We are glad to announce that Cloudscape2016 will be held at the new Microsoft Centre in Brussels.
Offering a luxurious escape from your daily life, Stanhope Hotel is situated in the European Quarter, near the historical centre of Brussels and close to the famous Sablon Antique Square.
The NH Atlanta Brussels hotel is within walking distance of the city's most historic sights and venues. Centrally located on Adolphe Max Boulevard, walking distance from the Manneken Pis, the Grand Place and the Royal Palace. Brussels Central Station and Brussels Nord are easy to reach for the perfect connection to other European cities.
The Chambord Hotel is ideally located in the most beautiful district of Brussels called "quartier Royal".The famous Grand Place and the EC main offices, The Palais Royal, the Musée d'Art Moderne, the Musée des Beaux Arts are at walking distance.
The Hotel Brussels is a four-star hotel located nearby Avenue Louise, one of the most exclusive and fashionable addresses in Brussels. A superb combination of city views and excellent accessibility.
In a privileged location across from the European Parliament and just 13 kilometers from Brussels National Airport, the Renaissance Brussels Hotel is ideally located in the heart of the European Quarter with an easy access to the European institutions, few meters from the Luxembourg station and at a walking distance from the city center!


Compact single stainless-steel blade bridle / hook knife with extremely sharp, moving blade. Useful in case of emergencies!
Compact single stainless-steel blade bridle / hook knife with extremely sharp, moving blade.
The blade of the knife moves, so when the cut becomes more difficult the blade automatically moves back and forth creating a slicing motion. Through tests it has been found that this bridle knife will go through the shoulder padding and webbing of a harness with no problem. The blade can be turned around if necessary.
A webbing strap has been added for convenience and ease of use; this has a popper in it which fits the purpose-built pouch (see Bridle Hook Knife with Pouch).


In our view, Win32 currently comprises Windows 95, Windows 98, and NT.[‡‡‡] As far as we know, these different versions are the same as far as Apache is concerned, except that under NT, Apache can also be run as a service. Performance under Win32 may not be as good as under Unix, but this will probably improve over coming months.
[‡‡‡] But note that neither we nor the Apache Group have done much with Windows 98 at the time of writing.
Since Win32 is considerably more consistent than the sprawling family of Unices, and since it loads extra modules as DLLs at runtime, rather than compiling them at make time, it is practical for the Apache Group to offer a precompiled binary executable as the standard distribution. Go to http://www.apache.org/dist and click on the version you want, which will be in the form of a self-installing .exe file (the .exe extension is how you tell which one is the Win32 Apache). Download it into, say, c:\temp and then run it from the Win32 Start menu's Run option.


Laurie is the real deal. She is helpful and looked out for my best interests throughout the entire process. I am a first time home buyer, and Laurie made the process stress-free. I appreciate her calm demeanor and genuine kindness. Thank you, Laurie!
Laurie was a great agent who I would recommend to anyone! She went above and beyond to help me as a first-time homebuyer. She was very easy to get in contact with and quickly got the answers to questions I had.
We cannot say enough wonderful things about Laurie Bell! From the moment we met her, we knew that we wouldn't want anyone else to serve as our realtor. She is incredibly responsive, organized, hardworking, kind and knowledgeable.
Laurie helped us purchase our first home and made us feel incredibly comfortable throughout the entire process. When we ended up in a bidding war after making an offer on our house, It was only because of Laurie's negotiation skills and the reputation Keller Williams carries that the sellers ended up choosing us.
Perhaps most importantly - she genuinely cares about each of her clients and will always advocate for them. We experienced some minor issues with the seller a few days before closing, and Laurie handled it with such professionalism and grace. Laurie is such a joy to work with and I would absolutely recommend her services to anyone! You are in great hands if you work with Laurie and Keller Williams!
Laurie Bell was wonderful to work with and made it fun to sell the condo. I was given information when property was looked at and also comments afterwards.
Laurie's communication to me was always quick and responsive. She knew the market and put a realistic price on the condo and it was shown at least 20 times. I met a friend and also a very hard working agent and she did work for me. It was a pleasure working with Laurie and Keller Williams. Thank You Laurie.


Do you know what it feels like to be guarded?
To be under constant care, constant watch; ever hovered over.
He carries a knife on his hip; you know he'd give his life for you.
Every morning he meticulously checks off your to-do list for the day, crafting a journey through your life that will leave you feeling accomplished yet relaxed, traveled yet glad to be home, experienced but still yourself.
He totes you around in the passenger seat so he can control your safety and upon arrival offering a hand out of the car door like you may be delicate enough to need that help.
But he insists that you're strong, the strongest woman he's ever met, and he makes you stronger still.
The guarding of your movement, the guarding of your exposure, the guarding over your body.
He'll take it; you'll want him to.
This man has come into your life with urgency and certainty and insists that even though you may never believe it, you are the one worthy of his guard.
He keeps protects you from all demons, both those in the world and those that live in your own being.
He's a glorious gift of a person, one meant to protect you for all days. One you will fight every day to thank in any way possible.
I do. And that is the man I choose to call Master.


text:
Tatra RT6N2 je typ částečně nízkopodlažního tramvajového vozu, který vznikl modernizací české tramvaje Tatra RT6N1. Do podoby RT6N2 bylo v letech 2004–2005 rekonstruováno jediné vozidlo, které pro závady nedokončilo zkušební provoz. Vůz byl dále rekonstruován na typ RT6 MF06AC a prodán do polské Poznaně.

Historické pozadí
Protože tramvaje RT6N1 nebyly kvůli četným závadám schváleny Drážním úřadem do běžného provozu, musely od přelomu 20. a 21. století zůstat všechny vozy tohoto typu ve vozovnách. Dopravní podnik hlavního města Prahy se po několika letech rozhodl provést zásadní modernizaci, jejímž jediným cílem mělo být zprovoznění pražských tramvají RT6N1. Rekonstrukce prvního vozu proběhla v šumperské firmě Pars nova v letech 2004 a 2005.

Modernizace
Velké problémy měly původní tramvaje RT6N1 s brzdami středního podvozku. Původní, pocházející od firmy H&K, byly proto při modernizaci vyměněny za osvědčené od společností Dako. Oba krajní podvozky byly repasovány. Původní elektrická výzbroj byla nahrazena novou typu TV Progress, která musela být vzhledem k výkonům motorů zdvojena. Byl vyměněn statický měnič a dosazen nový řídicí systém Cecomm. Kvůli úpravě elektrické výzbroje musela být zesílena střecha, na níž se kontejnery s výzbrojí nachází. Došlo také k dalším různým úpravám vozové skříně, které byly vyvolány zkušenostmi z dřívějšího provozu. Na první pohled je nejvýraznější změnou přemístění polopantografu z prostředního článku vozu nad první podvozek. Dále byl např. upraven ovládací pult řidiče, vyměněn informační systém pro cestující či nahrazena elektrická výsuvná plošina pro vozíčkáře a kočárky plošinou mechanickou.

Provoz tramvaje Tatra RT6N2

Praha

Tramvaj RT6N1 evidenčního čísla 9101 byla z Prahy do Šumperka odvezena 20. a 21. ledna 2004, po modernizaci se zpět vrátila 26. a 27. září 2005, přeprava byla v obou případech realizována na silničním trajleru. Po dodání modernizovaného vozu do Prahy začaly zkušební jízdy bez cestujících. V lednu 2006 se objevily, vzhledem k dlouhým odstávkám vozidla, problémy s některými komponenty, které nebyly v Šumperku rekonstruovány (především motory). Do tramvaje proto byly nainstalovány dva motory z odstavené tramvaje RT6N1 ev. č. 9104. Od dubna do června 2006 probíhal zkušební provoz tramvaje s tzv. mrtvou zátěží (kolejnice a pytle s pískem). Jízda po trati z Barrandova však dopadla pro vůz špatně, prodřely se kabely, kvůli čemuž musel být odpojen statický měnič a nefungovaly tak elektrodynamické brzdy. Jízda po trati s velkým sklonem a s velkou zátěží byla brzděna pouze kotoučovými brzdami, které tento výkon nevydržely. Kvůli momentální nedostupnosti Ústředních dílen (výluka tratě) nebylo možné podvozky vymontovat, po jejich zpřístupnění již prý naopak nebyla vůle pokračovat ve zkouškách (chystané dodávky tramvají Škoda 14T), 30. listopadu 2006 navíc propadlo povolení Drážního úřadu ke zkušebním jízdám.

Původně se předpokládalo, že po úspěšném absolvování zkoušek první tramvaje budou na typ RT6N2 rekonstruovány i ostatní pražské vozy RT6N1. Tramvaj ev. č. 9101 ale byla od června 2006 odstavena ve vozovně Pankrác. V roce 2009 byly všechny pražské tramvaje RT6 (3× RT6N1, 1× RT6N2) odprodány firmě SKD Trade a v září téhož roku byly odvezeny do areálu firmy ŽOS Nymburk. Roku 2013 byla tramvaj RT6N2 prodána polské firmě Modertrans, která jí podobně jako ostatní vozy RT6N1 rekonstruovala na typ RT6 MF06AC a dodala dopravnímu podniku v polské Poznani. V běžném provozu s cestujícími se poprvé objevila 9. dubna 2014 pod evidenčním číslem 402.

Reference

Literatura

Externí odkazy

 Tatra RT6N2 na stránkách prazsketramvaje.cz
 Osudy tramvají RT6
 Informace a fotografie vozu RT6N2

RT6N2
Nízkopodlažní tramvaje
Kolejová vozidla vyráběná od roku 2004
Kolejová vozidla vyráběná do roku 2005

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


School of Agriculture was found in 2005 and is affiliated to IGNOU. The institute aims to turn the rural unemployed youth to first-rate agricultural entrepreneurs and agri-business managers of tomorrow. The mission of the institute is to provide quality education through the principle of distance education. Its objective is to use technological innovations for improving effect and enforcement of distance education in agriculture. School of Agriculture has been focusing on academic and development activities in agriculture at the national and international level. The impact of agricultural education through distance mode will soon be apparent in the development of new breeds of entrepreneurs, increased employment opportunities, higher earnings and better work environment.
10+2 Senior Secondary Pass Outs (or) Bachelor Preparatory Programme (BPP) from IGNOU. 10th pass may enroll simultaneously for the BPP and Diploma programme.
10+2 pass-outs (or)Bachelor Preparatory Programme (BPP) from IGNOU. 10th pass can enroll simultaneously for the BPP and the Certificate programme.
110th pass (or) Bachelor Preparatory Programme (BPP) from IGNOU.


text:
Portugal looks set to move politically left
October 26 the Guardian reported "Portugal appeared headed for months of political uncertainty – even crisis – on Monday after the main opposition Socialists and their allies pledged to bring down the country's new minority government as early as next week."
Less than two weeks later left-wing political parties appear set to form a coalition government.
Elections in October proved inconclusive; as so often seems the way these days in parts of Europe no political party received a clear mandate from the electorate to form a majority government.
But Saturday the centre-right coalition of Prime Minister Pedro Passos Coelho looks set to fail as left wing political parties join forces.
With echoes of Greek elections which led to the Syriza party winning on an anti-austerity mandate a left wing coalition in Portugal will be another headache for E.U. bosses in Brussels.
BBC News reports Saturday "Socialist Party leader Antonio Costa fought the election promising to ease back on austerity. He has the support of two smaller far-left parties, including the Communists.
Mr Passos Coelho's centre-right party polled just under 37% in October's election, with the Socialists on over 32%."
Prime Minister Pedro Passos Coelho has already been sworn in for a second term but that now looks to have been a little premature. "Earlier this week he said his coalition appeared to have lost its absolute majority in parliament. With 99 seats in the 230-seat parliament, the ruling coalition fell 17 seats short of the number it needed."
Coelho has been prepared to talk to other party leaders and consider a deal to stay in government; however he is not needed by the socialists. "The Socialists, the Communists and the Left Bloc between them have 122 seats, enough for a parliamentary majority. Left Bloc won 10% of the vote, securing 19 seats, while the Communists took 8% of the vote."
21st Century world politics seems to be dogged by too many political parties, no clear majority for any and either swings to the right or left of centre with no middle ground.
In some countries right wing austerity measures that have hit the poor and vulnerable while enabling the rich to prosper have been the straw that has broken the camel's back.
The people have spoken and though in Portugal it may not be as one with one voice the country looks set for left wing politics.
[The currency of Portugal is the Euro. The Eurozone consists of Austria, Belgium, Cyprus, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, the Netherlands, Portugal, Slovakia, Slovenia, and Spain."
Thank you, Eileen, for your report
That austerity is not acceptable especially when you see the chosen few getting twice as rich than ever before during the same time.
Thank you Hannah
Our leaders to often have a laugh at our expense or so it seems

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
News Sports Go! Business Data Obituaries eNewspaper Legals
Elmira expo unites businesses and community groups
Jeff Murray
stargazette.com
Elmira's First Arena will host an event Thursday that will bring together business leaders and community organizations that serve the Twin Tiers.
The second Twin Tier Ties Community Expo, scheduled for 11 a.m. to 4 p.m., will celebrate and focus on discovering, learning and networking among area community groups and businesses.
Local businesses and organizations will showcase their products and services together with a panel of experts and professionals from the area.
The Twin Tier Ties Community Expo is organized by the Elmira College Enactus Team, which is part of an international organization that promotes the entrepreneurial spirit among college students to help improve the world around them.
Elmira College juniors Olivia Cacchione and Corrie Mace are directing the expo.
During the event, there will be multiple seminars on topics of development, industries, social media and not-for-profit organizations. Attendees will have an opportunity to learn about the region and meet with local experts on a wide variety of subjects.
More Elmira College news:EC hockey teams seek conference titles
The expo will provide an opportunity for networking between businesses and community members, and a chance for businesses to promote themselves to potential customers.
The Elmira College Enactus Team will donate a portion of the proceeds from the expo to the Food Bank of the Southern Tier and the Economic Opportunity Program Inc. The remaining funds will go toward Enactus competitions and community projects in the Twin Tiers.
Elmira College Enactus projects are presented at a regional competition held at the end of each academic year. The team has been a regional champion and a national competitor multiple times, competing against thousands of students from 36 countries.
Thursday's Twin Tier Ties Community Expo is open to the public.
Follow @SGJeffMurray on Twitter.
For more information on the Twin Tier Ties Community Expo, go to tttexpo.com.
To learn more about the Elmira College Enactus Team, go to elmiracollegeenactus.com.
Top news:Catharine Creek rainbow trout spawning run underway
Other headline stories:Elmira manslaughter suspects waive preliminary hearing
© 2023 www.stargazette.com. All rights reserved.


text:
Q: Returning Mono and Flux error always returns 500 I'm still trying to learn how WebFlux exceptions work, as far as I understand, when returning an object in a Flux or Mono, the consumer should receive the same exception which was sent from the server.
However, when I return an HTTPException 401 inside a Mono for example, the response body I receive in the consumer is different from what I sent, I read a 500 Internal Server error instead of 401.
Here is a simple controller class I made for the question
package com.example.demo;

import javax.xml.ws.http.HTTPException;

import org.springframework.http.MediaType;
import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.RequestMapping;
import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.RequestMethod;
import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.RestController;

import reactor.core.publisher.Mono;

@RestController
public class Controller {

@RequestMapping(
        path="/getExceptionMono",
        method = RequestMethod.GET,
        produces = MediaType.APPLICATION_JSON_VALUE)
    public Mono<String> getException(){
        return Mono.error(new HTTPException(401));
    }
}

Here is the consumer :
package com.example.demo;

import org.springframework.boot.CommandLineRunner;
import org.springframework.http.MediaType;
import org.springframework.stereotype.Component;
import org.springframework.web.reactive.function.client.WebClient;

@Component
public class ReactiveDemoConsumer implements CommandLineRunner {
    @Override
    public void run(String... args) throws Exception {
        String url = "http://localhost:8080/getExceptionMono";
        WebClient.create(url)
            .get()
            .accept(MediaType.APPLICATION_JSON)
            .retrieve()
            .bodyToMono(String.class)
            .subscribe(value -> System.err.println("Received String: " + value),
                        err -> System.err.println("Received error " + err));

    }
}

This is the console log of the consumer
Received error org.springframework.web.reactive.function.client.WebClientResponseException$InternalServerError: 500 Internal Server Error from GET http://localhost:8080/getExceptionMono

How do I pass my exception so that the consumer will see the original one which I passed in the Mono?
Hope my question is clear, thanks in advance

A: That is not the correct way to return a 4xx response from an application.
Any kind of exception thrown within the application will be wrapped by WebClientResponseException and be received as a 500 Internal Server Error on the client side.
One way to change that is having an exception handler in your controller like this:
  @ExceptionHandler({UnsupportedMediaTypeException.class})
  public ResponseEntity<String> exceptionHandler(Exception ex) {
    return ResponseEntity.badRequest().body(ex.getMessage());
  }

Another way is to have a global exception handler in your code:
(here Ex1 is something like HTTPException)
@Component
public class GlobalExceptionHandler implements ErrorWebExceptionHandler {

  @Override
  public Mono<Void> handle(ServerWebExchange exchange, Throwable ex) {
    ServerHttpResponse httpResponse = exchange.getResponse();
    setResponseStatus(httpResponse, ex);
    return httpResponse.writeWith(Mono.fromSupplier(() -> {
      DataBufferFactory bufferFactory = httpResponse.bufferFactory();
      try {
        //Not displaying any error msg to client for internal server error
        String errMsgToSend = (httpResponse.getStatusCode() == HttpStatus.INTERNAL_SERVER_ERROR) ? "" : ex.getMessage();
        return bufferFactory.wrap(new ObjectMapper().writeValueAsBytes(errMsgToSend));
      } catch (JsonProcessingException e) {
        return bufferFactory.wrap(new byte[0]);
      }
    }));
  }

  private void setResponseStatus(ServerHttpResponse httpResponse, Throwable ex) {
    if (ex instanceof Ex1 || ex instanceof Ex2 || ex instanceof Ex3) {
      httpResponse.setStatusCode(HttpStatus.BAD_REQUEST);
    } else {
      httpResponse.setStatusCode(HttpStatus.INTERNAL_SERVER_ERROR);
    }
  }
}

Or you can re-write your controller like this:
@RequestMapping(
        path="/getExceptionMono",
        method = RequestMethod.GET,
        produces = MediaType.APPLICATION_JSON_VALUE)
    public Mono<ResponseEntity> getException(){
        return Mono.just(ResponseEntity.badRequest().build());
    }
}

Then in webclient code, you can do something like this:
webClient
 .get()
 .uri("/some/url")
 .exchange()
 .flatMap(clientResponse -> {
     if (clientResponse.statusCode().is5xxServerError()) {
        //do something and return some mono
     }
     else if(clientResponse.statusCode().is4xxClientError()) {
        //do something and return some mono
     }
     else {
       //do something and return some mono
     }
});

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


Tips, tricks and advice to help those turning 21 to stay safe and have fun on their special day.
Turning 21 years old is undoubtedly a rite of passage in the United States. It's mainly popular for one reason only- on their 21st birthday, people can now legally drink alcohol. Because of this, 21st birthdays have become synonymous with out of control drinking and horrible hangovers the next morning. Some see it as a tradition or learning experience that's worth it all, while others may hope to avoid the pain the next day. Either way, there are a few essential things every soon to be 21-year-old should know if they're planning to drink on their birthday.
First, you should remember not to overdo it . As of late, there's been a dangerous and frightening trend emerging of people "drinking their age". (The idea is that for every year you've been alive, you take a shot. So if you're 21, that equals out to 21 shots.) That's nothing less than a recipe for disaster and danger! Depending on the kind of liquor, it generally takes anywhere between 3 and 10 shots for a person to become drunk. Can you imagine taking shots for every year of your life? That puts people at serious risk for hospitalization or even death!
It's also best to finish each drink completely so you can keep a clear count of how much alcohol you have consumed. If you're constantly topping yourself off, it becomes flat-out impossible to track how much liquor you've had. Try to set a limit for yourself and not go over it before you go out. While it's fine to enjoy yourself on your birthday, risks of alcohol poising are just not worth it. You want to remember your entire birthday, not just 15 minutes of it! Additionally, if you've never had any alcohol or liquor before, it might be a good idea to start off with something that has a lower percentage of alcohol in it (and also match every drink with a glass of water).
Most importantly, you want to take plenty of steps to ensure that you and your friends are safe the entire night. This includes having a designated driver at your disposal or having a cab ready to pick you up when you are finished for the evening. You could even talk your friends into getting a limo or party bus for the special occasion, that way no one has to drive! No matter which means of transportation you choose, you should never get behind the wheel of a car when you are intoxicated.
In addition to staying safe by arranging a ride home before you go out, you should also be sure that you are not drinking on an empty stomach (it can quickly exacerbate how drunk you are), that you are avoiding drinking games (which can also worsen intoxication), and regardless of gender, you are never leaving your drink unattended.
Above all else, it's important to have fun! You only turn 21 once. Feel free to live it up, but do so safely. For more information on staying safe while drinking in all situations, visit The Wilder Firm's blog today.


Building a business that's resilient and has "legs" means it can withstand the storms that come. In Sonia Clayton's case, literally–as she started her multi-million-dollar business intelligence and training company just after Tropical Storm Allison hit Texas in 2001. And then 9/11 hit … everybody. And a few years later, like a one-two punch, she was hit with a cancer diagnosis. Not to mention the "normal" challenges of starting and growing a business … in an industry that isn't exactly known for welcoming women.
Does your business have "legs"? How can you stay resilient when it feels like you're always on the losing end of a boxing match? Tune into this episode of Business Breakthrough, where seasoned entrepreneur Sonia Clayton shares her secrets for mental toughness while building a team, giving back, and keeping the faith.
Share your intellectual wealth. Build and hire a team you trust, with members who have unique skills and talents. That way, you can rely on the strengths of your employees, while giving yourself the space to focus on your own. You can't–and won't want to–do everything yourself.
Use philanthropy to transform your business. Yes, it can be good for marketing. But it also instills a sense of purpose and pride in your employees that invigorates their work. Explore the opportunities to find a mission that's bigger than you, bigger than money, and bigger than your company.
Pull out your shiny suit of armor. When an obstacle stares you in the face, you don't have to run cowering in the closet. Stand your ground. Marshal the resources of your team. Look for other ways around. Show the world what you're capable of.
Sonia Clayton is a firecracker and did not hold back. Make sure you block out time to listen to this episode of Business Breakthrough.
Sonia Clayton was born in Colombia during the violence of the Narco-Guerilla period. Eventually, she moved to Venezuela with her family, seeking refuge from the Colombian violence, where she grew up in poverty. She studied Business Administration and arrived in the USA in November of 1984, unable to speak English and with $50 in her pocket.
Now, she is the president and CEO of Virtual Intelligence Providers, LLC (VIP-Global), which has contributed over $45M to the U.S. economy since inception. The firm specializes in Solutions Architecture for ERP (SAP & Oracle) Implementations Support, SAP/ Oracle Training, Staff Augmentation, Project Management, Change Management / Communications, e-Learning, Technical Writing, Documentation, Translations, Localizations and End-User Training.
Sonia is also a philanthropist and the recipient of over 20 awards and recognitions, which include White House and State acknowledgements. Sonia is today "The Oracle of The Hispanic Business Women in America," as quoted by US congressmen and senators while being recognized for establishing an IT practice in the traditionally, white-male, dominated technology world of ERP Systems within the Oil and Gas Industry. A 6 year cancer survivor, Sonia has visited and conducted business in over 60 countries and is fluent in 4 different languages. She is also a proud advocate for our men and women serving and who have served in the U.S. Military.


text:
Home World The EU said the only way for peace in the Donbass
The EU said the only way for peace in the Donbass
The European Union supports the full implementation of the Minsk agreements-based peaceful settlement in the South-East of Ukraine. This is stated in the official response of the European Council at the request of the Deputy of the European Parliament from Germany, Maximilian Edge.
"the European Union continues to assert that will maintain the independence, sovereignty and territorial integrity of Ukraine within its internationally recognized borders. He repeatedly made it clear that the full implementation of the Minsk agreements is the only way to find a lasting and peaceful solution to the conflict in the East of Ukraine", – quotes the text of the reply channel "112 Ukraine".
The CRA request was sent "in connection with the apparent stalling of the settlement process in the Donbass and advanced [head of the political Council of the party "Opposition platform For life" Viktor] Medvedchuk an initiative to create a parliamentary dimension of the Normandy format".
Earlier, Deputy Prime Minister of Ukraine and Deputy head of the delegation of Kiev in the contact group Alexey Reznikov stated the need for revision of the Minsk agreements. After that, the Deputy head of the Russian presidential administration Dmitry Kozak has demanded from the leadership of Ukraine to confirm or deny his words. On this Reznikov said that any decisions about the future of "Minsk" can have only one of the leaders of the "Norman Quartet" (Germany, Russia, France, Ukraine). On Sunday, the press Secretary of the President of Russia Dmitry Peskov said that the rejection of the execution of these agreements would deprive the process of the peaceful settlement in the Donbass negotiation base.
In January of this year Medvedchuk met with French MPs, which introduced the initiative on the parliamentary dimension of the Normandy format, later in Berlin, he introduced it all of the major factions of the Bundestag. In March of this year deputies of the party "Opposition platform For life", including Medvedchuk, arrived in Moscow, where they held a meeting with the Chairman of the state Duma Vyacheslav Volodin. Then Volodin Medvedchuk discussed in the Kremlin with Russian President Vladimir Putin the creation of a parliamentary dimension of the Normandy format. Ukrainian politician hoped that the first meeting of parliamentarians of the four countries will be held in April – may this year, but it did not take place.
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SWANSEA — Competing in its third meet in five days, the Case High School co-ed varsity winter indoor track and field team suffered one of its biggest defeats of the season against Dighton-Rehoboth Regional High School on Thursday night at the Z. Walter Janiak Field House in New Bedford.
"I told the kids prior to the meet that we should focus on our own development since we were coming off a 15 day training cycle with three meets in five days and that Dighton Rehoboth is such a fabulously trained team with a lot of depth," said Case coach Sue Gibeau. "We were going to focus on our own personal bests and try as a single track person to improve times, heights and distances to either qualify for the South Coast Conference league meet or the state meet."
For the boys' track team, the Cardinals collectively scored four points to the Falcons 82 points.
Despite the lopsided score, senior A.J. Carvalho was the one bright spot for his team. He broke the school record in the mile race with a time of 4:58.9, finishing second in the event. Senior Lindsey Farya was the only other member of the Cardinals to place in an event. He took third in the 600 meters with a time of 1:34.9.
"AJ was coming down to the wire to reach his goal of breaking the school record," said Gibeau. "He had tried earlier in the season and came within a second but tonight he beat the record by about five seconds."
For the girls' team, the Lady Cardinals collectively scored 17.5 points to the 68.5 points for the Lady Falcons.
Leading the way for the Lady Cardinals was senior Kara Walker who finished with six points. She tied for first place in the 50-yard dash with a state qualifying time of 6.5 seconds and second in the 600 meters with another state-qualifying time of 1:49.2. Her time in the 50-yard dash tied the school record set by teammate Beth Avila last season.
Also placing first in an event was junior Kristen Robillard. She won the 300 meters with a time of 46.9 seconds.
Placing second in an event was freshman Shannon Orton who cleared four feet and six inches in the high jump.
Rounding out the score for the Lady Cardinals was senior Megan Connors who placed third in the mile race with a time of 7:01.6 and sophomore Sonja Boyd who placed the same in the two-mile race with a time of 17:20.
With Thursday's losses, the girls' drop to 3-3-1 for the season, while the boys remain winless at 0-7.
Case will return to action tomorrow night when they face South Coast Conference foe Greater New Bedford Regional Vocational Technical High School at 6:30 p.m.


Background: The accuracy of wrist-worn heart rate (HR) monitors is unconfirmed. We assessed accuracy of 5 wrist-worn HR monitors (Apple Watch, Fitbit Blaze, Garmin Forerunner 235, TomTom Spark Cardio, Scosche Rhythm+) during various types of exercise.
Methods: Fifty volunteers completed exercise protocols on a treadmill, stationary bicycle and elliptical trainer (with and without arm levers). Each participant had HR monitoring with standard ECG, chest-strap monitor (Polar H7), Scosche Rhythm+, and two randomly assigned wearable HR monitors (one per wrist). HR was recorded at rest, light, moderate, and vigorous exercise.
Results: Participants were 54% female (mean age 38 ± 12 years). Across all HR measurements, the chest monitor (Polar H7) had the best agreement with ECG; wrist-worn monitors were less accurate (Figure). Accuracy varied with exercise type. With the treadmill, all devices were acceptable (rc=.88-.93) except the Fitbit Blaze (rc=.76). While biking, the Garmin, Apple Watch and Scosche Rhythm+ were acceptable (rc>.8). With the elliptical trainer without arm levers, only the Apple Watch provided accurate readings (rc=.94). None of the devices gave accurate readings for the elliptical trainer with arm levers (rc <.8).
Conclusions: Wrist-worn HR monitors have variable accuracy. Their accuracy varies with exercise type and is best on the treadmill and worst on the elliptical trainer. Electrode-containing chest monitors should be used when accurate HR measurement is imperative.


text:
India vs Sri Lanka Third Test Match: At the end of Day 1, IND 329/6
India vs Sri Lanka: Team India meets Sri Lanka in the third and final test match of the series today at?Pallekele International Cricket Stadium, Balagolla. The match will kick-start at 10:00 AM. India won the toss earlier today and decided to BAT first.
India has won the first 2 matches of the series and clinched the trophy. This is gonna be a formal final test match. Sri Lanka also wanted to BAT first in this match, unfortunately, they lost the toss and opportunity. Ravindra Jadeja was banned from playing this match, hence Kuldeep Yadav replaced him in the squad.
India vs Sri Lanka Live Score
India won the toss and chose to bat first.
IND: 329/6, 90 Overs, Saha – 13, Pandya – 1 (Day 1 Over)
India Playing 11: Shikhar Dhawan, Lokesh Rahul, Cheteshwar Pujara, Virat Kohli(c), Ajinkya Rahane, Ravichandran Ashwin, Wriddhiman Saha, Hardik Pandya, Kuldeep Yadav, Mohammed Shami, Umesh Yadav.
Sri Lanka Playing 11: Dimuth Karunaratne, Upul Tharanga, Kusal Mendis, Dinesh Chandimal(c), Angelo Mathews, Niroshan Dickwella, Dilruwan Perera, Malinda Pushpakumara, Lakshan Sandakan, Vishwa Fernando, Lahiru Kumara.
During the toss, Virat said:"This track looks similar to the second test, so we decide to BAT first to take earlier advantage like the first match".
India vs Sri Lanka live streaming will be telecasted on Sony Six sports channel. Live Score updates will be posted on this page. Stay tuned.


text:
Brexit: London assumes its new colonial policy
Voltaire Network | 4 January 2019
The British Government has chosen its post Brexit strategy. On 30 December 2018, the Defence Minister, Gavin Williamson gave an interview to the Sunday Telegraph, in which he denounced what has been the policy since 1956.
In 1956, a British-French military expedition supported by Israel, seized the Suez Canal. However the United States and Russia forced their allies to withdraw. This fiasco marks the end of European colonization and the beginning of the progressive withdrawal of European armies from the territories that they were occupying throughout the world.
According to Theresa May's government, the United Kingdom then oriented itself to the European Union, something it had never dreamt of becoming a member of. The time is over.
"We have to be clear, it is a policy that has been torn up. Great Britain has become once again a world nation", Mr. Williamson made clear. The Minstry has been trying for quite some time to negotiate the opening of new military bases abroad. Currently, the United Kingdom only has bases in Gibraltar, Cyprus, Diego Garcia and the Falkland Islands.
According to the Ministry of Defense, the world expects the United Kingdom to demonstrate moral, military and global leadership, because it defends tolerance, democracy and justice.
The Sunday Telegraph, December 30, 2018
(PDF - 486.1 kb)
Source : "Brexit: London assumes its new colonial policy", Translation Anoosha Boralessa, Voltaire Network, 4 January 2019, www.voltairenet.org/article204627.html
Elizabeth II's Speech
UK flouts UN General Assembly and High Court
Boris Johnson letter to Donald Tusk
UK letter to the EU Council


text:
Mantle plume
A superplume generated by cooling processes in the mantle (LVZ=low-velocity zone)[1]
A mantle plume is a proposed mechanism of convection of abnormally hot rock within the Earth's mantle. Because the plume head partly melts on reaching shallow depths, a plume is often invoked as the cause of volcanic hotspots, such as Hawaii or Iceland, and large igneous provinces such as the Deccan and Siberian traps. Some such volcanic regions lie far from tectonic plate boundaries, while others represent unusually large-volume volcanism near plate boundaries or in large igneous provinces.
The hypothesis of mantle plumes from depth is not universally accepted as explaining all such volcanism. It has required progressive hypothesis-elaboration leading to variant propositions such as mini-plumes and pulsing plumes. Another hypothesis for unusual volcanic regions is the "Plate model". This proposes shallower, passive leakage of magma from the mantle onto the Earth's surface where extension of the lithosphere permits it, attributing most volcanism to plate tectonic processes, with volcanoes far from plate boundaries resulting from intraplate extension.[2]
ConceptsEdit
The theory was first proposed by J. Tuzo Wilson in 1963[3] and further developed by W. Jason Morgan in 1971. A mantle plume is posited to exist where hot rock nucleates at the core-mantle boundary and rises through the Earth's mantle becoming a diapir in the Earth's crust.[4] In particular, the concept that mantle plumes are fixed relative to one another, and anchored at the core-mantle boundary, would provide a natural explanation for the time-progressive chains of older volcanoes seen extending out from some such hot spots, such as the Hawaiian–Emperor seamount chain.
Two largely independent convective processes are proposed:
the broad convective flow associated with plate tectonics, driven primarily by the sinking of cold plates of lithosphere back into the mantle asthenosphere
the mantle plume, driven by heat exchange across the core-mantle boundary carrying heat upward in a narrow, rising column, and postulated to be independent of plate motions.
The plume hypothesis was studied using laboratory experiments conducted in small fluid-filled tanks in the early 1970s.[5] Thermal or compositional fluid-dynamical plumes produced in that way were presented as models for the much larger postulated mantle plumes. On the basis of these experiments, mantle plumes are now postulated to comprise two parts: a long thin conduit connecting the top of the plume to its base, and a bulbous head that expands in size as the plume rises. The entire structure is considered to resemble a mushroom. The bulbous head of thermal plumes forms because hot material moves upward through the conduit faster than the plume itself rises through its surroundings. In the late 1980s and early 1990s, experiments with thermal models showed that as the bulbous head expands it may entrain some of the adjacent mantle into the head.
The sizes and occurrence of mushroom mantle plumes can be predicted easily by transient instability theory developed by Tan and Thorpe.[6][7] The theory predicts mushroom shaped mantle plumes with heads of about 2000 km diameter that have a critical time[clarification needed] of about 830 Myr for a core mantle heat flux of 20 mW/m2, while the cycle time[clarification needed] is about 2 Gyr.[8] The number of mantle plumes is predicted to be about 17.
When a plume head encounters the base of the lithosphere, it is expected to flatten out against this barrier and to undergo widespread decompression melting to form large volumes of basalt magma. It may then erupt onto the surface. Numerical modelling predicts that melting and eruption will take place over several million years.[9] These eruptions have been linked to flood basalts, although many of those erupt over much shorter time scales (less than 1 million years). Examples include the Deccan traps in India, the Siberian traps of Asia, the Karoo-Ferrar basalts/dolerites in South Africa and Antarctica, the Paraná and Etendeka traps in South America and Africa (formerly a single province separated by opening of the South Atlantic Ocean), and the Columbia River basalts of North America. Flood basalts in the oceans are known as oceanic plateaus, and include the Ontong Java plateau of the western Pacific Ocean and the Kerguelen Plateau of the Indian Ocean.
The narrow vertical pipe, or conduit, postulated to connect the plume head to the core-mantle boundary, is viewed as providing a continuous supply of magma to a fixed location, often referred to as a "hotspot". As the overlying tectonic plate (lithosphere) moves over this hotspot, the eruption of magma from the fixed conduit onto the surface is expected to form a chain of volcanoes that parallels plate motion.[10] The Hawaiian Islands chain in the Pacific Ocean is the type example. It has recently been discovered that the volcanic locus of this chain has not been fixed over time, and it thus joined the club of the many type examples that do not exhibit the key characteristic originally proposed.[11]
The eruption of continental flood basalts is often associated with continental rifting and breakup. This has led to the hypothesis that mantle plumes contribute to continental rifting and the formation of ocean basins. In the context of the alternative "Plate model", continental breakup is a process integral to plate tectonics, and massive volcanism occurs as a natural consequence when it onsets.[12]
The current mantle plume theory is that material and energy from Earth's interior are exchanged with the surface crust in two distinct modes: the predominant, steady state plate tectonic regime driven by upper mantle convection, and a punctuated, intermittently dominant, mantle overturn regime driven by plume convection.[4] This second regime, while often discontinuous, is periodically significant in mountain building[13] and continental breakup.[14]
Chemistry, heat flow and meltingEdit
Hydrodynamic simulation of a single "finger" of the Rayleigh–Taylor instability, a possible mechanism for plume formation.[15] In the third and fourth frame in the sequence, the plume forms a "mushroom cap". Note that the core is at the top of the diagram and the crust is at the bottom.
See also: Rayleigh–Taylor instability
Earth cross-section showing location of upper (3) and lower (5) mantle, D″-layer (6), and outer (7) and inner (9) core
The chemical and isotopic composition of basalts found at hotspots differs subtly from mid-ocean-ridge basalts. This geochemical signature arises from the mixing of near-surface materials such as subducted slabs and continental sediments, in the mantle source. There are two competing interpretations for this. In the context of mantle plumes, the near-surface material is postulated to have been transported down to the core-mantle boundary by subducting slabs, and to have been transported back up to the surface by plumes. In the context of the Plate hypothesis, subducted material is mostly re-circulated in the shallow mantle and tapped from there by volcanoes.
The processing of oceanic crust, lithosphere, and sediment through a subduction zone decouples the water-soluble trace elements (e.g., K, Rb, Th) from the immobile trace elements (e.g., Ti, Nb, Ta), concentrating the immobile elements in the oceanic slab (the water-soluble elements are added to the crust in island arc volcanoes). Seismic tomography shows that subducted oceanic slabs sink as far as the bottom of the mantle transition zone at 650 km depth. Subduction to greater depths is less certain, but there is evidence that they may sink to mid-lower-mantle depths at about 1,500 km depth.
The source of mantle plumes is postulated to be the core-mantle boundary at 3,000 km depth.[16] Because there is little material transport across the core-mantle boundary, heat transfer must occur by conduction, with adiabatic gradients above and below this boundary. The core-mantle boundary is a strong thermal (temperature) discontinuity. The temperature of the core is approximately 1,000 degrees Celsius higher than that of the overlying mantle. Plumes are postulated to rise as the base of the mantle becomes hotter and more buoyant.
Plumes are postulated to rise through the mantle and begin to partially melt on reaching shallow depths in the asthenosphere by decompression melting. This would create large volumes of magma. The plume hypothesis postulates that this melt rises to the surface and erupts to form "hot spots".
The lower mantle and the coreEdit
Calculated Earth's temperature vs. depth. Dashed curve: Layered mantle convection; Solid curve: Whole mantle convection.[17]
The most prominent thermal contrast known to exist in the deep (1000 km) mantle is at the core-mantle boundary. Mantle plumes were originally postulated to rise from this layer because the "hot spots" that are assumed to be their surface expression were thought to be fixed relative to one another. This required that plumes were sourced from beneath the shallow asthenosphere that is thought to be flowing rapidly in response to motion of the overlying tectonic plates. There is no other known major thermal boundary layer in the deep Earth, and so the core-mantle boundary was the only candidate.
The base of the mantle is known as the D″ layer, a seismological subdivision of the Earth. It appears to be compositionally distinct from the overlying mantle, and may contain partial melt.
Two very large, broad, large low-shear-velocity provinces, exist in the lower mantle under Africa and under the central Pacific. It is postulated that small plumes rise from their surface or their edges. Their low seismic velocities were thought to suggest that they are relatively hot, although it has recently been shown that their low wave velocities are due to high density caused by chemical heterogeneity.[18][19]
Evidence for the theoryEdit
Various lines of evidence have been cited in support of mantle plumes. There is some confusion regarding what constitutes support, as there has been a tendency to re-define the postulated characteristics of mantle plumes after observations have been made.[2]
Some common and basic lines of evidence cited in support of the theory are linear volcanic chains, noble gases, geophysical anomalies, and geochemistry.
Linear volcanic chainsEdit
The age-progressive distribution of the Hawaiian-Emperor seamount chain has been explained as a result of a fixed, deep-mantle plume rising into the upper mantle, partly melting, and causing a volcanic chain to form as the plate moves overhead relative to the fixed plume source.[16] Other "hot spots" with time-progressive volcanic chains behind them include Réunion, the Chagos-Laccadive Ridge, the Louisville Ridge, the Ninety East Ridge and Kerguelen, Tristan, and Yellowstone.
An intrinsic aspect of the plume hypothesis is that the "hot spots" and their volcanic trails have been fixed relative to one another throughout geological time. Whereas there is evidence that the chains listed above are time-progressive, it has, however, been shown that they are not fixed relative to one another. The most remarkable example of this is the Emperor chain, the older part of the Hawaii system, which was formed by migration of volcanic activity across a geo-stationary plate.[11]
Many postulated "hot spots" are also lacking time-progressive volcanic trails, e.g., Iceland, the Galapagos, and the Azores. Mismatches between the predictions of the hypothesis and observations are commonly explained by auxiliary processes such as "mantle wind", "ridge capture", "ridge escape" and lateral flow of plume material.
Noble gas and other isotopesEdit
Main article: Helium-3
Helium-3 is a primordial isotope that formed in the Big Bang. Very little is produced, and little has been added to the Earth by other processes since then.[20] Helium-4 includes a primordial component, but it is also produced by the natural radioactive decay of U and Th. Over time, He in the upper atmosphere is lost into space. Thus, the Earth has become progressively depleted in He, and 3He is not replaced as 4He is. As a result, the ratio 3He/4He in the Earth has decreased over time.
Unusually high 3He/4He have been observed in some, but not all, "hot spots". In mantle plume theory, this is explained by plumes tapping a deep, primordial reservoir in the lower mantle, where the original, high 3He/4He ratios have been preserved throughout geologic time.[21] In the context of the Plate hypothesis, the high ratios are explained by preservation of old material in the shallow mantle. Ancient, high 3He/4He ratios would be particularly easily preserved in materials lacking U or Th, so 4He was not added over time. Olivine and dunite, both found in subducted crust, are materials of this sort.[20]
Other elements, e.g. osmium, have been suggested to be tracers of material arising from near to the Earth's core, in basalts at oceanic islands. However, so far conclusive proof for this is lacking.[22]
Geophysical anomaliesEdit
Diagram showing a cross section though the Earth's lithosphere (in yellow) with magma rising from the mantle (in red). The crust may move relative to the plume, creating a track.
The plume hypothesis has been tested by looking for the geophysical anomalies predicted to be associated with them. These include thermal, seismic, and elevation anomalies. Thermal anomalies are inherent in the term "hotspot". They can be measured in numerous different ways, including surface heat flow, petrology, and seismology. Thermal anomalies produce anomalies in the speeds of seismic waves, but unfortunately so do composition and partial melt. As a result, wave speeds cannot be used simply and directly to measure temperature, but more sophisticated approaches must be taken.
Seismic anomalies are identified by mapping variations in wave speed as seismic waves travel through Earth. A hot mantle plume is predicted to have lower seismic wave speeds compared with similar material at a lower temperature. Mantle material containing a trace of partial melt (e.g., as a result of it having a lower melting point), or being richer in Fe, also has a lower seismic wave speed and those effects are stronger than temperature. Thus, although unusually low wave speeds have been taken to indicate anomalously hot mantle beneath "hot spots", this interpretation is ambiguous.[2] The most commonly cited seismic wave-speed images that are used to look for variations in regions where plumes have been proposed come from seismic tomography. This method involves using a network of seismometers to construct three-dimensional images of the variation in seismic wave speed throughout the mantle.[23]
Seismic waves generated by large earthquakes enable structure below the Earth's surface to be determined along the ray path. Seismic waves that have traveled a thousand or more kilometers (also called teleseismic waves) can be used to image large regions of Earth's mantle. They also have limited resolution, however, and only structures at least several hundred kilometers in diameter can be detected.
Seismic tomography images have been cited as evidence for a number of mantle plumes in Earth's mantle.[24] There is, however, vigorous on-going discussion regarding whether the structures imaged are reliably resolved, and whether they correspond to columns of hot, rising rock.[25]
The mantle plume hypothesis predicts that domal topographic uplifts will develop when plume heads impinge on the base of the lithosphere. An uplift of this kind occurred when the north Atlantic Ocean opened about 54 million years ago. Some scientists have linked this to a mantle plume postulated to have caused the breakup of Eurasia and the opening of the north Atlantic, now suggested to underlie Iceland. Current research has shown that the time-history of the uplift is probably much shorter than predicted, however. It is thus not clear how strongly this observation supports the mantle plume hypothesis.
GeochemistryEdit
Basalts found at oceanic islands are geochemically distinct from those found at mid-ocean ridges and volcanoes associated with subduction zones (island arc basalts). "Ocean island basalt" is also similar to basalts found throughout the oceans on both small and large seamounts (thought to be formed by eruptions on the sea floor that did not rise above the surface of the ocean). They are also compositionally similar to some basalts found in the interiors of the continents (e.g., the Snake River Plain).
In major elements, ocean island basalts are typically higher in iron (Fe) and titanium (Ti) than mid-ocean ridge basalts at similar magnesium (Mg) contents. In trace elements, they are typically more enriched in the light rare-earth elements than mid-ocean ridge basalts. Compared to island arc basalts, ocean island basalts are lower in alumina (Al2O3) and higher in immobile trace elements (e.g., Ti, Nb, Ta).
These differences result from processes that occur during the subduction of oceanic crust and mantle lithosphere. Oceanic crust (and to a lesser extent, the underlying mantle) typically becomes hydrated to varying degrees on the seafloor, partly as the result of seafloor weathering, and partly in response to hydrothermal circulation near the mid-ocean-ridge crest where it was originally formed. As oceanic crust and underlying lithosphere subduct, water is released by dehydration reactions, along with water-soluble elements and trace elements. This enriched fluid rises to metasomatize the overlying mantle wedge and leads to the formation of island arc basalts. The subducting slab is depleted in these water-mobile elements (e.g., K, Rb, Th, Pb) and thus relatively enriched in elements that are not water-mobile (e.g., Ti, Nb, Ta) compared to both mid-ocean ridge and island arc basalts.
Ocean island basalts are also relatively enriched in immobile elements relative to the water-mobile elements. This, and other observations, have been interpreted as indicating that the distinct geochemical signature of ocean island basalts results from inclusion of a component of subducted slab material. This must have been recycled in the mantle, then re-melted and incorporated in the lavas erupted. In the context of the plume hypothesis, subducted slabs are postulated to have been subducted down as far as the core-mantle boundary, and transported back up to the surface in rising plumes. In the plate hypothesis, the slabs are postulated to have been recycled at shallower depths – in the upper few hundred kilometers that make up the upper mantle. However, the plate hypothesis is inconsistent with both the geochemistry of shallow asthenosphere melts (i.e., Mid-ocean ridge basalts) and with the isotopic compositions of ocean island basalts.
SeismologyEdit
In 2015, based on data from 273 large earthquakes, researchers compiled a model based on full waveform tomography, requiring the equivalent of 3 million hours of supercomputer time.[26] Due to computational limitations, high-frequency data still could not be used, and seismic data remained unavailable from much of the seafloor.[26] Nonetheless, vertical plumes, 400 C hotter than the surrounding rock, were visualized under many hotspots, including the Pitcairn, Macdonald, Samoa, Tahiti, Marquesas, Galapagos, Cape Verde, and Canary hotspots.[27] They extended nearly vertically from the core-mantle boundary (2900 km depth) to a possible layer of shearing and bending at 1000 km.[26] They were detectable because they were 600–800 km wide, more than three times the width expected from contemporary models.[26] Many of these plumes are in the large low-shear-velocity provinces under Africa and the Pacific, while some other hotspots such as Yellowstone were less clearly related to mantle features in the model.[28]
The unexpected size of the plumes leaves open the possibility that they may conduct the bulk of the Earth's 44 terawatts of internal heat flow from the core to the surface, and means that the lower mantle convects less than expected, if at all. It is possible that there is a compositional difference between plumes and the surrounding mantle that slows them down and broadens them.[26]
Suggested mantle plume locationsEdit
An example of plume locations suggested by one recent group.[29] Figure from Foulger (2010).[2]
Many different localities have been suggested to be underlain by mantle plumes, and scientists cannot agree on a definitive list. Some scientists suggest that several tens of plumes exist,[29] whereas others suggest that there are none.[2] The theory was really inspired by the Hawaiian volcano system. Hawaii is a large volcanic edifice in the center of the Pacific Ocean, far from any plate boundaries. Its regular, time-progressive chain of islands and seamounts superficially fits the plume theory well. However, it is almost unique on Earth, as nothing as extreme exists anywhere else. The second strongest candidate for a plume location is often quoted to be Iceland, but according to opponents of the plume hypothesis its massive nature can be explained by plate tectonic forces along the mid-Atlantic spreading center.
Mantle plumes have been suggested as the source for flood basalts.[30][31] These extremely rapid, large scale eruptions of basaltic magmas have periodically formed continental flood basalt provinces on land and oceanic plateaus in the ocean basins, such as the Deccan Traps,[32] the Siberian Traps[33] the Karoo-Ferrar flood basalts of Gondwana,[34] and the largest known continental flood basalt, the Central Atlantic magmatic province (CAMP).[35]
Others[36] have pointed out the coincidence of many continental flood basalt events with continental rifting. This is consistent with a system that tends toward equilibrium: as matter rises in a mantle plume, other material is drawn down into the mantle, causing rifting.[36]
Alternative hypothesesEdit
In parallel with the mantle plume model, two alternative explanations for the observed phenomena have been considered: the plate hypothesis and the impact hypothesis.
The plate hypothesisEdit
The plate hypothesis suggests that "anomalous" volcanism results from lithospheric extension that permits melt to rise passively from the asthenosphere beneath. It is thus the conceptual inverse of the plume hypothesis, attributing volcanism to shallow, near-surface processes associated with plate tectonics, rather than active processes arising at the core-mantle boundary. The plate hypothesis argues that deep mantle plumes causing surface, time-progressive volcanism do not exist[clarification needed (Is paper really a claim to exclusive universality?)][failed verification].[37]
Lithospheric extension is attributed to processes related to plate tectonics. These processes are well understood at mid-ocean ridges, where most of Earth's volcanism occurs. It is less commonly recognised that the plates themselves deform internally, and can permit volcanism in those regions where the deformation is extensional. Well-known examples are the Basin and Range Province in the western USA, the East African Rift valley, and the Rhine Graben. Under this hypothesis, variable volumes of magma are attributed to variations in chemical composition (large volumes of volcanism corresponding to more easily molten mantle material) rather than to temperature differences.
The plate hypothesis thus attributes all[dubious – discuss] of Earth's volcanism to a single process – plate tectonics – rather than to two independent processes (plumes and plate tectonics), but does not address issues of core–mantle heat and/or material transfer.[dubious – discuss]
Under the umbrella of the plate hypothesis, the following sub-processes, all of which can contribute to permitting surface volcanism, are recognised:[2]
Continental break-up;
Fertility at mid-ocean ridges;
Enhanced volcanism at plate boundary junctions;
Small-scale sublithospheric convection;
Oceanic intraplate extension;
Slab tearing and break-off;
Shallow mantle convection;
Abrupt lateral changes in stress at structural discontinuities;
Continental intraplate extension;
Catastrophic lithospheric thinning;
Sublithospheric melt ponding and draining.
The impact hypothesisEdit
In addition to these processes, impact events such as ones that created the Addams crater on Venus and the Sudbury Igneous Complex in Canada are known to have caused melting and volcanism. In the impact hypothesis, it is proposed that some regions of hotspot volcanism can be triggered by certain large-body oceanic impacts which are able to penetrate the thinner oceanic lithosphere, and flood basalt volcanism can be triggered by converging seismic energy focused at the antipodal point opposite major impact sites.[38] Impact-induced volcanism has not been adequately studied and comprises a separate causal category of terrestrial volcanism with implications for the study of hotspots and plate tectonics.
Comparison of the hypothesesEdit
In 1997 it became possible using seismic tomography to image submerging tectonic slabs penetrating from the surface all the way to the core-mantle boundary.[39]
For the Hawaii hotspot, long-period seismic body wave diffraction tomography provided evidence that a mantle plume is responsible, as had been proposed as early as 1971.[40] For the Yellowstone hotspot, seismological evidence began to converge from 2011 in support of the plume model, as concluded by James et al., "we favor a lower mantle plume as the origin for the Yellowstone hotspot."[37][41] Data acquired through Earthscope, a program collecting high-resolution seismic data throughout the contiguous United States has accelerated acceptance of a plume underlying Yellowstone.[42][43]
Although there is strong evidence that at least two deep mantle plumes rise to the core-mantle boundary, confirmation that other hypotheses can be dismissed may require similar tomographic evidence for other hot spots.
Earth sciences portal
Volcanoes portal
Delamination (geology)
Epeirogenic movement – Upheavals or depressions of land exhibiting long wavelengths and little folding
Hotspot (geology) – Volcanic regions thought to be fed by underlying mantle that is anomalously hot compared with the surrounding mantle
Mantle convection – The slow creeping motion of Earth's solid silicate mantle caused by convection currents carrying heat from the interior to the planet's surface.
Orogeny – The formation of mountain ranges
Volcano – A rupture in the crust of a planetary-mass object that allows hot lava, volcanic ash, and gases to escape from a magma chamber below the surface
Verneshot – a hypothetical volcanic eruption event caused by the buildup of gas deep underneath a craton
^ Based upon Figure 17 in Matyska, Ctirad; Yuen, David A. (2007). "Lower-mantle material properties and convection models of multiscale plumes". In Foulger, G. R.; Jurdy, D. M. (eds.). Plates, plumes, and planetary processes. Geological Society of America. p. 159. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.487.8049. doi:10.1130/2007.2430(08). ISBN 978-0-8137-2430-0.
^ a b c d e f Foulger, G. R. (2010). Plates vs. Plumes: A Geological Controversy. Wiley-Blackwell. ISBN 978-1-4051-6148-0.
^ Wilson, J. Tuzo (8 June 1963). "Hypothesis of earth's behaviour". Nature. 198 (4884): 925–929. Bibcode:1963Natur.198..925T. doi:10.1038/198925a0.
^ a b Larson, R.L. (1991). "Latest pulse of Earth: Evidence for a mid-Cretaceous superplume". Geology. 19 (6): 547–550. Bibcode:1991Geo....19..547L. doi:10.1130/0091-7613(1991)019<0547:LPOEEF>2.3.CO;2.
^ Whitehead, Jr., John A.; Luther, Douglas S. (1975). "Dynamics of laboratory diapir and plume models". Journal of Geophysical Research. 80 (5): 705–717. Bibcode:1975JGR....80..705W. doi:10.1029/JB080i005p00705.
^ Tan, K. K.; Thorpe, R. B. (1999). "The onset of convection driven by buoyancy caused by various modes of transient heat conduction, Part I: Transient Rayleigh numbers". J. Chem. Eng. Sci. 54 (2): 225–238. doi:10.1016/S0009-2509(98)00248-6.
^ Tan, K.K. & Thorpe, R. B. (1999). "The onset of convection driven by buoyancy caused by various modes of transient heat conduction, Part II: the sizes of plumes". J. Chem. Eng. Sci. 54 (2): 239–244. doi:10.1016/S0009-2509(98)00249-8.
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^ Trampert, J.; Deschamps, F.; Resovsky, J.; Yuen, D. (2004). "Probabilistic tomography maps chemical heterogeneities throughout the lower mantle". Science. 306 (5697): 853–856. Bibcode:2004Sci...306..853T. doi:10.1126/science.1101996. PMID 15514153.
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^ El Hachimi, H.; et al. (2011). "Morphology, internal architecture and emplacement mechanisms of lava flows from the Central Atlantic Magmatic Province (CAMP) of Argana Basin (Morocco)". In van Hinsbergen, D. J. J. (ed.). The formation and evolution of Africa: a synopsis of 3.8 Ga of earth history. Geological Society, London, Special Publications. Special Publications volume 357. 357. London: Geological Society of London. pp. 167–193. Bibcode:2011GSLSP.357..167H. doi:10.1144/SP357.9. ISBN 978-1-86239-335-6.
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^ Kerr, Richard A. (April 2013). "The Deep Earth Machine Is Coming Together". Science. 340 (6128): 22–24. doi:10.1126/science.340.6128.22. PMID 23559231.
Seismic-tomography image of Yellowstone mantle plume
Large Igneous Provinces Commission
mantleplumes.org - mantle-plume skeptic website managed and maintained by Gillian R. Foulger
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mantle_plume&oldid=906054516"


text:
Apatopygus occidentalis is een zee-egel uit de familie Apatopygidae.

De wetenschappelijke naam van de soort werd in 1928 gepubliceerd door Hubert Lyman Clark.

Irregularia


text:
Q: How to edit hosts with TextEdit on Yosemite? This line used to work
sudo -b "/Applications/Textedit.app/Contents/MacOS/TextEdit" /etc/hosts
But on Yosemite, it does not work anymore.

A: Yes I just tried your command and it exists with error code 132 (I don't know why).
You can still use this to open your hosts file sudo open -t /etc/hosts. It will open the TextEdit app, if you want to run it in the background you can add your -b in the command line.  Or you can use other text editors like vim and nano they're both working perfectly with Yosemite.


text:
The Digital Repository of Ireland (DRI) is a digital repository for Ireland's humanities, social science and cultural heritage data. It was designed as an open access infrastructure that allows for interactive use and sustained growth. Three institutions, Royal Irish Academy (RIA), Trinity College Dublin (TCD), and Maynooth (now Maynooth University or MU), currently manage the repository and implement its policies, guidelines and training. The Department of Education and Skills has primarily funded DRI since 2016 through the Higher Education Authority and the Irish Research Council. As of 2018, DRI is home to over 28,000 items.

History
The DRI was established in 2011 after receiving €5.2 million in funding through the Irish government's Higher Education Authority. The Programme for  Research in Third Level Institutions (PRTLI) would support the project for four years. Launched on 24 June 2015 at Croke Park, DRI began as a consortium of six Irish academic institutions: Royal Irish Academy (RIA), National University of Ireland, Maynooth (now Maynooth University or MU), Trinity College Dublin (TCD), Dublin Institute of Technology (DIT), National University of Ireland, Galway (NUIG), and National College of Art and Design (NCAD). It earned the Data Seal of Approval as a Trusted Digital Repository (TDR) in 2015. In 2018, it was awarded the Core Trust Seal, superseding previous certification. DRI became a member of the Research Data Alliance in August 2018.

Organization

The governing body for DRI is a management board which is composed of representatives of each of the academic institutions, who serve three-year terms. The Core Implementation Team (CIT) is responsible for the day-to-day running of the Repository as well as strategy development, coordination and project delivery. The CIT is composed of the DRI Director, DRI Principal Investigators and Institutional representatives, and the DRI Programme Manager in RIA. In addition, an International Advisory Group of eight experts ensures DRI maintains ties with other digital repositories across the globe. The International Advisory Group meets annually to provide oversight and feedback and sustain best practices.

DRI staff is composed of professionals from diverse backgrounds such as librarians, digital archivists, educators, and software engineers who support all aspects of governance, operations and management, and taskforces. As of 2018, there are fifteen full-time staff members.

The DRI has three main areas of focus: Technology, Policy, and Education and Outreach. The technological software protects and preserves the data while allowing easy searching and navigation through the material. Development of policy protocols for data generation and preparation for archiving is a core remit of DRI. Education and Outreach include a training programme and direct contact with the public through workshops and newsletters.

Collections

Types
DRI Collections cover historical and contemporary Irish cultural heritage. These may contain many different types of digital assets including but not limited to images, audio, and text. While some collections are aggregated from partners and members from heritage and research institutions across the country, users are invited to become depositors to enrich DRI's portrait of Ireland. Collection highlights include Letters of 1916, the Stained Glass Studios Archive, and multi-media content from Raidió Teilifís Éireann.

Access
As an interactive repository, DRI is open to any kind of user with an interest in Irish cultural heritage regardless of age or level of education. Access, including viewing and uploading collections, is free. However, registration may be required for access to restricted collections with sensitive materials.

Users who wish to add to DRI collections may do so following the six steps to deposit content. Guides, Training Series, and helpdesks are available for more in-depth questions. While the digital surrogates are stored with DRI, the original creator retain ownership, copyright, and associated intellectual property rights. Content will be returned to the creator should DRI cease to exist. Creators can always update their collections by adding new content or improving the metadata. Access restrictions can also be set by the creator.

Membership
Subscription based membership had been a goal since DRI's inception and was launched in February 2018. Institutions and organizations holding humanities and/or social sciences data, including those operating on a non-funded, voluntary basis, may apply for Full or Associate Membership to leverage DRI's digital stewardship experience and capabilities. Membership benefits also include a collaborative network, training and personal development, online publication and sharing of collections.

Projects
DRI has been involved with many projects since inception.
 DECIPHER / Storyscope - Launched January 2013
 Linked Logainm: Location LODer - Launched September 2013
 The DRI-INSIGHT RTÉ project - Launched September 2013
 Irish Record Linkage, 1864-1913 - Launched December 2013
 The Social Repository of Ireland - Launched January 2014
 PLoT - Launched February 2014
 Inspiring Ireland - Launched March 2014 - won overall award, open source award, and the promoting Ireland award at the eGovernment Awards at Dublin Castle in 2015
 MoTIF Project - Launched May 2014
 DAH Programme - Launched 2014
 CMC LINE-UP Platform: Linked Irish NEw mUsic Platform - Launched January 2015
 Research Data Alliance H2020 Project - Launched September 2015
 Inspiring Ireland 1916 - Launched January 2016
 Frongoch and 1916 - Launched December 2016
 Atlantic Philanthropies Active Curation Project - Launched August 2017

Other Services
The Digital Repository of Ireland provides other services and outreach to supplement the collections.

Blog
DRI Staff and scholars utilizing the collections post articles on the DRI Blog regarding news and updates in the field or specific to DRI. Posts also highlight stories from the collections and new additions.

Events
Through the DRI Events Calendar, users are invited to attend an array of events hosted by the DRI and its academic partners. Events include repository conferences, lectures and workshops on technical applications or trending library and archive topics. DRI also hosts seminars as part of the DRI Training Series to educate users on using the DRI platform as well as best practices for developing collections and using metadata.

Social media
The DRI has several social media platforms for users to engage in. DRI joined Twitter in 2012 and actively updates its account along with the DRI Facebook page.

Users can also access content such as community forums, presentations, and DRI Training Series via the DRI Vimeo page or the DRI Slideshare page.

Architecture and Structure

Infrastructure
The platform was built from scratch using many open source platforms, utilizing the best of each and customizing them to implement DRI requirements without having to worry about sustaining and adapting legacy systems or methodologies. The implemented open source systems include OpenNebula, Fedora Commons, Samvera (formerly known as Hydra), Apache Solr, Blacklight, Shibboleth, Ceph, and Ansible. This new structure's framework was influenced by the Open Archival Information System (OAIS) reference model, while the Model-View-Controller (MVC) pattern implemented the data presentation and representation. The infrastructure has been replicated and is maintained at a secondary site in case of failure or disaster recovery.

Storage
DRI's digital asset preservation, storage, and access requires scalability as the repository's collections continue to grow. DRI utilizes technologies like Ceph and Bareos to provide federated storage and preservation while a separate process maintains integrity and fixity of archival data. The central management system governs storage, management, and migration. DRI's disaster management plan includes storage distribution across multiple servers in multiple geographic locations.

References

2015 establishments in Ireland
Archives in the Republic of Ireland
Irish digital libraries
Internet properties established in 2015
Royal Irish Academy
Libraries established in 2015


We are neighbors, community leaders and global citizens uniting for the common good. Rotary International supports Rotary clubs worldwide by coordinating global programs, campaigns, and initiatives. It is the world's largest voluntary service organisation with over a million members in over 200 countries.
In Great Britain and Ireland there are some 58,000 Rotarians spread amongst 1,750 clubs helping people in need and working towards world understanding and peace. We are from all walks of life and bring a variety of knowledge and experience to our clubs in many different ways to support local and global charities. It's a fulfilling role and Rotarians can get involved as much or as little as their time will allow. We have a proven record of excellent work in our local community and try to put the fun into our fundraising events.
In the year 2000, the clubs of Cookham Bridge and Marlow Thames joined forces to organise the annual Cookham Regatta. Since then thousands of visitors, sponsors and competitors have helped to raise funds for local charities.


The last time Doug Williams left the Tampa Bay Buccaneers, he went on to win a Super Bowl with the Washington Redskins.
There is no telling where his path will lead him this time, but Williams is leaving the Bucs again, this time after serving as the club's director of pro personnel.
Williams, who was the MVP of Super Bowl XXII, had made a play to become the head coach at South Florida.
Williams rejoined the franchise in 2004 as a pro scout and was promoted to the job he is just leaving to replace Dominik a little more than a year ago when he took Bruce Allen's post with the team.


Wireless applicants do not have free reign over building their facilities wherever they desire to build them. Cities have discretion over small cell wireless facilities; however, their authority is shared with both federal and state agents.
State law authorizes cities and counties to deny applications for the right-of-way when the proposed facility would be an inconvenience to the public's access of the right-of-way. Both federal and state law also have local management authority over the public right-of-way, which includes the authority to oversee installations.
Cities cannot deny wireless facility applications due to environmental impacts from RF emissions as long as the emissions are in compliance with all FCC regulations. Cities require applicants to show that the proposed facility will be in compliance with the FCC's regulations.
The City Planning Office considers small cell applications for a use permit when received. The Planning Office has the authority to approve, approve with conditions or deny the permits. Federal law requires State and local governments to respond to applications within a reasonable amount of time, either 150, 90 or 60 days, depending on the nature of the application. The FCC imposes a tedious set of rules for handling incomplete applications. If the applications are denied, the denial must be in writing and the reasons for the denial must be supported by significant evidence.


This course is for all COACHES AND TEACHERS of any age child or adult. It focuses on the RELATIONSHIPS between student/teacher and athlete/coach. It teaches the principals of integrity, accountability, character, and working together to achieve goals as a team, a class, and a family. These relationships are critical to the success of both the individual coaches, players, and students as well as the entire team or class. Once the course is completed, teachers and coaches will receive Rudy Certification with an opportunity to renew their certification annually. Being Rudy Certified will offer a unique credential that will provide parents, schools, and sports organizations with the confidence and security that they are hiring an individual with an enlightened sense of the values of Integrity, and Character necessary to teach and coach youth across America. Parents, School Administrations, and Sports Organizations will seek out those individuals who have earned a Rudy Certification to add them as a valuable member of their team.They will feel confident in your approach to working with their children and your ability to build self-esteem and make aa positive impact in their lives both on and off the field as well as in the classroom. The goal is positive interaction that inspires success for students, teachers, coaches, and parents. It takes a team.


text:
Q: If column has multiple values, copy line with each value separately I have a file with the following format, each column separated by tabs:
C1  C2  C3
a   b,c d
e   f,g,h   i
j   k   l
...

Now I need to have the number of lines according to the number of values separated by commas (if that's the case) in the 2nd column. The lines must have one of the values and not the others. The result would be this:
C1  C2  C3
a   b   d
a   c   d
e   f   i
e   g   i
e   h   i
j   k   l
...
...

As this is due to work asap, I've just made a don't do this at home script, reading line by line with a while, due to my lack of skills in awk, or not exploring other possible solutions with other tools. The script is as follows:
I'm revising the script in the meantime
# DON'T DO THIS AT HOME SCRIPT
> duplicados.txt
while IFS= read -r line; do
  # get the value of the column of interest
  cues="$(echo "$line" | awk -F'\t' '{ print $18 }')"
  # if the column has commas then it has multiple values
  if [[ "$cues" =~ , ]]; then
    # count the commas
    c=$(printf "%s" "$cues" | sed 's/[^,]*//g' | wc -c)
    # loop according to the number of commas
    for i in $(seq $(($c + 1))); do
      # get each value of the column of interest according to the position
      cue="$(echo "$cues" | awk -F',' -v c=$i '{ print $c; ++c }')"
      # save the line to a file substituting the whole column for the value
      echo "$line" | sed "s;$cues;$cue;" >> duplicados.txt
    done
    continue
  fi
  # save the single value lines
  echo "$line" >> duplicados.txt
done < inmuebles.txt

With this I get the desired result (as far as I can tell). As you can imagine the script is slow and very ineficient. How could I do this with awk or other tools?
A sample of the real data is like this, being the column of interest the number 18:
1409233 UNION   VIAMONTE    Estatal Provincial  DGEP    3321    VIAMONTE                            -33.7447365;-63.0997115 Rural Aglomerado    140273900   140273900-ESCUELA NICOLAS AVELLANEDA
1402961 UNION   SAN MARCOS SUD  Estatal Provincial  DGEA, DGEI, DGEP    3029, 3311, Z11 SAN MARCOS SUD                          -32.629557;-62.483976 / -32.6302699949582;-62.4824499999125 / -32.632417;-62.484932 Urbano  140049404, 140164000, 140170100, 140173100  140049404-C.E.N.M.A. N° 201 ANEXO SEDE SAN MARCOS SUD, 140164000-C.E.N.P.A. N° 13 CASA DE LA CULTURA(DOC:BERSANO), 140170100-ESCUELA HIPOLITO BUCHARDO, 140173100-J.DE INF. HIPOLITO BUCHARDO
1402960 UNION   SAN ANTONIO DE LITIN    Estatal Provincial  DGEA, DGEI, DGETyFP 3029, TZONAXI, Z11  SAN ANTONIO DE LITIN    3601300101020009    360102097366    0250347         SI / SI -32.212126;-62.635999 / -32.2122558;-62.6360432 / -32.2131931096409;-62.6291815804363   Rural Aglomerado    140049401, 140313000, 140313300, 140483400, 140499800   140049401-C.E.N.M.A. N° 201 ANEXO SAN ANTONIO DE LITIN, 140313000-I.P.E.A. Nº 214. MANUEL BELGRANO, 140313300-J.DE INF. PABLO A. PIZZURNO, 140483400-C.E.N.P.A. DE SAN ANTONIO DE LITIN, 140499800-C.E.N.P.A. B DE SAN ANTONIO DE LITIN

A: As you also tagged the question with sed, I feel urged to add an sed solution:
sed -e '/,/{s//\n/;h;s/[^\t]*\n//;x;s/\n[^\t]*//p;G;D;}'

(Note: For readabiliy I used \n for newline and \t for tab as you can do with GNU sed. For a portable solution, use a backslash with an actual newline instead of \n and an actual tab for \t, entered as ctrlV followed by tab)
Lines with a comma are copied to the hold space, one copy gets printed with what is before the comma, the other copy goes to the next cycle with the part after the comma. In detail:

*

*To avoid getting mixed up with multiple comma, we replace one with a newline s//\n/

*save one copy to the hold space before we mess up the line

*s/[^\t]*\n// removes the part upto the first comma

*then we xchange buffers

*s/\n[^\t]*//p removes the part starting from the comma and prints it

*G appends the hold space to the pattern space. This can contain addition commas, so

*D removes the first (already printed) line and starts over with the rest of the line

A: awk (or perl in awk mode) is probably the best standard solution, but you can do this reasonably efficiently in most shells, especially those with arrays (ksh, bash, zsh):
set -f # split but don't glob unquoted substitutions
#bash
while IFS=$'\t' read -ra ary; do
#ksh
while read -r line; do IFS=$'\t'; ary=($line)
#zsh I haven't worked out

  IFS=,; for v in ${ary[17]}; do
    ary[17]=$v; IFS=$'\t'; printf '%s\n' "${ary[*]}"
  done
  # bash,ksh arrays are 0-origin versus 1-origin fields in awk
  # we don't need to special-case no-comma, it splits to a single value
done <input >output

For old/limited shells without arrays, instead use the positional parameters like (may vary):
set -f
while read -r line; do IFS=$'\t'; set -- $line
  IFS=,; for v in ${18}; do
    # can't alter $num so yucky
    for i in $(seq $#); do
      case $i in (1);; (*) printf '\t';; esac
      case $i in (18) printf %s "$v";; (*) eval printf %s \"\${$i}\";; esac
    done
    # or maybe i=1; while [ $i -le $# ]; do ... i=$((i+1)); done
    # where [/test is likely shell builtin and seq is unlikely
  done
done <input >output

A: You could do it in awk by splitting the compound column on , and looping over the result:
awk -F'\t' 'BEGIN{OFS=FS} {n=split($2,a,/,/); for(i=1;i<=n;i++){$2 = a[i]; print}}' file

Perhaps more cleanly, you could do it with Miller - in particular, using the nest verb:
$ cat file
C1      C2      C3
a       b,c     d
e       f,g,h   i
j       k       l

$ mlr --tsv nest --explode --values --across-records --nested-fs ',' -f C2 file
C1      C2      C3
a       b       d
a       c       d
e       f       i
e       g       i
e       h       i
j       k       l

More compactly --explode --values --across-records --nested-fs ',' may be replaced by --evar ','

A: Using perl
## Column of Interest
CoI=2
perl -sF'\t' -aple '$"="\t";
  $_ = join $\, map { $F[$I]=$_;"@F" } split /,/, $F[$I]
' -- -I="$((CoI-1))" file

*

*perl options used:-

*

*-p this causes Perl to read a file line by line and output the line before next cycle.

*-a turns ON the auto split mode, whereby the input record ($_) is split and components put in the array (@F)

*-l makes the input record separator and output record separator to be newlines.

*-s turns ON rudimentary switch processing. With its help we set a global variable $I on the command line.

*-F field separator specified here

*-e Perl code specified here.

*perl builtin variables used:-

*

*$_ current record being processed.

*$" array elements joiner

*@F current record split fields stored in this array. It is zero indexed

*$\ output record separator

*Perl code:-

*

*split the column of interest $F[$I] around comma and progressively assign the split elements to the column if interest and join the array @F with the $" variable and assign to input record($_)

*default action is to autoprint the input record.

CoI=2
awk -F '\t' -v coi="$CoI" '
BEGIN { OFS=FS;s[1]=ORS }
NF >= coi {
  split($(coi),a,",")
  for (i=t=""; ++i in a;) {
    $(coi) = a[i]
    t = t s[i>1] $0
  }
  $0=t
}1
' file

Using GNU sed in extended regex mode (-E):
CoI=2
sed -E '
  s/[^\t]+/\n&\n/'"$CoI"'
  s/(\n.*)(\n.*)/\2\1,/
  :loop
    s/\n(.*\n)([^,]+),/\2\1/
    P;/\n$/d
    s/[^\t]+/\n/'"$CoI"'
  tloop
' file

This is operation of progress on a record of what sed is doing:
   pat_spc       output
 a b,c,d e         -
 a \nb,c,d\n e     -
 a \n e\nb,c,d,    -
 a b e\nc,d,      a b e
 a \n e\c,d,        -
 a c e\nd,        a c e
 a \n e\nd,         -
 a d e\n          a d e
/\n$/ stop, fetch next line

CoI=2
python3 -c 'import sys

ifile,coi = sys.argv[1:]
coi = int(coi)-1
fs,rs,ofs,ors = ("\t","\n") * 2

with open(ifile) as f:
  for l in f:
    F = l.rstrip(rs).split(fs)
    for e in F[coi].split(","):
      F[coi] = e
      print(*F,sep=ofs)
' file "$CoI"

with bourne shell builtins  using positional parameter array
cleanup() {
  echo cleaning up temp files... >&2
  /bin/rm -f -- "$temp"
}
trap cleanup EXIT
set -u

#-------------------+
# user input section
#-------------------+
CoI=2
inp='inmuebles.txt'
#-------------------+

: <<\_README_
1. CoI standing for column of interest.
2. CoT must be a positive integer.
3. CoI must not be more than the number of fields in the unput.
4. inp stores the input file name,
possibly with full or relative path, to make it accessible to the script.
5. All lines must have same number of fields.
6. No field to have TAB and/or newline.
7. Field separator is TAB.
8. File should be readable by the user and be a regular ascii text file.
_README_

IFS=$(printf '\t')
temp=$(mktemp) del=

while IFS= read -r line <&3
do
  set -f;set -- $line;set +f

  : ${del:=$(dc <<eof
1 $# $CoI-+n
eof
)}

  while case $# in "$del") break;; esac
  do
    printf '%s\t' "$1"
    shift
  done > "$temp"

  x1=$1;shift

  for csv in $(set -f;IFS=',';set -- $x1;printf '%s\t' "$@")
  do
    printf '%s' "$(cat < "$temp")" "$csv"
    case $# in 0) echo; break;; esac
    printf '\t%s\n' "$*"
  done
done 3< "$inp"

A:  while read line
 do
 fic=$(echo $line | awk '{print $1}')
 laco=$(echo $line | awk '{print $NF}')
 secon_colu=$(echo $line| awk '$2 ~ /,/{print $2}')
 if [[ "$secon_colu" =~ "," ]]
 then
 for ko in $(echo $line | awk '$2 ~ /,/{print $2}'| sed 's/,/ /g')
 do
 echo "$fic $ko  $laco"
 done
 else
 echo $line
 fi
 done<file.txt

output
C1 C2 C3
a b  d
a c  d
e f  i
e g  i
e h  i
j k l


text:
Desiré Tsarahazana (Amboangibe, 13 juni 1954) is een Malagassisch geestelijke en een kardinaal van de Rooms-Katholieke Kerk.

Tsarahazana volgde het klein-seminarie in Mahajanga. Van 1976 tot 1978 studeerde hij in Antsiranana. Hij bereidde zich van 1979 tot 1982 voor op het priesterschap, en studeerde van 1983 tot 1986 filosofie en theologie. Hij werd op 28 september 1986 priester gewijd.

Op 30 oktober 2000 werd Tsarahazana benoemd tot bisschop van Fenoarivo Atsinanana; zijn bisschopswijding vond plaats op 18 februari 2001. Op 24 november 2008 werd hij benoemd tot bisschop van Toamasina. Toen het bisdom op 26 februari 2010 werd verheven tot aartsbisdom, werd Tsarahazana de eerste aartsbisschop van Toamasina.

Sinds 2012 is Tsarahazana voorzitter van de bisschoppenconferentie van Madagaskar.

Tsarahazana werd tijdens het consistorie van 28 juni 2018 kardinaal gecreëerd. Hij kreeg de rang van kardinaal-priester. Zijn titelkerk werd de San Gregorio Barbarigo alle Tre Fontane.

Aartsbisschop van Toamasina
Malagassisch kardinaal
20e-eeuws bisschop


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