text:
\section{Introduction}\label{sec1}

Optimization problems are problems of finding values for the
variables which will give an optimum functional value of the
objective function. This kind of problems exists beyond our daily
activity. They are common problems, in engineering, decision
science, agriculture, computer science, economics and many other
disciplines \cite{Pike14, Tilahun12, Hamadneh12, Ong11, Tilahuns12,
Lucia90, Joshi13, TilahunO12, Parolo09, Shimoyam11}. Based on the
decision variables a solution can be classified into three
categories as continuous variable, non-continuous variables and
mixed variables. Continuous variables are when the variable can have
any value in the given interval and if that is not the case then we
have a problem with non-continuous variables which includes integer
and binary variables. When some of the decision variables can be
assigned with continuous and the rest with non-continuous values
then it is called a mixed problem. Most of real optimization
problems involves non-continuous variables like number of products
and human resource.

For an optimization problem there are different solution methods.
One class of solution methods is metaheuristic algorithms. These
algorithms are a non-deterministic solution method which search the
solution space based on an educated guess and 'trail and error'
approach based on a given randomness term. Swarm based algorithms
are a class of metaheuristic optimization algorithms which are
inspired by the social behavior of animals. Firefly algorithm is one
of swarm based metaheuristic algorithm inspired by the flashing
behavior of flashing bugs also called fireflies \cite{Yang08}.
Firefly algorithm is an easy to implement algorithm which can easily
be implemented and can also easily be parallelized. It is also
tested to be effected on problems from different problem domain.
Even though it has a number of strength it also prone to parameter
setting and also on controlling the exploration and exploitation of
the search space. Hence, different modified versions are proposed to
improve its performance as well as to make it useful for problems
with non-continuous variables.

Hence in this paper, the modifications proposed to make firefly
algorithm suitable for optimization problems with non-continuous
variables will be discussed. A discussion on the strength and
weakness of the modifications will be presented along with possible
future work. In the next section a general discussion on
optimization problems will be given followed by a discussion on
firefly algorithm. In section 3, a discussion on modified versions
of firefly algorithms will be given followed by a general discussion
on the modifications in section 4. In section 5 conclusion will be
presented.

\section{Preliminary}

\subsection{Optimization problems}

A given optimization problem has decision variables $x=(x_1, x_2, .
. ., x_n)$, for which we are search a value for, an objective
function, $f(x)$, which is a function of the decision variable and
also used to measure the performance of the values assigned to the
decision variables and a feasible region, $S$, from which the
decision variable can take values. A minimization problem can then
be given as in equation \eqref{eq1}

\begin{equation}
\min\limits_x\{f(x)|x\epsilon S \subseteq \Re^n \} \label{eq1}
\end{equation}

The search space or the feasible region $S$ can be continuous,
non-continuous or mixed i.e. continuous for some of the variables
and non-continuous for the others possibly binary or integer.

A solution $x^*$ is said to be global (local) optimal solution for
the minimization problem given in equation \eqref{eq1} if and only
if $x \epsilon S$ and $f(x^*) \leq f(x)$ for all $x \epsilon S$ (for
all $x$ in the neighborhood of $x^*$).

\subsection{Firefly algorithm}
Nature has been a motivation to different metaheuristic
algorithms\cite{Yang08, Babaoglu07, Miao14}. The interaction between
a predator and its pray, the attraction between bodies and the swarm
behavior of fishes or birds can be mentioned as an example
\cite{Dorigo04, PSO, TilahunPPA15, Yuce13}. Firefly algorithm is
inspired by the flashing behavior of flashing bugs also called
fireflies. It is proposed for optimization problems with continuous
variables \cite{Yang08}. A randomly generated feasible solutions
will be considered as fireflies where their brightness is determined
by their performance on the objective function. The algorithm is
guided by three rules. The first rule is that fireflies are unisex,
that means any firefly can be attracted to any other firefly. The
second rule is the brightness of a firefly depends on its
performance in the objective function. The attraction of a firefly
depends on its brightness and decreases with distance. This means,
since we are considering a minimization problem, a solution with
smaller functional value is brighter. The light intensity has an
inverse square law as given in equation \eqref{eq2}.

\begin{equation}
I\prec \frac{1}{r^2}\label{eq2}
\end{equation}

where $I$ is the intensity and $r$ is the distance. The brightness
follows similar rule as the light intensity with respect to the
distance. Furthermore, suppose the light is passing through a medium
with a light absorbtion coefficient of $\gamma$. The the brightness
of a firefly at a distance $r$ can be summarized using the equation
given in equation \eqref{eq3}'

\begin{equation}
\beta = \beta_0e^{-\gamma r^2} \label{eq3}
\end{equation}

where $\beta$ is the brightness of the firefly at a distance $r$ and
$\beta_0$ is the brightness at the source, i.e. $r=0$.

A solution $x_i$ will be attracted by a brighter firefly $x_j$, this
means $x_i$ moves towards $x_j$ using \eqref{eq4}.

\begin{equation}
x_i:=x_i+\beta_0e^{-\gamma r_{ij}^2}(x_j-x_i)\label{eq4}
\end{equation}

In addition it will explore using a random movement given by
\eqref{eq5}.

\begin{equation}
x_i:=x_i+\alpha (rand()-0.5) \label{eq5}
\end{equation}

for a step length for the random movement $\alpha$ and $rand()$ is
an $n$ vector whose entries are generated randomly from a uniform
distribution between zero and one.

Therefor, for the updating equation of a firefly $x_i$, by putting
equations \eqref{eq4} and \eqref{eq5}, is given as in equation
\eqref{eq6}.

\begin{equation}
x_i:=x_i+\beta_0e^{-\gamma r_{ij}^2}(x_j-x_i)+\alpha
(rand()-0.5)\label{eq6}
\end{equation}

for a brighter firefly $x_j$. If there is no brighter firefly than
$x_i$ it will perform a random move only as given in equation
\eqref{eq5}.

The algorithm is summarized in Table \ref{Table1}.

\begin{table}[H]
\centering \caption {The standard firefly algorithm} \centering
\begin{tabular}{l}
 \hline
 Set algorithm parameters ($\gamma, \alpha$)\\
 Set simulation set-up (Maximum number of iteration ($MaxGen$), \\
  \; \; \; \; \; \; \; \; \; \; \; \; \; \; \; \; \; \;  \; \; \; \; \; \; \; \; \;Number of initial solutions ($N$))\\
 Randomly generate $N$ feasible solutions ($x_1, x_2, . . ., x_N$)\\
 for $iteration=1:MaxGen$\\
  \; \; \, Compute the brightness\\
  \; \; \, Sort the solutions in such a way that $I_i \geq I_{i-1}$, $\forall i$ \\
  \; \; \, for $i=1:n-1$ \\
  \; \; \, \; \; \, for $j=i+1:n$ \\
  \; \; \, \; \; \, \; \; \, if ($I_i>I_j$)\\
  \; \; \, \; \; \, \; \; \, \; \; \, move firefly $i$ towards firefly $j$\\
  \; \; \, \; \; \, \; \; \, end if \\
  \; \; \, \; \; \, end for \\
  \; \; \, end for \\
  \; \; \, move firefly $N$ randomly\\
  end for \\\hline
\end{tabular}\label{Table1}
\end{table}

\section{Modified firefly algorithms for discrete optimization problems}

Firefly algorithms has been modified and used for discrete
optimization problems. Based on the space where the updating is
performed, these modifications can generally be categorized in to
two categories. The fist category is when the updating is done in
the continuous space and a discretization mechanism is used to
change the values to discrete numbers whereas the second is when the
updating is done on the discrete space.

\subsection{Updating in the continuous space}
In this category the updating procedure of the standard firefly
algorithm will be used and the result will be converted to discrete
values.

Perhaps the first modification of firefly algorithm for discrete
problems, specifically binary problems, is done for a job scheduling
problem in \cite{Sayadi104}. After updating a solution $x_i$ using
the updating equations of the standard firefly algorithm, each
component $k$ of the solution vector $x_i$ will be converted to 0's
and 1's based on the sigmoid function,
$S(x_i(k))=\frac{1}{1+e^{-x_i(k)}}$, as the probability that
$x_i(k)$ will be 1. A similar approach in which
$x_i(k)=\{\begin{array}{l}
          1, rand < S(x_i(k)) \\
          0, otherwise
          \end{array}$ is used in \cite{Palit106, Yang98, Sayadi105, Rajalakshmi100, Chhikara99}.
In addition using the sigmoid function the tan hyperbolic function
has also be used in some studies \cite{Chandrasekaran107,
Chandrasekaran97, Crawford96}. In \cite{Crawford96}, rather than
using a random number to determine the value of $x_i(k)$, a given
threshold, $\tau$, is used, i.e. $x_i(k)=\{\begin{array}{l}
          1, \tau < tan|x_i(k)| \\
          0, otherwise
          \end{array}$. Furthermore, in \cite{Liu108} both the sigmoid
as well as the tan hyperbolic functions are used to limit the value
of $x_i(k)$ in between 0 and 1. The two functions are shown on Fig.
\ref{fig1}, where the sigmoid function falls as an S-shaped function
and the tan hyperbolic function as a V-shaped function.

In \cite{Crawford95}, four variants of the sigmoid functions,
S-shaped functions, and four variants of the tan hyperbolic
functions, V-shaped functions are given. The four S-shaped functions
are given by $S_1(x_i(k))=\frac{1}{1+e^{-2x_i(k)}}$,
$S_2(x_i(k))=\frac{1}{1+e^{-x_i(k)}}$,
$S_3(x_i(k))=\frac{1}{1+e^{-\frac{x_i(k)}{2}}}$ and
$S_4(x_i(k))=\frac{1}{1+e^{-\frac{x_i(k)}{3}}}$ and the four
V-shaped functions are
$V_1(x_i(k))=|erf(\frac{\sqrt{2}}{\pi}x_i(k))|$,
$V_2(x_i(k))=tanh(|x_i(k)|)$, $V_3(x_i(k))=|\frac{x}{\sqrt{1+x^2}}|$
and $V_4(x_i(k))=|\frac{2}{\pi}arctan(\frac{\pi}{2}x_i(k))|$. The
transformation functions are plotted and given in Fig. \ref{fig1}.
After the transformation of the values to the interval [0, 1], three
methods are used to convert the values to a binary number. These
methods are $x_i(k)=\{\begin{array}{l}
          1, rand < T(x_i(k)) \\
          0, otherwise
          \end{array}$, $x_i(k)=\{\begin{array}{l}
    x^*(k), rand < T(x_i(k)) \\
    0, otherwise
    \end{array}$ and $x_i(k)=\{\begin{array}{l}
                           (x_i(k))^{-1}, rand < T(x_i(k)) \\
                           x_i(k), otherwise
                           \end{array}$
where $x_i(k)$ is the $k^{th}$ component of $x_i$ from the previous
iteration, $x^*$ the best solution so far from the memory and
$(x_i(k))^{-1}$ gives the complement of $x_i(k)$, that is if
$x_i(k)=1$ its inverse will be 0 and if it is 0 its inverse will be
1.

\begin{figure}[H]
\centering
\includegraphics[width=10.5cm, height=9cm]{fig1}
\caption{S-shape and V-shape transfer functions.}\label{fig1}
\end{figure}

In addition to using sigmoid function for the conversion of the
variables to binary numbers, the updating formula was modified in
\cite{Farhoodnea101, Farhoodnea102}. The distance is modified using
sigmoid function using $S(r)=|tanh(\lambda r)|$ for a parameter
$\lambda$ with value near 1 and based on this the updating formula
is done using $x_i=\{\begin{array}{l}
x_i+\beta(x_j-x_i)+\alpha (rand() - 0.5), rand < S(r) \\
x_i, otherwise
\end{array}$. If firefly $x_i$ is closer $x_j$ then it has less probability of moving.
That may affect the quality of the solution as rather than improving
or exploring the solution will stay in its position. In
\cite{Costa112}, another version of S-shaped sigmoid function given
by $S(x_i(k))=0.5(1+erf()x_i(k))$ is proposed.

In addition to modification for binary problems, firefly algorithm
has also been used for optimization problems with integer valued
variables. In \cite{Bacanin123, Baghlani126}, the same updating
formulas as the standard firefly algorithm used and the result is
rounded to the nearest integer value. A similar approach is used for
the mixed integer problem in \cite{Gandomi125}. Another modification
for binary mixed problem is presented in \cite{Bacanin127}. The
modification is done using a new updating formula given by
$x_i(k):=round(\frac{1}{1+e^{-x_i(k)+rand(x_i-x_j)}}-0.06)$.

Another modification in this category is done in \cite{Oliveira114,
Marichelvam116}. The modification is based on a concept of random
key, which is proposed in \citep{Bean94}. The method uses a mapping
of a random number space, [0, 1], to the problem space. In other
words, it encodes and decodes a solution with real numbers and these
numbers, obtained randomly in a (0,1) uniform probabilistic
distribution, are keys for sorting other numbers in order to form
feasible solutions in an optimization problem and also in the
updating process of firefly algorithm. Hence, after updating a
solution using the standard firefly algorithm updating mechanism
then it will be converted to integers using randem key approach.

In addition to modifying the algorithm to suit the problem,
different additional modifications are proposed to increase the
effectiveness of the algorithm. In \cite{Bacanin123, Baghlani126,
Gandomi125}, the random movement step length was made adaptive as a
function of the iteration number, $Itr$, using
$\alpha=\alpha_0\theta ^{Itr}$, for a new algorithm parameter
$\theta$, where $0<\theta<1$. Fig. \ref{fig2} shows the adaptive
step length proposed for different values of $\theta$. Another
modification on the random movement step length is given in
\cite{Bacanin127}, by $\alpha:=\alpha
(\frac{10^{-4}}{9})^{\frac{1}{MaxItr}}$. Additionally, a scaling
parameter, $x_{max}-x_{min}$, multiplies the random movement
\cite{Bacanin123, Baghlani126}. The randomness step length $\alpha$
is modified using
$\alpha=\alpha_0-\frac{1}{1+e^{-(Itr-\frac{MaxItr}{2})}}$, in
\cite{Liu108}. Furthermore, in \cite{Chhikara99}, $\alpha$ and
$\gamma$ is modified based on the problem property.

In \cite{Costa112}, both $\alpha$ and $\gamma$ are made to change
with iteration using
$\alpha=\alpha_{max}-\frac{Itr}{MaxItr}(\alpha_{max}-\alpha_{min})$
and
$\gamma=\gamma_{max}e^{\frac{Itr}{MaxItr}ln(\frac{\gamma_{min}}{\gamma_{max}})}$.
In this modification $\alpha$ decreases linearly and $\gamma$
increases quicker than a linear function. This implies that as the
iteration increases the random movement decreases so does the
attraction step length. In addition Levy distribution is used to
generate a random direction with a scaling parameter which is the
difference between the maximum and minimum values of the feasible
region. However, it should be noted that Levy distribution will
generate a random direction with a step length and also $\alpha$ is
used to control the step length hence adding additional scaling
parameter may not be effective. That is because it is possible to
control the step length based on $\alpha$ and the random vector
generated by Levy distribution. Additionally, since $\alpha$ is made
to decrease through iteration, its effect may not be seen due to
this scaling parameter.

\begin{figure}[H]
\centering
\includegraphics[width=12cm, height=7cm]{fig2}
\caption{Different modifications proposed for $\alpha$, $\alpha''$
is the modification proposed in [127], $\alpha_L$ from [112],
$\alpha_l$ from [108] and $\alpha'$ is from [125, 123, 126] with
different values of $\theta$, for all the cases
$\alpha_0=\alpha_{max}=2.5$ and for the $\alpha_L$
$\alpha_{min}=0.1$.}\label{fig2}
\end{figure}

\subsection{Updating in the discrete space}

In \cite{Poursalehi117, Durkota118}, the standard firefly algorithm
is modified for loading pattern enhancement. The generation of
random solutions are using random permutation and the distance
between fireflies are measured using hamming distance. Hamming
distance of two vectors $x_i$ and $x_j$ is given by $d=|H|$ where
$H$ is number of entries, $k$, for which $x_i(k) \neq x_j(k)$. The
updating process is separated and made sequentially;first the
$\beta$-step, a move due to the attraction and $\alpha$-step, a move
due to the random movement. In the $\beta$-step, first same entries
with same index for both fireflies, $x_i$ and $x_j$ will be
preserved and for the other components an entry from $x_j$ will be
copied if $rand<\beta$, where $\beta=\frac{1}{1+\gamma d^2}$. If
$rand\geq \beta$, then the entry from $x_i$ will be used. After
moving $x_i$ using the $\beta$-step the random movement or the
$\alpha$-step will be used to update $x_i$ using
$x_i:=round(x_i+\alpha (rand()-0.5))$ with a swapping mechanism to
preserve feasibility. A similar approach, but different way of
computing $\beta$ is proposed in \cite{Ishikawa119}. It is computed
based on the familiarity degree $P$, which is a random $N$ by $N$
vector initially and updates by
$P_{ij}=P_{ij}+\frac{1}{|rank_i-rank_j|}$ and the
$\beta=e^{-\frac{(\max\limits_k\{P_{ik}\}-P_{ij})^2}{\max\limits_k\{P_{ik}\}}}$.
In addition to making the algorithm suitable for non-continuous
variables, in \cite{Ishikawa119}, the randomness parameter $\alpha$
is made adaptive using $\alpha=\lfloor
n-\frac{Itr}{MaxItr}n\rfloor$, which is a function of the iteration
number and the dimension of the problem. As can be seen from
Fig.\ref{fig3half}, it decreases with iteration.

\begin{figure}[H]
\centering
\includegraphics[width=12cm, height=7cm]{fig3half}
\caption{The step length $\alpha$ for dimensions of
$n=2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9$ and for 100 iterations}\label{fig3half}
\end{figure}

The modification proposed in \cite{Poursalehi120} is similar with
the modification proposed in \cite{Poursalehi117, Durkota118}. The
only difference is in the updating mechanism, which is done based on
a given probability parameter $\rho$,
$\rho=0.5+\frac{0.5Itr}{MaxItr}$. It is the probability for a
firefly $x_i$ to follow another brighter firefly $x_j$. However, if
$rand > \rho$ firefly $x_i$ will move towards the brightest firefly
of the fireflies.

In \cite{Mamaghani113}, after a randomly integer coded initial
solutions are generated, hamming distance is used to compute the
distance, $r$, between two solutions. Then a random number $R$ will
be generated between 1 and $r$, and $R$ swaps will be done from the
brighter firefly. A similar modification is proposed in
\cite{Osaba200}. In \cite{Osaba200}, after computing the humming
distance, $r$, of two fireflies a random number $R$ between 2 and
$r\gamma^{Itr}$ will be used to in stead of $r$ in
\cite{Mamaghani113}. Only improving solutions will be accepted.

For travel salesman problem, firefly algorithm has been modified in
\cite{Jati121}. The distance between two solution is computed using
$r=10\frac{A}{n}$, where $A$ is number of different arcs and $n$ is
the number of cities. A firefly $i$ moves towards brighter firefly
$j$, $m$ times where $m$ is a new parameter to determine the number
of moves, using inversion mutation to preserve feasibility. That is
an initial chromosome is selected randomly and other entries will be
filled using inversion mutation $m$ times to generate $m$ new
solutions. Once all the $N$ solutions are moved $m$ times then the
best $N$ solutions will be selected to pass to the next iteration.

Another modification is proposed in \cite{Li122}. The updating for a
solution $x_i$ towards a brighter firefly $x_j$ is given by
$x_i(k):=\{\begin{array}{l}
S_i(k), \alpha |rand-0.5| < \beta_0e^{-\gamma r^2} \\
x_i(k), otherwise
\end{array}$, where
$S_i(k)=\{\begin{array}{l}
x_j(k), x_j(k)\neq x_i(k) \\
0, otherwise
\end{array}$, for each dimension $k$. In addition to this,
a firefly $x_i$ will be affected by fireflies in its visual range.
That means for a firefly $x_i$ to move towards another firefly
$x_j$, firefly $x_j$ should be brighter and also should be in
$x_i$'s visual range. The visual range, $dv$, is computed using
$dv=\{\begin{array}{l}
\frac{3(dv_{max}-dv{min})Itr)}{2(MaxItr-1)}, Itr<\frac{2MaxItr}{3} \\
dv_{max}, otherwise
\end{array}$. As can be seen from Fig. \ref{fig3}, the visual range
increases until it reaches to the maximum value. This means that
initially a brighter firefly affects solution near its location
where in latter stages it can affect any firefly in the maximum
allowed visual range.

\begin{figure}[H]
\centering
\includegraphics[width=12cm, height=7cm]{fig3}
\caption{The visual range of a firefly with $dv_{max}=3$ and
$dv_{min}=0.2$ for 100 iterations}\label{fig3}
\end{figure}

A  modification based on the problem property for supplier selection
problem is also proposed in \cite{Kota124}. In addition in
\cite{Baykasoglu110}, firefly algorithm algorithm has been modified
and used for knapsack problems. The discretization is done based on
the problem property. In addition, a firefly $i$ will move towards a
brighter firefly $j$ if $rand <
rank_i^{-\frac{mode(Itr-1,MaxItr)}{MaxItr}}$. The additional
condition slowly vanishes as the iteration increases. Furthermore,
$\beta$ is modified for computational reason using
$\beta=\frac{\beta_0}{\omega+r}$, for a very small number $\omega$
to omit the singularity case. A similar modification is used in
\cite{Baykasoglu111}. In addition to the discretization done in
\cite{Baykasoglu110}, the authors in \cite{Baykasoglu111} proposed
two additional moves after the updates. The first one is a random
flight by 10\% of top fireflies with 0.45 probability. The move will
be accepted only if it is improving. The second is a local search of
the brighter firefly. After 10\% of the iterations it will do a
local search and the update will be accepted if it is improving.

\section{Discussion}

Binary problems are one of the main class of problems with
non-continuous variables for which firefly algorithm has been
modified for. Most of these modifications deals with updating the
continuous space using the updating formula of the standard firefly
algorithm and changing the resulting solution to a binary number for
each dimension. The conversion usually uses sigmoid functions which
will convert the result to be in between zero and one. The decimal
number then converted to a binary number. Updating the solutions
using the updating formula of the standard firefly algorithm and
converting the result is done not only for binary problems but also
for other problems with non-continuous variables. However, it should
be noted that updating on the continuous space push the solutions to
the continuous solution which can be far away from the solution for
the discrete variables. For example if we consider the function
given in Fig. \ref{Fig4}, the solution for the continuous case is
around $x=5.5$ and the nearest integer is $x=5$ and $x=6$. However,
for the integer valued problem the solution is at $x=1$. Hence,
updating on the discrete space has an advantage.

\begin{figure}[H]
\centering
\includegraphics[width=10cm, height=6cm]{fig4}
\caption{Discrete versus continuous space search where the black
circles representing the ineteger functional value and the red graph
is the corresponding continuous function}\label{Fig4}
\end{figure}

In updating in the discrete space usually done based on the coding
used which is based on the properties of the problems. The distance
between two fireflies are measured based on the difference in the
entries or based on the difference sequence of the entries. Swapping
using different approaches are used. A research on which approach is
better has not be studied and can be studied in the future.
Modifying an algorithm to suit a given problem has also been done
and it is often effective. Another possible future work is
generalizing the approach so that a given modification in one
problem domain can be used in another.

Apart from making the algorithm suitable for problems with
non-continuous variables the algorithm parameters are modified.
Making the randomness step length $\alpha$ decreasing with iteration
is a good idea in order to archive quality solutions. In addition it
has also been modified based on the problem dimension however
appropriate scaling parameter needs to accompany the modification.
Perhaps it is also an ideal  issue to explore the adaptive step
length which varies based on the performance and also which can
possibly be increasing and also decreasing based on its current
status.

Another possible future work is to merge the search mechanism both
on the discrete as well as the continuous space. Perhaps the
advantage of the search on continuous space and also discrete space
can be combined to give a superior performance.

\section{Conclusion}

Firefly algorithm has been proposed for continuous problems.
However, due to the application of optimization problems with
non-continuous problems, it has been modified and used in different
studies. The modification basically can be categorized into two. The
first category is where the updating mechanism is done on the
continuous space and the result is converted to the discrete values.
For this purpose different sigmoid and tan hyperbolic functions are
used most of the time. The second category is when the update is
performed on the discrete space. This approach has an advantage over
the first as it will may lead the solutions in a local minimum or
wrong direction. In this paper, a review on these modifications
along with possible future works is discussed.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaArXiv


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If that happens, we will prepare your case for trial. We will use our extensive network of resources, including medical experts, safety specialists, accident scene reconstructors, and other subject matter experts to help us document your case.
Throughout the process, we will be there for you, to answer your questions and help you get the resources you need. We will work tirelessly on your behalf and do everything in our power to ensure the best possible outcome in your case.
Our legal team will carefully analyze the details of your accident to determine fault. To prove legal liability, we will establish the at-fault party's negligence by demonstrating that they owed you a duty of care and by violating that duty they caused the incident that led to your injuries and actual economic damages.
For example, motorists owe a duty of care to other drivers, pedestrians, cyclists, and anyone else who shares the roadways. If the at-fault party violated that duty of care by texting and driving, subsequently swerving and striking you on your bicycle, their breach of duty caused your accident. Consequently, the driver and their insurance company have liability for your actual damages.
Because Florida follows comparative negligence principles for personal injury liability, the insurance company may argue that you contributed to the accident by violating the law or riding carelessly. In that case, if they can provide proof that you contributed to the accident, it may reduce your settlement by your percentage of fault.
For example, if you bear 20 percent of the fault for the accident and the settlement award is $100,000, you will receive 80 percent of the amount, which is $80,000.
If your cycling injury resulted from a road hazard, we can pursue the municipality responsible for street maintenance or possibly construction contractors whose work caused the hazard. Alternatively, if a defective cycle led to your crash and subsequent injuries, we can explore the possibility of a product defect lawsuit against the bike's manufacturer or retailer.
Do not talk to the insurance company or provide any statements until you consult with a bicycle accident lawyer, as you could inadvertently compromise your legal rights to seek compensation.
As soon as possible after a cycling accident, contact the Law Offices of Anidjar & Levine to consult with a bicycle accident lawyer in Jacksonville, Fl to help you with your accident injury claim. We provide a free consultation and case review, to answer all your questions and explain your options. This allows you to make an informed decision about your future.
To schedule your free case evaluation, contact our office today at 1-800-747-3733.


The Biology graduate program offers a close-knit academic environment that leads to an M.S. in Biology. Our graduates have specialized training in their chosen sub-disciplines and the communication and teaching skills needed to function effectively within a broad-based scientific community.
Our graduate students conduct research with faculty ranging in topics from molecular genetics, to biomath, and ecology. For more information about faculty research interests, see our faculty directory. Most graduate students will publish their thesis research in highly respected journals as highlighted in a list of recent student publications.
Full-time students are supported by teaching assistantships and full tuition waivers. Most students complete their master's degree in two years and go on to pursue either a Ph.D. or M.D. degree. Our program also provides the training required to enter technical positions in industry and government. Recent grads are pursuing Ph.D.s at Duke, UC Davis, Johns Hopkins, and University of Toronto; others are following career paths in biotech, pharmaceuticals, resource management, and environmental consulting.
For more information, please contact our graduate co-directors, Professors Diane Shakes and Patty Zwollo.


So it's the last day of February. You made it one more day gone one more month conquered, but until what? Until your kids are grown, you've found your soul mate, or you've reached the ultimate financial or social status. What are you waiting for to live? I often find myself slipping into a pattern of just waiting for something to happen. Now I've been doing work so the duration isn't as long as it once was and I'm certainly looking forward to day that fully living is just what I do.
I had one of these episodes about the end of December the first part of January. I just wanted to make it through the day, through the month, through the winter.... My soul loves sunshine so the winter months can be harsh for me. I just want to hibernate through and then come out with the sun in a few months. I think Heavenly father knew I needed a spring like February this year.
I can't tell you the exact day that I recognized my pattern of just existing but I can tell you I saw it and knew I wasn't loving myself enough to live life fully. I find that when I'm self critical/hating on myself, I tend to find this mode of survival easy to slip into. It's like that comfy pair of sweat pants that just make you feel better when you're sick. You know the ones I'm talking about fleece lined love being in them curled up on the couch pants. Okay back to hating on myself. I was seeing all the flaws, why can't I just find that special someone? Is there something wrong with me? I probably just gained about 20 lbs over the holidays. Gosh why can't I treat my body better? I'll spare you the rest of the gory details. I think you get the gist.
I really wanted to meet a the guy through December I put my hopes and dreams up on a pedestal and thought if I had enough faith and worked hard enough. You know put myself "out there" it would all work itself out. I joined a dating site, put the word out to everyone that is anyone and even tried my hand at the singles ward. Long story short... dead end after dead end, not even a single date came out of it. "My plan" wasn't working and the bad toxic self talk crept in seeping through every shattered thought and dream and the hibernation began.
I wasn't loving myself friends I was being down right nasty and one night I just broke. tears, heartache, grief. My loving friend and roommate just happened to be there to assist in picking up the pieces and read me this quote.
"He's not waiting for us to be perfect. Perfect people don't need a Savior. He came to save us in our imperfections. He is the Lord of the living, and the living make mistakes. He's not embarrassed by us. angry at us or shocked. He wants us in our brokenness, in our unhappiness, in our guilt and our grief."
I had gotten the quote in a relief society lesson a few weeks earlier and it had touched me then, but when she read it to me I felt this rush of love pore into my soul. I felt the pure love of Christ rush in and sweep out all the bad thoughts. I remembered who I am and that I have a loving Heavenly Father. He has an amazing and loving plan for me. I chose then to begin loving myself and fully living life again. It's a choice my loving sisters. Choose to Love the life you have it's the only one you've got. Choose to Be present, live in the now and enjoy it. Choose to hold gratitude for the frustration and trials in life because he's got a better plan for us then we do for ourselves. Choose to love yourself with the same pure love that our Heavenly Father loves you with.
I have been thinking about the challenge this month and I really wanted to do my best and have great story to tell you. Honestly I don't know that it will be an uplifting, spiritual, fantastic, or anything climatic. Life happens and trials come in and everyone feels like it would be better to go to bed and face everything the next day. This would be me the last little bit.
I wrote that intro as I was listing to In Too Deep by Sum 41. Here is the first part of the song that I was listening to.
Maybe we're just trying too hard.
My husband was in the hall working on the salt water fish tank and asked if I was trying to tell him something. I laughed to myself and let the song continue. After playing it twice, and hitting the back button to play it for a third time, he asked me if I was ok. I told him I was struggling to write positive things about Love because all I can think about is one part of my life that I am NOT feeling the love from right now. While trying to explain that to him tears came floating to the surface which brought him into the room. He heard me out and then asked about us and if I was feeling the love he had for me. I said yes I knew he loved me to which he suggested I should right about that.
When I have a trial, obstacle, or just plain life experience that brings me down, the focus becomes on that one thing. Thats how I have been lately. I got so consumed and invested in this life experience to the point that joy was hard to find and frustration became prevalent. It took breaking down to my husband to realize this. I was looking for joy, satisfaction, and love to come from the experience, but it didn't. What I failed to recognize was the love and support that I was receiving from Eddy through every step of the way. He was there to hear my complaints, rants, sobs, and everything else in between and I was definitely giving it to him. He took it all in and showered me with love, but I was too blind by frustration to see it.
How many times do we say prayers to our Heavenly Father with complaints, rants, sobs, and everything else in between and feel like we aren't loved? I am here to tell you that our Heavenly Father loves EVERYONE and shows His love for you on a continual basis. You just have to look for that love in the right place. It might be in someone calling to see how you are doing when you have had a bad day or a tender mercy of the crazy toddler taking an hour nap in the afternoon. It is somewhere in your life I promise. You just have to look for where it is and not where it isn't. It was hard for me to see at first but once I switched my focus, I began to see just how much love Eddy had given me and continues to give me. I am so thankful for his words of wisdom and most of all for his love.
Look for love in the right place and tell us where that is for you in your life. Feel free to share what you found. Have a good week y'all.
"Love one another; as I have loved you" (John 13:34). On this simple phrase hangs the success of every marriage and family. In the light of Christ's love we see our family's divine potential. We love them with all our heart, soul, and mind. And as we do, our ordinary family is transformed into an extraordinary one.
Whenever I think about love and what that really entails, I am reminded of President Uchtdorf's conference talk, Of Things That Matter Most. He literally spells out what love is when he says, "in family relationships love is really spelled T.I.M.E". I will never forget that talk or hearing those words. The are burned in my mind forever.
I am constantly in a battle trying to do the laundry, cooking, cleaning, dishes, errands... It is exhausting! But we do it because we LOVE our family right? As I throw in a load of laundry and shoo away my daughters so I can get more done. I think, "LOVE is really spelled time... " What a blessing the whispering of the Holy Ghost can be. Truth is, they will never remember how much laundry I folded and put away for them! So I take to the floor and play on their level with them, which is something they will remember.
I mean really... Think about the last time you spent 30 minutes of undivided attention on someone you love. To carve out 30 minutes of a day as a mother where you do nothing but focus on your kids is MUCH harder than it sounds- no cooking, playing on the phone, laundry or mind wandering... but the blessings and relationships I have been so blessed to form with my daughters and the love we have each felt when I give all my attention and time to them is miraculous. You should try it!
Love in family life isn't always glitter and unicorns in fact, the greatest joys and the greatest sorrows we experience are in family relationships. The joys come from putting the welfare of others above our own. That is what love is. And the sorrow comes primarily from selfishness, which is the absence of love. When I feel really happy- that pure joy feeling I often ask Brian, "how I am so blessed to have you?". That kind of love comes from both of us caring more about each other than we do about ourselves. Everyday there are instances where either of us can choose to be selfish, but we often choose to love the other more and it makes all the difference. Let us not forget love is also spelled time for our spouse. They also deserve your undivided attention, sacrifice, and expressions of love.
Take advantage of those minutes, hours, days, weeks, months, or years you may have left in life and spend that TIME to show true LOVE. With this month of LOVE half over, I hope it comes to your mind often that LOVE is spelled TIME.
The last few weeks in Primary I've been teaching the kiddos a new song called "Where Love Is." One line that's really stuck with me is "Where love is, we want to be." How true is that for you? For me it is a definite truth. The times when I've been struggling the most have been when I haven't felt loved by other people, but mostly when I haven't loved myself. Love is such an important part of life. Everyone wants to feel loved and needed.
A little over a year ago, after working through some major limiting beliefs I had about myself (I'm not enough, I'm a failure, etc.), I had an epiphany. I had finally cleared out enough junk that I could see that my feeling of not being loved was actually me trying to protect myself from being hurt again. Love surrounded me. My family loved me, My boyfriend, who would soon become my husband, loved me. I really did love me. Above all, my Heavenly Father loved me! When I realized that all I had to do was take in all the love around me and absorb it, I felt like my whole world changed! I went from fighting love, to embracing love in all its forms. When I started taking in all the love, I was better able to spread love around as well.
Have you ever felt as if no one loves you? If you have and even if you haven't, I challenge you to open your heart and look for the love that surrounds you. You will find more love than you ever dreamed possible just waiting for you to see it. Another Primary song reminds us to look for the love of our Heavenly Father.
February Challenge: This month as you are going about your days, look for ways love is all around you. Take it in. Enjoy it. Then share it with others. Share your discoveries and how you shared love with others on Facebook and Instagram. Use the hashtags #lovelight #nourishyourlight #soulfulbsisterhood.


Explore grander adventures and exclusive offers at the biggest industry-led motor show in the country.
"We are proud to host an especially curated exhibit of the best of BMW at the Manila International Auto Show 2018, under the theme 'Work and Play.' The models that we will present truly embody not only this year's concept, but also our promise of 'Sheer Driving Pleasure' in every journey," says Maricar Parco, SMCACDC President.
Visitors of MIAS are in for a visual feast as sought-after driving machines from BMW's growing line-up will be out on display. The All-new BMW X3, the M division progeny BMW M2, the elegant four-door BMW 4 Series Gran Coupé, the BMW S 1000 RR superbike, the urban dwellers' favorite BMW G 310 R, and the first-ever BMW G 310 GS are among the exclusive highlights that will fuel the excitement.
BMW is inviting everyone to discover exhilaration at MIAS 2018 from April 5 to 8 at the World Trade Center in Pasay City. For more information on BMW at MIAS 2018, visit the official Facebook page of BMW Philippines (BMW.Philippines).


The following screenshots illustrate multiple marketing campaigns I produced to help Modus increase brand awareness / recognition, drive traffic, promote educational content, launch products and generate qualified sales leads.
In addition to developing each concept, I designed, wrote, distributed and managed all marketing campaigns, playing a hands-on, strategic and tactical role for each. To help define and quantify each campaign, I've provided a summary for each including campaign types, targets, creative slants and results. Individually and collectively, each marketing campaign contributed to dramatic increases across multiple key metrics.


text:
<?php
namespace Numenor\Html;

use MatthiasMullie\PathConverter\Converter;

/**
 * Conversor de diretórios relativos contidos em arquivos CSS.
 *
 * Exemplo:
 *     ../../images/icon.jpg (relativo a /css/imports/icons.css)
 * se torna
 *     ../images/icon.jpg (relative a /css/minified.css)
 *
 * Esta classe estende a funcionalidade da superclasse, oferecendo uma interface para a mudança dos diretórios de
 * origem e destino entre uma operação de conversão e outra, permitindo que o objeto possa ser reaproveitado para
 * processar diversos arquivos separadamente.
 *
 * @author Darke M. Goulart <darkemg@users.noreply.github.com>
 * @package Numenor\Html
 * @see \MatthiasMullie\PathConverter\Converter
 */
class ConversorCaminho extends Converter
{

	/**
	 * Método construtor da classe.
	 *
	 * @access public
	 * @param string $origem O diretório de origem dos links.
	 * @param string $destino O diretório de destino dos links.
	 */
	public function __construct(string $origem = '', string $destino = '')
	{
		parent::__construct($origem, $destino);
	}

	/**
	 * Define o diretório de origem dos links relativos.
	 *
	 * @access public
	 * @param string $origem O diretório de origem dos links.
	 * @returns \Numenor\Html\ConversorCaminho Instância do próprio objeto para encadeamento
	 */
	public function setOrigem(string $origem) : self
	{
		$origem = $this->normalize($origem);
        $origem = $this->dirname($origem);
		$this->from = $origem;
		return $this;
	}

	/**
	 * Define o diretório de destino dos links relativos.
	 *
	 * @access public
	 * @param string $origem O diretório de origem dos links.
	 * @returns \Numenor\Html\ConversorCaminho Instância do próprio objeto para encadeamento
	 */
	public function setDestino(string $destino) : self
	{
		$destino = $this->normalize($destino);
		$destino = $this->dirname($destino);
		$this->to = $destino;
		return $this;
	}
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
11.21.19 8:40AM
ACR 2019, Diagnosis
Anti-Cyclic Citrullinated Protein Antibodies Might Predict Who Will Get Rheumatoid Arthritis
Researchers are very interested in seeing which factors might be used to predict — and help prevent — rheumatoid arthritis in at-risk people.
Many people with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) have anti-cyclic citrullinated protein (anti-CCP) antibodies in their bloodstream, but in recent years scientists have been attempting to figure out if the presence of these antibodies in people who don't have RA might indicate that they're likely to get it. Now new research, presented at the 2019 American College of Rheumatology/Association of Rheumatology Professionals Annual Meeting in Atlanta, adds credence to that theory.
The new study, which was conducted by researchers from Sweden, focused on 65 people who tested positive for ACP antibodies despite not initially having any symptoms of rheumatoid arthritis based on clinical exams and ultrasounds.
About a year later, however, ultrasounds found that 46 percent of them now had evidence of RA. Those who developed RA during this period were more apt to have a specific genetic marker that ACP antibodies bind to that's known as HLA-SE. Participants who ended up with RA were also more likely to have inflammation of the tendons (tenosynovitis) when the study began.
"Three other studies are currently available in individuals at risk for developing arthritis lacking clinically detectable arthritis; however, these studies are relatively small and have only limited data on serum biomarkers," study co-author Anca Catrina, MD, PhD, professor and senior physician in the Unit of Rheumatology at Karolinska University Hospital told the ACR/ARP Daily News. "We used a very stringent inclusion criteria… [and] we describe several predictors that might help to identify individuals at high risk for arthritis development in clinical practice."
Get Involved in Arthritis Research
If you are diagnosed with arthritis or another musculoskeletal condition, we encourage you to participate in future studies by joining CreakyJoints' patient research registry, ArthritisPower. ArthritisPower is the first-ever patient-led, patient-centered research registry for joint, bone, and inflammatory skin conditions. Learn more and sign up here.
What Is Anti-CCP? What It Can Tell You About Your Autoimmune Disease
Rheumatoid Arthritis Risk Factors: Here's What Really Causes Rheumatoid Arthritis
Preclinical Rheumatoid Arthritis: What Is It, Exactly?
Topics	ACR 2019Rheumatoid Arthritis
African Americans with Lupus Face a Very High Risk of Heart Problems, and They Peak Close to Diagnosis
Nearly Half of Giant Cell Arteritis Patients on Actemra for a Year Stay in Remission After Stopping It

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Chapter: Appendix D: Biographical Sketches of Steering Committee Members
« Previous: Appendix C: Workshop Agenda and List of Participants
Suggested Citation:"Appendix D: Biographical Sketches of Steering Committee Members." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2016. Rationalizing Rural Area Classifications for the Economic Research Service: A Workshop Summary. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/21843.
Biographical Sketches of Steering Committee Members
David L. Brown (Chair) is professor and chair of the department of sociology at Cornell University and the co-director of the Community and Regional Development Institute. His areas of expertise are in demography, migration, urbanization, and community. His current projects include the political economy of rural and regional development in the United States and in ex-socialist eastern Europe; how social mobilities are reshaping the urban-rural periphery; commuting behavior among rural in-migrants in England and the United States; the process through which amenity-based areas become destinations for older in-migrants and maintain that status over time; and the social and economic implications of natural population decrease including the lived experience of residents of such areas and the association between natural population decrease and economic activity over time. He received his Ph.D. in sociology/demography from the University of Wisconsin–Madison.
James Fitzsimmons is assistant division chief in Geographic Studies and Information Resources, Population Division, U.S. Census Bureau. He leads the Census Bureau's analytical work on the geographic distribution of population, both in the United States and other countries. Current projects include preparation of subnational population data for countries outside the United States for use in humanitarian assistance following disasters. He served as chair of the Office of Management and Budget's (OMB) Metropolitan Area Standards Review Committee for the updating of standards in 2000 and 2013. This committee recommended the changes
to the definitions of metropolitan and micropolitan statistical areas that were adopted by OMB prior to the release of data from the decennial census. He has a Ph.D. in geography from the University of Minnesota, Twin Cities.
Stephan Goetz is professor of agricultural and regional economics at the College of Agricultural Sciences at Pennsylvania State University. As director of the Northeast Center, he provides leadership for economic and community development research and extension activities across 13 states. Part of this responsibility includes linking state activities to national and regional initiatives. An underlying theme of his research program is the role of markets and human capital in stimulating economic growth and development, and in reducing poverty. Current research interests include social network analysis, regional food systems, self-employment, and targeted economic development. He has a Ph.D. in agricultural economics from Michigan State University.
Mark Partridge is the C. William Swank chair of rural urban policy at Ohio State University and a professor in the agricultural, environment, and development economics department. He is also a faculty research affiliate of the City Region Studies Center, University of Alberta. Dr. Partridge's current research interests include investigating rural urban interdependence, why some communities grow faster than others, and innovations in regional policy and governance. He is co-editor of the Journal of Regional Science and is on the executive council of the Regional Science Association International. Dr. Partridge has consulted with the OECD, the Federal Reserve Bank of Chicago, various governments in the United States and Canada; and he is currently working a project for the European Commission. He has a Ph.D. in economics from the University of Illinois.
David Allen Plane is professor in the school of geography and regional development at the University of Arizona in Tucson. His research interests are population (migration), transportation, regional science, regional development, and quantitative modeling. His research focuses on population geography, U.S. migration and settlement patterns, the role of the life course in affecting mobility, and methods for modeling temporal change in spatial interaction systems. In 2001-2002 and again in 2011, he was a visiting researcher at the U.S. Census Bureau. He is a member of the National Academy of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine's Panel on Addressing Priority Technical Issues for the Next Decade of the American Community Survey. He has a Ph.D. in regional science from the University of Pennsylvania.
Brigitte S. Waldorf is professor of agricultural economics at Purdue University. In her research, she combines a topical interest in population, urban and transportation issues with a methodological interest in spatial and quantitative analysis. Among her research topics are immigration, regional demographic change due to migration and fertility, the growth of a knowledge-based workforce, the urban-rural interface, and access to health care. She has an M.A. in geography and an M.A. in mathematics from the Heinrich Heine University in Dusseldorf, Germany, and a Ph.D. in geography from the University of Illinois.
Next: Committee on National Statistics »


Many fantastic discussions take place in pubs. In fact, depending on who you listen to, the original idea to build Galaxy Zoo came from a discussion in a pub! So what better way to celebrate the 10th anniversary of the project than to host an evening of talks and discussions in the pub?
Part 7 – Chris Lintott talking about dust, and other interesting stuff.
Next Next post: Pattern Perception Publishes Paper!


You only went and bloomin' DID IT, didn't you? Now it's time to get busy with sorting stuff out - insuring your car, getting it taxed, figuring out how to keep a satnav stuck to your windscreen for more than 5 minutes.
This is it: FREEDOM. And it feels so good.
Time to get that car insurance sorted, then off you go. We're even giving away cash to help you get on the road.
Things you need to know now you've passed.
What happens after I've passed my driving test?
Phew. Well done! It's taken many hours of wallet-emptying driving lessons but here you are. You made it. Now what?
W00t! How good are you?
The short answer is yes, it is worth doing. You pass your test and suddenly you're out on your own, having experienced only a few kinds of road conditions.
Passing your test is fantastic, amazing, brilliant. You want to tell everyone that you're FINALLY allowed to get in that car and go.


This hardware IP tracking evidence is computer produced particularly for 41.248.198.37. The host has the hardware Internet Protocol Address 41.248.198.37.This Internet Protocol Address adheres to proper specifications of an IPv4 IP (Internet protocol), which has a decimal value of 704169509.
An organization that holds 41.248.198.37 is Maroc Telecom.An Internet Service Provider (also known as ISP) that manages the hardware to maintain the query identity is Office National des Postes et Telecommunications O.


text:
Reports of Newspaper Death Greatly Exaggerated
By Robert Roy Britt 28 October 2008
Photo taken by tijmen Adam Ciesielski. (adamci) There are no usage restrictions for this photo
Red ink on balance sheets of major newspapers across the country has been read as the blood of a slow death. Circulation figures continue to plummet as newsroom staffs are slashed.
But the figures may be misleading, a new study suggests. People still read old media.
First the bad news:
Circulation of the The Los Angeles Times fell 5.2 percent in the most recent 6-month period, it was announced yesterday. The paper will cut 75 jobs, or 10 percent of its staff, in the second round of layoffs since July.
Each of the top 25 papers in the country saw circulation dip, led by a 13.6 percent decline at the The Atlanta Journal-Constitution. The Star-Ledger, New Jersey's largest paper, recently announced a 40 percent cut in newsroom staff.
They all might want to hang on to those last remaining reporters.
The new study finds consumption of traditional media, including newspapers, actually rose between 2003 and 2006. While Internet use rose rapidly in the survey of more than 12,000 people, use of old media (newspapers, magazines, radio and television) increased modestly. The overall result, the researchers conclude: media saturation.
A possible reason for the surprising result:
"It could be that newspaper declines are being overstated," said study leader Jay Newell of Iowa State University. "Many of the circulation drops are due to newspapers cutting back on editions that are distributed far from the city and surrounding suburbs. The people who don't get those papers could be reading local papers. Remember, too, that my study looks at newspaper readership, while newspapers report on circulation."
Indeed, The Atlanta Journal-Constitution reduced its distribution area by a third to eliminate outlying counties — some not even in Georgia, the Associated Press reported today.
Specifically, newspapers showed significant readership increases in four key stretches of the day (6-10 a.m., 10 a.m.-noon, 7:30-11 p.m. and 11 p.m.-1 a.m.), while the other three (noon-4:30 p.m., 4:30-7:30 p.m. and 1-6 a.m.) didn't significantly change.
"These numbers showed that the percentage of people who said they typically read a newspaper — in the times that you'd expect them to be reading a newspaper — has remained quite stable over the last five years," Newell said.
New media aren't displacing old, Newell and his colleagues conclude.
"Traditional media haven't dropped and ad agencies are starting to pick up on that," Newell said. "Ad agencies are beginning to see that changes in media use aren't as simple as dropping old habits such as reading the newspaper and starting new ones."
The Most Popular Myths in Science
The Science of the Economy


text:
HomeBaseballCover Story | How loss ignited Josh Smith's burning desire to be great
Cover Story | How loss ignited Josh Smith's burning desire to be great
February 14, 2019 James Moran Baseball 0
It's Opening Day 2018 and the clock is trudging toward midnight. Everything is pretty quiet at Alex Box Stadium. Seemingly the only people left in the building are a crew of workers preparing for the next day and a press box full of writers clacking away on their rewritten game stories.
A refresher: LSU hadn't lost a season opener since 2001, but that 16-year winning streak was on life support. Visiting Notre Dame had raced out to a 6-0 lead, but LSU stormed back, first with a grand slam and finally with the game-winning, three-run bomb in the eighth inning.
The sellout crowd had long since dispersed from the stands, sent home happy by the heroics of one Josh Smith.
An hour or so later it became apparent that Smith was neither home nor happy as he made his way out to shortstop on an otherwise empty field. There he proceeded to take an entire hopper worth of ground balls off the fungo bat of a student manager.
Before the dramatic home run, Smith had committed two errors. That didn't sit well with him. This wasn't just opening day for LSU, it was his debut as the team's full-time shortstop. It represented the fulfillment of a dream Smith had chased from the time he could walk.
Our 2019 Baseball Preview is available now
Watching Smith quietly grind after hours felt reminiscent to the great LSU shortstops that came before him. He appeared primed to ascend to that level and become the kind of star player that LSU needed him to be.
Instead the unthinkable happened.
Three days later Smith was diagnosed with a stress reaction on his vertebrae, an injury that would cost him at least half the season. It proved to be far worse as Smith missed all but six games in a season that turned into an injury-plagued grind without him.
"He was ready to be the shortstop at LSU," says Scott Smith, Josh's father. "That's what you dream of as a kid, and it came true just to be taken away from him."
Baseball always seemed to come easy to Josh Smith, and it was always there when he needed it. The game became both his passion and his outlet when things weren't so easy away from the diamond.
And by losing it, even temporarily, Smith lost himself for a bit, but in the process he found a more intense drive to be great than ever before.
IT'S KIND OF funny that Smith was out there taking extra ground balls after that two-error night. Defense was always his calling card, as Scott Smith remembers. It came so naturally to him. Hitting was always the part of his game that seemed to require work.
Maybe it was genetic. Scott himself was a solid high school player, and Josh's mother, Jenny, is said to be a neighborhood legend growing up the sister of five brothers. Brett, Josh's older sister, is more of a fashionista, but his younger sister Carsyn is an athlete too.
Baseball entered the picture not long after Josh took his first steps. His Godparents bought him a tee to hit off of for Christmas when he was 3 years old. He started playing tee ball that next spring.
"As soon as he could walk, pretty much, and that's not exaggerating," Scott says. "He was coordinated enough to catch it if you threw it to him. Most kids can't do that, so I knew he'd at least be ok at that point."
Courtesy of the Smith family
That dexterity allowed Smith to play with older kids from a young age. He was never particularly big, strong or fast for his age, but he could play. He was the youngest kid to make a select travel ball team coached by former LSU infielder Trey McClure.
Josh always wanted to play at LSU, but his parents tried to stay grounded as best they could. It became more real when McClure, an All-American in his day, told them that Josh had what it took to play at that level. McClure's father had coached Austin Nola in travel ball a few years earlier.
That quick ascent continued into his career at Catholic High. He started his ninth grade season as the team's third baseman, and it didn't take long for Brad Bass to realize Smith needed to be moved over to shortstop.
"He was our starting shortstop as a freshman on a team that won the state championship," Bass says. "The only other person to do that before him was Austin Nola. That's a pretty rare thing at a school like this. He also led off for us and was the catalyst for that team."
Catholic High advanced deep into the state playoffs every season that Smith was on the team, but they only won the one championship. The Jordan Brothers and some loaded teams from Barbe High were a big reason why.
Bass remembers telling former LSU recruiting coordinator Javi Sanchez about Smith as a ninth grader. He drove him to his first college showcase, and though Smith bombed on that day, the staff offered him a spot not long after.
"He adopted the nickname J Smooth over here," Bass says. "That's what his teammates called him because he's just got a knack for playing the game. He's got that rare ability to anticipate where the ball is going to be. There were some instinctual things he did that high school kids just don't do.
"We as coaches have gotten a lot of credit for the things he did, but the truth is he made us all look good."
Professional scouts took notice as Smith grew bigger and stronger as a prospect, but his focus never shifted. Like so many boys growing up in Louisiana, his dream was first to play shortstop at LSU and then to worry about pro ball.
"Even after he became a possible pro prospect, I knew he was coming here," Scott Smith says. "If he would have been 6-1 and ran the best 60 time, he would've been a bigger pro prospect, but I think he still would have come here. It was his goal from when he was a young kid."
Playing shortstop at LSU is what he'd always dreamed of doing. That's what made losing it so much more difficult just as he was set to make the position his own.
YOU COULDN'T SCRIPT a better freshman season than the one Smith had. He occupied third base for a year because Kramer Robertson came back unexpectedly, but Smith played the position at a Freshman All-America level on a team that made the College World Series Finals.
He did it all playing with a heavy heart.
It started with the great flood of 2016. Smith grew up in Greenwell Springs, the epicenter of the destruction, and his family house set right next to a lake. Josh was going to move into his apartment at LSU the next day, so he wanted to go visit some friends. Luckily his parents said no.
"It happened out of nowhere, which was the crazy thing," Josh says. "I remember like a day before I was going to my friend's house and my mom said 'No, it's going to flood here.' I didn't believe it. I woke up the next morning and water was flowing into our house."
The family acted fast to move what they could upstairs. They were lucky to only get about 10 inches of water in the house, as Steve recalls, but other parts of the neighborhood were under six feet of water. There was a current strong enough to be observed through a window.
Like so many others around Baton Rouge, they were stuck until a boat came for them. Steve remembers sending his wife, daughter and 81-year-old mother-in-law on the first boat while he and Josh stayed behind to wait for the next one.
"We ended up leaving in a boat down the same street we usually drive down, so it was pretty surreal," Steve says. "I remember seeing an aerial shot of our neighborhood and everything was under water. It was tough."
"It was like a scene from a movie," Josh adds. "It was crazy. Our whole neighborhood looked like a lake with houses sticking up."
The family was actually luckier than so many from that area. In lieu of hiring a contractor, Jenny organized the cleanup efforts and hired some people to subcontract under her. The Smiths were back in their house some five months later, just in time to enjoy baseball season.
It turned out to be nothing compared to the pain that followed a few months later.
BASEBALL PLAYERS WRITE all types of things inside the bill of their cap. Some scribble motivational messages. Others prefer something calming like an inside joke to keep them centered when the pressure is on.
Ever since he was a freshman, Josh Smith has had this inscribed on his hat: RIP DD.
DD is Denver Ross Denison, a classmate of Smith's at Catholic High. Adults and classmates alike remember Denison as a larger-than-life figure on campus. He was named Catholic High's Man of the Year at one point. He starred on a football team that won state and wrestled.
Denison took his own life on Dec. 5, 2016. He was 19 years old.
Denison's passing is still felt by everybody who knew him. His gravestone remains the cover photo on Josh Smith's Twitter profile to this day.
"He was one of those guys that always brought a smile, always had a smile on his face," Josh says. "Every game I think of him and every day his family means a lot to me. It was tough man. I've had a pretty emotional college experience, but I'm not the type of kid to get down. I think I've been raised by the right parents. They've always helped me out when things got bad. Everything happens for a reason and I know Denver is looking out for me. He was that kind of guy."
I know you're watching brother!!! pic.twitter.com/K0HNaJ3Txy
— Josh Smith (@josh_smith8) June 24, 2017
Smith tweeted this photo during LSU's
2017 run at the College World Series
"He was a dear friend to Josh and to so many others at this school," Bass says. "Everybody was taken aback when we heard the news. Everybody who knew him still holds it close to their heart. They all still treasure that relationship with him. A group of friends should never have to deal with that. Denver was a great kid and he'll always be remembered here. He'll always be brought up by his best friends."
Josh and Denver didn't go to elementary or middle school together, but they grew close at Catholic High. Scott Smith got to know Denver during his senior year because he showed interest in becoming a nurse anesthetist, which is Scott's line of work.
"Denver was a brilliant kid," Scott says. "He made a 30+ on his ACTs and was a 4.0 student or close to it. So he came and shadowed me one day and I told him 'Look man, I like what I do. It's noble work and the money is good, but you could probably do much more.' But he liked what I did, so that was cool, but then this happened. It hurt Josh like it hurt a lot of kids. This kid touched a lot of lives."
The Smith and Denison families were actually brought closer together through the tragedy. The Denisons regularly go to LSU games to see Josh play.
Prior to every game, Josh looks up at his hat and reminds himself that Denver is watching, too, up there with the best seat in the house.
"He's been a big motivation for Josh," Scott says. "He always told Josh he was going to be his agent if he made it big time. His father says that Denver will be his agent from Heaven now."
SMITH AND ERIC Walker have been roommates throughout their time at LSU. Last season, their apartment felt more like a MASH unit as both rehabbed in relative anonymity. A far cry from their collective heroics as rookie sensations.
Walker spent a year recovering from Tommy John surgery while Smith dealt with his back troubles. They were kind of each a support system for the other. They hung out a ton and watched games together when LSU went on the road.
However, there existed a subtle-but-important difference in their situations. Walker was on a fairly routine timeline and knew he'd be back healthy to start the 2019 season. Smith had to deal with the uncertainty that comes with back trouble, particularly after his midseason comeback attempt failed.
Smith returned to the lineup with great fanfare against Lamar on April 24. He started three games before departing the lineup for good. Smith didn't want to admit he was still in pain, but LSU coach Paul Mainieri could see he wasn't himself during a game at Ole Miss that weekend.
"I was getting pretty high about coming back and I tried to push through it too hard," Smith says. "I might've hurt it a little bit more. It was pretty scary for me because I didn't know how long it would take. Honestly I didn't know when I was going to be able to play again. It went through my head that it could take years."
Keep in mind that Smith had been an iron man to that point in his career. He played in all 72 games during his freshman season including 71 starts at third base.
His exploits at Catholic High became the stuff of legend. He could play through injuries and illness without slowing down.
"He never misses," Bass says. "He's a tough kid. I remember one time he was sick as a dog and would run out to shortstop for us. He was throwing up between innings. He actually missed pregame, and before the first pitch he made his way down from the press box bathroom just to get out to shortstop. He ended up having a great day for us. He is as tenacious and tough a player as we had."
That's what made sitting out so much of the 2018 season so difficult. Smith tried to be around the team as much as possible to maintain a presence, and he turned to video games like Fortnite as an outlet for pent up competitive juices.
Photo by James Moran
As hard as Smith tried to put on a brave face, those close to him could see that the injury and the uncertainty that came with it were weighing heavily on a guy who's usually as even keel as they come.
"He wasn't much fun to be around, to be honest with you," Mainieri says. "He was grumpy. He didn't smile much. There were times when he didn't even want to be around the team, and I'm sure it was hard for him, but he wasn't a very likable kid last year. He was never in a good mood. He was very sullen. You never saw him smiling. I totally understood. You can't be mad at him. Who is going to be be-bopping around when they want to be playing?"
The best and worst thing about baseball is the fact that it is played every day. It's an obsession for those who play it and a companion for those who watch.
For someone like Smith, losing the game can lead to a tailspin toward depression.
"I went home every night and I couldn't sleep," Smith says softly "People say they lose sleep over stuff, but I was literally awake for hours at night thinking about when I could be able to play again."
Smith credits the constant support of his parents and sisters for help keeping him grounded through the darker days. Walker and other teammates pitched in as well toward keeping him upbeat. They all implored him to keep working and not lose faith.
Still, deep down, everyone could tell Josh was hurting far worse than they were.
"I think he kind of held a lot in," Scott Smith says. "He never got overly emotional. I could sense it in his voice. I could picture him through the phone fighting back tears, but I never saw that. We talked about it a lot. We're religious people, and God has a plan for everything. You have to have trust, and he did."
THEIR PRAYERS WERE answered this summer when LSU trainer Cory Couture returned from a critical fact-finding mission. Mainieri dispatched him to research different non-surgical methods for treating a recurring back injury like the one afflicting Smith.
LSU had tried just about everything, but Couture found Smith a magic bullet in the Watkins Spine Program. It's essentially a list of eight core stabilization exercises like dead bugs, partial sit-ups or wall slides aimed at strengthening core muscles to take pressure off the vertebrae.
Couture prescribed Smith complete the regiment five times a week for five weeks. Smith felt better by the end of it and continues to follow the plan as a preventative measure.
Smith is regularly the first player to the Box this spring — or the last one to leave — so he can find 30 minutes to complete the core workout before or after practice and team lifting sessions.
"I give so much credit to our trainer," Mainieri says. "That program was something that really turned Josh around. He talked to so many people around the country before he found the magic wand. But the magic wand required a lot of work and dedication by Josh under Cory's tutelage to allow him to heal."
Smith has been working like a mad man ever since. He resumed baseball activities over the summer and was fully cleared for the start of fall practices. He also changed his diet and worked himself into the best shape of his life.
"Something kind of clicked and it felt so good to be back," Smith says. "It felt like I hadn't played in three years."
It felt a little awkward the first time he got back in live action, Smith says, but baseball can be like riding a bike once you knock off the rust. He points to an exhibition scrimmage LSU played at UNO late in the fall as a turning point of sorts for him to start feeling like his old self.
Every conversation still starts with the status of his back, but Smith insists he feels stronger than ever. This latest comeback isn't like the ill-fated one in the middle of last season. He took his time, worked tirelessly and got himself right for the long haul.
Mainieri is of the opinion that Smith is set to take his game to an entirely new level this season. It's not based on the way he's played in scrimmages, but because of the way he's seen him work and grow as a leader.
"In Josh's baseball career, things have come relatively easy for him," Mainieri says. "Sometimes, when something comes easy to you, you can take it for granted, but when it gets taken away from you through no fault of your own — it wasn't his fault he got hurt — I think he developed a greater appreciation for baseball and how blessed he's been. It kind of lit a fire under him, to be honest with you. A fire that needed to be ignited."
Mainieri has been formulating this opinion since Smith was a freshman at Catholic High. His son Tommy was also on that state title team, so the coach watched Smith play before the hype made its way across town.
As good as Smith was during his Freshman All-American season in 2017, Mainieri believed he could have been better. Making the game look easy is a wonderful trait to have, but the coach wanted more of a burning desire to be great.
"Now as I see him this season, his third year, I see a completely different kid," Mainieri says. "I see someone that displays a real love of the game. He's clearly a leader among the team. He's not just a looking-for-fun type of guy. He's committed and he's dedicated. So I'm starting to see more of the traits like an Alex Bregman displayed. I'm starting to see those in Josh now where I didn't before."
He continues: "I felt that he had it in him, but his priorities weren't quite right. Not that he was ever a bad kid, but I just wanted to see that hunger and that passion for the game. Now he's showing all of those things, and I think the fact that he wasn't able to play last year ignited that flame that burns in his gut now."
THANKS TO HIS hard work, Smith has returned his career to the point it was before he got hurt. He's again the starting shortstop for LSU, and now also the lynchpin of a team that begins the seasons either No. 1 or No. 2 in every major preseason poll.
National writers like Kendall Rodgers of D1Baseball.com are throwing Smith out there as a legitimate dark horse for National Player of the Year. He's got a chance to be a top-50 prospect in the 2019 MLB Draft if he puts together the kind of season experts are projecting.
"I want to win a national championship," Smith says. "I'd like all that stuff to happen too, but I came here to help bring a championship back to Louisiana. I think we've got the team to do it, but before that we've got a lot of hard work to put in first."
None of that is on Smith's mind as the season draws near. Mainieri has forbidden his players from talking about Omaha or national championships from the first day of practice on. The coach wants everyone solely focused on the here and now.
Photo courtesy of LSU Sports Information
That's helped Smith, who kind of feels like time is pulling him in two different directions. He's simultaneously dying to play in a real game again and trying to slow life down and appreciate every day he has left at LSU.
"Growing up I always wanted to come here," Smith says. "It feels like two weeks ago I was a freshman and now I'm a junior."
His time at LSU has been anything but dull. He's been rescued from his own house, played in a College World Series, lost a cherished friend, became the starting shortstop and lost the job to a back injury.
Through the highs and lows, Smith is adamant he wouldn't trade his roller coaster ride for the world. Everybody at LSU and at home is rooting like hell for a storybook ending.
About James Moran	1377 Articles
James Moran was Editor of Tiger Rag from August 2018 to October 2019. He previously served as the associate editor since 2014. He is a graduate of the LSU Manship School of Journalism.
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Pervading this unusual family story narrated by Jodi Long, daughter of an Asian American show business couple Larry and Trudie Long (originally Leong), is the dark thread that runs through American life: racial prejudice. In this bittersweet memoir, Ms. Long describes how it affected her family.
Father Larry Leong, an Australian-born Chinese, was a song-and-dance man blessed with talent, brashness, and determination. Mother "Trudie"—her real name is Kim—was a Japanese-American showgirl, a pretty young woman able to execute the simple dance steps it required. After marrying, they become a comedy/song/dance act, and meet with success playing the Chinese nightclub circuit. First, they change their name to Long, to Americanize it, but, entrenched in Oriental showbiz, they change it to Leung, to appear more Chinese.
After establishing the act, daughter Jodi is born, as she says, in a backstage trunk. Larry and Trudie play the clubs, but demand for such acts wanes. Then, they get a big break: a spot on the Ed Sullivan show. Despite limited opportunities for Asians in showbiz, their star is on the rise. When Rodgers and Hammerstein's Flower Drum Song is cast, Larry lands a role, although not the lead he wants. Later, he has a fight with management and is fired. Banished from Broadway, although he plays for years in touring companies of Flower Drum Song, Larry's career slides, the Longs divorce, and Larry leaves show business to be a golf pro. Kim, who dropped out of showbiz much earlier, works for the American Bible Society.
Jodi grows up with Kim. She loves her mother, but she is her father's daughter. She follows in his footsteps, eventually landing a starring role on Broadway in a revival of Flower Drum Song. Opening night brings her family together—Kim, Larry, stepmother Minnie, a half-brother. Larry suffers a heart attack during the post-performance party and they all pull together for him, achieving a closeness that is missing from Jodi's life. Kim reminisces about her youth, speaking for the first time about being interned during World War II and suffering intense discrimination. She and Larry talk about the plight of Asian American entertainers, who couldn't find work in the mainstream. Caucasians were preferred, even being cast as Orientals, which Jodi discovered when she played a child role in Flower Drum Song.
Long Story Short is technically appealing and moves well, offering viewers an entertaining as well as informative, eyewitness history of Asian Americans in U.S. show business. That the story ends without rancor may be due solely to the plucky storyteller—Jodi Long—but that won't diminish its value for academic collections supporting Asian American studies and general studies of discrimination against minorities in the U.S. Recommended.


text:
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Europe's first regional data innovation centre hosted in Edinburgh
Europe's first new region-wide data innovation facility will offer R&D resources to unlock regional economic growth across science, healthcare and more using solutions powered by HPE Ezmeral Container Platform, HPE Apollo Systems, and HPE Superdome Flex Servers.
Hewlett Packard Enterprise (HPE) has been chosen to power the Edinburgh International Data Facility (EIDF), Europe's first regional data innovation centre, at EPCC, University of Edinburgh.
HPE will deliver an end-to-end infrastructure featuring its industry-leading high-performance computing (HPC) and artificial intelligence (AI) solutions powered by HPE Apollo Systems and HPE Superdome Flex Servers, as well as HPE Ezmeral Container Platform software capabilities.
The deal, which has an expected value of more than US $125 million over 10 years, will help 1,000 public, private and non-profit organizations to develop products and services using R&D and other data-driven programmes, with a long-term vision to establish the Edinburgh region as the Data Capital of Europe.
As a hub for innovation, the EIDF will enable R&D on initiatives focused on addressing global issues such as food production, climate change, space exploration and genetically-tailored healthcare. The EIDF will offer researchers access to HPC and AI technologies to apply analytics to modeling and simulation to increase accuracy of results and speed time-to-discovery.
The EIDF will also improve overall insights by allowing users to securely access shared datasets and analytics from public and private sources.
The EIDF will play a critical role in the region's Data Driven Innovation (DDI) programme, which involves greater collaboration between industry, the public sector and academia. The new facility will power five DDI hub sites with vital infrastructure to meet complex long-term project demands. The DDI program was pioneered by the University of Edinburgh, along with Herriot Watt University, to tackle societal and industrial challenges and deliver benefits from the data economy, while improving the digital and data skills of over 100,000 people from across the region.
"We are pleased to be working with HPE to deliver what we believe is the only facility of its kind in Europe focused specifically on data-driven regional growth. With the Edinburgh International Data Facility, we are combining computing and data resources to create a facility that will allow organizations to use data to innovate throughout their organizations. HPE is uniquely positioned to provide the spectrum of infrastructure and services, as well as the flexibility that this project demands."
Mark Parsons, Director of EPCC, University of Edinburgh
To support its mission, EIDF turned to HPE to uniquely deliver an end-to-end infrastructure that seamlessly combines advanced HPC, AI, container, and software technologies into a single framework to enable collaborative, optimal experiences across broad groups of users.
As AI and ML practices are becoming integral to scientific research and engineering, managing AI workloads and applications at scale is a critical requirement for EIDF. In order to address these requirements, EIDF is deploying the HPE Ezmeral Container Platform running on HPE Apollo Systems that are purpose-built to support HPC, deep learning and other data-intensive workloads. Additionally, the platform will also run HPE Superdome Flex Servers to support applications requiring large in-memory processing.
The HPE Ezmeral Container Platform provides native Kubernetes support and enables self-service AI/ML applications for EIDF scientists, with flexible use of accelerators such as GPUs. It will also allow developers to standardize machine learning workflows and accelerate AI deployments from months to days with the HPE Ezmeral ML Ops solution. The solution enables developers to streamline and speed up the entire machine learning model lifecycle from proof-of-concept and pilot stages, all the way through deployment, using a DevOps-like process to standardize models.
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"HPE is proud to embark on this long-term initiative with the University of Edinburgh, following a highly competitive tender process. We were chosen due to the flexibility and reliability offered through our end-to-end solutions portfolio, and because we were one of the very few organizations able to seamlessly combine all of the Edinburgh International Data Facility's requirements into a single framework. In the data-centric era deriving insights and value from across multiple datasets will be a key to success for business and government alike. We look forward to boosting the UK's capacity for data-driven innovation through this initiative."
Lee Rand, Director of high-performance computing and artificial intelligence, HPE EMEA
Shipment and installation are planned to begin immediately, with first orders already underway. The agreement is for a single source framework through to 2030, with the EIDF expected to be fully operational in the autumn of 2020.
Source: EPCC
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