text:
Tallinn Airport
Tallinna lennujaam
IATA: TLL
ICAO: EETN
Tallinn Airport Ltd
Hub for
Nordica (ends 26 October 2019)
SmartLynx Airlines Estonia
131 ft / 40 m
tallinn-airport.ee
EETN
Location in Europe
Show map of Europe
Location of Tallinn Airport in the Baltic Sea region
Show map of Scandinavia
Location in Estonia
Location in Tallinn
Show map of Estonia
08/26 3,480 11,417 Asphalt/Concrete
3,007,644[1]
International Passengers
Domestic Passengers
Movements change 17-18
Cargo (tonnes)
Sources: Estonian AIP[2]
Statistics from Tallinn Airport Ltd.[3]
Tallinn Airport (Estonian: Tallinna lennujaam, IATA: TLL, ICAO: EETN) or Lennart Meri Tallinn Airport (Estonian: Lennart Meri Tallinna lennujaam) is the largest airport in Estonia and serves as a hub for the national airline Nordica, as well as the secondary hub for AirBaltic[4] and LOT Polish Airlines.[5] It was also the home base of the now defunct national airline Estonian Air. Tallinn Airport is open to both domestic and international flights. It is located 2.7 nautical miles (5.0 km; 3.1 mi) southeast of the centre of Tallinn[2] on the eastern shore of Lake Ülemiste. It was formerly known as Ülemiste Airport.
The airport has a single asphalt-concrete runway, 08/26, that is 3,480 m × 45 m (11,417 ft × 148 ft) and large enough to handle wide-bodied aircraft such as the Boeing 747, five taxiways and fourteen terminal gates. Since 29 March 2009 the airport is officially known as Lennart Meri Tallinn Airport, in honour of the leader of the Estonian independence movement and second President of Estonia Lennart Meri.[6]
The airport has also been used for military purposes. It has served as an interceptor aircraft base, being home to the 384th Interceptor Aircraft Regiment (384 IAP), which operated MiG-23P aircraft.
1.1 Early development
1.2 Soviet period
1.3 Modern development
1.3.1 2008 expansion
1.3.2 Renaming
1.3.3 Baltic Sea cruise turnarounds
1.3.4 Demise of Estonian Air
2 Future expansion
2.1 Planned Terminal 2
3.1 Terminal building
3.1.1 Passenger facilities
3.2 Airport museum and activity centre
3.3 Business aviation hangar complex
3.4 Air freight
3.5 Aviation services
5.1 Annual passenger numbers
5.2 Busiest routes
6 Accolades
7 Ground transportation
7.1 Tram
7.2 Bus
7.3 Rail
7.4 Highway
8 Incidents and accidents
Early development[edit]
Prior to the establishment of the present airport in Ülemiste area, Lasnamäe Airfield was the primary airport of Tallinn, serving as a base for Aeronaut airline. After Aeronaut went bankrupt in 1928, air service was continued by Deruluft, which used Nehatu instead, 12 km (7.5 mi) from the centre of Tallinn. The first seaplane harbour on the shores of Lake Ülemiste was built 1928 to 1929 in order to serve Finnish seaplanes. The use of this harbour ended in World War II. On 26 March 1929 Riigikogu passed an expropriation act in order to establish a public airport. 10 ha of land was expropriated from Dvigatel joint-stock company and another 22 ha was expropriated from descendants of Vagner. 10 million sents were paid to land-owners as indemnity. Land leveling and renovation works took another 5 million sents.[7]
A floatplane version of the Ju 52/3m at the seaplane ramp of Ülemiste Airport
The building of Tallinn Airport started on 16 November 1931, and the first test landing was commenced by captain Reissar piloting Estonian Air Force Avro 594 Avian, tail number 120.[8] The airport was opened officially on 20 September 1936, although it had been operational a good while before the official opening - LOT Polish Airlines, which commenced its first passenger flight from Tallinn on 18 August 1932 with Fokker F.VIIb/3m from Lasnamäe Airfield,[9][10][11] later relocated the flights to Tallinn Airport and in 1935 the airport had 6 arrivals and departures on average every day. In April 1935 a ramp for seaplanes was built on a shore of Lake Ülemiste, together with a small arch bridge and a customs office, which allowed seaplanes to be relocated from a sea port. The same year the airport administration building was erected, which also served initially as a waiting place for travellers. The total cost of the whole airport project, including the cost of building flight hangars, was 25 million sents.[7][12]
As the very first runways had soft surface, it made them unavailable for takeoffs and landings during spring and autumn seasons. Therefore, only seaplanes stationed at Lake Ülemiste were able to carry out flights, and during winter months, it was possible to use the frozen surface of the lake as a runway for small airplanes. The concrete paved runways of the first stage, inaugurated together with the opening of the airport, were about 40 metres wide and 300 metres long. As they were arranged in a form of a triangle,[13] they allowed takeoffs and landings in six directions. These were the first concrete-paved runway in Estonia, it was needed some 5,396 cubic meters of stone, 4,100 cubic meters of construction aggregate and 137 tons of cement to construct them.
LOT Lockheed Model 10A Electra in front of a flight hangar at Tallinn Airport in the 1930s
In addition, 3 km of pipeworks was laid for drainage purposes.[8] Before World War II, Tallinn Airport had regular connections to abroad by at least Aerotransport (now part of the SAS Group),[7] Deutsche Luft Hansa, LOT and the Finnish company Aero (now Finnair). On 5 April 1937 the Helsinki-Tallinn-Warsaw-Jerusalem route was inaugurated by Mr. Bobkowski, the assistant of the Polish Minister of Transport. The length of the route was 3,187-kilometre (1,721 nmi) and the journey time was 34 hours.[14] Passengers and cargo numbers grew quickly, from 4,100 passengers and 6,730 kg of cargo in 1933 to 11,892 passengers and 14,726 kg of cargo in 1937.[15] Preparation and design works for a new passenger terminal started in 1938. 14 various projects were submitted for the architectural contest of the new terminal building, with the one from the architect Artur Jürvetson winning the contest in February the same year. The construction costs were estimated at 300 thousand Estonian kroons. The first airplane of then the flag carrier of Estonia, AGO, arrived at Tallinn Airport on 5 October 1939, flying the route Dessau - Königsberg - Tallinn.[9]
As Estonia was occupied by Soviet Union, on 22 July 1940 the order was made by Soviet occupation authorities to transfer the airport to Soviet Air Forces. All aircraft, which were at the airport at that time, including interned Polish Lockheed 14, two Junkers Ju 52 of AGO and PTO-4 trainer aircraft of Estonian Airclub, were relocated to Lasnamäe Airfield.
During the German occupation, regular international connections were announced on 16 October and already restored on 15 November 1941, when Deutsche Lufthansa and Aero O/Y started the route Helsinki-Tallinn-Riga-Königsberg-Berlin.[16][17] From 1942 to 1944 Sonderstaffel Buschmann was based at Tallinn Airport.[8]
Soviet period[edit]
Between 1945 and 1989, Aeroflot was the only airline that served Tallinn Airport.[citation needed]
The Old Terminal was used from 1954 to 1980[7]
The construction of the new passenger terminal, which was put on hold due to war, resumed. The building, which was redesigned in accordance with the Stalinist architecture, was finished in 1954 and commissioned on 7 November 1955. Regular flights with jet aircraft began on 2 October 1962 with a maiden passenger flight from Moscow with a Tu-124, which was the latest Soviet airliner.[18] As the terminal built in 1954 became obsolete and unable to cope with growing airport traffic, the construction of the current terminal building began in 1976 and the terminal was opened in 1980, prior to the 1980 Summer Olympics sailing event, which was held in the city. The architect of the new terminal was Mihhail Piskov, who got visual inspiration from traditional Estonian housebarns, and the interior designer was Maile Grünberg.[19] The runway was also lengthened then. The first foreign airline since World War II to operate regular flights from Tallinn was SAS, whose first flight to the airport took place on 25 November 1989.[20]
Modern development[edit]
A USAF C-5A Galaxy unloads at Tallinn Airport during Exercise Baltic Challenge '97
The construction works of the first cargo terminal (Cargo 1), located in the middle of future cargo area on the north side of the airport, were carried out from September 1997 until March 1998.[21] The passenger terminal building was completely modernised in 1999, increasing its capacity to 1.4 million passengers per year[7] and after that greatly expanded in 2008. The growing demand for extra space for cargo operations, created a situation where there was need for cargo terminal expansion, Cargo 2.[21] In order to meet the growing demand for new cargo facilities at Tallinn Airport, the number of cargo terminals was later expanded to four. In year 2012 a new aircraft maintenance hangar was opened and a number of passengers passed two million mark the first time in the history of the airport. On 11 January 2013 the airport was accepted into Airport Carbon Accreditation emission managing and reduction programme by ACI.[22] The year 2013 saw an introduction of an automatic border control system and a start of construction of a new business aviation hangar complex.[citation needed]
2008 expansion[edit]
Construction of the terminal expansion
The airport underwent a large expansion project between January 2006 and September 2008. The existing terminal was expanded by 35,000 m2 (376,700 sq ft) and the architects of the project were Jean Marie Bonnard, Pia Tasa and Inge Sirkel-Suviste.[23] The terminal was expanded in three directions, resulting in 18 new gates, separate lounges for Schengen and non-Schengen passengers, 10 new check-in desks and a new restaurant and cafes. Due to the gallery that connects all the gates and was constructed in the middle of the terminal building the terminal became T-shaped. The projecting terminal section enables a two-level traffic for international passengers. The renewed terminal has nine passenger bridges. The extensions constructed at the ends of the terminal building became additional rooms for registering for the flights and for delivering arriving luggage.[24] Outside the terminal, the apron was refurbished and expanded and a new taxiway was added. The new terminal allows the airport to handle twice as many passengers as it could handle before. The renovated terminal received the award "Concrete Building of the Year 2008" by the Estonian Concrete Association.[23]
The Terminal after its expansion (August 2012)
Renaming[edit]
After the death of former president of Estonia Lennart Meri on 14 March 2006, journalist Argo Ideon from Eesti Ekspress proposed to honour the president's memory by naming Tallinn Airport after him – "Tallinna Lennart Meri Rahvusvaheline Lennujaam" (Lennart Meri International Airport), drawing parallels with JFK Airport, Charles de Gaulle Airport, Istanbul–Atatürk Airport etc.[25] Ideon's article also mentioned the fact that Meri himself had shown concern for the condition of the then Soviet-era construction (in one memorable case Meri, having arrived from Japan, led the group of journalists that were expecting him, to the airport's toilets to do the interview there, in order to point out the shoddy condition of the facilities[26]).
The name change was discussed at a board meeting on 29 March 2006,[27] and on the opening of the new terminal on 19 September 2008, Prime Minister Andrus Ansip officially announced the renaming would take place in March 2009[28]
Baltic Sea cruise turnarounds[edit]
Estonian Air at Tallinn Airport (2012)
In 2011 a new project of cruise turnarounds was launched in cooperation with Tallinn Passenger Port and Happy Cruises. More than 7,000 Spanish passengers travelled that year on charter flights to and from Tallinn Airport.[29] As the airport is located only 5 km from the city center cruise quay, transfer time from airport to cruise ship is under an hour.[30]
In 2012, Pullmantur Air started its charter operations from Madrid-Barajas Airport with three Airbus 321s and two to three Boeing 747s. During the summer 2012 about 16,000 tourists were transferred.[31] The company continued operations in 2013, transferring 25,000 tourists in five turnarounds,[32] as well as there was one partial turnaround operation for the cruise ship MS Deutschland operated by Peter Deilmann Cruises.[33]
In 2015, cruise tourists were attended to by four airlines – Iberia, Iberia Express, Wamos Air, and Vueling. Some 5,000 passengers were expected during three turnarounds for Pullmantur Cruises cruise line.[34] Tallinn Airport served 9,369 cruise turnaround passengers in 2015. No cruise turnarounds are expected in summer 2016 due to construction works, but the airport plans to continue them in 2017.[35]
Demise of Estonian Air[edit]
On 7 November 2015, Estonian Air was liquidated following an adverse decision by the European Commission.[36] This meant a significant temporary loss of business for the airport, as Estonian Air had been the largest carrier, accounting for one third of all capacity in 2014.[37]
Future expansion[edit]
According to Erik Sakkov, board member of Tallinn Airport, the future plans include expanding the runway by 600–700 metres to serve regular long-haul flights,[38] also building of a brand-new taxiway, new storage facilities, a new point-to-point terminal and expansion of the existing passenger terminal, so it can serve arriving and departing passengers on two different levels.[39] On 21 February 2013 the environmental impact assessment of the airport development project started. The project includes the runway lengthening by 720 metres, installation of the ILS Category II equipment, also lengthening of the existing northern taxiway till the end of the expanded runway, constructing of a whole new taxiway and a new apron area on the southern side of the airport, installation of the new perimeter security systems and constructing of an engine test facility and dedicated snow storage and de-icing areas.[40] Among other benefits the extension would enable planes to fly higher above the city of Tallinn by moving threshold of the runway further from Lake Ülemiste, thus reducing noise level.
The public discussion of the runway extension environmental effects evaluation report took place on 16 December 2013 and the construction work to extend the runway has begun on 1 May 2016. The length of the renovated runway is 3480 meters, the construction contract was concluded with Lemminkäinen Eesti. On 17 November 2016 the airport administration reported, that the runway expansion works are completed, thus the runway became the longest one in the Baltic states.[41] The runway and the main taxiway were extended to the east and a new system of navigation lights was installed. In the summer and autumn of 2016 the construction work caused restrictions on nighttime flight operations but had no impact on scheduled operations. The soil of the safety area around the extended runway was enforced to reduce potential risks to aircraft in the event of runway overrun or excursion. In the course of the expansion work in 2016 some 45,000 tons of asphalt and 4,000 m3 of concrete were laid down, also 60 kilometers of new duct access was built and 100 kilometers of new cables and 400 new navigation lights installed, as well as 10 kilometers of new rainwater removal infrastructure built. The expansion of the airstrip increased the airport's safety area by 41 hectares and five kilometers of new service roads were built.[42] The whole expansion works must be completed by the end of 2017.[43][44][45]
Tallinn Airport's runway 08/26
On 12 June 2013 the City Administration of Tallinn approved a detailed planning for a 0.91 ha land plot, on which a new 4,430 m2 (47,680 sq ft) maintenance hangar is going to be built.[46][47] Total five-year investment plan amounts of more than 100 million euros.[48] The airport is investing €126 million during the 2015–2021 period. The most important project is the reconstruction of the runway infrastructure at cost of €75 million.[49] Additional investment of €2.5 million would be made in flight terminal in order to change its layout and improve the terminal's security, capacity and VIP area.[50] А multi-storey car park for 1,200 vehicles and 150 taxis[35][51] would be built due to the consistently increasing need for parking spots around the airport. Work on the task and procurement conditions of the parking structure began in 2014. It will be located in front of the passenger terminal and should be completed in 2017 according to current plans.[49]
Planned Terminal 2[edit]
As the airport's current facilities could not serve more than 2.5 million passengers per year[52] and the number of passengers is rapidly growing ( 38.2% in year 2011[53]), a new terminal dedicated to low-cost airlines is planned to be built. On 12 April 2012 Tallinn Airport announced, that it will build next year a new five-berth terminal for low-cost airlines, which will be easily removable and extendable.[52][54] The new terminal would be intended for low-cost airlines such as Ryanair, Easyjet and Norwegian that do not want to pay that much to the airport and do not need many airport services. The new terminal is intended for the service of one million passengers and the space liberated from low-cost airlines would pass into the disposition of Nordica and other traditional airlines.[52] To date, the construction has not yet started and the airport has not announced plans to begin construction.
Facilities[edit]
There are one passenger terminal and four cargo terminals at the airport.
Terminal building[edit]
Terminal building (2006)
Estonian EXPO Center year-round permanent exhibition is located near the Gate 3, acting as a live advertising space where promotion representatives introduce the companies taking part in the exhibition[55] and help finding cooperation partners in particular fields of business. The center was opened on 22 July 2010.[56] VKG has opened an oil shale themed exposition at Gate 4 on 9 January 2013, showing the history and development of Estonian oil shale industry.[57] The Estonian Tourist Board has opened a brand new "Visit Estonia" themed exposition at Gate 5 on 2 October 2013. The gate is divided into three parts: a children's territory with a Lotte-themed playhouse, an interactive, informative waiting area decorated with Estonian national patterns and a bridge from the gate to the airplane that introduces travellers to Estonian nature.[58]
Passenger facilities[edit]
Transit area of the terminal
A lending library was open on 9 May 2013 in a special area by Gate 1. All books were donated by public including Estonian president Toomas Hendrik Ilves and the First Lady of Estonia Evelin Ilves. The library will have books in ten different languages, the majority being in Estonian, Russian and English. There will also be a selection of children's books.[59][60] On 16 August 2013 Tallinn Airport unveiled a gallery and started exhibiting artists' work in the Passenger Terminal. The gallery of rotating exhibitions on the 1st floor of the Passenger Terminal is open to all arriving and departing passengers as well as those seeing them off or meeting them.[61]
There are three bus stops at the terminal, which are located on level 0 in front of the arrivals area.[62]
On 1 September 2013, the airport opened an automatic border control system, that should accelerate procedures for passengers travelling out of the Schengen area. The fully automated border crossing system consists of two automated gates and six registering kiosks.[63][64]
The Nordea Lounge services business class passengers of Aeroflot, Air Baltic, Finnair, Flybe, LOT Polish Airlines, Lufthansa and SAS, as well as Priority Pass and members of the Metropolis loyalty programme.[65]
Additional Tallinn Airport GH check-in terminal is located at the Radisson Blu Hotel Tallinn. Travellers can check in online and print boarding cards directly from the lobby. The system allows to check in 24 hours before departure and choose own specific seat.[66]
Airport museum and activity centre[edit]
The museum is located in a small building near the terminal, also a relatively large area nearby will be transformed into open-air exhibition. Two ancient cult stones, which it is necessary to move during the expansion of the runway, will be transferred to that exhibition. The whole museum plot will be separated from the airfield. The museum will have a direct access from E263 motorway (shares the same route with Estonian main road 2).[67] Additionally, a platform with a view onto the runway will be constructed, giving good possibilities for aircraft spotting. The activity centre opened in 2016.[49]
Business aviation hangar complex[edit]
On 20 March 2013 the airport authorities announced a public procurement for constructing a new hangar complex. The cornerstone of the new complex was laid on 27 September 2013.[68] It has a surface area of 5,230 m2 (56,300 sq ft), is located right next to the existing General Aviation Terminal and will be servicing aircraft within a distance of up to 3,000 kilometers from Tallinn. The complex is intended for accommodating a total of nine planes, eight of them are mid-size business jets and one aircraft the size of a large corporate aircraft. It consists of five hangars: the Hangar 1 for the large aircraft (such as Boeing 737, Airbus A318 or Airbus A319), hangars 2 to 5 are intended for smaller business jets (Bombardier Challenger 605, Learjet 60). The whole complex was opened on 15 April 2014[69] and its operator is Panaviatic, which is going to expand its business jet operations from Tallinn Airport.[70] Apart from providing hangarage for business jets, the new complex also offers MRO services by Panaviatic's subsidiary AS Panaviatic Maintenance.[71] The total investment was close to 5 million euros and the whole complex is the largest in the Baltic states.[69]
Air freight[edit]
Tallinn Airport has 4 cargo terminals with total warehouse space of ca 11,600 m².[72] The size of warehouse in Cargo 1 is 3601 m² and 2066 m² are dedicated for the office area. Cargo terminal is operated by different operators (including integrators) and Tallinn Airport Ltd. only acts as a lessor. The size of Cargo 2 warehouse is 1255 m² and 758 m² are dedicated for office space. Cargo 2 is operated by TNT Express Worldwide.[21] Other logistics operators include DHL, UPS and FedEx.
Aviation services[edit]
The main maintenance hangar of Magnetic MRO, former Air Maintenance Estonia, at Tallinn Airport (2014)
Ground handling services are handled by Tallinn Airport GH while into-plane fueling services are handled by BGS.
Magnetic MRO has its facilities and headquarters on the airport property. On 6 September 2012 the company opened a new 5,000 m2 (53,820 sq ft) column-free three-bay hangar for Base Maintenance works of narrow-body aircraft, such as Boeing 737 and Airbus A320. The company has in total three main Base Maintenance lines, and two additional lines for lighter checks and modification works.[73] With the addition of the new hangar, the maximum annual line maintenance capacity of the company boosted to 72 aircraft from the present 24. Magnetic MRO said the new hangar will allow it carry out a planned doubling of its workforce.[74] On 21 December 2015 Magnetic MRO announced a launch of the second painting hangar, which will be built in co-operation with Tallinn Airport, in response to growing demand for painting services. The new 2,000 m2 (21,530 sq ft) hangar with further expansion possibilities will be capable of housing aircraft in size up to Boeing 737 MAX 9 and Airbus A321neo, as well as regional aircraft, and according to the agreement, the hangar is planned to be finalized and ready for use by 1 June 2017.[75]
AS Panaviatic Maintenance is a Part 145 EASA-compliant subsidiary of Panaviatic, which will offer its services for business aviation customers.[71]
Airlines and destinations[edit]
Passenger[edit]
The following airlines operate scheduled year-round or seasonal routes at Tallinn Airport:[76]
Aeroflot Moscow–Sheremetyevo
airBaltic[77] Amsterdam, Berlin–Tegel, Brussels, Copenhagen, London–Gatwick, Oslo–Gardermoen, Paris–Charles de Gaulle, Riga, Stockholm–Arlanda, Vienna, Vilnius
Seasonal: Málaga, Salzburg (begins 21 December 2019)[77]
AnadoluJet[78] Seasonal charter: Antalya
Belavia Minsk
Bulgarian Air Charter[79] Seasonal charter: Burgas
Corendon Airlines[80] Seasonal charter: Antalya
easyJet London–Gatwick
Seasonal: Berlin–Schönefeld, Milan–Malpensa (resumes 3 September 2019)[81]
Ellinair Seasonal: Thessaloniki
Finnair Helsinki
Seasonal charter: Chania (ends 6 August 2019)[82]
Freebird Airlines Seasonal charter: Antalya,[83] Gazipaşa[84]
GetJet Airlines[85] Seasonal charter: Hurghada
LOT Polish Airlines Brussels, Stockholm–Arlanda, Warsaw–Chopin
Lufthansa Frankfurt, Munich (resumes 4 November 2019)[86][87]
Norwegian Air Shuttle Oslo–Gardermoen, Stockholm–Arlanda
Nordica[88] Copenhagen, Kiev–Boryspil, Vienna, Vilnius, Warsaw–Chopin (all end 26 October 2019)[89]
Seasonal: Constanța, Nice, Odessa, Ohrid, Split, Trondheim (all end 26 October 2019)[89]
Onur Air Seasonal charter: Antalya,[90] Hurghada (begins 22 October 2019),[91] Sharm El Sheikh (begins 24 October 2019)[92]
Pegasus Airlines[93] Seasonal charter: Antalya
Ryanair Bergamo, Berlin–Schönefeld, Edinburgh, London–Stansted, Malta, Paphos, Weeze
Seasonal: Dublin, Girona
Scandinavian Airlines Copenhagen, Stockholm–Arlanda
SmartLynx Airlines Estonia Seasonal charter: Agadir,[94] Almería,[95] Antalya,[96] Araxos,[97] Batumi,[98] Bergamo,[95] Burgas,[96][95] Catania,[99] Corfu,[96][95] Djerba,[95] Dubai–Al Maktoum,[95] Enfidha,[95] Faro,[96][95] Friedrichshafen,[100] Fuerteventura,[95] Funchal,[101] Gran Canaria,[102] Heraklion,[96][95] Hurghada,[96] Kos,[95] Lanzarote,[95] Larnaca,[96] Lisbon (begins 28 December 2019),[103] Madrid,[104] Paphos (begins 2 October 2019),[105] Patras,[96] Preveza,[106] Pula,[107] Reus (begins 4 September 2019),[108] Rhodes,[96][95] Rimini,[109] Salzburg,[110] Santorini (begins 18 September 2019),[111] Sharm El Sheikh,[96] Tenerife–South,[95] Tirana,[95] Tivat,[95] Trieste (begins 21 August 2019),[112] Turin, [113] Varna,[96][95] Zagreb[114]
Tailwind Airlines[115][116] Seasonal charter: Antalya
Transaviabaltika Kuressaare (PSO), Kärdla (PSO)
Turkish Airlines Istanbul
Seasonal charter: Antalya[96]
Wizz Air Kiev–Zhuliany, Kutaisi (begins 11 September 2019),[117] London–Luton
Cargo[edit]
Airest Helsinki
ASL Airlines Belgium Malmö, Turku, Warsaw–Chopin
DHL Aviation Gdansk, Leipzig/Halle
FedEx Express Amsterdam
UPS Airlines Vienna
Statistics[edit]
Total passengers using the airport has increased on average by 14.2% annually since 1998. On 16 November 2012 Tallinn Airport has reached two million passenger landmark for the first time in its history.[118] Passenger data reflects international and domestic flights combined, share of domestic flights compared to international flights was marginal. Passenger and cargo numbers exclude direct transit.[3]
Annual passenger numbers[edit]
Annual passenger statistics for Tallinn Airport
Total Cargo
205,776 11,000 1,124
1,401,059 33,610 9,937
1,541,832 33,989 10,361
2,221,615[119] 40,938 13,940
2,648,361[120] 45,235[120] 11,345[120]
Passengers at Tallinn Lennart Meri Airport (millions)
Updated: 9 June 2019
Busiest routes[edit]
Busiest routes from Lennart Meri Tallinn Airport (2018)[121]
Passengers handled (2018)
Passengers handled
1 Germany, Frankfurt 300,764 245,173 259,555 269,730 117,346
1 (2) Finland, Helsinki 300,764 233,151 212,074 214,193 193,678 184,762 4.8 147,945 149,390
3 (2) Latvia, Riga 270,988 203,164 185,643 184,302 184,072 173,768 5.9 150,024 154,742
4 (5) Sweden, Stockholm (all) 240,612 142,535 96,663 93,653 177,227 145,964 21.4 115,046 112,861
5 (6) United Kingdom, London (all) 210,535 106,412 126,966 127,364 130,340 161,423 19.3 84,329 99,864
5 Poland, Warsaw 150,382
7 (4) Norway, Oslo (all) 150,382 149,087 143,721 128,142 138,642
7 Russia, Moscow (Sheremetyevo) 150,382 100,918 118,699 110,481 91,938
9 Netherlands, Amsterdam 120,306
9 (5) Denmark, Copenhagen 120,306 77,606 103,156 113,158 123,966 133,101 6.9 140,997 142,449
Largest international destinations at TLL by weekly departures (April/May 2019)[122]
Weekly departures
1. Helsinki Finnair 54
2. Stockholm airBaltic, Nordica, Norwegian, SAS 47
3. Riga airBaltic 39
4. Warsaw LOT Polish Airlines, Nordica 27
5. Frankfurt Lufthansa 21
6. Vilnius airBaltic, Nordica 20
7. Copenhagen Nordica, SAS 17 airBaltic to start flying on 2 June 2019
8. Moscow Aeroflot 14
9. London airBaltic, EasyJet, Ryanair, Wizz Air 12
10. Kiev Nordica, Wizz Air 10
See also: List of the busiest airports in the Baltic states
Accolades[edit]
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2012 EURO ANNIE 'Airport Growth Award'
by anna.aero 1–2 million passengers Won [123]
2015 Best Airport Award
by ACI EUROPE under 5 million passenger Silver [124]
2018 Best European Airport 2018
by ACI INTERNATIONAL under 5 million passenger Won [125]
2018 Airport Service Quality Award Europe 2018
Ground transportation[edit]
Tram[edit]
CAF Urbos tram in Tallinn Airport tram terminal
The tramline "4" extension to airport terminal was opened on 1 September 2017.[127] Trams mostly go with 6 minute intervals, journey from downtown to airport (and vice versa) takes 18–19 minutes. Trams run through the 150-metre long Ülemiste tram tunnel beneath the Tallinn-Narva railway.[128]
Bus[edit]
The line "2" offers a connection to the centre of Tallinn, Tallinn Passenger Port and Mõigu.[129] After opening the tram line extension the stop where from the line nr "2" goes towards city centre (and passenger port) was transferred to the other side of parking house (currently under construction) and it is not directly visible from the public transportation terminal (or tram terminal). Therefore, when going to city centre it is better (easier) to take tram than bus. The nr "2" bus which makes a stop in the tram terminal goes not to city centre but towards Mõigu (opposite direction). This might confuse tourists who might happen to take the bus going to opposite direction. The buses go mostly with 20 minute intervals.
The line "49" provides connections to Viimsi Parish, as well as to Iru subdistrict, Iru village and Pirita and Lasnamäe districts.[130]
The line "65" provides a connection to Lasnamäe district.[131][62]
Tallinn AirportShuttle share taxi provides a connection from Tallinn Airport to any location in Tallinn.
Long-distance services include:
intercity bus line "Täistunniekspress" (English: "Hourlyexpress"), operated by Lux Express, departs from Tallinn to Tartu. "Täistunniekspress" from Tartu arrives at the airport .[132]
intercity bus line "158", operated by SEBE, stops at the airport once a day.[133] and departs from Tallinn to Tartu. The bus stops at Kose crossroad and the Mäo and Puhu crossroads.[62]
Rail[edit]
The nearest station is Ülemiste train station, which lies about 800 metres from the airport, near Ülemiste Keskus. It provides access to regional rail and commuter rail lines of Elron. The station and Tallinn Airport are connected through the bus lines "49" and"65" and the tram line "4".
Highway[edit]
The airport is accessed by the E263 expressway (which shares the same route with the Estonian national road T2). The E20 expressway (which follows the T1) intersects with the E263 expessway 900 metres (3,000 ft) away from the airport towards the city centre. The E67} expressway (Via Baltica, follows the Estonian national road T4) is easily accessible via the 3.8-kilometre-long (2.4 mi) dual carriageway Järvevana Road, which provides a direct connection with E263 at the intersection.
Incidents and accidents[edit]
On 6 September 1938 at 5 p.m. EET, a Warsaw Aero Club RWD-10, piloted by Zbigniew Olenski, crashed into Lake Ülemiste during an aerobatic demonstration. The crash was caused by an error by the pilot, who misestimated the altitude during low-flight manoeuvres, and by muggy weather, which complicated the detection of a water surface. The depth of the crash site was only about 1 metre, which helped to absorb the shock but was too shallow for the pilot to drown. The pilot survived with head injuries. The plane's propeller and landing gear was damaged in the crash, but the plane was recovered and repaired by the staff of the seaplane terminal.[134][135]
On 8 January 1954, an Aeroflot Lisunov Li-2 flying from Tallinn to Leningrad-Shosseynaya Airport was hijacked by a man in a Soviet Air Force uniform and a woman. Both had guns and the woman had a knife. The flight engineer attempted to overpower the hijackers, but was killed by gunfire. Other crew members did succeed in overpowering the two. The aircraft turned back to Tallinn.[136]
In January 1966, an Ilyushin Il-14 flying from Kuressaare to Tallinn, made a landing on ice of Lake Ülemiste short of the runway 08 at its destination in nearly zero-visibility conditions. The incident was caused by an error of the air traffic controller, who misestimated the plane's altitude. The frontal landing gear was damaged during the unexpected landing, but the plane was otherwise intact. It was towed the same day to the airport. No injuries were reported, the passengers walked to the terminal across the frozen lake.[135]
On 16 November 1990, an Aeroflot Tupolev Tu-134 flying from Tallinn to Moscow was hijacked during a domestic flight by a hijacker who demanded to be taken to Sweden. The aircraft with 64 passengers aboard returned and landed at Tallinn Airport. Upon landing, the hijacker was arrested by Soviet authorities. No casualties were reported.[137]
On 18 September 1991 at 14:30 EEST (11:30 UTC), a Euro-Flite Dassault Falcon 20 business jet, carrying 2 crew and 10 passengers, landed on the runway of Tallinn Airport with its right main gear failed to lock in its extended position. The captain used ailerons and wheel brakes to hold the aircraft on the runway as far as possible until most speed was lost. Thereafter the aircraft came down smoothly on its right wing-tip while continuing to move turning to the right. At the end of the landing run the aircraft left the runway and stopped about 8 m outside the runway edge. There was no fire. The aircraft involved was OH-FFA and it got substantial damage, but was later repaired. The flight had departed from Helsinki Airport with Tallinn as its destination. No injuries were reported.[138]
On 20 February 1993 Aeroflot Flight 2134, a Tupolev Tu-134 flying from Tyumen to St. Petersburg, was hijacked during a domestic flight by a hijacker who demanded to be taken to the United States. As there were not enough fuel, he initially demanded to be taken to Helsinki, but agreed to land in Tallinn Airport. After the landing and five and half hours of negotiations 30 passengers were released. The plane then departed and next landed to Stockholm Arlanda Airport, where the hijacker, who was accompanied by his wife and child, peacefully surrendered to Swedish authorities.[139]
On 24 November 1994 a Komiavia Tupolev Tu-134 flying from Syktyvkar Airport to Pulkovo Airport was hijacked by group of three hijackers, who demanded to be taken to Denmark. They surrendered after landing in Tallinn Airport and several hours of negotiations.[140]
On 10 February 2003 an Enimex Antonov An-28 crashed while heading to Helsinki Airport during a regular cargo flight. The aircraft banked right during climb and crashed nose down into some trees shortly after takeoff, 300 metres from Tallinn Airport. The aircraft involved was ES-NOY. The captain and first officer were killed during the crash, while a flight engineer was injured.[141][142]
On 27 March 2006 an Airest Let L-410UVP-E20C caught fire while standing in Tallinn Airport. The aircraft involved was ES-LLG, it received substantial damage, but was later repaired. No injuries were reported.[143]
Antonov An-26 on the ice of Lake Ülemiste.
On 18 March 2010 an Exin Antonov An-26 aircraft made an emergency landing on the frozen Lake Ülemiste, close to Lennart Meri Tallinn Airport. Initial reports indicated problems with the landing gear and one of the engines.[144] The flight was operated by Exin on behalf of DHL. The aircraft involved was SP-FDO and the flight had departed from Helsinki Airport. Two of the six crew members were injured.[145] The wrecked plane was later towed to the parking position near the main taxiway and used for rescue trainings until 5 June 2015, when it was partly disassembled and transferred to the search and rescue school in Väike-Maarja.[146] The airport plans to buy another used plane to continue trainings on site.[147]
On 25 August 2010 an Exin Antonov An-26 aircraft made an emergency landing on the runway of Lennart Meri Tallinn Airport. Initial reports indicated problems with the landing gear during takeoff. The flight was operated by Exin on behalf of DHL. The aircraft involved was SP-FDP and the flight was scheduled to fly to Helsinki Airport. None of the four crew members were injured.[148]
On 8 February 2013 an ULS Airlines Cargo Airbus A300B4 aircraft skidded off the taxiway during taxiing following a normal landing. All flight operations were cancelled for two and a half hours, except those of planes with shortened takeoff and landing capability, which do not require the whole length of the runway and were cleared for takeoff. Planes en route to Tallinn were redirected to Helsinki and Riga.[149] The aircraft involved was TC-KZV and the flight had departed from Istanbul–Sabiha Gökçen Airport.[150] No injuries were reported.[151]
On 14 August 2014 an Estonian Air Bombardier CRJ900NG aircraft made an emergency landing on the runway of Lennart Meri Tallinn Airport. The plane, carrying 86 people, was forced to land at Tallinn Airport shortly after take off because of left hand main gear tyre was blown on takeoff at 18:10. After airport crews scoured the runway and found tire debris, the pilots were alerted. After burning off most of its fuel, the plane touched down without incident in Tallinn at around 20:30.[152] The aircraft involved was ES-ACC and the flight was scheduled to fly to Amsterdam Airport Schiphol. No injuries were reported.[153]
On 11 July 2015 at 5:12 a.m. EEST (02:12 UTC) an Aviastar-TU Tupolev Tu-204 aircraft arriving from Novosibirsk Tolmachevo Airport blew two of its right hand main gear tyres after landing. No damage to the runway or injuries were reported. The plane was towed to a parking position for repairs.[154]
On 28 February 2018 a Smartlynx Airlines Airbus A320-214 made an emergency landing 150 meters from the runway during a touch-and-go landing exercise. After a successful runway approach, the aircraft was unable to regain altitude and collided with the runway. During the collision, the aircraft's engines touched the runway, and the covering flaps of the aircraft's main landing gear fell apart. The aircraft managed to regain altitude after the collision and turn back to make a landing, but after the turn both engines stopped. The pilot made an emergency landing about 150 meters from the runway, stopping at about 15 meters south of the runway. All of the aircraft's tires broke in the course of the training. The instructor and one of the students sustained mild injuries as a result of the accident.[155]
On 4 June 2019 a Nordica Bombardier CRJ900NG aircraft made an emergency landing on the runway of Lennart Meri Tallinn Airport. The plane, carrying 31 passengers and 5 crew members, landed at Tallinn Airport at 18:07 with one of its tyres blown. All flight operations at the airport were cancelled until 18:38. According to the spokesperson of Nordica, the plane tyre become damaged during a takeoff in Kyiv. The aircraft involved was ES-ACC and the flight had departed from Boryspil International Airport. No injuries were reported.[156][157]
List of the busiest airports in the Baltic states
List of the busiest airports in the former USSR
Transport in Estonia
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Media related to Tallinn Airport at Wikimedia Commons
Tallinn Airport GH official website
Accident history for TLL at Aviation Safety Network
Current weather for EETN at NOAA/NWS
Estonia portal
Aviation portal
Tallinn landmarks
Buildings and
Toompea Castle
Old Thomas
Kiek in de Kök
St. Olaf's church
St. Nicholas' Church
Church of the Holy Ghost
Alexander Nevsky Cathedral
Saint Catherine's Monastery
Town Hall Pharmacy
Great Guild
Pikk Hermann tower
Knighthood House
Stenbock House
Kadriorg Palace
Pirita Monastery
Glehn Castle (Tallinn Observatory)
Maarjamäe Manor
TV Tower
Linnahall
Patarei Sea Fortress-Prison
Independence War Victory Column
Bronze Soldier
Charles Leroux Monument
Russalka Memorial
Raekoja plats
Walls of Tallinn
House of the Brotherhood of Blackheads
Historic Centre (Toompea Hill)
Kalamaja
Nature and
Tallinn Zoo
Lake Ülemiste
Lake Harku
Pirita River
Aegna island
Kadriorg Park (Japanese Garden)
Danish King's Garden
Kanuti Garden
Kuberneri Garden
Komandandi Garden
Toompark
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text:
Bystrzyca Kłodzka é um município da Polônia, na voivodia da Baixa Silésia e no condado de Kłodzko. Estende-se por uma área de 10,74 km², com 10 300 habitantes, segundo os censos de 2017, com uma densidade de 959 hab/km².

Ligações externas

Municípios da Polónia
Cidades da Baixa Silésia (voivodia)

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


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Little Red Riding Hood (Classic Tales Easy Readers)
BY: Sophie Giles (Adapter), Val Biro (Illustrator)
Publisher: Award Publications Ltd
Born in Budapest in 1921, Val Biro discovered his talent and love of drawing at an early age, cheekily sketching caricatures of teachers during his early school days! After moving to London in 1939, he studied at the Central School of Arts, specialising in illustration. Throughout a distinguished career stretching over 60 years, Val Biro's work has featured in magazines, advertising and in over 400 illustrated books!
Dimensions: 20.83 x 0.25 x 23.88 cm
التصنيف: Children Readers
Val Biro (Illustrator) السلسلة: Classic Tales Easy Readers اللغة: إنجليزي المؤلف: Sophie Giles (Adapter)

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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Liverpool Wedding Bands
Here at Bands for Hire we search continuously to find the very best Liverpool wedding bands in the area. By setting our standards extremely high we promise a professional and reliable service from every band on our roster.
Whether you're looking for an acoustic band to play during your drinks reception or a full on 12-piece party band to set the evening alight, we have plenty of variety and choice on offer. Our wedding bands in Liverpool cover an eclectic range of styles and genres including 50s & 60s rock 'n' roll, Motown & soul, 80s pop/rock, 90s indie & Britpop and contemporary chart hits.
You'll find plenty of choice and diversity in our site, from laid back classical music to high-octane rock bands. Whether you're looking to hire a string quartet during the ceremony or swing band during canapés, our musicians are certain to find the right ambience and atmosphere to make your wedding day flow.
Hire a Liverpool Wedding Band
Our Liverpool wedding bands are available to hire throughout the area including Chester, Wrexham, Warrington, Northwich, St Helens, Southport, Preston, Whitchurch, Nantwich, Crewe, Stoke-on-Trent, Wigan, Macclesfield, Blackpool, Blackburn and Bolton.
Each and every one of our Liverpool function & party bands come fully equipped with professional PA sound system, lighting and free iPod music played between sets as standard so you won't need to worry about a thing.
As well as our Liverpool bands for hire you may also be interested in our jazz and swing bands in Liverpool to create the perfect sound track for your afternoon drinks reception. We also represent a range of musicians, perfect for your wedding breakfast and ceremony music including Liverpool string quartets, Harpists and pianists.
The Audiotones
Hailing from the North West - The Audiotones are an incredibly versatile function band performing hits spanning multiple decades. With each member of the band having...
Brothers In Arms are a uniquely diverse function band who offer a variety of classic and contemporary hits to get the party started. With...
Gypsyland Jazz
Gypsyland Jazz are a collective of professional musicians with a carefully crafted repertoire of popular songs with a gypsy jazz twist! If you're looking to create...
Young and fresh, Leeds based Just Dance cover classic RnB, soul and modern floor fillers to keep you dancing all night long! Based in the North, this vibrant and...
Redwoods have burst onto the scene with their infectious three part harmonies, folk/pop fusion and unparalleled talent! Based in the North West, this charming acoustic...
The Retro Jets
The Retro Jets are a chic, retro & folk function band performing favourites from the 50s onwards alongside an array of contemporary hits in their own unique...


RANGERS legend Gordon Durie reckons Kris Boyd can kill off Celtic this week and prove he is finally a big-game poacher.
There was a time when the Ibrox side's top scorer would be left on the bench for an Old Firm showdown but now he is very much Walter Smith's main man.
Durie has watched as Boyd, the SPL's top scorer, has worked effortlessly on his game to prove to everyone he is much more than a goalscorer.
The former striker said: "Kris's goals say it all. If you take him out of the team, Rangers can struggle.He's a massive reason why Rangers are where they are at the present time.
"To be fair, Kris has expanded his game this season and is doing a lot more.
"People say he just scores goals but he has improved his all-round game and helped both the team and himself.
"The manager has great confidence in Kris now.
"If this had been last season, he'd have looked at the Old Firm game and thought he may not be playing.But this year he's probably one of the first names on the teamsheet. He's worked hard and is reaping the benefits.
Durie watched as Rangers robbed Celtic of a point last time out and he reckons Smith's side badly missed Kenny Miller in that game.
He is in no doubt he is the man who makes Miller tick and was similar to Durie, himself, in his own partnership with Ally McCoist, during the nine-in-a-row years.
"He's really good away from home, Durie admitted. '' His work rate is different class and they probably missed it at Celtic Park.
"It looks like the two of them will be together at Ibrox and that will be important for Rangers.It's been shown when Kris and Kenny aren't there that Rangers struggle for goals.
"It's the old 'big man, wee man' combination up front for Rangers.Kenny makes all the runs and Boyd just does what he does.Kenny does the running. I used to do that for Coisty' and he'd sit on his backside in the middle of the goal!
"He did it well and now they have a similar partnership to us.


Nicholas Michaelovich was the eldest son of Grand Duke Michael Nicholaievich, son of Emperor Nicholas I. He was born April 26, 1859 at Tsarskoe Selo, but spent his childhood in Tiflis, Georgia where his father was Viceroy of the Caucusus.
After attending school in Tiflis, he commanded a batallion of the Caucasian Archers in 1877, and fought along side them in the Russian-Turkish war. When his father was named as President of the Council of the Empire and returned to Petersburg, Nicholas followed him. He was then named to Marie Feodrovna's Horse Guards Regiment.
Nicholas loved education, and begged his father to allow him to enter the University, however Grand Duke Michael Nicholaievich was firmly opposed. In order to please his father, he then he entered the Acadamy of the General Staff (War College) where he excelled in his studies. Military life was not for him, though, as he much preferred studying butterflies and historical research. In his youth, he was very occupied with botany and had amassed a highly regarded collection of rare butterflies which he gave to the Academy of Sciences, and at this same time, he published a ten-volume work entitled "Discussions on the Lepidopterae". Soon, though, he began to be more interested in his historical research; publishing his first book "The Princes Dolgoruki, Collaborators to Emperor Alexander I" in 1890.
In 1905, he left the military and pursued his research interests full time. Nicholas II happily granted him unlimited access to the Romanov Family Archives and Library. He soon published multi-volume works (over fifteen volumes in all), in both Russian and French, on the reign of Tsar Alexander I. This important work brought him international recognition as an historian, across Europe and even in the US. He even investigated the question of whether Alexander I was really the later mysterious "staryetz" Feodor Kouzmitch, While he never wrote about his belief one way or the other, those closest to him reported that he felt it was "plausible" but not very probable that Alexander I was indeed Kouzmich as some claimed.
The Grand Duke was a member of the Acadamy of France, Honorary Doctor of History and Philosophy from the University of Berlin, and Honorary Doctor of History from the University of Moscow, President of the Imperial Russian History Society and the Russian Geographic Society.
He was tall at 6' 3", and a beefy, bald, bear of a man. Nicholas Michaelovich fell deeply in love with his first cousin, Victoria of Baden. Any thought of marriage though would not be permitted by the Russian Orthodox Church which prohibited first cousins to marry. He loved children, and, while he never married, is said to have fathered several illegitimate children.
"Uncle Bimbo" could be moody and eccentric, but also had a sharp wit and a keen, sometimes childish, sense of humor. He loved pranks and jokes, which endeared him to the entire family. He also considered himself to be a social and political liberal, even calling himself a "socialist". This behavior, along with his stubborn insisting on always speaking his mind, did NOT endear him to the Imperial family, and it was his charm and humor which often alleviated their anger toward his beliefs.
This label of "liberal" was only further supported by his open and easy nature. He considered the men in his regiment to always be his equal, and addressed them as "my friends". He was uneasy at what would now be called "class pretensions" and especially the idea of being "above" the men, yet his men loved him deeply and praised him loudly. He would receive intellectuals from across the political spectrum and have long engaging discussions and correspondence with them.
It was said that Alexander III once had him arrested for driving past the Anitchkov Palace in a humble "isovtchick" carriage drawn by one scrawny nag, his coat flapping and fat cigar in his teeth; his favorite way to travel in town. He loved to gamble, and spent much time in the casinos of Monte Carlo. (This was the reason he was the only one of the siblings at his father's deathbed in Cannes in 1909). Such "conduct unbecoming" a Grand Duke was his trademark.
His nature could turn caustic as well. The Imperial family always said he had a mean and critical tongue. He loathed Maria Pavlova and all of the "Vladimirovichi" with the exception of Grand Duke Boris Vladimirovich. He would publicly and loudly assert his firm opinion that the Vladimirs had no rights to the throne.
After the outbreak of the First World War, the anti-war Nicholas Michaelovich would make long diatribes in his favorite Petrograd clubs loudly against the war and highly critical of the Commander of the Army, his cousin Nicholas Nicholaievich. He became horrified by the actions of the Government at this time, and publicly lambasted their actions. So much so, that by the end of 1916, Nicholas II had finally lost his usual patience with Uncle Bimbo and ordered him out of Petrograd.
Nicholas Michaelovich returned to the capital a few months later, shortly after the Tsar abdicated, and stayed there. The Bolsheviks exiled him in 1918 to Vologda, along with his brother Grand Duke George Michaelovich and Grand Duke Dmitri Constantinovich. The three were later brought back to Petrograd and imprisoned. On January 30, 1919 they were shot in the Peter and Paul Fortress.


I learned to dive with the awesome team at Ocean Safari in July '12 and have been addicted since. My favorite dives so far have been at San Clemente and Cortes Bank, but on our most recent trip to Catalina I was amazed by the clear waters and rich life in the kelp forest at Arrow Point. Diving the oil rigs is the perfect combination of my love of diving and architecture. Outside of California I've dived in Hawaii and Hornby Island, BC. Looking forward to diving the rest of the world.
Among the numerous tropical fish and occasional eel and lobster sighting, a highlight of the snorkeling in Kaua'i was diving down to spend time with the sea turtles, or "Honus", as the locals call them.
Another mind-blowing trip to the rigs.
We found a pod of 20-30 transient orcas near Blakeley Island, WA after cutting through a lot of thick fog around Victoria. This is a photo of a mother and calf coming up for air after swimming directly under our boat.
I've never seen so many brittle stars.
I found these lovebirds at Lulu Reef near Catalina Island. I felt a little pervy recording them for so long, but I think they liked it!
The weather was really nice bobbing around Santa Rosa on the Peace yesterday, but the visibility wasn't so great. The Talcott Shoal dives were full of life, lots of ling cod and rockfish, anenomes, starfish, and TONS of chestnut cowries. I'm including some photos of a curious fish seemingly attached to an urchin. It was shaking and seem stuck. I've also posted some photos of hungry anenomes chowing down on an urchin and starfish.
Great day of diving SB with lots of sea lions, electric rays, horn sharks, and purple hydrocoral. The Peace dive boat provided a great trip, as usual.
Great day of diving! TONS of fish, Moray Eels and a Horn Shark were just some of the highlights.
Caught by badass Mike at Ship Rock.
We dove Ellen on our 3rd and final dive on 10/6/13. Awesome.
Listen to the whales singing in the background.
Amazing dive spot. Thousand of fish, club-tipped and white plumed anemone, and lots of playful sea lions. Sea Bass provided a great trip.
Please Note: This is a printout of the Ocean Safari Scuba | Community | Paul Petrunia page from 04/25/2019. Some information may have been updated in the mean time. Please visit PAGE URL to view the latest up-to-date information or call us at 626-287-6283 if you have any questions.


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Home Dwight Howard Lakers News: Dwight Howard Wants To Win NBA Title, But Emphasizes 'Focus' On Social Issues Over Basketball
Lakers News: Dwight Howard Wants To Win NBA Title, But Emphasizes 'Focus' On Social Issues Over Basketball
Richard Mackson-USA TODAY Sports
Lakers Rumors: Avery Bradley Taking On 'Expanded Role' With Kyrie Irving Among Players' Coalition Raising Awareness For Social Justice
Ron Gutterman
Los Angeles Lakers center Dwight Howard has undergone an incredible transformation this season. Before signing with L.A., many had concerns over Howard's personality and it being a negative presence in the locker room.
However, he quickly proved that this season would be different, becoming not only a great role player on the court, but a leader off of it. This has become especially true in recent weeks, as the NBA has discussed its return to play amid the coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic and protests fighting racial injustice.
Howard has become one of the leading voices for those who may not want to return to play, citing the distraction that the NBA can cause that would take focus away from the issues of injustice.
Howard spoke about the return of the season, explaining that he would love to play again, but more important things need to be addressed first, via"CNN Tonight":
"That's the first thing I want people to understand: I want to win a championship so bad. Going to L.A., for me, has been the best thing in my life and I'm very appreciative of just being on that team. Playing with LeBron, playing with A.D., just representing the Lakers again has meant the world to me. I just personally have seen so much pain from our people.
"I just feel like our people, we need attention. I really feel like our world is hurting right now. There's so much stuff going on in our world, that I just feel like we don't need to get distracted by anything. I would definitely want to play and win a championship, but I don't want anything to distract us from what's going on in our world. It's hurting me, it's hurting my family, it's hurting all of our families. Everybody is feeling it right now. I just think we need to focus on what's going on."
Howard's view point is one that is shared by a number of NBA players. While fans and players have been anxiously awaiting the return of basketball, having games to focus on instead of racial injustices will give people something else to talk about.
Shifting the conversation to the results of games would mean putting off discussing ways we can bring about real change in the United States and throughout the world. While the expectation remains basketball will return this season, it may look extremely different in terms of the discussion that will take place when games aren't being played.
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Cut the chicken into chunks and put them in a bowl with a little bit of chicken stock and 4-5 sprays of Braggs amino's. - Crush up two Wasa thins in a Ziploc bag until really fine. - Season the crumbs with poultry seasoning, garlic powder, onion powder, Black pepper, and a bunch of sesame seeds. - Individually toss the chicken in the bread crumbs pressing it into the chicken. - Put them on a piece of foil and toast them in the oven until they are done!


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Astaxanthin: Definition, Benefits, and Uses
Published by Admin on August 22, 2021 August 22, 2021
Source of Astaxanthin
Astaxanthin is one of the most widely and the naturally distributed in the marine animals including those of crustaceans like shrimps, crabs and in fish variety like salmon and the trout. Astaxanthin and its esters are isolated from the shells of the lobsters and exoskeletons od the shrimps.
Generally, in crustaceans, astaxanthin accumulates initially in the shell which is associated with the red organ color only when it is released and it is further followed but rating with thermal or solvent.
Astaxanthin is also considered as one of the most dominant carotenoids, which shows both strong quenching effects against the singlet oxygen and the strong scavenging effect against all the free radicals.
What is Astaxanthin?
Astaxanthin is one of the reddish pigments which belongs to the family of carotenoid which is one of chemical compound. It can also be naturally found in many of the marine species like salmon, lobster, trout, shrimp and in several marine species that are consumed and also in some species of algae.
Astaxanthin is one among the seven hundred known natural carotenoids and is most abundantly found carotenoid in the marine environment. It is in such a way in what colors does the salmon flesh, shrimp red and the lobster shell looks.
Natural astaxanthin alone is derived from the micro algae and the year which is now a days commercially sale for direct consumption of the humans. This natural Astaxanthin was released in the late 1990 s in the human nutrition market.
Astaxanthin is also considered as one of the superior antioxidants and it is also known as super Vitamin E as it has an efficient antioxidant activity.
Astaxanthin Benefits
As mentioned above, astaxanthin is one of the superior antioxidants and is also therefore known as super vitamin E as its antioxidant activity suppress the characteristics of the other carotenoids like Beta-carotene, canthaxanthin, zeaxanthin and lutein along with the vitamins like C and E which quences the singlet oxygens and the scavenging free radicals.
Increasing evidences also detects the role of the astaxanthin by protecting it from the chemically induced cancers, which also helps in enhancing the activity of the immune system, and also in preventing the effects of damages which are due to the effects of the ultra violet rays and also helps in curing the various diseases that affects human like atherosclerosis and other age-related muscular degenerations.
Astaxanthin is now a days marketed as one of the functional ingredients across many places in the world. Apart from all these benefits Astaxanthin also plays it role as a functional food ingredient and as a dietary supplement. One of the major applications of astaxanthin is that is used as the feed additive in the field of aquaculture and in the poultry industries.
In aquaculture is used as an important additive fish feed for improving flesh coloration which is generally pink in color and this is one which the customer wishes when he buys. This technique is most commonly used in salmonids, as salmonids does not have the ability to synthesize their own astaxanthin de novo pigments. In the field of poultry astaxanthin plays a very important role in increasing the color of the yolk in the egg.
Astaxanthin SideEffects
We generally come across the term, whatever we take than needed it is absolutely not good. In the same way, large does of these antioxidants disrupts the adaptations of the mitochondrial biogenesis. As mentioned above astaxanthin is one of the most powerful antioxidants, and in some cases, even adding or consuming it in smaller amount can cause higher impacts. But these are not clearly determined till now.
Astaxanthin Precaution
If you want to take astaxanthin then you must talk with your physician, and should be examined whether this dose is allergic or else whether it causes any of the side effects.
Astaxanthin also contains some of the inactive ingredients which results in serious allergic reactions. It generally occurs in patients who have some of the disorders in bleeding, diabetes, autoimmune disorders, causing low blood calcium levels, hypertension, asthma.
Astaxanthin Uses
Usually, Astaxanthin is recommended to use it in a dosage of wither 6 or 8 milligram per day. It is well enough; it is enriched with salmon oil which contains adequate levels of oil supplements. This dose is nearly equal to 1.6 kg of a fresh salmon. However, daily consumption of Astaxanthin leads to many significant benefits like protecting the skin against ultra violet radiations, improving the elasticity of the skin, clearing the wrinkles, and treating the dry skin and age spots, etc. On the other hand, over dose of these doses leads to many of the side effects which may also sometimes results in complications.
Astaxanthin Storage
Astaxanthin is not recommended to be placed directly under the heat of sun, direct exposure to light or air, which has the high chances of damaging the medicine. These medicines should be kept in a safe place and it must also be out of the children. Mostly these drugs are maintained at a room temperature of about 20 to 25 degree Celsius.
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Astaxanthin Citations
Astaxanthin: sources, extraction, stability, biological activities and its commercial applications–a review. Mar Drugs . 2014 Jan 7;12(1):128-52.
Astaxanthin: a review of its chemistry and applications. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr . 2006;46(2):185-96.
Astaxanthin in Skin Health, Repair, and Disease: A Comprehensive Review. Nutrients . 2018 Apr 22;10(4):522.
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Hypertonic Solution Definition A solution which contains higher concentration of solutes comparing with another solution is referred to as hypertonic solution. If a cell is placed in a hypertonic tonic solution it will shrink by
What is Down Syndrome? Human being's genes are preserved in the nucleus of the cells which comprises of genetic material and are capable of passing down the features from generations to generations and are usually