text:
Subordination and coordination strategies in North Asian languages
Subordination and coordination strategies in North Asian languages. (Current issues in linguistic theory 300.) Ed. by Edward J. Vajda. Amsterdam: John Benjamins, 2008. Pp. xii, 218. ISBN 9789027248169. $158 (Hb).
Reviewed by Michael W Morgan, IGNOU, New Delhi
This book, arising out of the Third International Symposium on Languages Spoken in Europe and North and Central Asia (Tomsk, 2006), deals with a wide variety of subordinate and/or coordinate constructions in a wide variety of North Asian languages. Bernard Comrie's introduction lays out a typology of complex sentence patterns, focusing on instances where the distinction between subordination and coordination is fuzzy, and taking his illustrations from a distinctly non–North-Asian language, Haruai (Papuan).
Nearly the full range of genetic families found in North Asia is represented in this book. Altaic is represented by (i) Tungusic Udeghe, confusingly also referred to in the running head as Udihe (Maria Tolskaya and Inna Tolskaya, ); (ii) Turkic Kumyk, a European Turkic language analogous to North Asian Turkic (Linda Humnick); and (iii) Korean, together with Russian and English (Elena Rudnitskaya and Elena Uryson). Uralic is represented by Eastern Khanty, with chapters by Andrei Filtchenko and by Olga Potanina, and by two Samoyedic languages, Northern Selkup (Riita-Liisa Valijärvi) and Forest Enets (Olesya Khanina and Andrey Shluinsky). The isolate Ainu is discussed by Anna Bugaeva, and the Yenesei Ostyak language Ket is discussed by Edward J. Vajda and by Marina Zinn. Eskimo-Aleut, represented within North Asia by Siberian Yupik, is dealt with in this book by Osahito Miyaoka's discussion of a non-Asian variety, Central Alaskan Yupik.
Two additional chapters cover languages falling outside the scope of the book's title (but not the symposium generating the book). Sandra Birzer's chapter deals with Russian, which, while not usually thought of as a North Asian language, has become a dominant (and dominating) language throughout all of Siberia, often to the detriment of many indigenous languages. Finally, Nina Dobrushina's chapter is more broadly typological, and deals with a number of languages of Eastern Europe: Russian, Aghul, Estonian, Hungarian, Bulgarian, and Turkish.
As Edward Vajda notes in his foreword (vii–xi), the constructions discussed in this volume divide almost evenly between analytic patterns (used for both coordination and subordination, described in chapters on Ainu, Eastern Khanty, Kumyk, Forest Enets, Korean, and Udeghe), and synthetic patterns of suffixation (for subordination, in all remaining chapters). While there is a distinct focus on the range and use of morphosyntactic forms to express various coordinate and subordinate relations (including at times unexpected forms, like imperative forms discussed by Dobrushina or interrogatives by Tolskaya and Tolskaya), several chapters also bring semantics and pragmatics into the discussion. Filtchenko and Humnick each provide pragmatic motivation for the preference for finite versus non-finite forms to express subordinate adverbial clauses. Similarly, Rudnitskaya and Uryson propose a semantic rather than formal typology of coordination.
Several chapters (both on Eastern Khanty, that on Forest Enets, and Birzer's chapter on Russian) include a diachronic perspective to explicate the synchronic patterns, with, for example, Khanina and Shluinsky proposing a strong Russian influence as motivating an increased preference for finite structures in Enets.
This book will be primarily of interest to syntacticians (and morphosyntacticians) and to linguists specializing in the languages of North Asia. Individual chapters will also be of interest to specialists in the individual languages.
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Q: How to detect keyboard inputs? I want to detect when a key on the keyboard is pressed to execute a command. So that when I press the F key it does an action. How I can do it?

A: You need to process the keyboard events like KeyDown. These provide you with events on every key press or release.
Inside the Event handler you need to filter which key was pressed and execute whatever action needs to be done:
public void MyKeyDownEventHandler(object sender, KeyRoutedEventArgs e)
{
    if (e.Key == 70)
        {
            MessageBox.Show("'F' key pressed");
        }
}

Since the KeyDown event is bound to a control and will only be fired when the control has focus you need to think about from which control you want the event to be fired from. In order to get the event fired from everywhere in your app, this blog post provides a neat solution:
By registering the KeyDown event to all controls during startup of your app, it will always fire as long as your app is in focus since there is always one control in focus. To achieve this, add this to the OnStartup() method of your app (inside the app.xaml.cs):
public partial class App : Application
{
    protected override void OnStartup(StartupEventArgs e)
    {
        EventManager.RegisterClassHandler(typeof(Control),
            Control.KeyDownEvent,
            new KeyEventHandler(MyKeyDownEventHandler));

        base.OnStartup(e);
    }
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


Garbage and recycling pick-up is every Wednesday. For more information on special pickup dates, holiday pickup and other special events go to the Calendar page. You will need a recycling bin to place your items in. Contact the Village Clerk at 608-924-5881 or stop at the Village Office to acquire a bin. There is no charge for a recycle bin.
Recycling and Composing information, as required by the Wisconsin DNR. To download and print a PDF version click here.


APPLY ANY TIME FOR A FUTURE SEMESTER!
The University of New Hampshire and the College for Social Innovation (a Boston non-profit) have partnered to bring undergraduates the opportunity to spend a semester in Boston in a rigorous 30+ hour per week internship with a leading social change organization (nonprofit, business, or public sector) – in community development, social justice, health, education, environment, and other areas dedicated to the public good. This 16-credit Semester in the City program includes an intensive evening course that examines the theory and practice of various social change approaches, and a series of Friday seminars and reflective workshops – thereby equipping a new generation of leaders who understand both direct and systemic approaches to social and environmental change.
who has completed Semester in the City!
Applicants must complete the UNH Study Away Eligibility Form and you're encouraged to schedule a chat with Faina.
Have a friend who isn't Enrolled at UNH?
Semester in the City is now accessible to ALL STUDENTS working towards a four year degree!
In January 2018, the UNH formally became the University of Record for Semester in the City. Meaning students at colleges/universities that have not yet directly partnered with the program can now partake in Semester in the City, earning 16 credits through UNH, to transfer back to their home college/university.
Hear from a few Social Innovation Fellows about their internships through Semester in the City.


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East Rockingham guard Tyce McNair drives between Spotswood's D'Andre Good (left) and Traevan Williams.
Cody Elliott / DN-R
Prep Basketball Power Rankings: Week 6
By CODY ELLIOTT Daily News-Record
Cody Elliott
Preps Writer
1. Eastern Mennonite (10-1, 4-0 Virginia Independent): While Aviwe Mahlong has led the way for Eastern Mennonite this season, the Flames have shown that they have several players capable of having big nights with guys like Chance Church, Trey Gillenwater, Nick Jones and other all stepping up. Movement: —
2. East Rockingham (10-2, 4-0 Bull Run): Tyler Nickel continues to show off all the reasons he's considered the area's best player, but East Rockingham point guard Tyce McNair has been equally as impressive with his consistent all-around stat lines. Movement: —
3. Broadway (10-3, 1-0 Valley): There hasn't been a team more balanced this season than the Gobblers, who have six players averaging more than eight points per game and have locked in defensively during an impressive start. Movement: —
4. Spotswood (7-3, 1-0 Valley): Slowly, but surely, the Trailblazers are starting to look more like the seven-time Valley District champions after opening league play with an impressive 34-point rout of rival Turner Ashby. Movement: —
5. Central (10-0, 3-0 Northwestern): The Falcons have used an up-tempo, fast-paced attack to remain unbeaten this season and should be a contender to reach the state tournament in their first year at the Class 3 level. Movement: —
6. Waynesboro (6-2, 0-1 Valley): Rough week for the Little Giants after back-to-back losses to Fluvanna County and Broadway, but they still have one of the deeper rosters in the area and an elite big man in senior forward Damien Fisher. Movement: —
7. Riverheads (7-1, 0-0 Shenandoah): Riverheads has been on a roll early this season as it has blown through its non-district schedule, but we'll find out what the Gladiators are made of as they prepare to enter Shenandoah District play. Movement: —
8. Harrisonburg (4-5, 1-0 Valley): After a grueling non-district schedule that saw the Blue Streaks suffer several close losses, they showed that they're a contender in the Valley District with back-to-back impressive wins over Rockbridge County and Stuarts Draft. Movement: +1
9. Page County (6-5, 4-0 Bull Run): Much like Harrisonburg, the Panthers battled through a tough non-district schedule and it has paid off as they are now one of two unbeaten teams remaining in Bull Run District play. Movement: +1
10. Staunton (4-4, 0-0 Shenandoah): The Storm have been inconsistent at times this season, but they are loaded with athletes and should still be considered one of the top teams in Region 2B. Movement: -2
11. Strasburg (7-4, 3-1 Bull Run): Despite a loss to East Rockingham, the Rams have been impressive and could wind up as the Bull Run District's second-best team when the season comes to an end. Movement: —
12. Buffalo Gap (9-2, 0-0 Shenandoah): Buffalo Gap has been one of the area's biggest surprises this season with its impressive start, but will face a much stiffer challenge as it enters play in a tough Shenandoah. Movement: —
13. Stuarts Draft (3-5, 0-0 Shenandoah): The Cougars have faced their fair share of challenges this season, including a delayed start because of the success of the football team, but their up-tempo attack will make them a tough challenge for any opponent. Movement: —
14. Rockbridge County (6-5, 0-1 Valley): Offensive inconsistencies have been a major concern for Rockbridge County and things won't get any easier as it begins district play. Movement: —
15. Clarke County (5-8, 3-1 Bull Run): The Eagles have been inconsistent at times this season, but have a solid amount of depth and experience and should find themselves in contention for a Region 2B playoff berth. Movement: —
16. Wilson Memorial (2-6, 0-0 Shenandoah): Wilson Memorial got a much-needed win against Monticello to gain confidence and has enough talent on its roster to still contend in the Shenandoah District and possibly earn a spot in the Region 3C playoffs. Movement: —
17. Turner Ashby (3-8, 0-1 Valley): There's no doubt Turner Ashby has plenty of balance this season, but the Knights may need a bit more firepower offensively if they hope to earn wins in the tough Valley District. Movement: +1
18. Fort Defiance (1-7, 0-0 Shenandoah): Fort Defiance once looked like a team on the verge of turning things around, but after a disappointing non-district loss to Monticello, the Indians are suddenly trending in the wrong direction. Movement: -1
19. Luray (1-10, 1-3 Bull Run): After showcasing some growth early on, the Bulldogs have went back to old habits once again and have struggled to maintain consistency as they've now dropped 10 of their first 11 games. Movement: —
20. Rappahannock County (2-9, 1-3 Bull Run): Rappahannock County has struggled to get stops defensively and will have a tough time finding wins in district play unless things improve. Movement: —
21. Madison County (1-11, 1-3 Bull Run): While Madison County has looked improved in recent weeks and hung around against East Rockingham, it still has work to do if it hopes to compete in the Bull Run this season. Movement: —
22. Stonewall Jackson (1-10, 0-4 Bull Run): The Generals have now lost 10 in a row since their season-opening win and are in desperate need of a spark offensively to get things turned around. Movement: —
1. Spotswood (9-2, 1-0 Valley): If there was any doubt that Spotswood was the area's best team, it was erased on Friday as the Trailblazers led from start to finish in a convincing win over previously unbeaten Turner Ashby. Movement: —
2. Strasburg (13-0, 5-0 Bull Run): The duo of Christyan Reid and Jaden Alsberry has been as good as advertised and it paid off in Strasburg's big win over Luray to become the last unbeaten team in Bull Run District play. Movement: —
3. Luray (11-1, 4-1 Bull Run): Despite suffering its first loss of the season in a setback at the hands of unbeaten Strasburg, the Bulldogs have shown they're the real deal this season and will be a contender to make a deep run when postseason play begins. Movement: —
4. Turner Ashby (11-1, 0-1 Valley): While the loss to Spotswood was disappointing, the Knights showed enough progress in the game to give them hope moving forward and have still established themselves as the Valley District's second-best team. Movement: —
5. Stuarts Draft (7-2, 0-0 Shenandoah): The Cougars have a number of weapons offensively and are doing just well enough defensively to now be considered the favorite to win the Shenandoah. Movement: —
6. Fort Defiance (5-1, 0-0 Shenandoah): After nearly a month off, Fort Defiance will finally return to action Tuesday when it begins district play against rival Staunton. Movement: —
7. Page County (7-5, 2-3 Bull Run): Although scoring droughts remain an issue for the Panthers, they've shown improvement as the year progresses and will be a team to watch for once the playoffs roll around. Movement: +1
8. Wilson Memorial (4-6, 0-0 Shenandoah): Wilson Memorial got a much-needed win over Broadway on Monday and will finally get to show what it's capable of as it enters its Shenandoah District slate. Movement: -1
9. Buffalo Gap (7-4, 0-0 Shenandoah): Amaya Lucas has started to turn up her game in recent weeks as the Bison are finding their groove at the right time. Movement: +1
10. Riverheads (4-3, 0-0 Shenandoah): After three straight wins, the Gladiators are a confident group. But things will get tougher as they prepare to enter district play. Movement: +1
11. Staunton (4-2, 0-0 Shenandoah): The Storm may be the area's biggest question mark with just six games on their resume, but we'll find out more about this team in the upcoming weeks. Movement: +1
12. Stonewall Jackson (5-6, 3-2 Bull Run): Despite featuring an array of young talent, the Generals are slowly trending in the right direction and becoming one of the better teams in the Bull Run. Movement: +3
13. Harrisonburg (4-6, 1-0 Valley): Mariah Cain and Jay Garcia are a strong 1-2 punch, but sloppy play and scoring droughts have haunted the Blue Streaks all season long. Movement: -4
14. Rockbridge County (4-4, 0-1 Valley): A late-season surge doesn't look as likely this year for the Wildcats, who have struggled to find balance on the offensive end. Movement: -1
15. Madison County (8-4, 3-1 Bull Run): The Mountaineers have been an up-and-down team this year, but could insert themselves back into contention in the Bull Run. Movement: +1
16. Central (4-6, 2-1 Northwestern): Maria Marston continues to carry the load for Central, but will need help moving forward if the Falcons hope to compete in a tough Northwestern District. Movement: -1
17. Eastern Mennonite (7-2, 1-1 Blue Ridge): Halie Mast has been the leader for Eastern Mennonite this season and has done a good job as the Flames have won seven of their first nine and are a contender to capture a Blue Ridge Conference title. Movement: -3
18. Clarke County (6-7, 2-3 Bull Run): Clarke County hasn't been consistent this season, but has done enough to stay afloat in a Bull Run District that is loaded with good teams this season. Movement: —
19. Broadway (2-9, 1-0 Valley): The Gobblers opened up Valley District play with a convincing rout of Waynesboro, but struggled defensively in a non-district blowout loss to Wilson Memorial. Movement: +1
20. East Rockingham (2-10, 0-5 Bull Run): Scoring remains a concern for East Rockingham. But as first-year players continue to get more comfortable on the varsity level, more wins should follow. Movement: -1
21. Rappahannock County (4-6, 0-4 Bull Run): Although the Panthers have four wins on their resume, they've struggled against elite competition and are winless in Bull Run District play. Movement: —
22. Waynesboro (0-10, 0-1 Valley): Despite having just six players, the Little Giants have gained admiration from fans around the area for their effort and fight each night. Movement: —
Contact Cody Elliott at 574-6284 or celliott@dnronline.com | Follow Cody on Twitter: @Cody_DNRSports
Follow Cody Elliott

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
What does Tetris mean in slang?
What are the 5 Tetrominoes?
What is a Tetris block called?
Who invented Tetris?
Do Tetris blocks have names?
Are Tetris blocks random?
Can you complete Tetris?
Who invented gaming?
How much does a gaming PC cost?
Is PC gaming better or console?
The name Tetris (coined by Pajitnov) derives in part from the Greek prefix tetra-, meaning "four," a reference to the fact that each block consists of an arrangement of four adjoining cubes (known among gamers as tetrominos).
There are five free tetrominoes, seven one-sided tetrominoes, and 19 fixed tetrominoes. The free tetrominoes are known as the T-tetromino, L-tetromino, skew tetromino, square tetromino, and straight tetromino, respectively. The shapes were popularized in the game Tetris, developed by Alexey Pajitnov in June 1985.
A popular use of tetrominoes is in the video game Tetris, which refers to them as tetriminos. The tetrominoes used in the game are specifically the one-sided tetrominoes.
Alexey Pajitnov
The Basic Tetrominoes. Each tetromino has a letter name and several alternative names. In most games other than Tetris for NES, Tetris & Dr.
Tetris is a game with foundations in randomness. Pieces are distributed randomly to players and they have to figure out the best spot for each piece. This however can not happen in a real game, as computers don't use true random number generators.
Yes, you can clear all the blocks on the screen. (I've done it several times.) More blocks will still come though. The game is meant to be played like a classic arcade game where you test yourself to see how many points you can get and how long you can go before the game ends.
Inventor Ralph Baer
Budget gaming PCs between $500 and $1000 should be able to play most modern games at 1080p and good graphical settings. The higher-end systems above $1000 come with more powerful CPUs and graphics cards.
Hardware freedom of choice is far from the only thing PC gaming has going for it. In fact, when it comes to games, you will find more variety on PC than on any console. Better yet, there are no extra monthly fees for online play — unless it's a subscription-based game — and sales are frequent.


text:
Belleville board: Remediation needed before residency
Matt Kadosh
Belleville's Silver Lake district is having a hard time escaping its reputation as the location of a dangerous chemical factory that operated at the turn of the 20th century.
Thomas Edison's Silver Lake plant was discussed on Thursday, July 13, as the Belleville planning board recommended that a 9.5-acre property at 81-179 Belmont Ave., the site of Super Fresh Food World, be declared an "area in need of redevelopment" under the state's municipal land use laws.
GOVERNMENT:Belleville looks to redevelop with 80 residential units
FIRE:Transformer fire disrupts businesses in Belleville
Should the Township Council approve the Planning Board's recommendation, one which is typically used for blighted areas, it would make it easier for the developer to obtain a tax abatement, and it would require that a redevelopment plan for the property be provided.
The board arrived at its decision following a redevelopment study and testimony from Donald Meisel, a licensed professional planner, who told the board that a satisfactory cleanup of the site would be a part of any development plan.
"Before they put a residential complex up, they're going to have to do some boring," Meisel said. "There are going to be capping recommendations. There are going to be more solutions down the line."
However, given the site's history as a factory for the manufacture of carbolic acid, something detailed in New Jersey historian George J. Hill's book "Edison's Environment: Invention and Pollution in the Career of Thomas Edison," some people were skeptical that the area could ever be a safe place to live.
Board member Arlene Schor cited a court case indicating there were settling ponds of carbolic acid, zinc and mercury at the location in question.
"There was a lawsuit because the [chemicals] were then proceeding to go down into the Second River and then into the Passaic River," she maintained.
The redevelopment study, Schor said, indicates zoning for several purposes in that area.
"Unless we had a much more thorough report, I'm not comfortable for it being used as residential, educational or commercial purposes," she said.
Board Attorney Thomas Di Biasi, however, reminded the membership that their official action is limited to a recommendation on the site's designation under land-use law.
"Tonight, our focus is on the very narrow issue: Does the board believe that there is enough evidence to determine is this an area in need of redevelopment," he said.
Silver Lake resident Frank Fleischman III had a different concern — the impact such a declaration could have on his home values.
"Silver Lake, I'm not going to say it's in trouble, but it's seen better days, and I don't want to see anything else damage it," said Fleischman.
Representatives for the developers in attendance declined to discuss specific plans for the property with reporters at Town Hall.
"We'll prepare a plan and when we're ready to unveil it to the public, we'll present it formally," said Daniel A. Shabel, a portfolio manager with MCB Real Estate LLC.
However, a preliminary proposal was filed with the township in 2016.
BOIV Belleville MCB LLC, a corporation comprised of Black Oak Associates and MCB Real Estate, purchased the site in 2014, opened Super Fresh Food World in 2016 and seek to add to the site, according to the proposal.
The project would include three additional buildings, which in sum would bring 214 residential units and 18,425 feet of retail/office space, the proposal states.
Hill, who had come to the meeting in Belleville to learn more about the progress of the factory's site, which he wrote about in his book, was skeptical the site could be properly remediated.
"It just boggles the mind to think about how much would have to be done to make it safe for housing," asserted Hill.
Email: kadosh@northjersey.com


CILBOND high-performance one-coat bonding agents are designed to chemically bond rubber and polyurethane elastomers during the molding and casting processes to a variety of substrates. The bonds CILBOND creates allow engineers to combine the different properties of rubber, urethane, plastic, metal and fabric to develop industrial components with benefits that outweigh the sum of their parts. These benefits include flexibility, strength, abrasion resistance, chemical resistance, cost and weight—all features critical to the industries that we serve. Our products are at the forefront of technology for performance, versatility and the environment.
Rubber-to-metal bonding is used within the industry to isolate vibration, reduce shock or to provide a seal for liquids, solids or gases, in potentially demanding environments. With CILBOND, it is possible to achieve an engineering bond capable of surviving an extreme environmental attack from chemicals, temperature variations, dynamic stresses and fatigue. With a product for every compound type and every molding technique (including injection, compression, transfer and even post-vulcanization), the CILBOND products provide the rubber industry with the ultimate combination of performance and versatility.
The superior properties of polyurethane (PUR) systems mean they are the material of choice for engineers looking for the ultimate performance from an elastomer. The CILBOND range of PUR to substrate bonding agents provide the ultimate in bond strength, with 100 percent PUR tear achievable while under the toughest environmental conditions. With high-performance products available for hot-and cold-curing castable systems and even injection-molded TPUs, we have established ourselves as a global market leader in PUR bonding.
With temperatures ranging from sub-zero to 750 degrees Celsius in seconds, few environments are tougher than those experienced by the brake pad. Bonded pads must also withstand contact with oils, fuels, and corrosion from salt-spray salinity attack. Supplied to global manufacturers of Original Equipment and Aftermarket brake pads, H.B. Fuller Engineering Adhesives has a range of water-based products that both exceed the standards required by the automotive industry and out-perform the markets' solvent-based equivalents.


This insight provides an overview of the key technology trends, growth potential, use cases in the energy ecosystem, and major innovators in the industrial wearable domain. A comprehensive overview of the use cases for wearable in energy with potential problems and how wearable can address the shortcomings with application benefits has been analyzed. In addition, a comprehensive market analysis of the key companies working on industrial wearables with their product description has been provided. Wearable technologies offer significant growth opportunities with advancements in the technology as well as innovate business models. Currently, there is a lack of awareness about utilization of the right wearable technology for appropriate application. The concerns regarding data protection because of the absence of stringent regulations are also resulting in scepticism of mass adoption of wearables. Vertical integration can play a vital role in bridging the gap between understanding the customer requirements and developing appropriate wearable technologies on a bespoke basis. The main disruptive innovation in wearable energy industry is improving the productivity and safety of the employee while gaining access to real-time information for enhanced worker efficiency and solving real-time problems on the field. The major growth opportunities are expected to be in the manufacturing and solar power sector where field technicians can have access to real-time information that include product service manuals, instructional videos, or a map to the next service call location. Some of the key companies in this market include Daqri Inc, Vuziq, Kopin Corporation, Optalert, Epson, Upskill, Google, Rufus labs, ProGlove, StrongArm Technologies, Imprint Energy, Glass Up, Human Condition Safety, Atheer, Ubimax, Scope AR, Sullivan Solar, IBM, SolePower.
What are the main growth opportunities for wearables in the Utilities and other similar sectors?
What are the main implications of the wearable in the Energy Value Chain?
What are the key emerging innovation themes and who is driving these innovations?
What are the different business models developed by the market participants?
What are the problems and barriers for adoption of wearable in energy and the potential solutions?
What are the key strategic imperatives for Wearable technologies in Energy?


text:
ULtimate Grand Caravan makes first flight
October 2, 2014 by General Aviation News Staff
ENID, Oklahoma — First flight of the Aircraft Structures International Corp. (ASIC) ULtimate Grand Caravan occurred Wednesday, Oct. 1, with the Pratt & Whitney Canada (P&WC) PT6A-140 turboprop (867 HP) engine installed.
The production configured ULtimate Grand Caravan went through its planned checklist of tests and provided a glimpse of the added performance customers will enjoy with the additional horsepower, according to company officials.
Flight testing will continue, working towards certification by the end of the year, officials add.
With completion of the first flight, ASIC will start taking refundable deposits for reserving order position delivery dates.
Marty McCaslin, Vice President of Engineering, commented that, "this is an important milestone for the project and we are delighted it went so well. It represents what we expect from this project."
Following closely behind the ULtimate Grand Caravan, certification of the PT6A-140 into the original Caravan will be next in a series of Caravan model improvements, he noted.
For more information: ASIC.aero
Director of Maintenance »
Aircraft Technologies Group, Inc. - Leesburg, Virginia
Avionics Tech »
AP Mechanic »
Skilled Examiner »
Aircraft Technologies Group, Inc. - Anywhere, Florida
AVIONICS TECHNICIANS and ELECTRICAL INSTALLERS »
Aircraft Technologies Group, Inc. - Omaha, Nebraska


text:
The Best of the Legal Hotline: The Other Guy
What happens to you if he didn't get it right?
Tracy Rucka | May 09, 2017
This hotline article looks at how taking shortcuts can get a REALTOR® in trouble. When it comes to listings in the MLS, there are several aspects of listing content that may be protected by federal copyright law including photographs, drawings, video tours, and even some original and unique property descriptions or remarks. If you copy someone else's information, you may engage in copyright infringement or incur liability for misrepresentation if the information is wrong. Don't be a copycat.
Copying MLS information
A broker is reviewing her agent's new listing in the MLS. When the broker asked the agent about some of the information, the agent said he used the former listing agent's measurements, lot size and square footage and entered them into the MLS for the new listing. The agent did not take his own measurements. What risks are there for this sloppy practice?
A Wisconsin licensee can be found liable to a buyer for inaccurate statements made by the broker that appear to the buyer to have been made from the broker's own personal knowledge. In Wisconsin, the law provides that an inexperienced buyer should be entitled to rely on the factual statements made by a professional. A licensee who copies information from a previous listing could be liable for any mistakes or misinformation obtained from a previous listing.
What if an agent obtained information from the municipality or the seller? Is that information still subject to scrutiny?
The agent should attribute the source. When a broker receives data from the seller, the city treasurer's office, or another third party and restates the information in the MLS data sheet or in other advertising as if it were fact, the broker may be responsible for the accuracy of the information. Accordingly, REALTORS® are recommended to specifically attribute data used in advertisements, such as acreage, square footage and assessed values, to its source, and/or use general disclaimers. Disclaimers may not, however, provide certain and absolute protection in all cases.
Using another broker's photographs
Can agents steal or use photos from an expired listing in the MLS?
Photographs are specifically subject to copyright law. Copyright protection exists from the time a work, such as a photograph, is created. There is no requirement to register the photograph, and reproduction by anyone other than the creator — without the creator's permission — is a violation of U.S. copyright law. The copyright of the work immediately becomes the property of the author, here the photographer/agent, who created the work.
Once a photograph or property description is entered into the MLS, the terms of use of the MLS allow limited use of the photographs by other MLS participants and subscribers. MLS terms do not, however, allow copying for future listings or the advertising of sold property.
The 1976 Copyright Act generally gives the owner of copyright the exclusive right to do, and to authorize others to do, the following:
Reproduce the work.
Modify the work.
Distribute copies of the work to the public by sale or other transfer of ownership, or by rental or lease.
Display the copyrighted work publicly.
Anyone who violates any of the exclusive rights of a copyright owner is an infringer and may be liable for damages. Courts also have the power to issue an injunction to prevent or restrain copyright infringement.
What about using other photos found on the Internet?
Do your homework. Just because you can copy an image does not give you permission to use it. The risk is real, and there are folks out there looking for violators of copyright laws. If you copy and paste an image, information, or excepts of poems or books without the permission of the photographer or author, you run the risk of violating copyright. Some photographers and authors engage services to search the Internet for unauthorized use. Dubbed "copyright trolls," these services search for copyrighted images on the Internet and demand monetary compensation when they find websites where the site owner does not have permission to use the images. A broker may receive a demand letter asking for monetary damages and a request to cease and desist the use. Although this is a cottage industry negotiating a fee to forgo a copyright infringement lawsuit, it is the broker's misuse of images that creates the initial risk.
Who sold it?
An agent would like to send out a mailing that lists the properties the agent sold last year, including listings from other firms. Does the agent need permission from the other REALTORS® to do this? Does the agent need to take his own photos of someone else's listing that agent sold?
Standard of Practice 12-7 previously limited the use of the word "sold" in advertising to the listing broker, but now Standard of Practice 12-7 provides that "REALTORS® who participated in the transaction as the listing broker or cooperating broker (selling broker) may claim to have 'sold' the property." The references to cooperating brokers in this standard include selling brokers, or subagents, and buyers' brokers.
Accordingly, there may be two different brokers claiming to have "sold" the same property: the listing broker and the cooperating broker. The selling broker would not need the listing broker's or the seller's permission to make the claim that the property was sold after the closing.
As mentioned, use of photos in the MLS is limited to the authorized uses and does not automatically allow for use in advertising sold property. The fact the photo was in the MLS does not grant unfettered uses. The agent may wish to check with the local MLS to what the terms of use and rules are applicable to photography appearing in the MLS. When it comes to photographs, photographs are protected by federal copyright law. The broker would need to obtain consent to use another licensee's photograph or take new ones for the contemplated advertising.
"How to Build a Chain of Ownership" by the National Association of REALTORS®: www.realtor.org/topics/mls/managing-listing-content/how-to-build-a-chain-of-ownership.
August 2015 Legal Update, "Real Estate Advertising Content," at www.wra.org/LU1508.
June 2004 edition of REALTOR® Magazine: www.realtor.org/rmomag.NSF/pages/lawjune04
"Best of the Legal Hotline: Technology Issues," in the October 2005 Wisconsin Real Estate Magazine: www.wra.org/WREM/Oct05/Hotline.
April 2005 Broker Supervision Newsletter, "Consider Copyright Laws When Posting Photos on the Web": www.wra.org/bsnapr05.
Information from the United States Copyright Office: www.copyright.gov.
Tracy Rucka is Director of Professional Standards and Practices for the WRA.