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Psychiatric and neurological disorders in late adolescence and risk of convictions for violent crime in men
Tomas Moberg1,4,
Marlene Stenbacka1,
Anders Tengström1,
Erik G. Jönsson1,2,
Peter Nordström1 &
Jussi Jokinen1,3
BMC Psychiatry volume 15, Article number: 299 (2015) Cite this article
The relationship between mental illness and violent crime is complex because of the involvement of many other confounding risk factors. In the present study, we analysed psychiatric and neurological disorders in relation to the risk of convictions for violent crime, taking into account early behavioural and socio-economic risk factors.
The study population consisted of 49,398 Swedish men, who were thoroughly assessed at conscription for compulsory military service during the years 1969–1970 and followed in national crime registers up to 2006. Five diagnostic groups were analysed: anxiety-depression/neuroses, personality disorders, substance-related disorders, mental retardation and neurological conditions. In addition, eight confounders measured at conscription and based on the literature on violence risk assessment, were added to the analyses. The relative risks of convictions for violent crime during 35 years after conscription were examined in relation to psychiatric diagnoses and other risk factors at conscription, as measured by odds ratios (ORs) and confidence intervals (CIs) from bivariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses.
In the bivariate analyses there was a significant association between receiving a psychiatric diagnosis at conscription and a future conviction for violent crime (OR = 3.83, 95 % CI = 3.47–4.22), whereas no significant association between neurological conditions and future violent crime (OR = 1.03, 95 % CI = 0.48–2.21) was found. In the fully adjusted multivariate logistic regression model, mental retardation had the strongest association with future violent crime (OR = 3.60, 95 % CI = 2.73–4.75), followed by substance-related disorders (OR = 2.81, 95 % CI = 2.18–3.62), personality disorders (OR = 2.66, 95 % CI = 2.21–3.19) and anxiety-depression (OR = 1.29, 95 % CI = 1.07–1.55). Among the other risk factors, early behavioural problem had the strongest association with convictions for violent crime.
Mental retardation, substance-related disorders, personality disorders and early behavioural problems are important predictors of convictions for violent crime in men.
The relationship between mental illness and violent crime in adults is complex owing to the involvement of many early risk factors. Psychotic disorders were over-represented in a well-characterised cohort of homicide offenders [1], as well as in studies on other violent crimes [2, 3] and other factors, such as substance use disorders, have been suggested to be a possible mediator of the increase in the risk of violent crime among patients with psychoses [4, 5]. With regard to other mental disorders, e.g., affective disorders, it has been a subject of controversy as to whether it is the affective disorder itself or other factors that contribute to the increased risk of violent crime. A recent study demonstrated a relationship between depression and violent crime [6], while some studies argue that this association is better explained by co-morbid substance abuse [5, 7] and is stronger for bipolar disorder [8–10]. Personality disorders and substance use disorders are the psychiatric conditions suggested to increase the risk of recurrence of violent crimes the most [11]. Antisocial personality disorder and borderline personality disorder, in particular, are considered to enhance the risk of violence [12], but violent behaviours, either directly or indirectly, constitute part of the operational criteria for these diagnoses and suggest caution in the interpretation of the literature [13]. Alcoholism and drug dependence are well-established risk factors for violent offending, and suggested factors for increasing the risk of violence in connection with substance use disorders are antisocial traits and behaviour [14] and a propensity to react with aggression in conflicts [15].
The impact of mental retardation on violent offending has been demonstrated in studies on inmates in the criminal justice system, where the prevalence of mental retardation has been reported to vary from 2 up to 40 %, the wide range being due to methodological factors [16]. Mental retardation was found to be an important risk factor for violence in an early longitudinal study [17], a result which, to some extent, has subsequently been disputed [18]. Mental retardation is not, however, included as a primary risk factor for violence in violence risk assessment instruments [19–23] even though some of the listed risk factors are likely to be secondary manifestations of mental retardation, i.e., a lack of coping skills. Neurological disorders, e.g., epilepsy, and their significance for violent crimes have been very much in focus and of great interest in the history of forensic psychiatry [24], but studies have failed to demonstrate a connection with violent crimes [25].
Episodes of violence in adulthood are often preceded by behaviour problems at a young age [26]. Youths with an early onset of such problems are typically diagnosed with conduct disorder, which, independently [27] or in combination with severe mental illness [28], has been shown to pose an increase in the risk for violence in adulthood [29]. In addition, it has been suggested that there is a connection between childhood maltreatment and adult violence according to the 'cycle of violence' hypothesis [30]. Other similar confounders such as negative life events and low levels of social support might also explain an increased risk of violent offending among people with common mental disorders [31]. There is a paucity of long-term, longitudinal population-based follow-up studies that simultaneously examine psychiatric disorders with an early age of onset and mental retardation, as well as neurological disorders in relation to the risk of a later conviction for violent crime, while taking into account known early behavioural and socio-economic risk factors derived from widely used violence risk assessment instruments.
Aims of the study
The main objective of this study was to investigate the impact of psychiatric diagnoses in late adolescence on convictions for violent crime later in life. A further aim was to investigate the significance of neurological disorders, as well as other early risk factors, in relation to convictions for violent crime.
Research questions:
Do psychiatric diagnoses in late adolescence increase the risk of a future conviction for violent crime?
Do neurological disorders increase the risk of a conviction for violent crime?
Which psychiatric diagnoses are most important for a future conviction for violent crime and what is the difference in their impacts?
To what extent are other risk factors in late adolescence relevant to a conviction for violent crime later in life?
Which diagnoses and other risk factors are of importance for relapse in convictions for violent crime?
The study population consisted of 49,398 Swedish men, born 1949–1951, who were assessed from 1 July 1969 to 30 June 1970, i.e., at an age of 18–20 years, in connection with the nationwide conscription for compulsory military service. The cohort consisted of 97–98 % of all possible conscripts in Sweden at that time. The remaining young men were exempted from conscription for such medical reasons as severe physical or psychiatric disorder/disability. The follow-up time for the survivors in the cohort was 35.24 years, standard deviation (SD) = 3.98. Conviction data were linked at Statistics Sweden via the unique Swedish civic registration number for each individual in the cohort. This number was then replaced with an individual serial number, making the data anonymous to the researchers, after approval by the Karolinska Institute Research Ethics Committee in Stockholm (Dnr 2007/ 174–31, Dnr 2008/1086-31/5). Using this procedure to guarantee the anonymity of data, the participants did not have to sign their informed consent [32]. The ethics committee was aware of that we were not going to obtain consent from participants when they approved the study.
The conscription procedure was a 2-day event, including physical tests and thorough examination by a physician to establish a physical diagnosis. Cognitive tests were performed and a psychologist interviewed all conscripts. A suspected psychiatric disorder resulted in referral to a psychiatrist for a clinical examination and mental disorders were recorded in accordance with the International Classification of Disease, Revision 8 (ICD-8) [33]. Only main diagnoses were included in the study. Main diagnoses were defined as the most clinically relevant diagnoses determined at conscription according to ICD 8. Details of this procedure and the validity of the assessments have been described earlier [34, 35]. The psychiatric conditions in the cohort were recorded in five different diagnostic groups according to the ICD-8 classification. Psychoses included diagnoses 292 and 295–298, anxiety-depression/neuroses 300, personality disorders 301, substance-related disorders 303 and 304, and mental retardation 310–315. A sixth group with neurological disorders was created by grouping the following diagnoses: 309, 320, 321, 323, 324, 330, 332, 343–345 and 348. The diagnostic numbers from the ICD-8 classification are presented in Additional file 1.
In the total cohort of 49,398 conscripts, 9.90 % (n = 4892) were diagnosed with a psychiatric or neurological condition as defined above. The largest diagnostic group was anxiety-depression/neuroses with a prevalence of 4.90 % (n = 2419) in the cohort, followed by personality disorders with 2.56 % (n = 1267). Mental retardation had a prevalence of 1.06 % (n = 524) and was slightly higher than substance-related disorders with 0.93 % (n = 459) at conscription. The smallest groups were neurological disorders and psychoses with 0.39 % (n = 192) and 0.063 % (n = 31), respectively.
Other potential risk factors (confounders)
Based on the literature on violence risk assessment, additional risk factors (confounders) were selected from the conscription data using the following procedure. Five risk assessment instruments, i.e., the Level of Service Inventory-Revised (LSI-R) [19], the Psychopathy Checklist-Revised (PCL-R) [20], the Historical-Clinical-Risk Management-20, Version 3 (HCR-20V3) [21], the Spousal Assault Risk Assessment: Short Version (SARA: SV) [22] and the Violence Risk Screening-10 (V-RISK-10) [23], were scrutinised and 124 variables were clustered into 21 domains. Conscription data obtained from 105 questions in two self-report questionnaires were assessed. Thirty-one questions contained information that corresponded to 30 variables in 11 domains in the violence risk assessment instruments and which were statistically significantly associated with risk of future convictions for violent crime and were therefore chosen as potential confounders/risk factors. The question/variable from each domain that was most significantly associated with a conviction for violent crime was selected; only three questions were not included in the study because of there being only a weak association. The following eight items from the conscription questionnaires were used for further analyses: Poor economic conditions in the family, Divorced parents, Corporal punishment in upbringing, Easily angry, Sleep disturbance (i.e., reflecting stress), Lowered marks due to misconduct at school, Contact with the police or child welfare section of a municipal welfare committee (referral to the child welfare section was due to either the child's misconduct problems or maltreatment in the family) and Arrested by police for drunkenness. The last of these risk factors was not excluded despite the fact that substance-related disorders were among the analysed diagnoses because the variable itself was considered to reflect a certain type of behaviour not always caught in a dependence diagnosis. The following domains of risk factors derived from the literature on risk assessment instruments did not have corresponding information in the conscription data: Criminal history as an adult, Bad conduct in prison or under probation, Unemployment, Economic problems as an adult, Marital problems or promiscuous sexual behaviour, Living in an area with high criminality, Having friends with criminal history, Negative attitudes toward legal systems, or a rating for Psychopathy or lack of empathy.
Through the conscripts' unique Swedish civic registration numbers, the cohort was linked by record to the National Crime Register. The Swedish National Council for Crime Prevention, an agency under the Ministry of Justice and a centre for research and development within the judicial system, granted permission to access the conviction data, which were obtained to identify the date, type and number of criminal offences during the years 1971–2006. The studied outcome measure was a conviction for a violent crime (n = 2532), which was defined as homicide (n = 22), manslaughter (n = 135), aggravated assault (n =162), assault and battery (n = 2102), bodily harm (n = 107) and other (n = 4). Sex crimes and robbery were not included in the category of violent convictions. No violent crime was defined as all other convictions or a lack of any conviction. We also categorised offences according to the number of convictions for violent crime (one versus two or more).
The relative risks of convictions for violent crime during the years 1970–2006 were examined in relation to psychiatric and neurological diagnoses and other risk factors at conscription during 1 July 1969 to 30 June 1970, as measured by odds ratios (ORs) with 95 % confidence intervals (CIs) from bivariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses (SAS 9.1, SAS Institute Inc., Cary, NC, USA). The outcome measure was any conviction for violent crime. In the bivariate analyses, the reference categories comprised all individuals without any psychiatric or neurological diagnosis or without any other risk factor at conscription, with the independent variables being measured only once. Only significant diagnostic and other risk factor variables in the bivariate analyses were included in the multivariate analyses. Potential confounders/other risk factors for the bivariate and multivariate analyses were selected by testing for all other possible risk factors using χ2 tests (categorical variables) and retaining the one in each domain that was the most significant predictor for conviction for a violent crime. Tests for non-parametric correlations using Spearman's rho verified that the risk factors (i.e., ordinal variables from questionnaires) did not correlate with each other. Group differences concerning age of onset of violent disorder convictions were tested with the Kruskal-Wallis test. The p-value was set at < 0.05 in all the analyses.
Psychiatric diagnoses and future convictions for violent crime
Fifteen per cent of the men with a psychiatric diagnosis at conscription had been convicted for at least one violent crime during the follow-up period, compared to 3.7 % of the conscripts without a psychiatric diagnosis at conscription. There was a significant association between receiving a psychiatric diagnosis at conscription and a future conviction for violent crime (odds ratio (OR) 3.83, 95 % confidence interval (CI) 3.47–4.22). The analysis of specific psychiatric diagnostic groups revealed that substance-related disorders had the strongest association with convictions for violent crime (OR 10.08, 95 % CI 8.18–12.42), followed by mental retardation (OR 5.65, 95 % CI 4.50–7.09) and personality disorders (OR 5.36, 95 % CI 4.60–6.25). Anxiety-depression (OR 1.99, 95 % CI 1.69–2.34) and psychosis (3.83, 95 % CI 1.34–10.96) had a weaker association with violent crime conviction.
Neurological conditions in relation to future convictions for violent crime
Among persons with neurological diagnoses, 3.7 % were convicted for violent crimes during the follow-up. There was no significant association between neurological conditions and future convictions for violent crime (OR 1.03, 95 % CI 0.48–2.21).
Other risk factors relevant for future conviction for violent crime
Table 1 shows bivariate logistic regression analyses between selected other potential risk factors measured at conscription and future convictions for violent crime. Arrested by police for drunkenness had the strongest association with future convictions for violent crime (OR 5.91, 95 % CI 5.36–6.50), followed by Contact with the police or a child welfare committee (OR 5.32, 95 % CI 4.87–5.82).
Table 1 Adolescent risk factors for future convictions for violent crime
Multivariate regression analyses
Table 2 shows the multivariate analyses in Models I–IV. Individuals meeting the diagnostic criteria for psychosis (n = 31) were not included in the models due to the small number for multivariate analyses. The remaining four groups of psychiatric diagnoses were included (Model I) with successive addition and stepwise adjustment with other potential risk factors in upbringing conditions (Model II), personal factors (Model III) and early behavioural problem variables (Model IV), respectively. Of all the diagnoses, substance-related disorders had the strongest association with future convictions for violent crime in Model I–III, followed by mental retardation and personality disorders. In the fully adjusted model, mental retardation had the strongest association with future convictions for violent crime (OR 3.60, 95 % CI 2.73–4.75), followed by substance-related disorders (OR 2.81, 95 % CI 2.18–3.62) and personality disorders (OR 2.66, 95 % CI 2.21–3.19), while anxiety-depression only had a weak, but significant, association (OR 1.29, 95 % CI 1.07–1.55).
Table 2 Multivariate analyses for future convictions for violent crime in Models I–IV
Considering other risk factors than psychiatric diagnoses in the fully adjusted model, early behavioural problem variables had the strongest association with future convictions for violent crime. The variables Divorced parents, Corporal punishment in upbringing and Easily angry were also significantly associated with a future conviction for violent crime, but to a lesser extent, whereas Poor economic conditions in family and Sleep disturbance did not show any significant association with future convictions for violent crime in this study.
Onset of and relapse in violent crimes
The mean (standard deviation [SD]) age of onset for a future conviction for violent crime after conscription in the group with no psychiatric diagnoses was 26.5 (8.1) years. The mean age of onset was significantly lower for substance-related disorders, personality disorders and mental retardation with 21.5 (3.6), 21.9 (4.7) and 23.4 (5.7) years, respectively, compared to the group with no psychiatric diagnoses (p < 0.001). The age of onset for conscripts with anxiety-depression diagnoses was 25.9 (8.1), which is not statistically significantly different (p = 0.0825). The regression analysis was repeated in a fully adjusted multivariate model with the outcome of at least one violent crime relapse. The results of this analysis showed that mental retardation (OR 4.02, 95 % CI 2.60–6.22), personality disorder (OR 3.67, 95 % CI 2.81–4.79) and substance abuse (OR 2.99, 95 % CI 2.06–4.32) groups had significantly higher risks of violent crime relapse compared to the depression/anxiety group (OR 1.40, 95 % CI 1.03–1.89). There was also a stronger association with recidivism in violent crime for the other relevant risk factors; this was particularly evident for early behavioural problem variables.
The main finding in this long-term follow-up study was that men with a diagnosis of mental retardation at conscription had the highest risk for a future conviction for violent crime, taking into account other early risk factors. This result is in line with longitudinal studies showing that low intelligence is a significant risk factor for offending [17, 36–38]. In our study, mental retardation had a stronger association with convictions for violent crime than psychoses, anxiety-depression/neuroses, personality disorders and substance-related disorders. However, this is not reflected in any of the examined violence risk assessment instruments that do not directly take into account mental retardation as a diagnosis, but, instead, several of the other psychiatric diagnoses or risk factors. When interpreting our results it should be noted that the military authorities had excluded individuals considered not fit for military service before conscription. Among others, this group also included individuals with more severe forms of mental retardation requiring support from health and social services. In the present study, we also chose to include individuals diagnosed with borderline mental retardation (intelligence quotient 70–85) as mentally retarded because this group is well-represented in clinical populations when doing violence risk assessments. Other researchers have also called attention to this group's inclusion in earlier studies on criminal careers [18]. This study had information on confounding factors considered relevant in a risk assessment perspective, thus enabling adjustment for different behavioural variables most likely not linked to mental retardation per se, but, instead, indicating a more general propensity towards anti-social behaviour/attitudes due to other conditions or circumstances. Poor coping skills due to mental retardation may sometimes be misinterpreted to be an anti-social behaviour caused by a conduct disorder. Based on our main findings, we recommend that individuals with an early onset of violent crime should, in appropriate cases, undergo a thorough neuropsychiatric investigation to determine whether there is masked mental retardation. The earlier the detection, the better the basis there is for planning appropriate support adjusted to the mental retardation, which may lead to a lower risk of violence.
Not surprisingly, substance-related disorders were associated with an increased risk of future convictions for violent crime in line with what other studies have shown [39, 40]. The result was robust even after adjusting for potential confounders, some of them corresponding to antisocial personality traits. This, together with the design of the study with an investigation of a birth cohort and thus excluding enrichment of antisocial traits through a selection bias, allowed us to make a realistic estimation of the extent to which the substance related disorder itself is a predictor of a violent crime. On the other hand, in our cohort, substance-related disorders consisted mainly of drug dependency (67 %), i.e., illegal substances connected with a high acceptance of anti-social acts. In reality, however, alcoholism is far more prevalent in the Swedish citizenry and it could be speculated whether a truer representation (better detection) of substance use problems in the cohort would alter the findings and, if so, in what direction.
A personality disorder diagnosis at conscription was also associated with an increased risk for a later conviction for violent crime in our study. This is in accord with a large-scale review which showed that all personality disorders evinced an increase in the risk for violent crimes [41]. In our statistical analyses, we handled the personality disorders as a single category because other and unspecified personality disorders accounted for most individuals in the group. The association between personality disorders and convictions for violent crime could not be explained by a high proportion of individuals with an antisocial personality disorder, who only accounted for 7 % (n = 89 out of 1267) of the personality disorders. The importance of personality disorders for conviction for violent crime remained significant after adjusting for factors that reflect early behavioural problems. In fact, deviant behaviour variables were often connected with personality disorders.
In our study, affective and anxiety disorders diagnosed at conscription were associated with a conviction for violent crime later in life, but, to a great extent, the association could be explained by other factors. Nevertheless, affective and anxiety disorders still remained a weak, but significant, predictor of a future conviction for violent crime even after adjusting for various potential confounders. This result is in line with what other authors have reported [42, 43]. In our study, the ICD-8 diagnoses were based upon the neuroses concept, clustering together affective disorders and anxiety disorders in a single group. We chose to keep that diagnostic grouping in our analyses in order to do justice to the diagnostic procedure during the years 1969–1970. However, during those years, bipolar disorder was diagnosed as a psychotic syndrome according to ICD-8 when manifested as an affective psychosis, manic or depressed type, thus accounting for over a third of the psychosis group (n = 13 out of 31). There were probably also some depressed conscripts with a masked bipolar disorder because they had not yet developed a manic episode. Affective disorders, especially depression, are common conditions often having an onset later in life and therefore it was not possible to include them in our analyses. An earlier study has also demonstrated considerable heterogeneity in the affective group with a higher criminality rate in bipolar patients and patients suffering from unipolar minor or intermittent depression, and no increased criminality rate in patients with unipolar major depression [44].
There was an association between psychosis and convictions for violent crime in the bivariate analysis of our study. Due to the small number of individuals with psychosis diagnoses, we could not determine whether the association between psychosis at conscription and a future conviction for violent crime later in life was due to other factors, such as personality pathology or co-morbid substance abuse, as suggested in the literature [4, 45]. It has been shown in a previous study that only a minority of the possible psychosis cases could be diagnosed at the time of conscription, since more than 90 % of the conscripts had their first-episode of psychosis later in life [46]. However, violent crimes often occur before clear psychotic symptoms appear [47, 48], thus probably resulting in an underestimation of the problem of conviction for violent crime in the psychosis group in our study.
Among the other eight confounding risk factors adjusted for, early behaviour problems had the strongest association with convictions for violent crime in adulthood. In particular, the variable 'Contact with the police or child welfare committee', but also 'Lowered marks due to misconduct at school' and 'Arrested by police for drunkenness', were associated with a conviction for violent crime. Most probably, the self-reported information in this context reflects an expression of some kind of aggressive behaviour or similar misbehaviour during childhood or adolescence. Our result was therefore expected and in line with previous research [26, 49]. Offending in childhood (whether violent or otherwise) is a key risk factor for persistent offending [26]. In our study, very few conscripts (n = 195 out of 49,398) had a violent offence conviction (according to criminal records) prior to the age of 18. Since this group was small, adding it to the multivariate model instead of 'Contact with the police or child welfare committee' did not change the results concerning the risk of convictions for violent crime and psychiatric diagnoses, we decided to use the broader construct in accordance with most violence risk assessment instruments.
To have been exposed to violence during childhood in the form of corporal punishment had an association with convictions for violent crime, but the relationship was weaker compared to have had divorced parents. In the present study, there was thus a weak connection between childhood maltreatment and violent conviction, giving some support to the 'cycle of violence' hypothesis along with previous studies [30, 50]. In summary, after adjusting for eight carefully selected confounders, the main finding remained robust, i.e., all studied psychiatric conditions, except psychoses, diagnosed at enrolment were associated with a conviction for violent crime later in life.
The strength of this longitudinal study includes the fact that the conscripts were from a large birth cohort recruited nationwide with a coverage of 97–98 %, who were thoroughly examined during 2 days by psychologists, physicians and, if necessary, psychiatrists in a procedure that included cognitive tests. Furthermore, the studied outcome, conviction for violent crime after conscription, was obtained from national crime registers covering a period of more than 35 years. The mean age at onset was thus a measure of offending in adulthood, because convictions for violent crime before conscription were not included.
A limitation is that women were exempted from conscription at that time, which restrains the generalisability of the findings of psychiatric diagnoses and future convictions for violent crime only to men. Furthermore, we did not have information about Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and too few subjects with traumatic brain injury to analyse these conditions. In this study, the category violent crime conviction was based on the Swedish Penal Code categorisation of violent crime. Sex crimes and robbery were not included in the category which can be seen as a limitation. Detailed information on the adult experiences of the population that are likely to influence the offending trajectories, including the provision of support, medication and more detailed socio-economic data later in life, was not available. Some of the men with psychiatric disorders probably were not conscripted and we could only focus on those with a relatively early onset of psychiatric and neurological disorders. Thus, the sample does not represent the entire male population with these disorders.
When performing violence risk assessments in men, it is important to do a thorough psychiatric and psychological evaluation, including cognitive tests, and to obtain information about early behavioural problems and childhood maltreatment. Mental retardation, substance-related disorders, personality disorders and early behavioural problems are important predictors of convictions for violent crime in men. Neurological disorders are not a predictor of convictions for violent crime in men. Poor coping skills due to mental retardation may sometimes be misinterpreted to be an anti-social behaviour caused by a conduct disorder. Individuals with an early onset of violent crime should, in appropriate cases, undergo a thorough neuropsychiatric investigation to determine whether there is masked mental retardation. The earlier the detection, the better the basis there is for planning appropriate support adjusted to the mental retardation, which may lead to a lower risk of violence. Based on our findings, we suggest considering inclusion of mental retardation in future revisions of the violence risk assessment instruments.
Availability of supporting data
For data requests, please contact Marlene Stenbacka, Associate Professor. Data is not stored elsewhere due to confidentiality reasons in accordance with the decision from the ethics committee.
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Boden JM, Fergusson DM, Horwood LJ. Alcohol misuse and violent behavior: findings from a 30-year longitudinal study. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2012;122(1–2):135–41.
Grann M, Fazel S. Substance misuse and violent crime: Swedish population study. BMJ. 2004;328(7450):1233–4.
Yu R, Geddes JR, Fazel S. Personality disorders, violence, and antisocial behavior: a systematic review and meta-regression analysis. J Personal Disord. 2012;26(5):775–92.
Corrigan PW, Watson AC. Findings from the National Comorbidity Survey on the frequency of violent behavior in individuals with psychiatric disorders. Psychiatry Res. 2005;136(2–3):153–62.
Hodgins S, Lapalme M, Toupin J. Criminal activities and substance use of patients with major affective disorders and schizophrenia: a 2-year follow-up. J Affect Disord. 1999;55(2–3):187–202.
Modestin J, Hug A, Ammann R. Criminal behavior in males with affective disorders. J Affect Disord. 1997;42(1):29–38.
Bo S, Abu-Akel A, Kongerslev M, Haahr UH, Simonsen E. Risk factors for violence among patients with schizophrenia. Clin Psychol Rev. 2011;31(5):711–26.
Eriksson A, Romelsjo A, Stenbacka M, Tengstrom A. Early risk factors for criminal offending in schizophrenia: a 35-year longitudinal cohort study. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol. 2011;46(9):925–32.
Kooyman I, Walsh E, Stevens H, Burns T, Tyrer P, Tattan T, et al. Criminal offending before and after the onset of psychosis: examination of an offender typology. Schizophrenia Res. 2012;140(1–3):198–203.
Large MM, Nielssen O. Violence in first-episode psychosis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Schizophrenia Res. 2011;125(2–3):209–20.
McCabe KM, Hough R, Wood PA, Yeh M. Childhood and adolescent onset conduct disorder: a test of the developmental taxonomy. J Abnorm Child Psychol. 2001;29(4):305–16.
Forsman M, Langstrom N. Child maltreatment and adult violent offending: population-based twin study addressing the 'cycle of violence' hypothesis. Psychol Med. 2012;42(9):1977–83.
The research for this study was supported by Co-ordination of the Swedish Drug Policy (Dnr. 238/2006:18), by the Swedish Research Council (Project nos. K2009-61P-21304-04-4; K2009-61X-21305-01-1) and through the Regional Agreement on Medical Training and Clinical Research (ALF) between the Stockholm County Council and Karolinska Institutet.
Department of Clinical Neuroscience/Psychiatry, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
Tomas Moberg, Marlene Stenbacka, Anders Tengström, Erik G. Jönsson, Peter Nordström & Jussi Jokinen
NORMENT, KG Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
Erik G. Jönsson
Department of Clinical Sciences, Psychiatry, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
Department of Clinical Neuroscience/Psychiatry, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital/Solna, SE-171 76, Stockholm, Sweden
Tomas Moberg
Marlene Stenbacka
Anders Tengström
Peter Nordström
Correspondence to Tomas Moberg.
TM participated in the specific design of the study, performed the statistical analyses and the main analyses and interpretation of data and drafted the manuscript. JJ and MS participated in the specific design of the study, performed the statistical analyses and the main analyses and interpretation of data and contributed to the revision of the manuscript. AT participated in the general design of the study, wrote the applications to the ethics committee and contributed to the analyses and interpretation of data and to the revision of the manuscript. EGJ and PN contributed to the analyses and interpretation of data and the revision of the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
Additional file
Presentation of the diagnostic numbers from the ICD-8 classification used in this study. (DOCX 68 kb)
Moberg, T., Stenbacka, M., Tengström, A. et al. Psychiatric and neurological disorders in late adolescence and risk of convictions for violent crime in men. BMC Psychiatry 15, 299 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12888-015-0683-7
Substance-related disorders
Childhood maltreatment
Violence and Violent crime


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If you are intending on the honeymoon vacation or on the family vacation, opting for a good motel is certainly vital for you. Considering that everyone has a limited finances to do business with, we discover it really difficult to go with a excellent motel and stay within our finances simultaneously. Generally, excellent motels usually are not cost-effective. Now, now you ask, what do you need to consider while looking for a motel? Granted below are a few recommendations that may help you opt for the proper motel.
The very first thing you need to consider will be your needs. Things to do is match your needs to protect against precisely what the motel features. Ordinarily, the hotel includes a rate that comes among and 5.
If a motel has many luxuries and features, be aware that it is going to possess a bigger amount tag for its bedrooms. This method for you to approximate the value you may want to spend on your stop at the hotel. If you discover a motel that gives the majority of the features you require with a lower price, be sure to grab this bargain.
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When an interesting problem strikes us, a flash of thoughts and various concerns floods into our mind and they turn into vague visuals. To convert them into real world stuff, we have to begin with concrete models. The importance of a note taking application at this point is very crucial, we need to draw models, we need to sketch arrows, we need to sketch workflows, we need to write appropriate descriptions.
Identity is misconstrued, we are not speaking the identity, we are being driven, something drives us and we are escapist. I know the angle, the angle you are thinking from, and here is my one, it is classical, classical in sense as I think it is, it is the virtue.
Suddenly it feels so important looking bare at this virtue and after a few minutes the fake residing identity kills the virtue, your own virtue and it all lefts you with no real. It is a life long practice to always think about reminding yourself about your own virtues, it is as important as to have a virtue.
The greatest part which inspires us is philosophy and the smart part which really works is practicality.
And in between them there are lots of lines and sharp edges made up of obligations, prejudices, instincts, society, kind of infrastructure we have, number and thickness of boilerplates we need to face and passion to hold them.
and rest is good luck.
There is some secret sauce in categorizing things under two categories. There are two types of creative people, one who think they are creative and other are too busy to get this thought in their head.
It's problematic to assert your type to yourself again and again. If you have more memories thinking yourself, about being something and more you are building, less are the probabilities and vice versa.
Varieties of problems and solving them might be a challenging task. More you flood yourself with problems, requirement of swapping area and capacity to hold all of that increases. At first, solving a hard problem itself is a challenge, then solving two tough problems one advocating left brain and one advocating right brain even might be a more difficult task.
Basics are subject to revise them continuously over and over frequently, but this need arises from the ambition to build higher bricks from elementary.
This may be a common approach to neglect basics when they seem obvious , and oblivious to be revised but they provide us more clearer view of world and more importantly provides us solid reasons of having certain aspects about things around us.


Funeral services will be held at 2:00 p.m., Monday, July 28, in the chapel of Sorrells Funeral Home & Crematory in Slocomb with Rev. Winford Gulledge officiating. Burial will follow in Tabernacle United Methodist Church Cemetery.
The family will receive friends at the funeral home Sunday from 4:00 until 6:00 p.m.
Mrs. Callihan was born on May 1, 1938 in Geneva County to the late Chester and Alma Hartzog Whitaker. She loved her Lord and was a member of Hartford United Methodist Church. She possessed a sweet and gentle spirit, an infectious smile and a great sense of humor. Some of her favorite pastimes included reading and gardening but above all, she treasured being a wife, mother and grandmother. Her enduring love will always be cherished by her family and friends.
In addition to her parents, her husband, Eudon "Don" Hughes Callihan and brother, Kenneth Whitaker all preceded her in death.
Survivors include a daughter, Sherrie Ladonna (Randall) Shutes, Hartford; two grandchildren: Minnie Ladonna Littlefield and Jeffrey Scott Dowling, Dothan; three great grandchildren: Ty, Bryce and Tucker; two sisters: Ann Brubaker and Kathie Swift both of Panama City Beach, FL; one brother, Millard Whitaker (Martha), Bonifay; one sister-in-law, Linda Callihan Benefield; several nieces, nephews and other extended family and friends.


Chainlink Marketing Platform empowers users to drive Mobile Engagement by providing the same beautiful marketing experiences across devices, whether it be desktop, tablets, or Mobile. According to comScore, mobile device usage has doubled in the past three years, and this doesn't seem to be a trend that's slowing down. Chainlink Marketing Platform creates seamless experiences, serving up dynamic content that recognizes your targets' and customers' devices and instantly reacts, making sure that every impression counts.
Chainlink Marketing Platform tracks and stores every single target marketing interaction for each of your customers, clients, leads, and prospects in the Chainlink Data Warehouse. This provides marketers with a deeper understanding of how their targets are observing and reacting to all of your marketing efforts, and allows you to use advance segmentation and and focus different efforts based on high-Mobile usage targets. By providing your mobile users with dynamic and relevant content and offerings, you'll deepen your customer relationships and conversations, and drive better mobile engagement and higher conversion rates.
The Chainlink Data Warehouse stores every single marketing interaction, ranging from emails, to website visits and form submissions. Using advanced analytics you can learn more about your targets' geolocation, average mobile engagement time, and favorite email client (Gmail vs Outlook etc). Using advanced segmentation you can provide hyper-targeted offers and messaging to individual prospects, further encouraging your recipients to continue along the buying process towards your marketing goals. Additionally, you can create advanced cross-channel automated programs and workflows, triggered by your targets' mobile interactions. Mobile isn't just great for your customers; it provides another highly efficient marketing touch point to drive more 1:1 conversations.


Chausson motorhomes have over 35 years of design and build experience. Based in France they sell their low profile, A-Class, overcab and van conversion motorhomes to over 25 countries. Renewed for their distinctive streamlined designs.


text:
Q: what is the taglib of display header in jsp I am using Spring 2.5 mvc. I export data from database into excel. I did everything but when I try to use  display header like below
<display:header>
   <thead id="aaa">
       <tr>

        </tr>
    </thead>
 </display:header>

it gives me an taglib error
 I added this taglib.
<%@ taglib prefix="display" uri="http://displaytag.sf.net"%>

Apart from this taglib, is there anything that I must use? Especially display:header.
Thanks in advance,

A: There is no display:header.
See docs here.

A: I solved problem. Yes, there is <display:header>. However, I had used displaytag-1.1.1.jar first. Instead of this jar, I used displaytag-1.2.jar and problem has been solved.
Regards,

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


Giving our pets food each day is a definite way to show that we care. And it's hard not to love how excited dogs and cats can get at the mere mention of a treat. But too much food and too many of these treats can have dangerous consequences for your pet. According to recent pet obesity statistics, nearly 54% of all dogs in the US are considered obese. This condition, which is not dependent on the amount of body weight, but rather the amount of body fat, often causes the need for expensive medical care and/or premature death.
Most people are surprised to learn that obesity is one of the greatest health threats to pets. Dogs and cats bodies store extra calories in adipose tissue, or fat, beneath the skin and around the internal organs. Too much adipose tissue has been linked to a higher risk of diabetes, elevated blood pressure, and osteoarthritis. Excess amounts of adipose tissue can increase the workload of the heart. Over time, this may result in heart disease. It can also complicate tracheal collapse in smaller dog breeds, and laryngeal paralysis (LarPar) in older dogs.
An abundance of adipose tissue can affect your pet's ability to properly manage blood glucose (blood sugar), resulting in a pre-diabetic or diabetic condition. Adipose tissue also produces proinflammatory factors, which can also cause insulin resistance. Dogs who suffer from insulin resistance require diet restrictions or modifications and in many instances, two insulin injections each day are also needed. Unfortunately, the related laboratory testing to monitor blood sugar and assist with the prescription of insulin can be both expensive and time-consuming.
Osteoarthritis, or inflammation of the joints, is definitely aggravated by excessive weight. The pressure of those extra pounds pushing down on the articular cartilage in the joints causes inflammation. This increased and continued force also wears down the cartilage until the joint surface has been depleted of its protective cartilage layer.
Now that you understand all of the dangers of excessive weight in our pets, you may be wondering can be done to keep your pet happy and healthy. Exercise is usually a great place to start. Quality time spent walking with your canine friend will benefit both you and your dog! Next, look at the pet's diet in terms of the amount and quality of food. Veterinarians are a wonderful source of nutritional information and they can help you develop a specific food and exercise plan for your furry family members.
If you pet is already overweight, now is a great time to take action. On April 1st, LakeCross Veterinary is offering a month-long weight management program for dogs called the "LakeCross Pounders". This program was specifically designed to help dogs who are a little too "fluffy". The program includes: a personal consultation to develop an individualized weight loss plan for your pet, a physical exam at the program halfway point, and a final consultation where you will receive instructions to help you maintain your dog's healthy weight. Participants also qualify for special discounts, including buy 2, get 1 dog food offers, and 60% off packages for underwater treadmill sessions at the LakeCross Veterinary office. If your pet is overweight, we hope you will help him or her spring into action this April. To learn more about the LakeCross Pounders program, go to LakeCrossVet.com.
Just remember that our pets are like people. For good health they need exercise, and a healthy diet without too many treats. This will help them avoid all the problems that come with obesity.
To learn more about the LakeCross Pounders Canine Weight Loss program or for more information, call 704-948-6300 or go to LakeCrossVet.com.
Originally published March 2017 in the Lake Norman Citizen.
Dr. Jean Tuttle is a veterinarian with LakeCross Veterinary in Huntersville. The vets in the big yellow house have been treating pets like family for 20 years. For more information, call 704-948-6300.


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TV Review: Miranda: My Such Fun Celebration, BBC One
Well why not celebrate your tenth birthday in public? That's how Miranda Hart marked the tenth birthday of her self-named BBC sitcom. In public. At the Palladium. With nibbles. In front of a packed house of screaming fans.
The one-off show was certainly a bit of an odd one. McFly sang Queen's Don't Stop Me Now, The Kingdom Choir sang Lean on Me, there was some Abba, and Ronan Keating serenaded the star. Personally I'd have liked a new episode of the sitcom, which I loved. And I doubt if I was the only one.
Proceedings proper started out with a bit of a catch up blurring the show with the real Miranda. Old family photos, pre-fame TV adverts and then the BBC sitcom breakthrough (not much mention of its radio roots). Hart recalled how she set out to make a sitcom in which she chatted to the camera like her hero Eric Morecambe. And as she said, "it all sort of went really quite well."
One by one the supporting cast pitched up to celebrate the show. Bestie Sarah "Stevie" Hadland did her Heather Small impression as if the last ten years had not happened and with Hart acted out a little scenette onstage. What was more interesting was a clip from the 2008 pilot when Stevie was way more bossy and besuited.
Hart's "Mum 2" Patricia Hodge was reasonably good value, recreating her song-based laughs and featuring in outtakes where she struggled to say the word "clacker".
Perhaps best of all were the #MirandaMoments – real life examples of Miranda-style behaviour, such as woman sneezing into a fellow commuter's open mouth or another woman opening the front door on her knees expecting her grandson to be there and saying "hello little man" only for it to turn out to be the postie's crotch in front of her.
Just as things got a little too frivolous and silly there was a bit of seriousness, as Hart admitted that she is not the gallumphing, galloping type in real life and said that the show was all about acceptance of her physicality and being comfortable in one's own skin. It was a remark that went down extremely well with the audience. But somehow I still think they would have rather have had a new episode than this oddly random love-in.
Watch on catch-up here.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


A backup battery that can recharge your phone more than 7 times over should be useful enough. But the ZeroLemon SolarJuice adds solar power, water resistance and shock proofing for good measure. TechSpot readers can grab one 50% off.
This 20,000mAh Lithium Polymer battery can charge iOS, Android, or any other USB-compatible device. Power is doled out via dual USB ports, providing 2.1A and 1A respectively for best charging rates. Extra top-up power is provided by the 1.2W monocrystalline solar panels that cover one side of the ZeroLemon.
Shipping is free to the US, and it's covered by ZeroLemon's 180-day replacement warranty.
Damn. TS keeps giving us specials on battery packs, just when I've already invested in one and don't need another.
Anyway shipping & import duties will negate any savings for me.
Wow great deal. This thing has 4.5 stars on Amazon's ratings with 76 reviews.
Looks like solar is mainly an emergency backup, reviews the solar panel is 200mah, which means 10 hrs of sunlight for a 2000mah battery (iPhone6 is 1900mah, Galaxy Note S5 is 2800mah).
Might help if your battery dies after a few days in the desert cooking m3th with your chemistry teacher and you can't start your RV.
Steve and Julio Franco like this.
Well you could use this or a friendly local American Indian and his trusty pickup truck.
If that means that you can have a full day of usage (Or even two if it's an emergency of course very minimal) out of a 10 hour charge, it's awesome!


To me (and, I imagine, to many readers here), the comparatively imminent detonation of a financial time-bomb seems pretty obvious. Unable to find real growth, the economy is living instead on printed and borrowed money, and the merest whisper that the money-printing, credit-creating sausage-machine might be turned off can be enough to create panic in capital markets.
In a way, this situation is analogous to bomb disposal, except that no-one knows how to defuse this type of bomb, and few have yet acknowledged that the bomb exists at all.
Once upon a time, American comic Bob Newhart mused about how bombs are always dealt with by experts. In the ensuing sketch, a bomb is dealt with by "a team of non-experts", with particularly hilarious results. A few years earlier, British comedy giant Tony Hancock had found himself in a similar position in an episode in which the Army sends an officer from the Catering Corps to defuse a bomb in his cellar.
In both cases, the bomb explodes.
Minus the humour, that's where we are now, because there are few if any experts where our kind of bomb is concerned. Worse still, many of those in charge of world economic affairs don't appear to know a bomb from a broomstick.
In the Hancock episode, Tony suggested wrapping the bomb in Hattie Jacques' thick treacle pudding. Today, we're doing much the same as we wrap our economic bomb in the treacle of created money and credit.
Since most readers will know this bit, I'll explain the underlying rationale very briefly. Contrary to widespread belief, the economy is an energy system, not a monetary one. The output of the economy is a function of surplus energy, which is the difference between (a) energy extracted or otherwise accessed, and (b) energy consumed in the access process.
Energy, of course, is not just oil, gas or electricity, but nutrition and human labour as well. The first energy surplus was created by agriculture, when the ability of 20 people to live on the labour of 19 enabled the 20th person to do other things, be it government, education, the military or – most importantly – the creation of capital goods such as ploughs, roads, barns and bridges.
The only value that money commands lies in its acceptability as a "claim" on the goods and services produced by the real (energy) economy. In the agrarian era, all transactions involved payment for labour – past labour, if you were buying an existing house or plough; current labour, if you employed someone to plant a field; or future labour, if you commissioned someone to build you a barn. "Labour", "energy" and "capacity to do work" are interchangeable terms. Anything bought or sold today is the product of energy, but in our modern society that energy is far likelier to be provided by fuel than by human effort.
Just as money is "a claim on goods and services" – put more simply, "a claim on energy" – debt, as "a claim on future money", is really "a claim on future energy". That's fine, so long as we do not create "claims" (in the form of money and debt) that exceed the real goods and services that will be available when the claims fall due. If this happens, all claims cannot be met, so the excess has to be eliminated via one or more forms of "value destruction" (of which the most obvious are default and inflationary devaluation).
The energy surplus has been weakening for some years, because the energy consumed in accessing energy – in the jargon, the "energy cost of energy", or "ECOE" – is rising as the most efficient energy sources are displaced by costlier and more marginal alternatives.
The equation here is the "energy return on energy invested", or "EROEI". Back in 1990, the global EROEI was about 37:1 (38 units were accessed, 1 unit was consumed in the access process, and 36 units remained for us to use). Now, my work suggests that the global average EROEI has fallen to less than 14:1 (15 units are accessed, 1 unit is consumed in the access process, and 14 units remain for us to use).
This means that the energy cost of energy has risen from 2.6% (1/38) to 6.7% (1/15), and could soar to over 9% by 2020.
In short, our economy is becoming less productive. Real growth has stopped, and is going into reverse. Our answer has been to create money (and credit) in ever larger quantities.
Lastly, an economy probably cannot afford capital investment below an EROEI of about 14:1. That's where we are now, and this, fundamentally, is why real (post-inflation) interest rates are being kept negative by the authorities. Negative real interest rates logically mean that nobody saves. If nobody saves, no net capital is formed, and no net investment in capital assets takes place. Many countries simply cannot afford to invest, since output is barely sufficient to meet current needs.
What happens next is that, in one way or another, money loses its value.
So, the challenge for us now is to prepare ourselves. This depends on where (both geographically and organisationally) we are now. If you're reading this in Riyadh or Oslo, don't worry about it – scarcity is going to drive up the value of your energy resources (though don't put too much faith in any investments that you may have that are denominated in other people's currencies).
For the rest of us, our societies have to adapt. To clear the decks, let's rid ourselves of what might be called the "juvenilia" of transition. For the most part, biofuels are idiotic. Out of each three or so units of energy accessed, one unit is used up in the access process – and we have 7 billion mouths to feed with finite amounts of land (and increasingly expensive inputs). Electric vehicles are another form of idiocy – the process of converting other fuel forms into electricity loses roughly two-thirds of the initial energy content. The same applies to hydrogen.
Renewables are the future. Historically, they have had lower EROEIs (and higher ECOE energy costs) than fossil fuels, though this differential is now disappearing. Converting waste into heat is imperative. Systems need to be redesigned, with shorter supply lines (stop shipping food half way around the world and grow it locally instead), and we need far greater energy efficiencies (scrap the SUV and get on the bus).
In most of countries – other than the net energy producers – we're getting poorer. That's not necessarily the disaster that you might suppose, since the idea of a linear equation linking happiness directly to the material ability to consume is nonsense (and if you doubt that, please re-read Affluenza).
The distribution of income and wealth is going to become even more critical (and controversial) than it's ever been before. We need to reward initiative and effort, but we will be unable to afford what I might call "fossilised wealth structures".
We need to be flexible, and the society of the future will not be able to afford the collective indulgence of ideology. There are some things that private enterprise does far better than the dead hand of the state, but there are some services which are better provided collectively.
Our societies will need to be open-minded, pragmatic, efficient, non-ideological, fairer and – if I may put it this way – more modern.
Now, can your society change, or is the weight of tradition, consumerism, vested interests, ideology and irrationality simply too great? Are family and community values strong enough to let adaptation happen without too much social or political disorder? If your society can adapt, that's good. If adaptation requires persuasion, involvement and effort, do it. If the prospects seem really bad – and depending, of course, on your own circumstances – you might need to move to somewhere else.
Don't put too much faith in money, as the value of money will be trashed if we keep on creating it to sustain the illusion of normality. Farm-land is good, but only if input requirements are low-intensity. There should be no lack of opportunities, since solar and wind developments are imperative, as is waste conversion to heat.
Forgive me for finishing this way, but – please – think things through. Try to be open-minded, and don't believe everything you're told. We don't need a bunker mentality, but we do need flexibility.
An unfair critic of an ultra-cautious admiral once said that he looked like "a frightened tapir".
Change one letter and you've got today's capital markets – most seem to resemble a "frightened taper".
But does anyone really understand what's happening?
My aim here is to spell out just some aspects of the economy that seldom, if ever, receive coverage. This may be because they're just too simple. Or it might be because they're just too frightening.
Let's start with "growth" in the US economy. For a start, what growth? America seems to be growing at an "impressive" rate of around 3%. That adds getting on for $500bn to recorded GDP. But the Fed is printing an annualised $900bn at the moment, equivalent to about 5.5% of GDP, and underlying government borrowing is about 6%. So QE, plus the deficit, are injecting about 11.5% of GDP into one end of the sausage machine, and what's coming out of the other end is barely 3%. And that's supposed to be "growth"?
Then there's GDP itself, supposedly about $16 trillion. Investors and commentators tend to accord this figure the validity of Holy Writ, ignoring the fact that it contains about $2 trillion of "imputations". These arise from assigning rents to houses that no one is renting, putting a price on services provided by banks to their customers free of charge, and adding the cost of healthcare and other employee benefits which employers provide for free.
In short, about 16% of US GDP consists of these non-existent dollars – dollars, that is, that nobody receives, nobody can spend and nobody can tax. You won't need me to tell you that the inflation calculations used to measure "real" growth (and "real" incomes) look, shall we say, a tad low, or to remind you that the US unemployment rate would be well into double figures if the numbers didn't exclude categories such as "discouraged workers" (who, by the way, might be discouraged, but they certainly aren't working). Then there's the Federal debt, which tends to rise even more quickly than Congress can agree to raise the ceiling. Meanwhile, experts reckon that about $3.6 trillion (and rising) needs to be spent on putting America's roads, bridges, water supply systems, levees and so on into good nick.
It's not just the US or Japan, of course. Pending fuller data, UK growth may exceed increases in personal and public debt, but I doubt it. Eurozone growth is negligible, despite bail-outs, on-going deficits and cash injections. I would be amazed if China isn't sitting on a mountain of debt, especially property-related debt at the provincial level.
Then there's "the taper". This doesn't mean that the Fed is reversing QE. It doesn't even mean that the Fed has stopped printing liquidity into the system. It just means that the rate of printing is slowing.
Even that has been enough to make capital markets wobble, and to shake economies as different as those of Turkey and India, forcing a wave of interest rate rises as central bankers fear capital flight.
I don't want to push the surplus energy thesis of economics at you on each and every occasion, but I'll just remind you of two things.
First, the price of oil is a lot higher now than its average in 2007, before the biggest output slump in living memory. Why hasn't it cratered, as it did after much smaller recessions in the not-too-distant past?
Second, modelling using SEEDS (the surplus energy economics data system) indicates that the system is awash with more than US$60 trillion of claims that the real economy cannot meet.
Far from tackling the value destruction that has to happen, we're adding to it all the time, by creating money and creating credit.
This looks like nothing more or less than macro-scale denial. Some might call it the last chance saloon. To me it feels more like the Galactic Hitchhiker's restaurant at the end of the universe.


I have been supervising therapists, both trainees and experienced practitioners since 2000. In addition to supervising colleagues in health care settings, I also have experience of supervision in educational settings, the voluntary sector and private practice.
I describe my supervision bias as humanistic and integrative, influenced significantly by Proctor (1986) and Carroll (1996), but I welcome supervisees with different therapeutic perspectives from my own.
I am passionate about my work, committed, energetic and enthusiastic but I genuinely care about my clients and supervisees and try always to work with warmth, intuition and sensitivity.
I also consider humour and common sense of vital importance in supervision. It can feel like a scary place, but with openness and honesty nurtured in the right way, it can be an exciting place to learn, develop and grow as therapists.


While i was bombarded with questions (from friends and family) of who he was, what he did and for how long, the best information is not sharing any information at all.
I'm still single mom in the city, just with a bit of more adventures.
I still have a daughter that is showing me whose boss just now with a little bit of extra cuteness.
Looking forward to many more adventures.
Previous Post To marry or not to marry????


From reddit, to Stickyminds, to numerous LinkedIn software testing groups, this week has brought a surge of inquiries about transitioning from manual testing to test automation. This isn't unexpected, especially when survey after survey seems to indicate that the industry is indeed shifting away from manual testing and towards test automated testing—though not (yet) as rapidly as many IT leaders would like.
As these software testing forum posts indicate, many manual testers are increasingly concerned about their career prospects and proactively trying to prepare themselves for the future. Many manual testers have already adopted various scriptless test automation tools to take their careers to the next level. A number of tools on the market help "less technical" testers create and maintain automated test cases by focusing on the business perspective they specialize in (without worrying about coding or scripting). Another promising path for manual testers is to advance their mastery of exploratory testing, which is a rising practice that many experts expect to dominate manual testing in the near future.
Test Automation for Manual Testers: Transitioning to Continuous Testing: An on-demand webinar that provides a step-by-step demonstration of how to automate testing without coding or scripting.
Introduction to Exploratory Testing MOOC: A 60-minute free on-demand training session on how to get started with Exploratory Testing.
How the Future of Test Automation Affects You: A white paper that explains how today's manual testers can meet the changing expectations for software testing.
Top 11 Test Automation Resources from 2016: A collection of the most popular test automation white papers, infographics, research, etc.
Software Testing 101: A collection of articles that explain the fundamentals of exploratory testing and software test automation.


text:
Jack Dale Anderson
Mr. Jack Dale Anderson, 78, of Lancaster passed away Wednesday, November 25, 2020 at his home. He was born July 24, 1942 in Kannapolis, NC, a son of Velma Jane McLemore Daniel and the late Albert Orel Anderson. Mr. Anderson was loving son, brother, uncle and friend. He enjoyed woodworking, painting and working in his yard. Mr. Anderson loved to socialize and spend time with his family and friends. He was a US Navy Vietnam War Veteran. A memorial service to celebrate the life of Mr. Anderson will be held Sunday, November 29, 2020 at 3 p.m. at Lancaster Funeral Home Chapel with the Rev. David Nasim officiating. Mr. Anderson is survived by his mother, Velma A. Daniel of Lancaster; and two brothers, Garnet C. Anderson and his wife Lisa J. and Donald R. Anderson and his wife Lisa E. all of Lancaster. He was preceded in death by a sister, Nathalie A. Brown. The family will receive friends from 2 p.m. until 3 p.m. Sunday, November 29, 2020 at Lancaster Funeral Home. Memorial contributions may be made to American Cancer Society, 128 Stonemark Lane, Columbia, SC 29210. Lancaster Funeral Home & Cremation Service is serving the family of Mr. Anderson.
Mr. Jack Dale Anderson, 78, of Lancaster passed away Wednesday, November 25, 2020 at his home. He was born July 24, 1942 in Kannapolis, NC, a son of Velma Jane McLemore Daniel and the late Albert Orel Anderson. Mr. Anderson was loving son,... View Obituary & Service Information
The family of Jack Dale Anderson created this Life Tributes page to make it easy to share your memories.
Mr. Jack Dale Anderson, 78, of Lancaster passed away Wednesday,...
Send flowers to the Anderson family.


From these nine categories, SkyPixel and DJI will give away 49 awards, including two Grand Prizes, and nine first, second and third prizes in each category. There will also be 10 Nominated Entries that are selected by a panel of judges and 10 by popular vote, measured by which submissions get the most likes during the contest period. Contest awards include the Hasselblad X1D-50c camera, DJI Mavic 2 Pro, Osmo Pocket and other products worth a total of approximately $120,000 USD.


ogle has launched a program to help people living with disabilities.
The company is putting $20 million in Google.org grants behind nonprofits that use emerging technologies to increase independence for people living with disabilities.
And it wants your help: Google is issuing an open call to identify new areas of opportunity.
via Google launches program to help people with disabilities – LA Times.
Previous Official Google for Work Blog: How do we prepare the students of today to be tomorrow's digital leaders?


Preparing show content… « The MIDI Music Adventure Show!
We're working on preparing some intros, beds and other needed content for the show. Once we feel there's enough material, we will finally decide when the show is going to be scheduled.
This entry was posted on May 8, 2010, 3:20 pm and is filed under News. You can follow any responses to this entry through RSS 2.0. Both comments and pings are currently closed.


Survive the wave after wave of mindless zombie hordes in this post-apocalyptic single-player game! Get your Unturned accounts right here to enjoy an intensely fun gameplay juxtaposed with old-school graphics. PlayerAuctions has hundreds of trusted sellers in our roster for you to choose from! Brains!


Hi everybody, bet you can't guess who is back in Méribel again? Yep, it's muggins. What's that usual joke, adapted here a little; 'You can take Martin out of Méribel, but you can't take Méribel out of Martin.' It's something like that anyway. I'm very lucky indeed to be able to bring my summer work (wedding photography) out from the UK with me to the French Alps. A few months ago I noticed that I had a period of time in-between wedding dates, which meant a trip was possible back here in paradise. The only issue was that I would still have heaps of wedding work, i.e. editing, to get done. The solution, throw my computer into the car along with a mountain bike, walking boots and various bits of camera kit.
This means that Hemsley Photography's office has popped over the channel for a short while, where editing and other important admin can still go ahead as normal. And as an extra bonus, I can have the odd swift walk and bike ride either end of the working day. And I must say, yet again, it's awesome being back here.
It's fascinating to observe how both the mountain, and ski resort, transforms over the course of just a few months between seasons. Gone is the hustle and bustle of a winter, replaced by relaxed leisure pursuits and traditions from centuries ago. High alpine farming takes place as it has done for years where cattle, sheep and goats roam up, down and around the pastures and slopes.
It's also lovely to just about see the tail end of the summer flowers. France has experienced some relentless periods of heatwaves this summer. And I'm convinced the grasslands, including flowers, have been affected. I was speaking to a lift operator the other day, who said it is certainly more parched than normal this summer.
The gorgeous weather produce some special sunsets as well. I'm very lucky to have a view down the valley from my kitchen window where nature paints a stunning picture sometimes.
Ok, so enough of my salivating. What's in it for you, the regular reader of these blog posts? Let me give you a couple of updates that we will all benefit from next winter. Both updates involve new chairlifts. First off St. Martin.
As soon as the ski lifts closed in the spring, the old four person St. Martin 2 was ripped out, and work started installing the replacement. It is going to be a six person chairlift, which should reduce the horrendous queues not only during the peak periods, but often sunny afternoons when skiers would head over that way. For some reason the old chairlift had a habit of stopping more than others, so fingers crossed this new version will be much more reliable.
I had read somewhere that this new chair is rumoured to have a cover, just like our own Tougnete chairlift. If true, this would make it a much warmer ride up. I couldn't tell you how many times I've been on the old chair and noticed that my teeth were chattering. However, this might make the chair more susceptible to closure in high winds. Please don't quote me on this, because at the moment I don't know for sure either way. That said, a big improvement for those skiers that like to go exploring around St. Martin.
The other news, Meribel-Mottaret is going through a major overhaul at the moment. Massive re-landscaping work has already taken place at the bottom of the pistes coming down into Mottaret on the east facing slopes. A new green piste has been created, and the other pistes have become much more user friendly especially for beginner skiers to lower intermediates, in fact everyone for that matter. This is fantastic news, because this area was always a challenge. It will be interesting to see how it all looks when covered in snow, and not looking like a building site. This photo was taken whilst I was in the Pas du Lac bubble going up with my mountain bike, looking down to Mottaret.
The old Combes chairlift has been stripped out, which looking at this photo would've been on the left side of the Pas du Lac bubble. As has the very old and slow Arolles, the one that would whack and pinch your calf muscles before you got the chance to sit down properly. The new chair is called Combes again, and this time will have two stopping off points. One will be about two thirds of the way up, and help give access to the new green piste. And the top of this lift will come out close to where the 'Chalet Togniat' mountain restaurant is located, also with a new piste.
All looks good doesn't it? So if you are familiar with the ski area, hopefully you can visualise these improvements. If you've no idea what I'm talking about, then firstly apologies, but secondly get yourself booked to come to Meribel next winter and see for yourself how great a ski area we have !?!
My wife and a couple of our friends are coming out in a few days time, so I'd better crack on with my wedding editing. I'll write another post again in a couple of weeks time, and will more than likely feature some of these stunning chaps.
If you enjoyed this article, but want to read more about skiing than summer stuff, click here for the link for a blog post from last winter that features torchlight descents. Feel free to share on Facebook, Twitter and Google+ by using the social media icons. Or leave a comment below. Martin.


text:
Ка́рбон () — округ (графство) у штаті Вайомінг. Ідентифікатор округу 56007.

Історія

Округ утворений 1868 року.

Демографія

За даними перепису 2000 року загальне населення округу становило 15639 осіб, зокрема міського населення було 8894, а сільського 6745.
Серед них чоловіків було 8376, а жінок 7263. В окрузі було 6129 домогосподарств, 4134 родин, які мешкали в 8307 будинках.
Середній розмір родини становив 2,91.

Віковий розподіл населення поданий у таблиці:

Суміжні округи
 Натрона — північ
 Конверс — північний схід
 Олбані — схід
 Джексон, Колорадо — південний схід
 Роутт, Колорадо — південь
 Моффат, Колорадо — південний захід
 Світвотер — захід
 Фремонт — північний захід

Див. також
 Список округів штату Вайомінг

Виноски

Карбон (округ, Вайомінг)

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


Image Title: Excellent Vintage Style Leather Sofas Could Add To The Retro Look Me Casa For Vintage Leather Couch Attractive. Filename: excellent-vintage-style-leather-sofas-could-add-to-the-retro-look-me-casa-for-vintage-leather-couch-attractive.jpg. Image Dimension: 600 x 450 pixels. Images Format: jpg/jpeg. Publisher/Author: Jabari Koepp. Uploaded Date: Thursday - February 07th. 2019 02:51:21 AM. Category: Home Design. Image Source: contemporist.com.
Tap The Thumbnail Bellow to See Related Gallery of "Excellent Vintage Style Leather Sofas Could Add To The Retro Look Me Casa For Vintage Leather Couch Attractive"


CGC SS 9.8 Detective Comics #20 Joker sketch cover by Jock Super Rare!!! Please refer to picture for details. The item "CGC SS 9.8 Detective Comics #20 Joker sketch cover by Jock Super Rare" is in sale since Monday, January 22, 2018.
This item is in the category "Collectibles\Comics\Original Comic Art\Drawings, Sketches". The seller is "ultramanking88" and is located in Hong Kong, default. This item can be shipped worldwide.


Help us build a GO Kart for the Children's Hospital of San Antonio!
SAN LAN needs your help to build a GO Kart to aid sick children cope with treatment while hospitalized. GO Karts are portable, medical-grade video game kiosks that enable hospital staff to easily provide bedside recreation to children who are unable to leave their hospital rooms.
Undergoing medical treatment can often be a scary and isolating experience, especially for young people. There is a special need for age-appropriate coping tools in pediatric hospitals. GO Karts help aid the healing process by providing relief, socialization, and joy to families and patients spending time inside hospitals.


provides reliability over rough terrain and in extreme conditions.
The CT EXPRESS unit is designed to complement CT operations with low pump rates, moderate pressures and nonstop pumping.
By electrically controlling the coiled tubing unit and pumps from the control chair, the unit provides better use of manpower, eliminating communication problems among operators.
During field tests, CT EXPRESS units performed more than 200 jobs without a single lost-time incident.


text:
Aeroplane, Cygnet
< 1 of 1 > Back
This aeroplane, a Cygnet, was built by General Aircraft Limited in 1941 at Hanworth in Middlesex in England. It was impressed into the RAF in July 1941 and later had a number of private owners until acquired by the Strathallan Collection in 1975. It was bought by the Museum at the Strathallan sale in July 1981, and flown to the Museum of Flight at East Fortune in East Lothian.
The low-wing two-seater monoplane has a tricycle undercarriage and twin fin and rudders. It is powered by a single Blackburn 'Cirrus Major' II of 150 horsepower. It had a maximum speed of 135 mph and a cruising speed of 115 mph. Its range was 445 miles. It is still painted in its wartime colours of camouflage upper surfaces and training yellow undersurfaces.
Initially known as the 'Cygnet Minor', this type of stressed-skin, all-metal aircraft was designed in 1936. The designs were sold to the General Aircraft Company who modified the aircraft by the addition of twin fins and a tricycle undercarriage. Development continued and ten aircraft were produced for civilian use. During the early years of World War II, the Royal Air Force impressed five of them and used them initially to train bomber pilots, and later as communications aircraft.
To search on related items, click any underlined text below.
Online ID: 000-100-104-275-C
Image Rights Holder: National Museums Scotland
Project: National Museums Scotland
Project description View all records in project
Ref: National Museums Scotland T.1981.62
Material: Monoplane
Dimensions: 10.52 m x 7.09 m x 2.13 m
What: Monoplane
Subject: 1. AERONAUTICS, Aeroplanes (Departmental Classification)
Who: Blackburn (Maker of the engine)
Cygnet (Personal name of the monoplane)
Royal Air Force (Used by R.A.F. as a trainer)
Event: World War II
Description: Low-wing all-metal cabin monoplane, Cygnet, built in 1941 and powered by a single Blackburn Cirrus Major II
Related Records:


Visual Artist Shihui Zhou was born and raised in China, where she attended the prestigious Tsinghua University for her undergraduate work in fashion design. Traveling to the United States for her graduate study, Zhou worked closely under Visual artist Nick Cave at The School of the Art Institute of Chicago. Zhou moved to New York shortly after her graduation. She currently is in residency at the Textile Arts Center in Brooklyn, NY.
Zhou focuses on the human body and garments in her installations. Leveraging her own cross-cultural experience from the point-of-view of a spectator, her work thematically draws upon social structure, the feeling of cultural belonging, and intimacy in relationships. Using saved and collected, and recycled clothing & textiles within her art, much of the sentimentality and energy reflects memory and the past. In this way Zhou views her multi-sensory instillations as a form of poetry or storytelling— these visual and performing art spaces include sculpture, video, and sound which invite performing artists to collaborate while welcoming viewers to directly interact.
An exploration of human intersubjectivity, Zhou captures and defines moments of daily life; connections made between multitudes of people and activities illustrated through the garments we wear and the forms we occupy throughout our journey of self-discovery. Scavenged garments manipulate form and draw attention to the relationship between self-identity and clothing. Having spent time in the fashion industry, the enormous amount of waste and environmental neglect has urged Zhou to find a secondary purpose for used and discarded garments. Finding a way to utilize this resource while expressing herself through art, Zhou has a series of shows scheduled for 2019.


text:
module Gruff
  module Mini
    module Legend

      attr_accessor :hide_mini_legend, :legend_position

      def initialize(*)
        @hide_mini_legend = false
        @legend_position = nil
        super
      end

      ##
      # The canvas needs to be bigger so we can put the legend beneath it.

      def expand_canvas_for_vertical_legend
        return if @hide_mini_legend

        @legend_labels = @data.collect {|item| item[Gruff::Base::DATA_LABEL_INDEX] }

        legend_height = scale_fontsize(
                                       @data.length * calculate_line_height +
                                       @top_margin + @bottom_margin)

        @original_rows = @raw_rows
        @original_columns = @raw_columns

        case @legend_position
        when :right then
          @rows = [@rows, legend_height].max
          @columns += calculate_legend_width + @left_margin
        else
          @rows += @data.length * calculate_caps_height(scale_fontsize(@legend_font_size)) * 1.7
        end
        render_background
      end

      def calculate_line_height
        calculate_caps_height(@legend_font_size) * 1.7
      end

      def calculate_legend_width
        width = @legend_labels.map { |label| calculate_width(@legend_font_size, label) }.max
        scale_fontsize(width + 40*1.7)
      end

      ##
      # Draw the legend beneath the existing graph.

      def draw_vertical_legend
        return if @hide_mini_legend

        legend_square_width = 40.0 # small square with color of this item
        @legend_left_margin = 100.0
        legend_top_margin = 40.0

        # May fix legend drawing problem at small sizes
        @d.font = @font if @font
        @d.pointsize = @legend_font_size

        case @legend_position
        when :right then
          current_x_offset = @original_columns + @left_margin
          current_y_offset = @top_margin + legend_top_margin
        else
          current_x_offset = @legend_left_margin
          current_y_offset = @original_rows + legend_top_margin
        end

        debug { @d.line 0.0, current_y_offset, @raw_columns, current_y_offset }

        @legend_labels.each_with_index do |legend_label, index|

          # Draw label
          @d.fill = @font_color
          @d.font = @font if @font
          @d.pointsize = scale_fontsize(@legend_font_size)
          @d.stroke = 'transparent'
          @d.font_weight = Magick::NormalWeight
          @d.gravity = Magick::WestGravity
          @d = @d.annotate_scaled( @base_image,
                                   @raw_columns, 1.0,
                                   current_x_offset + (legend_square_width * 1.7), current_y_offset,
                                   truncate_legend_label(legend_label), @scale)

          # Now draw box with color of this dataset
          @d = @d.stroke 'transparent'
          @d = @d.fill @data[index][Gruff::Base::DATA_COLOR_INDEX]
          @d = @d.rectangle(current_x_offset,
                            current_y_offset - legend_square_width / 2.0,
                            current_x_offset + legend_square_width,
                            current_y_offset + legend_square_width / 2.0)

          current_y_offset += calculate_line_height
        end
        @color_index = 0
      end

      ##
      # Shorten long labels so they will fit on the canvas.
      #
      #   Department of Hu...

      def truncate_legend_label(label)
        truncated_label = label.to_s
        while calculate_width(scale_fontsize(@legend_font_size), truncated_label) > (@columns - @legend_left_margin - @right_margin) && (truncated_label.length > 1)
          truncated_label = truncated_label[0..truncated_label.length-2]
        end
        truncated_label + (truncated_label.length < label.to_s.length ? "..." : '')
      end

    end
  end
end

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


The host 5 server locked up and had to be rebooted. It should be online soon.
The chippewa server has suddenly gone offline.
UPDATE: We are investigating. The chippewa server is accessible again. There was a temporary network issue. The server remained online but could not be reached because of the network routing. That issue has been resolved.
The chippewa server is currently unaccessible due to emergency network maintenance. The server is up but there is no route to it. The datacenter is working on the core router and expects the server to be accessible soon. We apologize for the inconvenience.
UPDATE: The host5 server is online.
The host5 server crashed after it was under a very high load. I have asked the datacenter to investigate and ma waiting for their update.
UPDATE: The miami server has been rebooted and is online.
The miami server has suddenly gone offline. We are investigating.
UPDATE: The issue with the cooling system has been resolved and all VMs are back online.
We are aware of an issue with the VPS datacenter. The site has experienced a cooling systems failure and the DC provider is working to restore functionality.