Climate change doesn't cause tropical storms, scientists say, but it is an increasingly significant factor in the way many of them unfold.
June 7, 2018, 12:25 p.m.
Global warming is adding more moisture to the atmosphere, providing more fuel for big storms like hurricanes. But tropical cyclones are also extremely complicated. How much can we really link them to human-induced climate change?
It depends on the link. We know we're raising sea levels, for example, which can worsen storm surges. Extra moisture can also cause major flooding when a cyclone stalls, as storms like Irene and Harvey have shown. Researchers now know tropical cyclones have slowed down in recent decades as global temperatures rise. A 2018 study notes that cyclones have decreased in speed by 10 percent from 1949 to 2016. And computer models suggest climate change can help intensify storms, although that is still speculative, notes the U.S. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA).
"It is premature to conclude that human activities — and particularly greenhouse gas emissions that cause global warming — have already had a detectable impact on Atlantic hurricane or global tropical cyclone activity," NOAA explains in a 2017 research overview about hurricanes and climate change. "That said, human activities may have already caused changes that are not yet detectable due to the small magnitude of the changes or observational limitations, or are not yet confidently modeled."
The issue is largely a lack of long-term data, as NOAA research meteorologist Thomas R. Knutson, who studies Atlantic hurricane activity and the impacts of greenhouse gas-induced warming, told MNN in 2012. "Our most reliable intensity records go back to 1980 or so, but things are a little trickier if you try to figure out if intensities were greater in the 1950s versus recently, or if there's a rise over time. That's more difficult to answer because of limitations in the data sets."
Still, Knutson and many of his colleagues expect global warming to boost hurricane intensity, based on their knowledge of how hurricanes work as well as the forecasts of advanced computer models. Thanks to those models, scientists can simulate storms under past, present and future conditions, helping them recreate recent storm activity and project what might happen next.
"These models are indicating, at least the higher-resolution models, a greater intensity of hurricanes in the warmer climate, even though some models have fewer hurricanes overall," Knutson says. "So the picture that's emerging is fewer tropical storms and hurricanes globally, but the ones we have would be a little more intense than the ones we have today, and the rainfall amounts would also be greater."
Climate change may also encourage storms to stall and cause flooding, as Pennsylvania State University climate scientist Michael Mann noted in the wake of Hurricane Harvey, which flooded swaths of Texas with unprecedented rainfall.
"The stalling is due to very weak prevailing winds which are failing to steer the storm off to sea, allowing it to spin around and wobble back and forth like a top with no direction," Mann wrote in a Facebook post. "This pattern, in turn, is associated with a greatly expanded subtropical high pressure system over much of the U.S. right now, with the jet stream pushed well to the north. This pattern of subtropical expansion is predicted in model simulations of human-caused climate change."
The graph shows a strong correlation between SSTs and how much power a hurricane releases, and also reveals that the overall PDI of Atlantic storms has doubled since the 1970s. But it's worth noting this isn't due to rising SSTs alone, Knutson says. That's because other natural and man-made factors are also at work — like the multidecadal variation in Atlantic hurricane intensity, some of which may be due to a different kind of anthropogenic emissions: aerosols.
"It's possible that aerosols over the Atlantic have caused some changes in hurricane activity over time, and I'm thinking specifically of the relative lull in activity in the 1970s and '80s," Knutson tells MNN. "That's an example of a possible anthropogenic effect on hurricane climate activity, but not strictly a long-term trend like you'd expect from the effect of greenhouse gases. There are some preliminary indications that aerosol forcing may have caused at least part of that temporary reduction."
That leads some skeptics to argue that recent big storms are only a rebound from this lull, but Knutson says there's increasing evidence it's not that simple. And while it would be premature to blame observed PDI increases entirely on human-induced climate change, the latter is still widely forecast to affect the former at some point this century, even if its influence isn't clear in the data for several decades.
There may be fewer tropical storms overall in coming decades, but one high-res model predicts "a doubling of the frequency of very intense hurricanes in the Atlantic basin by the end of the 21st century," according to NOAA. Used in a 2010 study Knutson co-authored, this model not only foresees twice as many category 4s and 5s in 90 years, but also tells researchers "the effect of increasing category 4-5 storms outweighs the reduction in overall hurricane numbers such that we project (very roughly) a 30% increase in potential damage in the Atlantic basin by 2100."
Much of this damage would be wrought by wind, since Category 4s and 5s are defined by wind speeds of at least 130 mph. Storm surges are another threat, and Knutson says warming could amplify these regardless of its effect on cyclones themselves.
"Even if hurricane activity overall were to remain unchanged in the coming century, I would still expect an increase in the risk of coastal flooding from storm surges just owing to the sea-level rise, because the hurricanes would occur on a higher baseline sea level." And compared with hurricane activity, he adds, "there is relatively more confidence in attributing past sea-level rise at least in part to human influence, and higher confidence that sea-level rise will continue in the coming century."
As seen with many recent U.S. hurricanes, rain is sometimes more dangerous than wind or seawater. The threat depends on factors like local topography and whether a storm stalls in place, like Irene in 2011 or Harvey in 2017. And according to Charles H. Greene, a professor of oceanography at Cornell University, the atmospheric forces that helped stall those storms can be traced back to a warming Arctic.
"With sea ice loss and Arctic amplification of greenhouse warming, the Jet Stream slows down, meanders more, and frequently results in stalled weather systems," Greene says in a statement. "One such stalled weather system, a high-pressure block over the Labrador Sea, prevented Sandy from veering out into the North Atlantic like 90 percent of most late-season hurricanes. Instead, it made a historically unprecedented beeline for New York and New Jersey, and the rest is history."
Similarly, he adds, "Houston would have suffered much less damage if category 4 Hurricane Harvey had just crashed through the city and petered out in west Texas."
Plus, as Knutson points out, warming may help storms deliver more rain in general. "Anthropogenic warming by the end of the 21st century will likely cause hurricanes to have substantially higher rainfall rates than present-day hurricanes," he says, noting that models project a 20 percent average spike within 60 miles of a storm's center.
Despite a general agreement that warmer seas will yield more intense cyclones, there is still widespread caution not only in blaming climate change for individual storms, but also in blaming it for any tropical cyclone activity to date.
"[W]e estimate that detection of this projected anthropogenic influence on hurricanes should not be expected for a number of decades," Knutson writes. "While there is a large rising trend since the mid-1940s in category 4-5 numbers in the Atlantic, our view is that these data are not reliable for trend calculations until they have been further assessed for data homogeneity problems, such as those due to changing observing practices."
Nonetheless, this caution shouldn't necessarily be seen as doubt. Some skeptics conflate a recent lull in U.S. landfalls with an overall drop in major hurricanes, for example, ignoring storms that hit other countries or remain at sea. Others point to a single year like 2012, which had relatively few major hurricanes (although it did have Sandy), and argue it proves such storms are growing rare. But scientists note that seasonal twists like wind shear or dry air can temporarily suppress long-term trends, making it unwise to tout any one storm or season as proof of something broader.
We may have to wait decades to learn precisely how global warming affects hurricanes, but Knutson also warns against confusing this uncertainty with a lack of consensus about warming itself.
"The relatively conservative confidence levels attached to [hurricane] projections, and the lack of a claim of detectable anthropogenic influence at this time, contrasts with the situation for other climate metrics such as global mean temperature," he writes, adding that international research "presents a strong body of scientific evidence that most of the global warming observed over the past half century is very likely due to human-caused greenhouse gas emissions."
Editor's note: This article has been updated since it was first published in September 2012.
Climate change doesn't cause tropical storms, scientists say, but it can be an increasingly significant factor in how they unfold.


Longhorn Steakhouse Mac and Cheese is a long requested recipe from many of my viewers, and I want to show you how to prepare this wonderfully cheesy and smoky dish that you will love.
I don't know what it is about Macaroni and Cheese it is a very popular dish, grown-ups and kids alike all love this cheesy pasta dish. What makes the Longhorn Steakhouse's recipe so special is the 4 cheese blend, and they also top it with a little bit of crumbled bacon and some crispy panko breadcrumbs. It is hard to beat this side dish.
This recipe isn't your everyday recipe, it certainly is something extra special, it contains four different types of cheeses. These cheeses give this dish a very special flavor. You will need Gruyere, white Cheddar, Parmesan, and Fontina. This combination of cheeses helps to make a creamy blend that a velvet-like texture and rich flavor. For me, Fontina can be the harder cheese to find, most larger grocery stores will carry Fontina in their Deli section. I have to say that I think it is really important to use the cheeses as written the recipe.
The smoked flavor comes from the smoked paprika. I like the flavor of smoked paprika. In fact, it is one of my favorite chili coffee rubs I like to use for barbeque. If you have never tried it, it is a sprinkle of smoky goodness that you can use on eggs, in chili, and it is wonderful in deviled eggs, so it another ingredient you will love.
This recipe is pretty easy to put together, I will say it doesn't reheat super well, so if you can't consume all of it in one setting you can always just serve up as much as you need. I would keep the cheese sauce in a different container than the pasta so that the pasta doesn't soak up all of the sauce.
I hope you enjoy this recipe for the Longhorn Steakhouse Mac and cheese.
You can't beat this macaroni and cheese it takes just like the Longhorn Steakhouse's version.
Prepare pasta according to the package directions. Heat together in a large saucepan 2 tablespoons of butter and 2 tablespoons of flour over medium heat. Cook until the roux becomes fragrant.
Add 1/2 cup of half and half and stir until sauce thickens. Add 1/2 cup of half and half when the sauce thickens, and then add final 1 cup of half and half and stir until the sauce becomes thick. Add cheeses to sauce slowly stirring until the cheese is blended. Sprinkle in smoked paprika.
Mix pasta and sauce, and pour into a 13 x 9-inch baking dish that has been sprayed with non-stick spray. Top macaroni and cheese with crumbled bacon and panko breadcrumbs. Bake at 350 degrees for 20 minutes or until panko breadcrumbs begins to brown.
Fabulous recipe. I have made this a few times and my husband says it's better than Longhorns. The next time he had Longhorns after eating this he said he was disappointed. Lol. I do add a little garlic to mine at the roux stage as well as the bacon. That is not to say your recipe is not good! I just always add my own little something to make it mine. Thanks for putting this out there!
I love your addition of the garlic. I have to try this!
Your nutrition facts are pretty useless without a serving size. I know there's 10 servings but really, how big are they?
Great point Garry. I will see what I can do to add these in the future. Thank you for stopping by, I am sorry I left you disappointed.
This wasn't like the longhorn macaroni at all, it was pretty bland :/ I think it would be good to add some garlic somewhere in here. Kinda disappointing because we were excited to eat this lol. We liked the longhorn one so much. Sorry, this one just missed the mark.
I am really sorry you didn't enjoy the recipe. I do try to hit the mark.
Hey there!! If I make too much sauce and want to save it in the refrigerator for future use, do you have any specific instructions for reheating it? Will the cheese/flour sauce be just as good if kept in the refrigerator for a couple of days before using? Thank you so much for this recipe and detailed instructions!!!
To reheat the sauce you should gently reheat it on the stove, you will need to add some milk to this so it melts and turns back in the sauce.
Can't wait to try this recipe! I've been looking for a kid friendly pot luck dish, so this would be perfect.
Any special instructions if I want to make ahead of time and keep in fridge or freezer unbake?
Also, try putting in the bacon with the roux. The cheese sauce you've created will absorb the oil from the bacon, giving it that distinguished steakhouse lavoring you'd find in Longhorn's Steakhouse Mac.
This recipe is not even close to the mac and cheese at the Salt Grass Steak house in San Antonio, TX. Their's was to die for, this one is not.
Well, this recipe was for Longhorn Steakhouse, not the Salt Grass. I apologize if I put something in there to imply this recipe also worked for the Salt Grass Version.
Nothing implied it was a copy cat for the Salt Grass. It is a GREAT copy for Longhorn Steakhouse. Thanks Stephanie! Love & appreciate your work!!
Perhaps you should read before you comment. Nowhere does this say anything about Salt Grass.
This woman does an amazing job at what she does. Sounds to me like you're one of those who love to make negative comments yet you probably have no clue how to cook ????
I made this yesterday and my family and I loved it. Just like Longhorns. So delish. Thanks for sharing.
Barb, I am confused the ingredients are in the blue box.
Seasoned or plain bread crumbs?
Salted butter, and plain breadcrumbs. I hope this helps.
Do you have a Mission BBQ mac and cheese copycat recipe?
1. The four cheeses aren't really needed.. the parm and fontina could go away unmissed.
2. the video doesn't match the recipe as written which is very frustrating.
Stephanie thank you so much for the great recipe! I have never been to longhorns but my so raves about their Mac and cheese. I tried making it on my own based on what my 15 yr old described to me lol. It was good but NOTHING like longhorn's he said. Then I saw your recipe. My son thought I bought it put it in a pan and tried to pass it off as homemade. Lol 6 teen boys devoured it in 10 min flat and didn't eat the rest of the dinner I made to go with it. Thanks again you made me a hero! Look forward to more from you!


A comprehensive textbook covering the design of dosage forms and all aspects of drug delivery systems. 'Pharmaceutics' in its broadest sense is the 'art of the apothecary' or, in simple terms, pharmaceutical preparations. It remains a diverse subject in the pharmacy curriculum, encompassing design of drugs, their manufacture, and the elimination of micro-organisms from the products. This books encompasses all those areas and pays particular attention to the design of dosage forms and their manufacture.


text:
1964 Pontiac Bonneville - Teacher's Pet
Mike Doyle's Class Project Pontiac
Damon Leewriter
Every class has its teacher's pet. Sometimes it's the smart kid in the front-row desk. Sometimes it's the easy-on-the-eyes cheerleader. Sometimes it's the son or daughter of the school superintendent.
For instructor Mike Doyle, it's a '64 Pontiac Bonneville. Mike has been teaching auto body repair at Fullerton Union High School for more than 30 years. He's been into custom cars much longer than that--at least since the early '60s, an era that his Pontiac strongly evokes.
The Bonneville actually fell into Mike's possession more than a decade ago as a gift from someone who wanted it to have a good home. "The car had an Earl Scheib paint job and had been hit in the right quarter-panel and left front fender," Mike says. "I started by shaving off all the gingerbread and door handles, and I got the body ready for paint."
Mike involved his students in the Pontiac's repair and prep before grabbing the paint gun and rolling the car into the spray booth. The initial paint job was somewhat similar to what you see here--metallic-orange with a white top. At that time he also lowered the car with cut coils and set it up with skinny whitewalls and chrome wheels (those eventually gave way to the current Astro Supremes). After updating the drivetrain with a 400ci Pontiac mill and Turbo 400 transmission, Mike drove the Pontiac regularly for nine years. A Steve Stanford rendering inspired the makeover that Mike began a couple years ago. The facelift included removing the wheel opening and rocker moldings, stretching the rockers 3 1/2 inches vertically, frenching and slightly canting the headlights, and building a subtle hood scoop. Mike then crafted a stainless tube grille (and a matching one for the hood scoop) before laying down the color.
Even with the additional mods and new finish, Mike's big Bonneville still sees weekly street time and goes on regular road trips. It even has the rock chips to prove it. Mike's not worried, though--he knows just where to go if it needs a new paint job in another few years. And as long as he keeps refining his teacher's pet Pontiac, his students are sure to get a good custom education

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


To transform your Non-USDM Mustang tail lights to what they were supposed to look like by design – the iconic tri-bar sequential indicators. These simple plug and play sequencers will do the trick. Courtesy of the diligent engineers at EPM. They will fit all international-spec 2015+ S550 Mustangs with those clear white tail lights. This kit comes with a PAIR of sequencers, that takes less than 5 mins to install or uninstall.
The V1 and V2 sequencers were very popular and successful products. We have in turn received quite a lot of feedback on different needs and road regulations. So here is the V3, the ultimate sequencer that allows the driver to switch between the modes of the tail light at will.
We are very proud to present this product as it is developed, engineered and built ground up by EPM engineers.
Convert single bar amber indicator to sequential. Adding animation to the dull blinker.
Indicating – Sequential flashing 2xRED then plus 1xAmber, completing the gradient red to amber color.
Only need to be changed once for the life time or as desired.
Please handle this unit with care due to its metal body build. In dry weather, avoid excessive static electricity, wash hands and touch metal tap before taking unit out of the packaging.
PREVIEW – A CONTINUOUS VIDEO SHOWING THE SEQUENCER CYCLE THROUGH 3 MODES.


"Opsporen" is both used for people and errors. In case of people it is mostly used in the context of law enforcement.
– "Het spijt ons, maar de fout is nog steeds niet opgespoord."
– "Het opsporen van misdadigers zou de eerste prioriteit moeten hebben!"
– "De privédetective maakte furore door diverse vermiste personen op te sporen."
– "De politie heeft de dader nog niet opgespoord en roept de hulp in van de kijkers."
– Spoor: track, trace, mark [noun] [het spoor, de sporen].
– Opsporing: tracing, location [noun] [de opsporing, de opsporingen].
– Spoorzoeken: activity of tracking, tracing [noun] [het spoorzoeken]. Note that 'spoorzoeken' is also a verb but only used in the infinitive form.
"Opsporing verzocht", literally "Tracing requested" is a popular Dutch tv program in which the police ask the viewers for help with tracking down perpetrators by showing real footage or reconstructions of a crime. This method proves to be very successful.
EXTRA: this method proVES (not proofs) to be very successful. Great site. Love it. Keep it up.
Thanks Chad! I've corrected it.


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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
News Articles: Smoking
The FDA knows nicotine is addictive. It wants to regulate it for the first time
The Food and Drug Administration is poised to set a maximum nicotine level in cigarettes and some other tobacco products, looking to make them less addictive and wean smokers off the habit.
Cigarette sales in 2020 climbed for the first time in 2 decades. A GSU study examines why
Stress associated with COVID-19 is as much a part of the current atmosphere as is the virus. That stress contributed to the sales of cigarettes rose for the first time in 20 years, according to a new study from Georgia State University.
Cigarette sales went up last year for the first time in 20 years
The Federal Trade Commission says sales in 2020 were up slightly, and analysts say the increase was due to the coronavirus pandemic. But the gain looks unlikely to represent a long-term trend.
Marlboro Maker CEO Says The Company Plans To Stop Selling Smokes In The U.K.
Tobacco giant Philip Morris International is pivoting away from cigarettes. Part of its reinvention plan is to stop selling cigarettes in the United Kingdom in the next 10 years.
Coronavirus FAQs: Does Smoking Blunt The Vaccine? What About Painkillers?
A reader wants to know about smoking's impact on the vaccine but didn't specify cigarettes, e-cigs ... or marijuana. So we'll discuss all three. Also: A refresher in painkiller/vaccine interaction.
Pranav Baskar
Spanish authorities announced the new measures as they confront a new wave of COVID-19 after tamping down the disease months ago.
Atlanta's Airport Prepares For Smoking Ban To Go Into Effect
Atlanta's Hartsfield-Jackson International Airport is preparing to go smoke free. It's closing all smoking rooms as of Jan. 2. The move comes after the...
Sophia Saliby
Smoking Is Down But Vaping Is Up, Lung Association Says, 'Quit Don't Switch'
The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention says cigarette smoking hit an all-time low in 2018, but vaping is on the rise, particularly among teens....
New Study Says Georgia Ranks Near The Bottom For Teen Smoking Prevention
Georgia ranks 47th in the nation when it comes to funding programs to prevent kids from using tobacco, according to a recent report that looks at what...
Juuling: The New Threat Of Nicotine Addiction
E-cigarettes hit the market not too long ago as an aid to quit smoking. The CDC reported in 2015 that more than 9 million American adults vape regularly...
Virginia Prescott and
Summer Evans
Councilman John Blount On Stockbridge Smoke Ban
The city of Stockbridge has voted to ban smoking inside vehicles when children are present in a 3-2 vote during Monday night's council meeting. The...
Leah Fleming and
Taylor Gantt


text:
Grievance Redressal Mechanism - Display of Contact Details of Officials
RBI /2009-10 / 103
DBOD.No.Leg.BC.24 /09.07.005/2009-10
All Scheduled Commercial Banks
(Excluding RRBs)
Grievance Redressal Mechanism in banks -
Display of names of Nodal Officers appointed
under the Banking Ombudsman Scheme, 2006
Please refer to paragraph 16.5 (v) of our Master Circular on Customer Service DBOD. No. Leg.BC.9/09.07.006/2009-10 dated July 1, 2009, wherein banks have been advised to prominently display at the branches, the names of the officials who can be contacted for redressal of complaints, together with their direct telephone number, fax number, complete address (not Post Box No.) and e-mail address etc. for proper and timely contact by the customers and for enhancing the effectiveness of the grievance redressal machinery. Banks have also been advised in paragraph 8.3.1 of the afore-said Circular to display information in the Comprehensive Notice Board which, inter alia, will include display of (i) officials who can be contacted at the branch level (ii) officials who can be contacted at the Regional / Zonal Office and (iii) the contact details of the Banking Ombudsman, in case the customer is not satisfied with the grievance redressal by the bank.
2. With a view to strengthening the Grievance Redressal Mechanism, it is necessary that names of officials displayed at the branches also include the name of the concerned Nodal Officer appointed at their Regional/Zonal Offices in terms of paragraph 15 (3) of the Banking Ombudsman Scheme, 2006.
3. Banks are, therefore, advised to ensure that the names of the officials displayed at the branches who can be contacted for redressal of complaints also include the name and other details of the concerned Nodal Officer appointed under the Banking Ombudsman Scheme, 2006.
4. Further, banks may also display on their web-sites, the names and other details of the officials at their Head Office / Regional Offices / Zonal Offices who can be contacted for redressal of complaints. This list should also include the names of the Nodal Officers / Principal Nodal Officers appointed under the Banking Ombudsman Scheme, 2006.
5. Banks may also display on their web-sites, the names, addresses, telephone numbers and fax numbers of their CMD / CEO, Line Functioning Heads for operations such as, Credit Cards, Loans and Advances, Retail Banking, Personal Banking, Rural / Agricultural Banking, SME Banking etc., to enable their customers to approach them in case of need, if necessary.
(B.Mahapatra)
Chief General Manager