Want to enjoy working at your computer, thinking better, and getting your work finished faster? Take a hint from activities that require much more sitting (like watching TV), endurance (like trucking), and sustained maximum performance (like car racing). Don't slump over your work – recline and look up into it! Unless your job requires it, there's no need to look attentive like a receptionist (an activity of interruption and stress). Instead, focus on setting up a computer centered workspace that helps you to work in a comfortable way.
Adopt a neutral posture. Arrange your body in its natural relaxed geometry. Unfortunately, since that is the fetal position, you'll have to make a few changes to be able to do anything. Sit up to free your arms for work. Since doing this puts weight on your back, straighten out so that the weight not supported by the back of the chair transfers neatly down your spine without strain on the back muscles and connective tissues. And balance your arms and legs so that they don't pull on your back or put stress on the more delicate extremities. This will free your full attention for work.
Use what you have. You might not have a particular kind of equipment, your equipment might not have a particular adjustment, or a particular adjustment might be incompatible with your work (perhaps you're a receptionist required to sit erect). Go through all these steps and get as close as you can to the suggestions outlined here. Adjustments to one part of your setup can often mitigate deficient adjustments to others. Then consider where money might well be spent on additional equipment to fix remaining problems.
Leather is stylish and also tends to stay clean. "Full grain" leather is best; "top grain" is a middle grade; "split grain" is cheaper but can still be fine.
Cloth is grippy, breathable to prevent sweat accumulation, and can stay cleaner if treated with fabric protectant such as Scotchgard by the manufacturer or after purchase, preferably when brand new to protect as clean fabric as possible and not seal in dirt.
If you're buying used, you may prefer an impermeable surface such as vinyl, shiny leather in good condition, or wood or hard plastic (for which you'll need an exact fit) because it can easily be made about as clean as new. Natural materials often require more careful cleaning than synthetics.
Support: Mesh is a surface and a support. It allows air to circulate for coolness. But since each part is supported only by adjacent parts, it tends to sag like a hammock or waterbed, and ramp up toward a relatively immovable edge supports. Adjustments within the middle of large padded areas, such as for the lower back, and clever design of edges which the body will contact, such as a rolled-over or foam-padded seat front, can help. Foam supports better, lifting each small area discretely from underneath, like a mattress. Avoid thin, soft-when-new foam (or, with used furniture, foam with softened or compacted spots): it will rapidly "bottom out" under heavier areas.
Style: The chair should support the back and the shoulders. This style is often known as a "manager's" chair. Your neck should be straight so your head will balance itself and not need the headrest characteristic of an "executive" chair. While an executive chair can work, be sure to check that it has the full range of adjustments. Some are more ostentatious than practical.
Fit: There are many different kinds of chairs carefully designed many different ways. Most of them probably fit someone very well before the manufacturer decided to make many, many copies. More expensive ones often adjust more to fit more people in more positions. It's generally best to try out and buy a chair in person to make sure it can fit you, and well worth paying a reasonable premium for having the facility to try it and the salesperson to explain it. Sit in it at a desk as if typing, not just relaxing or hunching attentively forward. Look for one that fits well with each of its major adjustments somewhere in the middle of its range, not all the way at one end: you might decide you'd like your chair a little different later.
An old-fashioned highly adjustable wooden chair looks great, but make sure the contours fit you perfectly and the armrests (which are typically not adjustable) are at a proper height and will not interfere with keyboard placement. If they do, they'll support you just as well as a foam chair; your body would mesh to that shape. These chairs tend not to have upper-back support, though.
You can even Make a desk chair from a car seat.
Adjust the chair. You may need to fine-tune some settings once the others are about right.
Adjust the back tilt. The further you recline, the more the weight of your torso rests on the chair back and the less it presses down on the backbone. Try 20 to 30 degrees back. This substantial tilt will also gently pull you back into the better-supported reclined position rather than letting you slump forward into a slouch after you lean forward out of, or to show, interest in something.
Lock the back in place at the proper tilt.
If the back can't be locked, see if you can set the maximum amount of recline and reduce the tension so it readily flops into place.
If the amount of recline can't be adjusted (on some chairs it may lock at each end of a range, neither of which is desirable), adjust the tilt tension so that the chair tends to balance at the proper angle when you relax in it.
Reclining more would reduce the stress on your back even more, but would require odd placement and angles for the monitor, keyboard and other office equipment.
Adjust the seat tilt. The seat should be tilted back a little so that your hips are not extended unnaturally, and the angled downward force from your back doesn't tend to slide you out of the seat. Some chairs tilt the back and seat as a unit; others tilt the seat with the back, but not as much, through a more complicated mechanism often called "synchro-tilt". Some might allow tilting the seat separately. See which you prefer.
Adjust the back height. Chair backs often have a more protrusive part to go under the mid-back, and a hollower part for the shoulders. Adjust the back (or, on some chairs, different parts of the back) to put these in the right places.
Adjust the seat extension. Chair seats often have a hollower part to go under the upper thighs and a fatter part to go under the lower thighs. Slide the seat forward so that the lower thighs are well-supported, but not so far forward that there is pressure on the inside part of the knees or associated tendons. The tailbone should go all the way against the back of the chair.
Adjust the feet. The feet should be supported at a neutral angle (extended a little), and at a height such that the legs neither dangle and pull on the knees and themselves, nor push up the knees allowing the hips to twist forward and not support the lower back as well. There should be a moderate amount of pressure on the lower thighs.
The best way is an angled footrest. Some are adjustable.
Don't wear high-heeled shoes; if you must, prop the balls of the feet on something for a comfortable angle in them.
Adjust the arms. The armrests should be close to the body, so that the arms don't tend to slide out from supporting the shoulders. The armrests should be at a height just a little lower than that to which the arms would dangle naturally on their own, so as not to allow the arms to pull on the shoulders or push them up. The wide part of the forearm muscles, the central outside surface of the forearm bones, or both, should rest on the armrests. The forearms should balance in such a way that the wrists extend straight from them (as viewed from the back surface of the hand) to a point an inch or so over the keyboard, propped up gently by the natural relaxed curl in the fingers which are resting on rather than striking keys at any given time. This will balance the arms so there is no weight continually to be supported by the wrists, except a tiny amount supported by the fingers in their naturally curved positions, or hanging continually on the shoulders. Allow the upper part of the upper arms to rest against the chair back, in plane with the torso (but elbows out a little so the arm muscles can all move freely). The elbows can rest on the arm rests too, but much of the weight should be on the fat part of the forearms.
Broad, convex, padded armrests are best.
The armrests and their supports should not extend forward much lest they interfere with the keyboard drawer extension. The armrests normally extending forward from a post on some chairs can be reversed side to side to extend backwards. The then-backward-extending part is ignored, and the forward-extending part is just long enough to set the forearm muscles on. The armrest for the non-dominant arm may need to be a little higher because the muscle leaning on it may not be so large.
The distance from the armrests to the body is often nonadjustable. Avoid a chair that is very wide, unless you are too.
The wrists should not be supported directly, only by leverage from a well-balanced forearm and weakly by the relaxed and key-striking fingers. They have many tendons running across the inside surface that control the hand and wrist with muscles in the arm. They tend to bob outwards with use and are much more sensitive to tangential pressure than the arm muscles. Wrist pads can actually make them sore.
Don't support the palms directly, either. Without an unusual-shaped support, this would require bending the wrist, stressing the tendons running through it, and twisting it. This makes finger-control awkward, and makes it more difficult to hit further keys by slightly swinging the forearm. It also requires more key striking force to come from the weaker fingers than from the stronger wrist, hand and arm.
You don't need a headrest. The head and neck should be perfectly vertical so they tend to put all their weight neatly onto the bones, requiring only small weak muscle movements to maintain the position.
Select a keyboard. An "ergonomic" style, curved outward and preferably raised at the center, is best, but takes a while to get used to. It keeps the wrists straight and at their relaxed state of rotation when the elbows are at the user's side or out just a little, so that the shoulders are supported, and the arms turned inward toward the center of the keyboard.
The keys should have a snappy feel for feedback when they are pressed. Don't push them so hard they "hit bottom" firmly; the shock is very wearing to the body. If you can't stop doing that, get a buckling-spring type keyboard like an IBM Model M, which can be tapped harder. Those are very loud, though.
Unless you spend much time entering numbers, look for the absence of a numeric keypad so that the mouse can be closer to the keyboard. If you can't get the keyboard style you like without one, try cutting the number pad off.
You might like to try a keyboard like the Microsoft Natural Elite keyboard. Microsoft keyboards and mice work well with most operating systems and programs, including free software.
Adjust the keyboard. Make it close to flat (retract any rear props). Place it so the typing "home keys" are directly in front of you. They should be close to your body, and low enough that your forearms stay straight. Your wrists should be straight and fingers curving gently down onto the keys. That will probably require a keyboard drawer.
Remember not to rest your wrists on or in front of the keyboard, even if it has an extended area there.
Select a mouse. If you mostly type, the mouse is not very important. Ideally, it should be an optical mouse, which works more consistently than a ball-containing mouse, and on a cloth-covered neoprene mouse pad for smooth movement. If you're left-handed, get a left-handed or symmetrical mouse. Some users like trackballs, which require less wrist movement, but they're less precise and, because sensitivity thus can't feasibly be increased as much, slower. A mouse with buttons discrete from a fat rear part upon which the front part of the palm simply rests (namely, most mice aside from some Apple ones) allows the hand and arm to stay relaxed.
A mouse with a cord is lighter and easier to move than one without a cord. The cord will also keep it from falling off a small surface like a keyboard tray and getting lost. Secure the cord loosely to something near the mouse, leaving some slack, so the weight of most of the cord has no effect on moving the mouse.
Avoid some more-complicated keystrokes by using a mouse that has the full range of common buttons, including at least a left button, right button, and clickable scroll wheel. Five buttons are the most that is commonly used. A scroll wheel that clicks as it scrolls is less smooth but more precise and much better for games, in which each click performs a discrete act such as making a new selection.
A mouse with a heavy, free-scrollable, flywheel-like mouse sometimes marketed as "hyper-fast" scrolling reduces finger and wrist motion and increases speed of skimming large documents as one generally need only guide it to start and stop: it keeps itself moving. A heavy trackball works similarly in two dimensions, but at least generally is not available as a scrolling device on a mouse or configured to work in tandem with a mouse for fast scrolling. Some mice have integrated touchpads for scrolling that could work similarly, and in multiple directions, if configured for continuous scrolling at a rate controlled by a static touch.
Some trackballs and touch pads are integrated into keyboards. The best place for these devices is generally a spot on the keyboard easily reachable from the typing "home" position, such as in the plastic flange "wrist-rest" (use thumbs).
Adjust the mouse. It should be near the keyboard to reduce arm motion and the need to extend the arm to a less-than-optimal position.
If you're left-handed, consider switching the left and right buttons' function in the operating system.
Increase mouse sensitivity, preferably with acceleration, to reduce the total distance you need to move the mouse. Gentle wrist or even finger motion should be all that is needed.
Select other input devices as necessary. Try to keep them near and at the same level at the keyboard.
Try a keyboard "tray" or "drawer". The arms and tops of the hands, which contain tendons extending into the arms by which the fingers are controlled, should extend straight forward. The easiest way is with a keyboard "tray" or "drawer". It should be just about on your lap – the precise height will depend on your arms, their supports, and the keyboard itself.
A big wide tray is usually best because a mouse can go next to it and things will not tend to slide off, but sometimes interferes with armrests.
The elbows should be slightly outward so the hands need not themselves turn inward to reach the keys. This will mean the keyboard needs to be close to the stomach. Pull the tray out, and pull the chair up to it.
Some elegant old desks have central junk drawers with thin panels underneath that inhibit mounting keyboard trays. Adding a keyboard tray in the junk drawer area can make them much more practical. Don't mutilate the junk-drawer area and remove the box's contribution to the desk's structural integrity: just set the drawer aside and add a rail-mounted keyboard tray inside its old home. Find one whose hinged arm (and other components) are shallow enough and fold flat enough to slide into the drawer cavity when not in use. Mount the rail to the sturdy desktop with shortish screws that won't poke through, measuring for and drilling holes through non-critical areas of the junk-drawer area bottom panel to drive them. The rail must come far enough out along the bottom of the desktop to allow the hinged arm's carriage to swing out and down for use while fully secured. For the ultimate in style, mount the junk drawer's old front as a swing-down or swing-up cover for the stowed keyboard (a modification that may not be easily reversible, and beware of interference with legs or the keyboard tray).
Select one or more monitors. LCD monitors are pretty much universal now, and tend to cause less eyestrain than CRTs. Use digital connections such as DVI (no need for expensive cables; a major benefit of digital transmission is that a problem not large enough to turn "zeros" into "ones" has no effect whatsoever). Some monitors do not support digital connections; some video cards do not support digital connections or resolutions over 1920x1200, many do not support two monitors, and few support three. Getting these features is more a matter of looking for them than paying much of a premium, except perhaps for triple-head video cards.
If you have a CRT monitor, turn up the refresh rate (60 Hz or slower is badly noticeable as flicker; 70 Hz is better; 85 Hz or higher is good) and consider a glare filter. If you're choosing a CRT monitor, look for one that is vertically or entirely flat, so that its entire surface faces the same way (with respect to at least one axis) and by tilting slightly, can reflect glare from a given direction unnoticeably away from you.
The monitors should cover a wide enough area that you can have all of the documents you would work with at once open simultaneously, and showing enough data that you don't have to regularly click or scroll back and forth, wasting time and struggling to remember their contents.
Place multiple monitors side by side. The neck unbalances when tilted up and down, and the eyes do not move very far up and down on their own, so there is little to gain from stacking monitors.
Bezels can be distracting, particularly between multiple monitors. Choose a monitor with a narrow, unobtrusive, non-glare bezel, preferably matte black or gray. Huge monitors are more expensive per unit area than medium size ones, though. One or more 2560x1600 30 inch (76cm) monitors are great, but 1920x1200 24 inch (61cm) monitors would be a better bargain for most.
The higher the resolution, the better (generally). If text is too small, you can scale it up to be bigger but very sharp.
Covering an area wider than your forward field of view with monitors brings diminishing returns.
Avoid glossy monitors. They look better when turned off, but not much different when turned on, and create glare by reflecting bright lights behind the monitor.
Place them toward the back of the desk to reduce too-close focusing. This will reduce eyestrain and possibly nearsightedness.
The most-used monitor should be directly in front of you to facilitate keeping the body straight. Others should be on one or both sides.
Identify the most-used monitor to the operating system as the primary monitor so items such as program menus can be placed on it automatically. If your monitors are different sizes, use the biggest one.
With your head straight, raise the monitors so their centers, height-wise, are roughly directly in front of your eyes or even a little above. This will prompt you not to slump.
Tilt them so that they are perpendicular in both axes (i.e., normal) to your field of view. Multiple monitors should be in an arc, with their centers equidistant from your head. This keeps as much of them in focus at once as possible; your eyes won't have to refocus as you glance around.
Match monitor illumination to ambient light. Don't work in the dark. Keep ambient light as diffused as possible and adjust its intensity to keep white objects in the room not much dimmer than white areas on the monitor – which is pretty bright. You can also adjust the monitor brightness, but with most monitors you will likely prefer to have that turned down most of the way. Match the white balance on the monitor roughly to the ambient light, generally with a setting on the monitor or in the operating system.
Make your papers an extension of your monitors. Just as it's easiest to switch attention between computer documents by having them near one another across a wide monitor area, it's easiest to switch attention between paper documents and a computer by keeping the paper documents near the computer and a similar distance from your eyes. Prop a paper document up on a stand next to the computer if you'll just read from it, or on a sturdy stand in front of and tilted up toward the monitor if you'll write on it too. Make sure the stand can't bump or scrape the screen.
Temperature. Keep warm. Cold numbs, stiffens and slows the fingers. Excessive heat or cold numbs, stiffens and slows the mind. 72 degrees Fahrenheit (22 degrees Celsius) is best for most people. If the office is too cold, wear something that is warm and, particularly around the wrists, loose-fitting. If it is too warm, wear thin, loose clothing, and cool off with a quiet fan, or preferably a natural breeze.
Heat doesn't flow well from the heat-producing, contiguous, insulated body core to the fingers when one is just sitting at a desk, so insulating yourself with heavy clothes to conserve enough heat to keep the fingers supple in a cold environment may overheat your core (and head) a little and make you sleepy. A sufficiently warm environment makes this trade-off unnecessary.
Feet don't usually need to do much at the computer, but can distract you relentlessly if they get cold. You can heat them selectively with a heated footrest, or with a heater under the desk – preferably the forced-air type so it can't set fire by radiation, and with all modern safety features – which will consume much more energy and heat the legs and torso significantly too.
Air quality. Keep it clean. Perhaps scented if you're good with aromatherapy.
Stenches, excessive dust, or other pollution will be distracting, and will have to be dealt with according to individual circumstances.
Pleasant aromas can improve mood and attentiveness. For instance, citrus may increase alertness, flowers may calm and improve concentration, and forest scent may relax. You can tend to become acclimated to and not notice scents after a while. It's therefore a good idea to alternate them with scent generators on timers: buy an integrated unit, or simply plug an electric vaporizer into a timer.
Lighting. Darkness probably makes you sleepy. It strains your eyes to focus precisely, and your mind as, having shallow depth-of-field from dilation, a lag for focusing precedes seeing much when you shift your field of view. It may come as no surprise that dark winters can even depress you..
Bright, even light is best. Aim for at least two 27-watt-plus compact fluorescent light bulbs (or four-foot fluorescent tubes) to light a small room; four for for a big one.
Incandescent bulbs require wasteful or even dangerously-hot-running wattages for this kind of light. And the color temperature is wrong.
Fluorescent troffers with diffusers, shop-lights inverted atop shelves to reflect off the ceiling, or multi-bulb torchieres are best.
You may prefer the look of a table lamp, but high-wattage compact-style fluorescent bulbs are hard to fit in them. Use a plain white synthetic fabric, namely, largely translucent, shade to diffuse the light while blocking as little as possible. A Sylvania 65W Dulux-EL bulb is particularly small for a high-wattage bulb and a 12 inch (30cm) lamp harp can be bent wider (at the top and back again at the bottom) to fit around it.
Even relatively diffuse light has "hot spots", typically the fixtures themselves or the ceiling spots above them, specular reflections (glare) from which can distract. A dark, matte desk surface is best. If yours is light or shiny, try a plastic desk pad. Look for one with a soft-looking, leather-like surface, not just a texture in a shiny surface. A visor or baseball cap keeps overhead light out of the field of view from entering the eyes directly or off the cheeks to produce subtly distracting and tiring veiling flare.
Fluorescent lights should have "electronic" ballasts which flicker unnoticeably thousands of times per second, not "magnetic" ballasts that flicker noticeably, especially in peripheral vision, or at least annoy subconsciously. Cheap compact fluorescent bulbs and fluorescent fixtures often have the magnetic type.
Color temperature (tint). Incandescent and "warm white" fluorescent bulbs (2800-3400 K color temperature) are orange, like early-morning and late-evening light. "Daylight" (5000-6500K) bulbs are blue-white, like noon sun and skylight. "Bright white" or "cool white" (4000 K) bulbs are in-between, common in kitchens and commercial buildings. Daylight bulbs look distinctly blue next to the other kinds, but you'll probably get used to them over time. And, because the tint suggests to the body that the time is mid-day, they increase alertness. Bright white provides a partial benefit.
Balance brightness and color temperature. Bright light and blue-white high color temperature are best, but they need to go together. Just as a blue sunset rather than an orange one would make the world look very strange, a daylight-type bulb's blue-white light looks odd if there isn't very much of it. Conversely, intense warm-white light looks dingy. If you find bright light distracting, or don't have enough light fixtures for the intensity needed to make daylight bulbs' light look right, use bright-white.
Eventually you'll need sleep, even if only a little. Constant bright, blue-white light can make you lose track of time and extend your energy past your bedtime and past your intelligence. You may not want too much of it at home. Notice the light outside if possible and glance at the clock occasionally to leave work on time and leave your home computer at a reasonable time.
You could put a daylight bulb on a timer to turn off on a schedule leaving a dimmer, yellower bulb behind as a gentle reminder to finish each day. There are even programs available, such as Redshift, that will automatically adjust your monitor color balance to mimic nature as the hours go by.
Sound. Quiet is usually best. White noise is better than distinct, distracting sounds.
Reduce noise, including computer noises, as much as possible. For example, computers make much more noise when they are hot inside, which could indicate a build-up of dust. Also, a higher-quality fan will reduce whirring noises.
Keep noisy office equipment above or below you, shielded by furniture, and with noise-emitting orifices directed away if you can't move it elsewhere entirely. But don't block its vents. High-speed printers can sometimes be set to run a little slower and much quieter.
Earplugs or noise-blocking or canceling headphones can calm excess noise. A white-noise generator can mask more-distracting noise, but keep it near you so its volume can stay low and contribute little to the overall noise level for everyone.
Fast, cheerful music (try Internet radio) can help keep your mind semi-occupied rather than frustrated and pace you through simple, repetitive tasks requiring little concentration. But don't distract others: consider headphones.
Shift and stretch. Even with the best workspace, you'll be more comfortable if you shift about in your chair occasionally. Stretch or walk every couple of hours to relieve and redistribute pressure, stress and strain, and see and hear a few new things. Maybe even humans.
My monitor displays "Press F8 to enable system configuration, F9 to select booting device after POST, F1 to continue, DEL to enter setup". What should I do?
Press F1. It will continue regular startup. This message usually appears during startup if it detected an issue with the hard drive.
Recline less, but not so much that you tend to slump forward when relaxed.
See and be seen past your monitor (or two little monitors). If you are short, raise your seat and footrest higher. Lower your monitor so you can see and be seen over it, but not so much that you have to lean your head down into it and strain your neck to keep it from slumping further. Maintaining sufficient distance will reduce the angle by which you have to look down. Consider a desk with a beveled corner in which to arrange the computer for comfort but see people in your peripheral vision.
Readjust your monitor angle perpendicular to your line of sight toward its center, and your footrest angle to prop your feet slightly extended.
Connect an external monitor, keyboard and mouse, directly or through a docking station, to use a laptop almost exactly as a desktop.
A laptop as a desktop does introduce a few compromises. The fan is often loud and high-pitched compared to a desktop's fans, and the laptop often can't practically be placed on the floor to distance its noise from you. Often carpet would cover the air inlet. Laptops rarely support dual monitors or resolutions over 1920x1200 externally, or ECC RAM for improved stability in extended operation.
Connecting accessories with radio links built into the computer such as Bluetooth, or with small wireless adapters that sit almost flush with the edges of USB ports and can be left in place, reduces the chance of dropping the computer or breaking connectors by accidentally pulling on the accessories or pushing on their plugs.
Elevate a laptop on a less-slippery rubber-footed stand, or, in a pinch, a more-slippery box or books to put its screen at a correct height, and connect an external keyboard and mouse to optimize everything but monitor size.
If you're just using a laptop by itself, try putting it in a keyboard drawer (a big one with a rim, to avoid dropping the laptop).
Or simply recline in a chair with it in your lap. Rest your arms on the armrests or simply in your lap. While resting your forearms on your lap or resting your palms in front of the keyboard and angling your hands up into the keyboard area isn't ideal, it's not nearly as bad with a laptop as with a regular keyboard because a laptop is typically thin and the keyboard is slightly recessed. Check that your leg isn't blocking any bottom air intake; a laptop with air intakes and exhausts on the edge rather than the bottom is best.
Try the Dvorak keyboard layout to reduce finger motion by assigning more-common letters under more-easily reached and pushed keys. You simply tell the operating system to "remap" (recognize different symbols for) the keys, and re-label them if you like; you don't need a new keyboard and can switch back easily. Your finger dexterity won't go away, but the new key positions will take some time to learn.
Lose Weight so there's less of you to support, and Build Muscle so you can support it better.
Wear lower-body garments, including underwear, that when you stand are loose around your waist. Sitting will tighten them as it pulls the back down and pushes the front up so they fit around you obliquely. When you sit for hours, they should still be somewhat loose and comfortable. If you relieve the pressure by slouching to widen the angle your abdomen and legs form by curving your lower back, you'll trade the gentle support of your chair and strength of a straight spine for straining a bent spine. So, instead, eliminate the pressure.
A garment suspended from the shoulders, like a pair of pants with suspenders or a dress, is best because it doesn't need to hold onto the waist to not fall down.
A garment that doesn't fit tightly around the legs, such as a loose skirt, shouldn't pull itself crooked as much. But it might tighten as you sit as some body areas push upward. Look for one just snug enough in areas that tighten little or not at all to hold it up, and loose in the areas that do constrict.
A garment suspended from the hips only, like pants without suspenders, can if necessary for moving about be tightened temporarily with a belt. Or it can snug itself gently with elastic or an elastic-bearing belt.
Compare elastic-bearing garments carefully. Look for ones with plenty of extra length in the pleated and interwoven non-stretchy cloth associated with the elastic so it stretches with tension that is not high and increases only modestly over the range it will stretch as you sit, stand, and move about.
Leaning back in the chair with your feet forward a little but supporting your knees pushes the chair backward. If it tends to roll away from its most comfortable position, avoid a slick plastic chair mat or even add a rug with a non-slip pad to keep it from rolling too easily.
Keep these principles in mind as you adjust other kinds of seats and controls, such as those on a car.
Sometimes there's a tradeoff between relaxation and leverage. In a power-everything, cruise-controlled car, keep your seat low and rest your heel on the floor so you need only extend rest and extend your foot periodically to stop or go. Keep your elbows rested to the sides, preferably on level armrests, and hands rested in a self-leveling fashion around the eight and four-o-clock positions on the wheel--not an unstable position near the top. You may need to offset your hands a little so the car tracks straight (or very slightly away from oncoming traffic) without constant strain if your arm rests aren't level, or something isn't entirely symmetrical. For a vehicle or driving style requiring greater or more frequent effort, you might prefer to sit up over or closer to the controls to bear down on them. No matter what's most comfortable, make sure you have enough reach and range of motion to manhandle the controls in an emergency.
The most expensive part of most computing systems is not anything in the computer, but the operator in front of it. So, removing bottlenecks in the operator's sustained focus, clarity of thought and data-entry speed and accuracy is a great place to start efforts to improve productivity. Soft armrests might save much more time in transferring data to the fingers than a fast CPU would save in shuffling it around once it's reached the keyboard.
Keeping the space around a computer well-lit and at proper temperature will pay for itself many times over through increased productivity.
To save energy on climate-control of a big, mostly-empty house, choose a cool area in summer, and a warm area, space heater, or electric blanket in winter.
Do not disassemble your computer.
Do not have drinks or beverages by the computer.
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Denver Underground – 5 Local Artists to Check Out in September
Drew Boulos August 28, 2017 Music
Photo Courtesy of Bison Bone on Facebook
While some lament the thought of Labor Day and the subsequent ending of summer, we think that fall's impending arrival forces us to make the most of the summer. So, this long weekend we encourage you to get out and enjoy the last bit of August however you see fit — camping, hiking or even exploring new restaurants and neighborhoods in and around Denver. Whatever you decide to do, make sure to listen to this list we made of some of the best local artists. From rock to Americana and even some country, we think you'll enjoy checking out our latest pick of five local artists to check out in Denver.
Ovalofsand
Colorado native Jesse Sandoval is a self-proclaimed DIY artist living in Boulder. He describes his latest album, Stronger/Stranger as "a concept album about falling into and coming out of depression." It's hard to pin down exactly what genre Sandoval is playing into, but perhaps his track "Thumb Tacky" is the best representation of his music. It's subdued without being boring and has an almost eerie-like quality to it. His music tends to start out quiet and controlled and eventually builds with intention and strength. Another favorite track is "Life Cycle" for its ethereal quality and hushed vocals. At nine songs deep, Stronger/Stranger is a good first showing for artist Ovalofsound.
Surrender Signal
Photo Courtesy of Surrender Signal on Facebook
When Surrender Signal first wrote to us describing themselves as a "post-punk/weirdo rock band," we were immediately intrigued. They quoted the sounds of Slint, Unwood, Lungfish and more as influences. They released their first debut album, Landgrab back in May. We're partial to songs like "Box" because of their catchy guitar riffs and strong vocals. Other favorites from the band include "Australia" for more vocal inclusion and "Trigger" for a more slowed-down, steady sound. What we like about Surrender Signal is that their music is approachable without losing their own identity — something that is sometimes rare in our current musical age.
Photo Courtesy of Wild Mountain on Facebook
We're always excited when artists and bands come up with their own genre to describe themselves, and Wild Mountain is no different. They call their sound "Greengrass" which doubles as the name of their debut album. Wild Mountain is a six-piece band that fuses Celtic sounds with Americana, rock and bluegrass. Their six-piece band includes instruments like the fiddle, banjo, mandolin, guitar, bass and drums as well as vocals. Songs like "Stone Blood and Bones" bring us back to their folk roots with a heavy banjo influence and unique vocals by singer Sarah Jones. Their album Greengrass has a massive presence with 14 original songs. The mood of their music can vary by song but continuously maintains their Americana roots.
Bison Bone
Bison Bone holds strong roots in both country and Americana sound. They call themselves a "working class cosmic country band" that combines psychedelic rock and a darker, country feel. Perhaps most striking is the bands lead vocals — backed by long guitar riffs that feel more rock than country. Their vocals invoke their country sound while the instruments give way to that self-described psychedelic rock aspect of their overall sound. They have performed with notable artists like Isreal Nash, Corb Lund, American Aquarium and more. Check out "22" and "Will it Grow" first — their latest album History of Falling debuted earlier in 2017.
All Chiefs
Photo courtesy of allchiefsmusic.com
We loved watching these guys perform at the Underground Music Showcase last month and have been stoked on them ever since. They released their latest EP, Fashion Forward last year and have been performing since its debut. The five-piece band formed back in 2013 and continues to produce a sound that infuses both rock and some pop. Their own take on rock has proved to be successful as they continue to grow and expand. Some of our favorite tracks include "Fast Friends" which showcases not only their instrumental talent but strong vocals as well. Mic Carroll's voice sounds like it could translate easily between genres — but we're happy he's chosen to use his voice in this genre of music. Some of our other favorites include "Pusher" and "To Die Trying."
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Born on the coast of Maine, Drew now lives in Denver's South Broadway neighborhood. She's an aspiring dog owner who frequently cries at James Taylor concerts. Currently, she's searching for the best pulled pork in Denver and is looking for recommendations on where to find it. Follow her on Instagram.
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A former Vice-President, Alhaji Atiku Abubakar, has said that the elite are against him because they feel he cannot be manipulated.
Atiku also said there were fears in some quarters that it would be difficult for him to be manipulated if he became the President.
The former Vice President said this at a media chat in Abuja organized by the United Nigeria Group.
When asked about what was wrong with Nigeria that stopped someone like him from getting elected, he said, "It is what I call the conspiracy theory of the political elite.
"If you are not going to be used, if you are not going to satisfy their personal aspiration, then, they will think you are not good enough.
"Part of the problem they have with me is that they say I am independent, principled and so on.
"Honestly, it is the conspiracy of the political elite and unfortunately the Nigeria public is not politically sophisticated to override the conspiracy of the political elite. They rely on the political elite to direct them.
"I want the job of the President of Nigeria because more than any other time since the time of our democracy, I think we need a leadership that has the experience, that has the capacity and the know-how.
"The most challenging issue in the country today is the issue of unemployment and creation of jobs, unity in the country and states. I believe I am more suitable to handle all these.
"As a civil servant, I worked for over 20 years in the federal bureaucracy and as a politician, I served successfully for eight years as the Vice-President and in that position I chaired the economic team of that administration and I brought so many innovations to our administration that led to the creation of jobs, creation of wealth and prosperity as well as relative peace and stability.


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Internet Batman Brigade :: Community General :: Culture :: Television Share |
Jevandyr
Renown : 2
Subject: Pro Wrestling Mon May 30, 2011 6:10 pm
Any other fans of wrestling here? I've been a fan of wrestling as long as I can remember, and yes I know it's an act, but I like to be able to suspend my disbelief and get lost in the good matches and feuds. There is a lot of bad wrestling around that gives the form of entertainment a bad name.
Drummaniac17
Location : In front of my computer
Subject: Re: Pro Wrestling Mon May 30, 2011 9:09 pm
What do you mean by wrestling?
I think fighting like MMA. I also have respect for actual wrestling, like the kind a high school would have. I don't have respect for the WWF/WWE. I don't find it entertaining and I don't like their in character pompous attitudes. I'm cool with the "wrestlers" when they aren't "wrestling" as long as they aren't dicks OOC.
For instance, my friend is really into RAW. He idolises John Cena. He showed me a few interviews with OOC Cena and we watched one of his movies and he's a pretty cool guy. He makes jokes and doesn't afraid of anything. I don't like him when he's in that damn ring acting like a gangster douchebag, though. [/rant]
EDIT: and I understand WWE is supposed to just be entertainment, but it's just not my cup of tea.
Subject: Re: Pro Wrestling Tue May 31, 2011 12:29 am
I mean wrestling by WWE. Yeah, a lot of people are like that. They just don't "Get" it. And John Cena is a bad example of a good wrestler. You gotta remember they are all playing characters at the end of the day - John Cena's character is a white rapper/marine who does it for the kids. He's widely hated amongst hardcore wrestling fans for not putting on good matches and being stale, although he is an absolute hero outside of the ring. He is the highest make-a-wish granter, and gives support to the arm troops like a MF'r.
These are some good wrestling matches, in comparison to most of the crap you'd see on RAW nowadays:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lT_jqGPWweE
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=esz5RMJPFT4&feature=related
Cactus Jack VS Triple H - Street Fight
https://www.dailymotion.com/video/x926h1_randy-savage-vs-ricky-steamboat-wm3_sport
https://www.dailymotion.com/video/x9273q_randy-savage-vs-ricky-steamboat-wm3_sport
Ricky Steamboat VS Randy Savage
I'm only going to post those two because I know most people just laugh at it anyways and nothing I can do will change their minds - But if you feel like being open-minded then go ahead and watch them!
Also, don't get me started on MMA. MMA guys have lighter schedules than WWE guys. Why do you think Brock Lesnar went from WWE to UFC? Less work, more money.
Subject: Re: Pro Wrestling
Internet Batman Brigade :: Community General :: Culture :: Television
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This online program includes all required course theory through presentations, reference material, videos and quizzes in the subject area of Personal Safety & Social Responsibility. A completion receipt will be issued upon completion of the online portion with directions for scheduling the required assessments and examinations with Northeast Maritime Institute. USCG approval requires on-site examination.


This is a compound word poem, taking a word from the title, writing about it and ending each stanza with a compound word using that word. I hope you enjoy it!
'Dust particles dance on sunlight' is a beautiful line!
Thank you so much! Also, thank you for visiting my blog.


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Charged with a crime in Western PA? Call or text (412) 589-9422 for a FREE consult with an experienced Pittsburgh Criminal Defense Lawyer.
What is Phoenix Court?
December 31, 2017 / Adam Bishop
Phoenix Court is an expedited criminal docket in Allegheny County designed to quickly resolve cases involving non-violent offenses (i.e. theft cases, drug cases, DUI's). It replaced the PDQ program (which was colloquially referred to as the "pretty damn quick" program) in 2010. Since its inception, the Phoenix Court docket has resolved thousands of Allegheny County criminal cases in an efficient and cost-effective manner.
If your case is assigned to the Phoenix Court docket, you will be notified at your Formal Arraignment (your first court date after the Preliminary Hearing). At that time, you will be provided with a written plea offer from the DA's office and a subpoena for your Phoenix Docket Conference, which is your first - and likely only - appearance before your Phoenix Court judge.
At the Phoenix Docket Conference, you have two options: enter a guilty plea or schedule the case for trial. If you elect to plead guilty (by either accepting the terms of the written plea offer or pleading to negotiated terms), your plea will be accepted by the judge and you will be sentenced that same day. Alternatively, if you elect to persist in your not guilty plea and fight the charges, the case will be set for a future trial date. The trial will be listed on a Thursday or Friday, usually weeks after the Phoenix Docket Conference.
What are the Benefits of Phoenix Court?
The primary benefit of Phoenix Court is that your case will be resolved at an earlier stage of the criminal process. Additionally, the plea offers in Phoenix Court are usually "mitigated range" offers (meaning the proposed sentence is at the low-end of a defendant's sentencing guidelines) and very often include the withdrawal of one or more charges as part of the proposed offers. This is so because the DA's office wants to entice Phoenix Court defendants to plead guilty at the initial Phoenix Docket Conference, thereby eliminating the need for any future court dates and the expenditure of any additional resources.
Do I Need an Attorney if My Case Goes to Phoenix Court?
Absolutely. While the written plea offers in Phoenix Court can be good, they are rarely the best possible result. Every offer is subject to negotiation and many clients should not plea guilty at all. An unrepresented defendant has no chance of negotiating a better plea offer and no ability to evaluate whether the case should go to trial. As a result, an unrepresented Phoenix Court defendant runs a much higher risk of being convicted of a serious crime or serving a lengthy probation/jail sentence than a defendant represented by an experienced Pittsburgh criminal defense attorney.
Call Bishop Law for a Free Consultation
If you are currently facing criminal charges that may be assigned to the Phoenix Court docket, call or text (412) 589-9422 for a free consultation with a skilled Pittsburgh criminal defense lawyer at Bishop Law immediately.
We will work tirelessly to get you the best possible result.
December 31, 2017 / Adam Bishop/
Pittsburgh Criminal Defense Lawyer, Pittsburgh Criminal Defense Attorney
Adam Bishop
How to Handle an Outstanding Arrest Warrant
May 14, 2017 / Adam Bishop
How is an arrest warrant is issued?
If the police have evidence that you committed a crime, an officer or detective can request that the court issue a warrant for your arrest. Police make this request by presenting a magisterial district judge ("magistrate") with an affidavit of probable cause, which contains the substance of the evidence against you. If the magistrate ultimately determines that the information contained in the affidavit creates probable cause to support the recommended charges, he/she will sign the affidavit and issue a warrant for you arrest.
What should I do if a warrant is issued for my arrest?
It is important that you take action immediately. With an outstanding warrant for your arrest, any police contact - even a routine traffic stop - will result in you being placed into custody and transported to the county jail. Once in custody, you will be held without bail until your preliminary arraignment, which could take hours or days. For these reasons, it is imperative that you take steps to clear the warrant as quickly as possible.
The safest way to clear a warrant is to contact a local criminal defense attorney. Your attorney will first verify (1) that you have an outstanding warrant, (2) who issued the warrant, and (3) when it was issued. Your attorney will then contact the officer who filed the charges and the court that issued the warrant to schedule a time to turn you in at the magistrate's office. Next, your attorney will accompany you to the "turn-in" and represent you during the preliminary arraignment that follows. At your preliminary arraignment, you will be advised of the charges pending against you and the magistrate will set your bond.
By hiring an attorney to assist you in turning yourself in, you maximize your chances of being released on an OR (own recognizance) bond (as opposed to a monetary bond). Under the terms of an OR bond, you need not post any form of cash bail to avoid going to jail. Rather, you are released based on your promise to appear at all future court proceedings and refrain from engaging in any illegal activity while out on bond.
Not only will hiring an attorney significantly increase your chances of avoiding the county jail, but it will also insulate you from the risk of making an incriminating statement to police at your arraignment and unwittingly strengthening the government's case against you. Police often use the preliminary arraignment as a time to question unrepresented defendants in the hope that they will elicit an incriminating statement that can be used at trial. An attorney will ensure that you invoke your right to remain silent and avoid a potentially disastrous police interrogation.
If there is an outstanding warrant for your arrest, call Bishop Law immediately.
If a warrant has been issued for your arrest, you can't afford to go it alone. You need an experienced and aggressive Pittsburgh criminal defense attorney on your side to ensure that you are not jailed pending trial.
If you require assistance in clearing an arrest warrant, call or text Bishop Law immediately at (412) 589-9422 for a free consultation with a skilled Pittsburgh criminal lawyer. We are available 24/7.
May 14, 2017 / Adam Bishop/
Penalties for Underage Drinking in PA
In Pennsylvania, any person under the age of 21 who is caught possessing, purchasing, consuming, or transporting alcohol will be charged with Underage Drinking, 18 Pa.C.S.A. § 6308. Although graded as a summary offense, a citation for Underage Drinking can carry serious consequences and should not be taken lightly. A conviction will result in a mandatory driver's license suspension, fines and costs, and a stain on the defendant's criminal record that cannot be removed for at least five years. Moreover, an Underage Drinking conviction must be disclosed on many school and job applications and can hinder future educational and employment opportunities.
Increased Penalties for Repeat Offenders
While one conviction for Underage Drinking is bad enough, the penalties for second and subsequent convictions are even worse. The following is a breakdown of the penalties for repeat offenders:
1st offense: 90 day license suspension, up to $500 fine, and court costs.
2nd offense: 1 year license suspension, up to $1000 fine, and court costs.
3rd and subsequent offense: 2 year license suspension, up to $1000 fine, and court costs.
With respect to driver's license suspensions, any person who does not have a driver's license at the time of their Underage Drinking conviction cannot apply for a learner's permit or driver's license until serving the duration of their suspension. Additionally, any person who is under 16 when convicted will begin serving their license suspension on their 16th birthday.
Cited for Underage Drinking? Call Bishop Law Today
As every parent is keenly aware, good kids can make poor decisions. Don't let your child's momentary lapse in judgment result in long-term consequences that could hinder future educational and employment opportunities. If your child has been cited for Underage Drinking, call or text (412) 589-9422 for a free and confidential consultation with an experienced Pittsburgh Underage Drinking Attorney at Bishop Law.
We will work tirelessly to protect your child's future and have their charges dismissed. Call us today.
Pittsburgh Underage Drinking Attorney, Pittsburgh Underage Drinking Lawyer, Pittsburgh Criminal Defense Attorney, Pittsburgh Criminal Defense Lawyer
Penalties for a First Offense DUI in PA
In Pennsylvania, driving under the influence of alcohol or a controlled substance is a serious crime that carries serious consequences. The penalties can include a fine, a driver's license suspension, and mandatory jail time. In this blog post, we will discuss the penalties associated with a first offense DUI in PA.
Three-Tiered System
DUI charges are broken down into three tiers. The applicable tier determines the penalties that will be imposed and is based primarily on the defendant's blood alcohol content (BAC) at the time of the incident. The penalties associated with first offense DUI's in each tier are as follows:
Tier 1: General Impairment (BAC .08-.099) - Probation, No License Suspension, $300 Fine
Tier 2: High Rate (BAC .10-.159) - 48 Hours in Jail, One Year License Suspension, $500 Fine
Tier 3: Highest Rate (BAC .16 and above) - 72 Hours in Jail, One Year License Suspension, $1000 Fine
It is important to note that a DUI involving a controlled substance is graded as a Tier 3 offense, while a DUI committed by a minor driver - someone under 21 - is graded as a Tier 2 offense and has a decreased threshold BAC of .02.
Other Factors Effecting The Applicable Tier
While the defendant's BAC is the primary consideration when determining the applicable tier, certain aggravating circumstances can increase the tier level of a DUI offense. For example, a Tier 1 offense that results in property damage, bodily injury, serious bodily injury, or death, is increased to a Tier 2 offense. Additionally, if a driver suspected of DUI refuses to submit to chemical testing - by blood or by breath - the offense is automatically graded as a Tier 3 offense.
What is Considered a First Offense DUI?
When calculating prior DUI convictions, there is a ten year "look back" period in PA. That means that only DUI convictions that occurred within ten years of the DUI incident date in the pending case are counted. For example, if Defendant A is charged with DUI in 2016 and has a prior DUI conviction from 1986, the 2016 DUI charge would be considered a first offense because Defendant A had zero DUI convictions in the ten years prior.
Accelerated Rehabilitative Disposition (ARD)
First-time offenders in PA - defendants with no prior criminal convictions - are eligible for a diversionary program known as Accelerated Rehabilitative Disposition (ARD). The ARD program allows defendants to have their charges dismissed and expunged after the successful completion of a period of probationary supervision. For DUI offenders, the ARD program is especially advantageous because it significantly decreases the length of any applicable license suspension and eliminates any mandatory jail time that would otherwise apply.
You can learn more about the specifics of ARD by reading our last blog post.
Charged with a First Offense DUI in Western PA?
At Bishop Law, we have handled hundreds of DUI cases and have a record of proven results. Call us today and put our experience to work for you.
If you have been charged with a DUI in Western PA, call or text (412) 589-9422 for a free consultation with a skilled DUI attorney at Bishop Law. We are available 24/7.
Pittsburgh Criminal Defense Attorney, Pittsburgh Criminal Defense Lawyer, Pittsburgh DUI Lawyer, Pittsburgh DUI Attorney
What is ARD?
ARD - short for Accelerated Rehabilitative Disposition - is a diversionary program available to first-time offenders in Pennsylvania. It offers eligible defendants the opportunity to have their charges dismissed and expunged from their criminal record upon successful completion of the program. To complete the program, the defendant must comply with a series of conditions set by the court during a period of probationary supervision. Naturally, entrance into the ARD program is the preferred course of action for most first-time offenders charged with a crime in PA.
Who is eligible for ARD?
Criminal defendants with no prior criminal convictions are eligible for the ARD program. In addition, a defendant whose criminal record is comprised exclusively of "stale" convictions (convictions that are 10 or more years old) may be considered for the ARD program.
What charges are eligible for ARD?
Although the charge most commonly associated with ARD is Driving Under the Influence (DUI), ANY criminal charge can be adjudicated through the ARD program. Entry into the program is discretionary however, meaning the District Attorney will ultimately determine who will be offered ARD based on the specific facts and circumstances surrounding each case. In cases involving victims - whether police officers or civilians - the DA will most likely require victim consent before offering entry into ARD.
Advantages of the ARD program in DUI cases
Besides providing first-time offenders with the obvious advantage of having the charges dismissed and expunged from their criminal record, the ARD program has additional benefits in DUI cases. These benefits include shorter license suspensions and no jail time.
Procedure for entering the ARD program
The District Attorney initiates the ARD proceedings by filing a Motion for Accelerated Rehabilitative Disposition with the appropriate Court of Commons Pleas judge. Once the ARD motion is filed, a hearing on that motion is scheduled and notice of the hearing date is provided to the defendant and the defendant's attorney. At that hearing, the judge reads the terms and conditions of ARD to the defendant in open court. The defendant then states to the judge that he accepts the conditions and agrees to comply. At that point, the DA's motion is granted and the defendant is formally admitted into the ARD program.
How long will I be on ARD probation?
The ARD probationary period varies based on the charges, the conditions imposed, and the specific facts underlying the case. However, the probationary period cannot exceed two years.
What happens if I violate or fail to complete ARD?
When a defendant violates a condition of ARD, the DA will file a motion with the ARD judge alleging that a violation occurred. A hearing is scheduled and the defendant is given an opportunity to be heard. If the judge ultimately finds that a condition of ARD was violated, he can order that the defendant be revoked from the ARD program. If that occurs, the case is then scheduled for trial before another Court of Common Pleas judge.
It is important to note that a defendant is still entitled to fight the charges against him after being revoked from ARD. This is because a conviction is never entered onto the record upon entry into the ARD program. The underlying criminal charges remain pending while a defendant is under ARD probationary supervision.
The ARD program offers first-time offenders a second chance at maintaining a clean criminal record. Accordingly, it is the preferred course of action for almost all first-time offenders in PA. However, because the ARD program is discretionary in nature, it is important that defendants are represented by experienced legal counsel to ensure entry into ARD.
For that reason, if you are currently facing criminal charges as a first-time offender in PA, you need to call or text (412) 589-9422 to speak to an experienced Pittsburgh criminal defense attorney at Bishop Law immediately.
Our only goal is to get your charges dismissed.
Accelerated Rehabilitative Disposition, ARD, Pittsburgh Criminal Defense Attorney, Pittsburgh Criminal Defense Lawyer
Drug Charges: Actual Possession vs. Constructive Possession
In Pennsylvania, drug possession crimes are prosecuted under one of two legal theories: "actual possession" or "constructive possession." Actual possession is what most of us think of as possession - that is, being in physical custody or control of an object (holding it in your hand, having it in your pocket, etc.). Constructive possession, on the other hand, is a legal theory used to extend possession to situations where a person has no hands-on custody of an object. In PA, constructive possession exists when a person has knowledge of the presence and nature of an illegal substance (in other words, he knows where and what the substance is), as well as the intent and ability to control that substance. Constructive possession is most commonly utilized by the prosecution in cases where drugs are found in a house or in a car, but not on the defendant's person.
Naturally, constructive possession is a lot harder to prove than actual possession. Merely being in close proximity to an illegal controlled substance, without more, is not enough. Accordingly, the Commonwealth will often present a variety of factors in an attempt to circumstantially prove that the defendant constructively possessed an illegal substance. These factors include: proximity to the contraband, forensic evidence (fingerprints and DNA), incriminating statements made by the defendant, and any indicia (driver's license, utility bills, etc.) linking the defendant to the contraband.
It is also important to note that more than one person can constructively possess an illegal substance. This is known as "joint constructive possession." Joint constructive possession is most often seen in cases where drugs are found in a common area of a house or a car when multiple people are present.
In sum, a defendant charged with drug possession under the theory of constructive possession has a good chance of beating their case with a proactive and aggressive defense. For that reason, if you have been charged with possessing an illegal controlled substance in PA, you need to speak to an experienced Pittsburgh criminal defense attorney immediately. At Bishop Law, we have years of experience handling complex drug cases and have successfully litigated countless cases to verdict. Call or text us today at (412) 589-9422. Our only goal is to get your drug charges dismissed.
Pittsburgh Criminal Defense Attorney, Pittsburgh Criminal Defense Lawyer, Pittsburgh Drug Attorney, Pittsburgh Drug Lawyer
What is a Preliminary Hearing?
April 04, 2016 / Adam Bishop
The preliminary hearing in a criminal case follows the preliminary arraignment and is the second stage of a criminal prosecution in state court. It must be held within 14 days of the preliminary arraignment if the defendant is in custody and within 21 days of the preliminary arraignment if the defendant is not incarcerated. The purpose of the preliminary hearing is to protect the defendant's right against unlawful arrest and detention.
Although the preliminary hearing can be held before a judge in the court of common pleas, it is normally held before a neutral magistrate at a magisterial district court. For example, preliminary hearings for criminal cases originating within Pittsburgh city limits are held at Pittsburgh Municipal Court (a.k.a. "City Court"), which is attached to the Allegheny County Jail.
Generally, the defendant has two options at the preliminary hearing: (1) waive the case to the court of common pleas OR (2) proceed to a hearing. A waiver may be the preferred course of action if the Commonwealth is withdrawing/reducing charges or agreeing to a bond reduction in exchange for the defendant's waiver. Otherwise, it is in the defendant's best interest to have a hearing and confront the witnesses against him.
Why should I have a hearing?
One of the biggest advantages to having a preliminary hearing - other than potentially having the charges dismissed if the Commonwealth fails to meet its burden - is it gives the defendant an opportunity to create a record of the sworn testimony of the Commonwealth's witnesses. This testimony is transcribed by a court reporter and memorialized in a preliminary hearing transcript, which can be an invaluable tool for the defense at trial.
What is the standard of proof?
At the preliminary hearing, the Commonwealth need only establish a prima facie case, which is a much lower standard than "beyond a reasonable doubt." Essentially, the Commonwealth must present enough evidence to show probable cause that the defendant committed the offense(s). If a prima facie case is established, the charges are "held for court" and the case is scheduled for formal arraignment at the court of common pleas. If the Commonwealth fails to establish a prima facie case, the charges are dismissed.
Do I have a right to an attorney?
The preliminary hearing is the first "critical stage" of a criminal prosecution, meaning the defendant has a constitutional right to counsel.
Should I hire an attorney?
The preliminary hearing is an extremely important stage in the criminal process. An effective preliminary hearing can result in a dismissal of charges or, at the very least, the creation of a preliminary hearing transcript that can be invaluable at trial. On the other hand, a botched preliminary hearing can leave the defendant in a significantly worse position than before.
For those reasons, if you have been charged with a crime and your case is scheduled for a preliminary hearing, it is imperative that you speak to a criminal defense attorney immediately.
Charged with a crime in Western PA? Call or text Bishop Law at (412) 589-9422 to speak to an experienced Pittsburgh criminal defense lawyer.
You can't afford to go into court unprepared and unprotected. Contact us today.
April 04, 2016 / Adam Bishop/
Preliminary Hearing, Criminal Defense, Pittsburgh Criminal Defense Lawyer, Pittsburgh Criminal Defense Attorney
Pittsburgh DUI & Criminal Defense Lawyer. Charged with a crime? Call or text 412.589.9422 to speak to an experienced attorney immediately.
DUI - 1st Offense
DUI - 2nd & Subsequent Offenses
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Possession With Intent to Deliver (PWID)
Delivery of a Controlled Substance
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Carrying a Firearm Without a License
Persons Not to Possess a Firearm
Possession of a Firearm with an Altered or Obliterated Manufacturer's Number
Weapon on School Property
Receiving Stolen Property
Access Device Fraud
Leaving the Scene of an Accident/Hit and Run
Fleeing or Eluding Police
Aggravated Assault by Vehicle
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Have Your Criminal Record Wiped Clean
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The content of this website was compiled by Bishop Law LLC, a single-member PA limited liability company owned and operated by Attorney Adam Bishop, for advertising and general informational purposes only and should not be construed as legal advice for any individual case or situation. This information is not intended to create, and receipt or viewing does not constitute, an attorney-client relationship. Neither Attorney Bishop nor Bishop Law LLC guarantees any result or outcome in any legal matter.


A finite group G is of central type (in the non-classical sense) if it admits a non-degenerate 2-cocycle c with values in the multiplicative group of the field of complex numbers (G acts trivially on this group).
Groups of central type play a fundamental role in the classification of semisimple triangular complex Hopf algebras and can be determined by their representation-theoretical properties.
Suppose that a finite group Q is involutive Yang Baxter group namely Q acts on an abelian group A such that there exists a bijective 1-cocycle π from Q to A∨ , where A∨ is the dual group of A and endowed with the diagonal Q−action. Under this assumption, Etingof and Gelaki gave an explicit formula for a non-degenerate 2-cocycle for the semidirect product of Q and A. Hence, this semidirect product is of central type.
Our first result is a more general correspondence between bijective and non-degenerate cohomology classes. In particular, given a bijective 1-cocycle π as above, we construct non-degenerate 2-cocycle cπ for certain extensions 1 → A → G → Q → 1 which are not necessarily split.
We thus strictly extend the above family of central type groups.
Our second result is a contruction of involutive Yang Baxter groups by cohomological methods.
More precisely, given an involutive Yang Baxter group Q, we construct extensions of Q by an abelian group which are involutive Yang Baxter group. By this construction, we can reprove that certain families of groups are involutive Yang Baxter groups, among them semidirect products of an involutive Yang Baxter group with an abelian group, A-type groups and finite nilpotent groups of class 2.


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Tag: Refractor and Reflector Telescopes
December 24, 2015	Telescopes admin
What is the Difference between Refractor and Reflector Telescopes?
Refractor telescopes are telescopes that use lenses to gather and focus light. Refractors deliver sharp, high-contrast images with crisp views of the moon, planets and stars. Refractors are known for their rugged simplicity. They are easy to aim, they need little maintenance and lenses rarely need alignment-very popular for beginning students of astronomy.
Reflectors are telescopes that use mirrors. They most commonly use a concave main mirror at the bottom of the tube, which focuses light back up to the top of the tube. There, a small flat mirror deflects the light at right angles to an eyepiece on the side of the tube. Reflectors offer more aperture (objective lens diameter) for the money than refractors, providing enough light to reveal hundreds of deep-sky objects as well as show details of the moon and planets. However, exposed mirrors can collect dust and grime and may need occasional adjustments to keep them properly aligned.
Reflecting vs. Refracting Stargazing Telescopes
When you're ready to invest in a stargazing telescope, start by looking at the different models of telescope tube – the bits with the optics in. You can find quite a few different designs. Reflecting telescopes use mirrors to gather the light. Refracting telescopes use lenses. There are different kinds of reflectors, but in general the refractors all follow the same basic design.
Stargazing: Refracting telescopes
Refracting telescopes use lenses to collect and focus the light, just like binoculars do. In fact, you can think of a refracting telescope as one half of a giant pair of binoculars. The light enters a refracting telescope through the front lens, called the objective lens. It then travels down the length of the telescope to the eyepiece lenses, which is where the magnifying happens. Read More…
The Difference Between Refracting and Reflecting Telescopes
The difference between a refracting and a reflecting telescope is in their optical construction. The refracting telescope uses a system of lenses to refract light rays, while a reflecting telescope uses a system of mirrors to reflect light rays. Reflectors are usually used to view brighter stars and planets. Read More…
Two Kinds of Telescope
Since the invention of telescopes astronomers have been able to see a huge amount more of what is out there including the detailed surface of the Moon and the planets. We can also see many more stars than we can with the unaided eye.
There are two main types of optical telescope. Refracting and reflecting.
Refracting Telescopes
When a wave such as light passes from one medium to another at an angle it changes direction. This is called refraction. A lens is a piece of glass designed to bend the light that passes through it in such a way that an image may be produced. A refracting telescope uses a combination of lenses to produce an image of a distant object, e.g. a star or planet. Read More…
Catadioptric Telescope
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When talking about architecture, we always talk about roots. The Finnish word for roots is "juuret". For us this word has grown into a new meaning, a sort of secret term that defines good architecture. Roots can exist in almost anything – music, art or people. In the field of architecture we define four different meanings for this term.
First, and perhaps most important, there should be some quality in the space, materials and structure which touches ones soul. Architecture which moves a mans heart has roots.
The second root should grow on the site. Our buildings always relate to their surroundings. They are never alone but a link in chain between what has been on the site before and what will be there after.
We also like the idea that our architecture has its roots in the Finnish building tradition. The sensitivity to material and light as well as certain modest approach are all qualities that can exist as well in contemporary architecture. This is the third root.
The fourth root reaches into the future. There is always an attempt to create innovation. This can exist as well in a new way of using materials as well as in a creative combination of form and structure.
Combined these four different roots create a method we actively use in our work. It also defines quite well the attitude that we share not only in architecture but in life in general.


Dr. Kaplan explains improvements in stem cells for your joints Dr. Kaplan works at the Jacksonville Orthopaedic Institute specializing in Advanced Arthroscopic Joint Surgery, Sports Medicine, & general Orthopaedics. Visit https://www.kevinkaplanmd.com/ for more information.
The 6th International Congress for Joint Reconstruction Middle East 2018 was held from 22 - 24..


OB Van – Outside Broadcasting Van. Van equipped for mobile direction.
Rai CRIT, in cooperation with Production Engineering, carried out theoretical evaluation and laboratory tests on the equipment currently used for the transmission of the signals coming from motorcycles shooting between aircraft (or helicopter) and OB Van. The objective was to evaluate the efficiency and the operating limits of the system currently in use in Rai, and try to analyze and propose the necessary improvements. In three laboratory sessions were measured performance of the equipment and the antennas available. We analyzed various modulation schemes and the effect of vibration of the aircraft on the antennas. Problems and issues have been identified and solutions were proposed.


RCM.SEHAT provides customized solutions in Healthcare Insurance & RCM based on the client requisites and as per the prevailing market scenario.
• Medical Coding: Our team is consists of certified coders (from both AAPC and AHIMA) who ensure day to day coding compliance is met. Daily review of physician coding is validated and verified prior to finalization of codes.
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• Clinical Documentation Improvements: Ensuring the right match of diagnosis to service provided, adds value to the claim and ensures a better payment ratio. Our team of coding experts facilitates doctors to in ensuring the necessary documentation is met to justify the service provided.
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• Payment follow-up: We assess the outstanding including the latest monthly submissions and follow a fixed cycle to call and follow up with the relevant payable teams of various insurance companies associated with a healthcare unit. This process allows to keep an approx. track of expected payments within a stipulated time frame (as per contract terms).
• Monthly reconciliation & Sign offs: Once periodical payments are received from insurance companies; our reconciliation executives ensure reconciliation of payments to ensure true current out standings and age trial balance of the healthcare unit is clearly under track. We encourage quarterly and bi-annual sign off of claims to ensure that recovery of claim payments is focused on the current age trial balance.
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Nation Current Affairs 25 May 2017 CAG findings over po ...
CAG findings over port serious, says Pinarayi Vijayan
DECCAN CHRONICLE.
Mr Vijayan's statement came at a time when Adani was scheduled to meet him on June 1.
Kerala Chief Minister Pinarayi Vijayan
Thiruvananthapuram: Chief Minister Pinarayi Vijayan told the Assembly on Wednesday that the CAG findings on the terms and conditions of Vizhinjam international container terminal, particularly favourable to Adani Ports, are "a very serious issue." "All I can say is that the case has to be examined as a special case," he said during question hour.
After examining it in detail, further steps will be taken, he said. This is a shift from the government's earlier stand that it would go ahead with the Vizhinjam project at any cost. Mr Vijayan's statement came at a time when Adani was scheduled to meet him on June 1.
The CAG report on Tuesday had mentioned that the agreement signed between the previous UDF government and Adani group for the `7, 525-crore project is against the interests of the state.
The report came a day after CPM veteran V.S. Achuthanandan wanted the government to bring a white paper on the Vizhinjam agreement alleging corruption in the deal signed between the UDF government and Adani group, which was the lone bidder in 2015.
The CAG pointed out in the report that the decision to extend the contract period of the project from 30 to 40 years resulted in an extra income to the tune of Rs 29,217 crore to the Adani group.
Tags: chief minister pinarayi vijayan, vizhinjam
Location: India, Kerala, Thiruvananthapuram (Trivandrum
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Time in a bottle: Scientists watch evolution unfold
Published: Sunday, October 18, 2009 - 12:52 in Biology & Nature
Greg Kohuth, Michigan State University
A 21-year Michigan State University experiment that distills the essence of evolution in laboratory flasks not only demonstrates natural selection at work, but could lead to biotechnology and medical research advances, researchers said. Charles Darwin's seminal Origin of Species first laid out the case for evolution exactly 150 years ago. Now, MSU professor Richard Lenski and colleagues document the process in their analysis of 40,000 generations of bacteria, published this week in the international science journal Nature.
Lenski, Hannah Professor of Microbial Ecology at MSU, started growing cultures of fast-reproducing, single-celled E. coli bacteria in 1988. If a genetic mutation gives a cell an advantage in competition for food, he reasoned, it should dominate the entire culture. While Darwin's theory of natural selection is supported by other studies, it has never before been studied for so many cycles and in such detail.
"It's extra nice now to be able to show precisely how selection has changed the genomes of these bacteria, step by step over tens of thousands of generations," Lenski said.
Lenski's team periodically froze bacteria for later study, and technology has since developed to allow complete genetic sequencing. By the 20,000-generation midpoint, researchers discovered 45 mutations among surviving cells. Those mutations, according to Darwin's theory, should have conferred some advantage, and that's exactly what the researchers found.
The results "beautifully emphasize the succession of mutational events that allowed these organisms to climb toward higher and higher efficiency in their environment," noted Dominique Schneider, a molecular geneticist at the Université Joseph Fourier in Grenoble, France.
Lenski's long-running experiment itself is uniquely suited to answer some critical questions -- such as whether rates of change in a bacteria's genome move in tandem with its fitness to survive.
"The coupling between genomic and adaptive evolution is complex and can be counterintuitive," Lenski concluded. "The genome was evolving along at a surprisingly constant rate, even as the adaptation of the bacteria slowed down a lot. But then suddenly the mutation rate jumped way up, and a new dynamic relationship was established."
A mutation involved in DNA metabolism arose around generation 26,000, causing the mutation rate everywhere else in the genome to increase dramatically. The number of mutations jumped to 653 by generation 40,000, but researchers surmise that most of the late-evolving mutations were not helpful to the bacteria.
Gene mutations involved in human DNA replication are involved in some cancers. Many of the patterns observed in the experiment also occur in certain microbial infections, "and cancer progression is a fundamentally similar evolutionary process," observed collaborator Jeffrey Barrick. "So what we learn here can help us better understand the course of these diseases."
Barrick, a postdoctoral researcher in MSU's Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, developed computational tools to discover and validate often complex mutations. "We know an astounding amount about the details of evolution in these little Erlenmeyer flasks," he said.
The Nature paper involved collaboration with scientists from South Korea as well as France and MSU. The research, said genomics team leader Jihyun Kim of the Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, "is not only useful in understanding the tempo and mode of evolution, but can serve as a nice framework for practical applications in biotechnology, such as improving the performance or productivity of an industrial strain."
Thousands of generations later, the MSU experiment continues to evolve. "Like a lot of science, our study answers some questions but raises many others," Lenski said.
Source: Michigan State University
Scientists watch 40,000 generations evolve
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Here's the somewhat scientific explanation of why LED lights are a better solution: L.E.D. stands for light-emitting diode. In this technology, light is created when the semiconductor diode inside the bulb is forward biased, or, turned on. Electrons recombine with holes in the diode to release energy in the form of light. The color of the light is determined by the semiconductor's energy gap. Using this type of science makes these bulbs more energy efficient, longer-lasting, smaller, and more durable than other lights. Click here if you want to read about how LED really works.
These high-powered LEDs have become a major competitor to incandescent, fluorescent, and halogen bulbs in lamps and flashlights. For many applications, the LED bulb simply is the better solution.
LEDs can be significantly more efficient than incandescent lamps. An LED flashlight will have a longer battery life than a comparable incandescent flashlight. LEDs are also less fragile than conventional glass lamps.
Some top LED flashlights electronically regulate the voltage supplied to the LEDs to stabilize light output as the batteries discharge. By contrast, the light output of non-regulated flashlights declines as battery voltage declines.
LEDs also have the advantage of maintaining nearly constant color temperature regardless of input voltage or current, while the color temperature of an incandescent bulb rapidly declines as the battery discharges.
Regulated LED flashlights may also have user-selectable levels of output appropriate to a task. For example, low light for reading a map and high output for checking a road sign. This would be difficult to do in an incandescent flashlight since efficacy of the lamp drops rapidly at low output.
LED flashlights may consume 1 watt or more from the battery, producing heat as well as light. Heat dissipation for the LED often dictates that LED flashlights have aluminum bodies to dissipate heat; they can become warm during use.
Light output from LED flashlights varies even more widely than for incandescent lights. "Keychain" type lamps operating on button batteries, or lights using a single 5 mm LED, may only produce a couple of lumens. Even a small LED flashlight operating on an AA cell but equipped with a power LED can emit 100 lumens. The most powerful LED flashlights produce more than one thousand lumens and may use multiple power LEDs.
LEDs are highly efficient at producing colored light compared with incandescent lamps and filters. There are color LED flashlights that are used for signaling, special inspection tasks, forensic examination, or to track the blood trail of wounded game animals. A flashlight may have a red LED intended to preserve dark adaption of vision.
An ultraviolet LED flashlight may be used for inspection lights, for example, detecting fluorescent dyes added to air conditioning systems to detect leakage. Infrared LEDs can be used for illuminators for night vision systems.
As you can see, when shopping for a flashlight for whatever purpose you plan on using it for, the top LED flashlights will meet your requirements and should offer you the best, most cost efficient solution.


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Луис Роблес (, роден на 11 май 1984 г. във Форт Хуачука, Аризона) е американо-пуерторикански вратар, който играе в отбора от Втора Бундеслига Кайзерслаутерн.

Роблес е роден във Форт Хуачука, военна база, близо до град Хуачука Сити.

Кариера
Луис Роблес играе от 2002 г. в отбора на Портланд Юнивърсити. Появява се в игра и за резервите на Колорадо Рапидс.

През зимната пауза на първенството във Втора Бундеслига вратарят преминава в аматьорския отбор на Кайзерслаутерн. Преди това е избран в драфта на американските млади футболисти от ДиСи Юнайтед, но Роблес решава да играе в Европа.

След трансфера на Юрген Махо в Гърция и контузията на Флориан Фромловиц, Роблес е извикан в първия отбор на "червените дяволи", като заместник на Тобиас Зипел, въпреки че само няколко седмици преди това е обявен за ненужен. Зипел също се контузва в мача срещу Рот-Вайс Ален на 17 октомври 2008 г., което дава шанс за изява на американеца. Той взема участие преди това в 8 мача за втория отбор на лаутерите през сезон 2007/08.

По време на сезон 2008/09 Роблес успява да измести Зипел от титулярното място, но нещастна контузия го изважда от игра през март 2009 г.

Национален отбор
Роблес има право да играе за националните отбори на САЩ и на Пуерто Рико. За Купата на Конфедерациите през юни 2009 г. в Южна Африка вратарят е включен в разширения състав на американците. Първият си мач на вратата на САЩ изиграва на 11 юли 2009 г. срещу Хаити (2:2) в третия мач от груповата фаза на първенството на Северна Америка.

Източници
Профил на Луис Роблес в www.transfermarkt.de
Луис Роблес в www.kicker.de

Футболисти на Кайзерслаутерн
Американски футболисти
Пуерторикански спортисти
Футбол в Пуерто Рико

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


Beautifully fit out, Odettes Eatery has a menu of share plates to die for: think spiced beef short rib, and wild mushroom with whipped Persian feta, basil, and doughnuts. Yep, mushroom and doughnuts. Trust us, it works.
Brunch at Odettes is a lush affair and well worth the trip into the city, with the menu running all day on the weekend. All of your breakfast faves are here, albeit with a luxe twist, like chocolate crepes with spiced cherries, pistachios and crème fraiche, and herbed scramble.


I would like to express my thanks to the eight Bradley University sports communications students who participated as interns in the NASCAR Sprint Cup race in Chicago. I owe a very special thank you to student Zachary Keesee. My fifteen year son Chad, who suffers from autism, is a huge NASCAR fan. We were able to get a few pictures of Chad next to the car when it was on display at Olin Quad.
I asked Zachary if it were possible to get an autograph from the driver of the car, Josh Wise, for my son. A couple of weeks later, Zachary presented me with an autographed team photo and ball cap he received from Josh. Chad was in NASCAR heaven! I think it speaks very highly of Zachary that he would take the time and trouble to perform this act of kindness.
I know this made him the 'hero of the day' in Chad's eyes. I offer my heart-felt thanks again to Zachary and the rest of the sports communication students.


Recruitment is a process of finding and attracting the potential resources for filling up the vacant positions in an organization. It sources the candidates with the abilities and attitude, which are required for achieving the objectives of an organization. An organization figured out the significance to be aware of the process and numbers related to it backwards and forwards.
Hence, the objective of the task is to get an understanding of the candidates applying for the interview of the organization.
Here, the organization handed us the charge of painting the picture as the picture paints a thousand words if it is done by the skilled artist.
Information of the candidates that are applying/appearing/not appearing/selected/joined for the interview.
Information about the sources that has helped the candidates to apply for interview.
Information about last companies that the applied candidates were working at.
Details of the candidates by their expertise when appeared in an interview.
Which are the top 10 sources that candidates have found the organization?
Which were the top 10 reasons for the candidates to leave their last company?
Information about the hired candidates and their experience.
Information about the scores by their quality and their experience.
Information about the notice period by their experience.
Information about the CTC by their experience and their expertise (technology).
Trends of CTC by their Expertise and hike according to their experience.
Forecast of CTC by their Expertise and hike according to their experience.
Information about the time that the candidates are ready to commit.


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IBM Seeks To Depose Indiana Governor
Big Blue wants to grill Republican Mitch Daniels over his decision to cancel outsourcing contract.
IBM has asked a judge to order Indiana governor Mitch Daniels to make himself available for a deposition in a lawsuit over the state's outsourcing contract with the tech services giant, which Daniels terminated in 2009.
Daniels' "refusal to be deposed and his attempt to hide public documents casts doubt on his credibility," an IBM spokesman told the political blog Talking Points Memo. "He expects transparency and openness from everybody but himself," the spokesman said.
Daniels' office didn't comment.
IBM and the state of Indiana last year filed claims and counterclaims against each other in an Indianapolis courthouse over the deal, under which IBM was to have modernized the state's aging welfare administration system. Indiana fired IBM as the primary contractor in October 2009 and now wants Big Blue to pay back hundreds of millions of dollars to make up for its "failed performance," according to the state's complaint.
For its part, IBM has said the work it did on the initiative improved service to residents, and saved Indiana millions through operating cost reductions and curtailment of fraud. IBM said it also brought 1,000 new jobs to Indiana. It wants the state to surrender $53 million it says it's still owed on the contract.
Indiana's Family and Social Services Administration tapped IBM in 2006 for a ten-year, $1.3 billion revamp of the creaky systems it was using to process applications for Medicaid, welfare, food stamps, and more than 160 other public assistance programs. IBM was also to handle a number of back office functions related to the services.
The arrangement called for about 1,500 state employees to be transferred to IBM.
Indiana's welfare administration had been overly reliant on outdated client-server technology and time consuming face-to-face meetings with benefits applicants and recipients.
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For the first time in Iran special pottery relief collection illustrated with unique design of Seven obstacles of Rostam from the book of Shahname Ferdowsi and other designs made by specialists of Negin Sofal company in the University of Sistan and Baluchestan.
1.The first chapter: battle of Rakhsh and Lion, 2. The second chapter: Rostam and finding of the water fountain, 3. The third chapter: the battle of Rostam and the dragon, 4. The forth chapter: Rostam and the witch, 5. The fifth chapter: Pahlevan Oulad is captured by Rostam, 6. The sixth chapter: the battle of Rostam and Arjang div , 7. The seventh chapter: the battle of Rostam and Dive Sepid, 8. Ali Province inscription : Above the head of Morshed (Mentor), 9. Ship inscription: under the feet of Morshed, 10. Salavat Inscription: above of entrance door, 11. Arash Kamangir inscription, 12. Zurkhaneh pants inscription, 13. Zurkhaneh yucca inscription, 14. Kabbade and Mil inscription, 15. Antique design inscription, 16. Antique Zurkhaneh inscription , University of Sistan and Baluchestan.


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