on the side of the glass.
Using a bulb, construct the optimum transmitter of signals without any modulation of the light beam between transmitter and receiver. Investigate the parameters of your device. The quality of the device is defined by the product of the information rate (bits/sec) and the distance between transmitter and receiver.
A small, light, ball is kept at the bottom of a glass filled with an aqueous solution and then set free. Select the properties of the solution, so that a moving up time of several seconds is achieved. How will this time change if you put your glass on the surface of a rotating disk?
Drops of melted lead or tin fall from some height into a deep vessel filled with water. Describe and explain the shape of the frozen drops as a function of height of fall.
Use efficient methods to collect as much radioactive material as you can in a room. Measure the half-life of the material you have collected.
When a layer of hot salt solution lies above a layer of cold water, the interface between the two layers becomes unstable and a structure resembling fingers develops in the fluid. Investigate and explain this phenomenon.
A student wants to throw a stone so that it reaches the greatest distance possible. Find the optimum mass of the stone that should be used.
Tear a sheet of paper and investigate the path along which the paper tears.
A can partially filled with water rolls down an inclined plane. Investigate its motion.
Two bulbs, 100 and 40 watts, respectively, illuminate a table tennis ball placed between them. Find the position of the ball, when both sides of the ball appear to be equally lit. Explain the result.
Two identical open glasses, filled with hot and warm water, respectively, begin to cool under normal room conditions. Is it possible that the glass filled with hot water will ever reach a lower temperature than the glass filled with warm water? Make an experiment to investigate this and explain the result.
Allow a mixture of differently coloured, granular materials to trickle into a transparent, narrow container. The materials build up in distinct bands. Investigate and explain this phenomenon.
Pour hot water into a cup containing some cappuccino or chocolate powder. Stir slightly. If you then knock the bottom of the cup with a teaspoon you will hear a sound of low pitch. Study how the pitch changes when you continue knocking. Explain the phenomenon.


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2021 Blue Jackets Season Preview
Getting to know the New Central: Columbus Blue Jackets
Ah, we meet again...
By Pale Dragon@PaleDragonCbus Jan 8, 2021, 12:00pm EST
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Photo by Jason Mowry/Icon Sportswire via Getty Images
For the 2021 NHL season, the divisions have been temporarily re-aligned. As a result, the Columbus Blue Jackets get to face a different set of opponents than they have faced the last seven seasons in the Metropolitan Division. Three of the new rivals in the Discover Central Division are franchises we grew quite familiar with in the old Central Division of 2000-2013. Since a lot has changed, the site managers of the division's blogs thought it would be useful to share insight on each of our teams, to bring everyone else up to speed. Special thanks to Taylor Baird at Defending Big D for coming up with the format and schedule.
For any of you reading this who have come from one of the other sites, welcome! Feel free to sign up and hop in the comments today and throughout the season. We love to discuss hockey and other stuff here and get the perspective of those outside of Ohio. (Trolling will not be accepted, however. Please keep it civil.)
Check out the other posts in this series:
1) How would you describe your team's style of play?
John Tortorella hockey, baby! The Blue Jackets are a physical team that is difficult to play against, win or lose. Prepare to play a full 60 minutes — and based on last season, probably an overtime period as well. Don't be fooled by the Corsi numbers; the strategy was to allow zone entries, but then steer the opponents to the side. Long distance, low danger shot attempts were allowed, but high danger chances were more difficult to come by (5v5 HDCA/60 was 8.82, the second lowest figure in the league behind Minnesota).
Despite that 2.04 xGA/60 (third best, behind Minnesota and Boston), the xGF/60 was a lowly 2.2 (tied with the Islanders for 8th worst) and actual even strength goals per 60 were just 2.16, ahead of just Detroit, Dallas, and Los Angeles. Offensive woes were not helped by the anemic power play, whose 5.31 goals per 60 were ahead of only Anaheim, Detroit, Ottawa, and Chicago. Not great company! If you see Jackets fans curse the name of Brad Larsen, he has been in charge of the power play since 2014 and only for half a season in 2016-17 was it anything above average.
2) What players should opposing fans know the name of - and why?
You are likely already familiar with the likes of Seth Jones, Zach Werenski, and Pierre-Luc Dubois. Here are some other players worth knowing, who will have a major role if this team is to be successful:
Joonas Korpisalo/Elvis Merzlikins: Try saying these names three times fast! This is our goalie tandem, and both excelled in 2019-20. Korpi was red hot in December and earned an All-Star berth, but suffered a knee injury and could not participate. Elvis struggled in the first three months of his rookie season, and spent most of December stapled to the bench. He had to take over as starter after Korpi's injury and was lights out for January and February. At one point he earned five shutouts in an eight game span. Korpi was the hero in the Toronto bubble, posting two shutouts against the Maple Leaves and a .941 save percentage and 1.90 GAA in nine starts. He made an insane 85 saves in a 5OT loss to Tampa.
Photo by Chase Agnello-Dean/NHLI via Getty Images
Oliver BJORKSTRAND: The Maestro led the Blue Jackets in goals last season (21) despite missing 21 games to injury. He would have been on pace for 35 goals and 60 points over an 82 game season. He was rewarded with a five year contract extension at the start of camp which will kick in next season. He is projected to play on the top line with Pierre-Luc Dubois and Alexandre Texier.
Photo by Elsa/Getty Images
3) Why could your team win the division?
The addition of Max Domi gives the Blue Jackets two legitimate scoring lines. Cam Atkinson bounces back from a season marred by injuries and poor shooting. The power play finds a way to be at least average. Both goalies stay productive working in a tandem. The key players stay healthy, after a season ravaged by injuries.
4) Why could your team be the caboose of the division?
The injury bug strikes again, especially on the blue line which lost depth in the trades of Ryan Murray and Markus Nutivaara. The goalies struggle splitting time, given that each is more effective as a work horse. The power play continues to waste two minutes and kill momentum. The cloud of Dubois' trade demand hangs over the locker room and causes continued distraction like the Panarin/Bobrovsky situation two seasons ago.
Now, I don't actually see the Jackets finishing in either first or last place. I think it will be a battle among the teams fighting for second through sixth, and the factors listed above will determine whether Columbus ends up on the right or wrong side of a very thin line between fourth and fifth place.
5) On a scale of baby kitten to Tiger King, what's the potential of the heated matchup of your team with your new division mates?
This is fun, because there's a lot of history with these opponents. (All time CBJ record against each in parentheses)
Baby Kitten: Dallas (27-27-0-6). There's just not much history to speak of between these clubs. We both saw unprecedented success under Ken Hitchcock, and that's about it. Both teams play a similar style, so I think this series will be a good one. Expect a lot of 1-0 and 2-1 games. Boring as hell for neutral fans, but tensions could flare and move this up the rankings.
House cats: Chicago (34-41-2-10). Blackhawks fans are by far the most obnoxious and annoying to visit Nationwide Arena, but with empty stands there's not as much to get worked up about this season. With Jonathan Toews out long term with illness and an unproven goalie corps, I don't expect much on the ice either.
Detroit (39-43-1-12, 0-4-0 playoffs). As Winging It In Motown pointed out, the Red Wings are still the only playoff opponent to not lose a game to the Jackets. That being said, the 2021 Wings are a far cry from the hegemon that dominated the Central in the aughts. Of course we'll always have special place of hate for them due to proximity to the Ohio State/Michigan rivalry. And let's never forget Vinny Prospal's Point.
Mountain Lions: Carolina (21-17-0-3). The Hurricanes are the one Metro rival to join us in the new Central. The games have been highly competitive even before the Bunch of Jerks revival in 2018-19, but I feel like this isn't as much of a rivalry as it should be.
Nashville (27-48-1-11). This was an organic rivalry in the late aughts/early teens. It became a point of frustration that the Blue Jackets could not get a win in Bridgestone Arena (9-29-1-6 record). More recently, there have been several players to switch sides, including Ryan Johansen and Matt Duchene.
Florida (23-8-0-2). Historically, this is not a team that Jackets fans gave much thought to. After the last two off-seasons, however, that has changed. The Panthers hired Bill Zito out of the Columbus front office to be their new general manager, and he quickly added former Jackets Alexander Wennberg, Markus Nutivaara, and Anthony Duclair (also Kevin Connauton on a PTO). Last year the Panthers signed Anton Stralman and Sergei Bobrovsky. Elvis winning against Bob on New Year's Eve was one of the biggest highlights of last season. Both sides are going to have a lot to prove in each game this year.
Tiger King: Tampa (10-17-1-4, 5-3-2 playoffs). There was little doubt what the #1 rivalry would be. That's what playoff series in back-to-back seasons will create. First was the shocking upset sweet in 2019, then August saw Tampa's revenge on the way to their Stanley Cup championship. The latter series saw all four Tampa wins decided by one goal. Who among us will ever forget the marathon, six hour, five overtime ordeal in Game 1? Even without Nikita Kucherov, the Lightning are still the class of the division, and a team the Jackets will seek to measure themselves against.
Alright, Cannonites. It's your turn to share your own rivalry rankings in the comments. Who should be higher or lower relative to my list? Feel free to expand on my other answers as well.


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Greenwich Welcomes New Waterfront Park In Cos Cob
Cos Cob Park is the newest waterfront recreation area in Greenwich. Photo Credit: Town of Greenwich
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GREENWICH, Conn. -- The Town of Greenwich will hold a ribbon-cutting ceremony for Cos Cob Park at 1 p.m. Thursday, March 26.
Cos Cob Park is at 22 Sound Shore Drive.
Greenwich First Selectman Peter Tesei, the Parks and Recreation Department, the Public Works Department and the town of Greenwich community will come together to cut the ribbon on the newest waterfront park in town.
The public is invited to enjoy a tour and reception immediately after the ribbon cutting.
The park is the former site of the Cos Cob Power Plant. It is the future home of the town's Sept. 11 Memorial.
To RSVP, contact Dawn Zimmerman, in the DPW?Engineering Department, by email at Dawn.Zimmerman@greenwichct.org or by phone at 203-622?7767.


As I was absentmindedly playing Bejeweled Blitz yesterday morning waiting for some inspiration for a blog topic, my son skyped me from his cell phone. He was on the shinkansan speeding towards Yoko's home town. It would be a close call, but they were hoping they would get to her village in time to ring in the New Year on the temple bell. Everyone in the village takes a turn. It's a very small village. I don't know if he will contact me soon to tell me about it or not. It's supposed to bring good luck to the bell ringers. They will do it together. Isn't that romantic? Tradition is very important to Yoko.
Unfortunately, since Nathan was seven, the two of us never really established any "traditions" in our own two person family. That's how old he was when his father and I parted ways. It was at Christmas time when he was in first grade.
All of my "friends" at that time were married couples that I had met when we moved down here. I had no support, being an almost full time single mom (my husband traveled Monday until Friday morning), so I started a babysitting co-op. Almost all of us were from other places. There were only a couple of women who were native to Fort Worth. Do you know how quickly married couples disappear from the life of a now single female? It seems fairly common for the other couples to close ranks. My ex left the area immediately so the "friends" did not have to choose between the two of us. My female friends, with one exception, did not work at that time. I, of course, had to find a full time job. There was now no time during the day to see each other. They just preferred not to have to deal with an "extra". The New Year's Eve party we had attended for the previous three years was now a thing of the past…for me.
In a large city, separating from an ex is no different from moving. Suddenly, without roots, you find yourself in a world of strangers. In a small town, if a woman has lived there all her life, she still has support. That is not the case when you've only lived in an area for six years. We did not have any friends with whom we socialized from the church we were attending. My ex was a sole salesman representative in town so there were no friends there. I was working by myself and subbing in three different districts. Not much chance to form a close friendship in that situation.
There were no relatives within hundreds of miles to drink an egg nog with on New Years Day as our family did while I was growing up. For a few years we did watch the Rose Bowl parade together but it really didn't interest him for long.
Traditions take a life time to develop. They are a part of life that can give someone security knowing what to expect year after year. We can love them or hate them, but they are there if we wish to participate. By the time Nathan was old enough to understand that New Year's Eve had a meaning, he was at the stage where he wanted to spend the time with his own friends.
As far as I know, he is planning to remain in Japan for an indefinite period of time. Yoko comes from a close family in a small village. He will have time to absorb the traditions they practice. Since he never grew up with any traditions, he doesn't have any ties that bind. Perhaps that is why he has become a world traveler. There is nothing to hold him in one place. Of course he started his first adventure before he was two, but maybe his desire to roam was enhanced with very few connections.
Why are traditions important? Besides providing a sense of security, they help a family to bind with other family members. They help to provide a sense of continuity between generations. Neither Nathan nor I really had that. None of my grandparents were still alive by the time I was born and I was without both parents before I was twenty-three. Nathan only had one grandfather and his wife when he was born, and they lived in Indiana. We didn't often get to see them. There was enough family up there. They chose not to come down here while we were married.
Is the sense of security real? Not really. Our lives can change forever in a heartbeat. But the stability traditions instill in us can be very beneficial. Without traditions, there is nothing reallly to look forward to as a change from the daily routine. I'm afraid the longer my son and I are apart for years at a time, the more our already fragile bonds will dissolve. Families like ours are called "entropic" families. Families like that lose their emotional ties.
I was never reallly ever able to tie Nathan and myself to each other or to the community. We are both like leaves blowing in the wind. It is my hope for him that his relationship with Yoko and her family will continue to deepen and he will at last have the sense of family he did not have an opportunity to have while he was growing up. Rushing home New Year's Eve to ring the village bell is a good start.


to learn new songs as well for trainers.
slow the tempo down for practice sessions.
front of your monitor to play along your favorite song.
own a Mac: Tablatures and PowerTabEditor share the same file format.