Various techniques have emerged for cleaning and shaping the canals to aid in a perfect obturation and this section specifically deals with Schilder's technique for shaping which is widely accepted.
1. How is the amount of precurving determined?
The amount of precurving of an instrument is determined from the radiographic appearance of the degree of curvature of the root.
2. How is precurving of an instrument important?
A file that is precurved easily passes through the obstacles and calcifications that are encountered during early probing of the canal. Also precurvature prevents the instrument from making ledges or false canals and also prevents transportation of the apical foramen.
3. What is an endobender?
Endobender is an ideal instrument for precurving the endodontic instruments without minimally changing the blades; it bends the instruments depending on the curve radius at the point where the file is placed.
4. How does a non precurved reamer introduced into a curved canal work?
A non precurved reamer introduced into a curved canal follows the curvature of the canal. It cannot rotate in its own axis, reproduces in space the curve that it has adopted, producing an hour glass effect in the canal. This increases the chance of lacerating the apex or creating ledges.
5. What are rubber stops?
6. What are the requirements of rubber stops?
The rubber stops must easily be applied and easily movable when need arises. They should securely remain on the shaft of the instrument so that the same working length can be maintained consistently throughout the entire process of cleaning and shaping. The stop must be seated 90 to the long axis of the instrument. They should be made in such a way that it can be oriented in the direction of the precurvature.
7. Why should the rubber stop be seated at 900 to the long axis of the instrument and not tilted?
If the stop is tilted or positioned obliquely, the working length of the instrument may vary by as much as 2mm.
8. Why should the stops be directional?
The stop should be directional ie have the possibility of being oriented in the direction of precurvature since while the instrument is inserted inside the canal, one can know towards which side the precurvature faces so that it can be directed in the desired direction.
9. How is the canal negotiated?
Negotiation of the canal is the most delicate phase of canal preparation where the precurved instrument is passively introduced into the root canal without forcing or pushing it. Simple back and forth motion is required with no rotation and then first instrument to enter the canal is the file which will never fracture when correctly used.
10. How is the obstacle in the final mms of the canal interprated?
An obstacle in the final few mms of the canals is interpreted as calcified canals. But it is not so because diseases of the pulp progresses in the corono apical direction and calcifications cannot occur in the last few mms while the rest of the canal is pervious. So obstacles in the apical portion are indicative of a sudden, accentuated curvature of the canal and not calcifications.
11. What are the possible happenings when a small instrument is forced into the root canal?
Forcing the instrument against the obstacle can cause bending and fracture of the instrument, mobilization of calcifications from the canal walls that could fall into the canal and obstruct it, creation of ledges, false canals or perforations all of which will lead to failure of the treatment.
12. When is the rubber stop positioned?
When the instrument has reached the depth indicated by the pre op radiograph and confirmed with Electronic apex locator, the rubber stop is positioned against the chosen reference point that is stable and readily identifiable.
13. When can an instrument be withdrawn from the canal after it has been introduced?
After verification of the working length, the instrument is made to work within the canal with small back and forth movements and it is withdrawn only after it has created enough space around itself so that it is loose within the canal which indicates that the canal is sufficiently enlarged and a file of the next size can be used.
14. What is anatomic apex?
Anatomic apex is the tip or end of the tooth root as determined morphologically.
15. What is radiographic apex?
Radiographic apex refers to the tip or the end of the root of the tooth as seen on a radiograph.
16. What is apical foramen?
Apical foramen is the opening of the root canal on the external surface of the root and not necessarily coincides with the anatomic apex depending on the apical curvature of the canal inside the root.
17. What are the advantages of electronic apex locators?
Electronic apex locators locate the apical foramen without taking the radiographic apex into consideration. They are useful in cases of hidden apices, pregnant women, uncooperative patients, handicapped or in situations where radiographs cannot be taken, diagnosing perforations, convergence of 2 canals into a single canal and lastly, they reduce the exposure to x rays.
18. How are the electronic apex locators useful in diagnosing perforations?
When there is a perforation and when the instrument comes in contact with the PDL through the perforation, it registers the same electrical resistance as it would at the apical foramen. This is especially helpful in buccal / lingual perforations that cannot be detected radiographically.
19. How is the convergence of 2 canals to a single canal diagnosed with apex locator?
In these conditions, a file is placed in the canal till the apex and the instrument is connected to another file that is introduced in the other canal. When these two instruments contact, the apex locator detects it and the diagnosis is made.
20. What are the advantages of the latest generation apex locators?
The latest generation apex locators make use of a different principle and are not affected by the contents of the root canal and can perform accurately even in moist conditions.
21. When do false positive responses occur in the latest generation apex locators?
The latest apex locators give inaccurate responses when the shaft of the file used for the measurement comes in contact with the metal of a coronal restoration or if there is a previous obturation within the canal that impedes the contact of the file with the surrounding dentin.
22. How is the patency of the apical foramen maintained?
The files are introduced as far as the apex in such a way as to clean the foramen, enlarge it into a practical convenient size preventing dentin mud from obstructing it. The same working length is transmitted to the subsequent instruments before inserting into the canal. The files should be precurved and should not be forced into the canal rather they should enter the canal passively.
23. Why is the GG drill used only after sufficient enlargement with hand instruments?
The GG drill can be used only after sufficient canal enlargement with hand instruments because introducing it into a narrow canal possess a risk of instrument fracture and formation of ledges and false canals.
24. How does GG drill give a typical funnel shaped appearance?
The GG drill is introduced passively into the coronal third of the canal and applied carefully without making contact with the entire circumference of the canal. The drill is used with a brushing motion in apico coronal direction. This gives the canal a typical funnel shaped appearance.
25. What are the points to be kept in mind when GG drills are used?
The drill is always used with the irrigating solution since it produces a large amount of dentin mud. After use also the canal is irrigated generously with the irrigants. Also the drill is very fragile and fractures easily if applied energetically to the canal wall or causes the shaft to bend while it is working.
26. Why is the radiograph of the first instrument in the canal important?
The radiograph of the first instrument at the radiographic apex is important because it is the key as the accuracy of all subsequent works depend on it. The working length of all the other instruments depends on this measurement only. This is the preoperative radiograph and it needs to be satisfactory for proceeding with other instruments.
27. How is the depth of entry of the first instrument into the canal determined?
The instrument is aligned on the radiographic image and shortened by 1mm. This reduction in 1mm is done to compensate for the errors in the radiograph and therefore there is no risk of over instrumentation.
28. Why the radiograph or the use of an apex locator after the instrument is important nowadays?
This is done to check whether the working length is not changed. Though this can be verified using an apex locator, the radiographs allow to check the thickness of the dentin still present around the instrument and thus avoid stripping.
29. Why is cleaning and shaping of confluent canals done carefully?
Cleaning and shaping of 2 canals in the same root that merge to a common foramen has to be done carefully to prevent tearing of the apical foramen or pointless weakening of the root, including stripping.
30. How is the merging point determined in the confluent canals?
The GP cone of the appropriate size is inserted in one canal that is prepared and a small file in the other canal. When the small file touches the GP in the prepared canal, it leaves an impression on the GP and that is the point of confluence or the distance from the apical foramen.
31. In confluent canals, why is the point of confluence taken as apical foramen for the second canal?
When the second canal is prepared, the working length is calculated till the point of confluence only since trying to reach the apical foramen from a different direction carries a risk of tearing of the foramen and breaking of the file. The preparation in this canal is therefore shorter when compared to the first canal and is less marked.
32. What are the essentials before starting the endodontic therapy?
•Recent and up to date preop radiograph •Precurving of instruments with directional rubber stops. •Position of the instrument in the canal is ascertained with a radiograph. •In multirooted teeth, cleaning and shaping is performed for one canal at a time, starting from the easiest. •A series of new instruments for each canal in multirooted teeth •The use of electronic apex locator combined with a radiograph to check the working length. •Tactile sense alone is not trusted. •The next step is never started unless the preceding step has been completed.
33. What are the requirements of an ideal root preparation?
Complete access, a continuous tapering shape, maintenance of the original anatomy and conservation of tooth structure are the ideal requirements of a root preparation.
34. What is the importance of complete access in root canal preparation?
The unobstructed access to the root canal system provides freedom during cleaning and shaping, helps for removing the debris and provides an opportunity to compact the obturating material three dimensionally. Omission of creating a complete access is one of the causes of endodontic failure.
35. How does continuous tapering govern the root canal preparation?
A continuous tapering canal allows convenient usage of instruments, aids in debris removal, helps for finishing and irrigation and prevents the displacement of filling material during compaction. It provides a clear access to the various reaches of the preparation that aids in the flow of irrigating solution to the anatomical complexities.
36. What are R type hand instruments?
They are historically the oldest hand instruments. It is manufactured from a soft iron wire that is tapered and notched to form barbs rasps along its surface. They are used in the gross removal of pulp tissue from the root canal system.
37. What are Headstorm files?
Headstorm files or H files are extremely efficient cutting instruments and cutting occurs in pull direction only. They are manufactured by grinding flutes into tapered round metal blanks to form a series of intersecting cones. They are available in 21, 25 or 31mm lengths. They are highly susceptible to fracture, if used aggressively.
It is an essential concept in cleaning and shaping procedure introduced by Schilder. It is the sequential re entry or re capture of that portion of the root canal system that has been previously enlarged during preparation. The previously used smaller instruments or the initial apical file are re inserted. This procedure removes the dentinal shavings that accumulate apically in the root canal system and prevents blockage. It also ensures a continuous tapering shape to the canal.
39. Why reaming alone is contra indicated?
Reaming alone is contra indicated because instruments used in reaming motion transport the endodontic cavity preparation towards the inner wall of the curve of the root canal system. Alternatively, when filing is done, it maintains the original anatomy of the root canal system and a more ideal shape can be created.
40. Why is the irrigant maintained as a reservoir during endodontic cavity preparation?
After the pulp is removed, the cavity is irrigated copiously with sodium hypochlorite and the irrigant is allowed to pool in the chamber forming a reservoir. This pooling of the irrigant provides a continuous floatation of the debris. Pre endodontic restorations and bands are used to establish and maintain the reservoir of irrigant.
41. What is the importance of irrigation during endo cavity preparation?
Copious and thorough irrigation is important for endo cavity preparation since it is the procedure that provides the digestion and removal of organic debris within the secondary ramifactions and permits the flow of filling material to these areas. Repeated changing of the irrigating solution is also important.
42. What is the role of the initial file passed into the root canal system?
The initial file that is passed into the root canal system is not a working instrument but it acts as a guide file that explores the canal configuration. The smallest instrument that the canal system can accommodate without resistance is chosen as the initial file.
43. How is the initial file carried into the canal?
Usually a No.6 or No. 8 file is chosen and precurved to mimic the pathway of the original canal and gently manipulated in a watch winding motion. The direction, angulation and configuration of each curve is evaluated. Ramifactions not detected by radiographs are also searched for and other anatomic variations are also noted.
44. Why usage of GG drills is considered to be safe?
GG drills have a non cutting tip and it prevents perforation. So it is considered to be safe and effective.
45. What are the guidelines to be followed when GG drills are used?
GG drills are effective instruments to be used in the canal but have to be used only after preliminary enlargement to prevent ledging. They are non flexible instruments and should be used only in straight line. The initial drill is the smallest drill that engages the tooth structure and followed by the next larger size. They are used sequentially in a step back modality with cutting mainly on the outer walls of the curvature.
46. How is the patency established after preliliminary enlargement?
The preliminary enlargement permits unimpeded access to the apical third. The patency of the apical foramen is established and checked using only passive strokes with the smallest and most delicate instruments. These instruments have to be precurved to negotiate the foramen and the complex bands that occurs in that region. No attempt is made to enlarge the apical foramen at this time.
47. Why NiTi instruments are used with care during enlargement?
NiTi instruments are used with caution during enlargement since they can undergo spontaneous fracture and cannot be retrieved or bypassed easily.
48. How are NiTi instruments used safely during enlargement?
NiTi instruments can be used safely after a pre-enlargement phase. Torque and speed control handpieces are also helpful. They are used in a sequence of largest to smallest instrument in a crown- down fashion. The sequence must be repeated twice since they are not as sharp as stainless steel instruments.
A continuous tapering shape is essential for a perfect preparation and this shape is achieved by combining the apical, middle and coronal thirds of the preparation that have already been prepared by the pre- enlargement and enlargement phases. This is called as Blending. When those phases are performed judiciously, blending becomes simplified.
50. What will happen if the apical foramen is displaced?
Displacement of the apical foramen leads to three errors – direct perforation, formation of ledges and creation of a tear drop foramen.
51. How are the curves of the coronal third managed?
The curves of the coronal third are eliminated before commencing the normal cleaning and shaping.
52. Why are the curves of the coronal third straightened?
Straightening the curves of the coronal third permits more direct access to the apical region, improves tactile sense and control while directing the files apically, eliminates the restrictive dentin in the coronal third, reduces the risk of ledges, transportation of apical foramen and stripping. It also allows deeper penetration of the irrigating solutions and better removal of debris and maintenance of working length throughout the procedure.
53. What is anti curvature filing?
This method consists of working the endodontic instruments constantly against the external wall of the curve, with the goal to prepare the canal at the expense of the thickest portion of the root, staying away from the curve and bifurcation.
54. What are safety zone and danger zones?
In cross section of the canals, safety zones are those areas far from bifurcation where the dentin is thicker and danger zones are the areas where the dentin is thinner and the canal closer to the periodontium.
55. Which are the safety zones and danger zones in Upper and Lower molars?
The safety zone in the upper molar is the mesial wall of the mesio buccal root and that in lower molar is the mesial wall of the mesial roots. The danger zone in the upper molar is the distal wall of the mesiobuccal root and that in the lower molar is the distal wall of the mesial root.
56. Why circumferential filing is not done in molars with curved roots?
In molars with curved roots, the canals are not in the central position rather displaced towards the bifurcation. Considering this circumferential filing is avoided since it can lead to excessive thinning of the root or even perforation from stripping in the area of bifurcation. During condensation of the obturating material, the thinned out wall may also fracture.
57. What are the three distinct phases in the preparation of the root canal?
The three distinct phases are •Negotiation of the root canal and determination of instruments' working length •Maintenance of patency of the apical foramen •Enlargement of the body of the canal.
58. What are the points to be remembered regarding the endo instruments?
The files and reamers used must be new, sterile and should be re- sterilized whenever need arises. The instruments should be within the reach of the dentist and must be kept sterile throughout the procedure. They must be precurved and equipped with rubber stops.
59. How is pre curving of an instrument done?
The precurving should coincide with the curve of the root canal. Precurving is done in a gentle and gradual way and must not be bent.
60. How does a precurved reamer work?
When a precurved reamer is introduced into the canal and rotated, they describe a figure in space with a cutting edge superior to the original one of the straight instrument, described by schilder as "envelop of motion".
61. What should be done when an obstacle is sensed while negotiating the canal?
If an obstacle is sensed while negotiating the canal, the instrument should not be forced into the canal in an attempt to overcome it. Rather it should be removed from the canal and a greater degree of precurvature is given at the tip and probing is repeated with the consideration that the canal is patent at some point.
62. What care is taken while an instrument is used within the canal?
The instrument should be used with great care, accompanied by generous irrigations. When original shape is altered, it should be substituted with a new instrument. It should be re precurved if if it is removed from the root canal in an attempt to reach the apex.
63. When is the first intra operative radiograph taken?
When the instrument has progressed to the depth indicated by the pre op radiograph and the electronic apex locator, the rubber stop is positioned against the reference point that is stable and readily indentifiable and the first intra operative radiograph is taken to confirm the working length.
64. Why is the instrument that is introduced into the canal not moved till a radiograph is taken?
The instrument that is introduced into the canal is not moved till a radiograph is taken to verify its position and the working length because if removed, it cannot be re introduced to the same point due to the debris that might have detached from the narrow wall, blocking the canal. Also back and forth motion of the instrument could create ledges or may damage the periapical tissues, if the initial assessment is wrong.
65. What is the basic principle that the electronic apex locator works?
The apex locators are based on the principle that the electrical resistance between one electrode within the root canal and the other applied to the oral mucosa registered consistent values.
66. Why should the apical foramen remain patent?
The foramen must not be obstructed by dentin mud, pulp residues or other irritating substances and it should always remain patent to avoid blockages, ledges and perforations. Also the patency of the foramen tries to retain the exudate if forms, within the canal itself rather than extending along the fibres of the periodontal ligament and thereby prevents the development of periodontitis post operatively.
67. Why is it not advised to enlarge the foramen more than what is necessary?
Enlarging the foramen more than what is necessary increases the risk of transporting the foramen itself and increases the potential for overfilling and microleakege around the margin.
68. What happens when an instrument encountering resistance is rotated forcefully?
If there is resistance to rotation and if the instrument is forcefully rotated, it is screwed into the canal to overcome the resistance. This should absolutely be avoided since it can result in formation of ledges, false canals, deformation of the blades or even fracture of the instrument within the canal.
69. What is the purpose of drying the canal after irrigation?
The purpose of drying is to remove all the moisture from the canal and inside the dentinal tubules. Using paper points alone is not sufficient to achieve this. A rinse with pure alcohol is also carried out to dilute the watery content of hypochlorite. A weak stream of air can be directed inside the canal using special syringes. Once the canal is dry, it is ready to receive the obturating material.
70. What are the factors that determine endodontic success?
Success in endodontics depends mainly on 2 factors: •The complete removal of the contents of the root canal system and •The complete obturation of the system.
71. How is conservation of tooth structure important for an ideal root preparation?
Conserving the tooth structure provides resistance to fracture and decreases the incidence of perforation. Also maintaining the integrity of the apex keeps the apical foramen small and eliminates transportation of the apex, enhancing the opportunity to seal the apex.
72. Describe the head of a GG drill.
The GG drills are available in stainless steel. The head is short and flame shaped attached to a shank. The tip has a non cutting surface to prevent perforation.
73. Why is the usage EDTA an irrigant controversial?
Though EDTA is an effective chelating agent forming soluble calcium chelate, When exposed to dentin, these materials have an extended half life and they continue to react with the dentin after filing has taken place. They might predispose the root canal system to form ledges, transportation or perforation. So EDTA is considered to be controversial.
74. What is the disadvantage of irrigants containing glycerol or glycerine?
Irrigants containing glycerine or glycerol can quickly form emulsions during root canal preparation which can obstruct the secondary anatomy like the lateral or accessory canals.
75. What is elastic memory of endo instruments?
Root canal instruments are manufactured from straight metal blanks that are cut or wrought by twisting. These instruments are resistant to bending and will come back to their original shape very quickly during the instrumentation process. This is called elastic memory.
76. How is the elastic memory of the instrument overcome?
The concept of elastic memory of the endodontic instruments can be overcome by overbending the instrument while it is being prepared for use, the degree and extent of which depends on the curvature of the canal and flexibility of that instrument.
77. How is the sequence and frequency of recapitulation determined?
The sequence and frequency with which recapitulation is done is determined by the complexity of the anatomy of each root canal system. Desired result can be achieved by a continuous and painstaking utilization of this concept.
78. What is the main objective of any filing technique?
The main objective of any filing technique is a purposeful motion that cleans and enlarges the endodontic cavity space harmlessly while maintaining the natural pathway of the space.
79. How is the step back technique performed?
The smallest instrument that can effectively penetrate and enlarge the canal without forcible pressure is selected, followed by progressively larger and larger instruments. These instruments are stepped out of the canal as they increase in size. This stepping back produces a shape that conforms to the natural pathway of the canal and also creates a continuously tapering shape which is ideal for an endodontic cavity preparation.
80. What are the various phases involved in canal preparation?
The technique can be divided into 6 phases: •Initial access and gross debridement •Preliminary enlargement •Establishment of patency •Enlargement •Blending and •Finishing and apical refinement.
81. What is the purpose of the first phase of preparation (or) the initial access?
The initial access is an opening that will adequately accommodate the initial instruments without impingement or restriction and hence termed as initial access.
82. What are the advantages of preparing the coronal and middle portion of the canal prior to apical enlargement?
Careful enlargement and debridement of the coronal and middle portion of the canal prior to enlargement of the apical portion can give several advantages like freedom and control of instrument cycles, coronal evacuation of contents of the canal, maintenance of large reservoir for irrigant, clear visibility and above all, a safe access to the foramen.
83. Why is a safe access to the foramen critically important?
The instruments that arrive passively to the foramen are important for a safe access since the tip of the instruments that have been passed forcibly into the apex undergoes deflection and predisposes to an apical zip.
84. Why the final phase of preparation is considered critical?
The final phase of preparation which finishes the walls and refines the apex is the most critical of the phases since it can be accomplished only after restrictive tooth structure has been removed. Only fine files are used to smooth the walls, especially the apical foramen. They have to be manipulated delicately to avoid over enlargement or transportation of the apex.
85. What is the objective of preparing an access cavity?
The objective of access cavity preparation is to extend the opening to include the entire pulp chamber, obliterating the entire pulp horns and providing a slight divergence occlusally, not considering the occlusal anatomy or previous restorations. The opening is made through the enamel and the dentin and penetrates the roof of the pulp chamber.
86. How is the chamber irrigated after initial access?
The chamber is irrigated using high volume syringes containing at least 2.5% of sodium hypochlorite. The solution is expelled from the syringe to the cavity using gentle pressure and suctioned away simultaneously. The needle of the syringe should never be inserted forcibly or locked in the canal.
87. What is the sequence of usage of Gates Glidden drills?
The sequence and frequency of usage of Gates Glidden drills varies with the complexity of anatomy of each system and it is not fixed.
88. During working length estimation, why is the pain response often misleading?
The pain sensation could be due to the pressure of the instrument in the canal even if the apical foramen is not reached. Or if vital pulp tissue is remaining within the canal, contact with it produces the pain. In a necrotic tooth, pain may even occur when the instrument is already far beyond the apical foramen. So pain response is often misleading.
89. When does a Gates Glidden drill fracture?
The GG drills are fragile and when applied too energetically to a canal wall, it causes the shaft to bend while working. Fractures occur at the base of the long shaft and never at the head and the fractured portion can be removed with cotton pliers.
90. What should be done when a ledge or obstacle is sensed during the process of recapitulation?
During recapitulation, if a ledge or obstacle is sensed, which impedes the proper use of other reamers, the process is stopped and a new recapitulation is started, beginning with the patency file.
91. How is the number of recapitulation decided for a canal?
The number of recapitulations depends on the canal anatomy and the dentin thickness. Each recapitulation leads to removal of more dentin and care should be taken while working in teeth with thin roots as it may lead to perforation, stripping or radicular weakening or ultimately a root fracture.
92. 5.	Why is it difficult to cause a stripping in the mesiolingual canal of a lower molar?
The mesio lingual canal of a lower molar is more centrally placed with respect to the root and hence stripping cannot occur that easily.
93. What is the pattern of serial instrumentation described by schilder?
The technique described by schilder starts with using progressively larger instruments working from the apical extent of the root canal coronally in a step back fashion. Files are used instead of reamers. The coronal portion is enlarged with Gates Glidden drills. Recapitulation with small preceding instruments to re establish patency is also done.
94. How is the original anatomy of a canal maintained?
The original anatomy of a canal is maintained by removal of significant amount of the tooth structure from the upper and middle portions of the system at the expense of the outer walls of the curvature. Doing this provides a better access to the more complex anatomy apically by straightening the coronal third and parts of the middle third.
95. What is the significance of root fractures?
Root fractures, if present, are usually the result of failure of the root to withstand masticatory stress after or a direct result of excessive condensation pressure during compaction of filling materials. These fractures occur in the weakest part of the root or the areas where overenlargement of the canal has occurred. Hence conservation of tooth structure is critical to the success of any endodontic procedure.
96. Why are triangular files considered more desirable for cleaning and shaping?
The triangular files which are made from triangular blanks have small cross sectional areas. They are more flexible and less likely to fracture. They dislay larger clearance angles and more efficient during debridement.
97. Why is the Gates glidden drill used only in a straight line?
The tip of the gates glidden drill has a non cutting surface to prevent perforation. The sides of the instrument are used for cutting and it is relatively rigid. Hence it can be used only in a straight line.
98. What are the common lubricants used in sclerosed or calcified canals?
The most common agents used in sclerosed or calcified canals are EDTA, EDTA and cetrimide or EDTAC, urea peroxide, EDTA and urea peroxide or RC prep and urea peroxide in an anhydrous glycerine base or Gly-oxide.
99. Why is precurving of endodontic instruments necessary?
To maintain the curvature of the root canal system and to capture the tortuosity in all the dimensions, the insturments are adapted to duplicate the original anatomy of the system and the directional shifts that occur during manipulation.
100. Why is the tooth structure removed from the outer wall of the curve, while filing?
The tooth structure removed from the outer wall of the curve of the root canal system so that a straightest possible access to the foramen is gained.
This section provides various free to use study material in the form of Scientific Articles, Documentation Charts, Research Thesis guidellines, Post graduate record book and many more.
Students going through this seciton will be very competent in answering viva voce questions in Endodontics.
This section gives various question and answers related to restorative dentistry in the most logical manner that can be useful for students to approach viva voce in confident manner.
This video section helps you to visualize the various Restorative and Endodontic clinical procedures and techniques for placement of implants which will give a better knowledge and understanding of the subject.
This section in case reports brings you the day to day dental problems that we come across and some special challenging situations which require endodontic management.
This section covers the various situations that needed restorative care, the different techniques and materials used, the trouble shoots and the ways they are overcome.
You can see in this section, the various cases managed by an inter disciplinary approach focussing on all the existing problems and ultimately achieving a total oral rehabilitation.


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5 skills for health, prosperity and success in life – According to scientists
EducationLifestyle
A team of researchers found that people who had more life skills generally had more money, better health, less depression and were connected to a larger social circle. What are those skills?
The good news is that you do not have to be born with these skills and do not rely on intelligence. What is the secret to a successful life? According to the results of a British scientific study the key is not in aspects such as education, money or intelligence, but in certain "life skills" such as optimism or persistence.
These and other skills could be a key to enjoyment in the third age of economic success, health and social welfare. That is the conclusion reached by a group of researchers from the University College London (UCL) in an observational study in which they examined more than 8,000 men and women between 52 and 90 years.
According to the study, the key skills for life are five:
Emotional stability
Commitment or dedication (English conscientiousness)
Feeling of being in control
These skills are often called non-cognitive because they are malleable personal traits that have nothing to do with intellectual ability. And experts found that higher scores on these skills were associated with economic success, social and personal well-being, and good health in older adults.
That is why scientists believe that fostering and maintaining these skills, not only during childhood but also during adulthood, may be relevant to well-being and health during later ages.
More money, more friends and less depression
The researchers found that people who had a high score on at least four of the five attributes observed, generally had more money, better health, less depression and were connected with a wider social circle.
In contrast, those who excelled in only one or two of these life skills suffered more loneliness, depression, and were more likely to have chronic illnesses.
For example, only 3% of people with a good score in the five skills had symptoms of severe depression, compared to 22% in the group of people with less life skills. And individuals with the highest capacities also had lower cholesterol levels and better health indicators for diseases such as heart disease and diabetes.
"We were amazed at the wide variety of processes – economic, social, psychological, biological, and related to health and disability – that appear to be related to these life skills," said Professor Andrew Steptoe of the Department of Epidemiology and Public Health of UCL University, which led the study. According to the researchers there is not one skill that is more important than another in that relationship.
"Rather, the effects depend on the accumulation of life skills," explains Steptoe. This study was published in the journal PNAS, and although researchers claim that there is no causal relationship between ability and success, the results do open up possibilities for exploring how well-being, health and Social functionality of the elderly.
CommitmentdedicationDeterminationEmotional stabilityFeeling of being in controlhealthOptimismprosperity
10 signs that you are no longer in love
The best countries for immigrants

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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Influence of an Enforced Fast Start on 10-km-Running Performance
Everton C. do Carmo, Renato Barroso, Andrew Renfree, Saulo Gil and Valmor Tricoli
The effects of an enforced fast start on long-distance performance are controversial and seem to depend on the athlete's capacity to delay and tolerate metabolic disruption. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of an enforced start on 10-km-running performance and the influence of the some physiological and performance variables on the ability to tolerate an enforced fast start during the running. Fifteen moderately trained runners performed two 10-km time trials (TTs): free pacing (FP-TT) and fast start (FS-TT). During FS-TT, speed during the first kilometer was 6% higher than in FP-TT. Maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max), peak velocity (PV), velocity associated with VO2max (vVO2max), ventilatory threshold, and running economy at 10 and 12 km/h and FP-TT average velocity (AV-10 km) were individually determined. There were no differences between FP-TT and FS-TT performance (45:01 ± 4:08 vs 45:11 ± 4:46 min:s, respectively, P = .4). Eight participants improved (+2.2%) their performance and were classified as positive responders (PR) and 7 decreased (–3.3%) performance and were classified as negative responders (NR). Running speed was significantly higher for PR between 6 and 9.2 km (P < .05) during FS-TT. In addition, PR presented higher PV (P = .02) and vVO2max (P = .01) than NR, suggesting that PV and vVO2max might influence the ability to tolerate a fast-start strategy. In conclusion, there was an individual response to the enforced fast-start strategy during 10-km running, and those who improved performance also presented higher vVO2max and PV, suggesting a possible association between these variables and response to the strategy adopted.
In International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance Volume 11 (2016): Issue 6 (Jan 2016)


The Missouri State Bears will both be looking for their 14th win of the season when the team travels to the Ford Center to take on the Evansville Purple Aces. Missouri State is currently 13-12 after beating Illinois State in its last game. Meanwhile, Evansville is 10-15 and lost to Southern Illinois in its last game. Both teams are not expected to make the NCAA tournament this season but a conference win in this one could build some confidence for these squads.
Last season, the Missouri State Bears went 18-15 and lost in the quarterfinals of its conference tournament to Southern Illinois. This season seems like another average one for the program as the team is currently 13-12. Missouri State, however, has won five of its last six games including a win over Illinois State in its last game due to a game-winning halfcourt buzzer-beater. In that game, the team's defense was extremely solid as it only allowed 65 points. With a road game up next, look for the team's defense to struggle a bit more.
The Missouri State Bears are led by junior forward Tulio Da Silva who has been great this season. So far this season, he is leading the team in scoring with 14.8 points per game along with 7.0 rebounds. Missouri State only has three players averaging over ten points per game so there is a lack of scoring depth on the current roster. If Missouri State plans on winning this game, Da Silva better be at his best.
Last season, the Evansville Purple Aces went 17-15 and lost in the first round of its conference tournament to Northern Iowa. This season seems like a step in the wrong direction for the program as the team is currently 10-15. Evansville has looked awful in its seven games as it has lost six of them including one in its last game to Southern Illinois. In its last game, the team's defense struggled as it allowed 78 points on over 47% shooting from the floor. If Evansville plans on winning this home game, its defense will have to play a lot better.
The Evansville Purple Aces are led by senior guard Shea Feehan who has been great this season. So far this season, he is third on the team in scoring with 10.0 points per game along with 2.8 rebounds. Evansville has multiple players who are currently averaging double digits but Feehan is the veteran leader of the squad. If Evansville plans on winning this game, Feehan has to be the anchor.
Purple Aces are 12-3 ATS in their last 15 games following a straight up loss.
Purple Aces are 7-3 ATS in their last 10 Wednesday games.
Bears are 1-5 ATS in their last 6 games vs. a team with a losing straight up record.
Bears are 3-14 ATS in their last 17 road games vs. a team with a home winning % of greater than .600.
Although these teams almost underwhelming records, I cannot back the Bears in this road contest. Missouri State might have an average record but it is only 3-8 on the road and should struggle on the road in this one. Evansville is also 9-4 at home so I can see this team ending its current losing streak. I think the Purple Aces cover the spread as a result.
Both teams have the ability to score a lot of points and I think that their respective defenses are good enough to keep each other's offenses in check. Evansville likes to get out in transition and I think that Missouri State will focus on slowing it down in order to win this contest. Both teams were awful offensively in their last game and I cannot see these teams reaching this total. Give me the under as a result.


text:
Q: Создание адаптивного баннера Как можно сделать адаптивный баннер?
Баннер используется на страницы SharePoint 2010, необходимо решение на CSS, без использования bootstrap и других фреймворков.
Вот его разметка:

Welcome to site

A: Для создания "адаптивного баннера" используйте, например, Bootstrap.
Почитать можно здесь. Да и вообще в гугле кишит статьями на эту тему.
Простой баннер с ипользованием Bootstrap будет выглядеть как-то так:
<!DOCTYPE html>

    <title>Адаптивный баннер</title>

    <link rel="stylesheet" href="https://maxcdn.bootstrapcdn.com/bootstrap/3.3.5/css/bootstrap.min.css">

Welcome to site

Пример на jsfiddle

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


Grant your add-in with tenant Read permission and depoy the add-in as a tenant scoped add-in.
Then use cross domain library to access other site collection.
Not the answer you're looking for? Browse other questions tagged sharepoint-online development csom event-receivers or ask your own question.
under which account does event receiver code run?


text:
from django.conf import settings
from django.test.utils import override_settings
from django.urls import reverse
from django.utils.http import urlencode
from django.utils.http import urlunquote

from openstack_dashboard import api
from openstack_dashboard.dashboards.project.backups \
    import tables as backup_tables
from openstack_dashboard.test import helpers as test

INDEX_URL = reverse('horizon:project:backups:index')

class VolumeBackupsViewTests(test.TestCase):

    @test.create_mocks({api.cinder: ('volume_list', 'volume_snapshot_list',
                                     'volume_backup_list_paged_with_page_menu')
                        })
    def _test_backups_index_paginated(self, page_number, backups,
                                      url, page_size, total_of_entries,
                                      number_of_pages, has_prev, has_more):
        self.mock_volume_backup_list_paged_with_page_menu.return_value = [
            backups, page_size, total_of_entries, number_of_pages]
        self.mock_volume_list.return_value = self.cinder_volumes.list()
        self.mock_volume_snapshot_list.return_value \
            = self.cinder_volume_snapshots.list()

        res = self.client.get(urlunquote(url))

        self.assertEqual(res.status_code, 200)
        self.assertTemplateUsed(res, 'horizon/common/_data_table_view.html')
        self.assertEqual(has_more,
                         res.context_data['view'].has_more_data(None))
        self.assertEqual(has_prev,
                         res.context_data['view'].has_prev_data(None))
        self.assertEqual(
            page_number, res.context_data['view'].current_page(None))
        self.assertEqual(
            number_of_pages, res.context_data['view'].number_of_pages(None))
        self.mock_volume_backup_list_paged_with_page_menu.\
            assert_called_once_with(test.IsHttpRequest(),
                                    page_number=page_number)
        self.mock_volume_list.assert_called_once_with(test.IsHttpRequest())
        self.mock_volume_snapshot_list.assert_called_once_with(
            test.IsHttpRequest())
        return res

    @override_settings(API_RESULT_PAGE_SIZE=1)
    def test_backups_index_paginated(self):
        backups = self.cinder_volume_backups.list()
        expected_snapshosts = self.cinder_volume_snapshots.list()
        size = settings.API_RESULT_PAGE_SIZE
        base_url = INDEX_URL
        number_of_pages = len(backups)
        pag = backup_tables.BackupsTable._meta.pagination_param
        page_number = 1

        # get first page
        expected_backups = backups[:size]
        res = self._test_backups_index_paginated(
            page_number=page_number, backups=expected_backups, url=base_url,
            has_more=True, has_prev=False, page_size=size,
            number_of_pages=number_of_pages, total_of_entries=number_of_pages)
        result = res.context['volume_backups_table'].data
        self.assertCountEqual(result, expected_backups)

        # get second page
        expected_backups = backups[size:2 * size]
        page_number = 2
        url = base_url + "?%s=%s" % (pag, page_number)
        res = self._test_backups_index_paginated(
            page_number=page_number, backups=expected_backups, url=url,
            has_more=True, has_prev=True, page_size=size,
            number_of_pages=number_of_pages, total_of_entries=number_of_pages)
        result = res.context['volume_backups_table'].data
        self.assertCountEqual(result, expected_backups)
        self.assertEqual(result[0].snapshot.id, expected_snapshosts[1].id)
        # get last page
        expected_backups = backups[-size:]
        page_number = 3
        url = base_url + "?%s=%s" % (pag, page_number)
        res = self._test_backups_index_paginated(
            page_number=page_number, backups=expected_backups, url=url,
            has_more=False, has_prev=True, page_size=size,
            number_of_pages=number_of_pages, total_of_entries=number_of_pages)
        result = res.context['volume_backups_table'].data
        self.assertCountEqual(result, expected_backups)

    @override_settings(API_RESULT_PAGE_SIZE=1)
    def test_backups_index_paginated_prev_page(self):
        backups = self.cinder_volume_backups.list()
        size = settings.API_RESULT_PAGE_SIZE
        number_of_pages = len(backups)
        base_url = INDEX_URL
        pag = backup_tables.BackupsTable._meta.pagination_param

        # prev from some page
        expected_backups = backups[size:2 * size]
        page_number = 2
        url = base_url + "?%s=%s" % (pag, page_number)
        res = self._test_backups_index_paginated(
            page_number=page_number, backups=expected_backups, url=url,
            has_more=True, has_prev=True, page_size=size,
            number_of_pages=number_of_pages, total_of_entries=number_of_pages)
        result = res.context['volume_backups_table'].data
        self.assertCountEqual(result, expected_backups)

        # back to first page
        expected_backups = backups[:size]
        page_number = 1
        url = base_url + "?%s=%s" % (pag, page_number)
        res = self._test_backups_index_paginated(
            page_number=page_number, backups=expected_backups, url=url,
            has_more=True, has_prev=False, page_size=size,
            number_of_pages=number_of_pages, total_of_entries=number_of_pages)
        result = res.context['volume_backups_table'].data
        self.assertCountEqual(result, expected_backups)

    @test.create_mocks({api.cinder: ('volume_backup_create',
                                     'volume_snapshot_list',
                                     'volume_get')})
    def test_create_backup_available(self):
        volume = self.cinder_volumes.first()
        backup = self.cinder_volume_backups.first()

        self.mock_volume_get.return_value = volume
        self.mock_volume_backup_create.return_value = backup

        formData = {'method': 'CreateBackupForm',
                    'tenant_id': self.tenant.id,
                    'volume_id': volume.id,
                    'container_name': backup.container_name,
                    'name': backup.name,
                    'description': backup.description}
        url = reverse('horizon:project:volumes:create_backup',
                      args=[volume.id])
        res = self.client.post(url, formData)

        self.assertNoFormErrors(res)
        self.assertMessageCount(error=0, warning=0)
        self.assertRedirectsNoFollow(res, INDEX_URL)
        self.mock_volume_snapshot_list.assert_called_once_with(
            test.IsHttpRequest(),
            search_opts={'volume_id': volume.id})
        self.mock_volume_get.assert_called_once_with(test.IsHttpRequest(),
                                                     volume.id)
        self.mock_volume_backup_create.assert_called_once_with(
            test.IsHttpRequest(),
            volume.id,
            backup.container_name,
            backup.name,
            backup.description,
            force=False,
            snapshot_id=None)

    @test.create_mocks(
        {api.cinder: ('volume_backup_create', 'volume_snapshot_get',
                      'volume_get')})
    def test_create_backup_from_snapshot_table(self):
        backup = self.cinder_volume_backups.list()[1]
        volume = self.cinder_volumes.list()[4]
        snapshot = self.cinder_volume_snapshots.list()[1]
        self.mock_volume_backup_create.return_value = backup
        self.mock_volume_get.return_value = volume
        self.mock_volume_snapshot_get.return_value = snapshot
        formData = {'method': 'CreateBackupForm',
                    'tenant_id': self.tenant.id,
                    'volume_id': volume.id,
                    'container_name': backup.container_name,
                    'name': backup.name,
                    'snapshot_id': backup.snapshot_id,
                    'description': backup.description}
        url = reverse('horizon:project:volumes:create_snapshot_backup',
                      args=[backup.volume_id, backup.snapshot_id])
        res = self.client.post(url, formData)

        self.assertNoFormErrors(res)
        self.assertMessageCount(error=0, warning=0)
        self.assertRedirectsNoFollow(res, INDEX_URL)

        self.mock_volume_get.assert_called_once_with(test.IsHttpRequest(),
                                                     backup.volume_id)
        self.mock_volume_backup_create.assert_called_once_with(
            test.IsHttpRequest(),
            backup.volume_id,
            backup.container_name,
            backup.name,
            backup.description,
            force=False,
            snapshot_id=backup.snapshot_id)

    @test.create_mocks(
        {api.cinder: ('volume_backup_create',
                      'volume_snapshot_list',
                      'volume_get')})
    def test_create_backup_from_snapshot_volume_table(self):
        volume = self.cinder_volumes.list()[4]
        backup = self.cinder_volume_backups.list()[1]
        snapshots = self.cinder_volume_snapshots.list()[1:3]
        self.mock_volume_backup_create.return_value = backup
        self.mock_volume_get.return_value = volume
        self.mock_volume_snapshot_list.return_value = snapshots
        formData = {'method': 'CreateBackupForm',
                    'tenant_id': self.tenant.id,
                    'volume_id': volume.id,
                    'container_name': backup.container_name,
                    'name': backup.name,
                    'snapshot_id': snapshots[0].id,
                    'description': backup.description}
        url = reverse('horizon:project:volumes:create_backup',
                      args=[backup.volume_id])

        res = self.client.post(url, formData)
        self.assertNoFormErrors(res)
        self.mock_volume_snapshot_list.assert_called_once_with(
            test.IsHttpRequest(),
            search_opts={'volume_id': volume.id})
        self.assertMessageCount(error=0, warning=0)
        self.assertRedirectsNoFollow(res, INDEX_URL)

        self.mock_volume_get.assert_called_once_with(test.IsHttpRequest(),
                                                     backup.volume_id)
        self.mock_volume_backup_create.assert_called_once_with(
            test.IsHttpRequest(),
            backup.volume_id,
            backup.container_name,
            backup.name,
            backup.description,
            force=False,
            snapshot_id=backup.snapshot_id)

    @test.create_mocks(
        {api.cinder: ('volume_backup_create', 'volume_snapshot_list',
                      'volume_get')})
    def test_create_backup_in_use(self):
        # The third volume in the cinder test volume data is in-use
        volume = self.cinder_volumes.list()[2]

        backup = self.cinder_volume_backups.first()
        snapshots = []
        self.mock_volume_get.return_value = volume
        self.mock_volume_backup_create.return_value = backup
        self.mock_volume_snapshot_list.return_value = snapshots
        formData = {'method': 'CreateBackupForm',
                    'tenant_id': self.tenant.id,
                    'volume_id': volume.id,
                    'container_name': backup.container_name,
                    'name': backup.name,
                    'description': backup.description}
        url = reverse('horizon:project:volumes:create_backup',
                      args=[volume.id])

        res = self.client.post(url, formData)
        self.mock_volume_snapshot_list.assert_called_once_with(
            test.IsHttpRequest(),
            search_opts={'volume_id': volume.id})
        self.assertNoFormErrors(res)
        self.assertMessageCount(error=0, warning=0)
        self.assertRedirectsNoFollow(res, INDEX_URL)
        self.mock_volume_get.assert_called_once_with(test.IsHttpRequest(),
                                                     volume.id)
        self.mock_volume_backup_create.assert_called_once_with(
            test.IsHttpRequest(),
            volume.id,
            backup.container_name,
            backup.name,
            backup.description,
            force=True,
            snapshot_id=None)

    @test.create_mocks({api.cinder: ('volume_list',
                                     'volume_snapshot_list',
                                     'volume_backup_list_paged_with_page_menu',
                                     'volume_backup_delete')})
    def test_delete_volume_backup(self):
        vol_backups = self.cinder_volume_backups.list()
        volumes = self.cinder_volumes.list()
        backup = self.cinder_volume_backups.first()
        snapshots = self.cinder_volume_snapshots.list()
        page_number = 1
        page_size = 1
        total_of_entries = 1
        number_of_pages = 1

        self.mock_volume_backup_list_paged_with_page_menu.return_value = [
            vol_backups, page_size, total_of_entries, number_of_pages]
        self.mock_volume_list.return_value = volumes
        self.mock_volume_backup_delete.return_value = None
        self.mock_volume_snapshot_list.return_value = snapshots
        formData = {'action':
                    'volume_backups__delete__%s' % backup.id}
        res = self.client.post(INDEX_URL, formData)

        self.assertRedirectsNoFollow(res, INDEX_URL)
        self.assertMessageCount(success=1)
        self.mock_volume_backup_list_paged_with_page_menu.\
            assert_called_once_with(test.IsHttpRequest(),
                                    page_number=page_number)
        self.mock_volume_list.assert_called_once_with(test.IsHttpRequest())
        self.mock_volume_snapshot_list.assert_called_once_with(
            test.IsHttpRequest())
        self.mock_volume_backup_delete.assert_called_once_with(
            test.IsHttpRequest(), backup.id)

    @test.create_mocks({api.cinder: ('volume_backup_get',
                                     'volume_get')})
    def test_volume_backup_detail_get(self):
        backup = self.cinder_volume_backups.first()
        volume = self.cinder_volumes.get(id=backup.volume_id)

        self.mock_volume_backup_get.return_value = backup
        self.mock_volume_get.return_value = volume

        url = reverse('horizon:project:backups:detail',
                      args=[backup.id])
        res = self.client.get(url)

        self.assertTemplateUsed(res, 'horizon/common/_detail.html')
        self.assertEqual(res.context['backup'].id, backup.id)
        self.mock_volume_backup_get.assert_called_once_with(
            test.IsHttpRequest(), backup.id)
        self.mock_volume_get.assert_called_once_with(
            test.IsHttpRequest(), backup.volume_id)

    @test.create_mocks({api.cinder: ('volume_backup_get',
                                     'volume_snapshot_get',
                                     'volume_get')})
    def test_volume_backup_detail_get_with_snapshot(self):
        backup = self.cinder_volume_backups.list()[1]
        volume = self.cinder_volumes.get(id=backup.volume_id)

        self.mock_volume_backup_get.return_value = backup
        self.mock_volume_get.return_value = volume
        self.mock_volume_snapshot_get.return_value \
            = self.cinder_volume_snapshots.list()[1]
        url = reverse('horizon:project:backups:detail',
                      args=[backup.id])
        res = self.client.get(url)

        self.assertTemplateUsed(res, 'horizon/common/_detail.html')
        self.assertEqual(res.context['backup'].id, backup.id)
        self.assertEqual(res.context['snapshot'].id, backup.snapshot_id)
        self.mock_volume_backup_get.assert_called_once_with(
            test.IsHttpRequest(), backup.id)
        self.mock_volume_get.assert_called_once_with(
            test.IsHttpRequest(), backup.volume_id)
        self.mock_volume_snapshot_get.assert_called_once_with(
            test.IsHttpRequest(), backup.snapshot_id)

    @test.create_mocks({api.cinder: ('volume_backup_get',)})
    def test_volume_backup_detail_get_with_exception(self):
        # Test to verify redirect if get volume backup fails
        backup = self.cinder_volume_backups.first()

        self.mock_volume_backup_get.side_effect = self.exceptions.cinder

        url = reverse('horizon:project:backups:detail',
                      args=[backup.id])
        res = self.client.get(url)

        self.assertNoFormErrors(res)
        self.assertMessageCount(error=1)
        self.assertRedirectsNoFollow(res, INDEX_URL)
        self.mock_volume_backup_get.assert_called_once_with(
            test.IsHttpRequest(), backup.id)

    @test.create_mocks({api.cinder: ('volume_backup_get',
                                     'volume_get')})
    def test_volume_backup_detail_with_missing_volume(self):
        # Test to check page still loads even if volume is deleted
        backup = self.cinder_volume_backups.first()

        self.mock_volume_backup_get.return_value = backup
        self.mock_volume_get.side_effect = self.exceptions.cinder

        url = reverse('horizon:project:backups:detail',
                      args=[backup.id])
        res = self.client.get(url)

        self.assertTemplateUsed(res, 'horizon/common/_detail.html')
        self.assertEqual(res.context['backup'].id, backup.id)
        self.mock_volume_backup_get.assert_called_once_with(
            test.IsHttpRequest(), backup.id)
        self.mock_volume_get.assert_called_once_with(
            test.IsHttpRequest(), backup.volume_id)

    @test.create_mocks({api.cinder: ('volume_list',
                                     'volume_backup_restore')})
    def test_restore_backup(self):
        mock_backup = self.cinder_volume_backups.first()
        volumes = self.cinder_volumes.list()
        expected_volumes = [vol for vol in volumes
                            if vol.status == 'available']

        self.mock_volume_list.return_value = expected_volumes
        self.mock_volume_backup_restore.return_value = mock_backup

        formData = {'method': 'RestoreBackupForm',
                    'backup_id': mock_backup.id,
                    'backup_name': mock_backup.name,
                    'volume_id': mock_backup.volume_id}
        url = reverse('horizon:project:backups:restore',
                      args=[mock_backup.id])
        url += '?%s' % urlencode({'backup_name': mock_backup.name,
                                  'volume_id': mock_backup.volume_id})
        res = self.client.post(url, formData)

        self.assertNoFormErrors(res)
        self.assertMessageCount(info=1)
        self.assertRedirectsNoFollow(res,
                                     reverse('horizon:project:volumes:index'))
        self.mock_volume_list.assert_called_once_with(test.IsHttpRequest(),
                                                      {'status': 'available'})
        self.mock_volume_backup_restore.assert_called_once_with(
            test.IsHttpRequest(), mock_backup.id, mock_backup.volume_id)

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


Plus, Apple and Salesforce are forming a strategic partnership and FabFitFun expands its video reach with live programming.
SirusXM and Pandora have announced acquisition plans. SiriusXM is offering to acquire Pandora for $3.5 billion in stock. Pandora will continue to run operations independently and the acquisition is expected to close in the first quarter of 2019.
Apple and Salesforce are building a strategic partnership. The partnership will start with an emphasis on mobile strategy ahead of Salesforce's enormous conference, Dreamforce. Apple and Salesforce will also work together to build industry-specific iOS apps on the Salesforce platform.
The women's subscription box FabFitFun is expanding its video reach with live programming. The live video will air daily on the company's Facebook page and will coincide with the launch of its latest seasonal box. The live video will feature DIY projects, product showcases, beauty demonstration and a game show.


text:
Our Current Officers
Governance - Committees
Livery Committee
iENGAGE
Grant of Royal Charter
We Give
Our City Business School Scholars
Our Livery Schools
Our Support in Previous Years
International Freeman
iWIN iNED WIGS
Master's Christmas Message Highlights WCI Growth and Charitable Support
Written by David Worsfold on 15th December 2020
The Master, David Sales, has used his Christmas Message to members and the market to highlight the positive news about the Company as it manages its way through the pandemic.
"Notwithstanding the difficult times, we have been extremely active in the Livery and my sincere thanks go to the Wardens, treasurer, committee chairs, past masters and especially our clerk Victoria King and her team, who have all pulled together so magnificently and worked tirelessly to try and support our members.
"We have still tried to maintain an impressive schedule of social events and professional briefings although most have had to be relegated to virtual platforms.
"I am also delighted that, even in these difficult times we continue to attract a healthy number of new members who share our values, and we extend a hearty welcome to all those who joined over the past year.
"As I hope you are aware, during my year, I want focus on 'Nurturing Inclusion and Talent 'in a challenged and changing world.
"In recent years, we have worked hard to broaden our membership to be truly representative of the diversity of talent in our industry. We want the unique Fellowship of our Company to create a sense of genuine belonging and inclusion for all our members".
He also praised the generosity of members which has enabled the WCI to support a growing range of worthy causes this year.
"Thanks to the generous charitable contributions of our members the chair of trustees, John Young, and his trustees have also been able to provide incredible and much needed support to our carefully selected charitable partners throughout this challenging period".
You can watch the Master's full message on our You Tube Channel.
Copyright © 2021 WCI. All rights reserved.


Effingham Post 120, Teutopolis Post 124 and Cumberland Posts 566-643-764 baseball teams will be competing in the 33rd Annual Firecracker Senior Legion Baseball Classic the end of June and first of July.
Effingham is a member of the Blue Pool along with Bristol, Ind., Danville Blue and Decatur. Members of the Red Pool are Teutopolis, Mattoon, Charleston Red and Rantoul. Members of the White Pool are Danville Gold, Highland, Mo-Do and Piatt County. Members of the Star Pool are Cumberland County, Lincoln, Charleston Blue and Crawfordsville, Ind.
Effingham opens play Friday, July 29 against Decatur at 9 a.m. and will face Bristol, Ind. at 5 p.m. In Saturday's contest, Effingham takes on Danville Blue at 9 a.m.
T-town's games include Rantoul at 11 a.m. Friday, July 29 and Mattoon at 7 p.m. T-town will face Charleston Red at 11 a.m. Saturday.
Cumberland County meets Charleston Blue at 10 a.m. July 29 and Crawfordsville, Ind. at 2 p.m. Cumberland County then meets Lincoln at 9 a.m. July 30.
The event is pool play and the rest of July 30's games will have the first, second, third and fourth place finishers in each pool squaring off to advance to the finals Sunday, July 1.
The games will be played a four locations, Grimes Field, Lake Land College, Eastern Illinois University and Mattoon High School.


1876 was the year Yarmouth had the most shipping per capita of any town in the world. It was in this era when the firm of H. & N. B. Lewis prospered as ship owners and chandlers from their business on the wharf below Argyle Street. They also had a business at the intersection of Argyle and Main Streets, known as Moody's Corner, and it was here in the centre of Argyle Street that the Lewis Fountain was installed.
Designed by J.L. Mott of New York it featured eight hooded dog's heads, large bowls for horses and cattle, smaller bowls (now gone) for cats and dogs, a bronze engraved plaque and a large decorative bronze vase on top. The inscription reads: "Presented to the Town of Yarmouth by Nathan B. Lewis and wife, May1st, 1895". His wife was Adeline Cann.
During World War II the fountain was removed presumably to be used for scrap metal but due to the determined efforts of Rachel (Benham) Lewis, wife of Nathan Lewis's nephew, H.K. Lewis, it was eventually returned. It has been moved to the parking lot on the northeast corner of the street for its own protection. It stands as a reminder of that prosperous era, a "Yarmouth, N.S. Landmark".


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Deliver convenience. Safeguard children. Grow your program.
A child care program is a significant endeavor, both in opportunity and in risk. You want to create a place where kids love to learn and grow, where parents find convenience and feel confidence, where superior program and staff accountability standards are achievable, and where you don't have to sacrifice program quality just to manage operations. ACTIVE Net child care management software is the answer for all these goals.
Deliver the easy enrollment and payment flexibility busy parents demand.
Convenience isn't negotiable for on-the-go parents. ACTIVE Net allows you to offer 24/7 online registration and self-serve updating of emergency and authorized pick-up contacts. Parents will love the flexible payment methods and plans, and rest easy knowing their financial and personal information is safe. You'll love how easy it is to manage all this flexibility.
Offer visual scheduling on intuitive calendars to avoid calendar confusion.
There's a reason the family calendar has adorned refrigerators everywhere for generations. Calendars allow for at-a-glance juggling, planning, scheduling, and keeping everyone on the same page. Offer 24/7 online, self-serve scheduling access and waitlisting to your program's availability and avoid duplicate entries or double-booked facilities.
Your reputation for child safety and security is your most important asset.
With so many crucial details to manage, you can't afford to let even one slip through the cracks. Monitor special needs, allergies or medical conditions and ensure proper pick-up/drop-off authorizations. Maintaining flawless processes that protect children is only possible with the right tools, especially in a growing program.
Maintain efficiency by letting your software keep up with all the details.
Automated tasks, duplication of session information and custom questions are the keys to ACTIVE Net day care software's streamlined set up and management of the many aspects of your program. You can focus on building relationships and developing children's programs while decreasing staff, reducing errors, and lowering stress levels.
Stay in control with accurate and customized rosters.
Managing child care on a day-to-day basis isn't about the numbers, it's about names. Pull, manage and print lists for each class, customized to include the information you choose. Give staff members access to those lists for attendance and check waitlists all in one place.
Introduce your members to ePACT, the online system for waivers, consents and emergency information.
Medical, waiver and consent forms can be a hassle, even without the problem of errors and handwriting illegibility. Secure, online management of emergency information means accurate data is accessible in less time in the event of a crisis and keeping information updated is easier than ever.
With our new child care check-in app, you can get kids checked in or out right from your tablet with a visual, intuitive interface. This means no more being stuck behind a desk and no more manual check-in processes. Instead, decrease wait times and gain happier kids and parents! ACTIVE Net Connect's daycare check-in system is also fully integrated with your ACTIVE Net data, ensuring that vital information is always just a touch away.


Unlike a processor or faster graphics, more memory (also known as RAM) will not always speed up your games. If you have enough RAM, adding more will not make a difference. So, how much RAM do you need for modern PC games, anyway?
This is a crucial question of whether you buy a gaming computer, buying RAM while building your own PC, or just thinking about upgrading your current computer.
A faster graphics card will improve graphics performance and enable you to choose higher resolutions and graphics settings. A faster processor will help more CPU bound games like Civilization V and other real-time games, the strategy that need to run a large number of calculations in the background rather than simply rendering graphics. An SSD will give you faster loading times of a mechanical hard drive.
But the RAM is different. Yes, DDR4 RAM faster than DDR3 RAM, but the speed difference for PC games is minor. You mainly just need to worry about the amount of RAM you have, not how fast it is. Games, your operating system and programs you use a memory footprint system. You need enough RAM for the programs you run on your computer can store all their data in RAM without changing it out on your hard drive, which will slow things down. Thus, the amount of RAM you need depends entirely on the programs you run on your computer and how eager they are RAM.
On a computer that just needs basic office programs a Web browser, and even 4 GB may be sufficient, depending on the programs you are running. It is at the limit, but very doable. On a computer that stores massive databases, virtual machines, and other huge things in memory, even 32GB of RAM may not be sufficient.
Many games these days are multi-platform and designed for PlayStation 4 and Xbox One and PC. Both the PS4 and Xbox One include 8GB of RAM. Thus it is not surprising that many games require 6GB to 8GB of RAM on PC, too.
It's all about the games you want to play and how much you want performance. A game may recommend more RAM than it requires, and this can result in smoother performance. In general, having more RAM does not necessarily improve your graphics settings-games with large textures need of video RAM (VRAM) on the graphics hardware than the system RAM.
Let's look at some of the major demanding games of 2015 and early 2016. These details come from the Steam store page of each game, unless otherwise noted.
The figures are quite clear. Modern PC games generally want at least 8GB of memory. Yes, some games require less but 8GB is more and more a standard minimum.
Most PC games do not even require 8GB, but there are two exceptions here. Batman: Arkham Knight officially recommends 8GB. Developers now have at least 12GB is needed, but only on Windows 10. Batman: Arkham Knight the PC port was a complete disaster, so that explains the 12GB requirement is it right mystifyingly bad and needs the extra RAM compensate inefficient coding.
Quantum Break next Microsoft sets a new standard in recommending 16GB of RAM for "ultra" settings graphics. It is an outlier, but probably will not be the only one in the future.
8GB of RAM is likely to agree, for now. He will meet the minimum requirements for each game on each game and on the horizon, except Batman: Arkham Knight, but that's just a bad port.
There is a good argument for more RAM, of course. If you are interested in high-end gaming and push your PC to the absolute limit, it worth switching to 16GB of RAM. Quantum Pause will certainly not be the last game to recommend that the amount of memory. But not everyone needs 16 GB of RAM, as everyone does the fastest graphics card, it's all about your budget and needs.
It is easy to upgrade your RAM later, too. You do not have to get rid of your existing RAM and replace it. You just have to buy a new stick or two of RAM and plug it into the free RAM slots on your motherboard, so there is no need to "future proof" if 8GB works well for games you want to play now.
Keep in mind that the RAM is not too expensive, well the difference between the purchase of 8 GB of RAM and 16 GB of RAM is only about $ 40. So if you are building a high-end platform, it is relatively easy to include 16GB.
The advice above applies to computers with discrete NVIDIA or AMD. If your computer has onboard graphics, it is a little different. If you get a PC for gaming, you'll probably want to avoid the onboard graphics as they are much slower. But if you're stuck with them, you'll probably want more RAM.
discrete graphics cards have their own video RAM (VRAM) on the cards themselves. It is used for textures, and is separated from the normal RAM your computer. onboard graphics, on the other hand, reserve a portion of your system RAM instead of providing its own RAM. This means that the speed of the RAM can really make a difference in performance, and you'll probably need more of it.
This article Intel indicates that the maximum amount of RAM Intel graphics may reserve is about 1.8 GB. So if you plan to play modern PC games with integrated graphics, you may actually need more than 8GB memory system. But these high-end games will probably not officially support integrated graphics, anyway. You're better off just getting a discrete graphics card.
There is no one size fits all answer, of course. If you want to run a bunch of virtual machines while playing a game with high graphics settings, you will definitely need more than 16 GB of RAM. But if the game is the most challenging thing you do on your computer, 8 GB is the minimum and there is no reason to go beyond 16GB.