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Justia Patents US Patent Application for LIGHT-EMITTING DEVICE AND ELECTRONIC APPARATUS Patent Application (Application #20200066818)
LIGHT-EMITTING DEVICE AND ELECTRONIC APPARATUS
Aug 23, 2019 - SEIKO EPSON CORPORATION
A light-emitting device includes a substrate having a circuit thereon, a first electrode electrically coupled to the circuit, a second electrode, a light-emitting layer, and a sealing layer including a planarization layer, wherein the first electrode is arranged between the substrate and the second electrode, the light-emitting layer is arranged between the first electrode and the second electrode and emits light in accordance with a current flowing through the light-emitting layer, the planarization layer is arranged on an opposite side of the second electrode from a side on which the light-emitting layer is arranged, and an outer edge of the planarization layer is located inward of an outer edge of the light-emitting layer in plan view.
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The present application is based on, and claims priority from JP Application Serial Number 2018-156999, filed Aug. 24, 2018, the disclosure of which is hereby incorporated by reference herein in its entirety.
BACKGROUND 1. Technical Field
The present disclosure relates to a light-emitting device and an electronic apparatus.
2. Related Art
A light-emitting device including a light-emitting element such as an organic electro luminescence (EL) element is suggested. For example, JP-A-2007-157606 discloses an EL display device including an organic EL element and a sealing layer covering the organic EL element. The organic EL element includes a pixel electrode, a cathode, and an organic functional layer that that emits light according to the amount of current and is disposed between the pixel electrode and the cathode.
In general, the organic functional layer included in the organic EL element is likely to be deteriorated by reacting with moisture in the atmosphere. When the light-emitting element is deteriorated, a non-light-emitting portion called a dark spot is formed, and the life of the light-emitting element becomes short.
The light-emitting device of JP-A-2007-157606 includes a first electrode and a second electrode sandwiching a light-emitting functional layer, and a sealing structure formed on the surface of the second electrode. The sealing structure includes an organic buffer layer formed from an organic material, and the organic buffer layer is covered with a gas barrier layer formed from an inorganic material. An outer edge of the organic buffer layer is arranged farther outside than an outer edge of the light-emitting layer. Therefore, the outer edge of the light-emitting device is arranged farther outside than the outer edge of the organic buffer layer, and there is a problem that the distance from the outer edge of the light-emitting layer to the outer edge of the light-emitting device becomes large. That is, there is a problem that the width of a frame around a light-emitting region in the light-emitting device becomes large.
An aspect of a light-emitting device according to the present disclosure includes a substrate having a circuit thereon, a first electrode electrically coupled to the circuit, a second electrode, a light-emitting layer, and a sealing layer including a planarization layer, wherein the first electrode is arranged between the substrate and the second electrode, the light-emitting layer is arranged between the first electrode and the second electrode, and emits light in accordance with the current flowing through the light-emitting layer, the planarization layer is arranged on an opposite side of the second electrode from a side on which the light-emitting layer is arranged, and an outer edge of the planarization layer is located inward of an outer edge of the light-emitting layer in plan view.
FIG. 1 is a perspective view illustrating a light-emitting device according to First Embodiment.
FIG. 2 is a block diagram illustrating an electrical configuration of the display panel according to First Embodiment.
FIG. 3 is an equivalent circuit diagram of a pixel according to First Embodiment.
FIG. 4 is a partial cross-sectional view of the light-emitting device according to First Embodiment.
FIG. 5 is a schematic cross-sectional view illustrating a part of an element substrate according to First Embodiment.
FIG. 6 is a schematic plan view for explaining an arrangement of an organic layer and a planarization layer according to First Embodiment.
FIG. 7 is a diagram illustrating a related example of a configuration in which the planarization layer is disposed so as to cover a light-emitting layer.
FIG. 8 is a schematic cross-sectional view illustrating a part of an element substrate according to Second Embodiment.
FIG. 9 is a schematic cross-sectional view illustrating a part of an element substrate according to Third Embodiment.
FIG. 10 is a schematic cross-sectional view illustrating a part of a light-emitting device according to a first modified example.
FIG. 11 is a schematic plan view illustrating a contact portion according to a second modified example.
FIG. 12 is a perspective view illustrating a head-mounted display as an example of an electronic apparatus including a light-emitting device according to the present disclosure.
FIG. 13 is a perspective diagram illustrating a personal computer as an example of an electronic apparatus including a light-emitting device according to the present disclosure.
DESCRIPTION OF EXEMPLARY EMBODIMENTS
Preferred embodiments of the present disclosure will be described below with reference to the accompanying drawings. Note that, in the drawings, dimensions and scales of sections are differed from actual dimensions and scales as appropriate, and some of the sections are schematically illustrated to make them easily recognizable. Further, the scope of the present disclosure is not limited to these embodiments unless otherwise stated to limit the disclosure in the following descriptions. Note that, in the accompanying drawings, various hatchings may be provided as appropriate in order to facilitate understanding of the arrangement of the configuration of each of the layers.
1. Light-Emitting Device 1-1. First Embodiment
As an example of a light-emitting device of the present disclosure, an organic EL display device for displaying an image will be described as an example.
1-1A. Overall Configuration
FIG. 1 is a plan view illustrating a light-emitting device according to First Embodiment. Note that, for the convenience of explanation, the description will be made appropriately using an x-axis, a y-axis, and a z-axis orthogonal to each other illustrated in FIG. 1. Note that, the direction of an arrow in the z-axis is a +z direction, which is referred to as an "upper side", and the direction opposite to the arrow in the z-axis is a −z direction, which is referred to as a "lower side". Further, in the present specification, viewing from the −z direction is referred to as "plan view". Additionally, viewing from a direction parallel to x-y plane is referred to as "cross-sectional view".
A light-emitting device 100 illustrated in FIG. 1 is an organic electro luminescence (EL) display device including an Organic Light Emitting Diode (OLED) as a light-emitting element.
The light-emitting device 100 is used as a micro display configured to display an image in a head-mounted display, for example.
The light-emitting device 100 includes a case 60 including an opening 61, a display panel 1 disposed in the case 60, and a Flexible printed circuits (FPC) substrate 65 electrically coupled to the display panel 1. Note that, although not illustrated, the FPC substrate 65 is coupled to an upper circuit disposed outside.
The light-emitting device 100 includes a light-emitting region A10 having a rectangular shape in plan view, and a non-light-emitting region A20 surrounding the light-emitting region A10. The light-emitting region A10 is a display region in which an image is displayed.
1-1B. Electrical Configuration
FIG. 2 is a block diagram illustrating an electrical configuration of the display panel 10 according to First Embodiment. Note that, for the convenience of explanation, the following description will be made appropriately using an X-axis and a Y-axis orthogonal to each other illustrated in FIG. 2.
As illustrated in FIG. 2, the display panel 1 includes M scanning lines 13 extending along the X-axis, N data lines 14 intersecting the scanning lines 13 and extending along the Y-axis, and a plurality of pixels P. The pixels P corresponds to each intersection between the M scanning lines 13 and the N data lines 14, and is aligned in a matrix. The scanning lines 13, the data lines 14, and the pixels P are arranged in the light-emitting region A10 illustrated in FIG. 1.
Further, as illustrated in FIG. 2, the display panel 1 includes a control circuit 31 and a driving circuit 32. The control circuit 31 and the driving circuit 32 are arranged in the non-light-emitting region A20 illustrated in FIG. 1. Further, the display panel 1 is coupled to a power supply circuit (not illustrated).
The control circuit 31 illustrated in FIG. 2 is configured to control display of the image. An image data Video, which is digital, is supplied from the upper circuit (not illustrated) synchronously with a synchronization signal S to the control circuit 31. The control circuit 31 generates a control signal Ctr based on the synchronization signal S and supplies the control signal Ctr to the driving circuit 32. Further, the control circuit 31 generates an image signal Vid, which is analog, based on the image data Video, and supplies the image signal Vid to the driving circuit 32. Note that, the image data Video described above is data specifying a gradation level of the pixels P by, for example, 8 bits. The synchronization signal S is a signal including a vertical synchronization signal, a horizontal synchronization signal, and a dot clock signal.
The driving circuit 32 includes a scanning line driving circuit 321 and a data line driving circuit 322. The scanning line driving circuit 321 is coupled to the M scanning lines 13. Based on the control signal Ctr, the scanning line driving circuit 321 generates scanning signals Gw [1], Gw [2] to Gw [M] for sequentially selecting the M scanning lines 13 one by one within one frame period, and outputs the generated scanning signals to the M scanning lines 13. Further, the data line driving circuit 322 is coupled to the N data lines 14. Based on the image signal Vid and the control signal Ctr, the data line driving circuit 322 generates data signals Vd [1], Vd [2] to Vd [N] according to the gradation to be displayed for each pixel P, and outputs the generated data signals to the N data lines 14.
Note that, as illustrated in the drawings, the driving circuit 32 is divided into the scanning line driving circuit 321 and the data line driving circuit 322, but the scanning line driving circuit 321 and the data line driving circuit 322 may be integrated as one circuit. Further, as illustrated in the drawings, the control circuit 31 is disposed on the display panel 1, but the control circuit 31 may be disposed on the FPC substrate 65, for example.
FIG. 3 is an equivalent circuit diagram of a pixel according to First Embodiment. As illustrated in FIG. 3, the pixel P includes a light-emitting element 200 constituted of an OLED, and a current supply circuit 33 supplying current to the light-emitting element 200. Note that, the current supply circuit 33, the scanning lines 13, the data lines 14, and the power supplying lines 15 and 16 coupled to the power supply circuit (not illustrated) constitute a pixel circuit 30, which is an example of a "circuit".
The light-emitting device 200 includes a pixel electrode 21 as a "first electrode", an organic layer 25, and a counter electrode 26 as a "second electrode". The pixel electrode 21 functions as an anode for supplying holes to the organic layer 25. The counter electrode 26 functions as a cathode for supplying electrons to the organic layer 25. In the light-emitting element 200, the holes supplied from the pixel electrode 21 and the electrons supplied from the counter electrode 26 are recombined in the organic layer 25, and the organic layer 25 emits white light. Note that, the power supplying line 16 is electrically coupled to the counter electrode 26. A power supply potential Vct on a low potential side is supplied from the power supply circuit (not illustrated) to the power supplying line 16.
The current supply circuit 33 includes a switching transistor 41, a driving transistor 42, and a retention capacitor 43.
The gate of the switching transistor 41 is electrically coupled to the scanning line 13. Further, one of the source and the drain of the switching transistor 41 is electrically coupled to the data line 14, and the other of the source and the drain is electrically coupled to the gate of the driving transistor 42 and one electrode of two electrodes included in the retention capacitor 43. Further, one of the source and drain of the driving transistor 42 is electrically coupled to the power supplying line 15, and the other of the source and the drain is electrically coupled to the pixel electrode 21. Note that, a power supply potential Vel on a high potential side is supplied from the power supply circuit (not illustrated) to the power supplying line 15.
Further, the other electrode of the retention capacitor 43 is electrically coupled to the power supplying line 15.
In the display panel 1 having such an electrical configuration, when the scanning line driving circuit 321 sequentially activates the scanning signals Gw [1], Gw [2] to Gw [M] and the scanning line 13 is selected, the switching transistor 41 included in the selected pixel P is turned on. Then, the data signals Vd [1], Vd [2] to Vd [N] are supplied from the N data lines 14 to the driving transistor 42 corresponding to the selected scanning lines 13. The driving transistor 42 supplies a current corresponding to potentials of the supplied data signals Vd [1], Vd [2] to Vd [N], that is, a current corresponding to a potential difference between the gate and the source, to the light-emitting element 200. Then, the light-emitting device 200 emits light at a luminance corresponding to a magnitude of the current supplied from the driving transistor 42.
Further, when the scanning line driving circuit 321 releases the selection of the scanning line 13 and the switching transistor 41 is turned off, the potential of the gate of the driving transistor 42 is held by the retention capacitor 43. Thus, the light-emitting device 200 can emit light even after the switching transistor 41 is turned off.
The electrical configuration of the display panel 1 is described above. Note that, the configuration of the current supply circuit 33 is not limited to the illustrated configuration. For example, a transistor that controls the conduction between the pixel electrode 21 and the driving transistor 42 may be further included.
1-1C. Configuration of Display Panel
Next, the configuration of the display panel will be briefly described. FIG. 4 is a partial cross-sectional view of the light-emitting device according to First Embodiment. Note that, the direction of an arrow in the z-axis is a +z direction, which is referred to as an "upper side", and the direction opposite to the arrow in the z-axis is a −z direction, which is referred to as a "lower side".
The display panel 1 illustrated in FIG. 4 includes an element substrate 2 and a flat plate-shaped cover 50 bonded to the element substrate 2 with a bonding material 51.
The element substrate 2 includes a semiconductor substrate 20, a plurality of pixel electrodes 21, a plurality of dummy electrodes 210, a first substrate planar portion 22, a contact portion 23, a second substrate planar portion 24, an organic layer 25 including a light-emitting layer 251, a counter electrode 26, and a sealing layer 40. Note that, the display panel 1 is top-emission type, and light generated from the light-emitting layer 251 is emitted from the cover 50. Each part will be sequentially described below.
The semiconductor substrate 20 is not illustrated in detail, but includes, for example, a substrate body constituted of silicon, a wiring layer including a plurality of electronic components, wiring, and the like, and a plurality of interlayer insulating films constituted by a silicon nitride film or a silicon oxide film, for example. Note that, the constituent material of the substrate body is not limited to silicon, and may be, for example, glass, resin, ceramic, and the like. Furthermore, although not illustrated in detail, the control circuit 31, the driving circuit 32, the current supply circuit 33, the scanning lines 13, and the data lines 14 described above are formed on the semiconductor substrate 20.
Further, the semiconductor substrate 20 includes a plurality of reflective layers 202 corresponding to the plurality of pixel electrodes 21 or the dummy electrodes 210, and an insulating layer 203 covering the reflective layers 202. The reflective layer 202 reflects light generated from the light-emitting layer 251 in the +z direction. The constituent material of the reflective layer 202 is, for example, a metal such as aluminum and silver, or an alloy including these metals, and the like. Further, a portion of the insulating layer 203 between the reflective layer 202 and the pixel electrode 21 functions as an optical path adjustment unit 206 for resonating light of a desired wavelength. The film thickness of the optical path adjustment unit 206 is set so as to make an optical distance between the reflective layer 202 and the counter electrode 26 that will be described later, different for each pixel P. Thus, light of a specific resonance wavelength is extracted. Note that, the constituent material of the insulating layer 203 is, for example, an insulating material such as silicon oxynitride and silicon nitride.
Further, a terminal 204 for electrically coupling the pixel electrode 21 and the current supply circuit 33 illustrated in FIG. 3, and a power supplying line 16 for electrically coupling to the counter electrode 26 are disposed on the semiconductor substrate 20.
The pixel electrode 21, the dummy electrode 210, the contact portion 23, the first substrate planar portion 22, and the second substrate planar portion 24 are arranged on the semiconductor substrate 20.
The pixel electrode 21 is electrically coupled to the terminal 204 disposed on the semiconductor substrate 20 via an anode contact 213. Note that, although not illustrated in detail, the terminal 204 is electrically coupled to the driving transistor 42 illustrated in FIG. 3. Further, the constituent material of the pixel electrode 21 is a transparent conductive material such as Indium Tin Oxide (ITO) or Indium Zinc Oxide (IZO), for example. In addition, adjacent pixel electrodes 21 are insulated by a partition wall 215 that are arranged between the adjacent pixel electrodes and made from insulating material. The pixel electrode 21 and the anode contact 213 may be electrically coupled to the reflective layer 202.
The plurality of dummy electrodes 210 are aligned in a frame shape so as to surround the plurality of pixel electrodes 21 in plan view. Further, the plurality of dummy electrodes 210 are arranged in the non-light-emitting region A20 and are aligned so as to surround the light-emitting region A10 in plan view. The dummy electrode 210 has a similar configuration as the pixel electrode 21, but does not contribute to display. Further, the dummy electrode 210 is insulated from the pixel electrode 21 by the partition wall 215.
The contact portion 23 couples the counter electrode 26 located on an upper layer of the contact portion and the power supplying line 16 disposed on the semiconductor substrate 20. Note that, although not illustrated in detail, the power supplying line 16 is electrically coupled to the power supply circuit (not illustrated). Thus, the contact portion 23 functions as a cathode contact that electrically couples the counter electrode 26 and the power supplying line 16. Further, the contact portion 23 is disposed so as to surround the plurality of dummy electrodes 210 in plan view, and has a rectangular frame shape. The constituent material of the contact portion 23 is, for example, a conductive material and the like. In plan view, without completely surrounding the plurality of dummy electrodes 210, the contact portion 23 may be disposed along at least one side of the semiconductor substrate 20, or may be disposed along three sides of the semiconductor substrate 20.
As illustrated in FIG. 4, the contact portion 23 includes a planar portion 233 disposed on the insulating layer 203, and a step portion 234 disposed in a contact hole formed in the insulating layer 203. The planar portion 233 is coupled to the counter electrode 26 of the upper layer. The step portion 234 is coupled to the power supplying line 16. Further, in a cross-sectional view, the step portion 234 has a tapered shape in which the width continuously decreases toward the power supplying line 16. The tapered shape can reduce the occurrence of cracks in the step portion 234 as compared to a shape having a constant width. Therefore, oxidation and corrosion of the contact portion 23 due to cracks can be reduced, and further, oxidation and corrosion of the counter electrode 26 coupled to the contact portion 23 can be reduced. Note that, as illustrated in the drawings, the width of the step portion 234 continuously decreases toward the power supplying line 16, but the width of the step portion 234 may decrease stepwise toward the power supplying line 16.
The first substrate planar portion 22 and the second substrate planar portion 24 each have a function of filling steps in the top surface of the semiconductor substrate 20. By disposing the first substrate planar portion 22 and the second substrate planar portion 24, the counter electrode 26 can be stably formed as compared to a case where the first substrate planar portion 22 and the second substrate planar portion 24 are not disposed. The first substrate planar portion 22 is disposed so as to fill the dummy electrode 210 and the contact portion 23, and has a rectangular frame shape in plan view. The second substrate planar portion 24 is disposed so as to surround the contact portion 23 in plan view, and has a rectangular frame shape. Each of the constituent materials of the first substrate planar portion 22 and the second substrate planar portion 24 is insulating material such as silicon oxynitride and silicon nitride, for example. The first substrate planar portion 22 and the second substrate planar portion 24 may be a portion where the wiring such as the power supplying line 16 and the reflective layer 202, the electrode such as the dummy electrode 210 and the pixel electrode 21, and the transistor are not disposed, or may be a portion where, even when the wiring or the like is provided, the step due to the wiring or the like does not appear on the surface. The first substrate planar portion 22 and the second substrate planar portion 24 are portions in which the influences on the sealing layer 40 described below are minimized.
The organic layer 25 is disposed so as to cover the plurality of pixel electrodes 21 and the plurality of dummy electrodes 210. The organic layer 25 includes at least a light-emitting layer 251 that emits light by supplying current. Further, in the present embodiment, although not illustrated, the organic layer 25 includes a hole injection layer and an electron transportation layer in addition to the light-emitting layer 251. In the organic layer 25, holes injected from the hole injection layer and electrons injected from the electron transportation layer are recombined in the light-emitting layer 251. In addition, each of the layers included in the organic layer 25 is formed by, for example, depositing by a vapor phase process and then layering sequentially, respectively. Note that, the configuration of the organic layer 25 is optional, for example, the organic layer 25 may further include a hole transportation layer arranged between the light-emitting layer 251 and the hole injection layer. Furthermore, the organic layer 25 may include a plurality of light-emitting layers. For example, the organic layer 25 may include a blue light-emitting layer, a green light-emitting layer, and a red light-emitting layer.
The counter electrode 26 is disposed so as to cover the organic layer 25. The counter electrode 26 has light transmittance and light reflectivity. The counter electrode 26 is formed by magnesium and silver, or an alloy including these main components, and the like.
The sealing layer 40 is disposed so as to cover the counter electrode 26. The sealing layer 40 includes a first sealing layer 27, a planarization layer 28, and a second sealing layer 29. The first sealing layer 27 protects the counter electrode 26 and also the organic layer 25 from components contained in the planarization layer 28 and moisture in the atmosphere, and the like. The first sealing layer 27 is formed from, for example, an inorganic material such as silicon oxide, silicon nitride, and silicon oxynitride.
A planarization layer 28 is disposed on the first sealing layer 27. The planarization layer 28 functions to mitigate the unevenness of the first sealing layer 27 due to the configuration of the lower layer than the first sealing layer 27. Thus, the planarization layer 28 functions to reduce the size of the unevenness of the upper surface of the planarization layer 28 than the size of the unevenness of the upper surface of the counter electrode 26. In addition, the planarization layer 28 functions to protect the counter electrode 26, the first sealing layer 27 and the second sealing layer 29 respectively, by mitigating warping of the element substrate 2, mechanical impact applied from the outside, and the like, and to reduce the occurrence of cracks and the like in these layers. As the constituent material of the planarization layer 28, a resin material having translucency such as epoxy resin, acrylic resin, urethane resin, silicone resin, or the like can be used. Furthermore, the planarization layer 28 can be formed by using, for example, a printing method such as a screen printing method, or a liquid phase deposition method.
The second sealing layer 29 is disposed so as to cover the planarization layer 28 and the first sealing layer 27. The second sealing layer 29 functions to prevent oxygen, moisture, and the like in the atmosphere from entering. The constituent material of the second sealing layer 29 is formed from, for example, an inorganic material such as silicon oxide, silicon nitride, or silicon oxynitride. Note that, the first sealing layer 27 and the second sealing layer 29 may be formed from the same material or may be formed from mutually different materials. Furthermore, the first sealing layer 27 and the second sealing layer 29 can be respectively formed using, for example, a gas phase deposition method such as ion plating, vacuum deposition, sputtering, or laser ablation.
A flat plate-shaped cover 50 is disposed on the element substrate 2 having such a configuration via the bonding material 51. The constituent material of the bonding material 51 is a transparent resin material such as an epoxy resin and an acrylic resin. The cover 50 is light-transmissive and is constituted by, for example, a glass substrate or a quartz substrate.
In addition, although not illustrated, a color filter including a red (R), green (G), and blue (B) colored layers is disposed on the upper surface of the element substrate 2. The color filter is arranged between the element substrate 2 and the cover 50. The display panel 1 enables full color display by combining the light-emitting element 200 that emits white light and the color filter described above. The color filter may be formed on the element substrate 2.
1-1D. Arrangement of Planarization Layer with Respect to Light-Emitting Layer
FIG. 5 is a schematic cross-sectional view illustrating a part of the element substrate according to First Embodiment. FIG. 6 is a schematic plan view for explaining an arrangement of the organic layer and the planarization layer according to First Embodiment. Further, in FIG. 5, illustrations of layers other than the light-emitting layer 251 of the organic layer 25 are omitted. In FIG. 6, the contact portion 23 is shaded.
As illustrated in FIGS. 5 and 6, the light-emitting layer 251 covers the dummy electrode 210 and the first substrate planar portion 22 in plan view. Further, in plan view, an outer edge 2511 of the light-emitting layer 251 overlaps an inner edge 232 of the contact portion 23.
Further, an outer edge 281 of the planarization layer 28 is located inward of the outer edge 2511 of the light-emitting layer 251 in plan view. In addition, the planarization layer 28 covers a part of the first substrate planar portion 22 in plan view, and the outer edge 281 of the planarization layer 28 is located between the dummy electrode 210 and the contact portion 23 in plan view. In addition, the outer edge 281 of the planarization layer 28 is located upside the first substrate planar portion 22. Further, the planarization layer 28 covers a part of the counter electrode 26 in plan view. In other words, the outer edge 281 of the planarization layer 28 is located inward of the outer edge 261 of the counter electrode 26 in plan view.
As described above, the display panel 1 includes the semiconductor substrate 20 as a "substrate" on which the pixel circuit 30 as a "circuit" is disposed, the pixel electrode 21 as a "first electrode" that is electrically connected to the pixel circuit 30, and the counter electrode 26 as a "second electrode", the light-emitting layer 251, and the planarization layer 28. The pixel electrode 21 is arranged between the semiconductor substrate 20 and the counter electrode 26. The light-emitting layer 251 is arranged between the pixel electrode 21 and the counter electrode 26, and emits light according to the current flowing through the light-emitting layer 251. The sealing layer 40 including the planarization layer 28 is arranged on a side opposite to a side of the counter electrode 26 on which the light-emitting layer 251 is arranged. Furthermore, when viewed in plan view, that is, viewed from a direction in which the pixel electrode 21 and the counter electrode 26 are layered, the outer edge 281 of the planarization layer 28 is located inward of the outer edge 2511 of the light-emitting layer 251.
According to the display panel 1 having such a configuration, the outer edge 281 of the planarization layer 28 is located inward of the outer edge 2511 of the light-emitting layer 251 in plan view, thus, the distance from the outer edge 2511 of the light-emitting layer 251 to the outer edge 201 of the semiconductor substrate 20, that is, the width of a frame around the light-emitting region A10 of the light-emitting device 100, can be narrowed. Accordingly, the light-emitting device 100 can be made smaller.
FIG. 7 is a diagram illustrating a Conventional Example of a configuration in which a planarization layer is disposed to cover a light-emitting layer. An element substrate 2x illustrated in FIG. 7 is arranged so that a planarization layer 28x covers a light-emitting layer 251x in plan view. In plan view, the planarization layer 28x includes a region Ax0 that overlaps the light-emitting layer 251x and a region Ax that does not overlap the light-emitting layer 251x. A distance Lx from the outer surface of the planarization layer 28x in the region Ax to the light-emitting layer 251 is greater than a distance L0 from the outer surface of the planarization layer 28 in the region Ax0 to the light-emitting layer 251. Thus, when there is a defect in the planarization layer 28x in the region Ax, as compared with a case where there is a defect in the planarization layer 28x in the region Ax0, the time for the moisture entering the defect to reach the light-emitting layer 251 is longer. Thus, a defect such as a dark spot in the light-emitting layer 251 due to the defect in the planarization layer 28x in the region Ax is difficult to detect early as compared with a defect such as a dark spot in the light-emitting layer 251 due to the defect in the planarization layer 28x in the region Ax0. When the light-emitting device 100 is initially turned on, a dark spot due to a defect in the sealing layer 40 may not be detected, and may be detected after a predetermined time.
In contrast, in the display panel 1, the outer edge 281 of the planarization layer 28 is located inward of the outer edge 2511 of the light-emitting layer 251 in plan view, and thus the outer edge does not have a region that does not overlap the light-emitting layer 251 in plan view. Therefore, the outer edge 281 of the planarization layer 28 and the outer edge 2511 of the light-emitting layer 251 are arranged in close proximity, and thus the dark spot is easy to be detected early. Therefore, reliability of the light-emitting device 100 can be increased.
Further, as described above, the display panel 1 according to the present embodiment further includes the dummy electrode 210 arranged between the semiconductor substrate 20 and the planarization layer 28, and the contact portion 23 that is arranged between the semiconductor substrate 20 and the planarization layer 28 and that couples the counter electrode 26 and the wiring. In addition, the dummy electrode 210 is arranged between the outer edge 211 of the pixel electrode 21 and the outer edge 201 of the semiconductor substrate 20 in plan view. In addition, the contact portion 23 is arranged between the outer edge 2101 of the dummy electrode 210 and the outer edge 201 of the semiconductor substrate 20 in plan view. Then, the light-emitting layer 251 and the planarization layer 28 respectively overlap the entirety of the dummy electrodes 210 in plan view.
By making the light-emitting layer 251 and the planarization layer 28 overlap the entirety of the dummy electrodes 210 located outside of the pixel electrode 21 in plan view, the design margin can be increased as compared to a case where the light-emitting layer 251 and the planarization layer 28 do not overlap the entirety of the dummy electrodes 210. Specifically, each of the light-emitting layer 251 and the planarization layer 28 reliably covers the pixel electrode 21, and it is easy to manufacture such that the planarization layer 28 is located inward of the outer edge 2511 of the light-emitting layer 251 in plan view.
The outer edge 281 of the planarization layer 28 is located between the dummy electrode 210 and the contact portion 23 in plan view. In other words, the planarization layer 28 is disposed to cover a part of the first substrate planar portion 22.
By disposing the planarization layer 28 to cover a part of the first substrate planar portion 22, the pixel electrode 21 can be covered with a portion in which the thickness of the planarization layer 28 is uniform, that is, a portion excluding an outer periphery and a vicinity of the planarization layer 28. Therefore, the planarization of the portion overlapping the pixel electrode 21 in plan view of the planarization layer 28 can be increased. In addition, in the present embodiment, although the inner edge 232 of the contact portion 23 and the outer edge 2511 of the light-emitting layer 251 overlap in plan view, the planarization layer 28 does not overlap this overlapping portion. Therefore, the step due to the overlapping portion is difficult to affect the sealing layer 40. As a result, the quality of the display panel 1 can be improved.
1-2. Second Embodiment
Next, Second Embodiment of the present disclosure will be described. FIG. 8 is a schematic cross-sectional view illustrating a part of an element substrate according to Second Embodiment.
The present embodiment is substantially the same as First Embodiment, except that the arrangement of the contact portion is mainly different. Note that, the following descriptions focus on differences between the present embodiment and the First Embodiment, and thus, descriptions of similar matters will be omitted. Further, in FIG. 8, the same reference numbers are given to the same configurations as in First Embodiment.
In an element substrate 2A illustrated in FIG. 8, a light-emitting layer 251 overlaps a part of a contact portion 23A in plan view. A planarization layer 28 also overlaps a part of the contact portion 23A in plan view.
The design margin can be increased as compared to a case where the light-emitting layer 251 and the planarization layer 28 do not overlap the contact portion 23A. Specifically, each of the light-emitting layer 251 and the planarization layer 28 reliably covers the pixel electrode 21, and it is easy to manufacture such that the planarization layer 28 is located inward of the outer edge 2511 of the light-emitting layer 251 in plan view. The production yield can also be increased. Further, similar to the contact portion 23 illustrated in FIG. 4, the contact portion 23A may also include a planar portion and a step portion, and the light-emitting layer 251 and the planarization layer 28 overlap the planar portion of the contact portion 23A. Further, the light-emitting layer 251 and the planarization layer 28 may not overlap the region of the contact portion 23A that is coupled to the counter electrode 26.
In addition, in the present embodiment, the light-emitting layer 251 overlaps a part of the contact portion 23A in plan view, and thus an inner edge 232A of the contact portion 23A and an outer edge 2511 of the light-emitting layer 251 do not overlap. Therefore, the planarization of an upper layer of the light-emitting layer 251 can be further increased than that in First Embodiment.
According to the present embodiment, as in First Embodiment, the light-emitting device 100 having high reliability can be provided.
1-3. Third Embodiment
Next, Third Embodiment of the present disclosure will be described. FIG. 9 is a schematic cross-sectional view illustrating a part of an element substrate according to Third Embodiment.
The present embodiment is substantially the same as First Embodiment, except that the arrangement of the planarization layer is mainly different. Note that, the following descriptions focus on differences between the present embodiment and First Embodiment, and thus, descriptions of similar matters will be omitted. Further, in FIG. 9, the same reference numbers are given to the same configurations as in First Embodiment.
A planarization layer 28B included in an element substrate 2B illustrated in FIG. 9 overlaps a part of the dummy electrodes 210 in plan view.
By making the outer edge 281B of the planarization layer 28B overlaps a part of the dummy electrodes 210 in plan view, as compared with a case where the entirety the dummy electrodes are overlapped, the portion where the planarization layer 28B does not overlap with the pixel electrodes 21 can be made smaller. Therefore, the distance from the outer surface of the planarization layer 28B to the light-emitting layer 251 can be shortened in the entire region of the planarization layer 28B, thus, even if there is a defect in the planarization layer 28B, it is easy to early detect a failure in the light-emitting layer 251 due to the defect.
1-4. Modification Examples
Each of the embodiments exemplified above can be variously modified. Specific modification aspects applied to each of the embodiments described above are exemplified below. Two or more modes freely selected from exemplifications below can be appropriately used in combination as long as mutual contradiction does not arise.
(1) FIG. 10 is a schematic cross-sectional view illustrating a part of a light-emitting device according to a first modified example. In the embodiments described above, as illustrated in FIG. 2, the first sealing layer 27 is disposed to cover the second substrate planar portion 24, but the first sealing layer 27 may not cover the second substrate planar portion 24. For example, as illustrated in FIG. 10, a first sealing layer 27C included in an element substrate 2C may not cover the outer surface of a second substrate planar portion 24C. Similarly, a second sealing layer 29C included in the element substrate 2C does not cover the outer surface of the second substrate planar portion 24C or the outer surface of the first sealing layer 27C. Even with such a configuration, the reliability can be increased as in the embodiments described above.
(2) FIG. 11 is a schematic plan view illustrating a contact portion according to a second modified example. In the embodiments described above, as illustrated in FIG. 5 or FIG. 6, the contact portion 23 surrounds the plurality of dummy electrodes 210 and the plurality of pixel electrodes 21 in plan view, and has a rectangular shape in plan view, but the arrangement and plan view shape of the contact portion 23 are not limited to this, they are optional. For example, as a contact portion 23C illustrated in FIG. 11, the contact portion 23C may have a rectilinear shape in plan view and may be arranged along one side of the semiconductor substrate 20.
(3) In each of the embodiments described above, the organic EL display device is described as an example of the "light-emitting device" of the present disclosure, but the "light-emitting device" of the present disclosure may be an inorganic EL display device. In this case, the "light-emitting layer" can be configured by, for example, a layer in which a metal compound is dispersed in a host material of a semiconductor material. Further, the "light-emitting device" may be an illumination light source instead of a display device that displays images. Further, the display panel 1 may not include a color filter.
(4) In each of the embodiments described above, the number of the pixel electrodes 21 included in the display panel 1 is plural, but the number may be one. Further, the number of the counter electrodes 26 may be plural.
(5) In each of the embodiments described above, an example has been described when the "first electrode" is the pixel electrode 21 and functions as a cathode, and the "second electrode" is the counter electrode 26 and functions as an anode, however, the "first electrode" may function as the anode, and the "second electrode" may function as the cathode. In this case, the "contact portion" may be an anode contact.
(6) In each of the embodiments described above, the display panel 1 includes the dummy electrodes 210, but the display panel 1 may not include the dummy electrodes 210.
(7) In each of the embodiments described above, the light-emitting layer 251 overlaps the entirety of the dummy electrodes 210, but the light-emitting layer may overlap only a part of the dummy electrodes 210 or may not overlap the dummy electrodes 210. In addition, the planarization layer 28 may overlap the entirety or a part of the dummy electrodes 210, but may not overlap the dummy electrode 210.
2. Electronic Apparatus
The light-emitting device according to the embodiments or the modified examples described above can be applied to various electronic apparatuses, and is particularly suitable for electronic apparatuses required to display a high-definition image of 2K2K or higher and required to be compact.
FIG. 12 is a perspective view illustrating a head-mounted display as an example of an electronic apparatus including a light-emitting device according to the present disclosure. As illustrated in FIG. 12, a head-mounted display 300 includes a temple 310, a bridge 320, a projection optical system 301L, and a projection optical system 301R. A light-emitting device 100L for left eye is disposed at the back of a projection optical system 301L, and a light-emitting device 100R for right eye is disposed at the back of a projection optical system 301R. Note that the light-emitting devices 100R and 100L can apply the light-emitting device 100 described above.
FIG. 13 is a perspective diagram illustrating a personal computer as an example of an electronic apparatus including a light-emitting device according to the present disclosure. A personal computer 400 includes a light-emitting device 1, and a main body 403 provided with a power switch 401 and a keyboard 402.
The head-mounted display 300 and the personal computer 400 include the above-described light-emitting device 100 having high reliability, thus the reliability can be increased over a long period of time.
Note that examples of the electronic apparatus including the light-emitting device 100 include, in addition to the apparatuses illustrated in FIGS. 11 and 12, an electronic apparatus arranged close to eyes such as a digital scope, a pair of digital binoculars, a digital still camera, and a video camera. Further, the present disclosure can be applied as a display unit disposed in an electronic apparatus such as a mobile phone, a smartphone, a Personal Digital Assistant (PDA), a car navigation device, and an automotive display.
1. A light-emitting device, comprising a substrate having a circuit thereon, a first electrode electrically coupled to the circuit, a second electrode, a light-emitting layer, and a sealing layer including a planarization layer, wherein
the first electrode is arranged between the substrate and the second electrode,
the light-emitting layer is arranged between the first electrode and the second electrode, and emits light in accordance with a current flowing through the light-emitting layer,
the planarization layer is arranged on an opposite side of the second electrode from a side on which the light-emitting layer is arranged, and
an outer edge of the planarization layer is located inward of an outer edge of the light-emitting layer in plan view.
2. The light-emitting device according to claim 1, further comprising:
a dummy electrode arranged between the substrate and the planarization layer; and
a contact portion arranged between the substrate and the planarization layer and coupling a wiring and the second electrode, wherein
the dummy electrode is arranged between an outer edge of the first electrode and an outer edge of the substrate in the plan view,
the contact portion is arranged between an outer edge of the dummy electrode and the outer edge of the substrate in the plan view, and
the planarization layer overlaps an entirety of or a part of the dummy electrode in the plan view.
3. The light-emitting device according to claim 2, wherein the planarization layer overlaps an entirety of the dummy electrode in the plan view.
4. The light-emitting device according to claim 2, wherein the outer edge of the planarization layer is located between the dummy electrode and the contact portion in the plan view.
5. The light-emitting device according to claim 2, wherein the planarization layer overlaps a part of the dummy electrode in the plan view.
6. The light-emitting device according to claim 2, wherein the light-emitting layer overlaps a part of the contact portion in the plan view.
7. An electronic apparatus comprising the light-emitting device according to claim 1.
Filed: Aug 23, 2019
Publication Date: Feb 27, 2020
Patent Grant number: 10861915
Applicant: SEIKO EPSON CORPORATION (Tokyo)
Inventors: Suguru AKAGAWA (Matsumoto-shi), Ryoichi NOZAWA (Kamiina-gun)
International Classification: H01L 27/32 (20060101); H01L 51/52 (20060101);


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We are living in the golden age of medicine.
In the past, very few people would Stay Healthy in their 70's, 80's. The medical term for getting older is, "progressive changes related to the passing of time." Most men and women have a mental image as to what changes that they expect to occur as they get older. Most people are 100% wrong in there representation of their future health and well being. This being said , you can lower your personal risk for physical and mental disability when you get older.
In fact, your likely to live healthier as well. Here is some interesting data reported by the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. North of 39 million American, in 2010, were over the age of 64. This is over 13% of the US population. It is estimated that by the year 2030 a full 20% of the population will be over the age of 64.
See your health care provider or Doctor on a regular basis. Be sure to follow his or her recommendations for screening and preventative measures as well as medication compliance.
There is a critical component that is often overlooked, is to have something to live for. It has been said that the number One thing you can do to stay healthy as you get older, is to always have a sense of purpose. You must stay connected to people and things that matter to you most. This being said, we all know that it isn't always easy. This is magnified by the fact that our society may view senior people as a burden.
A great place to go is a senior center.
Seniors should set a personal goal to have some "one-on-one" time with at least one person ecvery sinlge day.
Volunteering in your community, is a good way of saying involved. Many find that attend church does the job. In a large study of older Americans, researchers focused on sedentary men and women between the ages of 70 and 89 who either met twice a week for a supervised walk around a track and received instruction to walk or do balance and flexibility exercises three to four times a week at home or attended weekly workshops on healthy aging.


40 piece wooden construction set, complete with screwdriver and guidelines. Children will enjoy twisting and turning the pieces, whilst assembling the parts, helping to develop fi ne motor skills, concentration and hand eye co-ordination. This set can also help to teach problem solving skills.
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When I feel really bad its like there is nothing inside me but a monster playing with my brain. He calls me all of these names and tells me how worthless I really am. He makes sure that there is nothing that I can concentrate on except for him. No matter what anyone else says he's there whispering in my ear.


Train undoubtedly offers you more vitality and retains you in shape. However new research from McMaster University suggests that endurance exercise might help struggle, and even reverse, the indicators of growing older, similar to balding, gray hair and thinning pores and skin.
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text:
Comoros Friendly off, training camp plans changed ahead of FIFA Arab Cup
2021 Friendlies, FIFA Arab Cup
Palestine will no longer face Comoros on November 10th as was previously announced on various forums over the past month.
The reasons behind the cancellation are unknown as the Palestine Football Association (PFA) had neither initially announced the scheduling or cancellation of the friendly with the African nation.
Sources close to Football Palestine have also confirmed that the PFA had tried to schedule friendlies against Algeria and Egypt ahead of the FIFA Arab Cup but both sides pulled out. It's worth noting that both sides could potentially play Palestine in the quarterfinal should they advance from Groups C and D, respectively.
Palestine's encounter with Egypt was supposed to take place during a training camp in Cairo but with the withdrawal of the latter, Makram Dabboub's side will travel to Qatar on November 17th- two weeks before their encounter with Morocco.
Palestine's opponents will instead have a series of matches to prepare themselves for the showpiece competition of the Arab World. The only preparation the national team has had since facing Kyrgyzstan and Bangladesh in September was an internal training camp featuring the WBPL players of the national team.
Saudi Arabia will lock horns with Australia and Vietnam on the 11th and 16th of this month and while the Saudi Pro League will resume play later this month, the league will be on hiatus until Christmas, giving Herve Renard the ability to select his strongest side.
The second Adnan Hamed era got off to a good start following a 2-0 loss in the Iraqi's first game back in charge of Al-Nashama. The Jordanians responded with a 2-1 win over Bahrain before dismantling Malaysia and Uzbekistan by a combined score of 7-0. A pair of European teams will serve as the final test for Jordan as they face Kosovo and Belarus over the international break.
Morocco, who will be competing with a side based largely on those playing in the local league, will take on Bahrain in Manama on the November 12th will also square off against Singapore in Abu Dhabi on November 16.
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# 2021 Friendlies# FIFA Arab Cup

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


ISO 8 electrical winch is mounted on the inside of the container.
It allows the payload load and unload inside the primary container. It has a degree of cleanliness ISO 8. Choice of different types of ropes, and Choice of a wireless remote control handling from external side.


Physical fitness is a primary key for sustaining a feeling of self-confidence and well-being. If everyday, routine activities add fatigued and exhausted then the valuation on your health will suffer as will your fighting styles training. The exhaustion and fatigue won't allow you to participate in activities created for physical fitness and private enjoyment. As a precautionary note, look for along with your doctor before beginning and new physical fitness routines.
If you are too near the vehicle in front of you it's impossible to move your vehicle out of traffic when the situation requires it. This applies even over a freeway. In stop and go traffic there is the potential for someone approaching your motor vehicle either from your side in the road, exiting from buildings, or from the vehicle near you. If there is too few room so that you can escape traffic you will be put in a dangerous situation.
Watch carefully and try moves to achieve expertise in town. The traditional class schedule is really a costly means of learning martial arts training whereas learning through internet and DVD's is an economical method in which doesn't put a lot of force on your pockets. Learning via internet or Karate DVD can assist you to learn new techniques or specific moves which you wished to learn for long now. Indeed, internet and Karate DVD training has encouraged an easy way to understand fighting techinques.
If you feel you have to train every day, then alternate the the degree of intensity, and the exercises. Weight training and cardiovascular training, both necessary for performing martial arts, could be one example of alternate training. Weight train on the beginning, do cardio training on day two, and continue to alternate days throughout the week. In this way, you will automatically train different areas of the body and provides them the rest needed.
We hope you can find what you need here. We always effort to show a picture with HD resolution or at least with perfect images. Wing Tsun Vs Jiu Jitsu Lovely Pin by Dan On Kung Fu Pinterest can be beneficial inspiration for those who seek an image according specific categories; you can find it in this site. Finally all pictures we have been displayed in this site will inspire you all..


Henry Brown was an inventor who saw a need for a convenient and secure way to store money, valuables and important papers. At that time, people commonly kept those type of items in wooden or cardboard boxes in their homes or entrusted them to local banks. Both of these options presented dilemmas. While banks generally provided safety against theft, they did not prevent bank employees from reading through personal papers. At the same time, keeping the items at home could help to keep prying eyes away, but there was little to prevent burglars from quickly and easily grabbing valuables and making off with them.
Brown decided to create a safer container and developed a forged-metal container which could be sealed with a lock and key. He patented his receptacle for storing and preserving papers on November 2, 1886 and it developed into what is now known as a strongbox.
Great idea! Brown provided for the people safety! Thanks brown! I am also brownas well so i know the chemitry!! Ha brown ????!


If you freeze frame #3,000,547 of The Empire Strikes Back, you can actually see Vin Diesel cut off Luke Skywalker's hand with a Ginsu Knife.
Vin Diesel invented black. In fact, he invented the entire spectrum of visible light. Except pink. Tom Cruise invented pink.
On his birthday, Vin Diesel randomly selects one lucky child to be thrown into the sun.
If you were to lock Vin Diesel in a room with a guitar, a year later you would have the greatest album ever, it would sweep the Grammy's. When asked why he doesn't do this Vin replied "Because Grammy's are for queers." Then he ate a knife to show the seriousness of his response.


Unfortunately, we are unable to accept proxy requests at this time.
1) Can I self-register for the portal online?
Unfortunately, we are unable to accept self-registrations online at this time. Please request a patient portal account from one of our dental offices.
2) What if I forget my password?
Go to http://cnhcdental.mysecurechart.com, click on the "Forgot Password" link, and follow the directions to reset your password.
3) Do I need an email address to access my portal account?
Yes. Please request a patient portal account from one of our dental offices and provide your email address so we can send you the link to sign in to your dental patient portal account.
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You can access your dental patient portal account on your mobile device by going to http://cnhcdental.mysecurechart.com.
If you are having problems accessing the patient portal please contact (614)645-5500 option 5 for assistance.
You can not register a new account online. If you would like a patient portal account please contact one of our dental offices to receive an invitation email.
If you already have a dental patient portal account please go to http://cnhcdental.mysecurechart.com to access your account.


To report a lost or found cat, please visit the Lost and Found area of the website for details on what you can do and whom to contact.
Please see the Adopt a Cat section for details on what to do if you wish rehome or adopt a cat.
If you have any questions or comments about what we do, please submit the form below and we will get back to you. Don't forget that you can also like us on Facebook or follow CPHants on Twitter!


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Country Oaks Care Center is a 78-bed premier skilled nursing facility providing hospital quality care and hotel quality service.
Are you or a loved one about to be discharged from the hospital but are not yet well enough to go home? Is additional nursing and rehabilitation care and support needed around the clock? If so, our experienced staff can help. Our main objective is to help each patient rest, recover and return home as quickly as possible with their optimal mobility and independence.
Skilled nursing facilities operate 24 hours a day, 7 days a week and employ a skilled support staff of clinicians, therapists and medical consultants to oversee your overall health, rehab and recovery plan.
Our staff recognizes that most individuals prefer to be at home instead of a nursing facility. Yet often times, many patients and families are not aware of the additional supportive services a skilled nursing environment can provide while recovering following a hospital stay.
We want our patients and their families to feel comfortable while individuals recover and rehabilitate. Putting "patients first" is a guiding principle of our culture. We believe what separates us from other facilities is our positive team culture and our commitment to service. We strive to provide a compassionate and meaningful experience for each patient.
We invite you to come tour our facility and meet our team of professional caregivers. We are available nights and weekends to accommodate any busy schedule.
Our mission is to inspire hope that contributes to health and well-being for a unique care experience. We strive to deliver quality of care and unparalleled hospitality to all our guests and team members.
Our 'guests' include residents, providers and anyone that interacts with our team and facility.
We are team players. Together, we set and achieve high goals and celebrate our successes.
We take initiative to go above and beyond to delight our guests and fellow team members.
We take pride in creating and maintaining a clean and attractive environment and demonstrate our professionalism in how we speak, act and dress.
We are responsible to maintain safe work practices that protect our guests and each other from unnecessary harm.
We view failures as opportunities to quickly learn and improve the quality of our service and operation.
We aim to contribute to the long-term health and well-being of our residents.
We promote ongoing training and development of our team members.
Dr. Jhujhar Singh is a brilliant and compassionate family physician and geriatrician based in Upland, CA. Dr. Singh earned his medical degree from the Western University of Health Sciences in Pomona, CA. He accomplished his residency in family practice and his fellowship in geriatrics at the Chino Valley Medical Center, also in California.
Dr. Singh is certified by the American Osteopathic Board of Family Physicians. He is member of the American College of Osteopathic Family Physicians, the American Osteopathic Association, and the American Medical Directors Association. He also holds admitting privileges at a number of medical institutions, including the San Antonio Community Hospital and the Montclair Hospital Medical Center.
Dr. Singh has had considerable experience managing and treating a variety of ailments, including urinary tract infections, gastrointestinal problems, impaired gait, cognitive and memory impairment, and depression. He can be counted on to routinely provide exhaustive consultations and accurate diagnoses, and he is fluent in English and Spanish.
Dr. Heather Davis-Kingston, our Chief Medical Officer, is board certified in Internal Medicine, Critical Care, Pulmonary and Sleep Medicine and has worked with Chaparral Medical Group and Hospitalist Corporation of the Inland Empire since July of 2004. She served as Medical Director and Lead Hospitalist for Hospitalist Corporation of Inland Empire from August 2007 to October of 2009. She has remained active as a senior program administrator since that time, helping to coordinate the hire of new hospitalists, engage with the hospital regarding the changing regulatory requirements and monitoring ongoing quality improvement projects. She, along with current Lead Hospitalist Dr. Gary Sandhu, shares a commitment to provide continued education of the Hospitalist team to ensure best practice standards are always followed. She is also passionate about introducing innovative technology solutions to help the team accomplish its stated mission of delivering efficient and effective patient care to optimize outcomes, improve quality of life and maintain the highest patient satisfaction.


Enjoy remote access to all your boats data at your fingertips. See for yourself how easy it is to use our simple, intuitive app.
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Boat drifts outside a defined radius (40m to 200m).
Notifies contacts if the boat does not return by a set time.
Battery's power drops below a set level.
Tilt increases beyond set angle.
Boat hits something – set for mild or severe shock.
Internal temperature either rise or falls beyond set level.
Bilge water level reaches a critical point.
If a door, hatch or window is opened or forced.
Uses Passive Infra-Red (PIR) technology to detect a moving warm body in its field of vision.
Loss of shore power to your boat.
Valuable "tagged" assets are taken away from the boat.
105db sensor will be activated in case of high water, door, motion detection alarms.
Temperature inside or outside boat either rises or falls beyond set levels.


text:
Life in Colonial America
The History Cat Classroom
Thinking Questions
Let's start off by saying that in colonial times the earlier you arrived in the New World, the harder life was. During the 1600s colonists began their new lives with whatever they brought over, the rest they had to make by hand. Colonial homes either started off as cave dwellings or by imitating Indian dwellings made of tree bark and skins.
If you had lived back in colonial times, there's a 90% chance that you would have been a farmer. This work was not for sissies. Trees had to be cleared by girdling and burning. Fields plowed, seeds were sown, irrigation ditches built, barns raised, roads cleared and pretty much every other backbreaking task that might be needed to re-create an Old England in a New World.
But of course, thousands of people were willing to risk explosive diarrhea or bear attacks to own land. Land was wealth. Back in England, only 20% of the people owned land, while the rest were tenant farmers paying high rents to greedy landlords. In the New World, the farming may be hard work but at least it was your hard work. In colonial America, farming was looked on as an honorable job done by an industrious people. Thomas Jefferson even once said that those who labor in the earth are the chosen people of God.
Whether you lived in South Carolina or Connecticut your day was pretty much spent working. Chances were good that you would spend your days doing some farm related activity. Remember that an overwhelming 90% of all colonists worked on a farm in those days so it was in your best interest not to be a jerk to your neighbors.You might even say that colonial life was pretty much a community affair. When a house needed to be built, or a barn raised, a field planted the community would pitch in and make it a festival.
Colonial farmers, no matter if you lived on a large New England farm or a small plot of land in North Carolina grew enough corn, barley, or rye to feed their families and earn a little extra to buy a nice comfy hardback chair. Colonists had English currency to spend but the most common way of paying the doctor or buying a new dress was by bartering for it. Bartering worked like this: you had a surplus of eggs (everyone loves eggs) so you agree to pay Doc Jones in eggs for treating your kid's sniffles. Often farmers couldn't do all the work themselves (even with 8 kids). So, the whole community came to pitch in during big events like a barn raising or harvest time. Of course, it was expected that you would show up when a neighbor needed your help (another example of the barter system in action).
Farmers in colonial days pretty much relied on their own labor to get things done. Men were expected to mend the fences, make tools, do the farming work, and hunt to put meat on the table. (It was no big deal to see a boy as young as 6 out stomping through the woods with a musket.) Women and girls were in charge of home and hearth drawing water, churning butter, mending torn clothing, weaving, making candles, in addition to the daily washing, cooking, and taking care of the youngins.
A small-time farmer was considered doing pretty well for himself if he could afford to buy a slave or two. In colonial times every colony legalized slavery.
Pennsylvania Cave Dwelling. 1680s
Howard Pyle Collection. Delaware Art Museum
Click on the photo to take an interactive tour
Colonial houses were small and rough places. Most homes had two levels. One great room- called a great room or Hall where the family did everything from cooking to sewing to sleeping. The great room was dark and smoky from the fireplace that was constantly burning. Colonial homes had one window that would be covered with a piece of cloth- glass had to be imported from England and was expensive. The upper story was reserved for the loft where the children slept. Most homes had a few pieces of furniture- a table, a few chairs, bedding, and cupboard to story dishes. Because almost everything has to be imported colonial families were excellent recyclers. Clam shells were reused as spoons, pig's bladders as bags, and corn husks as bottle stoppers, just to name a few uses.
Junkhead Factoid:
"Colonial kids used wheat or the sticky resin from fresh cut spruce trees for chewing gum. The gluten in the wheat
becomes gummy when it is chewed."
All in a Day's Work
Women were responsible for caring for the children, cooking, cleaning, washing, sewing, gathering herbs. Even the kids were expected to pitch in. Young boys helped their fathers in the fields or were apprenticed to a master to learn a trade. Girls learned their skills from their mothers. In colonial times, the attitude was that idleness was the devil's work. People who refused to work might have to wear a sign announcing that they were an Idler or spend a day in the stocks.
Meal times in colonial days were no microwave dinner. Women had to get up before daybreak and begin preparing the meal. First water had to be fetched and boiled. The bread was made from flour that had to be ground by hand. Meat was fresh-probably butchered only a few days before. Pork was the cheapest and most available meat. Pickled meats and dried fruits are eaten at almost every meal. Seriously, they loved to pickle everything from cabbage to flowers.
Picture a colonial family sitting down for dinner. In colonial times chairs were imported or handmade; either way, they were expensive–most colonists were lucky if they owned a bench or two. The table was a longboard set up on two tresses and may be covered with a cloth- hence the term 'room and board'.
The adults sat and the children were expected to stand, or they might have their own table where they still would be expected to stand. In general, colonists put a greater emphasis on age than youth.
Colonial City Slickers
By the early 1700s, the colonies were growing and prospering, which meant that things in American were looking a lot like, well, a new England.
The settlers renamed their towns after places they had left behind like New York, Boston, New London, Dover, Plymouth, the list goes on. You might be wondering why, if they were so homesick, they left Europe at all. It does seem like one big huge hassle with the work, and the Indian wars, and the starving, and what not. The answer: life was even more miserable for the poor back in good ole England.
In 1750, nearly all colonists still lived on farms. Not much had changed in those 100 years since Jamestown and Plymouth. Even still, in those days there weren't that many settlements that could call themselves real cities. In 1760, the five largest were:
Philadelphia- 23,000
New York- 18,000
Boston- 15,000
Charlestown- 8,000
New Port (Rhode Island)- 5,000
Depending on where in the colonies you were, a trip to the nearest town might be less than a mile (like in New England) or more than 10 miles (in the southern colonies).
Towns during colonial times were lively places. Churches were the main place to socialize. However, men wanting to get away from the wife and kids for a bit would head to the town meeting hall to debate the issues of the day. Newspapers brought word from home and the other colonies. Most newspapers were published weekly and only a few pages long. After a long day of debating, men would head to the tavern where they could grab a meal and pint of ale.
Down by the sea was where you could find the commercial district. The port was the life of any colonial city, crammed with ships bringing goods and people back and forth from England. Warehouses and markets lined the wharf. This is also where you would find the poorer homes and seedy taverns.
Being made of wood, colonial buildings were a fire hazard waiting to happen. Which if you were waiting for one, you often didn't have to wait long. A stray ember from a fireplace was enough to set half the city on fire. Back in the days before fire trucks and Dalmatians, the business of putting out fires was a community affair. When a fire broke out the church bells would ring wildly (or you could just follow the guy shouting fire! fire! The whole neighborhood would grab whatever could hold water and begin racing into a fire line where buckets were passed from the river or well to the source of the fire.
If you were the artsy or handyman type colonial cities were the places where you might be able to earn a decent living. Colonial businesses were family affairs passed down from father to son through an apprenticeship. In the early 1600s, colonists had to buy everything from England. By the mid-1700s most cities had their own cobblers, coopers, blacksmiths, butchers, weavers, and other craftsmen. The wealthier residents worked as physicians, lawyers, and merchants.
The first official postal service began in 1639. By the mid-1700s most large towns and cities had a postal service that brought news from one colony to the next. The original courier service would be a guy on a horse or a wagon and if you were looking for overnight service, forget it. That is, until Benjamin Franklin, the Postmaster General for the Crown, reorganized things that had overnight riders between New York, Philadelphia, and Boston. As a rule of thumb, a letter from New York to Charleston might take a week to arrive.
Rivers and the Atlantic coast were the easiest and fastest way to travel back then. All early colonial towns were built along a body of water to receive shipments of goods coming in from England.
The most common form of travel was your own two feet. This was not too bad for the New Englanders who lived close together, but in the southern colonies where people might live miles from the nearest farm, church, or town this could be an ordeal. For this reason, southern culture put an emphasis on entertaining visitors whereas the northern colonies tended to be wary of strangers. Some New England towns passed laws banning strangers from shopping at certain stores.
Population Density in 1775
Population Density back in 1775
colonial boston State Street
Boston common colonial meets modern
Road Networks around 1770


Don't miss your opportunity to attend the University of Innovative Distribution (UID) at a reduced rate. As a WF&FSA member, you will save $1,000, and if you submit your registration by January 9, 2019, you'll save an additional $200! This four-day educational conference focuses on distribution management, territory sales, marketing, negotiation skills, inventory management, sales management, human resources, leadership, information technologies and more. Hurry, courses fill up fast!


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Q: Scrolling with input number but stopping the scroll on the main container I am trying to scroll select my input numbers. But it is also scrolling my container as well. Is there a way to disable scroll while focused in the input number.
https://i.imgur.com/3mPUMjZ.png
I am using React Typescript with material ui. If you need to see any code let me know.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


As I do every year, i'll be keeping up with any Black Friday and Cyber Monday sales for games I play and/or am interested in. I'll be updating as sales are announced. Affiliate links where applicable! Please posts any sales you find in the comments with a link! Share the goodness with everyone! Who couldn't use a little extra savings?
Gamestop – 50% off online code Cartel Coins ($9.99) Comes with in game FLASHFIRE pet too!
Standard sales pretty much. Nothing in the news so far.
Double Ip Weekend: 28th – 30th. Skin sales for 4 days, skins will be retired to legacy vault after sale.


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Q: Selecting a Google Maps pin from the Simulator We are working on testing an iOS game we've developed that requires a user to select a pin from Google Maps. Once the user selects a pin, a small screen will show up prompting the user to "Accept" or "Decline" traveling to that location (part of the game).
We have a team of developers who are running tests on this script in Xcode and are building automated tests to ensure evey potential path within the game loads properly.
Does anyone know how to write the proper code that will automatically allow the simulator to select a pin from Google Maps? When we try it (after using the record function) and re-run the tests, we recieve a "UI Testing Failure" Message.
We're working on Swift.
Thanks for the help!


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Stucco ceiling at the Palazzo Reale in Naples, home of Maria Amalia of Saxony. © 2012 Ekkehard Henschke
Mapping Consorts
Natalia Zajac
PhD Student, University of Toronto
Contact details: talia.zajac@mail.utoronto.ca
Grounded in inter-disciplinary training in Medieval Studies, my research explores the history of religious-cultural contacts between Eastern and Western Europe, specifically in Kyivan Rus (the ancestor state of Russia, Ukraine and Belarus). It seeks to understand the development of both connections and tensions in this region between the two oldest branches of Christianity, Roman Catholicism and Byzantine Orthodoxy. Since at least the eighteenth century, scholarship has traditionally associated Western Europe with Roman Catholicism and Eastern Europe with Orthodoxy. My research challenges the division of Europe into such mutually exclusive cultural spheres. It is particularly interested in the role of women who through marriage became the facilitators of cultural exchanges. In order to explore these connections my research draws on a multi-lingual variety of written sources, both western (Latin) and eastern (Greek and Old Church Slavonic), as well as evidence from visual sources such as manuscript illustrations and church architecture.
Doctoral Thesis Summary: "Women Between West and East: the inter-rite marriages of the Kyivan Rus Dynasty, ca. 1000-1250". Talia Zajac (research in progress)
Committee members: Isabelle Cochelin (co-supervisor), Allan Smith (co-supervisor), Martin Dimnik, Mark Meyerson. Centre for Medieval Studies, University of Toronto.
Women Between West and East: The Orthodox-Catholic Marriages of the Kyivan Rus Dynasty, ca. 1000-1250 examines all known marriage alliances of the Riurikids, the Orthodox rulers of Kyivan Rus (the ancestor state of Russia, Ukraine and Belarus) with Catholic rulers in England, France, Germany, Denmark, Sweden, Norway, Poland, Hungary, Bohemia, and Austria. While previous studies have addressed this topic mostly from the point of view of "foreign relations" or genealogy, the dissertation draws upon studies of medieval queenship to examine the individual experience of cultural displacement and continuity of such elite women. It thus contributes to analysis of Orthodox-Catholic interaction during a key period of its history (1000-1250).
The dissertation concludes that the evidence of material objects, diplomatic sources, and narrative sources speaks to both the assimilation of women in Orthodox-Catholic inter-marriages into the local ecclesiastical culture of their husbands, and at the same time to an ongoing sense of unity within Christendom where barriers between Orthodoxy and Catholicism remained porous. Relics, devotional objects, and luxury goods circulated from court to court, brought by these women as part of their dowry, or as bribes and rewards to allies. Other objects show evidence of hybridity of artistic tradition and Orthodox-Catholic spirituality.
The thesis is divided into three major parts. Part I, "The Ecclesiastical Context", treats three major issues: a) Orthodox-Catholic inter-marriage in Western and Rus canon law, b) evidence for the necessity of rebaptism and renaming of the women in these marriages and, finally, c) active participation of clerics in arranging Orthodox-Catholic intermarriage. It shows that legal and narrative sources reveal a range of clerical reactions to Orthodox-Catholic inter-marriage with the Riurikids. Mentions in narrative sources exist of the participation of western clergy in the negotiations surrounding the formation of Orthodox-Catholic marriages and (to a lesser degree) in the ceremonial itself. Such participation suggests active approval of these marriages. Insufficient evidence exists to claim that renaming must be linked to rebaptism. Finally, it argues that although there was also a strong current of disapproval of marriages with "Latins" in polemics written in Rus, it is difficult to know when these texts (originally written in Greek by Greek clerics) were actually translated into Slavic and thus reached a wider lay audience in Rus.
Part II, "Catholic Women in Kyivan Rus", focuses on one detailed case-study, the devotional life of the Polish princess Gertruda (b. c. 1025-d. 1107/8?), the wife of the Rus prince Iziaslav Yaroslavich (r. 1054-1078) as seen through her prayer-book, known as the Codex Gertrudianus (Cividale, Museo Nazionale Archeologio, cod. 136). It argues that the Codex Gertrudianus is rooted in personal lay devotion of both Eastern and Western tradition, reflecting both Gertrude's use of the earlier part of the Codex, the tenth-century Psalter, and her environment in Kyivan Rus, especially seen in the manuscript's Byzantine-style miniatures.
Part III investigates the more abundant source material available on Rus princesses in Western lands and is divided into two chapters, "Queen Consorts" (3.1) and "Regents, Widows, and Repudiated Wives" (3.2). Rus-born queen consorts wholly participated in the cultural and religious environs of their husbands' families as can be evidenced through their patronage of Latin Church institutions made in conjunction with their husband and children. The arguments made in secondary literature, however, that some Rus princesses adopted the customs of their husbands' lands so far as to advocate conversion of Rus to Latin Christianity are largely unfounded. Evidence for a princess' cultural continuity with the Orthodox culture of her native Rus is more difficult to establish. Nonetheless, its sphere seems to have been the household and the court rather than public acts and can be seen in the choice of eastern dynastic names for their children as well as private devotional objects, such as the twelfth-century covers of "Anastasia's Gospel Book" (Warszawa, Biblioteka Narodwa Sygnatura Rps II. 3307). The dissertation's conclusion contrasts the more fluid construction of identity seen in the 1000-1250 period with later marriages in the fourteenth century.
About Marrying Cultures
Faculty of Medieval and Modern Languages
41 & 47 Wellington Square


Q: What is uOttawa's definition of sustainability?
Q: What is the uOttawa's definition of sustainability?
A: The University of Ottawa accepts the World Commission on Environment and Development, 1997 definition which states "sustainable development is development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs".
Sustainability is a process that integrates environmental, social and economic considerations into decision making with the goal of creating a prosperous, just, and healthy society. Its focus is on improving the quality of life for all citizens without increasing the use of natural resources beyond the capacity of the environment to supply them indefinitely.
Q: Do the things you do actually make an impact?
A: Of course. Every gesture, no matter how small makes an impact. Here at the Office of Campus Sustainability, we measure the impacts of every project we embark upon. We publish the impacts of our programs in various reports yearly and create an annual report at the end of each year for the overall impacts of our programs.
Q - How come I can't recycle the same things in residence as I can on campus?
Q: How come I can't recycle the same things in residence as I can on campus?
A: The residences at the University of Ottawa are an auto-financed group, which means they have to pay for any and all of their services. The recycling company that they use is not the same as the University of Ottawa's and so there are some incongruities in the system. For the most part, the recycling systems are fairly harmonized.
Q: How can I stay updated with the green events and community on campus?
A: You can do this in multiple ways. The first is to sign up for our monthly newsletter, you can also follow us on social media for more updates. Like us on Facebook or follow us on Twitter @uOttawaSustain!


Texas Central Partners and Houston-area elected officials on Monday announced that the company, which is seeking federal approval for a 240-mile high-speed train line, has chosen Northwest Mall near Loop 610 and U.S. 290 as their preferred site.
The company has an option to buy the land, said Jack Matthews, who is handling property acquisition for Texas Central.
The announcement was largely expected, as the mall site remained the most viable site to put a train station along Hempstead Road in the area around Loop 610. It also emerged from a federal environmental review as the most practical site in terms of displacing fewer homes and businesses. Still, the line will affect landowners along Hempstead as the tracks extend from the proposed station into northwest Harris and southern Waller counties.
Almost all of the stores within the mall itself are closed. Only a handful of stores and venues with exterior entrances remain open.
City leaders also joined with Metropolitan Transit Authority officials, noting they hoped the station could spur rail development from Metro's nearby Northwest Transit Center to downtown Houston.
Texas Central CEO Carlos Aguilar said the site was chosen because its location gives the company ready access to many Houston area travelers. The area around Loop 610 and U.S. 290 is essentially the population center of the region, as development has spread rapidly north and west of the urban core.
"This is the best site for Houston for many reasons," Aguilar said.
That happened on the same day that the public hearing for the draft EIS was held in Cypress. The Dallas end of the line was chosen last week. The Trib adds a few details.
The chosen location is about 1.5 miles from Northwest Transit Center, a major bus hub and the closest public transportation connection. Despite that distance, the company said in a prepared statement Monday that the station will provide "convenient, efficient and direct" connections to the Houston METRO transit system.
METRO does not currently have any light-rail lines in that part of the city. The agency is working on a long-term plan for expanded transit service.
"So we're in a broad range of conversation and thought as to how to provide that connection," Texas Central President Tim Keith told The Texas Tribune on Monday.
There's pictures at Swamplot, so go check it out. It's true there's not much there now, but as you can see there are big plans to change that. There aren't any transit connections yet, but we're talking about a 2024 debut for TCR, so there's a lot of time for stuff to happen. I feel confident the forthcoming Metro referendum will include an item to deal with this in some fashion. I'm looking forward to it.
We can now build the blue and black? lines and connect to the new terminal via uptown. It could all come together quite nicely.
"Preferred" being the key word here.
No doubt, all things being equal, TCR's and COH's preference would carry weight.
My preference, as always, is NO BUILD!


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BDE issued Circular 1/2018, which modifies Circulars 5/2016 and 8/2015 and enters into force on the day following its publication in the Official State Gazette. Circular 5/2016 specifies the method of calculation to ensure that the contributions of the entities that adhere to the guarantee fund of deposits are proportional to their risk profile. Circular 8/2015 is addressed to the entities and branches attached to the guarantee fund of deposits of credit institutions and specifies information to determine the basis for calculating the contributions to the guarantee fund of deposits of credit institutions.
Section on "Normative references used in this Circular"


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This Volkswagen Tiguan delivers a Intercooled Turbo Premium Unleaded I-4 2.0 L/121 engine powering this Automatic transmission. Vienna Leather Seating Surfaces, Bluetooth Mobile Phone Connectivity, Full-Time All-Wheel Drive.* This Volkswagen Tiguan Features the Following Options *Deep Tinted Glass, Express Open/Close Sliding And Tilting Glass 1st And 2nd Row Sunroof w/Power Sunshade, Proximity Key For Doors And Push Button Start, Leather Steering Wheel, Remote Keyless Entry w/Integrated Key Transmitter, Illuminated Entry and Panic Button, Dual Zone Climate Control & Air Conditioning, Rain Detecting Variable Intermittent Wipers w/Heated Jets, Front Fog Lamps, Electronic Stability Control (ESC), ABS And Driveline Traction Control.* Dealership Information *Legendary since 1974. Welcome to the pinnacle of the in-dealership buying experience, Calgary's #1 Volume VW Dealership for over 23+ years. We feature non-commission sales, Calgary's largest new VW inventory, and a tenured Volkswagen Canada Certified staff that will appreciate and remember you after your second, third, and fourth purchases. Welcome to the Northland Family.* Visit Us Today *Test drive this must-see, must-drive, must-own beauty today at Northland Volkswagen, 4849 Northland Dr NW, Calgary, AB T2L 2K3.


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Crowdfunding for Conservation
Crowdfunding – whereby a large amount of money is raised by the proportionally smaller donations of dozens, hundreds or thousands of contributors – has taken flight over the past few years as a means for individuals and organisations to raise funds for their passion projects. In large part, it is associated with the arts: raising money for amateur theatre groups, for student films, for independent artists' exhibitions, for the self-publishing of books. There isn't much you can't crowdfund, and the support of a combination of friends, family and interested strangers has successfully funded projects as varied as collecting meteorites from the Nullarbor or paying the vet bills of two dogs who had a brush with a porcupine.
As the practice has evolved, particularly in Australia, more and more groups have come to recognise the potential of crowdfunding to support conservation. In 2014, a group of lobbyists and scientists who have studied the montane ash forests of the Central Highlands of Victoria for more than 30 years, launched a crowdfunding campaign on Pozible to gather public support for the proposed Great Forest National Park: a large protected area for the region which would preserve more than 500, 000 hectares of forest. The highly successful campaign, which raised $71, 965 (significantly exceeding its target of $60, 000), directed funds to community outreach and broader awareness-raising about the park proposal to the Victorian public.
Funds are also being crowdsourced for conservation on the ground. In November, a campaign led by Mt Rothwell Landcare Volunteers entitled "Quoll in the hand, worth 2 in the bush" successfully raised more than $11, 000 for a captive breeding program for Eastern Quolls: an iconic species that is extinct in the wild on the Australian mainland. Another campaign, "Where do Wedgies Dare?", run by environmental scientist Simon Cherriman, has raised more than $20, 000 to monitor a pair of wedge-tailed Eagles by GPS tracking, with the aim of learning more about the raptors' biology.
This growing propensity to turn to the general public for funding could be seen as an indicator that funding from traditional sources is increasingly less available. However, an initiative by DELWP (the Department of Environment, Land, Water and Planning) in Victoria demonstrates that the government is aware of the medium's potential. The Threatened Species Collection, currently running on Pozible, is a group of five campaigns aimed at protecting some of Victoria's most vulnerable species. Each campaign in the collection that successfully reaches its target will receive dollar-for-dollar matched funding from DELWP. White-bellied sea-eagles and brush-tailed phascogales are among the species intended to receive support from the campaigns, run by a collection of community landcare and conservation groups. This and similar projects would allow the government to invest in those issues deemed most important by the Australian public itself.
That crowdfunding for conservation is enjoying such success in Australia indicates just how much the general public cares for the natural world. The community is already heavily involved in conservation on their own land and in the lands that surround them, and is deeply invested in the future of the country and its species. Crowdfunding for conservation projects is a natural extension of an extant love for the Australian landscape, and the inclination of its people to take conservation into their own hands.
Cover image by Robert Geary Photo and is used with permission.
Alex Mullarky is a freelance journalist and works part-time in threatened species conservation. Her other passion is ex-racehorse rehabilitation and she is currently completing her Masters.
You can find her on Twitter at @ajmullarky
Tagged: crowdfunding, pozible, threatened, species, money, community, donation, support, animal, plant, conservation, Community


A modern architecture, system stability and strong behind-the-scenes support are key attributes to consider when evaluating new database technology.
The Brasher's Auto Auction group is among the oldest auto auction companies in the country, serving major markets throughout the western U.S. Brasher's remarkets vehicles for auto dealers, manufacturers, rental car companies, banks, finance and leasing institutions, and offers a full range of services, including reconditioning, inspections, transportation and inventory financing, and operates auto auction facilities in Salt Lake City, Utah; Reno, Nev.; Sacramento, Calif.; Eugene, Or.; Portland, Or.; and Boise, Idaho.
Generating in excess of $1.5 billion in vehicle sales annually and employing roughly 1,200 people, Brasher's is also a technology innovator. Brasher's was among the first auctions in the industry to implement a computerized auction management system, and Brasher's was also one of the first auctions to offer vehicles on the internet in the late 1990s. With two partner auctions, Brasher's founded the Auction Pipeline, which is now a premier online sales channel for independent auctions in the U.S.
In December 2008, Brasher's initiated a phased roll-out of its enterprise applications on the InterSystems CACHÉ high-performance database with MultiValue technology, concluding the implementation in January 2009. In all, the migration involved more than 8,000 programs and cataloged procedures ranging from accounting applications through real-time bid processing systems in auction venues. In going live with CACHÉ at each location, says Ty Brewer, Brasher's CIO, "our goal was for people to go home on a Friday and come back on a Monday and not notice anything different, other than things being faster. By and large, that's exactly what happened."
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