text:
The Witness (previously The Natal Witness) is a daily newspaper published in Pietermaritzburg. It mainly serves readers in Pietermaritzburg, Durban and the inland areas of KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa.

It is the oldest continuously published newspaper in South Africa, having first been published on 27 February 1846. Until 2000, when it became 50 percent owned by the Naspers subsidiary Media24 group, it was the last independently owned mainstream daily newspaper in South Africa. Media24 signed an agreement to buy the remaining 50% shares in the Natal Witness Printing and Publishing company in July 2010.

History

The Buchanan years, 1846–1872

The founding editor and first proprietor of the newspaper was David Dale Buchanan, who was born in New Lanark, Scotland on 17 December 1817. In 1829 at age 12 he arrived in Cape Town in the company of his elder brother, William. In Cape Town, he came into contact with men like Thomas Pringle and John Fairbairn who played a prominent role in establishing the freedom of the press during the autocratic governorship of Lord Charles Somerset. Another influence was the missionary Dr John Philip, whose liberal ideas concerning the indigenous people of the Cape Colony had a profound influence on the youthful Buchanan. While still in the Cape he went into partnership with his brother to set up the Cape Town Mail. In January 1846, he disembarked with his family from the Julia in Durban and from there proceeded inland to Pietermaritzburg, which had only three years previously been the capital of a Boer republic.

He seems to have functioned throughout his many years in the colony of Natal as both a lawyer, advocate and the most enduring of the colony's newspapermen. It was this connection with the law which led to the choice of "witness" in the name of the paper. This was further underlined by the paper's masthead which read: "The Whole Truth and Nothing but the Truth".

At first Buchanan was both editor and proprietor of the paper, but in 1852 the printing was taken over by a company named May and Davis. May seems to have dropped out of the picture and by 1860 the paper was owned by the firm of P. Davis and Son. This marked the beginning of a long period of close association between the paper and the Davis family, of whom the most enduring was Peter Davis Jnr, who took over from his father as chairman in 1873 and continued in this position until his retirement in 1916.

As Buchanan saw himself as a fearless crusader for the truth, the paper's strong views often put it and its editor in opposition to the governing authorities of the nascent colony of Natal and to sections of colonial opinion. In fact, a heated attack on the legal establishment in Natal under John Cloete led to Buchanan's brief, but much-publicised, imprisonment for contempt of court. Buchanan claims to have been imprisoned on two other occasions, but the records are silent on this contention.

Buchanan's combative nature came very much to the fore during the period from 1850 to 1856 when Benjamin Pine was Lieutenant-Governor of Natal. Buchanan despised Pine personally, regarding him as both corrupt and immoral, and kept up a vitriolic attack on the governor, his policies and his supporters.

During Buchanan's editorship the paper was distinguished by its relatively liberal, if paternalistic, attitude towards the black and Indian populations of the colony. He remained a committed supporter of the policies of Theophilus Shepstone, the colony's secretary of native affairs. As Shepstone's locations policy is often seen as a forerunner of apartheid, this has led some commentators to regard Buchanan as something of a reactionary. However, this fails to take into account that for liberals like the editor the locations policy was seen as the only way to ensure that the land rights of tribal people, as well as their customary lifestyle, were protected. Certainly, until the Langalibalele Rebellion of 1873, a committed liberal like Bishop John William Colenso had no problem in supporting Shepstone and his policy. It is therefore not surprising to find that the Witness also supported Colenso during the upheavals caused by the bishop's advanced religious views.

Buchanan fell on hard times during the extremely depressed years of the late 1860s.  Around the time he spent more than a year petitioning in France and England on behalf of Cetshwayo and the Basotho people for more equitable terms on the treaty entered by the Basotho.  He ended up not being paid for his efforts when Cetshwayo died during the trip and he was punished with non payment by Government officials who he had lambasted for corruption, who blocked payment and got their retribution.  This along with failed investments in the economic downturn left him financially weak and he left Pietermaritzburg for the diamond diggings (later Kimberley) in 1872. Here he became very ill as a result of the unsanitary conditions and died most likely of Tuberculosis in September 1874 at his brother's home in Cape Town.

Besides his role as the founder of The Natal Witness, he had played a very active role in the political, civic, educational and religious affairs of Natal and is particularly remembered for having introduced the first postal service between Pietermaritzburg and Durban.

The imperial factor, 1873–1887

Buchanan's successor as editor was Ralph Ridley, who edited the paper until his death in June 1875. Unlike Buchanan, Ridley's views on matters relating to the black people of the colony were far less enlightened, and consequently during the Langalibalele Rebellion the paper approved of the strong line taken against the Hlubi, their unfortunate chief Langalibalele and the neighbouring clans.

As an extremely active member of the Natal legislature and a passionate proponent of responsible government, Ridley became the main opponent of the political reforms introduced by Sir Garnet Woleseley to downgrade the Natal legislature in order to pave the way for the implementation of Lord Carnarvon's plan for a confederation of the South African states. Despite suffering from a terminal heart condition, he fought the scheme with all his considerable talents, dying shortly before Wolseley had achieved his ends.

Ridley was followed by a Dr Smith, about whom not much is known.

Smith's successor was Francis Reginald Statham, who had been specially recruited in 1877, by Peter Davis from England. Statham was to serve two terms at the helm of the Witness, his second being marked by major controversy.

The main characteristics of the new editor were his fierce independence and his tendency to side with the underdog. Already in his first term, his support for the independence of the Boers at the time of the annexation of the Transvaal by the British in 1877, and for the Zulus during the Anglo-Zulu War of 1879, demonstrated these characteristics.

Statham left the Witness in late 1879 for Cape Town, to edit the new radically liberal newspaper, the Cape Post. He was succeeded by Alfred Aylward, a colourful Irishman who openly boasted that as a staunch Fenian he had been implicated in the killing of a Manchester policeman – a claim which, like many others made by the larger-than-life Aylward, has not withstood historical scrutiny.

Arriving in Kimberley in the early days of the diamond rush, Aylward initially posed as a medical doctor despite having no training in that field. Thereafter he edited one of the papers on the diamond fields in between serving a jail sentence for attempted murder. He was a leading figure in the so-called Black Flag Rebellion – an abortive attempt to challenge British authority in Kimberley. This was followed by a military career of sorts fighting against the BaPedi, under their leader Sekukuni, on behalf of the unpopular president of the South African Republic (ZAR), Thomas Francois Burgers. Despite his supposed Irish hostility towards the English, he stayed on after the British annexation, before re-emerging in Pietermaritzburg as the editor of The Witness.

It was during Aylward's term as editor that The Witness became a daily paper, and the railway line reached Pietermaritzburg, both in 1880.

The outbreak of the First Anglo-Boer War in December 1880 saw Aylward uncompromisingly on the side of the Boers, and his vocal support of the "enemy" eventually led to his hasty withdrawal from Pietermaritzburg, shortly before the Battle of Majuba. To the disgust of his detractors, he arrived on the battlefield after the humiliating British defeat as an advisor to the Boer Commander Piet Joubert.

After a short break, Statham took up the reins of the paper once again (the Cape Post having foundered). His return coincided with a political brouhaha over the breakdown of the Wolseley settlement in Zululand – which had seen that territory divided up among 13 chieftains – and the restoration of Cetshwayo as a result of the active lobbying of Bishop Colenso and his family.

Colenso soon decided – probably correctly – that the colonial officials were doing all in their power to undermine Cetshwayo and his Usuthu supporters. The bishop soon found a passionate supporter in Statham, who used The Witness and his position as the special correspondent for the London Daily News to attack what he referred to as "the official clique". Unfortunately, in the midst of this struggle on behalf of the embattled chief, the fact that Statham had served a jail term in England for embezzlement came to light and was used by his opponents to discredit him. On top of this a report in The Witness, based on Usuthu sources describing an alleged attack launched by John Shepstone of the Natal Native Affairs Department on the "defenceless" supporters of Cetshwayo at a meeting in Eshowe, led to Statham facing a libel suit brought against him by Shepstone. The matter had still not been fully resolved by the time Statham left The Witness in 1887.

Calmer waters, 1888–1903

From 1888 to 1903, the paper tended to be less radical, although, in terms of South African events, the period was anything but calm – especially as it ended with the South African War, unquestionably the most protracted, expensive and divisive war fought on South African soil.

Two editors dominated the period. The first was Herbert Penderel Longlands, who as the editor of a Kimberley paper had known the flamboyant Aylward. In contrast to the latter, Longlands seems to have been an intensely private man about whom not a great deal is known despite his long association with The Witness, which continued even after he had relinquished control of the paper to the much younger Ernest Thompson. Thompson, who had been born in Pietermaritzburg, was the first editor to have been born in South Africa.

The paper's views under these two editors could be described on the whole as being those held by the bulk of colonial society, particularly when it came to the growing crisis with the Boer Republics, which resulted in the South African War (1899–1902). Certainly there does not seem to have been any of the overt sympathy for the Boer cause that had been such a strong feature of the years of Aylward's editorship.

The Rose years, 1904–1925

Horace Rose was to leave an indelible mark on the paper during his long editorship. He had been born in 1874 in Port Alfred, where his father was a Methodist minister. From his pre-teen years he had developed a love for the sort of African adventure novels that made Sir Rider Haggard famous and over the course of his lifetime wrote a large number of novels in the Haggard genre, in addition to publishing two books about his travels in East Africa and Europe. He also wrote the screenplays for two of South Africa's earliest feature films – The Symbol of Sacrifice, about the Anglo-Zulu War of 1879, and The Voice of the Waters.

He began his editorship in somewhat dramatic fashion as a passenger on an Orient Buckboard motorcar, which made the first motor journey between Pietermaritzburg and Durban, an adventure that he described with much relish in the pages of the paper.

The imaginative side of Rose's nature expressed itself early on in The Natal Witness. In 1907, the newspaper started publishing photographs for the first time, and in January 1909 it broke with the other South African papers of that time by abandoning the publication of advertisements on the front page in favour of publishing news and photographs in this prominent position, thereby giving the paper a much more modern appearance than its contemporaries.

If Aylward and Statham had been characterised by their anti-imperialist stance, Rose was something of a British patriot. It is therefore not surprising to find that the paper under Rose took a strong stance against the union of the two British colonies and the two ex-Boer republics, which resulted in the formation of the Union of South Africa in 1910. Rose was particularly concerned that Natal's, and particularly Pietermaritzburg's, interests would be overlooked by the new state. He was also extremely hostile towards General J. B. M. Hertzog, the leader of the political opposition, for what he saw as his anti-British and pro-Afrikaner sentiments.

A pivotal event during Rose's term as editor was the First World War (1914–1918). The Witness reflected both its editor's strongly pro-British stance and the widely held position that this was "the war to end all wars" in its August 1914 headline, which proclaimed "Nations in Arms Together – Great Britain and France face the crisis side by side". At first it was possible for the paper to carry a photograph of each of the local boys who had signed up and it was only in October 1914 that it carried tidings of the first death of a local in the war – namely that of Lieutenant J. R. Shippey.

By August 1916 the fiction that this would be a short and glorious war was long over and the paper's report on the Somme offensive was headlined "Natal's share of the price being paid for freedom". Casualty list number 56, published in early August, gives 157 deaths, 58 wounded and five missing, in itself a formidable attrition rate if the size of the local population is considered, although it is also necessary to bear in mind that 55 casualty lists had proceeded this one and many more were to follow. In view of the slaughter it is not surprising to find that an Armistice Day Witness editorial (11 November 1918), headlined "Make them Pay", was anything but forgiving.

The retirement in 1916 of Peter Davis and his death in 1919 seem to have signalled the beginning of financial troubles for the Davis family, marked by the selling off of all the family's commercial outlets, leaving only the newspaper and the printing department. Mary Davis ran the company for a while, followed by her son, Philip Davis.

There are various indications that by 1925 the proprietors were no longer happy with Horace Rose and in that year his position as editor was terminated with the payment of a year's salary as severance pay.

Riding the economic roller-coaster, 1926–1935

Rose's successor as editor was Desmond Young, later to gain a measure of fame as the author of The Desert Fox, a biography of Field Marshal Erwin Rommel that was turned into a feature film. While liberal in his views on questions of race, Young did not share Rose's passion for all things British and the paper used its influence to try to bring about greater unity between English- and Afrikaans-speakers, characterised by support for a new national flag and a much more accepting attitude towards Hertzog and Afrikaner aspirations. Young remained with the paper until August 1928.

His successor Robert Skelton's tenure ended with his being fired for idleness and financial profligacy in September 1930.

Sidney Barnett Potter followed in 1931. The son of working-class parents in Britain, Potter had become thoroughly immersed in socialist politics in Britain and had in the immediate period before his emigration to South Africa been the editor of The Miner.

Although he seems to have tempered his socialist leanings as editor of the Witness, Potter's interests in matters relating to economics fitted well with the dire economic climate of the Great Depression, which marked much of his time with the paper. He showed considerable prescience in an October 1931 editorial in urging South Africa to abandon the gold standard – a move that was carried out more than a year later and served to stabilise the South African economy.

The Cambridge touch, 1936–1945

Editorially the period up to 1945 was to be dominated by two men, both of whom had studied at Cambridge University, George Calpin and Mark Prestwich, the former as editor and the latter mainly as a leader writer. Together, the two took a decidedly liberal line on matters of race, even going so far as to compare the conditions of migrant labourers working for certain Witwatersrand gold mines with those in Nazi concentration camps, an issue, with the Second World War raging, very much on everyone's minds. Indians too received strong support at a time when discriminatory laws were being passed against them.

Calpin's term as editor coincided with a period of extreme financial difficulty for the company that owned The Witness, and after various offers had been considered by the board the majority shareholding was bought by the company's accountant, James Craib, in late 1941. This marked the beginning of the Craib family control which continues to the present day, as Craib's grandson, Stuart Craib, is currently chairman of the Natal Witness Printing and Publishing Company.

Craib was a much more hands-on manager than his predecessor, Philip Davis, and he developed a particular dislike for Calpin. This was reinforced when he discovered that Calpin had been guilty of releasing confidential information about the running of the company and its financial problems to parties who were making bids to buy the ailing enterprise. The discovery of this incriminating material led to Calpin's summary dismissal in September 1943. Calpin's subsequent career seems to have been characterised by misfortune as he ended up serving a term of imprisonment for financial crimes.

Overshadowing the changes taking place in the management of the Witness were the events leading up to the Second World War (1939–45), as well as the sturm und drang of the war itself. Not surprisingly for someone with a Quaker background, Calpin greeted Chamberlain's diplomatic intervention at Munich with enthusiasm, noting in an October 1938 editorial that "the agreement signed in Munich lifts a burden almost too great to be borne by the peoples of the world".

Although the war seemed to hold out hope of an increased demand for hard news on the part of the local population, this was not immediately apparent as the paper experienced a sharp drop in advertising revenue which led to a decision by the board to cut the salaries of 14 members of the business and editorial staff by 12 percent. Even though this financial shock proved to be temporary, the war brought other challenges for the paper, not least of these being the effects of the U-boat blockade which curtailed the supply of newsprint so that the editions that appeared during the war years were in most cases closely printed in minuscule type on only four pages. Another result of the war was the relatively advanced age of those working for the paper, as most of the younger men had gone off to fight.

Although the casualty rate among locals was lower than for the First World War, the conflict brought other strains as a significant number of South Africans became prisoners of war after the fall of Tobruk. Few families were not directly affected by the world conflict, including that of James Craib, whose sons, Desmond and Alistair, were both combatants. Alistair's fate was particularly poignant as he survived the war only to be killed in an aircraft crash on his way home to South Africa.

Robert Johnston, who had previously worked for the Durban paper, the Natal Mercury, followed him briefly, with Prestwich continuing to play a substantial role as leader writer and part-time editor.

Hanging in there, 1946–1961

Although Craib's careful management had rescued The Natal Witness from closure, the period under discussion was marked by a need for great financial prudence and the paper in particular remained in the doldrums.

Another factor was Craib's tendency to quarrel with the editors he appointed. As a result of this, the period was marked by a succession of editors who served for comparatively short periods with protracted gaps in between when the paper tended to operate under the leadership of acting editors. During this period, therefore, the paper was edited by R. W. Talbot, the academic Alan Lennox-Short, later well known to South African radio listeners for his book reviews and expertise in the English language, Raymond O'Shea and Prestwich himself. A long-time Witness staff member, Ronnie Moon, seems to have been called on repeatedly to fill the position of acting editor.

The Eldridge years, 1961–1974

By 1961, James Craib was elderly and infirm and the management of the company was increasingly being taken over by his son Desmond. An important consequence of this was that with the appointment of Stan Eldridge as editor, the younger Craib was able to bring some stability to the editorial department.

The new editor was a veteran of the Second World War, during which he had escaped from an Italian prisoner of war camp and worked on a camp newspaper, called Marking Time, with a past editor of the paper Desmond Young. Burly and imposing, Eldridge was a newspaperman to his fingertips and his energetic and, at times, idiosyncratic editorship saw the paper's circulation grow to a point where it was no longer under threat of having to surrender to its competitors.

Politically, The Witness became firmly established as the most liberal of all the province's mainstream papers, going so far as to give overt support to the Progressive Party, which consisted of disillusioned liberal members of the opposition United Party who had broken away in 1959, during the campaign preceding the 1961 elections.

The paper's liberal credentials were to be fiercely challenged by the apartheid government, which acted ruthlessly to crush all extra-parliamentary opposition during what is sometimes referred to in liberation circles as "the silent sixties" – a time when banning orders, imprisonment without trial and other draconian measures silenced most forms of opposition.

Eldridge died of cancer in 1974, while still in office. He left the paper on much more solid ground than it had been at any time since the Second World War. In addition, in 1966 the company had added control of the well-known booksellers and publishers Shuter and Shooter to their newspaper and commercial printing divisions.

Steyn takes over, 1974–1990

Richard Steyn took over as editor of the paper shortly after Eldridge's death. Unlike Eldridge, Steyn's earlier career had been in law, and for him editing a newspaper was a new field. Notwithstanding this, he brought considerable energy and courage to his new post and the paper thrived under his control.

From a news point of view, most of Steyn's editorship was marked by a succession of crises in South Africa, starting with the Soweto Uprising of 1976 and continuing through the turbulent 1980s when an increasingly isolated apartheid government faced popular opposition on an unprecedented scale.

Part of the government's attempt to suppress the unrest was a draconian ban on the press publishing news relating to the rising tide of resistance. The new editor refused to be cowed by this curtailment of press freedom and the paper continued to report on the particularly troubled situation in Pietermaritzburg, which from 1987 onwards was plunged into violence that verged on civil war. In fact Steyn's last year as editor coincided with the so-called Seven Days War of 1990, which caused great destruction, loss of life and dislocation in the Edendale valley just outside Pietermaritzburg. As a result of its courageous stand, the paper was regularly in trouble with the authorities.

Steyn's period at The Witness saw two important new moves – the appearance in 1979 of Echo, a supplement for black readers, and the installation of a state-of-the-art new press in 1981, which brought the paper into the computer era for the first time.

Steyn left The Witness in 1990 to take up the position of editor of Johannesburg's Star  newspaper.

Willers takes over, 1990–1994

Steyn's position as editor was filled by David Willers, who, unlike his predecessor, had acquired considerable journalistic experience, having worked previously for the Cape Times. With his laissez faire, "consensus-seeking" management style, Willers was the complete opposite of Steyn.

Although the country had reaching an important milestone with the unbanning of the liberation movements by president F. W. de Klerk during the Opening of Parliament in February 1990, the situation became if anything more dangerous and chaotic as various forces, freed after years of repression, battled for ascendancy. With civil war threatening on several occasions, the peaceful election of 1994, which heralded an ANC government under Nelson Mandela, was widely seen as something of a miracle.

Possibly because of the extremely edgy nature of the early 1990s, many senior staffers objected to Willers's easygoing management style and this led to internal dissent against the editor in August 1993. The challenge backfired on those who had participated and the ringleaders were compelled to find employment elsewhere. Willers was given the opportunity to restore confidence in his editorship and there were those on the paper who, while recognising the editor's faults in matters of organisation, appreciated the warm, supportive environment he created. Willers resigned from the paper in October 1994 to take up a post in London with the South African Sugar Association.

Willers's term coincided with the succession of a third Craib to the chairmanship of the newly created holding company, The Natal Witness Printing and Publishing Company, in the form of Stuart Craib, Desmond's son.

Taking the paper into the 21st century, 1994 to 2010

Willers's successor John Conyngham had worked for the paper since the early 1980s and so was thoroughly familiar with its workings. He retired at the end of March 2010 as editor to take up the post of Group Editorial Director and a position on the board. His 15 years at the helm of the paper were not easy as the traditional press had not only to adapt to a new role in post-1994 South Africa, but also to face the assault of new media, such as the Internet and multi-channel satellite television.

Conyngham's term as editor saw a number of important changes. One of these was the decision by the paper's owners to further unbundle the company, hiving off the commercial printing division as Intrepid Printers. This made it possible in 2000 for the Media24 group – better known as the publisher of Afrikaans-language dailies such as Beeld, Die Burger and Volksblad – to buy a 50 percent stake in the company which publishes The Witness. This led to a much-needed cash injection, making it possible for the company to purchase a substantial new press and relocate from its jumbled offices in Longmarket Street (now Langalibalele Street) to a smart new building at its Willowton premises, where the printing works had been located since 1981. The much increased capacity of the new press has made it possible for the company to print numerous other publications. It also has the advantage of providing abundant colour options, which has translated into The Witness being one of the few papers in the country printed entirely in full colour.

Under Fikile-Ntsikelelo Moya 2010–2011

In April 2010 the paper welcomed a new editor in Fikile-Ntsikelelo Moya, who had previously worked as editor of the Sowetan in Johannesburg. By incorporating the six publications of the Fever Group, the Witness also acquired community papers on the eastern seaboard. With its long track record of being able to adapt to changing circumstances, there is every sign that the paper will continue to prosper.

Under Angela Quintal 2011–2013

In November 2011, Angela Quintal took over the reins as editor, previously having worked as editor of The Mercury. The Witness then expanded in KwaZulu-Natal by launching an edition to Durban and Coast in August 2013. A semi-autonomous Durban office was set up in Media House, Durban, to provide more Durban content. The Durban and Pietermaritzburg editions share some content while focussing on their respective local news. Shortly after the launch of the Durban and Coast edition, Quintal resigned to take editorship of the Mail & Guardian newspaper.

Under Andrew Trench 2013–2014

In November 2013, Andrew Trench become the editor of The Witness after having served as head the Media24 Investigations team and previously, editor of the Daily Dispatch. Since November 2014, Zoubair Ayoob was appointed as the acting editor after Trench's resignation.

Under Zoubair Ayoob

On 26 March 2015, Ayoob was appointed as the editor. Ayoob started his career in journalism as a junior crime reporter at The Witness in 1996 and had been the paper's deputy editor since 2012. Between 2004 and 2012 he gained experience as a senior reporter, news editor and night editor at The Mercury, before returning to The Witness.

Current Editor: Stephanie Saville

On 1 October 2020 Saville was appointed editor, under editor-in-chief Yves Vanderhaeghen. Vanderhaeghen subsequently retired in 2021. Saville joined The Witness in 2007 as news manager, spending 10 years heading the news desk until she was promoted to deputy editor and then editor. She launched the operations of The Witness as a digital-first product as deputy editor.

Distribution areas

Distribution figures

Readership figures

See also
List of newspapers in South Africa

References

Simon Haw, Bearing Witness (1996)
Zululand Fever

External links

SAARF Website

Daily newspapers published in South Africa
Publications established in 1846
Mass media in Pietermaritzburg
1846 establishments in the British Empire

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
Q: Generic DI from interface not resolving in Startup I have created a generic interface
 public interface ISqlTradeDataRetriever<T> where T : class
{
    Task<T> GetSingleDayForSymbolAsync(string symbol, string date);

    Task<ICollection<T>> GetAllAsync(string symbol);
}

and an implementation of such
 public class SqlCommodityDataRetriever: ISqlTradeDataRetriever<Commodity>
{
    private readonly BatlGroupWebContext _context;

    public SqlCommodityDataRetriever(BatlGroupWebContext context)
    {
        _context = context;
    }

    public Task<Commodity> GetSingleDayForSymbolAsync(string symbol, string date)
    {
        var data = _context.Commodities.FirstOrDefaultAsync(m => m.Symbol == symbol
                                                                 && m.TradeDate == Convert.ToDateTime(date));

        return data;
    }

    public Task<ICollection<Commodity>> GetAllAsync(string symbol)
    {
        throw new NotImplementedException();
    }
}

and in startup.cs of the web application
 services.AddScoped<ISqlTradeDataRetriever<Commodity>, SqlCommodityDataRetriever>();

but when I try to access the page where I am using this implementation I get an unresolved DI error

Unable to resolve service for type 'Infrastructure.DataRetrievers.SqlCommodityDataRetriever' while attempting to activate 'BATLGroupApp.Pages.Commodity.TradeData.EditModel'.

The edit model is as follows
public class EditModel : PageModel
{
    private readonly SqlCommodityDataRetriever _retriever;

    public EditModel(SqlCommodityDataRetriever retriever)
    {
        _retriever = retriever;
    }

    [BindProperty]
    public DomainClasses.Classes.Commodity Commodity { get; set; }
    public string CommoditySymbol { get; set; }

    public async Task<IActionResult> OnGetAsync([FromQuery]string symbol, [FromQuery]string date)
    {
        if (string.IsNullOrEmpty(symbol) || string.IsNullOrEmpty(date))
        {
            return NotFound();
        }

        Commodity = await _retriever.GetSingleDayForSymbolAsync(symbol, date);
        if (Commodity == null)
        {
            return NotFound();
        }

        CommoditySymbol = Commodity.CommoditySymbol.Symbol;

        return Page();
    }
 }

What am I doing wrong in terms of registering the DI for this OR is my implementation wrong?

A: The registration is fine in its current form.
services.AddScoped<ISqlTradeDataRetriever<Commodity>, SqlCommodityDataRetriever>();

The page model however expects the concrete SqlCommodityDataRetriever implementation while the container is only aware of its ISqlTradeDataRetriever<Commodity> abstraction.
Refactor the page model to match the registration
public class EditModel : PageModel {
    private readonly ISqlTradeDataRetriever<Commodity> _retriever;

    public EditModel(ISqlTradeDataRetriever<Commodity> retriever) {
        _retriever = retriever;
    }

    //... omitted for brevity since nothing else needs to change

as the class should ideally be dependent on abstractions instead of concretions for a more SOLID design.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
Delegation to Celebrate Contributions of Code Talkers in Gold Medal Ceremony
Senators John Thune (R-S.D.) and Tim Johnson (D-S.D.), and Representative Kristi Noem (R-S.D.), today announced that Native American code talkers from eight of South Dakota's tribes will be recognized for their dedicated and valorous service during World War I and World War II at a gold medal ceremony to be held at the U.S. Capitol on November 20, 2013.
The Congressional Gold Medal award is among the highest honors of appreciation and recognition bestowed on an individual, institution, or event by Congress. In total, 33 tribes from around the country will be recognized, and over 200 silver medals will be presented to families of code talkers. Thune and Johnson were cosponsors of the Senate version of The Code Talkers Recognition Act of 2008 (H.R. 4544), which was signed into law in October of 2008 and directed the issuance of medals to honor the contributions of Native American code talkers during World War I and World War II.
"While long overdue, this honor is very well deserved," said Thune. "Code talkers provided secure communications that the Axis powers were never able to decode, ultimately helping save lives and enabling Allied victory. These brave men, their families, and tribes are to be honored for their service and their story remains an inspiration to all Americans. I look forward to welcoming tribal leaders and the families of these heroic men to Washington to celebrate the valiant efforts of their ancestors."
"Code talkers from South Dakota and tribes throughout the country played a unique and vital role for the U.S. military in World War I and World War II," Johnson said. "By using native languages, code talkers were able to communicate in a way that the enemy could not decode, thereby saving service members' lives. I am pleased the code talkers are finally receiving this justly deserved recognition, the Congressional Gold Medal."
"Drawing from their ancient heritage, the Code Talkers helped transform modern history through a system that was as effective as it was ingenious," said Rep. Noem. "It is long overdue that we recognize the power and relief these Code Talkers brought our country and Allied forces in a time of need. I am proud our nation is honoring these brave heroes with the Gold Medal for the thousands of lives they saved and the victories in World War I and World War II that they helped secure."
The American military's use of Native American code talkers goes back to October of 1918. The code talkers were extensively used throughout both the European and Pacific theaters during World War II. Because the innovative communications used by the code talkers were based on native languages and not mathematical progressions nor machine-based code, enemy forces were unable to exploit Allied exchanges for the length of the war. These secure communications proved to be both faster and more secure than other methods of encrypting and sending messages, an incredible benefit in keeping the advantage of surprise during combat operations.
Permalink: https://www.thune.senate.gov/public/index.cfm/2013/11/delegation-to-celebrate-contributions-of-code-talkers-in-gold-medal-ceremony

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Home Entertainment These New Cruise Ships Are Aiming for Gamers
These New Cruise Ships Are Aiming for Gamers
By Fortune.com
And Star Wars fans.
The $30 billion cruise ship industry has been on a mission to update itself. Royal Caribbean has unveiled a fleet of "smart ships," while many cruise lines have introduced high-speed, global Wi-Fi.
But in recent months, cruise lines have been trying to outdo each other and up their game — literally — offering all kinds of tech add ons to appeal to gamers. "Technology is driving the new generation," Nick Weir, vice president of entertainment at Royal Caribbean International RCL -1.46% , says. "Their lives and technology are seamless, so that's the trick out at sea is using technology to enhance the cruise experience."
Disney's Star Wars bet
Just in time for the new release of Star Wars, Disney Cruise Line, part of The Walt Disney Company DIS -0.28% , added Star Wars gamer attractions to the Dream cruise line. Walt Disney Imagineers created a full-sized replica of the Millennium Falcon's cockpit, complete with four different scenarios that kids can pilot through as part of their Oceaneer's Kids Club on-board program. There's also a separate engine room filled with Star Wars video games and a common room complete with a Holochess table. Kids can push all of the buttons, levels, and switches to unlock special effects sequences.
And they also can learn how to use the Force and take on Darth Vader and stormtroopers in a staged show.
Danny Handke, creative design lead at Walt Disney Imagineering, says with the special effects, the lighting, the audio, the show control, and the animation that comes to life in this space is the most complex attraction ever built on a Disney cruise ship.
The other attraction for gamers on the ship is the Disney Infinity play room. There's a life-sized version of the game that lets two players use their bodies to race through race tracks with Mickey, Minnie, and friends using Xbox Kinect motion-sensor technology. There's also a room full of Xbox One consoles for multi-player fun on Disney Infinity 3.0, which includes Star Wars levels and characters. Kids can take home their Oceaneer band and unlock exclusive content on their home console featuring the Dream ship with Mickey as captain and other items.
There's also a video game-themed Vanellope's Sweets & Treats shop that's features characters from Disney's Oscar-nominated video game movie, Wreck-It Ralph.
Royal Caribbean's connects with gamers
Royal Caribbean International has launched a class of ships that features Voom satellite Internet service — it is billed as being so fast that passengers can play online games while at sea in a dedicated Xbox video game lounge. Part of the quantum class, Anthem of the Seas, debuted April 22, 2015, a year after sister ship, Quantum of the Seas. (A third ship, Ovation of the Seas, is slated for 2016.) This class of smartships is being marketed explicitly to the gaming generation.
"People just expect to be connected, especially the Millennial generation," Max Schmidt, vice president of IT operations for Royal Caribbean International, says. "They want to be able to play the games that they have at home."
Royal Caribbean built a multi-use SeaPlex space that converts from a bumper car track to a roller skating rink to a basketball court to a trapeze circus school. The Xbox lounge is located just above this main area.
Touch-screen devices of all sizes are becoming the norm on cruise ships. Royal Caribbean takes a very different approach with its Bionic Bar, where a pair of MIT-designed robots that make hundreds of custom drinks that are ordered from iPad spread around the bar area. Rounding out the new ships is a Ripcord by iFly indoor skydiving school and a Northstar observation tower, which lifts up to 14 guests at a time 300 feet above sea level for a 360-degree view.
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Eminence arises from order or it festers as intellect.
Light rises in honor as life springs forth.
How the moment out-shines its periodicity.
Spend your days looking for beauty and she will reward your efforts.
So hard to find a quiet place to cry alone.
Simple luck that Mr Bee was too intent on feeding to notice how close my lens got.


In his memo, Howard Marks examines the oxymoron "Political Reality."
In his memo, "Economic Reality," Howard Marks explores the reality of economic policies and promises.
In his memo, "On the Couch," Howard Marks explores psychology's role in investing.
In his memo, "Risk Revisited Again," Howard Marks further explores the concept of risk.


text:
Grogol kan syfta på följande platser:

Indonesien

 Grogol (ort i Indonesien), Jawa Tengah,
 Desa Grogol (administrativ by i Indonesien, Jawa Barat, lat -6,58, long 108,49),
 Desa Grogol (administrativ by i Indonesien, Jawa Tengah, lat -7,22, long 109,79),
 Desa Grogol (administrativ by i Indonesien, Jawa Tengah, lat -6,94, long 110,61),
 Kelurahan Grogol, administrativ by, Jakarta,
 Desa Grogol (administrativ by i Indonesien, Jawa Timur, lat -7,46, long 112,66),
 Desa Grogol (administrativ by i Indonesien, Jawa Tengah, lat -6,90, long 109,13),
 Desa Grogol (administrativ by i Indonesien, Jawa Timur, lat -8,00, long 111,55),
 Desa Grogol (administrativ by i Indonesien, Jawa Barat, lat -6,66, long 108,52),
 Desa Grogol (administrativ by i Indonesien, Jawa Timur, lat -7,69, long 112,93),
 Desa Grogol (administrativ by i Indonesien, Jawa Timur, lat -7,61, long 112,26),
 Kecamatan Grogol (distrikt i Indonesien, Jawa Timur),
 Desa Grogol (administrativ by i Indonesien, Jawa Timur, lat -7,76, long 111,96),
 Desa Grogol (administrativ by i Indonesien, Jawa Timur, lat -8,18, long 114,32),

Robotskapade Indonesienförgreningar


text:
Lisse () is a town and municipality in the province of South Holland in the Western Netherlands. The municipality, which lies within the Duin- en Bollenstreek, covers an area of  of which  is water. Its population was  in . Located within the municipal boundary is also the community De Engel.

History

Early history

The history of Lisse is closely related and similar to the neighboring towns of Hillegom and Sassenheim. Based on a document from 1198 which makes official mention of the town's name, Lisse celebrated its 800-year anniversary in 1998, although there is an indication that there was already a settlement there in the 10th century.

In the Middle Ages, Lisse was a small settlement; there were only 50 houses in 1500. Because of prolonged warfare (particularly the wars of Charles the Bold and the Eighty Years' War), poverty was prevalent. Its population lived from agriculture, animal husbandry and peat harvesting.

Recent history
In the 17th and 18th centuries, Lisse was, like Hillegom, home to many estates of rich merchants and nobility. The forests and gardens of Keukenhof, Meerenburg, Wildlust, Zandvliet, Overduin en Akervoorde, Wassergeest, Grotenhof, Ter Specke, Dubbelhoven, Rosendaal, Veenenburg en Berkhout, Middelburg, Ter Beek and Uytermeer estates all added to the town's beauty and glory.

Yet in the following centuries, every one of these estates (except Keukenhof) was removed to make way for the cultivation of bulb flowers. The sandy soil in Lisse's surroundings were highly suitable for its growth provided the soil was fertilised. The nearby dunes were excavated and forests cut down progressively over time for more fields for the flower business. This brought employment and prosperity to this area.

Floriculture centre
In the 20th century, the bulb flower business continued to boom, resulting in the establishment of auction and trading houses, large-scale cultivators and cooperatives. Today, Lisse exports bulbflowers in large quantities to over a hundred countries worldwide.

Located at the centre of the "Dune and Bulb Region" (Duin- en Bollenstreek), Holland's flower-growing region, Lisse is also a major tourist attraction. During the spring when the fields around Lisse are in a colourful bloom, hundreds of thousands of local and foreign tourists visit the area. The only remaining estate that was not removed for flower cultivation (Keukenhof) became world-famous for its flower displays.

Tourism and attractions
The most popular attraction in Lisse is Keukenhof, open only during spring when the tulips are flowering. Also each spring a flower parade called the Bollenstreek Bloemencorso is held through the main streets of Lisse. In August the fantasy festival Castlefest is held in the gardens of Castle Keukenhof.

Other places of interest are the museums:
Huys Dever, a restored castle tower from the 14th century
Castle Keukenhof, part of the Keukenhof estate but open year-round
Museum De Zwarte Tulp (Black Tulip Museum), exhibiting the history of the Dutch bulb-growing region

Sports
Lisse is the home of FC Lisse, a football team currently playing in the Zaterdag Topklasse. On 3 May 2008 FC Lisse sealed the championship of the 2007/2008 season in the Hoofdklasse A.

Notable people born in Lisse

 Abraham Rademaker (1677–1735), a Dutch painter and printmaker
 Joseph Smit (1836–1929), a Dutch zoological illustrator
 Wander Johannes de Haas (1878–1960), a Dutch physicist and mathematician, known for the Einstein–de Haas effect
 Jacob Veldhuyzen van Zanten (1927–1977), a Dutch aircraft captain, died in the Tenerife airport disaster
 Egbert van 't Oever (1927–2001), a Dutch speed skater, competed in the 1952 and 1956 Winter Olympics
 Adrianus Johannes Simonis (1931–2020), cardinal and Archbishop of Utrecht 1983 to 2007
 Jenny Arean (born 1942), a Dutch singer, actress and comedian
 Harry Mens (born 1947), a Dutch real estate broker and television presenter
 Bram Moolenaar (born 1961), a Dutch computer programmer, author of Vim, a text editor
 Marco Vermey (born 1965) a Dutch former professional racing cyclist, rode in the 1994 Tour de France
 Hans Kroes (born 1965), a Dutch freestyle and backstroke swimmer, competed in the 1984 and 1988 Summer Olympics
 Gert-Jan Segers (born 1969), a Dutch political scientist and politician
 Bastiaan Ragas (born 1971), a Dutch actor and singer

References

External links

Official website
Keukenhof

Municipalities of South Holland
Populated places in South Holland


Peltier cooler model 72005/127/060B is a member of Ferrotec's family of 70 Series modules. The 72005/127/060B peltier cooler is a thermal cycling, 127-couple, 6.0-amp module. The 'B' code indicates that this standard TEC features a lapped type, plain ceramic surface.
Ferrotec can also customize a 70 Series Module for you based on the 72005/127/060B.


IN WRITING about the year gone by, the first thing that strikes one is that this was the year of the spare cash. Almost all people in the middle class seemed to have extra money to spend. In many cases it was borrowed money but in quite a few it was increased savings. The interest rates were low but middle class found out the advantages of investing in safe ventures in the Stock Exchange.
Honk! Honk! Here goes the 2005 jalopy home loaded with low-interest buys. With more cash in hand and growing Mumbai mindset, the city is all set for the metro trip 2006! Just know how?
Middle class investment in mutual funds went up, and spare cash was generated. People who till five years ago were spending fifty rupees on a cinema ticket are now spending double the amount. They then go to a hall, where more than half the seats are empty but the hall still makes money. Another facet of this surplus cash is the eating out habit. Be it a working day or a holiday, all restaurants that are known to serve good food at reasonable prices have a full house. There is also the glamour food market that serves Pizzas and burgers.
The latter has certainly caught on but the former is still making a desperate effort. Pizza prices have been cut to point where a thin crust pizza looks more like a "Papad" with some cheese on top.
There is little doubt however that our laid back city is now changing. It has three shopping malls and people are in a hurry to spend money. Gone are the days of the friendly retailer who would throw hundred saris at you just to get you to select one. Now they are all on display and shopping is more impersonal.
Like Apple Singh told cricketer Kumble in that old ad eight years ago, "if you want to buy touch otherwise don't touch" is the rule. Our corner retailer is putting up a brave face but he knows that his days are numbered. There is also a newly found hurry to get somewhere. No one seems to have time. The days of quiet chat over a cup of coffee are over. The younger generation is less tolerant of age and more incensed about delay or injustice. This is all a good thing provided it leads to something constructive.
The year gone by will also be remembered for that atrocious invention the mobile phone. It is no longer possible to avoid taking a phone call, if you have given your number to someone. In the middle of a golf swing the buzzing begins on the chest. It is the wife telling you that the rickshaw man has failed again and would you please come home and drop the kids at school. In the pre mobile days she would have worked out some alternative of her own but no, now there is the mobile. This wretched instrument shatters peace and it cannot be ignored. That you do at your own peril.
In fact the politicians and others of importance carry more than one phone. One is reserved for VIPS who need to be in touch with you. The other is for the common people who want to discuss what must be paid to get something done.
There is a third one, which is carried by your Chamcha. It has ISD facility and is meant for very special calls that you make. All this of course comes at a price and it is a very big one as the Minister Amarmani Tripathi found out, when he watched "Mantriji aur Mobile". This terrible invention has also murdered Queens English. You are no loner "You", just "U". Also "are" is no longer "are", but just "R". You want to say "silly" just type "sly" and everyone understands. And you no longer watch TV for the sake of the programme. You watch it with your mobile on the ready to send messages on everything under the sun. It encourages betting and no human being is ever free from that temptation.
This year of the Mobile Phone has also been the year of the Sting Operations. It all began with a rather simple effort to tell us what we had always known. Film and TV stars extracted the oldest price for doing favours to a lady. Top stars were caught on videotape and they started falling at the feet of the sting operators to escape. It did not work of course. Sting operators are not operators unless they are ruthless. This success and an earlier one about politicians and defence contracts led to the mother of all sting operations. Our worthy members of the Lok Sabha and even the Rajya Sabha were caught with their dhotis round their legs, even the saffron coloured ones. One worthy member having already been caught taking money to ask questions was caught a second time negotiatingfor cash to start local area development programme.
The most beautiful thing was that the Hon'ble Member had no idea about the question to be asked. Once he got his money he just asked that the question be written down. The sting operator wrote a lot of muck and got away with it. Yet another example of the very wide gulf between our elected leaders and their basic IQ.
The members concerned have lost their seats but this matter will not end here.
Ethics in politics is not brought by exposure of scams or even by legislating. It comes only from a change of heart and there is no evidence of that happening.
This was also the year when UP's Home Secretary acquired a new distinction that would be very difficult to match. He discovered himself in control of a police force, which had a high-ranking officer who loved cross-dressing. This gentleman, father of two, even used the female gender when speaking on phone. He was not left in peace even when he quit the force. He became Radha and retired his/her dancing when a Krishna turned up on his doorstep demanding entry.
Cricket acquired a new hero in Dhoni and Pathan and Our Mohd Kaif lost out in the rat race at least for the moment. Dada was out but he managed to slither in rather than bat himself in. The team has to start the New Year with a tour of Pakistan and that is always a matter of tension for the whole country. Tendulkar got the much-anticipated record, and Parbhu Chawla fired questions at him without waiting for answers.
Finally Hindi language, rich that it is, acquired a new "Muhavra" in 2005, to Go with "Tedhi Kheer" and Khoon Paseena Ek Karke". "Meerut Se Mahila Police Bula Loonga" was added to the lexicon, which apparently means Kiseeko Galat Kaam Karne Se Rokna.
This was the year when Mumbai saw USA come crashing to the ground, Ulhasnagar Sindhi Association that is. For Kolkata it was the year when the nation had the temerity to give "Dada" the boot and then eat the humble pie.
For Chennai it was year when Tsunami relief operations went badly wrong. For Delhi it was the year of blasts, one by the Tayyaba Lashkars and the other by the Municipal Corporation. Lucknow will recall the year as one in which the city replaced its "Pehle Aap culture with the "Pehle Mein" culture and also the year when Raja Bhaiya and Amarmani Tripathi both went to jail, the latter with his wife in tow.


The New Passport Is Ready!
We are excited to announce the publication of the latest Fishing Passport brochure today! This is our second digital version, free to view here, which has replaced the old A5 booklet format. Technology catches up with everything!
With the start of the new salmon and trout season only a few weeks away, you will notice that this edition is very river game fishing-orientated. Before coarse, grayling and stillwater trout anglers write in, we will be producing another version for you in early June.
In the meantime, we hope salmon and trout anglers will open up the magazine and be inspired by the many articles and features, some of which have been written by Passport customers. As always, we welcome any feedback and suggestions on how we can improve future editions!
Elsewhere, the Foundation's education department, headed by Colette Mooney, has been teaching GCSE students in Herefordshire about the importance of their local streams and rivers. In addition to the educational benefits, connecting school children with their environment is an extremely effective way of ensuring the future wellbeing of aquatic environments.
You can read more about this area of our work here.
Back to fishing: a section of the river Arrow in Herefordshire is up for sale. The New Mills beat is just upstream of Pembridge and comprises approximately 722 yards of double bank and a further 120 yards of single left bank fishing on this renowned borderland trout river. Whoever buys it might like to consider earning some extra income by putting the beat into the Passport!
Enquiries should be made with Sunderlands with further details of the fishing here.
Finally, WUF staff witnessed trout spawning in the Ennig Brook this week. This shows how adaptable this species can be to vagaries of conditions during what is considered their "normal" spawning period. We hope this doesn't spark yet another statutory consultation about season dates!
The spring edition of the Fishing Passport digital magazine is now available!
Details of the Foundation's current projects can be found here.
Click here for anglers' reports and monthly fishing reports.
The latest news from the Foundation can be found here.


IT WAS early on Sunday morning when Graeme Strachan heard the wail of chimpanzees.
That was nothing out of the ordinary. He lives close to the Rockhampton Zoo where, as its life science co-ordinator, he interacted regularly with the four exuberant primates.
What Graeme did not realise was that the sounds had come from three frantic chimps, most likely on discovering their companion Ockie close to death.
A phone call at 8am was to deliver the heartbreaking news.
By the time Graeme got to the zoo and rushed to the chimp enclosure, he found Cassie, Holly and Samantha hunched over the lifeless body of Ockie.
"They spent a lot of time trying to revive him," Graeme said. "At one stage it looked like Holly was practising CPR on him."
Zoo staff and visitors watched on; fixated at the reaction of the chimps which closely mirrored the anguish and sorrow of a human being watching a loved one slip away.
Several hours later, the trio wandered away, realising that Ockie was gone.
His death at age 38 sent shockwaves through the close-knit zoo team and wider community.
Ockie was buried just metres from the chimp enclosure. A commemorative plaque will be installed on a rock in the landscaped garden to serve as a lasting reminder of the colourful character so loved by so many.
"I loved him to bits," Graeme said. "He touched a lot of people's lives and in a lot of ways people wouldn't realise."
"It's the end of a chapter with old Ockie but it's certainly not the end. We are very committed to the ongoing program with the chimps at Rockhampton."
A memorial service was held on Tuesday to farewell Ockie and celebrate his life.
During his speech, Graeme often referred to the mischievous chimp like a mate, remembering his multidimensional personality.
"Ockie could be the most tender, loving and affectionate chimp but then turn into the angry man five times stronger than us.
"But sad to say, our Ockie was a worrier. He stressed a lot. He didn't like change."
Ockie was spirited, bordering on feisty, although he began to "mellow quite a bit in his later years".
He could spit with pinpoint accuracy and he found his mark with several zookeepers and, on occasion, official guests at various functions at the zoo.
His body language was powerful and it quickly became clear if he favoured you or didn't.
Graeme remembers his first meeting with Ockie in 2008. He was greeted by a bright and alert chimp, who was very responsive.
But one of his most endearing traits was the way in which he put his faith in humans.
When pressed for his favourite memory of Ockie, Graeme pauses to carefully reflect.
"Favourite memory... So many, so many," his voice softening.
Then it comes to him. Cassie had to be sedated to allow vets to x-ray his injured wrist and do some dental work.
"Ockie was very calm and very trusting," Graeme said. "Normally if they see that happening to another chimp, they are very upset but he seemed to understand we were trying to help Cassie, not harm him."
It is clearly an emotional time but Graeme is determined to remember the good times spent with the "gentle giant".
Life must go on but it is clear there will always be a special place for Ockie.
"Luv ya, miss ya Ockie, but know your legacy will go on," Graeme said, as he gazed wistfully into the chimp enclosure where his good friend spent his last hours.
Ockie and Cassie arrived at the Rockhampton Zoo in 1986. They were relocated from the Gold Coast after the zoo where they were residents was closed.
The specially designed chimpanzee enclosure at Rockhampton was completed in late 2009 and was officially opened in March 2010.
The females - Holly and Samantha - arrived in January 2012, relocated from New South Wales. They are genetically valuable because they are not related to any other chimps in the Australasian region.
The Rockhampton chimps are the only chimps in captivity in Queensland and among only 50 in captivity in Australasia. The biggest groups are at Taronga Zoo in Sydney and Wellington Zoo in New Zealand.


I jumped up, sweat running down my forehead. I have had another dream about him and that orphanage. I hated this, why were they coming back now? After so long without them, they had finally started to be a rare thing for me to have. I looked over at the clock and saw it was 05:22, I had at least been able to sleep most of the night. I got up, took my book by Paul Auster and walked out of the room trying not to wake up Lizzie. I walked into the kitchen where I jumped up on the table and started reading, while playing with my necklace like I normally do. I looked down at it and read 'Sub Rosa' again. Last night I had another nightmare and had stayed up the rest of the night trying to figure out what it meant. I did learn something about what sub rosa meant, if it was relevant was another question though.
I learned that in the 16th century, the symbol of Henry VIII of England was the stylised Tudor rose.
- That in Christian symbolism, the phrase 'Sub Rosa' had a special place in confessions.
- That more recently, 'sub Rosa', activities have become a byword for covered operations. Originating primarily in the Canadian and American special forces.
- I also learned that apparently it was a label, and that Brett White is a huge Sub rosa fan. He made a giant Sub rosa logo up in his welding class and now has it in his ceiling in his bedroom.
There were also stories I found more often than others, for example a story I often came upon was, that 'Sub Rosa', under the rose; from the ancient association of the rose with secrecy. The rose's connotation for secrecy dates back to Greek mythology. Aphrodite gave a rose to her son Eros, the god of love; he, in turn, gave it to Harpocrates, the god of silence, to ensure that his mother's indiscretions were kept under wraps.
I also read that in the middle ages a rose suspended from the ceiling of a council chamber pledged all present – those under the rose, that is – to secrecy.
That in secret, privately or confidentially: held the meeting 'sub rosa'.
I did learn a little, but it didn't help me figuring out why it was written on my necklace, it was something secret, or maybe my parents had been in special forces and they had it from there. I really didn't know. And I had no idea how I would ever figure it out.
About fifteen minutes before the others would wake up I went to take a shower. I had been reading for a little over an hour and was about finished with my book. I listed into the bath and turned on the water and as soon as the water hit me I let out a sigh. The warmth from the water made my muscles relax and the water took the last bit of the night mare with it and made me feel like myself again.
When I got out of the shower I found Lizzie and Leo in the kitchen, fighting over who had the cereal first, both pulling in each end of the box. I went over to the dishwasher and pulled three clean bowls out. Then I walked over to the fridge where I took out the milk, then I grabbed three spoons and in the end I grabbed the box with cereal Leo and Lizzie were fighting over.
"Hey" Leo said running over to me to get it back, but when he saw I was putting it in the three bowls he turned around mumbling something before he sat down on a chair.
"So Leo and I have found an apartment only 15 minutes from here, and we can move in already Thursday two days from now." Lizzie said putting some bread in the oven and taking her bowl and walking over to sit with Leo and I.
"Wow that's fast. It's going to be so weird not living with you anymore."  I was so used to always have Lizzie there, that I couldn't really imagine how it would be to come home to a place where she didn't live.
"Yeah, but on the bright side we don't have to listen to Leo complain about the couch any more." Lizzie laughed trying to lighten the mood. Leo had talked a lot about wanting to sleep in a bed and complained a little from time to time. But I knew he didn't really mean anything with it. He was thankful that he could stay here and he himself had said it was okay to sleep on the sofa instead of some fold out bed.


text:
Top 5 Sporting Heroes of an Irishman in his early 20s Growing Up
Peadar Breathnach
Slider, Sport
5. Paul Flynn
Waterford Hurling Legend Paul Flynn. Courtesy TG4TV (Flickr)
Look, I know many of you will wonder who Paul Flynn is but here he is representing any GAA hero we would have growing up. We all know the GAA is a cornerstone of Irish life but it undoubtedly gives us great memories and heroes. For a Kilkenny man, players like DJ Carey have given great entertainment. From Cork, hurlers like Seán Óg Ó hAilpín, Joe Deane and Diarmuid "The Rock" O'Sullivan remain icons of the game. Those from Kerry will tell their grandchildren fabled stories of Maurice Fitzgerald, Darragh Ó Sé and Colm "Gooch" Cooper. Foe me though as a Waterford man there has also been many that have given me great joy (and pain!!) down the years. Dan Shanahan scoring a hat trick in the Munster quarter final of 2004 and rifling the winning goal to the corner past Dónal Óg Cusack in the 2010 Munster final replay with Cork. The timeless Tony Browne winning hurler of the year in 1998. John Mullane tearing defences apart for almost a decade. Ken McGrath being the rock of the team and its leader, the moment he lifted the Munster Cup in 2004 after the epic clash with Cork will live with me forever. However one man for me stands above all for me, Ballygunnar's Paul Flynn and one particular moment will go down in GAA Waterford folklore, that goal against Cork.
4. Stone Cold Steve Austin
The "Texas Rattlesmake" Stone Cold Steve Austin on his way to the ring. Cortesy softball_babe (Flickr)
Question any fella in his early 20s and ask him did he watch wrestling, most will deny it but let's face it we all watched it as kids. We all knew it was fake but it was enjoyable. We had our heroes, we couldn't get enough of the Heartbreak Kid Shawn Michaels and a bit of Sweet Chin Music. To see The Rock dish out the People's Elbow would thrill us all. However one man was better than the rest, Stone Cold Steve Austin. Who could ever forget his tussles with The Rock, Triple H and Booker T but undoubtedly we will always remember his long running the with the Corporation and Vince McMahon. Who could ever forget this timeless classic.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Cjz3u8KgLRg
3. Robbie Keane
Robbie Keane lifts the Carling Nations Cup for Ireland. Courtesy Ryan Byrne (Flickr)
One of the nicest guys in Irish Football and a mainstay in the Irish team since 1998. He has been around the world in his club career, from Inter Milan to LA Galaxy he has scored goals everywhere and he remains a club legend at Tottenham Hotspur. However it's his performances in Green that will always stand out. 131 caps, 62 goals, his record speaks for itself. He has virtually got every important Irish goal in the last 15 years. His goal in Paris in the famous hand of frog game is a great example but perhaps this is his greatest moment playing for the Boys in Green #COYBIG.
2. Roy Keane
The infamous handshake between Roy Keane & Mick McCarthy. Courtesy Stuff Mick Says (Flickr)
The second Keane on the list and perhaps the most divisive of all. Every single man, woman and child had an opinion on Saipan, undoubtedly he divided a nation. However we cannot deny how good he was as a player. He almost single-handedly dragged us to the 2002 World Cup in Japan and South Korea. He was the leader of an entire footballing nation. Saipan may have tarnished his image but at the time he was the hero of almost every soccer fan in the country. His leadership of Manchester United was the stuff of legend as well as his various on field battles with players like Patrick Viera. He was the leader of that Mancherster United team and probably the best no-nonsense midfielder in the world. His greatest night was arguably the 1999 Champions League semi final 2nd leg versus Juventus when he gave one of the greatest midfield performances from any United midfielder ever. But who could ever forget this clash in the tunnel.
1.Brian O'Driscoll
Brian O'Driscoll lifts The RBS 6 Nations trophy following Ireland's Grand Slam in 2009. Courtesy darksphere (Flickr)
Perhaps Ireland's greatest sporting export and the idol of a nation. 141 test caps (133 Ireland, 8 Lions), 46 tries, 2 Six Nations, 4 Triple Crowns, 1 Grand Slam, 3 Heineken Cups, 4 Lions Tours, there is only one BOD. Undoubtedly the greatest player of his generation. He has been Irish rugby's leader for the last 15 years. From that day in Paris in 2000 when he burst onto the scene as his hat-trick steered Ireland to their first win in Paris since 1972, he has been ever present in Irish sporting folklore. He had so many near misses with Ireland in the 6 nations and the whole country rejoiced when he lifted the trophy to end the Grand Slam drought in 2009 as it was the first since 1948.
He starred in Leinster's three Heineken Cup as they became Europe's greatest club side. He also starred in 4 Lions tours, his sole victory coming last year as he was controversially dropped by Warren Gatland for the 3rd test against Australia. A sad end to his Lions career. There was fitting end to career in the green jersey as he helped Ireland win the Six Nations on the very ground he burst on to the scene back in 2000, thanks to a nail-biting 22-20 victory in the Stade de france in Paris. Now with his career for Ireland at an end, we can look forward to the last few months of his career as he aims to help Leinster to a 4th Heineken Cup Crown. For now here is one of his finer moments.
Feel free to comment!!
6 NationsBrian O'DriscollfaigaaHeineken CupheroIrelandIRFUPaul FlynnRobbie KeaneRoy KeaneRugbysoccersportsteve austintop 5WWE
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A Field Guide to 1960s French Yé-Yé Pop
If you're wondering just what on earth was with that "Zou bisou bisou" song from Mad Men on Sunday night, look no further — we're here to help! The song was a prime example of yé-yé, the Francophone take on bubblegum teen pop that flourished in France during the early 1960s and briefly became a global phenomenon. The genre took its name from a bastardization of the English "yeah yeah," gave the world some of the 1960s' best pop songs, and even got a serious academic working-over from Susan Sontag, who wrote about yé-yé in her 1964 essay "Notes on Camp." And judging by the slew of articles that have appeared on the subject since Sunday, it's all anyone's gonna be talking about until the next episode — so click through and take advantage of our handy yé-yé primer!
Gillian Hills
We might as well start with "Zou bisou bisou," which was sung by 16-year-old Gillian Hills in 1961. The song was produced by a young George Martin, who'd soon go on to hook up with a little-known Liverpool pop group called The Beatles, and it later appeared on the soundtrack to Michelangelo Antonioni's classic Blow-Up — as did Hills herself, shedding her clean-cut teen idol image along with her clothes in the famous scene where she gets naked with Jane Birkin. Swinging London, indeed.
France Gall
Perhaps the most famous yé-yé singer, France Gall embodied many of the era's contradictions — she sang ingenuous songs for children and pop tunes for innocent teens, but she was also a sex symbol, albeit often an unwitting one. Much of the latter, it has to be said, was due to her work with the perma-lecherous Serge Gainsbourg, of whom more shortly. In the meanwhile, enjoy "Laisser tomber les filles" — you may also be familiar with April March's English-language cover, which figured prominently in Quentin Tarantino's Death Proof.
The conflict between the yé-yé singers' wholesome images and what Troy McClure might have called their throbbing biological urges was a constant implicit theme in the music (as, indeed, it is in pop music today — look no further than the risible virgin schtick of Britney Spears' early work for an example). Few embodied the dichotomy better than Sylvie Vartan, who was dubbed the "Twisting Schoolgirl" when she emerged onto the scene in 1961, and cultivated a rather raunchy image compared to her peers. She poked fun at the contradiction at a show in 1968 with the above performance, which envisaged a discussion between an adult Sylvie and a young, innocent version.
By contrast, Chantal Goya followed up a successful decade as a yé-yé singer with a move into children's music — she's spent the last 35 years in a double act with her husband, playing a character called Marie-Rose as one of France's most beloved entertainers for kids. (Fun fact: she's also appeared in Absolument fabuleux, the French remake of Absolutely Fabulous.) But before all that, she was one of the yé-yé generation's foremost members, recording a series of hits throughout the 1960s and early 1970s.
Hallyday was undoubtedly the most famous male singer of the yé-yé era — he was married to Sylvie Vartan, and the two were quite the iconic couple in the 1960s and 1970s, starring together in a movie entitled D'où viens-tu Johnny? ("Where did you come from, Johnny?") and also recording an album together in Nashville. Some over half a century later, Hallyday remains as successful as ever — he's sold some 110 million albums over the course of his career, despite never really cracking it outside France. While he was never really seen as part of the yé-yé scene — largely because most of the singers were female — his Francophone take on American sounds totally fits the criteria as far as we're concerned.
Whether or not Hallyday truly fits into the yé-yé box is open for debate, but either way, there were definitely some male singers who did. Foremost amongst them was Claude François — he's probably best-known for writing "Comme d'habitude" (later made famous by Frank Sinatra as "My Way"), but he had a slew of upbeat, mildly cheesy hits throughout the 1960s, most of them were reworking of English songs. He died at only 39 years of age in 1978, electrocuted in his bath while trying to straighten a light fitting above the tub.
Of all the yé-yé singers, it's Françoise Hardy's work that's had the most enduring appeal (in our opinion, anyway.) This is perhaps because Hardy's songs aren't quite as fluffy as those of her contemporaries — even her most upbeat works had a shade of melancholy to them, but it was her more reflective songs that really found her at at her best. "Tous les garcons et les filles" is perhaps her most enduring classic, but we've always been partial to "Mon amie la rose" and "Le premier bonheur du jour" (the latter covered to great effect by Françoiz Breut a few years back.) Also: apparently Nick Drake was besotted with Hardy, and heartbroken when she didn't return his affections.
While Hardy's perhaps the most enduring product of the era, the undisputed queen of yé-yé in the 1960s was Annie Chancel, better known as Sheila. She embodied the ingenuous spirit of the era, performing songs with titles like "L'école est finie" ("School's Out") and "Pendant les vacances" ("Over the school holidays"), and has sold some 24 million records over the years. She also reinvented herself as a disco act in the 1970s, performing with three black male dancers under the, um, perhaps slightly questionable name "Sheila and Black Devotion."
Jacqueline Taïeb
Behold: a song based on the idea of fantasizing about Paul McCartney! This was Jacqueline Taïeb's debut, and remains her most famous song — she later recorded an English version, although we far prefer the original. She was one of the lesser-known yé-yé girls, but also one of the best — her music had a certain grit lacking in some of her contemporaries — and this song is a genre classic.
And, finally, there's Serge. It's pretty much impossible to discuss the French music of this era without running into Gainsbourg sooner or later, and sure enough, his fingerprints are smeared all over the evolution of yé-yé. Most notoriously, he penned a song for France Gall called "Les Sucettes," which translates as "Lollipops" — the ostensibly innocent lyric about a girl who likes lollipops was laden with double entendres about oral sex, a fact to which Gall was oblivious at the time, and which makes watching the video above a rather uncomfortable experience. She was apparently mortified when she found out, and these days refuses to play the song (or any of the others Gainsbourg wrote for her) — all of which only goes to show that even in his 30s, Serge was already a dirty old man at heart.


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Hawaiian Spirulina Pacifica
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Hawaiian Spirulina Pacifica is an amazing natural superfood with over 100 nutrients studied extensively for its superior nutritional content and health benefits. Studies show its ability to support cardiovascular, eye, and brain health, as well as boosting immunity and energy.
Raw Hawaiian Spirulina Pacifica is a specially bred strain of the edible raw microalgae. Raw Spirulina Platensis is cultured in shallow, open ponds (approximately 20 cm deep) adjacent to the Pacific Ocean. A combination of fresh water and supplemental deep ocean water is used to fill the ponds. Natural food grade fertilizers are used and 2000ft deep sea water is added as a rich source of minerals and trace elements. This managed growing system assures a contamination-free, consistently superior nutritional profile.
Raw Hawaiian Spirulina Pacifica is the only cultured microalgae grown with ultra pure deep ocean water as a source of minerals and trace elements. The deep ocean water is pumped up from a depth of 2000 feet, supplying magnesium, calcium, and every trace element your body needs for survival. This unique resource is also used in our unique, patented, cold drying system.
The most nutritious forms of spirulina on the market today is Hawaiian Spirulina Pacifica. Experts say that consuming just three grams of Hawaiian Spirulina Pacifica per day offers the benefits of five servings of fruits and vegetables.
Nature's original multivitamin with a full spectrum of minerals and high concentrations of antioxidants, Hawaiian Spirulina Pacifica? has over 100 nutrients in an easily assimilated and bio-available form. Hawaiian Spirulina Pacifica? supports cardiovascular, eye and brain health and boosts immunity and energy.? Ideal for vegetarians. Safe for children.


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:man-page: using_client_side_encryption

Using Client-Side Field Level Encryption
========================================

New in MongoDB 4.2, Client-Side Field Level Encryption (also referred to as Client-Side Encryption) allows administrators and developers to encrypt specific data fields in addition to other MongoDB encryption features.

With Client-Side Encryption, developers can encrypt fields client side without any server-side configuration or directives. Client-Side Encryption supports workloads where applications must guarantee that unauthorized parties, including server administrators, cannot read the encrypted data.

Automatic encryption, where sensitive fields in commands are encrypted automatically, requires an Enterprise-only process to do query analysis.

Installation
------------

libmongocrypt
`````````````

There is a separate library, `libmongocrypt <https://github.com/mongodb/libmongocrypt>`_, that must be installed prior to configuring libmongoc to enable Client-Side Encryption.

libmongocrypt depends on libbson. To build libmongoc with Client-Side Encryption support you must:

1. Install libbson
2. Build and install libmongocrypt
3. Build libmongoc

To install libbson, follow the instructions to install with a package manager: :ref:`Install libbson with a Package Manager <installing_libbson_with_pkg_manager>` or build from source with cmake (disable building libmongoc with ``-DENABLE_MONGOC=OFF``):

.. parsed-literal::

  $ cd mongo-c-driver
  $ mkdir cmake-build && cd cmake-build
  $ cmake -DENABLE_AUTOMATIC_INIT_AND_CLEANUP=OFF -DENABLE_MONGOC=OFF ..
  $ cmake --build . --target install

To build and install libmongocrypt, clone `the repository <https://github.com/mongodb/libmongocrypt>`_ and configure as follows:

.. parsed-literal::

  $ cd libmongocrypt
  $ mkdir cmake-build && cd cmake-build
  $ cmake -DENABLE_SHARED_BSON=ON ..
  $ cmake --build . --target install

Then, you should be able to build libmongoc with Client-Side Encryption.

.. parsed-literal::

  $ cd mongo-c-driver
  $ mkdir cmake-build && cd cmake-build
  $ cmake -DENABLE_AUTOMATIC_INIT_AND_CLEANUP=OFF -DENABLE_MONGOC=ON -DENABLE_CLIENT_SIDE_ENCRYPTION=ON ..
  $ cmake --build . --target install

mongocryptd
```````````

The ``mongocryptd`` binary is required for automatic Client-Side Encryption and is included as a component in the `MongoDB Enterprise Server package <https://dochub.mongodb.org/core/install-mongodb-enterprise>`_. For detailed installation instructions see the `MongoDB documentation on mongocryptd <https://dochub.mongodb.org/core/client-side-field-level-encryption-mongocryptd>`_.

``mongocryptd`` performs the following:

- Parses the automatic encryption rules specified to the database connection. If the JSON schema contains invalid automatic encryption syntax or any document validation syntax, ``mongocryptd`` returns an error.
- Uses the specified automatic encryption rules to mark fields in read and write operations for encryption.
- Rejects read/write operations that may return unexpected or incorrect results when applied to an encrypted field. For supported and unsupported operations, see `Read/Write Support with Automatic Field Level Encryption <https://dochub.mongodb.org/core/client-side-field-level-encryption-read-write-support>`_.

A :symbol:`mongoc_client_t` configured with auto encryption will automatically spawn the ``mongocryptd`` process from the application's ``PATH``. Applications can control the spawning behavior as part of the automatic encryption options. For example, to set a custom path to the ``mongocryptd`` process, set the ``mongocryptdSpawnPath`` with :symbol:`mongoc_auto_encryption_opts_set_extra()`.

.. code:: c

   bson_t *extra = BCON_NEW ("mongocryptdSpawnPath", "/path/to/mongocryptd");
   mongoc_auto_encryption_opts_set_extra (opts, extra);

To control the logging output of ``mongocryptd`` pass ``mongocryptdSpawnArgs`` to :symbol:`mongoc_auto_encryption_opts_set_extra()`:

.. code:: c

   bson_t *extra = BCON_NEW ("mongocryptdSpawnArgs",
      "[", "--logpath=/path/to/mongocryptd.log", "--logappend", "]");
   mongoc_auto_encryption_opts_set_extra (opts, extra);

If your application wishes to manage the ``mongocryptd`` process manually, it is possible to disable spawning ``mongocryptd``:

.. code:: c

   bson_t *extra = BCON_NEW ("mongocryptdBypassSpawn",
      BCON_BOOL(true), "mongocryptdURI", "mongodb://localhost:27020");
   mongoc_auto_encryption_opts_set_extra (opts, extra);

``mongocryptd`` is only responsible for supporting automatic Client-Side Encryption in the driver and does not itself perform any encryption or decryption.

Automatic Client-Side Field Level Encryption
--------------------------------------------

Automatic Client-Side Encryption is enabled by calling :symbol:`mongoc_client_enable_auto_encryption()` on a :symbol:`mongoc_client_t`. The following examples show how to set up automatic client-side field level encryption using :symbol:`mongoc_client_encryption_t` to create a new encryption data key.

.. note::

   Automatic client-side field level encryption requires MongoDB 4.2 enterprise or a MongoDB 4.2 Atlas cluster. The community version of the server supports automatic decryption as well as :ref:`explicit-client-side-encryption`.

Providing Local Automatic Encryption Rules
``````````````````````````````````````````

The following example shows how to specify automatic encryption rules using a schema map set with :symbol:`mongoc_auto_encryption_opts_set_schema_map()`. The automatic encryption rules are expressed using a strict subset of the JSON Schema syntax.

Supplying a schema map provides more security than relying on JSON Schemas obtained from the server. It protects against a malicious server advertising a false JSON Schema, which could trick the client into sending unencrypted data that should be encrypted.

JSON Schemas supplied in the schema map only apply to configuring automatic client-side field level encryption. Other validation rules in the JSON schema will not be enforced by the driver and will result in an error:

.. literalinclude:: ../examples/client-side-encryption-schema-map.c
   :caption: client-side-encryption-schema-map.c
   :language: c

Server-Side Field Level Encryption Enforcement
``````````````````````````````````````````````

The MongoDB 4.2 server supports using schema validation to enforce encryption of specific fields in a collection. This schema validation will prevent an application from inserting unencrypted values for any fields marked with the "encrypt" JSON schema keyword.

The following example shows how to set up automatic client-side field level encryption using :symbol:`mongoc_client_encryption_t` to create a new encryption data key and create a collection with the Automatic Encryption JSON Schema Syntax:

.. literalinclude:: ../examples/client-side-encryption-server-schema.c
   :caption: client-side-encryption-server-schema.c
   :language: c

.. _explicit-client-side-encryption:

Explicit Encryption
```````````````````

Explicit encryption is a MongoDB community feature and does not use the mongocryptd process. Explicit encryption is provided by the :symbol:`mongoc_client_encryption_t` class, for example:

.. literalinclude:: ../examples/client-side-encryption-explicit.c
   :caption: client-side-encryption-explicit.c
   :language: c

Explicit Encryption with Automatic Decryption
`````````````````````````````````````````````

Although automatic encryption requires MongoDB 4.2 enterprise or a MongoDB 4.2 Atlas cluster, automatic decryption is supported for all users. To configure automatic decryption without automatic encryption set bypass_auto_encryption=True in :symbol:`mongoc_auto_encryption_opts_t`:

.. literalinclude:: ../examples/client-side-encryption-auto-decryption.c
   :caption: client-side-encryption-auto-decryption.c
   :language: c

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
Campos Belos is een gemeente in de Braziliaanse deelstaat Goiás. De gemeente telt 19.166 inwoners (schatting 2009).

Gemeente in Goiás