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Miguel de Cervantes Saavedra (Alcalá de Henares, 29 de setembre de 1547 - Madrid, 22 d'abril de 1616) fou un escriptor castellà, conegut sobretot per la seva novel·la El Quixot. Es considera un dels autors més influents de la literatura universal, i les seves obres han inspirat adaptacions cinematogràfiques i han modificat la manera d'entendre la novel·la, especialment en l'àmbit hispànic i anglès. En homenatge a l'autor, el seu rostre figura a les monedes de fracció d'euro (10, 20 i 50 cts.) encunyades a Espanya.

Biografia

Infància i joventut
Es pensa que Miguel de Cervantes nasqué a Alcalá de Henares o a Alcázar de San Juan. El dia exacte del seu naixement és desconegut, però es diu que podia haver nascut el 29 de setembre, data en què se celebra la festa de l'arcàngel Sant Miquel, donada la tradició de rebre el nom del santoral. Miguel de Cervantes fou batejat a Alcalá de Henares (Espanya) el 9 d'octubre de 1547, a la parròquia de Santa Maria la Major.

Segons aquesta teoria, era fill de Rodrigo de Cervantes i de Leonor de Cortinas Sánchez. El seu pare, d'ascendència cordovesa i d'avantpassats gallecs, era cirurgià, ofici més semblant a l'actual practicant que a la nostra idea de metge. Segons Américo Castro, Daniel Eisenberg i altres cervantistes, l'escriptor tenia ascendència de jueu convers per ambdues línies familiars. Per contra, Jean Canavaggio afirma que no està provat, i ho compara amb els documents que recolzen, sense cap dubte, aquesta ascendència per a Mateo Alemán. De la seva mare, Leonor, pràcticament no se'n sap res. Els seus germans van ser Andrés (1543), Andrea (1544), Luisa (1546), que va arribar a ser priora d'un convent carmelita; Rodrigo (1550), també soldat, que el va acompanyar en el captiveri algerià; Magdalena (1554) i Juan, només conegut perquè el pare l'esmenta en el testament.

Cap al 1551, Rodrigo de Cervantes es traslladà amb la seva família a Valladolid. Per deutes, estigué empresonat uns quants mesos i els seus béns foren embargats. El 1556 es dirigí a Còrdova per recollir l'herència de Juan de Cervantes, avi de l'escriptor, i fugir dels creditors.

No existeixen dades precises sobre els primers estudis de Miguel de Cervantes, que, sens dubte, no arribaren a ser universitaris. Sembla que podia haver estudiat a Valladolid, Còrdova o Sevilla. També és possible que estudiés a la Companyia de Jesús, ja que en la novel·la El coloquio de los perros elabora una descripció d'un col·legi de jesuïtes que sembla una al·lusió a la seva vida estudiantil.

L'any 1566 s'estableix a Madrid. Assisteix a l'Estudi de la Vila, que regentava, en aquell temps, Juan López de Hoyos, un intel·lectual d'orientació erasmista, catedràtic de gramàtica i que el 1569 publicà un llibre sobre la malaltia i la mort de la reina Isabel de Valois, la tercera esposa de Felip II. López de Hoyos inclou en aquest llibre tres poesies de Cervantes, «nostre car i estimat deixeble». Aquestes són les seves primeres manifestacions literàries.

En aquests anys Cervantes es va afeccionar al teatre veient les representacions de Lope de Rueda i, segons declara en la segona part del Quixot, pel que sembla per boca del personatge principal, «se li anaven els ulls darrere de la faràndula».

Viatge a Itàlia i la batalla de Lepant

S'ha conservat una providència de Felip II que data de 1569, on mana capturar Miguel de Cervantes, acusat d'un confús esdeveniment: haver ferit en duel un tal Antonio Sigura, mestre d'obres. Si es tractés realment de Cervantes, aquest podria ser el motiu que el va fer traslladar a Itàlia. Va arribar a Roma el desembre del mateix any. Com es declara, entre altres llocs, a la seva novel·la El licenciado Vidriera, inclosa dins les Novelas ejemplares, això suposarà un particular enamorament de la literatura italiana. Allà, estant al servei del cardenal Giulio Acquaviva d'Aragona, va llegir els poemes cavallerescs de Ludovico Ariosto i els Diàlegs d'amor del jueu sefardita Lleó Hebreu (Yehuda Abrabanel), d'inspiració neoplatònica, que l'influiran sobre la seva idea de l'amor, especialment a La Galatea. Cervantes s'imbuirà de l'estil i l'art italians, i guardarà sempre un gratíssim record d'aquells estats, que apareixen, per exemple, a El licenciado Vidriera, una de les seves Novelas ejemplares, i es deixa sentir en diverses al·lusions de les seves altres obres.

Va seguir al servei de Giulio Acquaviva per Palerm, Milà, Florència, Venècia, Parma i Ferrara. Aviat ho deixà per ocupar la plaça de soldat en la companyia del capità Diego de Urbina, del terç de Miquel de Montcada. Va embarcar en la Galera Marquesa. El 7 d'octubre de 1571 va participar en la batalla de Lepant, «la más alta ocasión que vieron los siglos pasados, los presentes, ni esperan ver los venideros», com va escriure en el pròleg de la segona part de El Quixot, formant part de l'armada cristiana, dirigida per Joan d'Àustria, «hijo del rayo de la guerra Carles V, de felice memoria» i germanastre del rei, i on participava un dels marins més famosos de l'època, el Marqués de Santa Cruz, que residia a La Manxa, a Viso del Marqués. A la batalla de Lepant va resultar ferit al pit i al braç esquerre, amb un nervi seccionant, motiu pel qual li va quedar mancada de mobilitat (no li va ser amputada). D'aquí procedeix el sobrenom del manco de Lepanto.

El seu especial heroisme va ser destacat, ja que el dia de la batalla es trobava amb febre i el seu capità li havia recomanat de no sortir a coberta a lluitar. Amb tot, aquelles ferides no devien ser gaire greus, perquè després de sis mesos de permanència en un hospital de Messina, Cervantes va reprendre la seva vida militar, durant el 1572. Va intervenir en les expedicions navals de Navarino (1572), Corfú, Bizerte i Tunísia (1573), sempre sota el comandament del capità Manuel Ponce de León i en el regiment de Lope de Figueroa, que apareix a El alcalde de Zalamea, de Pedro Calderón de la Barca.

Després recorregué les principals ciutats de Sicília, Sardenya, Gènova i la Llombardia. Va romandre finalment dos anys a Nàpols, fins al 1575.

Captiveri a Alger
Durant el seu retorn des de Nàpols a Espanya, a bord de la Galera Sol, una petita flota turca comandada per Arnaut Mami va captivar Miguel i el seu germà Rodrigo, el 26 de setembre de 1575. Van ser capturats a l'altura de Cadaqués o Palamós, i duts a Alger. Cervantes és adjudicat com esclau al renegat grec Dali Mami. El fet d'haver trobat en el seu poder les cartes de recomanació que portava de Don Joan d'Àustria i del duc de Sessa va fer pensar als seus captors que Cervantes era una persona molt important, pel qual podrien aconseguir un bon rescat. Van demanar cinc-cents escuts d'or per la seva llibertat.

En els cinc anys d'empresonament, Cervantes, un home amb un fort esperit i motivació, va provar d'escapar en quatre ocasions. Per evitar represàlies contra els seus companys de captiveri, es va fer responsable de tot davant els seus enemics. Preferia la tortura que la delació. Gràcies a la informació oficial i al llibre de fra Diego de Haedo Topografía e historia general de Argel (1612), tenim informació important sobre el captiveri. Aquestes notes es complementen amb les seves comèdies Los tratos de Argel, Los baños de Argel i el relato de la historia del Cautivo, que s'inclou a la primera part del Quixot, entre els capítols 39 i 41. Tanmateix, des de fa temps se sap que l'obra publicada per Haedo no era seva, fet que ell mateix reconeix. Segons Emilio Sola, el seu autor va ser Antonio de Sosa, benedictí company de captivitat de Cervantes i dialogista de la mateixa obra. Daniel Eisenberg ha llançat la hipòtesi que l'obra no és de Sosa, que no era escriptor, sinó del gran escriptor captiu a Alger, l'obra del qual mostra grans semblances amb els escrits de l'obra d'Haedo. Si és cert, l'obra d'Haedo deixa de ser confirmació independent de la conducta cervantina a Alger, i esdevé un més dels escrits del mateix Cervantes que enalteixen el seu heroisme.

El primer intent de fuga va fracassar, perquè el musulmà que havia de conduir Cervantes i els seus companys a Orà els va abandonar en la primera jornada. Els presos van haver de tornar a Alger, on van ser encadenats i vigilats més que abans. Mentrestant, la mare de Cervantes havia aconseguit reunir certa quantitat de ducats, amb l'esperança de poder rescatar els seus dos fills. El 1577 es van concertar els tractes, però la quantitat no era suficient per rescatar-los tots dos. Miguel va preferir que fos posat en llibertat el seu germà Rodrigo, que va tornar a Espanya. Rodrigo portava un pla elaborat pel seu germà per alliberar-lo juntament amb catorze o quinze companys més. Cervantes es va reunir amb els altres presos en una cova oculta, en espera d'una galera espanyola que vindria a recollir-los. La galera, efectivament, va arribar i es va intentar acostar dues vegades a la platja però, finalment, va ser capturada. Els cristians amagats a la cova també van ser descoberts, a causa de la delació d'un còmplice traïdor, anomenat el Dorador. Cervantes es va declarar com a únic responsable d'organitzar l'evasió i induir als seus companys. El bey (governador turc) d'Alger, Azán Bajá, el va tancar al seu «bany» o presidi, carregat de cadenes, on va romandre durant cinc mesos.

El tercer intent, el va traçar Cervantes amb la finalitat d'arribar per terra fins a Orà. Va enviar-hi un musulmà fidel amb cartes per a Martín de Córdoba, general d'aquella plaça i germà del general Alonso Fernández de Córdoba i Velasco, explicant-li el pla i demanant-li guies. Tanmateix, el missatger va ser pres i les cartes descobertes. El seu contingut demostrava que era el mateix Miguel de Cervantes qui ho havia tramat tot. Va ser condemnat a rebre dues mil garrotades, sentència que no es va complir perquè molta gent va intercedir per ell.

L'últim intent de fuga es va produir gràcies a una important suma de diners que li va entregar un mercader valencià que era a Alguer. Cervantes va adquirir una fragata capaç de transportar seixanta captius cristians. Quan tot estava a punt de solucionar-se, un dels que havien de ser alliberats, l'ex dominic doctor Joan Blanch de Pau, va revelar tot el pla a Azán Bajá. Com a recompensa, el traïdor va rebre un escut i una gerra de llard. El governador turc fou qui traslladà Cervantes a una presó més segura, en el seu mateix palau. Després, va decidir portar-lo a Constantinoble, on la fuga resultaria una empresa gairebé impossible de realitzar. De nou, Cervantes va assumir tota la responsabilitat.

El maig de 1580 van arribar a Alger els pares trinitaris -orde que s'ocupava d'alliberar captius, (fins i tot es canviaven per ells)- fra Antonio de la Bella i fra Juan Gil. Fra Antonio partí amb una expedició de rescatats. Fra Juan Gil, que només disposava de tres escuts, va intentar rescatar Cervantes, pel qual se n'exigien cinc. El frare es va ocupar de recol·lectar entre els mercaders cristians la quantitat que faltava. L'aconseguí quan Cervantes ja estava embarcat en una de les galeres en què Azán Bajá salparia rumb a Constantinoble, lligat amb dues cadenes i un grilló. Gràcies als 500 escuts tan àrduament reunits, Cervantes fou alliberat el 19 de setembre de 1580. El 24 d'octubre va tornar, per fi, a Espanya amb altres captius també rescatats. Va arribar a Dénia, des d'on es va traslladar a València. Entre novembre i desembre tornà amb la seva família a Madrid.

Retorn a Espanya

El maig de 1581 Cervantes es va traslladar a Portugal, on llavors hi havia la cort de Felip II, amb el propòsit de trobar alguna cosa amb el que refer la seva vida i pagar els deutes que havia obtingut la seva família pel rescat d'Alguer. Li encomanaren una comissió secreta a Orà, ja que ell tenia molts coneixements de la cultura i costums del nord d'Àfrica. Per aquest treball va rebre 50 escuts. Va tornar a Lisboa i a finals d'any arribà a Madrid. El febrer de 1582, sol·licità un lloc de treball vacant a les Índies, però no l'obtingué. En aquests anys, l'escriptor té relacions amoroses amb Ana Villafranca (o Franca) de Rojas, la dona d'Alonso Rodríguez, un taverner. D'aquest amor va néixer una filla, que ell va reconèixer, que es va anomenar Isabel de Saavedra.

El 12 de desembre de 1584, contreu matrimoni amb Catalina de Salazar i Palacios en el poble toledà de Esquivias, d'on era la seva dona i els vins del qual va lloar. Catalina era una jove que no arribava als vint anys i que va aportar un petit dot. Aquest matrimoni no reeixí. Es van separar al cap de dos anys, sense haver tingut fills. Cervantes mai parla de la seva dona en la gran quantitat de texts autobiogràfics que va escriure, tot i que va ésser ell qui va estrenar en la literatura espanyola el tema del divorci, aleshores impossible en un país catòlic, amb l'entremès El juez de los divorcios. Se suposa que el matrimoni va ser infeliç, encara que en aquest entremès sosté que «más vale el peor concierto / que no el divorcio mejor». Després de la separació, Cervantes començà els seus extensos viatges per Andalusia.

És molt probable que entre els anys 1581 i 1583 Cervantes escrigués La Galatea, la seva primera obra literària en volum i transcendència. Es va publicar a Alcalá de Henares el 1585. Fins llavors només havia publicat algunes composicions en llibres aliens, en romancers i cançoners, que reunien produccions de diversos poetes.

Últims anys

El 1587, viatjà a Andalusia com a comissari de provisions de l'Armada Invencible. Durant aquests anys, recorre una vegada i una altra el camí que va des de Madrid a Andalusia, passant per Castella-la Manxa. Aquest és l'itinerari de Rinconete y Cortadillo.

S'establí a Sevilla. Posteriorment, treballà com a cobrador d'imposts, ocupació que li va comportar nombrosos problemes i disputes, ja que era l'encarregat d'anar casa per casa recaptant imposts, que la seva majoria anaven destinats a cobrir les guerres en què Espanya estava immersa. És empresonat el 1597 a la Presó Reial de Sevilla, després de la fallida del banc on dipositava la recaptació. Suposadament Cervantes s'havia apropiat de diners públics i fou descobert després de ser trobades diverses irregularitats en els comptes que portava.

L'any 1613 va ingressar al Tercer Orde de Sant Francesc. El 22 d'abril de 1616 va morir. Va ser enterrat, amb l'hàbit franciscà, al convent de les trinitàries de Madrid.

El Quixot

A la presó «engendra» El ingenioso hidalgo Don Quijote de la Mancha, segons diu el pròleg d'aquesta mateixa obra. No se sap si amb aquest terme va voler dir que va començar a escriure mentre estava pres o, simplement, que allà se li va ocórrer la idea.
L'altre empresonament documentat de Cervantes va ser molt breu, a Castro del Río (Còrdova). No consta oficialment que hagués estat mai a la cova de Medrano, a Argamasilla de Alba.

El 1604 s'instal·là a Valladolid - des de 1601 a la Cort Reial de Felip III -, i el 1605 publicà la primera part de la que seria la seva principal obra: El ingenioso hidalgo Don Quijote de la Mancha.

Llegat artístic

Entre les dues parts de Don Quixot, apareixen el 1613 les Novelas ejemplares. Són un conjunt de dotze narracions breus, compostes algunes d'elles molts anys abans. La seva font és pròpia i original. En elles explora diferents fórmules narratives com la sàtira lucianesca (El coloquio de los perros), la novel·la picaresca (Rinconete y Cortadillo), la miscel·lània (El licenciado Vidriera), la novel·la bizantina (La española inglesa, El amante liberal) o, fins i tot, la novel·la policíaca (La fuerza de la sangre). D'algunes, com per exemple El celoso extremeño, se'n conserva una segona redacció testimoniada pel manuscrit anomenat de Porras de la Cámara, descobert el . Només aquesta col·lecció de novel·les hauria pogut en si mateixa haver-li creat un lloc molt destacat a la història de la literatura castellana.

La crítica literària va ser una constant en la seva obra. Apareix a La Galatea, El ingenioso hidalgo Don Quijote de la Mancha, Viaje al Parnaso (1614), extens poema en tercets encadenats. El 1615, publica Ocho comedias y ocho entremeses nuevos nunca representados, però el seu drama més popular avui, La Numancia, més que El Tracte d'Alger, quedà inèdit fins al .

Un any després de la seva mort, apareix la novel·la Els treballs de Persiles i Sigismunda. Cervantes, tot just dos dies abans de morir, l'havia deixat amb una dedicatòria a Pedro Fernández de Castro y Andrade, VII Comte de Lemos, el seu mecenes durant anys, i a qui també havia dedicat la segona part del Quixot i les Novel·les exemplars.

El Persiles és una novel·la bizantina que, segons l'autor, pretenia competir amb el model clàssic grec d'Heliodor; va tenir èxit, ja que va conèixer algunes edicions més en la seva època, però va ser oblidada i enfosquida pel triomf indiscutible del Don Quixot. Cervantes utilitza un grup de personatges com a fil conductor de l'obra, en comptes de dos. Anticipa, a més, l'anomenat realisme màgic donant entrada a alguns elements fantàstics. En certa manera, cristianitzar el model original utilitzant el tòpic del homo Viator, assolint el clímax al final de l'obra amb l'anagnòrisi dels dos enamorats principals, anomenats fins aleshores Periandro i Auristela, a la ciutat santa de Roma:

En realitat, el Persiles és una novel·la d'estructura i intencions molt complexes que espera encara una interpretació satisfactòria.

La influència de Cervantes en la literatura universal ha estat tal, que la mateixa llengua espanyola sol ser anomenada la llengua de Cervantes.

La seva vida artística
Entre les seves obres dramàtiques destaquen especialment els seus Entremeses, notables per la seva comicitat, l'original creació i caracterització de personatges, que no exclou la inspiració popular, i la cosmovisió que se'n desprèn. Entre les seves obres dramàtiques majors, es considera la seva obra mestra la Tragedia de la destrucción de Numancia, encara que són també importants Pedro de Urdemalas, El rufián dichoso, Los baños de Argel i El trato de Argel. En algunes d'aquestes obres, com per exemple Tragedia de la destrucción de Numancia, apareixen elements al·legòrics, que ell anomenava «figures morals».

Obra de Cervantes

Novel·la
Miguel de Cervantes va conrear, però a la seva original manera, els gèneres narratius habituals en la segona meitat del : la novel·la bizantina, la novel·la pastoral, la novel·la picaresca, la novel·la morisca, la sàtira lucianesca i la miscel·lània. Var renovar un gènere, la novel·la, que s'entenia aleshores a la italiana com un relat breu, exempt de retòrica i de major transcendència.

Ordre cronològic
 La Galatea (1585)
 El ingenioso hidalgo Don Quijote de la Mancha (1605)
 Novelas ejemplares (1613)
 Segona part de l'enginyós cavaller don Quixot de la Manxa (1615)
 Los trabajos de Persiles y Sigismunda (1617)

Poesia
Cervantes va voler ser poeta, encara que va arribar a dubtar de la seva capacitat, com ell mateix va dir abans de la seva mort a Viaje al Parnaso:

S'han perdut o no s'han identificat quasi tots els versos que no estaven inclosos a les seves novel·les o en les seves obres teatrals; encara que tot i que se l'anomena inventor dels versos de terme trencat, en realitat no fou ell. Cervantes declara haver compost un gran nombre de romanços, entre els quals n'estimava especialment un sobre la gelosia. En efecte, cap a 1580 va participar amb altres grans poetes contemporanis com Lope de Vega, Góngora o Quevedo en la imitació dels romanços antics que va donar origen al Romancero nuevo, anomenat així enfront del tradicional Romancero viejo del , el qual era anònim.

Inicia la seva obra poètica amb les quatre composicions dedicades a Exequias de la reina Isabel de Valois. Altres poemes van ser: A Pedro Padilla, A la muerte de Fernando de Herrera i A la Austriada de Juan Rufo. Com a poeta, però, destaca en el to còmic i satíric, i les seves obres mestres són els sonets Un valentón d'espátula i greguesco i Al túmulo del rey Felipe II, del qual es van fer famosos els darrers versos:

L'Epístola a Mateo Vázquez és una falsificació escrita per l'erudit decimonònic Adolfo de Castro, com també ho és el fulletó en prosa El buscapié, una vindicació del Quixot escrita també per aquest erudit. Assentà algunes innovacions en la mètrica, com la invenció de l'estrofa anomenada ovillejo, i l'ús del sonet amb estrambot.

Viaje del Parnaso
L'únic poema narratiu extens de Cervantes és el Viaje del Parnaso (1614). Està format per tercets encadenats, on l'autor critica uns quants poetes espanyols, satiritzant-ne alguns i elogiant els altres.

És escrit, com diu el mateix Cervantes, a imatge i semblança del Viaggio di Parnaso (1578) de Cesare Caporali di Perugia. Narra de manera autobiogràfica en vuit capítols un viatge al mont Parnàs, a bord d'una galera menada per Mercuri, en la qual alguns poetes elogiats miren de defensar-lo davant els poetastres o mals poetes. Reunits a la muntanya amb Apol·lo, surten airosos de la batalla i el protagonista torna a la seva llar. L'obra es completa amb l'Adjunta al Parnàs, on Pancracio de Roncesvalles lliura a Cervantes dues epístoles d'Apol·lo.

Teatre

Tenint en compte les seves penúries econòmiques, el teatre va ser la gran vocació de Cervantes. Escriu que quan era un vailet «els ulls se li n'anaven darrere el carro dels comediants» i que va assistir a les austeres representacions de Lope de Rueda. Tanmateix l'èxit que va tenir, car les seves obres es van representar «sin ofrenda de pepinos» (sense que li llancessin tomates), com diu en el pròleg de les seves Ocho comedias y ocho entremeses nunca representados, va ser efímer davant de la nova fórmula dramàtica de Lope de Vega, més audaç i moderna que la seva, que va fer als empresaris desestimar les comèdies cervantines i preferir les del seu rival. El teatre de Cervantes posseïa un fi moral, incloïa personatges al·legòrics i procurava sotmetre's a les tres unitats aristotèliques d'acció, temps i lloc, mentre que el de Lope trencava amb aquestes unitats i era moralment més desvergonyit i desimbolt, i les seves obres eren més ben versificades. Cervantes mai no va poder suportar aquest fracàs i es va mostrar disgustat amb el nou teatre de Lope a la primera part del Quixot, on el caràcter teatral apareix ben assentat a causa de l'abundància de diàlegs i de situacions del tipus d'entremès que deixen entreveure la trama. I és, en efecte, l'entremès el gènere dramàtic on llueix en tota la seva esplendor el geni dramàtic de Cervantes, de manera que es pot dir que al costat de Luis Quiñones de Benavente i Francisco de Quevedo Cervantes és un dels millors autors del gènere, el qual va aportar una major profunditat en els personatges, un humor inimitable i de més importància i transcendència en la temàtica. Que existia interconnexió entre el món teatral i el narratiu de Cervantes ho demostra que, per exemple, el fet que el tema de l'entremès d'El viejo celoso aparegui a la novel·la exemplar d'El celoso extremeño. Altres vegades apareixen personatges semblants a Sancho Panza, com en l'entremès de l'Elección de los alcaldes de Daganzo, on el protagonista és tan bon tastavins de vins com Sancho. El barroc tema de l'aparença i la realitat es mostra a El retablo de las maravillas, on s'adapta el conte medieval de Don Juan Manuel (que Cervantes coneixia i havia llegit en una edició contemporània) del rei nu i se li dona un contingut social. El juez de los divorcios tocava també la biografia de Cervantes, i arriba a la conclusió que «más vale el peor concierto / que no el divorcio mejor». També tenen interès els entremesos de El rufián viudo, La cueva de Salamanca, El vizcaíno fingido i La guarda cuidadosa. Per als seus entremesos, Cervantes adopta tant la prosa com el vers, i se n'hi atribueixen alguns altres, com el Los habladores.

En les seves peces majors el teatre de Cervantes ha estat injustament poc apreciat i representat, a excepció de la que es considera l'exemple més acabat d'imitació de les tragèdies clàssiques: El cerco de Numancia, també titulada La destrucción de Numancia, on s'escenifica el tema patriòtic del sacrifici col·lectiu davant el setge del general Escipió i on la fam pren la forma de patiment existencial, afegint-s'hi figures al·legòriques que profetitzen un futur gloriós per a Espanya. Es tracta d'una obra on la providència que sembla representa el mateix paper que tenia per a l'Enees escapat de la Troia incendiada de Virgili. Semblant inspiració patriòtica posseeixen altres comèdies, com La conquista de Jerusalén, descoberta recentment. Altres comèdies seves tracten el tema, que tan directament va patir l'autor i al que fins i tot es fa al·lusió a un passatge de la seva última obra, Persiles, del captiveri a Alger, com Los baños de Argel, Los tratos de Argel, La gran sultana i El gallardo español, on també s'ha volgut trobar la denúncia de la situació dels antics soldats com el mateix Cervantes. De tema més novel·lesc són La casa de los celos y selvas de Ardenia, El laberinto de amor i La entretenida. Pedro de Urdemalas i El rufián dichoso són de caràcter picaresc.

Cervantes va reunir les seves obres no representades en Ocho comedias y ocho entremeses nunca representados. A més, es conserven altres obres en manuscrit: Los tratos de Argel, El gallardo español, La gran sultana i Los baños de Argel.

Obres perdudes i atribuïdes

Cervantes va esmentar altres obres que estava escrivint o pensava escriure, així com diverses comèdies seves que havien estat representades amb èxit, els texts de les quals s'han perdut.

Entre les obres que s'ignora si va arribar a escriure o a completar cal esmentar la segona part de La Galatea, El famós Bernardo (potser un llibre de cavalleries referit a Bernardo del Carpio) i Las semanas del jardín. També és possible que pensés escriure una continuació del llibre de cavalleries Belianís de Grecia.

Les obres de teatre perdudes que Cervantes anomena són La gran Turquesca, La batalla naval, La Jerusalén, La Amaranta o la del Mayo, El bosque amoroso, La única, La bizarra Arsinda y La Confusa, que el 1627 encara figurava en el repertori de l'autor Juan Acacio. També era seva una comèdia anomenada El trato de Constantinopla y muerte de Selim.

Hi ha diverses obres que s'han atribuït a Cervantes, amb variat fonamental. Entre les més conegudes cal esmentar:
 La tía fingida, narració de l'estil de les Novellas Ejemplares.
 Diálogo entre Cilenia i Selanio sobre la vida en el campo, que se suposa que és un fragment de l'obra perduda de Cervantes Las semanas del jardín.
  Auto de la soberana Virgen de Guadalupe, auto sacramental relatiu a la troballa de la imatge de Nostra Senyora de Guadalupe.
 La Topografia e historia general de Argel, obra editada i publicada a Valladolid, el 1612, per fra Diego de Haedo, abat de Frómista, del qual se sap que no n'era l'autor. En realitat l'obra va ser escrita pel clergue portuguès i amic de Cervantes, el doctor Antonio de Sosa, mentre estava captiu a Alger entre 1577 i 1581. L'erudit Sosa va ser molt amic del jove Cervantes durant el captiveri d'ambdós a Berberia el 1570. Sosa va ser el primer biògraf de Cervantes. El seu relat sobre l'«episodi de la cova», en el qual descriu el segon intent d'escapament de Cervantes de la seva presó algeriana, apareix en el seu Diálogo de los mártires de Argel.

El 1992, l'hispanista italià, Stefano Arata, publicà el text d'un manuscrit de l'obra teatral La conquista de Jerusalén por Godofre de Bullón. Un article precedeix el drama en el qual Arata pretén haver trobat La Jerusalén perduda cervantina. El 1997 un altre article va continuar l'estudi. Des de llavors, s'ha publicat virtualment com a obra atribuïda, i el 2009 en va aparèixer una edició crítica impresa per Cátedra Letras Hispanas. El 2010, Dr Aaron M. Kahn exposà una teoria d'atribució demostrant que de tots els candidats a l'autoria del drama, Cervantes era el que tenia més probabilitats. Però sense cap prova definitiva, aquesta obra segueix essent «atribuïda» a Cervantes.

Cervantes en altres obres de creació

En la música
 Don Chisciotte in Sierra Morena (1719), òpera còmica de Francesco Bartolomeo Conti.
 Les folies des Cardenio (1721), ballet de cour de Michel Richard de Lalande, sobre un episodi de Don Quijote.
 Don Chisciotte in corte della duchessa (1727), òpera "serioridicola" de Pasquini, amb música d'Antonio Caldara.
 Don Quichotte chez la Duchesse (1743), ballet amb cançons de Joseph Bodin de Boismortier.
 Il curioso del suo proprio danno (1756), òpera bufa d'Antonio Palomba sobre Don Quijote, amb música de Niccolò Piccinni.
 Don Quichotte auf der Hochzeit des Camacho (1761), òpera de Georg Philipp Telemann.
 Don Quichotte, suite orquestral de Georg Philipp Telemann
 Don Quixote (1774), afterpiece de D. J. Piguenit amb música de Samuel Arnold.
 Die Hochzeit des Camacho (1827), òpera de Felix Mendelssohn sobre un episodi del Quixot.
 Il furioso all'isola di San Domingo (1833), òpera de Gaetano Donizetti sobre un episodi del Quixot.
 Don Quijote (1861), sarsuela de Francisco Asenjo Barbieri.
 Combate de Don Quijote contra las ovejas (1869), scherzo orquestral de Ruperto Chapí.
 Dom Quixot (1869), ballet amb música de Ludwig Minkus coreografiat per Màrius Petipà.
 Don Quichotte (1874), música incidental de Jacques Offenbach per a l'obra de Victorien Sardou.
 Don Quixote (1898), poema simfònic de Richard Strauss.
 La venta de Don Quijote (1902), sarsuela de Ruperto Chapí amb llibret de Carlos Fernández Shaw, on apareix Cervantes com a personatge.
 Der fahrende Schüler (1906), música per a l'obra de teatre La cueva de Salamanca d'Edgar Istel; en 1919 n'estrenà una nova versió com a Maienzauber.
 Don Quichotte (1910), òpera de Jules Massenet.
 Una aventura de don Quijote (1915), poema simfònic de Jesús Guridi.
 El retablo de Maese Pedro (1923), òpera de Manuel de Falla.
 Don Quijote velando las armas (1924), poema simfònic d'Òscar Esplà.
 El huésped del sevillano (1926), sarsuela de Jacinto Guerrero, amb llibret de Juan Ignacio Luca de Tena i Enrique Reoyo, on Cervantes és un personatge i basada en La ilustre fregona.
 Banda sonora de Jacques Ibert per a Don Quichotte, pel·lícula dirigida per G. W. Pabst (1933).
 Don Quichotte à Dulcinée (1932-1934), cicle de tres cançons de Maurice Ravel sobre textos de Paul Morand.
 Don Quixote (1941-1942), ballet de Robert Gerhard.
 Ritratto di Don Chisciotte (1947), ballet d'Aurel Milloss amb música de Goffredo Petrassi.
 Il cordovano (1949), òpera de Goffredo Petrassi amb llibret d'Eugenio Montale.
 Ausencias de Dulcinea (1948), obra simfònica de Joaquín Rodrigo.
 Don Chisciotte (1952), òpera en sis escenes de Vito Frazzi, amb llibret del mateix Frazzi sobre Cervantes i Miguel de Unamuno.
 Il nozze di Camaccio (1953), intermezzo de Vito Frazzi i E. Riccioli.
 Don Quixote (1960), simfonia de Gara Garayev
 Don Quixote (1964), ballet amb música de Nicolas Nabokov.
 Man of La Mancha (1965), musical amb música de Mitch Leigh.
 Don Quijote (1999), òpera de Cristóbal Halffter.
 D. Q. (2000), òpera de José Luis Turina, sobre Don Quijote.

En el cinema i la televisió
 Cervantes, dirigida per Vincent Sherman (1969), amb Horst Buchholz en el paper de Cervantes, acompanyat de Francisco Rabal, Gina Lollobrigida i José Ferrer.

 Cervantes sèrie espanyola de televisió, emesa per TVE el 1981.
 Miguel i William, dirigida per Inés París (2007). Juan Luis Galiardo és l'encarregat d'encarnar Miguel de Cervantes i Will Kemp a William Shakespeare.

Curiositats
 Se sol dir que Miguel de Cervantes i William Shakespeare van morir el mateix dia. Tanmateix, es tracta d'una dada errònia, ja que, encara que van morir en la mateixa data, al Regne Unit s'usava el calendari julià, mentre que a Espanya ja s'havia adoptat el calendari gregorià.
 El Primer Ministre d'Israel David Ben-Gurion va aprendre espanyol per poder llegir el Quixot de la Manxa en la llengua original.
 No hi ha retrats contemporanis de Cervantes. Només hi ha pintures basades en les descripcions físiques que el mateix autor va escriure.
 El llibre «Gais i lesbianes de la història de Catalunya» (Llibres de l'Índex, 2008) d'Albert Torras i Corbella l'incloïa com un possible català i homosexual, atenent diverses teories anteriors.

Notes

Referències

Bibliografia

 Close, Anthony J.: Cervantes: pensamiento, personalidad, cultura, Rico, 1998.
 Eisenberg, Daniel: La interpretación cervantina del Quijote, Compañía Literaria, 1995.
 González de Amezua y Mayo, Agustín: Cervantes creador de la novela corta española, 2a edición, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Madrid, España, 2001. .
 Lázaro Carreter, Fernando: Las voces del Quijote, Rico, 1998.
 Menéndez Pelayo, Marcelino: Cultura literaria de Miguel de Cervantes y la elaboración del Quijote, Revista de Archivos, Bibliotecas y Museos, 1905.
 Rodríguez-Luis, Julio: Novedad y ejemplo de las Novelas de Cervantes (ensayo), José Porrúa Turanzas, S.A. Librería-Editorial, Madrid, España, 2005. .
 Sánchez, Alberto: Cervantes: bibliografía fundamental (1900-1959), C.S.I.C., 1961.

Vegeu també
 Enigma Cervantes
 Literatura espanyola del Barroc

Enllaços externs

 Biblioteca virtual Miguel de Cervantes
 Museu Cervantes de Valladolid

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


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Assistant Professor Glenn Grishkoff has taught at the University of Idaho since 1997. He has participated in twelve juried and invitational art exhibitions and seven solo exhibitions, including exhibitions in Japan, California, Washington, Montana, and Idaho. He recently won the top award at the national competition at the Paris Gibson Museum in Great Falls, Montana.
Assistant Professor Grishkoff's research is based in the tradition of his mentor, the well-known and respected ceramic artist Paul Soldner. His current work is heavily influenced by trips to Japan from which he has incorporated the aesthetic of the tea ceremony and the hand making of related tools as an art form. His work is primarily mixed media containing ceramics and other materials. He has recently been invited to participate in the 60th Scripps College Annual Ceramics Invitational Exhibition, one of the most prestigious ceramic exhibitions in North America.
Then, against all normal expectations and against the wishes of the art department, Dean Joe Zeller rejected the third year review and judged Grishkoff's work as "insignificant." On June 20, 2003 Grishkoff received a letter of non-renewal from interim president Gary Michael. Sally Machlis, chair of the art department, requested that Provost Pitcher reconsider the case. Even with thirty letters of support from Grishkoff's national peers, Pitcher upheld the Dean Zeller's decision.
Academic freedom is at risk when research valued by colleagues and national peers is denigrated by a dean.
Faculty governance is undermined when professors are denied the right to determine who their colleagues are and what their department's goals should be.
We ask that all UI faculty (including retired faculty) seriously to consider signing the petition on the back and returning it to Dale Graden, history department. Over 170 signatures were gathered on this petition.
Since the passage of the right-to-work (for less) legislation, legal protections for Idaho's employees have eroded dramatically. Two Supreme Court decisions have also made it increasingly difficult for Idahoans to resolve their workplace grievances. One decision gives employers the right to terminate employees even if they give fraudulent reasons for doing so. The most recent decision would force employees to pay their bosses' legal fees if their suits are found to be without merit.
A total of $10,200, including $6,900 from an art auction, was raised for Grishkoff's legal defense. But now, after consultation with his attorney, he has decided not to file a suit. Delegates at IFT's 2005 convention in May will be asked to return $5,000 of the money raised to Grishkoff. He is now (2005) artist in residence in Joseph, Oregon and we wish him the very best in the future. Due to the arbitrary actions of Dean Zeller, the UI has lost a great artist and teacher.


This page summarizes the databases that are available in the Hazus risk assessment tool. Hazus inventory consists of hazard data, boundary map data, and a proxy for the general building stock (GBS) in the continental United States, Hawaii and the U.S. held Territories. Additionally, Hazus contains national data for essential facilities, high potential loss facilities, selected transportation and lifeline systems, agriculture, vehicles and demographics.
In the Hurricane Model, terrain (surface roughness) data is derived from National Land Cover Data (NLCD) compiled in 2013 by the Multi-Resolution Land Characteristics (MRLC) Consortium. This is a partnership of six Federal environmental monitoring programs along with the EROS Data Center of the USGS. For the State of Florida, the land-use data is derived from the Florida Water Management District land use land cover data compiled in 1995. This comprises data from the five Water Management Districts (WMD), namely, North West Florida WMD, St. Johns River WMD, South West Florida WMD, South Florida WMD and Suwannee WMD.
The elevation database (used to help determine inland windspeeds) from the State of Hawaii was developed in 2000 using the Hawaii Statewide GIS Program. This program is a multi-agency effort to establish and promote the use of geographic information system (GIS) technology in Hawaii State Government.
The historic storm and a probabilistic storm set in the hurricane model use the Atlantic basin hurricane database or HURDAT (see note #1) encompassing the period 1886-2001. The probabilistic storm set goes through 1995. HURDAT is the official record of tropical storms and hurricanes for the Atlantic Ocean, Gulf of Mexico and Caribbean Sea, including those that have made landfall in the United States.
The tree database in the Hazus-Multi Hazard (Hazus-MH) hurricane model is derived from the National Land Cover Data (NLCD) compiled by the Multi-Resolution Land Characteristics (MRLC) Consortium and Forestry Inventory Analysis Data from 2013. Forestry Inventory and Analysis data is developed by the U.S. Forest Service and consists of a nationwide inventory by species and contains tree count, and tree diameter distribution.
In the Flood Model, USGS' National Elevation Dataset (NED) may be downloaded for use as topographical data. Shorelines and land features for coastal states and territories are derived from the U.S. Census Bureau, 2000 TIGER dataset (see note #2) processed by ABS Consulting in 2003. Data on dunes is provided by Christopher Jones, P.E. (2003) (see note #3).
Hydrologic calculations, population density, runoff coefficients and soils data are derived from "Compilation of GIS Data Layers for Flash Flood Forecasting" published by the Michigan Technological University for the National Weather Service (2000). This document and the "Water-Resources Investigations Report 94-4002" are used for soil permeability (see note #4). For default hydrologic regions, the source is the "Water-Resources Investigations Report 94-4002." The percentage of basin storage is derived from EPA RF3 (reach file 3) data files (see also note #5), and hydrologic region identifiers and regression equation parameters for computation from the "Water-Resources Investigations Report 94-4002." Random variables come from the Tables of K Values found on page 3-1 of USGS' "Guidelines for Determining Flood Flow Frequency," Bulletin #17B of the Hydrology Subcommittee, March, 1982.
Default river reaches and water sheds are derived from National Operational Hydrologic Remote Sensing Center data (developed by Michael Baker), 1998, default stream gage locations from the NWISWeb Database, 1998, and frequency-based discharge data associated with the default reaches from the National Operational Hydrologic Remote Sensing Center and the "Water-Resources Investigations Report 94-4002."
Raster data sets include percentage of forest cover derived from the "Compilation of GIS Data Layers for Flash Flood Forecasting" published by the Michigan Technological University for the National Weather Service (date unknown). High elevation indices, 24 hour precipitation, temperature and average precipitation data, runoff data and additional soil data for types A and D come from the "Water-Resources Investigations Report 94-4002."
In the Earthquake Model, the probabilistic ground motion data is provided by USGS (2014). Earthquake faults are developed from data supplied by the U.S. Geological Survey in Golden, CO with enhancements by the State agencies of California and Nevada. Historical earthquake epicenters were compiled from several catalog and databases: the Advanced National Seismic System (ANSS) Worldwide Earthquake Catalog, the National Earthquake Information Center (NEIC) database, and the Earthquake Seismicity Catalog Volume 1 (NOAA/USGS) (see note #6). The ANSS composite catalog is a world-wide earthquake catalog that is created by merging the master earthquake catalogs from contributing ANSS institutions and then removing duplicates for the same event. The ANSS earthquake catalog grew out of the efforts of the CNSS (Council of the National Seismic System). It was previously called the CNSS earthquake catalog. The NEIC data base is maintained by the USGS Earthquake Hazard Program, National Earthquake Information Center.
The contact information for HURDAT is the Hurricane Research Division in the NOAA/ National Weather Service, National Centers for Environmental Prediction, National Hurricane Center, Tropical Prediction Center, 11691 SW 17th Street, Miami, Florida, 33165-2149 USA.
The contact information for the Census Bureau is: U.S. Department of Commerce, U.S. Census Bureau, Geography Division. 8903 Presidential Parkway, Room 303 WP I, Upper Marlboro, Maryland, 20772. Telephone: (301) 457-1128. E-Mail Address: tiger@census.gov.
Jennings, M.E., Thomas, W.O., and Riggs, H.C., 1994. Nationwide Summary of U.S. Geological Survey regional regression equations for estimating magnitude and frequency of floods for ungaged sites, 1993: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 94-4002.
The structure and content of the Reach File databases were created expressly to establish hydrologic ordering, to perform hydrologic navigation for modeling applications, and to provide a unique identifier for each surface water feature, i.e., reach codes. The compilation of the data from RF1 and RF2, the USGS Geographic Names Information System database, and the 1988 USGS 1:100,000 scale Digital Line Graph hydrographic layer produced the interim database known as RF3-Alpha (US EPA, 1994). RF3 is the precursor to the current National Hydrography Dataset (NHD) maintained by USGS.
To develop the Hazus-MH historic epicenter database, earthquakes with magnitude equal to 5.0 or greater were selected. For each, the date, magnitude, depth and catalog information was extracted. The Hazus-MH epicenter database contains 8,767 epicenters.
Hazus contains GIS boundary maps for the U.S. and the Territories with five GIS map layers: states (or territories), territory grids, counties, census tracts and census blocks. This data set was developed from the 2010 version of Census TIGER/Line® files. Census Tract and County boundaries were clipped to take account of the coastal configuration. The territory grids were developed by the Pacific Disaster Center (PDC).
Census TIGER/Line files are compiled from a variety of sources (USGS topographic maps, GBF/DIME-files, aerial photography, etc.). The U.S. Census Bureau does not verify the accuracy of feature updates added by its field staff or features derived from GBF/DIME-Files or other map or digital sources. Only the positional accuracy of USGS sources from the United States National Map Accuracy Standards is considered approximate. The positional accuracy varies with the scale of the source map used (such as 1:20,000, 1:24,000, 1:30,000, 1: 63,000 and 1:100,000).
The key General Building Stock (GBS) databases in Hazus include square footage by occupancy and building type, building count by occupancy and building type, valuation by occupancy and building type, and general occupancy mapping. For these databases, residential structures are derived from Census 2010 and non-residential structures are derived from Dun & Bradstreet (D&B). Three reports from the Department of Energy (DOE) were used in defining regional variations in characteristics such as number and size of garages, type of foundation, and number of stories. The inventory's baseline floor area is based on a distribution contained in the DOE's Energy Consumption Report.
The Flood Model uses a dasymetric version of the Census Block data which attempts to clip out the unpopulated areas of the Census Block in order to focus on generating an analysis for the built environment. The 2010 Census Block data was clipped using 2013 NLCD data by the US Army Corps of Engineers. Information on the development of the dasymetric blocks can be found in the FEMA Library here: https://www.fema.gov/media-library/assets/documents/112605.
The general building stock for the Tsunami Model is currently unique in comparison with the other Hazus models in that it uses the National Structure Inventory (NSI) developed by USACE in coordination with FEMA from the Hazus General Building Stock (GBS) data (2017). The NSI utilizes the Hazus GBS that has initially been compiled at the census block level using U.S. Census Bureau data for the development of residential structures data while Dun & Bradstreet (D&B) provides the data for non-residential structures.
Census of Population and Housing, 2010.
Dun & Bradstreet, Market Analysis Profile aggregated by Standard Industrial Classification (SIC) Code Clusters, July 2006. Projected for 2010.
Department of Energy, Housing Characteristics 1993. Office of Energy Markets and End Use, DOE/EIA-0314 (93), June 1995.
Department of Energy, A Look at Residential Energy Consumption in 1997, DOE/EIA-0632(97), November 1999.
Department of Energy, A Look at Commercial Buildings in 1995: Characteristics, Energy Consumption, and Energy Expenditures, DOE/EIA-0625(95), October 1998.
Essential facilities in Hazus include hospitals, police stations, fire stations, schools and emergency operations centers classified by building structure type and occupancy class.
The police station and fire station datasets were developed from geocoded data from 2001 based on the SIC for the entire United States provided by InfoUSA Inc. (see note #7). The attribute information provided by InfoUSA Inc for each police station and fire station facility includes: name, address, city, zip, state, and geographical coordinates.
The schools data set was developed from the 2000 Public Elementary/Secondary School Universe Survey Data and the Private School Universe Survey Data maintained by the National Center for Education Statistics, U.S. Department of Education (see note #8). A proprietary geocoding application was used to assign geographical coordinates to each school based on its address. South Carolina schools data from 2004 was provided by the South Carolina Emergency Division (SCEMD) (see note #9).
The care facilities dataset was developed from American Hospital Association (AHA) data from 2000 (see note #10). AHA provided information on hospitals for the entire United States. The attribute information provided by AHA for each medical care facility includes: the number of beds, name, address, city, zip, state, and geographical coordinates. South Carolina hospital data from 2004 was provided by the South Carolina Emergency Division.
The emergency operations centers (EOC) dataset is a combination of data provided by InfoUSA Inc. and geocoded data provided by FEMA. The InfoUSA Inc data is based on the SIC for the entire United States. The attribute information provided by InfoUSA Inc for each emergency operations centers facility includes: name, address, city, zip, state, function, and geographical coordinates. The data from FEMA includes: contact, name, address, city, zip, state, and telephone number.
7. The contact information for the InfoUSA, Inc is: InfoUSA, Inc.5711 S. 86th Circle, P.O. Box 27347, Omaha, NE 68127-0347, (402) 930 3500.
8. The contact information for the National Center for Education Statistics: 1990 K Street, NW, Washington, DC 20006, USA, Phone: (202) 502-7300.
9. For metadata information on the South Carolina Data, contact South Carolina Emergency Division (SCEMD), 1100 Fish Hatchery Rd, West Columbia, SC 29172, Phone: 803-737-8500.
10.The contact information for the American Hospital Association is: One North Franklin: 27th Floor, Chicago Illinois 60606 , (800) 242-2626.
High potential loss facilities include dams, levees, military facilities, and nuclear power plants. The nuclear facilities dataset was developed from 2000 data compiled by the U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) on nuclear reactors. Military facilities, dams, and levees are not available in the current Hazus default inventory.
Transportation systems in Hazus include highways, railways, light rail, bus, ports, ferries and airports. The inventory data required for these include the geographical location, cost, and classification of system components.
Highway transportation systems consist of roadways, bridges, and tunnels. The highway bridges and tunnels database was developed from the 2001 version of the National Bridge Inventory (NBI) database provided by the Federal Highway Administration, Office of Bridge Technology (see note #11). Major highway segments were developed with data from the 2000 version of TIGER/Line files, produced by the U.S. Census Bureau.
Railway transportation systems consist of tracks, bridges and tunnels, and stations, fuel, dispatch and maintenance facilities. The railway track segments were developed with data from the National Rail Network database obtained from the Bureau of Transportation Statistics (U.S. Department of Transportation) (see note #12). Railway system bridges and tunnels were extracted from the 2001 version of the National Bridge Inventory (NBI). The railway facilities dataset was developed with 1998 data and updated in 2007 from the Amtrak Stations database and the Intermodal Terminal Facilities, obtained from the Bureau of Transportation Statistics (U.S. Department of Transportation). The Amtrak Stations database is a geographic data set containing Amtrak intercity railroad passenger terminals in the United States. The Intermodal Terminal Facilities data set contains geographic data for trailer-on-flatcar (TOFC) and container-on-flatcar (COFC) highway rail transfer facilities in the United States.
Light railway transportation systems consist of tracks, bridges and tunnels, and stations, fuel, dispatch and maintenance facilities. The light railway dataset was developed with 2007 data from the Fixed-Guideway Transit and Ferry Network database, obtained from the Bureau of Transportation Statistics (U.S. Department of Transportation).
Bus transportation systems consist of urban stations fuel facilities, dispatch and maintenance facilities. The bus facilities dataset was developed from geocoded data from 2001 provided by InfoUSA Inc. based on the SIC for the entire United States. Attribute information for each bus station facility includes: name, address, city, zip, state, and geographical coordinates.
Port and harbor transportation systems consist of waterfront structures, cranes/cargo handling equipment, warehouses and fuel facilities. The port facilities dataset was developed from the 2000 dataset of Port and Waterway Facilities obtained from the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers/CEIWR, Navigation Data Center, Ports and Waterways Division (see note #13).
Ferry transportation systems consist of waterfront structures, passenger terminals, warehouses, fuel facilities, and dispatch and maintenance facilities. The ferry facilities dataset was developed from the Port and Waterway Facilities database obtained from the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers/CEIWR, Navigation Data Center, Ports and Waterways Division.
Airport transportation systems consist of runways, control towers, terminal buildings, parking structures, fuel facilities, and maintenance and hanger facilities. Airport runways and facilities datasets were developed from 2007 data obtained from the Bureau of Transportation Statistics (U.S. Department of Transportation), Federal Aviation Administration. Heliports are not included.
11. The contact information for NBI is The Federal Highway Administration, 400 7th Street, SW, Washington, DC 20590.
12. The contact information for the BTC is : Bureau of Transportation Statistics, 400 7th Street, SW o Room 3103, Washington, DC 20590 (L'Enfant Plaza Metrorail Station (7th and D Streets exit), 800-853-1351.
13. The contact information for the USACE is : Department of the Army Corps of Engineers, CEIWR-NDC-N, 7701 Telegraph Road, Alexandria, Virginia 22315-3868.
Utility systems include potable water, wastewater, oil, natural gas, electric power, and communication systems. The inventory data required for these include the geographical location and classification of system components.
Potable water systems consist of pipelines, water treatment plants, control vaults, control stations, wells, storage tanks, and pumping stations. Wastewater systems consist of pipelines, wastewater treatment plants, control vaults, control stations, and lift stations. Oil systems consist of pipelines, refineries, control vaults, control stations, and tank farms. Natural gas systems consist of pipelines, control vaults, control stations, and compressor stations. Electric power systems consists of generating plants, substations, distribution circuits, and transmission towers.
Each of these datasets was developed from 2001 data obtained through the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) Envirofacts Data Warehouse Location Reference Tables (LRT) tool based on SIC. The attribute information provided by LRT includes: name, address, city, zip, state, and geographical coordinates. South Carolina potable water, waste water, oil and natural gas pipelines data c2001 were provided by the South Carolina Emergency Division (SCEMD).
The distribution pipelines data for potable water, waste water and natural gas, which is aggregated at the census tract level, was developed based on the assumption that the number of distribution lines is correlated to the number of local streets. This approximation is considered fairly accurate in urban areas, but less so in rural areas because of the use of onsite components such as water wells, septic tanks and propane gas tanks. This data was updated using the 2010 Census.
Communication systems consist of communications facilities, communications lines, control vaults, switching stations, Radio/TV station, weather station, or other facilities. The communication facilities dataset was developed from the 2001 Broadcast Auxiliary Microwave file obtained from the Federal Communication Commission (FCC).
The hazardous materials (Hazmat) facilities dataset is based on the 1999 version of the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) Toxic Release Inventory database (see note #14).
The agriculture products inventory for the Flood Model is based on two National datasets for general distribution of crops by type, average yield, unit price, and harvest price: the National Resources Inventory (NRI) (see note #15) and the National Agriculture Statistical Service (NASS) (note: The data is from 2000).
14. The contact information for EPA is: Environmental Protection Agency, Ariel Rios Building, 1200 Pennsylvania Avenue, N.W., Washington, DC 20460. Tel.: (202) 260-2090.
15. The database represents an average of the 1977, 1982, 1987, 1992 and 1997 data.
Parking generation rates are used to associate the number of parked vehicles to square footages of different types of occupancy groups during a flood event. Vehicle distributions are estimated for daytime and nighttime, with daytime assumed to be normal business hours. Occupancy-related data is based on the American Planning Association's "Off-Street Parking Requirements: A National Review of Standards (PAS 432) by David Bergman (1991) and the National Personal Travel Survey (NPTS) - 1995, and related projects of private organizations. Vehicle class estimates are compiled from the National Automobile Dealers Association (NADA) (see note #16), the U.S. Department of Transportation's Truck Size and Weight Study (TSWS) - 2000, and the 1995 National Personal Transportation Survey (NPTS). The distribution of vehicle age and percentage of trucks versus cars were taken from NADA, with further distribution among trucks by size from TSWS. Dollar valuation of vehicles is based on the 2001 NADA data and the 2001 Ward's Automotive Yearbook.
16. NADA Data is a comprehensive statistical analysis of the franchised new-vehicle dealership industry conducted by the National Automobile Dealers Association. It is published annually in the August issue of NADA's Automotive Executive magazine. The one used for Hazus was published in 2001.
The datasets for calculating direct economic loss in Hazus include building, content and inventory valuation by occupancy and repair times, operational valuations (business, personal and rental income and disruption costs) and lifeline valuations at the census block level for the fifty states and the District of Columbia. The building/content inventory valuation dataset was developed by applying RS Means (see note #17) replacement values for typical building floor areas and construction for each specific occupancy. The (Means) County Location Factor data set derived from the 2014 RS Means Square Foot Costs was used to modify the building valuations for each occupancy for major metropolitan areas in addition to a national data set of county specific modifiers from the Means zip-code based data generated by Applied Research Associates. The business loss dataset is based on Dun & Bradstreet (2006), Means Cost Data (regional cost modifiers), income and floor area factors from DOE data and the latest addition of the U.S. County Business Patterns database (e.g., income, employment and output data). ATC13 and ATC25 were used for lifeline valuations and R.S. Means for location modifiers for the replacement cost for facilities and the repair costs. Datasets for social loss (displaced households and casualties) in Hazus are derived from the 2010 Census.
17. The contact information for RS Mean's is: RSMeans Company, Inc. Construction Publishers & Consultants, Construction Plaza, 63 Smiths Lane, Kingston, MA 02364-080.
Hazus indirect economic data refers to the post-disaster change in the demand and supply of products, change in employment and change in tax revenues. Data are no longer available for indirect economic loss estimates.
The demographics table in Hazus provides housing and population statistics at the census block level including distributions of income, population, demographics, occupancies, and housing units based on the 2010 U.S. Census. Some employment data is from Dun & Bradstreet.


In our latest blog, Grayce Alumnus, Will Thomas talks about his experiences since transitioning into a permanent role. Keep reading to find out more about the project he is working on and how Grayce has shaped his career plans.
Prior to my Permanent move to TSB, I was working on the bank's Migration Programme as a Project Manager. This programme was concerned with the preparation and implementation of a brand-new banking platform and support systems across the whole organisation. It is currently the largest full IT systems migration ever undertaken by a European bank. Since the switch flipped at the end of April, I have moved into a new team that has been set up to support front line partners with any bugs they are experiencing, and to also provide control around the raising of verified system defects.
It is the latter function that occupies much of my time, with a lot of attention given to how many defects are being raised with IT and how these are prioritised. The work itself is very dynamic, with requirements for reporting changing regularly, and quick thinking required to determine the next course of action. Because of this, I need to use a combination of PM, BA and PMO skills, rather than those of just one role.
Due to the high-profile nature of the change programme and the challenges faced on delivery, it certainly keeps the pressure on! It must be said however, that the experience I am gaining is pretty invaluable, it's not every day that you are asked to produce management information packs for a meeting of the board.
As the kinks get worked out over the next few months, I will then move in to my primary role as a Business Analyst, working in the new Agile framework as the key link between the project and solution delivery teams. I'm really looking forward to moving into the Agile space, as I feel the open communication lines suit my working and personality styles perfectly.
As mentioned above, my immediate career goal is to gain BA experience within an Agile organisation, with a view to specialise in digital projects down the line. It's safe to say I would not be this far along in my Change career without Grayce, particularly without the level of opportunity afforded to me when I first started out as a fledgling PM only two years ago. The collective experience within the organisation is fantastic, and you will always find someone who can provide you with guidance on anything across the change discipline.
For me personally, it was the monthly review process that I found most helpful in forging a career plan, where the why do you want to do this was interrogated just as much as the what do you want to do. By maintaining a focus on what gave me professional motivation and satisfaction (in my case seeing a direct correlation between my efforts and the success of a project), my delivery manager and I were able to mutually determine a suitable target and the steps needed to get there.
If there was one bit of advice I could impart on current Grayce analysts, it would be to always treat your development as a two-way street. Rather than waiting for the path to be revealed to you, always seek out opportunities to learn/try new things and never lose sight of what gives you satisfaction in your work. As a random inspirational quote Instagram account once said; "A comfort zone is a wonderful place, but nothing ever grows there".


Welcome to the Silicon Valley Coins Hall of Fame page! These represent some of our favorites that have come and gone over the past 15+ years of dealing in outstanding coins. These pieces represent, in one aspect or another, the very best of what is available on the market. Whether you collect museum quality pieces or are looking for the absolute perfect collector coin, Silicon Valley Coins will find pieces like these for your collection. Please note that none of these coins are currently available, they are for enjoyment purposes only. Happy Hunting!


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Miejscowości i ich części w Polsce

 Wg TERYT jest ich 3, w tym 1 podstawowa
 Młynica – wieś w woj. dolnośląskim, w pow. dzierżoniowskim, w gminie Łagiewniki
 Młynica – część wsi Śleszowice w woj. małopolskim, w pow. suskim, w gminie Zembrzyce
 Młynica – część wsi Milówka w woj. śląskim, w pow. żywieckim, w gminie Milówka

Inne
 Młynica – szczyt w Górach Kaczawskich.
 Młynica (słow. Mlynica) – wieś na Słowacji w okręgu Poprad w kraju preszowskim.
 Młynica (słow. Mlynica) – potok spływający Doliną Młynicką w słowackich Tatrach,


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Move Your Labs Online
How to Create Keyboard Shortcuts for Special Characters in Windows 10
Citrix, Microsoft Take Aim at Enterprises with Essentials
By Keith Ward
Citrix and Microsoft, already close collaborators on many virtualization-based initiatives, ratcheted up their relationship Monday with the announcement of Citrix Essentials, a group of technologies calculated to shoehorn their way the enterprise datacenters now dominated by VMware.
Essentials adds functionality to Hyper-V, Microsoft's base hypervisor. A hypervisor controls creation of Virtual Machines (VMs) and is the engine that drives virtualization. Hyper-V, which was first released by Microsoft last June, is a well-regarded version 1 product, but still lacks features that make it a good fit for an enterprise environment.
The purpose of Essentials is to fill in that lacking feature set. Specifically, it beefs up Hyper-V's storage capabilities with StorageLink technology. It "delivers the perfect compliment to Hyper-V for enterprise customers that makes Hyper-V more scalable, manageable and easier to use," said Simon Crosby, Citrix CTO, at a news conference.
StorageLink basically offers enhanced storage capabilities for SAN environments. As Crosby pointed out, booting from a SAN requires a lot of management orchestration, and virtualization adds to the complexity. In most enterprises, VMs live in the SAN, making management more important than ever.
Citrix and Microsoft are building a clear division of labor: Citrix Essentials will provide the functionality, while Microsoft's System Center Virtual Machine Manager (VMM) will oversee the environment. Both Crosby and David Greschler, Microsoft's director of System Center marketing, confirmed that neither company wants to step on the other's toes.
Two versions of Citrix Essentials will be offered: Enterprise Edition, which offers StorageLink, provisioning services, workflow orchestration and other capabilities, will cost $1,500 per physical server. Platinum Edition is identical to Enterprise, but adds lab automation and management from virtualization vendor VMLogix. It will be priced at double the Enterprise Edition, or $3,000 per physical server.
Crosby said that Essentials will see general availability in April.
Citrix and Microsoft have teamed up continually in the virtualization space to compete with VMware, which still owns the lion's share of the market. For instance, any VM created on either hypervisor, Hyper-V or Citrix' XenServer, will work equally well in a Citrix or Microsoft environment.
The companies have also partnered in the realm of desktop virtualization. Citrix offers the infrastructure through XenDesktop, while Microsoft again handles management through VMM. It's clear that Microsoft sees itself as the overall virtualization management provider, while Citrix, with its long involvement in application delivery through Presentation Server (now XenApp), provides much of the nuts and bolts.
Both companies are still looking up at VMware, which will undoubtedly be unveiling a host of new products at VMworld Europe 2009, which starts next Tuesday at Cannes, France.
Keith Ward is online news editor for the Redmond Media Group. You can contact him at [email protected].

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Q: What is the difference between an input model and a view model? There are Domain model, View model and Input model. I am wondering what an Input model is. I'm completely confused, so what is this model?:
public class User{
    public string Name { get; set; }
    public string Age { get; set; }
}

View:
    @model EditFormApplication.Models.NewForm

    @using (Html.BeginForm("Index", "Home", FormMethod.Post))
    {
         @Html.TextBoxFor(model => model.Name)
         @Html.TextBoxFor(model => model.Age)
    <input type="submit" value="Save">
    }

A: The View model is what is passed into the view. Its values are then mapped onto the view for the user to see.
The Input model is the model used for collecting input from the user, and is posted back to the server, often times mapping to its equivalent View model
The Domain model is often the model that represents the corresponding data store that it belongs to.

In your case. The Input model User is what the html form will map the results to on postback.
So as we can see on these two lines
     @Html.TextBoxFor(model => model.Name)
     @Html.TextBoxFor(model => model.Age)

This will create a form with two text boxes, the first one corresponds to the User model's Name, and the second the Age

A:
View Models usually populate the presentation layer. Any data that goes out of the presentation layer and triggers the back end can be considered the Input model. In most of the cases they usually coincide.
Domain Models are core models of your application domain. They mimic the real world objects of the domain. They contain business logic. As per DDD you could divide them into Entity and Value Objects. While architecting any application keeping your domain model Infrastructure agnostic is the key.It usually is the conceptual model of your business domain.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


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Xi'an Jiaotong-Liverpool University (XJTLU)
Executive education and professional development
Short, summer and language courses
Why study at XJTLU?
Our academic reputation
Graduate destinations
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Prepare your arrival
Health and Environmental Sciences
Institute of Leadership and Education Advanced Development
International Business School Suzhou
School of Film and TV Arts
Chinese Cultural Teaching Centre
Physical Education Centre
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Innovation and impact
Research centres, institutes and areas
Summer Undergraduate Research Fellowships
Life at XJTLU
Suzhou life
Sports at XJTLU
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By department or school
Why XJTLU?
Departments, schools and centres
Departments and schools
How data on antibiotics sales can help tackle antimicrobial resistance
26 June 2018 News
Dr Lin Hai from the Shanghai Health Development Research Center gave a seminar at Xi'an Jiaotong-Liverpool University on the sales of different antibiotics in Shanghai, and on new policies implemented in the region and the rest of China that aim to restrict the development of antimicrobial resistance (AMR).
His visit to the University was the result of a recent XJTLU initiative dubbed the Suzhou Center for One-health Research and Entrepreneurship (SCORE).
With the establishment of this center, a group of academics of diverse backgrounds and from different departments within the University aim to combine the One-Health approach with a push for innovation and entrepreneurship to the research part of this global problem of AMR. Dr Lin Hai (pictured above) is one of the many external endorsers of SCORE.
The global threat of antimicrobial resistance
Bacterial infections that were once easy to treat with antibiotics are slowly but surely making a comeback due to the antimicrobial resistance their causative agents develop. According to a report by the World Health Organization (WHO), there could be 10 million people dying each year of infections by drug-resistant bacteria by the year 2050.
Above: graphic from Antimicrobial Resistance: Tackling a crisis for the health and wealth of nations. The Review on Antimicrobial Resistance Chaired by Jim O'Neill (December 2014).
To combat this enormous problem, major efforts are needed. It will not be enough to develop new antibiotics, as it is unlikely that the root causes of the problem (unnecessary prescription by physicians and non-adherence to treatments by patients; overuse of antibiotics in agriculture; mismanagement of waste streams) will be solved by introducing new therapies to the market.
What is needed is a massive change in attitude and behaviour among all stakeholders (see diagram below). This is why the One-Health approach that aims to tackle problems occurring in both the medical and veterinary sectors is gaining traction worldwide.
Dr Lin Hai, who obtained his PhD at Fudan University and has been a visiting scholar in the Karolinska Institute in Sweden, has been a long-time proponent of tackling the AMR crisis, and his approach is not only original but has also proven to be very insightful.
Dr Hai's research and interesting findings
Sales data of antibiotics in Shanghai give a real-time view into which antibiotics are being used, and how much of them. They can be used to monitor the effect of policy interventions in an unbiased way.
One interesting finding Dr Lin Hai presented at XJTLU was the heavy use of cephalosporins in Shanghainese hospitals over penicillin, probably because of the price tag (and time tag) related to a compulsory allergy test for penicillin.
Dr Hai also showed an interesting correlation between the number of red and yellow cards received by teams during the 2008 European Championships football and the percentage of MRSA (methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus) found in those countries (Meyer, 2013).
This could point towards a cultural bias in obeying the rules of play and also the rules of following guidelines in antibiotic prescription and use. Coincidence or not, a cultural component to antibiotic misuse should not be excluded, and reinforces the importance of a multidisciplinary approach, including social and public administration representatives.
Roundtable discussion with SCORE
After his presentation, Dr Hai took part in an informal, but very lively roundtable discussion with several members of SCORE. As the academics present at this event have very different backgrounds, many aspects were discussed, like the current state of healthcare in China, the attitude of consumers and patients towards AMR, and future steps that should be taken to slow the spread of AMR.
Above: the roundtable discussion between Lin Hai and several members of SCORE (Dr Eddy Fang from IBSS, Dr Robert Lynch from Public Health, Dr Sekar Raju from Biological Sciences, Dr Bo Wu from Public Health, Dr Boris Tefsen from Biological Sciences, Dr Marius Wamsiedel from Public Health, and Dr Paul Craig from Computer Science and Software Engineering).
Dr Sam Linsen of SquaredAnt, a Shanghai-based company that promotes sustainability in the food chain while conserving the effectiveness of antibiotics, is also involved in SCORE, and participated in the roundtable discussion.
The day was concluded by showing Lin Hai the new South Campus of XJTLU, including a visit to the ongoing Career Fair for Science students.
The visit by Lin Hai was as a useful step towards more integration of research with policy-making in this increasingly important field of AMR. Although there is still a long way to go, it is important to persevere.
Above: Sam Linsen, Lin Hai, and Boris Tefsen (left to right) in front of the new IBSS building on the South Campus
By Boris Tefsen; photos provided by Sam Linsen
Edited by Danny Abbasi
Tagged as: Humanities and Social Sciences
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Título Biological Activities and Chemical Composition of Methanolic Extracts of Selected Autochthonous Microalgae Strains from the Red Sea.
Four lipid-rich microalgal species from the Red Sea belonging to three different genera (Nannochloris, Picochlorum and Desmochloris), previously isolated as novel biodiesel feedstocks, were bioprospected for high-value, bioactive molecules. Methanol extracts were thus prepared from freeze-dried biomass and screened for different biological activities. Nannochloris sp. SBL1 and Desmochloris sp. SBL3 had the highest radical scavenging activity against 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl, and the best copper and iron chelating activities. All species had potent butyrylcholinesterase inhibitory activity (>50%) and mildly inhibited tyrosinase. Picochlorum sp. SBL2 and Nannochloris sp. SBL4 extracts significantly reduced the viability of tumoral (HepG2 and HeLa) cells with lower toxicity against the non-tumoral murine stromal (S17) cells. Nannochloris sp. SBL1 significantly reduced the viability of Leishmania infantum down to 62% (250 µg/mL). Picochlorum sp. SBL2 had the highest total phenolic content, the major phenolic compounds identified being salicylic, coumaric and gallic acids. Neoxanthin, violaxanthin, zeaxanthin, lutein and β-carotene were identified in the extracts of all strains, while canthaxanthin was only identified in Picochlorum sp. SBL2. Taken together, these results strongly suggest that the microalgae included in this work could be used as sources of added-value products that could be used to upgrade the final biomass value.


Our little house is undergoing a transformation, after 6 years as Rum Caramel 3, we are taking the monumental (read tiny) step to Baby Elephant, a whole shade darker. She was looking a wee bit shabby, the elements take their toll on a gals complexion. Front wall and facade completed already, today is the epic side wall, a double story volume. Woot woot! Can't wait for the total make over.
What's not to love - I'd def paint my house baby elephant too....gorgeous colour and gorgeous name...now if only I had a proper house!!


Washington, D.C. — Every year, the White House holds a White House Correspondents Dinner. It invites the press and a broad sampling of celebrities to enjoy a glamorous, black-tie party where the president performs a stand-up comedy routine. It is an opportunity for people to pretend that the American head of state is not guilty of a wide variety of high-level crimes.
While this year's dinner was no different, President Barack Obama employed a special form of comedy. He was aided by comedian Keegan Michael Key of Comedy Central's "Key & Peele." Playing a character named Luther, Key acted as Obama's "anger translator." He took Obama's "politically correct" statements and translated them to tell the press how the president really feels.
…despite our differences, we count on the press to shed light on the most important issues of the day.
Luther "translated" this into an accurate joke about Fox News fear-mongering ("And we can count on Fox News to terrify old white people with some nonsense!…").
Protecting our democracy is more important than ever. For example, the Supreme Court ruled that the donor who gave Ted Cruz 6 million dollars was just exercising free speech.
Obama, who earlier in his talk joked about politicians who take money from the Koch Brothers, has himself enjoyed astronomical sums of money from hegemonic industries, from the banking cartels to weapons manufacturers. But he wouldn't dare joke about that.
Instead, he went on to quip about everything from CNN's coverage of the Ebola virus to Hillary Clinton and climate change. He danced around any semblance of accountability for his contributions to the corruption of the entire Washington establishment.
The biggest insult of the "Anger Translator" sketch, however, is the underlying presumption that Barack Obama has something to be angry about. He has successfully convinced his support base that he has been antagonized, sabotaged, misrepresented and impeded by lawmakers who do not respect his authority and hate him for unfounded reasons. While there are many members of Congress who irrationally loathe him, the reality is that he has perpetuated war, violence, privacy violations and corporatism as much as any president before him. If anyone should be angry, it is the American people and those around the world who have suffered because of his policies. None of this was discussed.
Investigative journalism; explanatory journalism; journalism that exposes corruption and injustice and gives a voice to the different, the marginalized, the voiceless—that's power. It's a privilege. It's as important to America's trajectory—to our values, our ideals—than anything that we could do in elected office.
Once again, he completely ignored his active role in suppressing that press and failed to mention that the United States has slipped in its free press ranking during his time in office. He glossed over the fact that as the president who once preached transparency, he has actively kept information from the people—from domestic surveillance to hisdisposition matrix (kill list)—all while intimidating journalists from reporting on his crimes.
Unfortunately, the greatest implication of Obama's black-tie event is the ease with which he is able to avoid discussing his very serious shortcomings and misconduct. Using his smooth delivery and celebrity presence (amplified by his close ties to celebrities and Hollywood power brokers), the president is in a morbid position to joke about the state of the country when he is squarely responsible for the dire problems he finds so comical. Rather than question him, the press has praised him—highlighting the fundamental problem of having galas for the journalists who are tasked with keeping politicians accountable.


text:
Digital Accessibility Lawsuits
Digital accessibility lawsuits have been increasing year over year. The best strategy to protect your organization is to be proactive.
< Back to Accessibility Resource Library
Cases on the Rise
Digital accessibility lawsuits are an increasing concern for many businesses and organizations. Government agencies and organizations that receive government funding are subject to Section 508 of the Rehabilitation Act, which requires them to meet WCAG 2.0 guidelines.
But even organizations not subject to Section 508 are still bound by the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA), and Federal Circuit Courts have mandated that websites are subject to ADA regulations.
MORE THAN 600 lawsuits were filed in 2022 against companies using widgets or overlays as an accessibility solution for their websites.
Majority of Lawsuits in 3 States
New York, California, and Florida accounted for over 90% of website accessibility lawsuits in 2020 due to their significant state civil rights laws. While the ADA at the federal level does not allow plaintiffs to recover damages beyond compensation for court costs and legal fees, some state laws do allow plaintiffs to recover punitive damages for discrimination caused by an inaccessible website. Some states also enforce discrimination laws against any company whose website is available to residents of their state, regardless of where the company is located.
While much of 2020 was utterly unprecedented, the increase of website accessibility lawsuits is not. Increasingly, people with disabilities are becoming frustrated with companies' failure to create websites that are accessible. The only way an organization can guarantee it won't face ADA lawsuits is to make sure every part of its business- both in the built and digital environments- is accessible to every visitor.
Avoiding Digital Accessibility Lawsuits
The best course of action to avoid the expense and trouble of digital accessibility lawsuits is to be proactive.
Have a Digital Accessibility Policy and enforce it rigorously
Ensure employees are trained in accessibility and responsibilities are clearly outlined
Regularly audit and remediate websites and online documents
Respond promptly and helpfully to any complaints. Do not delay resolution to any issues that arise.
We're here to make PDF accessibility easier. For software, services, or consulting, contact us to speak with a PDF accessibility expert.


Cornas is a village in the northern Rhône Valley which produces rich, long-lived red wines. The area is blessed with the same steep granite slopes and high sunshine hours as Hermitage, eight miles (13km) to the north, and makes a similar, if slightly less refined, style of wine. For most of the 20th century, the focus on Cornas wines was significantly less than it had previously been throughout its long history, but the appellation's output is now recovering its renown for quality, due to a recent resurgence of interest and financial investment.
Cornas, which has only about 270 acres (110ha) of vineyards, is on the western bank of the Rhône river, just south of the larger Saint-Joseph appellation, which is about 20 times its size. Cornas' limited size brings focus to its wine production and it does not suffer from the variable reputation caused by higher output volumes as Saint-Joseph does. At present, the Cornas wines do not attract such high prices as their better known rivals to the north, so they provide affordable access to high-quality wines characteristic of the Rhône style.
The robust reds of Cornas are made in very close proximity to the sparkling wines of Saint-Péray – the vineyards from which these two very different wines come occupy the same alluvial plateau and granite ridge. The villages of Cornas and Saint-Péray are separated by just one mile (1.6km), but their mesoclimates are measurably different, Saint-Péray being slightly cooler than Cornas due to its dramatic topography.
The best wine-growing areas of Cornas are located to the west and particularly the north-west of the village, where the sun-baked slopes ("cornas" is an old dialectal term for burnt land) are protected from the cold north winds that move down the valley. These granite-based slopes rise dramatically from the western edge of the village, rapidly reaching heights of 1,150ft (350m). The majority of the vineyards planted on these sites are terraced for stability and to make viticulture possible. Granite has been identified as being a valuable part of many Rhône terroirs, as it is an efficient heat retainer, provides rapid drainage and is of low fertility, which forces the vines to form deep, strong root systems.
Cornas wines are made exclusively from the Syrah grape variety. They are powerful and dark, often with supple, ripe tannins.