Salesforce restore is available for a select set of objects. Users may restore the entire object or just a selection of records from that object. Restores are processed through the Salesforce BULK API. Restores do not maintain referential integrity; rather it automates the steps a customer would go through using Dataloader.
Salesforce restore is currently available for Professional and Enterprise customers only.
To initiate an object restore, the first step is to locate the object to restore. From the administrative dashboard, click on View All Objects.
From the object list, click on Details for the item you want to restore.
From the Object Details page, you can view current and previous versions. Click on View Previous Versions to expand the list. You can restore data from any of the versions, either in full or only for select records. You will also be able to download the most current or any previous versions of the object, which is necessary for restoring only select records. Click on Restore to access the restore screen.
Once you select the version you want and click restore you will see the restore options for that object.
You will need to select which instance you want to restore to. Note, the instances are clearly marked as either Production or Sandbox.
Once you have selected the instance to restore to, you will need to select whether you want to Create new records or Update existing records.
If you choose to update existing records, please note, record ID's must be the same between instances in order to update existing records. You must create a full sandbox from your Salesforce instance in order for ID's to match. This can be done in Salesforce from Setup, Data Managements, Sandboxes, New Sandbox. Select Full to create the full sandbox instance.
You have the option to do a Full object restore or Selected records restore.
If you select full object restore, click the Restore button and your restore will be enqueued.
If you select to restore individual records, you will first need to download the CSV file for that object and then follow the directions on the screen.
Click the Restore button and your restore will be enqueued. Once completed, you will receive an email that the restore results have completed. Additionally, you can check the Bulk Data Load page in the Monitoring section of your account setup settings in Salesforce.
At this time, 10,000 records can be restored at once. If the object is larger than 10,000 records, record restore will need to be used to restore this object.
For either record or object restore, the user can choose to either update the existing records or to create new records with the data from the backed up object.
The restore request is processed asynchronously, but there shouldn't be an extended delay. You will receive an email when Salesforce has begun processing the job.
How can I see if my restore was successful?
Within the Salesforce interface, a user can see the success or failure of a restore job by going to Setup > Monitoring > Bulk Data Load Jobs.
Current implementation uses very few API calls, but if the user has already hit the Backup API limit for the day or the Salesforce API daily limit, the restore job will fail, and must be manually kicked off again the following day to complete.
How can I restore objects back to Salesforce that Backupify does not support?
We offer one-click restore for Account, Contact, Lead, Solution, Case, Contract, Campaign, Opportunity, Product2, Pricebook2.
For all other objects, you would first need to download or export the data from your backup. Once you have the correct version of the data, you can use Salesforce itself or a third-party tool to import the data into your Salesforce instance. Salesforce offers import tools in their UI, as well as a Windows application called Apex Data Loader. Third-party tools also exist to help you load/merge/restore data into Salesforce.


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For instance, I rarely use the touchscreen on my Fitbit Versa because the shortcuts to my most-used smartwatch features are available via the three physical buttons on the watch. Gesture recognition is hit and miss on smartphone screens, nowhere near as responsive and accurate as on your smartphone screen, so bear that in mind too. Force Touch is a useful feature that has come to smartwatches, notably the Apple Watch. Just press down or tap the screen to activate different features.
Most stores that sell these smart watches feature display models that you can pick up and touch. We recommend getting a feel for how these watches operate before you invest in one of your own. Specifically, you'll want to know the form of navigation each of these use to go through the various screens, apps, and functionalities. We were partial to twistable bezels and dials, but you might be used to swiping your way through screens.
Like previous Gear watches, the Gear Sport uses a rotating bezel and two side buttons for most of its navigation. This works better than you'd think by looking at it, and it's a boon to those who wear gloves for part of the year. In fact, we actually prefer this approach to Wear OS or the Apple Watch: Rotating through your home screens, notifications, lists of apps, or messages happens at remarkable speed for a tiny device. The screen is 1.2 inches and 360 pixels in diameter, but it's brighter than our pick's, and it looks decent enough while displaying most content, though text isn't as sharp as on the Fossil screens. The watch itself is not small, at 43 and 44 millimeters wide and tall, respectively, and 11.6 mm thick, but it's nowhere near as beefy as our prior pick, the Gear S3.
The hardware is now "swimproof" with improved water resistance and there's also now a heart rate sensor. Those work with the new Google Fit app to improve the fitness experience from your watch. Further, the Falster 2 has built-in GPS and NFC as well. This opens up Google Pay functionality for the watch for mobile payments in-store. Of course, Wear OS is still at the center of the experience, and the whole thing runs on the Qualcomm Snapdragon Wear 2100.
What's on display?: Most smartwatches have full-colour displays, though the underlying technology will determine how good the screen looks. There has been a move towards AMOLED (active matrix organic light emitting diode) displays, as used in the Apple Watch which present a bright screen, crisp text and accurate colours. Fitness trackers tend to have lower-quality screens and may not present in full-colour, partly to save battery life.
That same attractive stainless steel design is here. The 240 x 240 pixel display at the heart of the body is by no means the brightest or most vibrant you'll find, but crucially delivers strong visibility in most workout conditions whether you're sweating it out indoors or outside. However, there is no touchscreen or touchpad here, you'll have to resort to pressing some buttons - that could be a deal-breaker for some, but we're sure it won't be a massive one for most.
"Sport watch" functionality often includes activity tracker features (also known as "fitness tracker") as seen in GPS watches made for training, diving, and outdoor sports. Functions may include training programs (such as intervals), lap times, speed display, GPS tracking unit, Route tracking, dive computer, heart rate monitor compatibility, Cadence sensor compatibility, and compatibility with sport transitions (as in triathlons). Other watches can cooperate with an app in a smartphone to carry out their functions. They are paired usually by Bluetooth with a smartphone. Some of these only work with a phone that runs the same mobile operating system; others use a unique watch OS, or otherwise are able to work with most smartphones. Paired, the watch may function as a remote to the phone. This allows the watch to display data such as calls, SMS messages, emails, calendar invites, and any data that may be made available by relevant phone apps. Some fitness tracker watches give users reports on the number of kilometers they walked, hours they slept, and so on.
Aside from its display, the Ticwatch Pro is a pretty standard offering in the Wear OS world. It's powered by the same Snapdragon Wear 2100 chipset, has a 400×400 1.39-inch OLED display, and has a 45mm casing. There's also a 415mAh battery inside which charges with a magnetic charger. There's also IP68 water/dust protection, and NFC for use with Google Pay.
On-Screen Workouts/ Connected GPS/ Bluetooth/ Smartphone Notifications/ 4 Day Battery Life/ Heart Rate Tracking/ 15 Exercise Modes/ SmartTrack/ All-Day Activity/ Female Health/ Sleep Tracking And Stages/ Cardio Fitness Level/ 3-Axis Accelerometer And Gyroscope/ Optical Heart Rate Monitor/ Color LCD Touchscreen Display/ Water Resistant To 50 Meters/ Black And Black Aluminum Finish
That's the big downside of relying on your phone as a tracker, unless it is somewhere on your body, whenever you are moving about or exercising, all that effort won't be counted. For some people - say joggers who wear their smartphone on an arm band, that's not a big issue, but you really aren't getting the full picture of your activity, including the things you do in your sleep, without having a gadget mounted on your wrist.
Apple Watch is crisp, beautiful, high-resolution screen that's smaller than an Oreo cookie. No surprise, Apple knows what they're doing when they design a home product. Much like the other additions to the Apple suite, the Series 3 is sleek and stylish. Everything from the navigation to the screen layouts has been optimized to utilize the space given rather than be constricted by it.
If you want the app, notification, and style advantages of an Apple Watch but need better fitness tracking, you can upgrade to the Apple Watch Series 3 and get built-in GPS, as well as waterproofing that allows swim tracking. But the Series 3 costs more than a fitness tracker or even many running watches, and it still has compromises compared with a dedicated fitness tracker, such as a lack of dedicated physical buttons. We think serious athletes are better served by a fitness-specific device.
The Charge 2 was one of Fitbit's most popular trackers, so the company stuck with the winning formula with the Charge 3. If you're at all familiar with the Charge 2, you'll notice that not much has changed in the updated device—it's still a rectangular tracker hugged on its short edges by two parts of a band. Fitbit updated the connecting mechanism that lets you switch out the bands on the Charge 3, making it easier to press the black sliver of a button on either end to release the device's current band. The new band snaps right into place without any extra effort.
But your phone will play an important part if you do get a Fitbit or Garmin device with the aim of tracking your activity. It will be the place where your health data is synced to, you can tinker with your tracking settings and review your progress. There's also a whole ecosystem of health apps that plug into tracking devices, combining them with exercise and diet advice - MyFitnessPal, Runtastic and Strava are three of the most popular ones worth checking out.
While internal hardware varies, most have an electronic visual display, either backlit LCD or OLED or Hologram.[4] Some use transflective or electronic paper, to consume less power. Most have a rechargeable battery. Peripheral devices may include digital cameras, thermometers, accelerometers, pedometers, heart rate monitors, altimeters, barometers, compasses, GPS receivers, tiny speakers, and SD cards, which are recognized as storage devices by many other kinds of computers.
Other reviewers also like the Q watches. Simon Hill at Digital Trends writes that the Q Explorist is "an attractive smartwatch to use with an Android phone that will blend in at work or play at an affordable price," and that, aside from the Apple Watch and the Gear Sport (for Samsung phone owners), the Q Explorist "compares favorably with the rest of the field." Gerald Lynch at TechRadar summarizes the Venture as "a sharp-looking, comfortable smartwatch with a great display and responsive processor," but knocks it for lacking GPS and a heart-rate monitor. Matthew Miller at ZDNet believes the Explorist and Venture are "priced fairly for nice looking fashion watches that also serve as smartwatches."
On 9 September 2014, Apple Inc. announced its first smartwatch called Apple Watch to be released in early 2015.[75] On 24 April 2015, Apple Watch began shipping across the world.[76] Apple's first try into wearable technology was met with considerable criticism during the pre-launch period, with many early technology reviews citing issues with battery life and hardware malfunctions. However, others praised Apple for creating a potentially fashionable device that can compete with "traditional watches,"[77] not just the smartwatch industry in general. The watch only turns on when activated (either by lifting one's wrist, touching the screen, or pressing a button). On 29 October 2014, Microsoft announced the Microsoft Band, a smart fitness tracker and the company's first venture into wrist-worn devices since SPOT (Smart Personal Objects Technology) a decade earlier. The Microsoft Band was released at $199 the following day, on 30 October 2014.[78]
Why we like it: Apple Watches are the best smartwatches overall because they make it easier than any other wearable device to interact with the messages and notifications relayed from your iPhone. The Series 1, specifically, has all the features most people need at a reasonable price. It looks better than most smartwatches and fitness trackers, on wrists both large and small, thanks to two sizes and an array of finishes and bands (both official and third party). While not every major iPhone app has an Apple Watch partner app, many do, and most respond quickly and are optimized for the watch's small screen, unlike many of the apps available for Android watches. And the Series 1 Apple Watch does a good job of independently tracking most kinds of workouts where accurate distance tracking isn't vital,1 and encourages non-workout fitness (like standing and moving every hour). We also like that the Apple Watch lets you easily make contactless payments using Apple Pay, and if you own a Mac, you can unlock it by just getting close to it with your Apple Watch.
Finding and installing apps is another sore point. Android Wear 2.0 has two ways of installing apps: On the watch directly, which is woefully awkward, or through the Play Store on the Web, which is okay. Watch faces for Wear OS exist in the kind of state Android phone apps were in during their earliest days—all over the place, so good luck searching. Watch makers would do well to include some sensible, category-spanning offerings by default in their devices.
Smartwatches are still a relatively new electronics category, but these devices are poised to hit the mainstream. This year we saw major players such as LG and Motorola throw their smartwatches in the ring, along with Samsung, Sony, and a host of smaller companies like Pebble and Martian. And Apple finally confirmed its entry, the innovative Apple Watch, expected to arrive early in 2015.
If you're into premium smartwatches, the Montblanc Summit is the latest option hitting watch shops around the world. Out of the box, it runs atop Android Wear 2.0 with the standard specifications — Snapdragon Wear 2100, 512mb of RAM, and 4GB of storage. There's no NFC or LTE on board, but the watch does feature a heart rate sensor and premium materials.
Garmin, known primarily for its GPS and fitness devices, has taken one step closer to full-featured smartwatches with their Vivoactive 3 Music. This model doesn't run on Wear OS (Google's increasingly-popular OS for wearables), but it does offer thousands of free apps, watch faces, and more via Garmin's ConnectIQ store. The Vivoactive 3 Music also comes preloaded with 15 sports apps to monitor your progress whether you're running, swimming, lifting, or doing yoga — because, at its core, Garmin is still all about fitness tracking
I've had the Samsung Gear S3 classic for a few months now. There are lots of apps now available including a music app which allows you to save and play as many tracks as the sizeable built in memory will allow you to save to the watch. The in-built speaker is high quality for making and receiving calls and of course listening to music, but a Bluetooth headset makes all the difference.
I want to purchase a smart watch but ,I no what I want but it has to be compatible to my lg 7 slim ,I want to talk and I want to be able to control my phone thru my watch by talking to watch,I just don't no what watch is best for me,I'm doing my homework so that I don't purchase a smart watch that can be better than what I want ,I want the whole package but it has to be a reasonable price,if someone can help me ,I deeply appreciate you're kindness,thank you KevinElliott,
▽ Your account minimum payment amount is determined by the purchases and balances on your WebBank/Fingerhut Credit Account. The change in minimum payment amount is based on your account balance at the time it is advertised, and includes an assumption of interest charges and SafeLine fees, as applicable. The change in minimum payment amount does not include subsequent activity on your account such as any purchases, including deferred payment purchases, backordered, unshipped, returned or other pending purchases or exchanges; any payments, including partial, missed or returned payments; any fees, including recurring partner program charges, subsequent interest charges, late fees or returned payment fees. It is also subject to change based on shipping address, shipping method, partial shipments and taxes. Your minimum payment amount will not change and the purchase will not reflect on your statement until the order ships. If you have a balance or are making a multiple item purchase, see the Existing Balance Payment Chart.
Smart watch	Company	OS	Android version	iOS version	CPU Type	Bluetooth	NFC	Developer Options	GPS	Notify Link Loss Alert	Notify Missed Call	Notify Timer	Notify View Content	Call Conversation	Find My Phone	Voice Control	Respond to Notifications	Notify Sound	Notify Backlit Screen	Notify Vibration	Ambient Light Sensor	Gyroscope	Magnetometer	Multi-touch	Accelerometer	Dust and Water Resistance	Clock Display Type	Screen Size, Inches	Screen Resolution, pixels	Pixel density, ppi	Display Technology	Average Battery Life, days	Battery Capacity, mAh	Battery Technology	Case Diameter, mm	Case Thickness, mm	Wrist Band Width, mm	Weight (main unit+watchband), g	Wristband Options	Replaceable Wristbands	LED Flashlight
Fossil is still keeping screen resolution and other specs under wraps, but we do know this generation (which includes the men's Fossil Q Explorist HR) is the most feature-packed we've seen from the company. Building on the design improvements of the third-gen devices, which saw the flat tyre removed and a slimmer form factor, the Q Venture HR now also harbours some serious tech under the bezel.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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Columbine High School Marks 20th Anniversary of Mass Shooting – ДЕБАТИ ПРО
By Mark Looney inMortgage Lenders News
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Updated January 24, 2018. On April 20, 1999, in the small, suburban town of Littleton, Colorado, two high-school seniors, Dylan Klebold and Eric Harris, enacted an all-out assault on Columbine High School during the middle of the school day. The boys' plan was to kill hundreds of their peers.
Anne Marie Hochhalter was a high school junior when she was shot in the back at Columbine High School in 1999. No one expected her to survive. The first bullet paralyzed her, and the second ripped.
LEADING OFF: Ohtani nears Angels return, biding Bumgarner PGIM Provides $72M Loan for turtle bay multifamily Housing | GlobeSt Into the Land of Snows by Ellis Nelson bsn exclusive: rocky mountain vibes usher in a new era of Colorado baseball How to choose the best vacation rental The first lesson in learning how to invest in a vacation rental property is to be strategic, and put the "right bait in front of the right fish." With that, here's a quick primer on determining where best to list your vacation rental property to ensure you get maximum exposure, with a minimum of headache.BSN Exclusive: Rocky Mountain Vibes usher in a new era of colorado baseball bsn denver 17:21 22-Jun-19 Saturday Rockpile: Where There's a Will, There's a wolters purple row (Weblog) 14:40 22-jun-19cna/nursing unit secretary – Pre Op in COLORADO SPRINGS, Colorado | Careers at sfmc-st francis medical CENTER · Francis Medical Center opened in 2008 to keep pace with the growing needs of the Colorado Springs' community on the north side of the city. St. Francis Medical Center features 172-beds and offers a modern Birth Center, level iii neonatal intensive Care Unit, Pediatric Care Unit, Emergency Department, Level III Trauma Center, Imaging Services.Available on Amazon: https://amzn.to/2MdBNHO Sixteen-year-old Blake travels to Base Camp on Mt. Everest to spend time with his physician father. When a deadly avalanche occurs, Dad is forced to.Missing Colorado soldier sparks desperate search – Fasti News A search is underway in Colorado for a Fort Carson soldier who vanished Monday night, officials said. The soldier, whose name has not been released, was last seen on foot around 9:45 p.m. local time at the army base's land navigation site near Pueblo West while participating in the expert field medical badge competition, according to Fort Carson spokesperson lt. col. christina Kretchman. Rubright on New Jersey's New Land Bank Law on GlobeSt.com Suriano Profiled in The MHEDA Journal Fanburg Provides Legal Update at Radiological Society of New Jersey Meeting Dornfeld Addresses Home Care Association of Florida Annual Conference on HIPAA Breaches, Investigations, and Response.The Angels say Ohtani will wear an arm guard when he bats and runs the bases. The 24-year-old hit .285 with 22 home runs last season. INTERESTING. San Francisco lefty Madison Bumgarner (1-4, 3.92 ERA) starts at Coors Field, facing the only team he's beaten this season. He pitched seven innings at home to top Colorado on April 13.
National School Walkout: US students mark Columbine anniversary. Connecticut high school pupil lane murdock set up the event in the wake of the Parkland shooting in Florida. Only one hour before the walkout was due to begin, authorities say a student in Ocala, Florida was shot in the ankle at the Forest High School.
An 18-year-old woman obsessed with the April 20, 1999 Columbine massacre committed suicide in a Colorado forest after authorities warned she might "commit an act of.
Saturday marks the 20th anniversary of the Columbine High School shooting, which forever changed schools' approach to security and law enforcement's response to active assailant events. Survivors and the local community have several memorial events planned for the weekend to honor the victims.
Will Beck, a survivor of the attack at Columbine high school, hugs Lee Andres (R) at the Columbine memorial a day before the school shooting's 20th anniversary, in Littleton, Colorado, April 19, 2019.
2013-10-18 · definitely the side with the most high tech. Once the 20th Toxin sample is loaded. With the release of Command and Conquer: Generals Zero Hour,
On April 20, 1999, in the small, suburban town of Littleton, Colorado, two high-school seniors, Dylan Klebold and Eric Harris, enacted an all-out assault on Columbine High School during the middle of the school day. The boys' plan was to kill hundreds of their peers.
Florida shooting is worst attack on a high school to date – and of the deadliest 13 mass shootings, nine have occurred post-Columbine Published: 15 Feb 2018 Mass shootings: what are the.
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Flags are flying at half-mast across the US state of Colorado as the region marks the 10th anniversary of the Columbine High School massacre. Two heavily armed students – Eric Harris and Dylan.
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Barcelona will look to maintain their lead in Group C of the Champions League when they welcome a Manchester City side led by their old boss Pep Guardiola to the Camp Nou on Tuesday night.
Barcelona have lost just one of the last 40 Champions League home matches. That solitary defeat came more than three years ago against eventual winners Bayern Munich.
Their Camp Nou dominance will be tested on Wednesday night when they face Pep Guardiola`s Manchester City it what promises to be a pulsating clash. The Spanish side have won all four of the previous competitive clashes between the two teams, the last being a 1-0 victory at the Camp Nou back in 2015.
Luis Enrique`s men have scored at least one goal in each of their last eight Champions League matches and have scored the opening goal in 75% of their matches.
The Catalans come into this game on the back of a 4-0 win at home to Deportivo La Coruna in La Liga. Prior to that, they were beaten 4-3 away to Celta de Vigo.
Meanwhile, opponents Manchester City have won just one of their last four Champions League away matches, the most recent being a 3-3 draw away to Celtic. However, they have yet to be defeated in this competition under Pep Guardiola.
They come into this game on the back of a 1-1 league draw at home to Everton, in which they missed two penalty kicks. They have yet to beat Barcelona in a competitive match but did win their only previous friendly encounter back in 2009.
Barcelona should have a full strength side to choose from following the return of Lionel Messi at the weekend.
Meanwhile, Manchester City will continue without the services of Bacary Sagna and Fabian Delph.
Barcelona have a phenomenal record at home in this competition while City have won just two of their last six Champions League away games. Both teams can be expected to score but the home side are clear favourites for the win.
Any odds displayed within this article were correct at the time of publishing (18/10/2016) but are subject to change.


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'I Submit To No One': Austrian Minister Defends Wedding Curtsy To Putin
Putin Waltzes At Austrian Foreign Minister's Wedding
Austria's foreign minister has defended her curtsy to Russian President Vladimir Putin at her wedding last week, calling it a customary dance move and not a sign of submission.
Karin Kneissl made the comments in an interview with Austrian radio ORF broadcast on August 25, a week after her wedding at which Putin made a high-profile and controversial appearance.
Video footage showed Kneissl dancing with Putin at the wedding celebration and delivering a deep curtsy at the end.
"This was portrayed in commentaries as an act of submission, of prostration. And anyone who knows me knows that I submit to no one," Kneissl said in the ORF interview, adding that the curtsy came after Putin had bowed to her.
Kneissl, an independent, was picked for the foreign minister job by the far-right Freedom Party (FPOe), a coalition partner in Austria's government.
The FPOe, which has advocated lifting European Union sanctions against Moscow, has ties with Russia's ruling United Russia party.
The European Union, the United States, and other countries imposed sanctions against Russia over its 2014 annexation of Ukraine's Crimean Peninsula and its support for separatists in eastern Ukraine who are fighting government forces.
Austria was one of the few EU member states not to expel Russian diplomats following the poisoning of a former Russian double agent and his daughter in Britain in March.
Based on reporting by AP, Reuters, AFP, and dpa


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Framing a Shifting Image
TechKinetic offers aspect conversion
Art Daudelin
Since the digital wave first began to splash against television, there's been no shortage of debate and speculation regarding its ultimate impact on the video screen. Somewhere at the top of the list came the challenges regarding aspect conversion. Letterboxing was a short-term answer and has been adopted to broad if mixed response; other techniques, such as stretching and zooming SD images to conform to an HD world, fall short to nearly all but the most myopic.
As the digital transition continued to develop around these techniques, Anthony Beavers, president of TechKinetic LLC, says he experienced a moment he did not immediately liken to the inventor's "a-ha!" of revelation, or a light bulb incandescing. To the contrary, looking at the solutions being used to address aspect conversion issues, he says that his light bulb dimmed. "The degraded images of the older techniques are in direct contrast to the spirit of HD and DTV, which includes superior quality video images," he said.
Perceiving that flaw in the process and observing no other solutions being introduced - Beavers - a Shreveport, La.-based entrepreneur with several U.S. patents pending for products and systems in the casino industry - began to reconsider a concept he'd previously envisioned. As a result, TechKinetic began turning its focus toward developing its trademark TVa Variable Aspect technology with the goal of addressing this broadcast shortcoming.
THE ASPECT DRAGON
Beavers says that a fully deployed TVa technology can serve as a "universal translator" between various aspects and enables the optimal display of media of any aspect on display devices of any differing aspect.
"There are a number of disadvantages with the current approaches to multiformat, multidelivery issues," says Beavers. Despite letterboxing's status as the short-term jab at the 16:9/4:3 dragon, the approach is less than ideal when considering the black bands that represent wasted space to many viewers who still haven't paid the bill on their 35-inch screens.
Beavers also faults auto-zoom and image-stretching techniques currently used by manufacturers to provide aspect ratio conversions. "Auto-zoom clips an image without considering its composition, and stretching results in image distortion," he says. "They [manufacturers] try to enhance stretched images by minimizing the distortion in the center portion of a screen, while increasing distortion in the outer regions."
To Beavers, the key flaw surrounding these earlier conversion methods is their passive nature. "The problem is that manufacturers are responsible for the conversion process as opposed to content creators," he says.
ABSOLUTE FRAMING
A better solution, according to Beavers, is to bring content creators more directly into the ball game by enabling them to describe an absolute framing position that will translate from any original aspect to any desirable aspect with predictable results. Beavers' variable-aspect display system - which he has dubbed TVa - does this by providing a relative pan description for each frame (or GoP, depending on the application) of an encoded video stream.
(click thumbnail)TVa Variable Aspect Technology finds the optimal display.
Behind Techkinetic's TVa proposal is the proprietary core technology called the Relative Pan Descriptor Method (RPDM), which provides a relative pan description that is used to extract a desirable portion of an original image frame. Beavers says that the RPDM is based on a system of percentages that takes advantage of a common relationship between differing aspects.
"TVa's core algorithms essentially generate an offset value in the form of a percentage, which in an MPEG program or transport stream is provided as private data," he explains. An encoder enables information for three cardinal axes (x, y and z) to be linked to an original program. "At the receiver end, a decoder can determine what portion of the image should be extracted from the original frame, regardless of the original aspect or desirable aspect of conversion. A viewer sees what the director or editor intends for them to see."
Zoom-ratio data, along with x and y data, can be used to enlarge a particular area of interest within an image. This feature can further enhance media presentations on small-screen devices, where screen space is particularly valuable, says Beavers.
STUCK ON MPEG
MPEG anticipated the use of encoded pan-and-scan information for aspect conversions, but the industry has not implemented any form of this capability into encoders and decoders. "There is no standard," says Beavers. "Simply providing discrete pan-and-scan information doesn't guarantee interoperability between systems, or backward and forward compatibility."
He points out that while MPEG-4 goes a long way toward addressing many issues surrounding converging technologies, MPEG-2 is deeply entrenched and is likely to remain that way, at least for a while.
"TVa technology can significantly enhance MPEG-2-based products now, and become an integral component of MPEG-4 systems as they gain market share. TVa will eliminate the undesirable effects of prior systems and is positioned for rapid development within MPEG environments."
Beavers is also hopeful that future TVa deployments may include "fuzzy filters" that will provide relative pan values for nonencoded programs to a TVa decoder core.
CONTENT CRAZY
Beavers lists several potential values behind TVa. Citing the fact that content providers often distribute programming on DVDs in both wide and narrow formats, Beavers believes that benefits could come in the form of savings in both bandwidth and bankfold.
"It's more efficient for a studio to distribute a program in a single format encoded with a TVa elementary stream," he says. "It could save them money in terms of bandwidth and archival storage requirements, and generate revenue for application vendors who can provide higher-quality products."
Beavers allows that successful deployment will ultimately rely on support from the martketplace. TechKinetic is seeking developer relationships with several electronics manufacturers.
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The new product features automatic, frame-accurate aspect ratio conversion
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ESPN Hits the HD Highway
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NY1 Goes To Head Of Class
Local New York Cable Station Shifts to Digital Platform
TBCs, frame syncs, conversion equipment
Snell & WilcoxAlchemist Ph.C - HD Offers simultaneous SD and HD conversion; new features include a FilmTools option, which delivers results with film-like


- Comes with metal outer barrel with "9 MM" marking and ready for attaching silencer adapter.
- Comes with fiber iron sights.
- Comes with Polymer IPSC Lower Frame with we marking, standard slide stop, large magazine catch, custom trigger set and magwell.
- Adjustable Hop up system.


text:
Georgia is the superior school heading into its game against UT — change my mind
Ryan Wilusz
I know we're all Vols fans here, but let's not forget there's two sides to every story ...
The Devil went down to Georgia looking for a soul to steal, but it wasn't just the fiddle boy with whom the Devil struck a deal.
Ryan Seacrest was once referred to as the Devil, himself, by Kathy Griffin, who might have been on to something. After all, the American Idol host never seemed to age after he left the University of Georgia for a career in Hollywood.
It got me thinking, is there something evil to blame for Georgia's success? Using the always-reliable Wikipedia, I performed a thorough search ahead of UGA's game against Tennessee and realized that the Bulldogs have a huge advantage Saturday thanks to the wickedness that brews in their blood.
Georgia could have picked a cute mascot. They could've had a Smokey.
But no.
The university instead landed on, perhaps, the ugliest dog it could find short of a hairless chihuahua: Uga the bulldog. That's Lee Corso talking, not me.
Back in the early 1950s, the mascot was Bruce, who was shot and killed by a police officer after escaping. He was then replaced by a dog named Stinky, which seems like a cruel way to be memorialized.
All of the dead Ugas are in a mausoleum near Sanford Stadium's entrance, which proves Georgia is not just wicked — it's creepy. This should be a big advantage for the Bulldogs, especially in October.
Although it's Halloween season, forget about pumpkins. The only round, orange fruit Georgians care about are peaches.
But when it comes to fruits and vegetables, the peach is just a distraction.
UGA has a five-building research center for Vidalia onions, which can only be grown in Georgia. That's five buildings to learn how to induce tears and rancid breath.
And if that's not enough to convince you UGA is wicked, then maybe I should tell you about the underwear tussles – at least, that's what I'm calling them.
The No. 1 "lesser-known" fact on UGA's official website is all about shirttail parades, in which freshman men would take their pants off, march through Athens, meet up with some sophomores and duke it out.
Sounds productive.
If you got hurt in one of these fights, you could always go to the pharmacist for some relief. But I wouldn't trust UGA grad John Stith Pemberton.
After all, the Coca-Cola creator was known to slip a little devil's powder into the original iconic soda. We're talking cocaine, people!
And speaking of caine, let's talk about Kane, who could be the Vols' only hope on Saturday. The Bulldogs like to claim wrestler Goldberg, who admittedly had an impressive winning streak in WCW.
But Knox County Mayor Glenn Jacobs has choke-slammed him straight to Hell a time or two, proving he has what it takes to defeat UGA alumni.
But will that be enough to take on an entire school that doesn't believe in the value of love? Research out of Georgia shows that teens who aren't in romantic relationships are less likely to be depressed.
And that's depressing.
I could go on telling you all the reasons Georgia is far superior to Tennessee but, perhaps, it's best to let Saturday's game speak for itself.
We toured yachts and talked tradition to find out what makes Vol Navy so special Where did the checkerboard, 'Power T' come from? Pride of the Southland Band through the years Happy birthday Smokey! It's been 66 years since the mascot was picked Clips from Vol Walk at UT vs. Florida game


Musician, singer, producer, arranger and label owner of INnatesounds, Reggie B isn't your typical one-man show, nor is what he creates quantifiable in any fashion. The raw soul and raconteur's rhythm that permeate the ever-evolving fulfillment of what he describes as "future music" have roots in Reggie's childhood environment. Reggie was born to parents who were two sides of the same coin; a father who was one of the most renowned drummers in Topeka, Kansas' funk and jazz fusion scenes, and a mother who was regarded as a very prominent gospel singer throughout the city.
Reggie started singing and playing multiple instruments at the age of four. By the age of ten, he was composing songs and playing at churches in the Topeka and Kansas City areas. By age fourteen, he was performing at local clubs and participating in studio sessions with his band, Vision. Reggie also participated in jazz workshops at Washburn University and won a student scholarship to go on to the statewide jazz workshop at Emporia State University. He also took part in the Jazz Workshop at the Berkeley School of Music in Los Angeles.
One of his earliest joint-effort releases, 2007's "Future Music" alongside INnatesounds affiliate Daru (who is now the drummer for Jack White of The White Stripes), marked an extraordinary preview of the collaborations that Reggie was capable of. Reebok, Mercedes Benz and Mountain Dew's Green Label Sound imprint took notice and have all featured Reggie's music through their respective promotional campaigns and compilations. Further album releases followed including the lush grooves of 2007's "Go" LP, 2009's all-instrumental "Musical Joyride" and "Get Down With Me" albums and 2010's joint album with Miles Bonny, "Doin Our Thang". His forth solo album "The Traveler" introduced him to an even larger audience, leading to cooperations with international industry heavyweights including Rakim, Dam-Funk, Marco Polo, Onra, Star Slinger, Diplo and Juicy J, in addition to rocking shows around the USA such as Dam-Funk's weekly Funkmosphere party and the iconic Low End Theory events in Los Angeles.
Currently residing in Kansas City, Missouri, Reggie B's long awaited new album DNA is soon to be released on Tokyo Dawn Records. All said, it looks like the future music movement is poised to spread outwards and upwards, if Reggie B has anything to do with it!


text:
Government should reconsider deportation salaries, say MPs
The government's immigration department should consider excluding nurses from the salary cap for deportation, MPs said in a new report
Government's immigration department should consider excluding nurses from the salary cap for deportation, MPs said in a new report.
Under the new rules, workers from outside the European Economic Area (EEA) who are earning less than £35,000 after six years in the UK will be deported.
However, nursing was temporarily added to the shortage occupation list in October, stalling the deportation process until 15 February. By that date the Migration Advisory Committee (MAC) must determine if nursing should be more permanently included on the list. The report released today by the House of Commons Home Affairs Committee (HAC) – which is made up of MPs – will help guide their decision.
The report concluded that the government should consider "exempting certain public sector roles from the cap" for general working visas, it also recognised the nursing shortage and the fact that this is not a short-term problem.
A "considerable proportion" of the evidence the HAC received on the immigration rules related to healthcare professionals, suggesting strong public views on the topic, and "many commented on the difficulty filling nursing vacancies and the need to be able to recruit from outside the EU," the report revealed.
Janet Davies, chief executive and general secretary of the Royal College of Nursing, said that "the health service must now have a long-term workforce strategy to ensure the UK has enough nurses to cope with rising demand now and in the future. Anything less would be failing patients."
Practices to start Covid vaccines from 14 December
Nurse and health visitor numbers fall for first time in four years
Effective wound care


text:
Le Seismograph Building est un bâtiment scientifique dans le comté de Shasta, en Californie, dans l'ouest des États-Unis. Protégé au sein du parc national volcanique de Lassen, cet édicule destiné à abriter un sismographe est situé au nord-est du Loomis Museum, avec lequel il est inscrit au Registre national des lieux historiques depuis le . C'est par ailleurs une propriété contributrice au district historique des Manzanita Lake Naturalist's Services depuis sa création le .

Liens externes

Bâtiment dans le parc national volcanique de Lassen
Propriété contributrice à un district historique en Californie
Sismologie
United States Geological Survey
Comté de Shasta

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


Why do I need MS Windsucks? To play one game. Thats it just one. If it was out for Mac I would so take an axe to my PC.
Here is my problem. It won't boot past the screen with the little blue bar that goes accross the screen. You know the one, with the black backround and it says something like "Winblows XP home".
So I googled it and holy shamoly, It sounds like every one and there mother have had this problem.
But any sugesstion I found does not work.
I can get into safe mode so I know it's not my HD. I did a boot log and tried to boot up in normal mode and it looks like one of 2 things. A driver called ACPI Uniprocesser PC or a driver for my CPU. I have and AMD Athlon 1800 but the driver it has loaded says K7. Thoes are the 2 drivers that are comming up on the top of the list for not loading.
I changed nothing from the time it booted up fine (Monday morning) and shut it down that night. Come Tuesday morning it was hanging on that stupid splash screen. I did however do a do a hard shut down do to it hanging on the shutting down spalsh screen. Something I have done in the past with no problems.
I have Win XP SP2.
Anything you can come up with would help a lot.
Can't help you, I'm afraid.
What's the "one game" for you? The only things forcing me to keep an ugly WinXP partition on my MBP are GTA:SA with the Multi Theft Auto patch and Halflife 2. And it's nice to be able to test sites in IE, but I'd much rather to that on Parallels.
It's SWG I love that game.
Also for the CPU driver I downloaded the correct driver from AMD.com and my computer doesn't like it.
Also I did try the restore on the CD and the thing that brings the computer back to a previouse state. Niether worked.
So I found the thing that was wrong with my PC using -ct-'s advice. It was the driver for my CPU. I went to google and googled it and went to microsucks website. I found the new driver and installed it and then restarted and. Grrrrrrrrrrrr it was still doing it.
So I got upset with it and left it on the boot screen and went and watched the History channel. When I went to bed it was still stuck like that. I woke up this morning and still no change. So I made coffee and sat down at one of my trusty Macs and was reading the news and drinking my coffee and at around 8am the PC suddenly came to life and loaded.
Ok so WTF is up with that. Thats the longest boot time I have ever seen. 13 hours it took to boot up.
So I found the thing that was wrong with my PC using -ct-'s advice.
Uh oh... don't be surprised if your computer spontaneously combursts into flames.


Director of Career Services Sam Mannino weighs in on how college seniors can find a job. If this is something you're struggling with, read Sam's tips!
And remember – Sullivan University graduates receive free career search assistance for life!


text:
Amazing Lives of Saints
Filipino Saints
Young Dominic was sitting at the window of the cathedral school reading intently some of his treasured parchments when he heard a heavy knock at the front door. As he swung open the wooden door, the sight of a peasant, shivering, with shoulders stooped from hardships, met his eyes. Dominic understood that the man needed some food for his family and for himself.
As Dominic hurried towards the kitchen, he said to himself: "There must be something more I can do." Thoughtfully he gathered some bread and provisions that father Prior had given him and he was going to save them to that poor man. It didn't seem right that others were keeping things that were not very essential when others were dying for lack of neccesities. Before letting the man go, Dominic asked him about his address. The man looked slightly taken aback and muttered something about a shack near the city gates.
The very next morning saw the young man, son of a noble family of Calaruega, hurrying down to the market to sell an armload of parchment rolls. It was his whole collection. This was costing him a great deal, but every time he thought of the contrast between himself and the beggar, he was even more determined to give up what he had. After a little searching, he recognized the shack, which the beggar described. He slipped the bag of coins in an open window and strode quickly down the street.
This was to become typical, of Dominic – concern for others, for their welfare, both material and spiritual.
Several years passed. The young student was now ordained as a member of the Canons of Saint Augustine. He progressed steadily in the love of God, and was made prior of the Chapter in Osma.
Once, he was asked by the Bishop to go with a special embassy for the King and on the way they stopped in a small inn in Southern France. Dominic had heard of the Albigensian heresy. The innkeeper himself was a staunch Albigensian. The kind priest systematically and logically explained to the innkeeper the right teachings of the Church, the host of the inn was thoroughly convinced and Dominic left him clarified about the full truths regarding the Church.
This occasion changed Dominic's outlook. He felt that there was something he himself could and should do, so that the truths of faith might be taught and known by people. He knew for certain now that his life must be spent not just in contemplation but in an active work of preaching about the faith.
Dominic then conceived of a new religious order at the service of the Church which would preach the Gospel to men of every social class. For ten years he travelled throughout southern France, preaching, debating and praying. Slowly he gathered a group of preachers whom he led and directed. He desired to revive genuine apostolic spirit among the ministers of God. On August 13, 1217, in the city of Prouille, the friars Preachers (later known as Dominicans) met for the first time as a congregation. After two days of instruction, Dominic divided the little group and sent them to different places. Like the first apostles they were to go two by two from the village to village, from hamlet to city, announcing everywhere the Good News of the Gospel and the true message of the Church.
The final approval of the Church was, however, long in coming. At the time the fourth Lateran Council had just voted against the multiplication of religious orders. Besides, Dominic had introduced several innovations which take longer study before approval could be given.
Dominic went back to rome to resign his post as general of the Order, because he wanted to preach to the tartars, but the Pope felt that he would do better if he were to remain as the guide of the infant Order. For several months Dominic preached in various churches in the city of Rome itself.
It was probably during this time that the famous meeting of Dominic with Francis of Assisi took place. Dominic dreamed, one night, that the sinful world was being threatened by divine anger. It was only saved through the intercession of the Blessed Virgin Mary, who pointed out to her son two zealous men. Dominic recognized one as he himself, but the other man; a beggar was a stranger to him.
The following morning when Dominic went to say his Mass, he saw the same beggar he had seen in his dreams. It was Francis of Assisi. Their eyes met and Dominic stepped forward to embrace him saying: "You are my companion. We shall walk together, for if we do, no earthly power will be able to resist us."
Dominic preached extensively in Rome. He helped to give a definite rule of life to a few convents of nuns in the city. Meanwhile his friars were spreading rapidly into Poland, Scandinavia, England, and Palestine. He began visiting these houses. He went to Spain where he founded two friars, one at Seforia and another in Madrid.
Soon Dominic was on his way back to Bologna. Somewhat he felt far more tired than was usual. He smiled to himself. It had to be expected for he was getting old.
The coachman was inviting Dominic to come down now. But Dominic hesitated. He thought he was mistaken for he saw a stately monastery under construction. His heart sank, as he saw one of his members come down to greet him. His dismay turned to anger. None of his men should live like this! Their spirit was to be poverty, study and prayer. He ordered them to return to their old house and they did. This strong discipline was later seen to be largely responsible for the rapid spread of the community.
That same year, a general chapter was held to make a final draft of the Constitutions of the Order. Shortly after the second session of this Chapter, Dominic fell ill. He knew that the time for him to return to his Maker was near; he desired to be in the midst of his sons when he died and he wanted to be buried "under the feet of the brethen."
One evening of August, Dominic lay dying, with his spiritual sons gathered around him chanting some prayers. His face was very serene. His only desire now was to see God whom he had served throughout his life. Then silently, almost unnoticed, he breathed his last. Dominic's practice of poverty was exemplary. He had given up even what was necessary. The bed where he died belongs to one of the brothers, because he himself slept on the floor. The habit he wore was borrowed because the one he had previously been wearing was already worn out.
Dominic's testament was as simple and as clear as his life had been: "…my sons, have charity among yourselves, hold fast to humility, keep a willing poverty."
Saint Dominic's order of preachers conquered the Albigensians Heresy with the weapon he gave them: prayer, especially the Holy Rosary, humility, mortification, charity and poverty. Once when someone asked Dominic what book he used to prepare his brilliant sermons, he simply said: "The only book I used is the book of Love." His Love of God and Love of Neighbor was derived from a great spirit of Prayer.
Saint Dominic was a great lover of Mary, the mother of God. He and his followers were very devoted to the recitation of the rosary. No one did more than they spread the beautiful practice of saying the Rosary.


text:
Kingdom of Sardinia
This article includes a list of references, related reading or external links, but its sources remain unclear because it lacks inline citations. Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations. (July 2018) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
The Kingdom of Sardinia[nb 1] was a state in Southern Europe from the early 14th until the mid-19th century.
Regnum Sardiniae[1] ‹See Tfd›(in Latin)
Regne de Sardenya (in Catalan)
Reino de Cerdeña ‹See Tfd›(in Spanish)
Regnu de Sardigna (in Sardinian)
Royaume de Sardaigne ‹See Tfd›(in French)
Regno di Sardegna ‹See Tfd›(in Italian)
Civil Flag and Ensign of the Savoyard Kingdom
(1816–1848)[2][3]
Anthem: S'hymnu sardu nationale
"The Sardinian national anthem"
Kingdom of Sardinia, in 1815: the Mainland states (Piedmont, Savoy, Nice) and Sardinia.
(1324–1720, 1798–1814)
During the Iberian period in Sardinia:
Sardinian, Corsican, Catalan and Spanish;[4]
During the Savoyard period as a composite State:
Also Italian (already official in the Mainland since the 16th century via the Rivoli Edict; introduced to Sardinia in 1760[5][6][7][8]), French (official in the Mainland since the 16th century via the Rivoli Edict), Piedmontese, Ligurian, Occitan and Arpitan
Absolute monarchy
Parliamentary constitutional monarchy
James II of Aragon (first)
Victor Emmanuel II of Savoy (last)
Cesare Balbo (first)
Camillo Benso (last)
• Upper house
Subalpine Senate
• Lower house
Chamber of Deputies
• Papal investiture
• Actual establishment
• Kingdom to Habsburg
• Kingdom to Savoy
• Perfect Fusion
• Loss of Savoy and Nice
• Becomes the new Kingdom of Italy
73,810 km2 (28,500 sq mi)
Cagliarese (to 1813)
Sardinian scudo (to 1816)
Piedmontese scudo (to 1816)
French franc (1800–14)
Sardinian lira (1816–61)
Judicate of Arborea
Republic of Pisa
Duchy of Savoy
Republic of Genoa
United Provinces of Central Italy
Second French Empire
The Kingdom was a member of the Council of Aragon and initially consisted of the islands of Corsica and Sardinia, sovereignty over both of which was claimed by the Papacy, which granted them as a fief, the regnum Sardiniae et Corsicae ("kingdom of Sardinia and Corsica"), to King James II of Aragon in 1297. Beginning in 1324, James and his successors conquered the island of Sardinia and established de facto their de jure authority. In 1420, after the Sardinian-Catalan War, the last competing claim to the island was bought out. After the union of the crowns of Aragon and Castile, Sardinia became a part of the burgeoning Spanish Empire.
In 1720, the island was ceded by the Habsburg and Bourbon claimants to the Spanish throne to the Duke of Savoy Victor Amadeus II. The Savoyards united it with their historical possessions on the Italian mainland, and the Kingdom came to be progressively identified with the Mainland states, which included, besides Savoy and Aosta, dynastic possessions like the Principality of Piedmont and the County of Nice (over both of which the Savoyards had been exercising their control since the 13th century and 1388, respectively). The formal name of such composite state was the "States of His Majesty the King of Sardinia"[9] and is referenced to as either Savoy-Sardinia, Piedmont-Sardinia, or even the Kingdom of Piedmont to emphasise that the island of Sardinia had always been of secondary importance to the monarchy.[10] While in theory the traditional capital of the island of Sardinia and the seat of its viceroys had always been Cagliari, it was the Piedmontese city of Turin, the capital of Savoy since the mid 16th century, the de facto chosen seat of power under Savoyard rule.
When the Mainland domains of the House of Savoy were occupied and eventually annexed by Napoleonic France, the king of Sardinia temporarily resided on the island for the first time in Sardinia's history under Savoyard rule. The Congress of Vienna (1814–15), which restructured Europe after Napoleon's defeat, returned to Savoy its Mainland possessions and augmented them with Liguria, taken from the Republic of Genoa. In 1847–48, through the "Perfect Fusion", the various Savoyard states were unified under one legal system with their capital in Turin, and granted a constitution, the Statuto Albertino. By the time of the Crimean War in 1853, the Savoyards had built the kingdom into a strong power. There followed the annexation of Lombardy (1859), the central Italian states and the Two Sicilies (1860), Venetia (1866), and the Papal States (1870). On 17 March 1861, to more accurately reflect its new geographic extent, the Kingdom of Sardinia changed its name to the Kingdom of Italy, and its capital was eventually moved first to Florence and then to Rome. The Savoy-led Kingdom of Piedmont-Sardinia was thus the legal predecessor of the Kingdom of Italy, which in turn is the predecessor of the present-day Italian Republic.[11]
Main articles: History of Sardinia and List of monarchs of Sardinia
In 238 BC Sardinia became, along with Corsica, a province of the Roman Empire. The Romans ruled the island until the middle of the 5th century, when it was occupied by the Vandals, who had also settled in north Africa. In 534 AD it was reconquered by the Romans, but now from the Eastern Roman Empire, Byzantium. It remained a Byzantine province until the Arab conquest of Sicily in the 9th century. After that, communications with Constantinople became very difficult, and powerful families of the island assumed control of the land.
Facing Arab attempts to sack and conquer, while having almost no outside help, Sardinia utilized the principle of translatio imperii ("transfer of rule") and continued to organize itself along the ancient Roman and Byzantine model. The island was not the personal property of the ruler and of his family, as was then the dominant practice in western Europe, but rather a separate entity and during the Byzantine Empire, a monarchical republic, as it had been since Roman times.
Starting from 705–706, Saracens from north Africa (recently conquered by Arab armies) harassed the population of the coastal cities. Information about the Sardinian political situation in the following centuries is scarce. Due to Saracen attacks, in the 9th century Tharros was abandoned in favor of Oristano, after more than 1800 years of occupation; Caralis, Porto Torres and numerous other coastal centres suffered the same fate. There is a record of another massive Saracen sea attack in 1015–16 from the Balearics, commanded by Mujāhid al-ʿĀmirī (Latinized as Museto). The Saracen attempt to invade the island was stopped by the Judicates with the support of the fleets of the maritime republics of Pisa and Genoa, free cities of the Holy Roman Empire. Pope Benedict VIII also requested aid from the maritime republics of Pisa and Genoa in the struggle against the Arabs.[12]
After the Great Schism, Rome made many efforts to restore Latinity to the Sardinian church, politics and society, and to finally reunify the island under one Catholic ruler, as it had been for all of southern Italy, when the Byzantines had been driven away by Catholic Normans. Even the title of "Judge" was a Byzantine reminder of the Greek church and state[citation needed], in times of harsh relations between eastern and western churches (Massacre of the Latins, 1182, Siege of Constantinople (1204), Recapture of Constantinople, 1261).
Before the Kingdom of Sardinia and Corsica, the Archons (ἄρχοντες) or, in Latin, judices,[13][14] who reigned in the island from the 9th or 10th century until the beginning of the 11th century, can be considered real kings of all Sardinia (Κύριε βοήθε ιοῦ δού λού σου Tουρκοτουρίου ἅρχωντοσ Σαρδινίας καί τής δού ληςσου Γετιτ[15]),[16][17] even though nominal vassals of the Byzantine emperors. Of these sovereigns only two names are known: Turcoturiu and Salusiu (Tουρκοτουριου βασιλικου προτοσπαθαριου [18] και Σαλουσιου των ευγενεστατων άρχωντων),[19][20] who probably ruled in the 10th century. The Archons still wrote in Greek or Latin, but one of the oldest documents left of the Judicate of Cagliari (the so-called Carta Volgare), issued by Torchitorio I de Lacon-Gunale in 1070, was already written in the Romance Sardinian language, albeit with the Greek alphabet.[21]
The realm was divided into four small kingdoms, the Judicates, perfectly organized as was the previous realm, but was now under the influence of the Pope and the Holy Roman Empire. That was the cause of conflicts leading to a long war between the Judges, who regarded themselves as kings fighting against rebellious nobles.[22] The Judicates came to an end in 1410, when the new Kingdom of Sardinia and Corsica defeated the Arborea Judicate in a battle in Sanluri and its sovereign rights were sold by the last Judge.
Flag of the Kingdom of Sardinia at the funeral ceremony of Charles V
Later, the title of King of Sardinia was granted by the Emperor of the Holy Roman Empire to Barisone II of Arborea[23] and Enzio of Sardinia. The first could not reunify the island under his rule, despite years of war against the other Sardinian judges, and he finally concluded a peace treaty with them in 1172.[24] The second did not have the opportunity. Invested with the title from his father, Emperor Frederick II in 1239, he was soon recalled by his parent and appointed Imperial Vicar for Italy. He died in 1272 without direct recognized heirs after a detention of 23 years in a prison in Bologna.
The Kingdom of Sardinia and Corsica (later, just the "Kingdom of Sardinia" from 1460[25]) was a state whose king was the King of Aragon, who started to conquer it in 1324, gained full control in 1410, and directly ruled it until 1460. In that year it was incorporated into a sort of confederation of states, each with its own institutions, called the Crown of Aragon, and united only in the person of the king. The Crown of Aragon was made by a council of representatives of the various states and grew in importance for the main purpose of separating the legacy of Ferdinand II of Aragon from that of Isabella I of Castile when they married in 1469. The idea of the kingdom was created in 1297 by Pope Boniface VIII, as a hypothetical entity created for James II of Aragon under a secret clause in the Treaty of Anagni. This was an inducement to join in the effort to restore Sicily, then under the rule of James's brother Frederick III of Sicily, to the Angevin dynasty over the oppositions of the Sicilians. The two islands proposed for this new kingdom were occupied by other states and fiefs at the time. In Sardinia, three of the four states that had succeeded Byzantine imperial rule in the 9th century had passed through marriage and partition under the direct or indirect control of Pisa and Genoa in the 40 years preceding the Anagni treaty. Genoa had also ruled Corsica since conquering the island nearly two centuries before (c. 1133).
There were other reasons beside this papal decision: it was the final successful result of the long fight against the Ghibelline (pro-imperial) city of Pisa and the Holy Roman Empire itself. Furthermore, Sardinia was then under the control of the very Catholic Kings of Aragon, and the last result of rapprochement of the island to Rome. The Sardinian church had never been under the control of the Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople; it was an autonomous province loyal to Rome and belonging to the Latin Church, but during the Byzantine period became influenced by Byzantine liturgy and culture.
Foundation of the Kingdom of SardiniaEdit
Kingdom of Sardinia 16th-century map
Main article: History of Sardinia
In 1297, Pope Boniface VIII, intervening between the Houses of Anjou and Aragon, established on paper a Regnum Sardiniae et Corsicae that would be a fief of the Papacy. Then, ignoring the indigenous states which already existed, the Pope offered his newly invented fief to James II of Aragon, promising him papal support should he wish to conquer Pisan Sardinia in exchange for Sicily. In 1323 James II formed an alliance with Hugh II of Arborea and, following a military campaign which lasted a year or so, occupied the Pisan territories of Cagliari and Gallura along with the city of Sassari, claiming the territory as the Kingdom of Sardinia and Corsica. In 1353, Arborea waged war on Aragon. The Crown of Aragon did not reduce the last of the Judicates (indigenous kingdoms of Sardinia) until 1420. The Kingdom of Sardinia and Corsica retained its separate character as part of the Crown of Aragon and was not merely incorporated into the Kingdom of Aragon. At the time of his struggles with Arborea, Peter IV of Aragon granted an autonomous legislature to the Kingdom and its legal traditions. The Kingdom was governed in the king's name by a Viceroy.
In 1420, Alfonso V of Aragon, king of Sicily and heir to Aragon, bought the remaining territories for 100,000 gold florins of the Judicate of Arborea in the 1420 from the last Judge William III of Narbonne and the "Kingdom of Sardinia" extended throughout the island, except for the city of Castelsardo (at that time called Casteldoria or Castelgenovese) that was stolen from the Doria in 1448, and renamed Castillo Aragonés (Aragonese Castle).
Corsica, which had never been conquered, was dropped from the formal title and Sardinia passed with the Crown of Aragon to a united Spain. The defeat of the local kingdoms, communes and signorie, the firm Aragonese (later Spanish) rule, the introduction of a sterile feudalism, as well as the discovery of the Americas, provoked an unstoppable decline of the Kingdom of Sardinia. A short period of uprisings occurred under the local noble Leonardo Alagon, marquess of Oristano, who defended his territories against the Viceroy Nicolò Carroz and managed to defeat the viceroy's army in the 1470s, but was later crushed at the Battle of Macomer in 1478, ending any further revolts in the island. The unceasing attacks from north African pirates and a series of plagues (in 1582, 1652 and 1655) further worsened the situation.
Aragonese conquest of SardiniaEdit
Further information: Aragonese conquest of Sardinia
The Savoyards' Italian Possessions in the early 18th century.
Although the "Kingdom of Sardinia and Corsica" could be said to have started as a questionable and extraordinary de jure state in 1297, its de facto existence began in 1324 when, called by their allies of the Judicate di Arborea in the course of war with the Republic of Pisa, James II seized the Pisan territories in the former states of Cagliari and Gallura and asserted his papally approved title. In 1347 CE Aragon made war on landlords of the Doria House and the Malaspina House, who were citizens of the Republic of Genoa, which controlled most of the lands of the former Logudoro state in north-western Sardinia, including the city of Alghero and the semiautonomous Republic of Sassari, and added them to its direct domains.
The Judicate of Arborea, the only Sardinian state that remained independent of foreign domination, proved far more difficult to subdue. Threatened by the Aragonese claims of suzerainty and consolidation of the rest of the island, in 1353 Arborea, under the leadership of Marianus IV, started the conquest of the remaining Sardinian territories, which formed the Kingdom of Sardinia. In 1368 an Arborean offensive succeeded in nearly driving the Aragonese from the island, reducing the "Kingdom of Sardinia and Corsica" to just the port cities of Cagliari and Alghero and incorporating everything else into their own kingdom. A peace treaty returned the Aragonese their previous possessions in 1388, but tensions continued and 1382 CE the Arborean army led by Brancaleone Doria again swept the most of the island into Arborean rule. This situation lasted until 1409 when the army of the Judicate of Arborea suffered a heavy defeat by the Aragonese army in the Battle of Sanluri. After the sale of the remaining territories for 100,000 gold florins to the Judicate of Arborea in 1420, the "Kingdom of Sardinia" extended throughout the island, except for the city of Castelsardo (at that time called Casteldoria or Castelgenovese), which had been stolen from the Doria in 1448. The subduing of Sardinia having taken a century, Corsica, which had never been wrestled from the Genoese, was dropped from the formal title of the Kingdom.
Early history of SavoyEdit
Main article: Duchy of Savoy
During the 3rd century BC, the Allobroges settled down in the region between the Rhône and the Alps. This region, named Allobrigia and later "Sapaudia" in Latin, was integrated to the Roman Empire. In the 4th century, the region of Savoy was ceded by the Western Roman Empire to the Burgundians and became part of the Kingdom of Burgundy.
Piedmont was inhabited in early historic times by Celto-Ligurian tribes such as the Taurini and the Salassi. They later submitted to the Romans (c. 220 BC), who founded several colonies there including Augusta Taurinorum (Turin) and Eporedia (Ivrea). After the fall of the Western Roman Empire, the region was repeatedly invaded by the Burgundians, the Goths (5th century), Byzantines, Lombards (6th century), and the Franks (773). At the time Piedmont, as part of the Kingdom of Italy within the Holy Roman Empire, was subdivided into several marks and counties.
In 1046, Oddo of Savoy added Piedmont to their main segment of Savoy, with a capital at Chambéry (now in France). Other areas remained independent, such as the powerful communes of Asti and Alessandria, and the marquisates of Saluzzo and Montferrat. The County of Savoy was elevated to a duchy in 1416, and Duke Emanuele Filiberto moved the seat to Turin in 1563.
Exchange of Sardinia for SicilyEdit
Main articles: Kingdom of Sardinia (1700–1720) and Kingdom of Sicily under Savoy
19th century coat of arms of the Kingdom of Sardinia under the Savoy dynasty
The Spanish domination of Sardinia ended at the beginning of the 18th century, as a result of the War of the Spanish succession. By the Treaty of Utrecht of 1713, Spain's European empire was divided: Savoy received Sicily and parts of the Duchy of Milan, while Charles VI (the Holy Roman Emperor and Archduke of Austria), received the Spanish Netherlands, the Kingdom of Naples, Sardinia, and the bulk of the Duchy of Milan. During the War of the Quadruple Alliance, Victor Amadeus II, Duke of Savoy and Prince of Piedmont, had to agree to yield Sicily to the Austrian Habsburgs and receive Sardinia in exchange. The exchange was formally ratified in the Treaty of The Hague of 17 February 1720. Because the kingdom of Sardinia had existed since the 14th century, the exchange allowed Victor Amadeus to retain the title of king in spite of the loss of Sicily.
Victor Amadeus initially resisted the exchange, and until 1723 continued to style himself King of Sicily rather than King of Sardinia. The state took the official title of Kingdom of Sardinia, Cyprus and Jerusalem, as the house of Savoy still claimed the thrones of Cyprus and Jerusalem, although both had long been under Ottoman rule.
In 1767–1769, Charles Emmanuel III annexed the Maddalena archipelago in the Strait of Bonifacio from the Republic of Genoa and claimed it as part of Corsica. Since then the archipelago has been a part of the Sardinian region.
A map of the Kingdom of Sardinia in 1856, after the fusion of all its provinces into a single jurisdiction
Napoleonic Wars and the Congress of ViennaEdit
In 1792, the Kingdom of Sardinia and the other states of the Savoy Crown joined the First Coalition against the French First Republic, but was beaten in 1796 by Napoleon and forced to conclude the disadvantageous Treaty of Paris (1796), giving the French army free passage through Piedmont. On 6 December 1798 Joubert occupied Turin and forced Charles Emmanuel IV to abdicate and leave for the island of Sardinia. The provisionary government voted to unite Piedmont with France. In 1799 the Austro-Russians briefly occupied the city, but with the Battle of Marengo (1800), the French regained control. The island of Sardinia stayed out of the reach of the French for the rest of the war.
In 1814, the Crown of Savoy enlarged its territories with the addition of the former Republic of Genoa, now a duchy, and it served as a buffer state against France. This was confirmed by the Congress of Vienna, which added the region of Savoy to its borders.[26] In the reaction after Napoleon, the country was ruled by conservative monarchs: Victor Emmanuel I (1802–21), Charles Felix (1821–31) and Charles Albert (1831–49), who fought at the head of a contingent of his own troops at the Battle of Trocadero, which set the reactionary Ferdinand VII on the Spanish throne. Victor Emanuel I disbanded the entire Code Napoléon and returned the lands and power to the nobility and the Church. This reactionary policy went as far as discouraging the use of roads built by the French. These changes typified Sardinia.
The Kingdom of Sardinia industrialized from 1830 onward. A constitution, the Statuto Albertino, was enacted in the year of revolutions, 1848 under liberal pressure. In the same year the island of Sardinia, a Piedmontese dependency since more than a century, lost its own residual autonomy to the Mainland through the so-called Perfect fusion issued by Charles Albert; as a result, the Kingdom's fundamental institutions were deeply transformed, assuming the shape of a constitutional and centralized monarchy on the French model; under the same pressure, Charles Albert declared war on Austria. After initial success the war took a turn for the worse and Charles Albert was defeated by Marshal Radetzky at the Battle of Custozza (1848).
Italian unificationEdit
Camillo Benso, Count of Cavour
King Victor Emmanuel II meets Garibaldi in Teano (26 October 1860)
Main article: Italian unification
Like all the various duchies and city-states on the Apennine peninsula and associated islands, the Kingdom of Sardinia was troubled with political instability under alternating governments. After a short and disastrous renewal of the war with Austria in 1849, Charles Albert abdicated on 23 March 1849 in favour of his son Victor Emmanuel II.
In 1852, a liberal ministry under Count Camillo Benso di Cavour was installed and the Kingdom of Sardinia became the engine driving Italian unification. The Kingdom of Sardinia took part in the Crimean War, allied with the Ottoman Empire, Britain, and France, and fighting against Russia.
In 1859, France sided with the Kingdom of Sardinia in a war against Austria, the Austro-Sardinian War. Napoleon III did not keep his promises to Cavour to fight until all of the Kingdom of Lombardy-Venetia had been conquered. Following the bloody battles of Magenta and Solferino, both French victories, Napoleon thought the war too costly to continue and made a separate peace behind Cavour's back in which only Lombardy would be ceded. Due to the Austrian government's refusal to cede any lands to the Kingdom of Sardinia, they agreed to cede Lombardy to Napoleon, who in turn then ceded the territory to the Kingdom of Sardinia to avoid 'embarrassing' the defeated Austrians. Cavour angrily resigned from office when it became clear that Victor Emmanuel would accept this arrangement.
Garibaldi and the ThousandEdit
On 5 March 1860, Parma, Tuscany, Modena, and Romagna voted in referenda to join the Kingdom of Sardinia. This alarmed Napoleon, who feared a strong Savoyard state on his south-eastern border and he insisted that if the Kingdom of Sardinia were to keep the new acquisitions they would have to cede Savoy and Nice to France. This was done after referenda showed over 99.5% majorities in both areas in favour of joining France.
In 1860, Giuseppe Garibaldi started his campaign to conquer the southern Apennines in the name of the Kingdom of Sardinia. He quickly toppled the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies, which was the largest of the states in the region, stretching from Abruzzo and Naples on the mainland to Messina and Palermo on Sicily. He then marched to Gaeta in the central peninsula. Cavour was satisfied with the unification, while Garibaldi, who was too revolutionary for the king and his prime minister, wanted to conquer Rome as well. Garibaldi was disappointed in this development, as well as in the loss of his home province, Nice, to France. He also failed to fulfill the promises that had gained him popular and military support by the Sicilians: that the new nation would be a republic, not a kingdom, and that the Sicilians would see great economic gains after unification. The former did not come to pass until 1946.
Towards the Kingdom of ItalyEdit
On 17 March 1861, law no. 4671 of the Sardinian Parliament proclaimed the Kingdom of Italy, so ratifying the annexations of all other Apennine states, plus Sicily, to the Kingdom of Sardinia.[27] The institutions and laws of the Kingdom were quickly extended to all of Italy, abolishing the administrations of the other regions. Piedmont became the most dominant and wealthiest region in Italy and the capital of Piedmont, Turin, remained the Italian capital until 1865, when the capital was moved to Florence. But many revolts exploded throughout the peninsula, especially in southern Italy, and on the island of Sicily, because of the perceived unfair treatment of the south by the Piedmontese ruling class. The House of Savoy ruled Italy until 1946 when Italy was declared a republic by referendum. In this referendum the southern regions, including Sardinia, voted overwhelmingly in favor of the House of Savoy, with the results being 63.8% in favor of maintaining the monarchy.
CurrencyEdit
The currency in use in Savoy was the Piedmontese scudo. During the Napoleonic era, it was replaced in general circulation by the French franc. In 1816, after regaining their mainland domains, the scudo was replaced by the Sardinian lira, which in 1821 also replaced the Sardinian scudo, the coins that had been in use on the island throughout the period.
Flags, royal standards and coats of armsEdit
Main article: Flag of Sardinia
When the Duchy of Savoy acquired the Kingdom of Sicily in 1713 and the Kingdom of Sardinia in 1723, the flag of Savoy became the flag of a naval power. This posed the problem that the same flag was already in use by the Knights of Malta. Because of this, the Savoyards modified their flag for use as a naval ensign in various ways, adding the letters FERT in the four cantons, or adding a blue border, or using a blue flag with the Savoy cross in one canton.
Eventually, King Charles Albert adopted the "revolutionary" Italian tricolor, surmounted by the Savoyard shield, as his flag. This flag became the flag of the Kingdom of Italy, and the tricolor without the Savoyard escutcheon remains the flag of Italy.
Coats of arms
Flag of the Kingdom of Sardinia in 1568
Imperial Eagle of Roman Holy Emperor Charles V with the four Moors of the Kingdom of Sardinia (16th century)
Royal Standard of the Savoyard kings of Sardinia of Savoy dynasty (1720-1848) and State Flag of the Savoyard States (late 16th - late 18th century)
War Ensign of the Royal Sardinian Navy (1785-1802)
Merchant Flag (1802-1814)
Merchant Flag and War Ensign (1814-1816)
Civil Flag and Civil Ensign (1816-1848)
State Flag and War Ensign (1816-1848): Civil Flag "crowned"
War Ensign of the Kingdom of Sardinia (1816-1848) aspect ratio 31:76
State and war flag (1848-1851)
Civil and merchant flag (1851–1861), the Italian tricolore with the coat of arms of Savoy as an inescutcheon
State flag and war ensign (1851-1861)
>>> References:[28][29][30] <<<
MapsEdit
Territorial evolution of Sardinia from 1324 to 1720Edit
The political situation in Sardinia after 1324 when the Aragonese conquered the Pisan territories of Sardinia, which included the defunct Judicate of Cagliari and Gallura.
The Kingdom of Sardinia from 1368 to 1388 and 1392 to 1409, after the wars with Arborea, consisted of only the cities of Cagliari and Alghero.
The Kingdom of Sardinia from 1410 to 1420, after the defeat of the Arborean Judicate in the Battle of Sanluri (1409).
The Kingdom of Sardinia from 1448 to 1720; the Maddalena archipelago was conquered in 1767–69.
Territorial evolution of Italy from 1796 to 1860Edit
Duchy of Parma
Duchy of Modena
Grand Duchy of Tuscany
Republic of Venice
Kingdom of the Two Sicilies
Kingdom Lombardy–Venetia
Duchies Parma–Modena-Tuscany
After the annexation of Lombardy, the Grand Duchy of Tuscany, the Emilian Duchies and Pope's Romagna.
After the Expedition of the Thousand.
maximum expansion of the Kingdom of Sardinia, in 1860
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Kingdom of Sardinia.
List of monarchs of Sardinia
List of viceroys of Sardinia
S'hymnu sardu nationale
Notes and referencesEdit
FootnotesEdit
^ The name of the state was originally Latin: Regnum Sardiniae, or Regnum Sardiniae et Corsicae when the kingdom was still considered to include Corsica. In Italian it is Regno di Sardegna, in French Royaume de Sardaigne, in Sardinian Rennu de Sardigna, and in Piedmontese Regn ëd Sardëgna.
^ The Kingdom was initially called Regnum Sardiniae et Corsicae, in that it was originally meant to also include the neighbouring island of Corsica, until its status as a Genoese land was eventually acknowledged by Ferdinand II of Aragon, who dropped the last original bit mentioning Corsica in 1479 (Francesco Cesare, Casula. Italia, il grande inganno 1861–2011. Carlodelfino Editore. Pp.32, 49). However, every king of Sardinia continued to retain the nominal title of Rex Corsicae ("King of Corsica").
^ Bandiere degli Stati preunitari italiani: Sardegna.
^ Flags of the World: Kingdom of Sardinia – Part 2 (Italy).
^ Storia della lingua sarda, vol. 3, a cura di Giorgia Ingrassia e Eduardo Blasco Ferrer
^ The phonology of Campidanian Sardinian : a unitary account of a self-organizing structure, Roberto Bolognesi, The Hague : Holland Academic Graphics
^ S'italianu in Sardìnnia , Amos Cardia, Iskra
^ Settecento sardo e cultura europea: Lumi, società, istituzioni nella crisi dell'Antico Regime; Antonello Mattone, Piero Sanna; FrancoAngeli Storia; pp.18
^ "Limba Sarda 2.0S'italianu in Sardigna? Impostu a òbligu de lege cun Boginu – Limba Sarda 2.0". Limba Sarda 2.0. Retrieved 28 November 2015.
^ Christopher Storrs, "Savoyard Diplomacy in the Eighteenth Century (1684–1798)", in Daniela Frigo (ed.), Politics and Diplomacy in Early Modern Italy: The Structure of Diplomatic Practice, 1450–1800 (Cambridge University Press, 2000), p. 210.
^ Carlos Ramirez-Faria (2007). Concise Encyclopeida Of World History. p. 644. ISBN 9788126907755.
^ Aldo Sandulli e Giulio Vesperini (2011). "L'organizzazione dello Stato unitario" (PDF). Rivista trimestrale di diritto pubblico (in Italian): 47–49. Retrieved 19 March 2013. CS1 maint: Uses authors parameter (link)
^ B. MARAGONIS, Annales pisani a.1004–1175, ed. K. PERTZ, in MGH, Scriptores, 19,Hannoverae, 1861/1963, pp. 236–2 and Gli Annales Pisani di Bernardo Maragone, a cura di M. L.GENTILE, in Rerum Italicarum Scriptores, n.e., VI/2, Bologna 1930, pp. 4–7. "1017. Fuit Mugietus reversus in Sardineam, et cepit civitatem edificare ibi atque homines Sardos vivos in cruce murare. Et tunc Pisani et Ianuenses illuc venere, et ille propter pavorem eorum fugit in Africam. Pisani vero et Ianuenses reversi sunt Turrim, in quo insurrexerunt Ianuenses in Pisanos, et Pisani vicerunt illos et eiecerunt eos de Sardinea."
^ C. Zedda-R. Pinna, La nascita dei giudicati, proposta per lo scioglimento di un enigma storiografico, su Archivio Storico Giuridico Sardo di Sassari, vol. n°12, 2007, Dipartimento di Scienze Giuridiche dell'Università di Sassari
^ F. Pinna, Le testimonianze archeologiche relative ai rapporti tra gli Arabi e la Sardegna nel medioevo, in Rivista dell'Istituto di storia dell'Europa mediterranea, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, n°4, 2010
^ Archeological museum of Cagliari, from Santa Sofia church in Villasor
^ "Antiquitas nostra primum Calarense iudicatum, quod tunc erat caput tocius Sardinie, armis subiugavit, et regem Sardinie Musaitum nomine civitati Ianue captum adduxerunt, quem per episcopum qui tunc Ianue erat, aule sacri palatii in Alamanniam mandaverunt, intimantes regnum illius nuper esse additum ditioni Romani imperii." – Oberti Cancellarii, Annales p 71, Georg Heinrich (a cura di) MGH, Scriptores, Hannoverae, 1863, XVIII, pp. 56–96
^ Crónica del califa 'Abd ar-Rahmân III an-Nâsir entre los años 912–942,(al-Muqtabis V), édicion. a cura de P. CHALMETA – F. CORRIENTE, Madrid, 1979, p. 365 "Tuesday, August 24th 942 (A.D.), a messenger of the Lord of the island of Sardinia appeared at the gate of al-Nasir ... asking for a treaty of peace and friendship. With him were the merchants, people Malfat, known in al-Andalus as from Amalfi, with the whole range of their precious goods, ingots of pure silver, brocades etc. ... transactions which drew gain and great benefits"
^ Constantini Porphyrogeneti De caerimoniis aulae Byzantinae, in Patrologia cursus completus. Series Graeca CXII, Paris 1857
^ R. CORONEO, Scultura mediobizantina in Sardegna, Nuoro, Poliedro, 2000
^ Roberto Coroneo, Arte in Sardegna dal IV alla metà dell'XI secolo, edizioni AV, Cagliari 2011
^ Ferrer, Eduardo Blasco (1984). Storia Linguistica Della Sardegna, pg.65, De Gruyter
^ Barisone Doria: "La senyoria no la tenim ne havem haùda ne del rey ne da regina, e no som tenguts a rey ne a regina axi com eren los dits harons de Sicilia, abans de la dita senyoria e domini obtenim per Madonna Elionor, nostra muller, che és jutgessa d'Arborea e filla e succehidora per son pare per lo jutgat d'Arborea, la qual Casa d'Arborea ha D anys que ha hauda senyioria en la present illa" "We had our lordship not from any king or queen and have not to be loyal to any king or queen as sicilian Barons, because we had our lordship from Madonna Elionor, our wife, who is Lady Judge (Juighissa in Sardinian) of Arborea, daughter and successor of her father of the Judicate of Arborea, and this House of Arborea has reigned for five hundreds years in this island." – Archivo de la Corona d'Aragon. Colleccion de documentos inéditos. XLVIII
^ G. Seche, L'incoronazione di Barisone "Re di Sardegna" in due fonti contemporanee: gli Annales genovesi e gli Annales pisani, in Rivista dell'Istituto di storia dell'Europa mediterranea, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, n°4, 2010
^ Dino Punchu (a cura di), I Libri Iurium della Repubblica de Genova, Ministero per i Beni Culturali e Ambientali, Roma, 1996, n°390, pag.334
^ Geronimo Zurita, Los cinco libros postreros de la segunda parte de los Anales de la Corona d'Aragon, Oficino de Domingo de Portonaris y Ursono, Zaragoza, 1629, libro XVII, pag. 75–76
^ Wells, H. G., Raymond Postgate, and G. P. Wells. The Outline of History, Being a Plain History of Life and Mankind. Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1956. p. 753
^ Ortino, Sergio; Zagar, Mitja; Mastny, Vojtech (2005). The Changing Faces of Federalism: Institutional Reconfiguration in Europe From East to West. p. 183. ISBN 9780719069963. Retrieved 3 March 2014.
Murtaugh, Frank M. (1991). Cavour and the Economic Modernization of the Kingdom of Sardinia. New York: Garland Publishing Inc. ISBN 9780815306719.
Hearder, Harry (1986). Italy in the Age of the Risorgimento, 1790–1870. London: Longman. ISBN 0-582-49146-0.
Luttwak Edward, The Grand Strategy of the Byzantine Empire, The Belknap Press, 2009, ISBN 9780674035195
Martin, George Whitney (1969). The Red Shirt and the Cross of Savoy. New York: Dodd, Mead and Co. ISBN 0-396-05908-2.
Storrs, Christopher (1999). War, Diplomacy and the Rise of Savoy, 1690–1720. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-55146-3.
Smith, Denis Mack. Victor Emanuel, Cavour and the Risorgimento (Oxford University Press, 1971).
Thayer, William Roscoe (1911). The Life and Times of Cavour vol 1. old interpretations but useful on details; vol 1 goes to 1859]; volume 2 online covers 1859–62
In ItalianEdit
AAVV. (a cura di F. Manconi), La società sarda in età spagnola, Cagliari, Consiglio Regionale della Sardegna, 2 voll., 1992-3
Blasco Ferrer Eduardo, Crestomazia Sarda dei primi secoli, collana Officina Linguistica, Ilisso, Nuoro, 2003, ISBN 9788887825657
Boscolo Alberto, La Sardegna bizantina e alto giudicale, Edizioni Della TorreCagliari 1978
Casula Francesco Cesare, La storia di Sardegna, Carlo Delfino Editore, Sassari, 1994, ISBN 8871380843
Coroneo Roberto, Arte in Sardegna dal IV alla metà dell'XI secolo, edizioni AV, Cagliari, 2011
Coroneo Roberto, Scultura mediobizantina in Sardegna, Nuoro, Poliedro, 2000,
De Saint-Severin Charles, Souvenirs d'un sejour en Sardaigne pendant les annés 1821 et 1822, Ayné editeur, Lyon, 1827,
Ferrer i Mallol Maria Teresa, La guerra d'Arborea alla fine del XIV secolo; From Archivo de la Corona d'Aragon. Colleccion de documentos inéditos. XLVIII
Gallinari Luciano, Il Giudicato di Cagliari tra XI e XIII secolo. Proposte di interpretazioni istituzionali, in Rivista dell'Istituto di Storia dell'Europa Mediterranea, n°5, 2010
Manconi Francesco, La Sardegna al tempo degli Asburgo, Il Maestrale, Nuoro, 2010, ISBN 9788864290102
Manconi Francesco, Una piccola provincia di un grande impero, CUEC, Cagliari, 2012, ISBN 8884677882
Mastino Attilio, Storia della Sardegna Antica, Il Maestrale, Nuoro, 2005, ISBN 9788889801635
Meloni Piero, La Sardegna Romana, Chiarella, Sassari, 1980
Motzo Bachisio Raimondo, Studi sui bizantini in Sardegna e sull'agiografia sarda, Deputazione di Storia Patria della Sardegna, Cagliari, 1987
Ortu Gian Giacomo, La Sardegna dei Giudici, Il Maestrale, Nuoro, 2005, ISBN 9788889801024
Paulis Giulio, Lingua e cultura nella Sardegna bizantina: testimonianze linguistiche dell'influsso greco, Sassari, L'Asfodelo, 1983
Spanu Luigi, Cagliari nel seicento, Edizioni Castello, Cagliari, 1999
Spanu Pier Giorgio, Dalla Sardegna bizantina alla Sardegna Giudicale, in Orientis Radiata Fulgore, la Sardegna nel contesto storico e culturale bizantino, Atti del Convegno di Studi, 30 novembre – 1 dicembre 2007, Nuove Grafiche Puddu Editore, Ortacesus, 2008
Tola Pasquale, Codex Diplomaticus Sardiniae, voll. 1 et 2, Historiae Patriae Monumenta, Tipografia Regia, Torino, 1861
Veyne Paul, L'Empire Greco-Romain, Editeur Seuil, 2005, ISBN 9782020577984
Zedda Corrado – Pinna Raimondo, La nascita dei Giudicati. Proposta per lo scioglimento di un enigma storiografico, in Archivio Storico Giuridico di Sassari, seconda serie, n° 12, 2007
Zurita Geronimo, Los cinco libros postreros de la segunda parte de los Anales de la Corona d'Aragon, Oficino de Domingo de Portonaris y Ursono, Zaragoza, 1629
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_Sardinia&oldid=905651423"


The Chicago Cubs unveiled their 2015 schedule on Monday afternoon, and while things are pretty standard for the most part, there were a couple of things that stood out on the slate.
First and foremost on that list was the fact that the Cubs will open the season against the St. Louis Cardinals on the Monday after Easter. Welcoming a big rival to Wrigley Field for Opening Day has the potential to really get the season off to a rollicking start at the Friendly Confines, and it will be interesting to see what kind of crowds the team draws.
Another interesting decision made by MLB was to once again have the Cubs play six games against the Chicago White Sox in 2015. Those series, which will take place in July (at Wrigley) and August (at US Cellular Field) are both weekend series, and should draw good crowds to both parks.
Outside of those interesting developments on the slate, there are five home series that are worth checking out if you're going to be buying tickets to see the team at Wrigley next year.
The thought of the Cubs going up against players like Bryce Harper and Stephen Strasburg is one thing, but to see those kind of power players go up against the likes of Javier Baez, Kris Bryant, and Anthony Rizzo will be even cooler. Expect some fireworks in this series.
It is going to be an awesome homestand at the Friendly Confines as the Royals follow the Nationals into town. The Royals are in serious contention to win the AL Central this season, and with a young lineup and rotation, they should be in the conversation as one of the top teams in the junior circuit for years to come.
The Marlins are a team that has already alienated a lot of fans in South Florida because of their spendthrift ways, but with an opportunity to see Giancarlo Stanton and Jose Fernandez roll through the Windy City, Cubs fans shouldn't miss this holiday weekend series.
The Tigers are only in town for two days, but with pitchers like David Price (who knows if he could be wearing a Cubs uniform in 2016) and Justin Verlander, odds are strong that the Cubs could see some of the best pitchers in the game in those contests.
The last home series of the season will be played against the Buccos, and even though the two teams are on opposite ends of the divisional race this year, it's entirely possible that the Cubs could still be angling for a playoff spot when the rivals meet again.


Retroselective is a new feature over at CultureBully where we talk about our favorite music/events/whatever of the previous month. Check it out. Lots of good stuff in there, though I'm sure we missed something.


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Lonkar ist der Familienname folgender Personen:

 Prateeksha Lonkar (* 1968), indische Schauspielerin
 Tanvi Ganesh Lonkar (* 1995), indische Schauspielerin