text:
Ruler of the Sultanate of Mysore karnataka
To live like a lion for a day is far better than to live like a jackal for a hundred years.
My victorious sabre is lightning for the destruction of the unbelievers. Haidar, the Lord of the Faith, is victorious for my advantage. And, moreover, he destroyed the wicked race who were unbelievers. Praise be to him, who is the Lord of the Worlds! Thou art our Lord, support us against the people who are unbelievers. He to whom the Lord giveth victory prevails over all (mankind). Oh Lord, make him victorious, who promoteth the faith of Muhammad. Confound him, who refuseth the faith of Muhammad; and withhold us from those who are so inclined. The Lord is predominant over his own works. Victory and conquest are from the Almighty. Bring happy tidings, Oh Muhammad, to the faithful; for God is the kind protector and is the most merciful of the merciful. If God assists thee, thou wilt prosper. May the Lord God assist thee, Oh Muhammad, with mighty victory. ~ Inscription of Tipu's sword
Sultan Fateh Ali Tipu (20 November 1750 – 4 May 1799), also known as the Tiger of Mysore, was the de facto ruler of the Indian Kingdom of Mysore from 1782 until his death in 1799. He was a scholar, warrior and poet.
1.1 From Tipu Sultan's Decrees
1.2 From Tipu Sultan's letters
2 Quotes about Tipu Sultan
To live like a lion for a day is far better than to live for a hundred years like a jackal.
As quoted in Encyclopedia of Asian History (1988) Vol. 4, p. 104
It is far better to live like a lion for a day than to live like a jackal for a hundred years.
It is far better to live like a tiger for a day than to live like a jackal for a hundred years.
Variant mentioned in Tipu Sultan : A Study in Diplomacy and Confrontation (1982) by B. Sheikh Ali, p. 329
Who are my people? All of them – Yes those that ring the temple bells and those that pray in the mosque – they are my people and this land is theirs and mine
Attributed to Tipu Sultan. Cited in The Religious Legacy of Tipu Sultan, IOSR Journal Volume 23, Issue 4 and in the historical novel The Sword of Tipu Sultan by Bhagwan S Gidwani
People who have sinned against such a holy place are sure to suffer the consequences of their misdeeds at no distant date in this Kali age in accordance with the verse: Hasadbhih kriyate karma rudadbhir-anubhuyate (People do [evil] deeds smilingly but suffer the consequences crying).
Tipu expressing grief against the raid on Sringeri temple and matha by a contingent of the Marathas, called the Pindaris. Quoted in Annual Report of the Mysore Archaeological Department 1916 pages 10–11 and 73–6 and History of Tipu Sultan by Mohibbul Hasan, p. 358
[ ….In a proclamation issued to the people in 1788 Tipu Sultan outlined his new scheme of social reform as follows:] 'From the period of the conquest until this day, during twenty-four years, you have been a turbulent and refractory people, and in the wars waged during your rainy season, you have caused number of our warriors to taste the draught of martyrdom. Be it so. What is past is past. Hereafter you must proceed in an opposite manner, dwell quietly and pay your dues like good subjects and since it is the practice with you for one woman to associate with ten men, and you leave your mothers and sisters unconstrained in their obscene practices, and are thence all born in adultery, and are more shameless in your connections than the beasts of the fields: I hereby require you to forsake these sinful practices and be like the rest of mankind; and if you are disobedient to these commands, I have made repeated vows to honour the whole of you with Islam and to march all the chief persons to the seat of Government.'
Kerala District Gazetteer, quoted in IN THE HIGH COURT OF JUDICATURE AT BOMBAY Writ Petition No. 5435 of 1989, in : Tipu Sultan - Villain or Hero (1993)
From Tipu Sultan's DecreesEdit
Looting a conquered enemy enriches a few, impoverishes the nation and dishonors the entire army. Wars must be linked to battlefields. Do not carry them to innocent civilians. Honor their women, respect their religion, and protect their children and the infirm
The Decrees of 1783, 1785 and 1787 carried the instruction to his militia. Cited in INNOVATIVE DEFENCE MANAGEMENT BY TIPU SULTAN by Gurusiddaiah. C, B. P. Mahesh Chandra Guru, Abhilash. M. S & Sreekantaiah
Agriculture is the lifeblood of the nation. This land, rich and fertile, will reward those that work on it. Famine and want are either the result of sloth and ignorance or of corruption. The 127 Regulations of this Revenue Code are intended for your immediate implementation. In particular, your urgent attention is drawn to the provisions which relate to cash advances to needy peasants for buying ploughs, steps for taking over derelict land and protection to the cultivator and his descendants. Non-traditional crops must be specially encouraged and the formula for tax concessions to those who grow crops such as sugar cane, beetle and coconut must be brought into effect without delay. Also essential it is to encourage the planting of valuable trees-mangoes and the like-at the rate of 200 per village
Circular to all Amildars on 1788, Quoted in The Sword of Tipu Sultan, by Bhagwan S Gidwani & Tipu Sultan by Sunandha Ragunathan.
I have given detailed instructions for the establishment of silk industry in Mysore. Silk worms and men well versed in the art of rearing them have already arrived from foreign lands to train our people. Eighteen centres have been set up for development of the industry. Many more are needed. Every encouragement is being given to plantation of mulberry trees. I would like you to take direct interest in this developmental activity. My goal is clear: I want Mysore to be the foremost amongst silk producing nations.
Tipu Sultan's address on 1788, Quoted in The Sword of Tipu Sultan, by Bhagwan S Gidwani
A pearl fishery is being established on the Malabar coast. Expert pearl divers are coming to Mysore from foreign lands. They will be with us for a short while until our own people can be trained. Believe me, there is glitter and romance in those pearls—and there is wealth and profit in them. Government is prepared to subsidise your training the youth in this field of work. You will also be assisted in case you suffer any financial losses in the pioneering years. Can I count on your cooperation?
The temples are under your management; you are therefore to see that offering to the gods and the temple illumination are duly regulated, as directed out of government grants.
Circular of Tipu Sultan to local administrators on 1790. Cited in "India as a Secular State" Page 72 by "Donald Eugene Smith"
[It appears that circular orders for the conversion of the Hindus were issued to all the different detachments of his troops. The original of one of these orders found in the records of Palglmut fort, after its capture in 1790, ran as follows : — ] "It directed (all military detachments) that every being in the district, without distinction, should he honored with Islam, that the houses of such as fled to avoid that honor should be burned, that they should be traced to their lurking places, and that all means of truth and falsehood, fraud or force, should be employed to effect their universal conversion."—
Circular/Order sent to various army contingents by Tipu, it was found among the records from Palghat Fort, after its capture by the English Company in 1790.
Malabar Manual by William Logan, quoting Wilks, Historical sketches.[1] Quoted in Ravi Varma, " Tipu Sultan: As Known In Kerala" in Tipu Sultan: Villain or hero? : an anthology. (1993).
If any person, whether before or after marriage, shall keep a prostitute or a female-slave, you shall, after ascertaining the fact, take the slave for the Government,' and, if any person objects to it, he will be punishable
Circular of Tipu Sultan to local administrators, quoted by K.N.V. Sastri, in his essay Moral Laws under Tipu Sultan, in The Proceedings Of The Indian History Congress 6th Session, 1943
In the whole of the territories of the Balaghat (i.e., in the country below the ghats) most of the Hindu women go about with their breasts and heads uncovered. This is animal-like. No one of these women should hereafter go out without a fuller robe and a veil.
From Tipu Sultan's lettersEdit
Over 12,000 Hindus were 'honoured' with Islam. There were many Namboodiris (Brahmins) among them. This achievement should be widely publicised among the Hindus. There the local Hindus should be brought before you and then converted to Islam. No Namboodiri (Brahmin) should be spared. Also they should be confined there till the dress materials sent for them, reach you.
Tipu Sultan's Letter dated March 22, 1788, to Abdul Kadir. cited in Bhasha Poshini of Chingam 10, 1099 (August, 1923), Article on Tipu Sultan by Sardar K.M. Panicker. Also quoted in Ravi Varma, " Tipu Sultan: As Known In Kerala" in Tipu Sultan: Villain or hero? : an anthology. (1993). [2] Also quoted in [3]
I am sending two of my followers with Mir Hussain Ali. With their assistance, you should capture and kill all Hindus. Those below 20 may be kept in prison and 5,000 from the rest should be killed by hanging from the tree-tops. These are my orders.
Tipu Sultan's Letter dated December 14, 1788, to his Army Chief in Calicut: cited in Bhasha Poshini of Chingam 10, 1099 (August, 1923), Article on Tipu Sultan by Sardar K.M. Panicker. Also quoted in Ravi Varma, " Tipu Sultan: As Known In Kerala" in Tipu Sultan: Villain or hero? : an anthology. (1993).
242 Nairs are being sent as prisoners. Categorise them according to their social and family status. After honouring them with Islam, sufficient dress materials may be given to the men and their women.
Letter dated December 21, 1788, to Sheik Kutub. cited in Bhasha Poshini of Chingam 10, 1099 (August, 1923), Article on Tipu Sultan by Sardar K.M. Panicker. Also in TIPU SULTAN: AS KNOWN IN KERALA by RAVI VARMA
With the grace of Prophet Muhammed and Allah, almost all Hindus in Calicut are converted to Islam. Only a few are still not converted on the borders of Cochin State. I am determined to convert them also very soon. I consider this as Jehad to achieve that object.
Tipu Sultan's Letter dated January 18, 1790, to Syed Abdul Dulai: cited in Bhasha Poshini of Chingam 10, 1099 (August, 1923), Article on Tipu Sultan by Sardar K.M. Panicker. Also quoted in Ravi Varma, " Tipu Sultan: As Known In Kerala" in Tipu Sultan: Villain or hero? : an anthology. (1993).
Don't you know I have achieved a great victory recently in Malabar and over four lakh Hindus were converted to Islam? I am determined to march against that cursed Raman Nair (Rajah of Travancore) very soon. Since I am overjoyed at the prospect of converting him and his subjects to Islam, I have happily abandoned the idea of going back to Srirangapatanam now.
In Tipu's letter of 19 January 1790 to the Governor of Bekal, Budruz Zuman Khan (Badroos Saman Khan). quoted in K.M. Panicker, Bhasha Poshini, August 1923
"Your two letters, with the enclosed memorandums of the Naimar (or Nair) captives, have been received. You did right in ordering a hundred and thirty-five of them to be circumcised, and in putting eleven of the youngest of these into the Usud Ilhye band (or class) and the remaining ninety-four into the Ahmedy Troop, consigning the whole, at the same time, to the charge of the Kilaaddar of Nugr…"
In a letter dated 8th Eezidy (February 13, 1790) addressed to Budruz Zuman Khan. (Selected Letters of Tipoo Sultan by Kirkpatrick)., also in C. NANDAGOPAL MENON, TIPU'S OWN TESTIMONY, 1990. in Tipu Sultan: Villain or hero? : an anthology. (1993).
Quotes about Tipu SultanEdit
(Sorted alphabetically by author/source)
Tipu was not happy with the social conditions of the day. There was wide disparity between different castes. The rigidity of the caste system was intensely high at the time. As far as land relations were concerned, the jagirdari system was prevalent. In Kerala, for example, there were communities where women did not cover the upper part of their bodies. Tipu was concerned about the inequalities in society. Tipu was in contact with the French during the time of the French Revolution. He was aware of events in Europe and was attracted to the maxims of the revolution, which called for equal rights for everyone in the world: liberty, equality and fraternity. He referred to himself as "Citizen Tipu" and saw himself as a revolutionist. In Srirangapatnam, he had a club consisting of 59 French soldiers and himself. In this club, everyone was equal, including the king. Through his friends among the French, he was aware of social movements in Europe. He was influenced by three European movements: Renaissance [Italy], Reformation [Germany] and Revolution [France]. He wanted to blend the salient features of these movements in his reign.
Tipu was aware of the role of the French in the American War of Independence [1775-1783]. The French offered crucial support to the Americans. They went to America, fought the war for American independence and came back. Likewise, Tipu was under the assumption that Napoleon would drive the British out of India and go back. That did not happen. That was the reason for his embassy to Louis XVI in 1787 and the invitation to Napoleon in 1798.
Tipu Sultan was the first Indian ruler to envisage state control of trade and industry. He established manufacturing and trade centres in several parts of his kingdom and also in Muscat, Jeddah, Basrah and Pegu.
Tipu Sultan conceptualised a system of state capitalism that was far ahead of his times. Mysore silk, which has become a recognised industry in Karnataka, had its roots in Tipu's success in introducing sericulture. Tipu's army also had iron-cased rockets that were far more advanced than what the East India Company was equipped with at the time. He is also credited with forming a navy with the intention of fighting sea battles as opposed to the merchant navies that other rulers had. He undertook a series of reforms such as the abolition of the jagirdari system.
The English saw Tipu as an impediment to their plans of conquering India. The early British sources on Tipu were the ones written by soldiers who had been imprisoned by him during the Anglo-Mysore Wars. This formed the basis for prejudiced accounts of Tipu's reign that cast him as a despot. There was a constant campaign against Tipu by the English. No one in India had humiliated and dictated terms to the English as Tipu and Hyder had done. The intensity and hostility had gone to such a level that the English regretted that their language was not copious enough to find sufficient epithets to condemn him with.
PROF. B. SHEIK ALI, in an interview On the life and times of Tipu Sultan, Frontline, 11 December 2015.
First a corps of 30,000 barbarians who butchered everybody on the way, followed by the Field-Gun Unit under the French Commander, M. Lally. Tipu Sultan was riding on an elephant behind which another army of 30,000 soldiers followed. Most of the men and women were hanged in Calicut. First mothers were hanged with children tied to the necks of their mothers. That barbarian Tipu Sultan tied the naked Christians and Hindus to the legs of elephants and made the elephants move about till the bodies of the helpless victims were torn to pieces. Temples and Churches were ordered to be burnt, desecrated and destroyed. Christian and Hindu women were forced to marry Muhammadans and similarly their men were forced to marry Muhammadan women. Those Christians who refused to be 'honoured' with Islam, were ordered to be killed by hanging then and there. The above version of the atrocities was obtained from the sorrowful narration by the victims who escaped from Tipu's army and reached Varapuzha (near Alwaye) which is the centre of Carmichael Christian Mission. I myself helped many victims to cross the Varapuzha river by boats.
Fra Bartolomaco, in his well-known book, Voyage to East India, Cited in History of Cochin State by K.P. Padmanabha Menon, Mathrubhoomi Publication, 1989. p. 573. Also quoted in Ravi Varma, " Tipu Sultan: As Known In Kerala" in Tipu Sultan: Villain or hero? : an anthology. (1993).
As soon as he had conquered Egypt, he will establish relations with the Indian princes and, together with them, attack the English in their possessions.
Having occupied and fortified Egypt, we shall send a force of 15,000 men from Suez to India, to join the forces of Tipu-Sahib and drive away the English.
Napoleon Bonaparte wished to establish a French presence in the Middle East, with the ultimate dream of linking with Tippoo Sahib. Quoted in Iradj Amini (1 January 1999). Napoleon and Persia: Franco-Persian Relations Under the First Empire. Mage Publishers. pp. 12–. ISBN 978-0-934211-58-1.
"To show his ardent devotion and steadfast faith in Muhammaddan religion, Tipu Sultan found Kozhikode to be the most suitable place. It was because the Hindus of Malabar refused to reject the matriarchal system, polyandry and half-nakedness of women that the 'great reformer' Tipu Sultan tried to honour the entire population with Islam."
Lewis B. Boury quoted in LATE P.C.N. RAJA, RELIGIOUS INTOLERANCE OF TIPU SULTAN (This is the English translation of the Malayalam article by P.C.N. Raja first published in Kesari Annual of 1964. The late Raja was a senior member of the Zamorin Royal Family.) in : Tipu Sultan - Villain or Hero (1993)
For thirty years, first Haidar Ali, Tipu's father, then Tipu himself, had been at the forefront of the British public's consciousness…. So by the time he died at the hands of General Harris's troops, as they besieged his island capital in 1799, Tipu Sultan was probably the most famous Indian, if not villain, in the United Kingdom.
Kate Brittlebank, Quoted in Tipu—fact & fiction, Frontline Magazine, 06 January 2016.
Unfortunately, there are no memorials erected anywhere in Kodungallur, or Trichur, or Alwaye to honour Dharma Raja who gave shelter in his state to thousands of Hindus escaping from the Islamic brutalities of the fanatic Tipu Sultan; or Ayyappan Marthanda Pillai who was the architect of the historic Nedumkotta; or Raja Keshavadas under whose direct command a comparatively small army humbled and defeated the invading army of Tipu Sultan; or scores of valiant Hindu soldiers who laid down their lives to protect their country and faith. The most despicable and shameful act of the anti-Hindu secularist government of Kerala since Independence was that instead of honouring the legendary heroes of the land, a memorial in the form of a flagstaff was erected near the historic Trichur Palace to perpetuate the memory of the Islamic bigot Tipu Sultan who was instrumental in the forcible mass circumcision and killing of Hindus, destruction of Hindu temples, and devastation of the Malabar, Trichur, Alwaye and Kodungallur regions.
S.R. Goel in : Tipu Sultan - Villain or Hero (1993)
Tipu Sultan, the ruler of Mysore, had been everyone's icon. The recent efforts of the Hindu right to project him as a Muslim bigot show that their political stakes in him have changed.
Chandan Gowda, Professor of Sociology, Azim Premji University, Bengaluru in his article All about Tipu Sultan The Hindu, 09 November 2016.
'Accompanied by an army of 60,000, Tipu Sultan came to Kozhikode in 1788 and razed it to the ground. It is not possible even to describe the brutalities committed by that Islamic barbarian from Mysore."
The German missionary Guntest, quoted in: LATE P.C.N. RAJA, RELIGIOUS INTOLERANCE OF TIPU SULTAN (This is the English translation of the Malayalam article by P.C.N. Raja first published in Kesari Annual of 1964. The late Raja was a senior member of the Zamorin Royal Family.) in : Tipu Sultan - Villain or Hero (1993) (C.A. Parkhurst also noted that 'Almost the entire Kozhikode was razed to the ground.")
Tipu succeeded to a large kingdom that was bounded in the north by the river Krishna, in the south by the state of Travancore and the district of Tinnevelly [Tirunelveli], in the east by the Eastern Ghats and in the west by the Arabian Sea.
Mohibbul Hasan, in his book History of Tipu Sultan, quoted in Tipu—fact & fiction, Frontline Magazine, 06 January 2016.
Tipu proclaimed: "It is our constant object and sincere intention that those worthless and stiffnecked infidels (Hindus) who have turned aside their heads from obedience to the true believers, and openly raised the standard of infidelity should be chastised by the hands of the faithful and made either to acknowledge the true religion or to pay tribute."...He proclaimed that his commanders should serve Islam: "Promoting the prosperity and advantage of the people of Islam and the overthrowing of unrighteous infidels, you will do whatever may be in your power to increase the lustre of the firm religion of Mohammed.... He was out to humuliate the Hindus and glorify Islam: "By the blessings of Allah and the aid of the Prophet, the forces of the accursed, having experienced a signal defeat and chastisement, have turned their faces to flight, and the troops of Islam are victorious over the enemies of the faith. Thus the army of the accursed infidels has been trodden underfoot by the hoofs of the horses of Islam and rendered vile and miserable, while the religion of Mohammed has been thereby made to flourish. You, Sir, will, therefore, apply with all your heart the best means of advancing the religion of Mohammed and of administering to the support of Islam.".... He wrote to Zaman Shah, the king of Afghanistan, that "we should come together in carrying on a holy war against the infidels, and for freeing the region of Hindustan from the contamination of the enemies of our religion (Hindus)".
High Court, Bombay. From the September, 1990, Petition for special leave to appeal (Civil) which was filed against the judgement dated August 30, 1990 passed by Bombay High Court. quoted in : HISTORY OF LEGAL BATTLE AGAINST THE T.V. SERIAL - The Sword of Tipu Sultan by Madhavrao D. Pathak, in: Tipu Sultan: Villain or hero? : an anthology. (1993).
Tipu, after a feeble resistance in the field, retired into Seringapatam, and, when his capital was stormed, died fighting bravely in the breach, 1799. Since the battle of Plassey no event had so greatly impressed the native imagination as the capture of Seringapatam, which won for General Harris a peerage, and for Wellesley an Irish Marquisate.
The silk-worm is said to have been introduced into Mysore by Tipu Sultan, and for many years continued to prosper. But recently the Mysore worms have been afflicted by an epidemic.
William Wilson Hunter in his book The Indian empire : its peoples, history, and products Page 396, 512
Tipu Sultan died a heroic death fighting the British. He was also a pioneer in the development and use of Mysore rockets in warfare. This technology was later adopted by the Europeans.
w:RAM NATH KOVIND in his address to KARNATAKA LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY AND LEGISLATIVE COUNCIL
'In consequence, the Hindus of Malabar had to suffer the most severe enormities the world had ever known in history' ... "When the second-in-line of Zamorins, Eralppad, refused to cooperate with Tipu Sultan in his military operations against Travancore because of Tipu's crude methods of forcible circumcision and conversion of Hindus to Islam, the enraged Tipu Sultan took a solemn oath to circumcise and convert the Zamorin and his chieftains and Hindu soldiers to Islamic faith."
K.V. Krishna Iyer, in his famous book, Zamorins of Calicut, quoted in : LATE P.C.N. RAJA, RELIGIOUS INTOLERANCE OF TIPU SULTAN (This is the English translation of the Malayalam article by P.C.N. Raja first published in Kesari Annual of 1964. The late Raja was a senior member of the Zamorin Royal Family.) in : Tipu Sultan - Villain or Hero (1993)
Among the galaxy of heroes and heroines of Indian history the personality of Tipu Sultan will ever shine with a rare lustre. He was the only Indian Ruler who had the courage to challenge the British and had the distinction of dying on the battle field fighting the British and their allies. More than 200 years back Tipu Sultan visualised the birth of a free country. He was inspired by the French Revolution and wanted to put into reality the concepts of Liberty, Equality and Fraternity.
Khurshed Alam Khan. Page 323, "Selected Speeches of Khurshed Alam Khan", Former Governor and Politician, India
Tipu's proclamation created universal resentment and the whole country rose in rebellion. Fearing forcible conversion about 30,000 Brahmins alone fled to Travancore. The Kottayam and Kadattanand Rajas sought the English East India Company's protection. Calicut was attacked in November, 1788. Tipu's officers laid hands on the Karanavappad of Manjeri. The Nairs of Calicut and South Malabar headed by Ravi Varma and other princes of the Padinjare Kovilakam turned in despair on their oppressors. Tipu set 6,000 troops under M. Lally to raise the siege, but Ravi Varma could not be driven out of the field. Earlier, in 1789, Tipu himself came down to Malabar via the Tamarasseri Ghat to enforce his proclamation at the point of his sword. General orders were issued to his army that 'every being in the district without distinction should be burned, that they should be traced to their lurking places, and that all means of truth and falsehood, force or fraud should be employed to effect their universal conversion'. The Kadattanad Raja's fortified palace at Kuttipuram was surrounded and 2,000 Nairs, forced to surrender after a resistance of several days, were circumcised and regaled with beef. Several. Rajas and rich land owners fled to Travancore where the Dharma Raja rendered them all help to rehabilitate themselves in their new surroundings. The poor Nairs, however, retreated into the jungles and were relentlessly pursued by Mysorean troops. From their jungle homes the Nairs could engage themselves in a kind of guerrilla warfare against the enemy forces. Hence Tipu organised a regular and systematic Nair hunt with the help of his soldiers. He then proceeded to Cannanore and after celebrating the marriage of his son with the daughter of the Ali Raja, marched along the coast of Chowghat to overawe the native population by a show of his power. From there he retired to Coimbatore after making arrangements for the administrative reorganisation of the province and leaving a permanent army of occupation to frighten the population into passive submission."
Kerala District Gazetteer, quoted in IN THE HIGH COURT OF JUDICATURE AT BOMBAY Writ Petition No. 5435 of 1989 in : Tipu Sultan - Villain or Hero (1993)
Oh Shiva! Shiva Lingam (idol) has gone (destroyed) from the temple,
and also the Lingam (manliness) from the land:
Katathanad Royal Family, poem about the consequences of Padayottakalam, quoted in : LATE P.C.N. RAJA, RELIGIOUS INTOLERANCE OF TIPU SULTAN (This is the English translation of the Malayalam article by P.C.N. Raja first published in Kesari Annual of 1964. The late Raja was a senior member of the Zamorin Royal Family.)in : Tipu Sultan - Villain or Hero (1993)
"Tipoo knew his will to be a law the propriety of which… would never be questioned or doubted by any of his slaves… He probably measured the sentiments in question by a different standard from that with which we estimate them. Thus the various murders and acts of treachery which we see him directing to be carried into execution, were not criminal, but on the contrary just, and even meritorious, in his eyes."... "The Koran taught him that it was not necessary to keep faith with infidels, or the enemies of the true religion, in which case it was not difficult for him to persuade himself that it was right to include all who opposed or refused to cooperate in his views for the extension of that religion; or, in other words, for his own aggrandisement."
William Kirkpatrick, Selected Letters of Tipoo Sultan (published in 1811) quoted in C. NANDAGOPAL MENON, TIPU'S OWN TESTIMONY, 1990. in : Tipu Sultan - Villain or Hero (1993)
The Sultan, therefore, in his infancy being like all children fond of play, and as in that space boys of Kinhiri Brahmin castes assembled to amuse themselves, was accustomed to quit the house to see them play, or play with them. It happened one day that a Fakir (a religious mendicant) a man of saint-like mind passed that way, and seeing the Sultan gave him a life bestowing benediction, saying to him, 'Fortunate child, at a future time thou will be the king of this country, and whey thy time comes, remember my words-take this temple and destroy it, and build a Masjid in its place, and for ages it will remain a memorial of thee.' The Sultan smiled, and in reply told him, 'that whenever, by his blessing, he should become a Padishah, or king, he would do as he (the Fakir) directed.' When, therefore, after a short time his father became a prince, the possessor of wealth and territory, he remembered his promise, and after his return from Nagar and Gorial Bundar, he purchased the temple from the adorers of the image in it (which after all was nothing but the figure of a bull, made of brick and mortar) with their goodwill, and the Brahmins, therefore, taking away their image, placed it in the Deorhi Peenth, and the temple was pulled down, and the foundations of a new Masjid raised on the site, agreeably to a plan of the Mosque built by Ali Adil Shah, at Bijapur, and brought thence.
Hussain Ali Khan Kirmani, History of Tipu Sultan Being a Continuation of The Neshan-i-Hyduri, translated from Persian by Col. W. Miles, first published 1864, New Delhi Reprint, 1986, pp. 66-67. Also quoted in S.R. Goel, Hindu Temples - What Happened to them (about the Masjid-i-Ala or Jama Masjid standing in Srirangapatanam on the site of a Shiva temple)
Tippu's soldiers, therefore daily exposed the heads of many Brahmans in sight of the fort. It is asserted that the Zamorin, rather than witness such enormities (and to avoid further killing of innocent Brahmins), chose to abandon Palghautcherry (Palghat Fort).
Malabar Manual by William Logan (p. 500). [4] , citing the official report of Col. Fullarton of the British forces stationed in Mangalore. (Printed and published by Charitram Publications under the editorship of Dr. C.K, Kareem, Trivandrum). p. 500. Also quoted in Ravi Varma, " Tipu Sultan: As Known In Kerala" in Tipu Sultan: Villain or hero? : an anthology. (1993).
It had been confirmed from Calicut that "200 Brahmans had been seized and confined, made Mussulmen, and forced to eat beef and other things contrary to their caste."
Malabar Manual by William Logan p. 449.. in : RAVI VARMA, TIPU SULTAN: AS KNOWN IN KERALA in Tipu Sultan: Villain or hero? : an anthology. (1993).
It was at Kuttippuram, the head-quarters of the Kadattanad family, that this force surrounded 2,000 Nayars with their families in an old fort which they defended for several days. At last finding it untenable they submitted to Tippu's terms which were "a voluntary profession of the Muhammadan faith, or a forcible conversion with deportation from their native land. The unhappy captives gave a forced assent, and on the next day the rite of circumcision was performed on all the males, every individual of both sexes being compelled to close the ceremony by eating beef."
Malabar Manual by William Logan p. 451. also in part quoted in Ravi Varma, " Tipu Sultan: As Known In Kerala" in Tipu Sultan: Villain or hero? : an anthology. (1993).
In the month of Chingam 952, Malayalam Era (corresponding to August, 1786) Tipu's Army destroyed idols of the famous Perumanam Temple and desecrated all the temples between Trichur and Karuvannur river. Irinjalakuda and Thiruvanchikulam temples were also defiled and damaged by Tipu's Army.
History of Kerala by A. Sreedhara Menon. Also quoted in Ravi Varma, " Tipu Sultan: As Known In Kerala" in Tipu Sultan: Villain or hero? : an anthology. (1993).
The nightmarish results of Tipu's invasion of Kerala have been aptly described by the former editor of Gazetteer of Kerala and the renowned historian A. Sreedhara Menon. They state as follows: "Hindus, especially Nairs and chieftains who resisted Islamic cruelties, were the main targets of Tipu's anger. Hundreds of Nair women and children were abducted to Sreerangapatanam or sold as slaves to the Dutch. Nairs were hunted down and killed and also deprived of all traditional and social privileges. Thousands of Brahmins, Kshatriyas, Nairs and other respected classes of Hindus were forcibly converted to Islam or driven out of their traditional ancestral homes. Thousands sought refuge in Travancore State while hundreds fled to forests and hills to escape Tipu's atrocities which had completely shaken their sense of security." "The new phase of Mysore administration in Kerala resulted in unending wars. Extreme cruelties of the invading army had badly affected every section of the society, leading to the mass exodus of people from Malabar." "Many Hindu temples, royal houses and chieftain families were destroyed and plundered. The exodus of Brahmins and Kshatriyas who were the patrons and custodians of traditional arts and culture, resulted in stagnation in the cultural field also."
A. Sreedhara Menon.quoted in Ravi Varma, " Tipu Sultan: As Known In Kerala" in Tipu Sultan: Villain or hero? : an anthology. (1993).
Hindus, especially Nairs and chieftains who resisted Islamic cruelties, were the main targets of Tipu's anger. Hundreds of Nair women and children were abducted to Sreerangapatanam or sold as slaves to the Dutch. Nairs were hunted down and killed and also deprived of all traditional and social privileges. Thousands of Brahmins, Kshatriyas, Nairs and other respected classes of Hindus were forcibly converted to Islam or driven out of their traditional ancestral homes. Thousands sought refuge in Travancore State while hundreds fled to forests and hills to escape Tipu's atrocities which had completely shaken their sense of security.. The new phase of Mysore administration in Kerala resulted in unending wars. Extreme cruelties of the invading army had badly affected every section of the society, leading to the mass exodus of people from Malabar.. Many Hindu temples, royal houses and chieftain families were destroyed and plundered. The exodus of Brahmins and Kshatriyas who were the patrons and custodians of traditional arts and culture, resulted in stagnation in the cultural field also.
"The Padayottam military occupation period won't be forgotten by the Malayalis for generations. It was this invasion, between Malayalam era 957 to 967 (1782 to 1792) that turned Malayalam upside down," says P. Raman Menon, biographer of Shaktan Tampuran, the King of Cochin during Tipu's invasion. He adds: "There was hardly any cowshed left in Malayalam where the Mysore Tiger did not enter." The reference is to the mass cow-slaughter carried out by Tipu's army on his orders.
P. Raman Menon, quoted in C. NANDAGOPAL MENON, TIPU'S OWN TESTIMONY, 1990.in Tipu Sultan: Villain or hero? : an anthology. (1993).
The Mysore Gazetteer says that the ravaging army of Tipu Sultan had destroyed more than 8000 temples in South India. The temples of Malabar and Cochin principalities had to bear the brunt of plunder and destruction. The History of Cochin by K.P. Padmanabha Menon and History of Kerala by A. Sreedhara Menon narrate some of them: "In the month of Chingam 952, Malayalam Era (corresponding to August, 1786) Tipu's Army destroyed idols of the famous Perumanam Temple and desecrated all the temples between Trichur and Karuvannur river. "Irinjalakuda and Thiruvanchikulam temples were also defiled and damaged by Tipu's Army." Some of the other famous temples looted and desecrated were as follows: Triprangot, Thrichembaram, Thirunavaya, Thiruvannoor, Calicut Thali, Hemambika Temple, the Jain Temple in Palghat, Mammiyur, Parambatali, Venkitangu, Pemmayanadu, Tiruvanjikulam, Terumanam, Vadakhumnnathan Temple of Trichur, Belur Siva Temple, Shri Veliyanattukava, Varakkal, Puthu, Govindapuram, Keraladhiswara, Trikkandiyur, Sukapuram, Maranehei Temple of Aaalvancheiri Tambrakkal, Vengara Temple of Aranadu, Tikulam, Ramanathakra, Azhinjalam Indiannur, Mannur Narayan Kanniar and Vadukunda Siva Temple of Madai.
K.P. Padmanabha Menon, A. Sreedhara Menon quoted in Ravi Varma, " Tipu Sultan: As Known In Kerala" in Tipu Sultan: Villain or hero? : an anthology. (1993).
My victorious sabre is lightning for the destruction of the unbelievers. Haidar, the Lord of the Faith, is victorious for my advantage. And, moreover, he destroyed the wicked race who were unbelievers. Praise be to him, who is the Lord of the Worlds! Thou art our Lord, support us against the people who are unbelievers. He to whom the Lord giveth victory prevails over all (mankind). Oh Lord, make him victorious, who promoteth the faith of Muhammad. Confound him, who refuseth the faith of Muhammad; and withhold us from those who are so inclined. The Lord is predominant over his own works. Victory and conquest are from the Almighty. Bring happy tidings, Oh Muhammad, to the faithful; for God is the kind protector and is the most merciful of the merciful. If God assists thee, thou wilt prosper. May the Lord God assist thee, Oh Muhammad, with mighty victory.
Inscription of Tipu's sword, Mysore Gazetteer, Volume 2, Part 4, eds. Conjeeveram Hayavadana Rao and Benjamin Lewis Rice (Bangalore: Government Press, 1930), Ch. 9, pp. 2697–2698
The reversion of Mangalore to the possession of Tipu was signalized by the forcible circumcision of many thousands of Indian Christians and their deportation to Seringapatam. A revolt in Coorg next year led to the same treatment of the greater part of the inhabitants the occasion being marked by Tipu's assumption of the tide of Badshah. ... A simultaneous rebellion occurred now in Coorg and Malabar, and the Sultan, passing through Coorg to quiet it, entered Malabar. Large parties of the Nairs were surrounded and offered the alternative of death or circumcision. ... Over 8,000 temples were also desecrated, their roofs of gold, silver and copper and the treasures buried under the idols amounting to many lakhs, being treated as royal plunder....His orders were, that 'every being in the district, without distinction, should be honoured with Islam; that the houses of such as fled to avoid that honour should be burned; that they should be traced to their lurking places, and that all means of truth and falsehood, fraud or force, should be employed' to effect their universal conversion.
Mysore Gazetteer , quoted in IN THE HIGH COURT OF JUDICATURE AT BOMBAY Writ Petition No. 5435 of 1989 in : Tipu Sultan - Villain or Hero (1993)
The following is a translation of an inscription on the stone found at Seringapatam, which was to have been set up in a conspicuous place in the fort:"Oh Almighty God! dispose the whole body of infidels! Scatter their tribe, cause their feet to stagger! Overthrow their councils, change their state, destroy their very root! Cause death to be near them, cut off from them the means of sustenance! Shorten their days! Be their bodies the constant object of their cares (i.e. infest them with diseases), deprive their eyes of sight, make black their faces (i.e. bring shame)."
Agrarian trade prospered in the reign of Haider and Tippu Sulthan. Kumbala, Mangalore, Mulki, Basaruru, Gangoli, Bhatkala, Honnavara and Karwar continued to be prominent trade centres of agrarian products namely rice, pepper and coconut. Both Haidar and Tippu Sulthan had intentions to expand agrarian trade ofrice and pepper to Muscat, China, Pegu, Arabia and even distant Maldiva Island. For the expansion of trade, Tippu Sulthan set up a depot at Muscat and it was placed under the charge of Amildar at Mangalore.
Hyder and Tippu Sulthan also took keen interest in the expansion of activities further. They particularly encouraged the cultivation of cash crops namely sugarcane, pepper, arecanut, coconut, sandal wood etc. Attempts were made to bring barren and unproductive lands under the cultivation. Tippu Sulthan in particular granted barren lands to peasants and collected a nominal rate of tax. He even encouraged the cultivation of sugar cane and sandalwood. The enterprising peasants were given loans for the expansion of agricultural activities in the barren places. His Government provided irrigation facility in places, where it was feasible.
Both Haidar and Tippu sulthan took interest in improving the communication system with an intention of increasing the agrarian trade in rice, pepper and coconut produced in the Kingdom. For instance, the state constructed boats for the sea trade. The state ships carried rice, pepper, sugarcane and coir to Muscat, Aden, Arabia and Red Sea region and even distant China. The state maintained roads and provided facilities to the traders.
Although Tippu's revenue code was framed with great ability, it was badly implemented by his officers of whom the Sultan had lost his grip after 1792. Newly recruited revenue officers were indulged in corruption and dishonesty. They kept the revenue accounts in the most unreliable manner. For instance in Kanara, the ryots in 1796 A.D. under Tippu received a nominal remission of 20% of their assessment but the remitted amount was paid in years between 1796 and 1799 as a bribe to the revenue officers.
Along with the Muslims, "trusted Brahmans" from the region of Mysore were entrusted with the revenue administration of South Kanara. The defective implementation of Tippu's agrarian policy adversely affected the status of the Christian agriculturist, the Gowda-Sarasvats and the Jain Paleyagars in the agrarian set up in the region under study.
B. Sreedhara Naik in his work The society and politics in South Kanara 1500 A D to 1800 A D, Page 81-214
"The communal Mappila outrage of 1921 in Malabar could be easily traced to the forcible mass conversion and related Islamic atrocities of Tipu Sultan during his cruel military regime from 1783 to 1792. It is doubtful whether the Hindus of Kerala had ever suffered so much devastation and atrocities since the reclamation of Kerala by the mythological Lord Parasurama in a previous Era. Many thousands of Hindus were forcibly converted into Muhammadan faith."
K. Madhava Nair, on page 14 of his famous book, Malabar Kalapam (Mappila outrage). Quoted in V.M. KORATH: THE SWORD OF TIPU SULTAN in Goel S.R. (Ed.) Tipu Sultan: Villain or hero? : an anthology. (1993).
rockets made an extraordinary impression on the British, and led, from 1801, to what would now be called a vigorous research and development programme (at the Royal Woolwich Arsenal). Sir William Congreve made systematic studies of propellants, analysed performance applying Newton's laws, developed a series of rockets of different sizes and characteristics, made a comparative cost analysis and published three books on the subject. Rockets were soon systematically used by the British during the Napoleonic Wars and their confrontation with the U.S. during 1812-14.
Rockets in Mysore and Britain, 1750-1850 A.D. by Roddam Narasimha, 1985, Quoted in Striking legacy, Frontline Magazine, 23 November 2018.
It was not religious bigotry that made Tipu issue this amazing proclamation. He was firmly convinced that in asking the Nairs to give up what he called their obscene habits, he was undertaking a mission of civilisation. It is the narrow reformer's mind, anxious for the moral and material welfare of the people, and not the fanaticism of the bigot desirous of converting the Kafir, that speaks in his proclamation.
K.M. Panikkar in his book History of Kerala: 1498-1801 Quoted in Contested legacy, Frontline Magazine, 11 December 2015.
Tipu's moves are not good. He is full of arrogance. Recently Nur Muhammad received a letter from Tipu that he converted 50,000 Hindus including women and children to Islam, no Padishah or Vazir did it in the past, with God's grace he could. He converts entire villages.
-Letter from Nana Phadnis to Mahadji Scindia, 5 September 1784. What Exactly Happened At Sringeri Math In April 1791?
"Kozhikode was then a centre of Brahmins. There were around 7000 Namboodiri houses of which more than 2000 houses were destroyed by Tipu Sultan in Kozhikode alone. Sultan did not spare even children and women. Menfolk escaped to forests and neighbouring principalities. Mappilas increased many fold (due to forcible conversion).... "During the military regime of Tipu Sultan, Hindus were forcibly circumcised and converted to Muhammadan faith. As a result the number of Nairs and Brahmins declined substantially."
Elankulam Kunjan Pillai quoted in V.M. KORATH: THE SWORD OF TIPU SULTAN in Goel S.R. (Ed.) Tipu Sultan: Villain or hero? : an anthology. (1993).
Muhammadans greatly increased in number. Hindus were forcibly circumcised in thousands. As a result of Tipu's atrocities, strength of Nairs and Chamars (Scheduled Castes) significantly diminished in number. Namboodiris also substantially decreased in number.
Elamkulam Kunjan Pillai in the Mathrubhoomi Weekly of December 25, 1955, in : LATE P.C.N. RAJA, RELIGIOUS INTOLERANCE OF TIPU SULTAN (This is the English translation of the Malayalam article by P.C.N. Raja first published in Kesari Annual of 1964. The late Raja was a senior member of the Zamorin Royal Family.), in : in Goel S.R. (Ed.) Tipu Sultan: Villain or hero? : an anthology. (1993).
"During Malayalam Era 965 corresponding to 1789-90, Tipu Sultan crossed over to Malabar with an army of uncivilised barbarians. With a sort of fanatical love for Islamic faith, he destroyed many Hindu temples and Christian churches which were the custodians of precious wealth and religious traditions. Besides, Tipu Sultan abducted hundreds of people and forcibly circumcised and converted them to Islam - an act which was considered by them as more than death."
Govinda Pillai in his famous book, History of Literature;, quoted in : LATE P.C.N. RAJA, RELIGIOUS INTOLERANCE OF TIPU SULTAN (This is the English translation of the Malayalam article by P.C.N. Raja first published in Kesari Annual of 1964. The late Raja was a senior member of the Zamorin Royal Family.) in : Tipu Sultan: Villain or hero? : an anthology. (1993).
"With respect to the much-published land-grants I had explained the reasons about 40 years back. Tipu had immense faith in astrological predictions. It was to become an Emperor (Padushah) after destroying the might of the British that Tipu resorted to land-grants and other donations to Hindu temples in Mysore including Sringeri Mutt, as per the advice of the local Brahmin astrologers. Most of these were done after his defeat in 1791 and the humiliating Srirangapatanam Treaty in 1792. These grants were not done out of respect or love for Hindus or Hindu religion but for becoming Padushah as predicted by the astrologers."
Biography of the Diwan of Travancore, Life History of Raja Kesavadas by V,R. Parameswaran Pillai. quoted in C. NANDAGOPAL MENON, TIPU'S OWN TESTIMONY, 1990. in : Tipu Sultan: Villain or hero? : an anthology. (1993).
'In a deliberately designed taxation scheme, the religious prejudice of Tipu Sultan became quite clear. His co-religionists, Muslims, were exempted from house tax, commodity tax and also the levy on other items of household use. Those who were converted to Muhammadanism, were also given similar tax exemptions. He had even made provisions for the education of their children. Tipu Sultan discontinued the practice of appointing Hindus in different administrative and military jobs as practised by his father, Hyder Ali Khan, in the past. He had deep hatred towards all non-Muslims. During the entire period of sixteen years of his regime, Purnaiyya was the only Hindu who had adorned the post of Dewan or minister under Tipu Sultan. In 1797 (two years before his death) among the 65 senior Government posts, not even a single Hindu was retained. All the Mustadirs were also Muslims. Among the 26 civil and military officers captured by the British in 1792 there were only 6 non-Muslims. In 1789, when the Nizam of Hyderabad and other Muslim rulers decided that only Muslims would be appointed henceforth in all Government posts, Tipu Sultan also adopted the same policy in his Mysore State. Just because they were Muslims, even those who were illiterate and inefficient, were also appointed to important Government posts. Even for getting promotions, one still had to be a Muslim under Tipu Sultan's regime. Considering the interest and convenience of only Muslim officers, all the records relating to tax revenue, were ordered to be written in Persian rather than in Marathi and Kannada as followed earlier. He even tried to make Persian the State language in place of Kannada. In the end all the Government posts were filled by lazy and irresponsible Muslims. As a consequence the people had to suffer a great deal because of those fun-seeking and irresponsible Muslim officers. The Muslim officers, occupying important posts at all levels, were all dishonest and unreliable persons. Even when people complained to him with evidences against those officers, Tipu Sultan did not care to inquire about the complaints lodged."
M.A. Gopal Rao, quoted in : LATE P.C.N. RAJA, RELIGIOUS INTOLERANCE OF TIPU SULTAN (This is the English translation of the Malayalam article by P.C.N. Raja first published in Kesari Annual of 1964. The late Raja was a senior member of the Zamorin Royal Family.) , in: Tipu Sultan: Villain or hero? : an anthology. (1993).
"Whatever cruelties, the local Mappilas were desirous of indulging in the land, Tipu Sultan and his army of Muslim converts did. The ancient and holy temples were heartlessly defiled or burnt down. The ruins of those temples destroyed by Tipu's fanatic army are the existing evidences of the atrocities committed by Muslims in the country. Christian churches also had to suffer widespread destructions. However, Tipu Sultan spared only the territories of Cochin Raja who had surrendered to Hyder Ali Khan in the beginning itself. Still, when Tipu Sultan and his army entered Parur and started firing at Kodungallur, the Cochin Raja sent a letter to the Travancore Raja requesting him 'to protect me and my family'."
Dewan of Travancore, Madhava Rao, History of Travancore, quoted in: LATE P.C.N. RAJA, RELIGIOUS INTOLERANCE OF TIPU SULTAN (This is the English translation of the Malayalam article by P.C.N. Raja first published in Kesari Annual of 1964. The late Raja was a senior member of the Zamorin Royal Family.)in: Tipu Sultan: Villain or hero? : an anthology. (1993).
In the vast empire of Tipu Sultan on the eve of his death, there were only two Hindu temples having daily pujas within the Sreerangapatanam fortress. It is only for the satisfaction of the Brahmin astrologers who used to study his horoscope that Tipu Sultan had spared those two temples. The entire wealth of every Hindu temple was confiscated before 1790 itself mainly to make up for the revenue loss due to total prohibition in the country.
Lewis Rice, cited in : V.M. KORATH, THE SWORD OF TIPU SULTAN: in Tipu Sultan: Villain or hero? : an anthology. (1993).
He (Tipu Sultan) was indifferent to women even though his seraglio contained many beautiful ladies. The case of Coorg women who fell into his hands is a good illustration of this statement. But his indifference did not arise from any temperamental dullness. He had to set a proper example and was therefore very careful. His attitude towards Ali Raza Beebi of Tellicherry goes to prove that he would not hesitate to punish the faithless even among well-placed women. He created a special military corps, Usud-Illahis, with a desire to make such ill-advised persons physically strong. It is said that there was a touch of romance however in the whole business. But this did not out-weigh his higher intention, which was prescribed by the holy Koran.
Drunkenness, Prostitution and Irreverance were the most oommon vices. It appears from the available evidence that Tipu Sultan was the sole exception among the Muhammadan rulers of his time and among the noblemen of his own country to have had a real abhorrence to these social evils.
K.N.V. Sastri, in his essay Moral Laws under Tipu Sultan, in The Proceedings Of The Indian History Congress 6th Session, 1943
Tipu was one of our great statesmen, and politically he was committed to driving the British out of the country. He took into account both his Muslim and Hindu subjects. He was farsighted, particularly the way in which he tried to be self-sufficient and manufacture rockets. If he had mastered the technique, probably the history of India would've taken a different turn.
S. Settar in his interview with Times of India, As a historian, I have to tell the truth, 28 October 2017.
Vilification of Tipu was linked to the development of an imperial culture. Expansionist Governors General consciously blackened the character of Tipu to make their own aggressive actions more palatable to British audiences at home. Through a process of reversal, preventive war came to be justified as defensive in nature, protecting the native inhabitants of Mysore from the depredations of an unspeakable despot. The increasingly vilified and caricatured representations of Tipu allowed the East India Company to portray itself as fighting a moral crusade to liberate southern India from the depredations of a savage ruler. Company servants were recast in the British popular imagination from unscrupulous nabobs into virtuous soldier-heroes that embodied the finest qualities of the British nation. The study of the faithless and violent character of 'Tippoo the Tyrant' ultimately reveals much about how empire is constructed at home and abroad.
Michael Soracoe in his thesis, Quoted in Contested legacy, Frontline Magazine, 11 December 2015.
There was no limit as to the loss the Hindu temples suffered due to the military operations of Tipu Sultan. Burning down the temples, destruction of the idols installed therein and also cutting the heads of cattle over the temple deities were the cruel entertainments of Tipu Sultan and his equally cruel army. It was heartrending even to imagine the destruction caused by Tipu Sultan in the famous ancient temples of Thalipparampu and Thrichambaram. The devastation caused by this new Ravana's barbarous activities have not yet been fully rectified.
Vatakkankoor Raja Raja Varma in his famous literary work, History of Sanskrit Literature in Kerala, in: LATE P.C.N. RAJA, RELIGIOUS INTOLERANCE OF TIPU SULTAN (This is the English translation of the Malayalam article by P.C.N. Raja first published in Kesari Annual of 1964. The late Raja was a senior member of the Zamorin Royal Family.) : in Tipu Sultan: Villain or hero? : an anthology. (1993).
"The number of temples destroyed during Tipu's invasion is countless. It was the hobby of Tipu and his army to put the temples on fire destroy the idols and indulge in cow-slaughter. The memory of destruction of the Talipparampu and Trichambaram temples aches the heart."
Vadakunkur Raja Raja Varma in Kerala Samskrita Sahitya Charitram (History of Sanskrit Literature in Kerala):, quoted in C. NANDAGOPAL MENON, TIPU'S OWN TESTIMONY, 1990.: in Tipu Sultan: Villain or hero? : an anthology. (1993).
Tipu equally allowed Hindus to practice their religion freely, gave large donations, weekly offerings, financially supported Hindu ceremonies, relied on the prayers of eminent Hindu priests and generally appears to have provided protection for Hindu property. In one case, he even ordered the construction of a Hindu temple.
Kaveh Yazdani in his book India, Modernity and the Great Divergence: Mysore and Gujarat (17th to 19th C.)
Hyder Ali
Malabar Manual by William Logan
Dharma Raja
Tipu Sultan: Villain or Hero
Tipu Sultan Portal
The Sword of Tippu Sultan
The Tiger of Mysore by G. A. Henty
Retrieved from "https://en.wikiquote.org/w/index.php?title=Tipu_Sultan&oldid=2724280"


text:
Development Update: Wednesday, February 15
By The Futon Critic Staff (TFC)
LOS ANGELES (thefutoncritic.com) -- The latest development news, culled from recent wire reports:
Looking to keep track of all the various projects in development? Click here to visit our signature "Devwatch" section. There visitors can view our listings by network, genre, studio and even development stage (ordered to pilot, cast-contingent, script, etc.). It's updated every day!
9J 9K 9L (CBS) - Liza Lapira is the latest addition to the comedy pilot as Eve, "Andrew's (David Walton) wife, a Harvard-educated pediatrician." (Deadline.com)
BIG BANG THEORY, THE (CBS) - Co-stars Jim Parsons, Johnny Galecki, Kaley Cuoco, Simon Helberg and Kunal Nayyar are reportedly in final negotiations on new two-year contracts to continue on the Warner Bros. Television-based comedy, paving the way for a likely two-season renewal. (Deadline.com)
DECEPTION (ABC) - Ilfenesh Hadera (Chi-Raq) has been tapped to star in the drama pilot, about a superstar magician (Jack Cutmore-Scott) who, when his career is ruined by scandal, goes to work as a consultant for the FBI. She'll play Kay Daniels, "a take-charge, hard-working FBI special agent who teams up with [him]." (Deadline.com)
FOR GOD & COUNTRY (NBC) - Mike Vogel ("Under the Dome") has scored the lead role on the drama pilot as Michael Dalton, "commander of the ISA-Special Operations Group responsible for getting back a kidnapped American doctor. He will do whatever it takes to make sure no foreign nation gets away with harming Americans." (Deadline.com)
GOLIATH (Amazon) - The streaming service has commissioned a second season of the series with Clyde Phillips taking over as day-to-day showrunner. David E. Kelley, Jonathan Shapiro and Ross Fineman all remain as executive producers. (Deadline.com)
GOOD GIRLS (NBC) - Mae Whitman ("Parenthood") is the latest addition to the drama pilot as Annie, "a single mom who, terrified of losing her son in a custody battle, agrees to the store robbery in the hope that she might come away with enough money for a good attorney." (Deadline.com)
HAPPY PEPPERS, THE (NBC) - James Burrows is set to direct and executive produce the comedy pilot, about an adult brother and sister who wind up living together for the first time since they were kids, after one of them suffers a big loss. (Deadline.com)
JAWBREAKER (E!, New!) - Filmmaker Darren Stein is looking to bring his 1999 feature to the small screen at the cable channel. Said effort, to be co-written with George Northy, "follows a new clique whose world is rocked by an accidental killing at a bachelorette party. The incident sets in motion an audacious, juicy soap in which the women will go to great lengths to keep their secret hidden." Sony Pictures Television and Universal Cable Productions are behind the project while Rose McGowan, Rebecca Gayheart, Julie Benz and Judy Greer co-starred in the film. (Deadline.com)
LOVE (Netflix) - Chris Witaske has been promoted to series regular for the show's recently ordered third season. (THR.com)
ME, MYSELF & I (CBS) - Randall Einhorn will direct and executive produce the single-camera comedy pilot, which examines one man's life over a 50-year span: as a 14-year-old in 1991, a 40-year-old in present day and a 65-year-old in 2042. (Deadline.com)
MIDDLE, THE (ABC) - Monica Horan will drop by fellow "Everybody Loves Raymond" alum Patrica Heaton on the series as Anna Ferguson, the never-before-seen matriarch of the family which accidentally took Brick home as a baby. (TVLine.com)
SEARCHERS (The CW) - Jeanine Mason ("Of Kings and Prophets") is the latest addition to the drama pilot as Juniper, "a girl who has spent 22 hard years on Earth, a cunning and audacious thief who has had her fair share of run-ins with the law. " (Deadline.com)
START UP (ABC) - Tiya Sircar ("The Good Place") has booked the female lead on the comedy pilot, about a guy (Zach Braff) in his mid-30s with a wife and two kids makes the crazy decision to quit his good job and dive into the brave new world of starting a business. She'll play his wife, Noush, an attorney. (Deadline.com)
TRUSTEE, THE (ABC) - Meaghan Rath ("Being Human") has booked a lead role on the drama pilot, about Eliza Radley (Rath), a very good, but slightly reckless narcotics detective who finds out that her police station's "trustee" - a nonviolent felon assigned to help cops with odd jobs, filing, custodial work - has insight into a case she's trying to crack, and the two women are forced to team up. Michael Engler is also on board to direct. (Deadline.com)
UNTITLED KOURTNEY KANG PROJECT (NBC) - Rebecca Creskoff ("Hung") has signed onto the comedy pilot, about what it's like to grow up as the only girl in the only mixed race family in the suburbs of Philadelphia in 1988. She'll play Patty Jean, "Katie's (Isabella Russo) Irish spit-fire, beautiful and fun mother." (Deadline.com)
VERSACE: AMERICAN CRIME STORY (FX) - Edgar Ramirez and Darren Criss have been cast as the title's Gianni Versace and killer Andrew Cunanan, respectively. (Deadline.com)
[february 2017]
· 9JKL (CBS)
· ALEX, INC. (ABC)
· AMERICAN CRIME STORY (FX)
· BEING HUMAN (SYFY)
· BIG BANG THEORY, THE (CBS)
· BRAVE, THE (NBC)
· DECEPTION (ABC)
· DEVELOPMENT UPDATE (TFC)
· GOLIATH (AMAZON)
· GOOD GIRLS (NBC)
· GOOD PLACE, THE (NBC)
· HUNG (HBO)
· JAWBREAKER (E)
· LOVE (NETFLIX)
· ME, MYSELF & I (CBS)
· MIDDLE, THE (ABC)
· OF KINGS AND PROPHETS (ABC)
· PARENTHOOD (NBC)
· RELATIVELY HAPPY (NBC)
· SEARCHERS (CW)
· TRUSTEE, THE (ABC)
· UNDER THE DOME (CBS)
· UNTITLED KOURTNEY KANG PROJECT (NBC)
USA Network Announces Series Order for Splashy Competition Series "Cannonball"
The 10-episode series, based on the hit Talpa format, is produced by ITV Entertainment and will premiere in 2020.
Hulu Sets Premiere Date for "Untouchable"
The documentary - due on Monday, September 2 - tells the inside story of the meteoric rise and shocking fall of movie titan Harvey Weinstein.
AMC Casts Andre Benjamin (Andre 3000) in the Original Anthology Series "Dispatches from Elsewhere"
Plus: Alethea Jones has also signed on to executive produce and direct several episodes of the series, which begins production this week in Philadelphia.
Ghost Brothers Bunk Up with "Haunted Houseguests" in New Travel Channel Series Premiering on Friday, August 16 at 9 P.M. ET/PT
In "Ghost Brothers: Haunted Houseguests," the trio of intrepid sleuths respond to pleas from families experiencing paranormal activity in their homes.
Grammy(R) Winner Alicia Keys and Oscar(R) and Tony(R) Winners Benj Pasek and Justin Paul Team Up to Executive Produce Untitled Musical Drama Series for Showtime(R)
The project traverses generations to tell an emotionally complex family story that interweaves modern-day and 1959 Detroit, centering on a mystery uncovered by a young musician who moves back to her childhood home.
Josh Charles to Co-Star in Netflix Series "Away"
He'll play Matt Logan (joining co-star Hilary Swank), a NASA engineer whose wife is commanding the first mission to Mars.
Jonas Brothers to Receive Decade Award at "Teen Choice 2019" Live, Sunday, August 11, on FOX
With five studio albums and more than 17 million albums sold worldwide, the Jonas Brothers recently reunited to release their first album in 10 years, "Happiness Begins," cementing their global pop star status.
New Series "The Last Cowboy" from Academy Award(R) Nominee Tayor Sheridan - Premieres Wednesday, July 24 at 11 P.M. ET/PT, Following Cable's Most-Watched Summer Series "Yellowstone," on Paramount Network
The series chronicles eight reiners determined to elevate and preserve the cowboy tradition as they train and engage in the exclusive, ultra-competitive athletic event.
Nickelodeon's "SpongeBob SquarePants" Gets Season 13 Pick Up, As Anniversary Special Scores Double-Digit Gains Bringing in More Than 2 Million Total Viewers
"SpongeBob's Big Birthday Blowout" ranks as the number-one kids' program for the year.
WarnerMedia Orders "Gossip Girl" Reboot for HBO Max Streaming Service
Eight years after the original website went dark, a new generation of New York private school teens are introduced to the social surveillance of Gossip Girl.
Emmy Award-Winning Television Personality Mario Lopez Joins "Access Hollywood"
Beginning Monday, September 9, Lopez will join Kit Hoover and Scott Evans as host of both "Access Hollywood" and its daytime counterpart, "Access Daily" (formerly "Access Live").
Viceland Stages "Alien Invasion" to Premiere Season Two of "Traveling the Stars: Action Bronson & Friends Watch Ancient Aliens"
The second season of the hilariously meta show featuring the rapper, chef and super-fan of History's "Ancient Aliens" begins Monday, August 5 with new episodes airing every night (Monday-Thursday).
FOX Renews "MasterChef Junior" for Season Eight and Announces New Judge Daphne Oz
In the new season, the pint-sized contestants will cook a meal for diners at a historical renaissance fair and size up against monster trucks at a motocross track.
CBS Corporation Announces Partnership with Denise Di Novi and Nina Tassler's PatMa Productions
Projects already in development as part of the partnership include "American Martyrs," a limited series for Showtime based on Joyce Carol Oates' epic 2017 novel.
Tuesday's Broadcast Ratings: NBC, "America's Got Talent" Return to Top Spots
The Peacock is back in front in total viewers and adults 18-49.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
1333 Generals Highway, PO Box 734
Crownsville, MD 21032
Photos & Tributes
HomeLatest NewsBlogFire Politics: Politics as Usual …
Fire Politics: Politics as Usual …
Posted by: Kevin O'Connor
Kevin O'Connor explains why unnecessary Congressional maneuvering left the fire service in a state of uncertainty for six months.
The continuing pit of partisan politics, the arcane rules governing Congress, and schoolyard-style feuds between the House and Senate condemn Washington to continued dysfunction.
Last year the "Nine Sisters"—an Inside-the-Beltway colloquialism for the major fire service organizations—agreed to language for the reauthorization of the Assistance to Fire Fighters (AFG) and SAFER programs. The fire service did what all big boys and girls should do—we went into a room and negotiated.
Compromises were made and deals were cut. We emerged from the room united. We started with the understanding that these two vital programs, which have pumped billions of dollars into local fire departments for staffing, training, apparatus, health and safety, PPE, SCBA and other necessary tools for our industry, end on Jan. 2, 2018.
Because the Senate is always a harder hurdle to navigate due to the tradition of unlimited debate and the ability of one senator to derail a proposal, we started there. Senator John McCain, a chair of the Congressional Fire Caucus, agreed to serve as the lead sponsor. Our first major challenge was the committee chair of Homeland Security, Senator Ron Johnson (R-WI), who is a fiscal hawk and simply doesn't believe that the feds should fund the functions of state and local government. Through grassroots lobbying and peer pressure from McCain and others convincing the senator that well-prepared local fire departments are essential to homeland security and disaster response, he came aboard. We passed the bill out of the Senate in July.
The House has always supported the measure enthusiastically. This year was a different story. In July there was a hearing in which NO ONE spoke in opposition to the proposal. NO ONE. Of course, members of Congress and, more importantly, their staffs, know our needs better than the collective leadership of America's fire service.
In September, the House Committee on Science, Space and Technology planned on writing their own bill. In October, they abandoned the idea. The fire service believed that we were on the precipice of success. From a process standpoint, the House could simply pass the Senate bill, which would be then signed into law and the programs reauthorized. Remember, this is the bill that the entire fire service supports and the Senate passed unanimously.
Sounds easy, correct? It certainly should have been. But this is the world's Capitol of Inertia.
Here are some of the reasons offered for not moving the bill quickly, starting with a great one: The Senate won't pass any of our House bills, so why should we pass Senate bills? Perhaps because this bill happens to be good public policy and when it's finally on the House floor will pass with an overwhelming bipartisan majority. Or maybe because members of Congress are elected to enact laws and make public policy, not engage in a game of nanny-nanny-boo-boo.
My other favorite "reason" was that Senator McCain is not well-regarded among his party so his sponsorship is a problem. Let's see, he's war hero, chairman of the Armed Services Committee, former presidential nominee, co-chair of the Fire Caucus, and American icon. I can see where that's a problem.
So, in true D.C. fashion, the Science Committee reversed its position and decided in December to write its own bill so the House doesn't have to deal with that nasty Senate proposal that the entire fire service supports. No, this is not an exercise in fiction or creative writing. It's our government at its best or worst.
Fearful of the impending sunset of the two programs, the Nine Sisters began comprehensive lobbying and grassroots efforts to jar the House into action. One group, the IAFF, spent heavily on ads and pass-through calls to spark the House into acting on its own.
On Dec. 19, only 13 days before the programs expire, the House passed H.R. 4661. They changed the bill to add a six-year sunset. That's it, one minor change. Guess what? It passed unanimously. Good news, except that it needed to go back to the Senate for concurrence. Happily, they were willing to pass a House Bill, also unanimously, and President Trump signed it into law.
Both chambers voted unanimously and the right result was achieved. But, for six months, uncertainty prevailed and the fire service was unnecessarily jerked around. America's Bravest deserve better from the people we send to Congress.
Firehouse Safety & Health
1333 Generals Highway
PO Box 734, Crownsville, MD 21032
kevin@oconnorcares.com
© 2022 Copyright O'Connor Cares Solutions, LLC. All rights reserved


text:
"""
Transformers
============

The package uses the concept of 'transformers': the parsed DOM tree is possibly
transformed I{before} performing the real RDFa processing. This transformer structure makes it possible to
add additional 'services' without distoring the core code of RDFa processing.

Some transformations are included in the package and can be used at invocation. These are:

 - The 'name' attribute of the 'meta' element is copied into a 'property' attribute of the same element
 - Interpreting the 'openid' references in the header. See L{transform.OpenID} for further details.
 - Implementing the Dublin Core dialect to include DC statements from the header.  See L{transform.DublinCore} for further details.

The user of the package may refer to those and pass it on to the L{processFile} call via an L{Options} instance. The caller of the package may also add his/her transformer modules. Here is a possible usage with the 'openid' transformer
added to the call::
 from pyRdfa import processFile, Options
 from pyRdfa.transform.OpenID import OpenID_transform
 options = Options(transformers=[OpenID_transform])
 print pyRdfa(options=options).rdf_from_source('filename')

In the case of a call via a CGI script, some of these built-in transformers can be used via extra flags, see L{processURI} for further details.

The current option instance is passed to all transformers as extra parameters. Extensions of the package
may make use of that to control the transformers, if necessary.
"""

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
Район Илава () — район Тренчинского края Словакии, граничит с Чешской республикой. Центром является город Илава. Крупным городом является так же Дубница-над-Вагом с пригородом, с 1957 самостоятельным городом Нова-Дубница.

История
Образован в 1923 году на левом берегу реки Ваг, на которой тогда не было мостов. К 1949 году район получил форму, близкую к современной, а в 1960 был упразднен и вошел в состав Поважской-Бистрицы. Воссоздан актом Национального совета Словацкой республики № 221/1996 в 1996 году.

Статистические данные (2001)

Национальный состав:
 Словаки — 97,0 %
 Чехи — 1,2 %

Конфессиональный состав:
 Католики — 81,2 %
 Лютеране — 2,1 %

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


Join us for a webinar on Tuesday 3 February 2015 at 1.30PM (UK time) to look at the changes in Russian immigration regulations that have gone into effect as of 1 January 2015. The webinar is free to attend for Peregrine's Immiguru clients and partners. Places are limited and will be allocated on a first-come-first-served basis, so please contact us at info@peregrineimmigration.co.uk to book your spot now.
Together with Tatiana Andryushechkina from VISTA Foreign Business Support, a Moscow based foreign business support company, we will take a look at the impact of the recent changes in Russia; namely the introduction of Russian language and culture examinations for the standard work permit category and the new process for work visa waiver nationals, known as the "work patent".
There will be an opportunity for attendees to ask the questions in this live session.
The webinar will be hosted by Maude Burger-Smith, Regional Immigration Manager with Peregrine Immigration Management Ltd.
HR and mobility managers with offices or new business in Russia. Professional service providers with an interest in the country are also welcome to attend.
VISTA Foreign Business Support is a well-known firm that provides professional legal and consulting services in the field of tax, accounting, corporate, migration and labour legislation. Clients vary from small-scale companies requiring advice on starting their business in Russia to Fortune 500 companies, and include internationally renowned firms in the oil and gas, information technology, pharmaceutical, financial and banking, construction, consumer goods and transportation sectors.
Peregrine is a new kind of global immigration consultancy that wants to give real immigration knowledge and power to businesses. We have a consultative and knowledge building approach to immigration management. Peregrine has developed Immiguru, an interactive, global immigration knowledge database containing information on different corporate immigration processes to over 80 different countries, as well as Immigo, an interactive immigration case management system, powered by the data within Immiguru.
The webinar will be held at 13.30 (UK time) on 3 February 2015 and is scheduled for 45 minutes.
Places are limited and will be allocated on a first-come-first-served basis, so please contact us at info@peregrineimmigration.co.uk to book your spot now.
If you already have questions about upcoming changes, please also feel free to submit these in advance.


Dunwoody, GA, shoulder city to Atlanta, is just 30 minutes from Hartsfield-Jackson Atlanta International Airport. Dunwoody is also just minutes from the DeKalb-Peachtree Airport where many corporate planes are based.
As of 2017, Peachtree-Dekalb Airport is proud to offer flights with Ultimate Air Shuttle. Current destinations include Cincinnati and Cleveland, with Charlotte being added at the end of 2017.


text:
The Most Popular Casino Games Online of All Types
Author: Benjamin Webb
The main subjects of this article are the most popular online casino games that you can encounter in online casinos. It is a too complex a matter because they change frequently, but from an overall perspective, some are considered forever classics for centuries. Our job today is to get you familiarized with them, and for that purpose, we prepared a chart of the top 6 most popular casino games.
Grand Ivy The Best Online Casino in the UK!
Games from Leading Software Providers
Huge Welcome Bonus
Exclusive Loyalty Packages
What Are The Most Popular Online Casino Games?
Soon enough, we will elaborate deeply into the most popular online casino games, but first, we decided to give you an idea of how the actual chart looks. Right after we will start examining each game separately, but first, we will tell you more about their history and the typical casino players that like to play them.
Top 6 Most Popular Casino Games
As you can see, some of the games in the top 6 are the most popular table games available at most of the top online casinos in the world, but which one was invented first? Well, it depends on the perspective. If we look at it from a general point, the first gambling games were races with different animals and then the dice games which history dates up to 6000 years before Christ. Soon enough, you will learn all about the most popular online casino games, but first, let's say a few words about their players.
As you know slot games are simple, you choose how much to bet, the lines you want to bet on and hit the spin button, from then on its only about your luck. We cannot say the same for the most popular casino table games. The players oriented to tables games are usually gamblers who prefer to apply any kind of winning strategy.
Probably you know that some table games are considered games of skill and luck, the most popular casino table games of such are blackjack and roulette. They are ones of the best games of chance gamblers choose to play at the best online casino without wagering requirements in the UK mentioned in our dedicated review. For a reason, there are many books and articles dedicated to complicated math equations that are related to the strategies of winning. See what are the most popular casino games:
Blackjack – The Game of 21
It is said that origin of blackjack comes from France and more specifically from the early ages of the 18th century. Back then the game was called 21, and it was one of the most favourite games of the royalties. As you can imagine the game quickly became popular in the UK too and shortly after it travelled the world. It was called Vingt-Un (21 in French) until the late years of the 19th century. It is known that around the Gold Rush between 1890-1990 the game was already famous in North America as Blackjack.
In the next 100 years, it became a game subject to many scientific or more likely mathematical theories and is stated as one of the few games of skill. Officially the card counting strategy was announced in 1956, from then on many casinos started banning players because of their math skills and even adding them to the common blacklist. In the last 70 years, many books and materials about the game were published, and it became one of the most famous casino games of all time.
Roulette – La Roulette
The origin of roulette was in the early 18th century, while its name comes from the French word for "little wheel". Of course, there are stories that there was a similar Chinese game that was brought to France, but none of them were proved. However, the truth is that Blaise Pascal, who was a famous French mathematician, inventor and philosopher invented the perpetual motion machine which was used for the creation of the roulette wheel.
In the 18th century, this most popular table game went through several changes, and since 1796 it has looked the way we know it nowadays. Back then in Paris the double and single zeroes were in black and red, but later on, the background was changed to green in order to avoid any confusion for players. In the 19th century, the game was already all around the world. This was also the moment when minor changes like the removal of the double zero were done on a different continent. An interesting fact that you may not know is that the sum of the numbers on roulette wheel comes to 666.
The game became super popular all around the world because of the extensive betting options that it provides. You can bet on the colours, on odd or evens, on vertical or horizontal groups of numbers or separated numbers. This is why there are numerous roulette strategies. Up to this date, roulette is still one of the most popular online casino games, and can be found not only at most online casinos but also at the best casino applications. Those of you who like to use their iOS devices for gambling can check out our article about the best roulette app for iPad.
Another legendary game about which there are a lot of speculations regarding its origin is poker. Some say that it originated in China in the 11th century, others say that its roots lay in Persia around the 16th century, while some say that it comes from the German/French game Poque. We cannot say which statement is correct, but we won't be surprised if they are all right. It is not a secret that many ancient games like dominos were invented in China, and then they crossed the globe.
Poker as we know it today started in the early ages of the 19th century in the USA. For about a century it went through many transformations from 20 to 52 cards deck, from person versus person to a game with 5+ players playing against each other. In the late ages of the 20th century was the time when the game became one of the most popular casino games in history. In the 21st century, after the development of online gambling and online casinos, the game is now more popular than ever. Most poker fans also enjoy the bridge card game. It is equally challenging in terms of rules as well.
Slot Games – From Mechanisation to Digitalisation
Slot games or the slot machine, as people knew them, before the massive digitalisation that happened in the last ten years of the 20th century, became super popular at the moment they were invented. The first automatic machine was developed between 1887-1895 by Charles Augustus Fey. First was the automatic poker machine. Then the first slot machine with three reels. Fey didn't apply for a patent, and many others replicated his design and technology.
The biggest manufacturer of such automatic slot machines back then was Liberty Bell. They produced an improved slot machine in the first decade of the 20th century, which we may consider the most classical design of all times with sweets, numbers, fruits etc. In the '60s the machines became electromechanical. For the first time, the reels were entirely controlled electrically. In the next decade, the first of its kind video slot machine was invented and manufactured in California, USA. A Sony TV was used as a display and a first-generation computer was used to perform the wining calculations. Nowadays, online slots can be accessed easily and many online gamblers play with attractive casino free spins bonuses.
In 1996 appeared the first fully digital slot game that you could play on any computer, not necessarily a slot machine anymore. From that year onwards the online gambling and betting slowly took over the slot machines and all traditional ways. Of course, slot machines are still available in land-based casinos. However, when it comes to availability, even the latest operators like the best new Playtech casinos for UK players make sure to include them in their gaming portfolios.
Craps – The Ancient Dice Game
The game of craps was invented in 1125, back then it was called Hazarth by the British crusaders. Of course, if you try to research that matter on your own, you will find several versions of the story. Some say that Roman soldiers invented the game, others that its origin lays with the Arabic nations because they also had a similar game called Al Dar. However, it became popular as Craps in the 17th century when it was brought to France, and indeed the name comes from the French word "crapaud" or translated in English – toad. All of that because of the position of the people playing it on the streets. Nowadays, craps is considered as one of the best gambling games.
Baccarat – Cards On Table
In 6th place is the last most popular table game that was initially made in Italy but originated in France. Some say that it originally comes from the ancient Roman civilization, and it was part of the rituals that were performed to determinate the fate of the virgins. The truth is that card games were not that popular before the invention of the printing press, but right after that they became widely played.
It is very hard to say where the roots of the game lay because similar games were popular in Italy and France in the 14th century. Later on, in the 15th century, it was already super popular among the French soldiers who were coming back from Italy. Until the 19th century, the game was mainly popular in Europe.
It is known that the game arrived in North America around 1871 when an article was written about New York's Club-house at Long Branch. Back then, baccarat was not yet one of the most popular casino games. It became quite famous with its different variation in the 20th century, especially after Punto Banco was introduced to Las Vegas in 1959.
Top 6 Casino Chart – Where Can You Play Online?
Since now you know everything about the most popular casino games of all time and their origin, development and meaning, you should also learn which are the best online casinos offering them. For your convenience, we gathered the operators that provide the largest and best variety of the most popular online casino games that are part of the abovementioned top 6.
Best Casino
Secure Link:
1. Blackjack Grand Ivy Low to High 99.54% No
4.9 ★ out of 5
www.grandivy.com
2. Roulette Casimba  Low to High 94.74% No
www.casimba.com
3. Poker Ladbrokes Low to High 98.54% No
www.ladbrokes.com
4. Slots JackpotCity Medium to High 94%-97% Yes
www.jackpotcitycasino.com
5. Craps Betway Low to High 98.64% No
casino.betway.com
6. Baccarat Yako Low to High 97.35% No
www.yakocasino.com/en
Before the introduction of the top 6 most popular casino games, we said a few words about the players and their common traits. One that we have missed and that is quite often met when speaking of the most popular casino table games is the passion for playing big and betting a lot of money.
Such players are called high rollers, and they usually play only in high-roller casinos where the table limits are higher than usual. Of course, such habit could be considered as an advantage or disadvantage, it all depends on your salary, your skills and the inner feeling when it is time to stop playing because luck is not on your side.
Popular Non-Casino Games
Among all most popular online casino games, there are such that do not require any special skills or a large amount of money. Such an example is the hi-lo card game and there are plenty of interesting variations at the best hi-lo online casino sites in the UK. Furthermore, many of those games are considered a lottery in many countries like scratch cards, for example. Others you may see as part of TV shows like the spinning wheels. Such games, including bingo, are also present in online casinos and usually the entry/bet worth is a small amount of money and people play them for fun not to win a fortune.
Number Drafts
Due to the size and the complexity of this article and the many historical facts that we used, we presume you will have additional questions. For your convenience, we gathered some of the frequently asked questions about the most popular casino games here. If you want to read the extended version of the answer, just click on the jump link.
🏅 Which are the most popular casino games?
Well, there are many popular casino games, but only a few are considered forever green games. We created a chart of the most popular casino games, so you can examine their origin, history and modern variations.
🤔 Where can I play the most popular online casino games?
All reputable and reliable online casinos offer the opportunity to play the most popular gambling games for real money. Whether you prefer to play slots, roulette, blackjack, or any other game, you can find the best online casinos to play each type of game on this page.
🎰 Which most popular casino game is the simplest?
This is an easy one. The easiest and most popular casino game is any slot game. This type of games are entirely based on luck, and all you need to do is to choose the amount of the bet, the betting lines and to spin the reels.
🎲 Which is the oldest most popular casino game?
The answer to this question is quite controversial because many games date since ancient times. The first historical facts show that animal races and dice games were the first forms of gambling. In that sense from all of our top 6 most popular casino games that will be craps.
🎴 Are there any popular non casino games?
Of course, there are! As a matter of fact, you can find many other games available in online casinos. These are games that are quite often considered a lottery or tv show games, also there are such as bingo.
Deposit 5 Get 20
VGT Slots
Free Jackpot Party Slots
Check Our Hottest Offers For January 2022
Online Casinos in UK
Best Online Gambling Sites in UK
7 Lotto Millionaires' Stories
The Best Gambling Movies
Betting on Trexit
The Best Gambling Books
Psychology of Gambling
Beginner's Guide to Online Casinos
Gambling Law in the UK
Roulette Strategy and Tips
Blackjack Strategy and Tips
Recommended Casino Sites
Betway Casino Play Here!
Spin Casino Play Here!
22Bet Casino Play Here!
JackpotCity Casino Play Here!
Casino Las Vegas Play Here!
What Is Your Favourite Casino Game?
Slots - 25
Roulette - 15
Blackjack - 18
Video Poker - 15
Other - 13


Transformers for power line communications, useful in smart grid, energy meters remote management, public lighting management, etc.
Power line modem based on: ST Microelectronics ST75xx, Maxim MAX298x-MAX299x- MAX7049, Teridian 71M6xxx, Echelon PL31x0, Cypress CY8CPLC10-CY8CLED16P01, Texas Instruments PGA112AIDGSxx- OPA564AIDWPR, TMS320F28xx, AFE031, NXP TDA5051 etc.
Designed for FSK, PSK, OFDM, G3-PLC, etc.
Wide operating frequency range 10…500kHz.
Up to 6kV Pri-Sec dielectric strength.


text:
/* global describe it expect OT beforeEach afterEach SESSION_ID TOKEN API_KEY jasmine spyOn */
const filters = require('../src/filters.js');
const filterFn = require('../src/filter.js');
jasmine.DEFAULT_TIMEOUT_INTERVAL = 10000;

describe('filter', () => {
  let filter;
  let mediaStream;
  beforeEach((done) => {
    OT.getUserMedia().then(stream => {
      mediaStream = stream;
      filter = filterFn(mediaStream, filters.none);
    }).then(done, done.fail);
  });

  afterEach(() => {
    filter.destroy();
  });

  it('defines setPublisher and change methods', () => {
    expect(filter.setPublisher).toBeDefined();
    expect(filter.change).toBeDefined();
  });

  it('stops drawing frames and stops the stream when it is destroyed', done => {
    spyOn(window, 'requestAnimationFrame').and.callThrough();
    let callCount;
    setTimeout(() => {
      callCount = window.requestAnimationFrame.calls.count();
      expect(callCount).toBeGreaterThan(0);
      filter.destroy();
    }, 500);
    setTimeout(() => {
      expect(window.requestAnimationFrame.calls.count()).toBe(callCount);
      // Check that the original stream was stopped
      mediaStream.getTracks().forEach(track => {
        expect(track.readyState).toEqual('ended');
      });
      done();
    }, 1000);
  });

  describe('OpenTok Publisher', () => {
    it('destroy is called when the publisher is destroyed', done => {
      spyOn(filter, 'destroy').and.callThrough();
      const publisher = OT.initPublisher({
        videoSource: filter.canvas.captureStream(30).getVideoTracks()[0],
        audioSource: mediaStream.getAudioTracks()[0],
      }, err => {
        expect(err).toBeFalsy();
        publisher.on('destroyed', () => {
          expect(filter.destroy).toHaveBeenCalled();
          done();
        });
        publisher.destroy();
      });
      filter.setPublisher(publisher);
    });

    it('successfully publishes', done => {
      const publisher = OT.initPublisher({
        videoSource: filter.canvas.captureStream(30).getVideoTracks()[0],
        audioSource: mediaStream.getAudioTracks()[0],
      }, err => {
        expect(err).toBeFalsy();
        publisher.on('destroyed', done);
        publisher.destroy();
      });
      filter.setPublisher(publisher);
    });

    it('lets you change the filter', done => {
      const publisher = OT.initPublisher({
        videoSource: filter.canvas.captureStream(30).getVideoTracks()[0],
        audioSource: mediaStream.getAudioTracks()[0],
      }, err => {
        expect(err).toBeFalsy();
        filter.change(filters.invert);
        filter.change(filters.grayscale);
        publisher.on('destroyed', done);
        publisher.destroy();
      });
      filter.setPublisher(publisher);
    });

    it('can be published to a session', done => {
      const session = OT.initSession(API_KEY, SESSION_ID);
      session.connect(TOKEN, err => {
        expect(err).toBeFalsy();
        const publisher = session.publish(null, {
          videoSource: filter.canvas.captureStream(30).getVideoTracks()[0],
          audioSource: mediaStream.getAudioTracks()[0],
        }, pubErr => {
          expect(pubErr).toBeFalsy();
          session.disconnect();
          done();
        });
        filter.setPublisher(publisher);
      });
    });
  });
});


After some of the horror stories Id heard about garage door springs, I would not allow my husband to repair ours. He is a true do it yourselfer, but that was one job I refused to support. Using a residential garage door company cost us a bit a money, but peace of mind was worth every penny.


Both Hampshire League sides were victims of the weather this weekend as both games saw no play able to take place due to the deluge on Saturday. With no games taking place in either league, the 2nd XI remain 3rd, meanwhile the 1st team stay 7th.
This weekend the 1st XI will hopefully get back in action away at Hursley Park III, whilst Langford's II look to host Hursley Park's IV.


text:
Michael Ray Releases String Ensemble Version Of 'Her World Or Mine'
Michael Ray has released a special 'String Ensemble' version of his Top 25 hit "Her World or Mine".
"I do believe music is medicine, especially in times like we're living right now," Ray shares, speaking of his decision to release a new version of the song written by Brett Beavers, Jamie Paulin and Travis Denning now.
"This song has resonated so much with our fans at live shows," he adds. "Everyone can relate to the pain of a breakup, no matter which side they were on, and I think everyone sees themselves in this song. While we can't share that connection with our fans on tour right now, I'm excited to give them a new version of this song to dig into."
"Her World or Mine," the third single and emotional centerpiece of his 11-song sophomore album Amos, showcases the painful feelings of examining a breakup from different points of view.
Destination Country Announces Thompson Square & Lauren Jenkins Online Shows
Elles Bailey Releases New Single, 'Woman Like Me'


text:
Facet Search Results
Letter from T. S. Linscott (Bradley-Garretson Co.) to Mr. Brown, 15 May 1915, re recruitment
Letter from Macmillan Co. of Canada to Stephen Leacock, 19 September 1936, re cover design
Letter from Basil Johnston to Al Potter (McClelland and Stewart), 2 June 1976, re project ideas
Letter from Ruth M. Buck to Patrick Crean (McClelland & Stewart), 2 October 1973, re Voices of the Plains Cree
Letter from Ruth M. Buck to Patrick Crean (McClelland & Stewart), 4 July 1973, re Voices of the Plains Cree
Letter from Ruth M. Buck to Patrick Crean (McClelland & Stewart), 9 December 1972, re Voices of the Plains Cree title
Memo from Eugene Henry to Charlotte Weiss (McClelland & Stewart), 14 July 1975, re Johnston's Ojibway manuscript
Memo from Anna Porter (McClelland & Stewart) to Peter Taylor (McClelland & Stewart), 23 July 1976, re Basil Johnston
Letter from Ruth M. Buck to Patrick Crean (McClelland & Stewart), 4 January 1974, re Voices of the Plains Cree
Letter from Larry Ritchie (McClelland & Stewart) to Pierre Berton, 20 September 1971, re royalties
Form letter announcement from Nelson Ball of Weed Flower Press, [1974], re cessation of operation
Letter from Pierre Berton to Joe Boudreau, 11 April 1977, re television series
Letter from Frederick Macmillan (Macmillan) to Frank Wise (Macmillan Co. of Canada), 11 October 1910, re autonomy
Letter from George P. Brett (The Macmillan Company, New York) to Frank Wise (Macmillan Co. of Canada), 4 April 1912, re Morang
Letter from W.O. Mitchell to Ellen Elliott (Macmillan Company of Canada), 13 January 1946, re Who has seen the wind
Letter from Ellen Elliott (Macmillan Company of Canada) to W.O. Mitchell, 4 March 1946
Letter from Ryerson Press to Lorne Pierce with History Sheet, 6 January 1923 re Newfoundland Verse
Letter from Samuel W. Fallis to Lorne Pierce, 10 June 1920
Letter from [Hugh Eayrs] (Macmillan Co. of Canada) to Irene Baird, 13 November 1939, re censorship of Waste Heritage
Letter from Hugh Eayrs (Macmillan Co. of Canada) to Bennett Cerf (Random House), 21 Nov. 1939, re censorship of Waste Heritage
Case Study Author
Case Study Title
Dust Jackets
Publishers' Catalogues