As many of you who've previously used our services know what to expect, new customers are not in the loop! Let me start off by welcoming you. Here at Outdoor Designs, we strive to meet and exceed every one of your expectations. Please do not hesitate to reach out to us for whatever you might need.
It is our first year offering a lawn care program, and we worked hard to get it done right. Luckily, our own family member has been practicing and honing his Turf Management skills in Augusta, Ga. He had previously worked at Target Golf here in Knoxville, TN, so we knew he was familiar with the area, but we needed to get him here.
After a little bit of planning – we made it happen. Matt brought charisma, drive, and an advanced know how that we knew we wanted. So soon after arriving, he got to work. As many of you know, he probably called to let you know we were indeed offering this service, and he would be heading up the department. He also contacted many product distributors throughout the region to find the up and up in the industry. Having incorporated organics into his program in Augusta, GA, he knew the benefit would also apply here in Knoxville's clay soils. He put together products from many different manufacturers to deliver the best end result possible. We know you'll be pleased.
Satellite photos do not show turf conditions. So you presently have a lawn, but how does it look? How is it performing? You simply cannot see this from current imagery.
Cultural conditions. Perhaps there's a patch of grass in the center of the lawn that's performing better than everywhere else and is unexplained. Maybe it's the only irrigation head that's getting adequate coverage and thus allowing the turf to thrive.
Outside forces. Sometimes there are small dead areas in the lawn that cannot be explained. No signs of insect activity, no signs of disease – yet a pitiful stand of turf. However, when probed, it turns out to be a rather large buried rock that's obstructing root development and giving you the visual indicator of dead turf above ground. This cannot be seen from satellite.
Meeting the customer. There is something special about putting a face with a name. Getting to discuss the ins and outs of the customers concerns and maintaining an open line of communication not only reinforces the customers' importance, but also allows Matt to dial in directly and meet that customer's expectation.
Establishing rapport. Matt is a very nice guy, personable, too. That said, there are billions of nice people in this world. But why would you want Matt on your lawn vs. any other person? It won't take long to find out. His knowledge will leave you feeling empowered. His honesty will leave you feeling confident, and his personality will leave you comfortable – comfortable your lawn and investment is in the best possible hands.
After putting eyes on the yard, the standards come in to play: A measurement is taken to calculate square footage, a plan for what the lawn needs to improve is devised, and approximate dates are penciled in to get it done.
Hey Customers of Outdoor Designs! I'm Matthew Martin. I was born in Mississippi, raised in Memphis, TN, lived and worked here in Knoxville, TN and Augusta, GA.
My wife Asami, and my son Noah, and myself would like to thank each and every one of you for the opportunity to assist, serve, and all around make your lawn a better place to spend more time.
If there is anything at all you ever need, no matter big or small, do not hesitate to contact me – that is what I'm here for. There is no longer a need to worry, you've got a lawn guy.


University Circle is accessible by a variety of travel options. Explore the services to and within the district that will help you get where you need to go. Browse travel options below or use our Plan Your Trip tool to see how uGO best!
uGO by bus or train! A number of regional transit agencies provide direct service to University Circle. Find real time service information and learn more about how transit serves you.
uGO by shuttle! Make your final connections via CircleLink, University Circle's FREE public shuttle service for residents, employees, and visitors.
uGO by bike! University Circle is one of the region's most popular cycling destinations, with connections to off-road trails, on-road facilities and 10 UH Bikes stations to help you get where you want to go.
uGO by foot! Explore this spectacular square mile on foot and you'll find that most everything you need is within a 10 to 15-minute walk.
uGO by car! Drive yourself or explore carpool, vanpool and shared vehicles options that offer valuable alternatives to driving alone.
Parking in University Circle is easy when you plan ahead. Find out more about where and how to park before you start your trip.
Use this tool to see what transit options are available to help you reach your destination.


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Q: preg_match_all not matching contents on a different line I was writing a regex match pattern, when I suddenly found out that preg_match_all isn't matching contents on a different line. What's up with that, and how do I fix it?
 test1.php
$content = file_get_contents("test2.php");
preg_match_all("~startMatch(.+?)endMatch~", $content, $matches);

print_r($matches);

 test2.php
startMatch text
endMatch

 Results:
Array ( [0] => Array ( ) [1] => Array ( ) )

 Expected Results:
Array ( [0] => Array ( [0] => startMatch text endMatch ) [1] => Array ( [0] => text ) )

However, we get the expected result, if startMatch text endMatch is on the same line. What's up with that? Don't periods in regex match all characters? How do I fix it?

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When you are married and implementing your estate plan, it's a given that your spouse is included in your Will. But what happens to your estate plans if your marriage suffers a divorce?
It's easy to neglect changing your estate planning documents in the midst of court filings, deadlines, and attorney meetings—but VERY important that you remember to do so!
Failing to make changes to your Will after a divorce could result in your former spouse receiving all of the assets you willed to them when you were still married.
Name an Executor – If you previously named your former spouse as the executor of your estate, it's time to name a new one to prevent your ex from being in charge of your assets.
Update Beneficiaries – Many of the assets included in your Will will be distributed directly to the named beneficiaries. Make sure to update beneficiaries on documents such as life insurance policies, IRA's, 401k's, and bank accounts.
Revoke Your Will – The very best way to ensure that your current wishes are honored is to revoke the old Will, and prepare a new one. A properly executed, new Will will supersede older versions, and allow you to literally "wipe the slate clean" on your old Will.
In many states, divorce automatically revokes parts, or all, of your Will—but it is not recommended to rely on state law alone. Having up-to-date estate planning documents is an airtight way to ensure that your wishes are made clear, and avoid any potential confusion after your passing.
If you are divorced, or are beginning the divorce process, and need to update any parts of your estate plan documents, give the attorney team at Estate & Long Term Care law a call. We can help you make changes to your documents, or prepare new documents that reflect your current situation and wishes. Give us a call today at (509) 447-3242 to begin your estate plan preparation.


Are you excited about moving to a new residence only to have your joy deflated by the fact that your couch cannot fit through the new entrance? Have you finished renovating a basement but its staircases are too narrow or it has tight turns or protruding overhangs that make it impossible to move the sofa without disassembling? Do you need to dispose of an old sofa without engaging a dumpster company?
Apart from such scenarios, you could be moving into an apartment whose elevators are too small to squeeze in your bulky sofa. Many people opt for a sofa with a low back thinking that it will fit through a doorway when placed on its side, but this rarely happens. Attempting to force a sofa through a door without dismantling it could either damage it or your house.
The complexity of dismantling a sofa depends on how it is assembled and your intention of taking it apart. You will need to be cautious if you are dismantling it with the intention of reassembling it later on. Before delving into how to dismantle a sofa, you need to know what constitutes a sofa.
A sofa is made up of the frame, springs, the padding, the fabric that covers the padding, and the cushions. The frame can be made of kiln-dried hardwood, plywood, and in recent times, we have seen frames made of plastic, steel, laminated boards or a combination of any of them. Kiln-dried or metallic frames are best because the sofa retains its shape over a prolonged period and are more costly. The frame is hinged together through joints that can either be glued together, screwed, dowelled, and sometimes, the corners could be reinforced with brackets for additional support.
The springs are the sofa's support as they are meant to react to your body's weight by bouncing back. There are two main types of springs used in sofa construction, that is, sinuous springs, and eight-way hand-tied springs. Also referred to as serpentine springs, sinuous springs are the most popular type. Some sinuous springs are copper-coated to prevent corrosion and most are made with 9-gauge wire for sturdiness.
On the other hand, in eight-way springs, each spring coil twine is attached to the frame and other springs by hand. The twine is tied from side to side, front to back, diagonally until each spring coil is right in eight ways, hence the name. The detailed craftsmanship in couches made using eight-way hand-ties springs makes them more costly.
The padding is mostly made from polyester fiber and foam although there are instances where animal hair is used. In the case of animal hair, the padding is pre-processed. The fabric covering the padding could be natural, blended, or synthetic fabric. Nylon and wool are the most popular fabric options followed closely by polyester, cotton, and acetate. The fabric could be finished with an anti-stain coating.
The cushions are made with polyurethane foam, latex, cotton, polyester fiber, or even springs that are wrapped with cotton.
A flat head screwdriver – this will come in handy when pulling out the staples. Alternatively, you could use a staple remover.
Remove the cushions and flip the couch upside down. Unscrew the couch's legs and put them aside.
The underside of the couch has a dust cover that is held in place by staples or nails. Use a staple remover or the flathead screwdriver to remove the staples. Roll the dust cover back to expose the frame.
Remove the staples securing the upholstery which covers the sofa's arms and roll it up as far back as possible so that the fasteners joining the arms to the base or frame are exposed.
Use a screwdriver to loosen the bolts. You can use a wrench to free the arms once they are loose.
Remove the skirting by pulling out the staples holding it in place and remove the cardboard strip underneath. The foam, and in some cases, recycled fabric covering the springs is not fastened with any staples. You only need to set it aside. By this time, you will be mostly down to the frame which is bare wood. If you plan on reassembling the sofa, avoid over-dismantling the upholstery. If you want to get rid of the couch, you can continue stripping it.
Move your sofa to the new space and reassemble. Take note of each step so that reassembling will be easy. You can use nails instead of staples.
There are quite a number of options to sell your old couch even if it is old and worn. Most websites such as eBay and Craiglist come in handy when you need to get rid of old furniture and appliances and get some money while at it. Most second-hand stores will also agree to buy furniture that is not too worn. You could also try a garage or yard sale.
If you are not keen on making any money, donating the piece of furniture could be a great choice. There are quite a number of organizations which accept furniture donations including Salvation Army, Vietnam Veterans Association, and Habitat for Humanity ReStores. You can either have the furniture picked from your residence or drop it off.
A dumpster rental would be a good option if you want to get rid of a huge amount of wastes as is the case when moving or downsizing. Dumpster rentals usually have a weight limit which makes the different from junk removers. In the case of junk removal, you pay for the amount of space your old furniture or other wastes will occupy.
Some couch suppliers offer to haul away old furniture at no extra cost. Call your potential suppliers to find out if they have such a provision.
Do you need to just replace your couch with something new but you aren't keen on selling or donating it? With a little creativity, you can repair and repurpose your old couch. You can use it on your patio or use it in the game room or garage.
Repurposing old furniture keeps it off the landfills. This, along with selling or donating the old couch are the most environmental-friendly options.


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Home News Media Center Statistics
Members of the Media: If you have questions about the statistics below, would like additional information or data, or would like to interview an expert, please contact NFDA's Public Relations team.
57.5% vs 36.6%
Cremation vs. Burial: According to NFDA's 2021 Cremation and Burial Report, the 2021 cremation rate is projected to be 57.5% and the burial rate is projected to be 36.6%. Click here to learn more
Cost of a Funeral: The national median cost of a funeral with a viewing and burial in 2021 was approximately $7,848 while the median cost of a funeral with cremation was approximately $6,971. Click here to learn more.
Interest in Green Funeral Options: According to NFDA's 2022 Consumer Awareness and Preferences Report, 60.5% would be interested in exploring "green" funeral options because of their potential environmental benefits, cost savings or for some other reason, up from 55.7% in 2021.
Non-Traditional Funeral Locales: According to NFDA's 2022 Consumer Awareness and Preferences Report, 55.6% of respondents have attended a funeral at a non-traditional location.
Cremation ... and Burial: According to NFDA's 2022 Consumer Awareness and Preferences Report, 31.7% would prefer to have their cremated remains buried or interred in a cemetery, as opposed to kept in an urn at home, scattered in a sentimental location, split among relatives, kept in a place of worship, or some other option.
Number of Funeral Homes: According to the National Directory of Morticians Redbook, there were more than 18,800 funeral homes in the United States, down from 19,902 in 2010. According to the latest data (2012) from the U.S. Census Bureau Economic Census, the funeral industry generates $16.323 billion in revenue (Funeral Homes and Funeral Services: $13.004 billion; Cemeteries and Crematories: $3.319 billion). The U.S. Census Bureau Economic Census also reports that the funeral industry employs 141,002 people (Funeral Homes and Funeral Services (108,385; Cemeteries and Crematories: 32,617).
Still Family Owned: Approximately 89.2% of funeral homes in the United States are privately owned by families or individuals.
NFDA Members: Founded in 1882 and with more than 20,000 individual members representing nearly 11,000 funeral homes in 50 countries, NFDA is the largest association in the world for the funeral service profession and
is dedicated to supporting its members in their mission to provide families with meaningful end-of-life services at the highest levels of excellence and integrity.
Small Businesses: The average NFDA-member funeral home serves 113 families per year and has three full-time and four part-time employees.
All data published on this page is based on the latest available government, industry, and research reports; data is updated as new information becomes available. The data on this page was last updated on April 15, 2022.
What is a Funeral Director?
Funeral Service 101
NFDA News Releases
Contacts and Spokesperson Team

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FiveP | Who we work with | Our clients, industries and partners.
FiveP help any type of business find better ways to organise their information. To provide best in class capability to our own clients, we collaborate with experts in other fields: from product to strategic partners.
Working with a range of industries but not limited to.
Find your industry below to read more about our expertise in your field.
If your industry isn't listed here – that's okay! We work with everybody. Get in touch today.
FiveP have really understood that we have lots of staff and franchisees who are not technical, so the system has been really quick to roll out and easy for everyone to learn. It's great to see the difference it has already made for our business.
FiveP's enthusiasm and technical approach aligned strongly with our internal values at GenesisCare.
Following the migration, FiveP's support and training allowed TRY's staff to embrace the new technology quickly and the timeframe expectations were met.
Staff can already see the benefits of MILO (our new SharePoint environment) and how it will effectively help reach our goal of building a collaborative culture throughout the entire organisation.


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OPPO's latest launch, the Enco M32, ensures 20 hours of non-stop music playback
By Chennaivision in Business News, News January 6, 2022
OPPO's latest launch, the Enco M32, ensures 20 hours of non-stop music playback with just 10 minutes of quick charge
Available for sale on Amazon, OPPO store and across all retail outlets starting January 10, 2022, at INR 1,799
Special discounted price of INR 1,499 during the first sale period on Amazon and the OPPO Store
OPPO, the world's leading smart device brand, today, announced the availability of the OPPO Enco M32. The wireless neckband gives you up to 20 hours of playback on a 10-minute charge and up to 28 hours of listening after a flash charge of just 35 minutes. The OPPO Enco M32 will be available on Amazon and the OPPO store from January 10 till January 12, 2022, at an early bird discounted price of INR 1,499.
Speaking on its launch, Damyant Singh Khanoria, Chief Marketing Officer, OPPO India said, "At OPPO, we have been striving to meet the needs of our evolved consumers. The OPPO Enco M32 wireless neckband is a result of these constant endeavours. Crafted for those on the move, the Enco M32's balanced and nuanced sound allows you to enjoy every single beat with clear vocals. Its long battery life of 28hrs, hand-free operations, stylish snug fit and enhanced sound quality make it one of the best-in-class audio tools for a mobile lifestyle."
Immersive sound quality
The OPPO Enco M32 packs 10mm dynamic drivers that deliver balanced sound with discernible bass, clear mids and crisp highs. It supports the AAC audio format for enhanced sound quality over streaming.
Additionally, its design includes an independent sound cavity that allows for a larger sound field while avoiding the noise caused by airflow thereby making the audio output purer.
The OPPO Enco M32—with an IP55 rating that makes it dust- and water-resistant—is designed with unique ear fins to fit the ears more snugly and comfortably whether you are listening to music while commuting or working out at the gym.
It comes with a Hall magnetic switch in the earbuds; this means it pauses your music when the two earbuds are attached around your neck and starts playing as soon as the magnets are disengaged.
The neckband also features a dual-device, fast-switching function that allows a free flow between the two devices and performs Bluetooth signal switching accordingly.
In addition, the OPPO Enco M32 wireless neckband uses Bluetooth 5.0, which achieves a faster and more stable connection with lower loss of sound at long distances to provide a stutter-free audio experience to consumers. The Enco M32 wireless neckband also features an AI call-noise-reduction algorithm that transmits voice over calls without ambient-sound disturbances.
The OPPO Enco M32 wireless headset has been on 'Notify Me' on Amazon since December 25, 2021, and will be available for purchase starting January 10, 2022, on Amazon, OPPO.com and across all retail outlets at a price of INR 1,799. Consumers purchasing the headset during the first sale period on Amazon and the OPPO store between January 10 and January 12, will be entitled to a discount of INR 300, thereby availing the product at INR 1,499 only.
Statement of the Honble Chief Minister on the new restrictions imposed to contain COVID-19 in the State
Pushpa The Rise to release on Amazon Prime Video


The SalmonAid Foundation raises awareness of the plight of west coast salmon populations, the rivers and streams they spawn in, and the many coastal and inland communities that rely on salmon for their livelihoods and survival.
The Foundation's educational outreach includes the SalmonAid Festival, featuring music and educational booths that highlight the natural history of salmon, as well as the history, culture and traditions of salmon peoples – from Morro Bay, California to Bristol Bay, Alaska, and inland to Idaho and Nevada.
By uniting commercial, tribal, and sportfishing interests with conservation organizations and chefs, the SalmonAID Foundation celebrates and motivates people to restore our wild salmon and healthy, free-flowing rivers.
Join us in throughout October 2011 as we celebrate Salmon Month at Aquarium of the Bay in San Francisco.


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How creativity helps Mangum, Oklahoma, survive
Mangum's Artists Alley is a hub of art-related businesses and a draw for visitors. Photo courtesy of Travel OK.
At the 2010 Oklahoma Entrepreneurs Conference, a panel of communities shared how they had become more entrepreneurial. Artists are entrepreneurs, too, and Mangum, Oklahoma, is home to several arts businesses.
"If you count every man, woman, child and chicken, we have 2500," Maxine Thomason said. She was the Mayor of Mangum, a former program manager of Mangum Main Street, and a 30 year teacher.
"Survival for a small town is not a given," Thomason said. "You have to work at it."
Mangum chose the Main Street program as their stepping off point to work at survival.
"We don't have the workforce or space for a manufacturer, so we have to offer a niche market," Thomason said.
They ended up in the artist business. Mangum's Artists Alley is now famous in Oklahoma and a tourism draw. It started with an individual artist setting up studios. Then a few artists joined in, and it has now expanded to other entrepreneurial businesses moving into downtown.
They do lots of advertising to bring in visitors. One innovative tactic Thomason mentioned was an established business allowed artists to piggy back on their newspaper inserts.
They made use of the state Main Street program. Oklahoma Main Street has an architect service, at no charge. Mangum used the Main Street Architect to guide the remodeling of four storefronts.
Two financing programs helped promote more entrepreneurial activity. The City of Mangum established a Revolving Loan Fund for local businesses. They funded it through a grant by the United State Department of Agriculture. The local Main Street committee offered $500 matching grants to businesses for facade improvements. It's small, but it's enough to start changes, Thomason said.
The local Main Street also became a clearing house for available resources for small businesses.
"There's lots of assistance out there, but sometimes it's finding it," Thomason said.
October 1, 2013 Filed Under: economic development, entrepreneurship, rural, tourism
Ivan Widjaya says
In this highly competitive world, it really all boils down to creativity. If you're not going to be creative, you'll end up getting left behind. Here is a demonstration on how far creativity can take you. A business can begin prospering just from this trait.
Becky McCray says
Ivan, frequently, our creativity is our best weapon in a small town.


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Men's Style Blog
beard product
moustache✕
By Benjamin De Campo December 01, 2022
Over the years, some popular moustache styles have stood the test of time while others are making a sudden and surprising comeback. If you're hoping to take your 'tache game to the next level, choosing...
How to Grow a Walrus Moustache
By Benjamin De Campo June 24, 2022
For guys trying to choose the best moustache style, look no further. It's time to learn how to grow a walrus moustache. After all, the walrus moustache has been a popular style for decades -...
The Stages Of Growing A Moustache
By Benjamin De Campo February 19, 2022
Are you playing with the idea of growing a moustache, though are unsure of what to expect or what stages of growing a moustache you'll pass through? Many guys on a moustache journey go through...
Beard Beard product Body wash Facial hair Hair Moustache
Last-Minute Christmas Gifts For Him in 2021
By Benjamin De Campo November 04, 2021
Finding last-minute Christmas gifts for him doesn't need to be a stressful experience. To make the process a little easier, we've put together a top-notch list of Christmas gift ideas that he'll be sure to...
How To Make Your Moustache Look Thicker
By Benjamin De Campo July 20, 2021
Don't worry, you wouldn't be the first bloke to wonder how to make your moustache look thicker. Whether you're working with patchy facial hair or a thin moustache, there are plenty of ways you can...
How to Trim a Moustache in 6 Easy Steps
Learning how to trim a moustache properly is a must-know for guys hoping to rock a clean, tidy 'tache. After all, the alternative is an untamed, bushy mess - shortly followed by a reluctant shave. ...
By Benjamin De Campo May 09, 2021
Knowing when to start using moustache wax can be pretty confusing - especially if you've never touched the stuff. Though with the wide range of benefits they can offer, you simply can't hesitate on using...
By Benjamin De Campo March 02, 2021
So, what does moustache wax do exactly? Don't worry - whether you're new to the beard-game or have the facial hair to impress a Viking, every bloke has asked themselves this question. With the variety...
Beard Lifestyle Moustache
The 8 Best Milkman Valentine's Gifts Your Man
As many of us have come to discover, finding good Valentine's gifts for men is no easy task - especially for those hard-to-buy-for blokes in our lives. Though if Valentine's Day has got you stumped...


Beautiful 3/3 sits on a quiet cul-de-sac in Pinewood Country Estates! Low HOA fees! This custom built home was built with many features. As you walk through the French doors and into the foyer, the first thing you will notice the large open floor plan with built in plant shelves, soaring high ceilings, builtin shelving and tile flooring. The kitchen boasts solid wood cabinetry with center islands and stainless steel appliances. The spacious master suite opens up to the screened in patio with inground pool! The master suite also features his and hers walk-in closets and double vanity in the ensuite bathroom. After a hard day, you can take a soak in the large garden tub. All rooms are oversized with plenty of closet storage space. The included office/den could be used as a 4th bedroom or guest room. The fenced back yard is meticulously landscaped with a conservation view adding peace and serenity to the heated pool area. The 44x28 patio is great for gatherings and barbecues! Close to major roads and attractions.
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I am interested in 130 Pinewood Court, Davenport, FL 33896.


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Intereconomics / Volumes / 2020 / Number 2 / Micro-Foundations of Diverging Economic Policies: Keynesian, Behavioural, Neoclassic
Volume 55, 2020 · Number 2 · pp. 105–111
Micro-Foundations of Diverging Economic Policies: Keynesian, Behavioural, Neoclassic
By Ronald Schettkat
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Ronald Schettkat, Schumpeter School, Bergische University Wuppertal, Germany.
Germany's austerity-oriented economic policy is the wrong approach. Markets need demand stimulation to achieve full use of resources, argues Krugman, a Keynesian economist. Neoclassical economists have been warning that expansionary macroeconomic policies are not only useless but can even be harmful (e.g. Phelps). These stark differences in the evaluation of economic policy proposals are deeply rooted in their underlying microeconomic reasoning, in the theories of the motivation and behaviour of economic agents as investors, workers, consumers and speculators as well as their interactions. The claim of missing micro-foundations in Keynes's theory is false. In contrast, recent findings of behavioural economics have strongly confirmed Keynes's micro-foundations that lead to his macroeconomic conclusions.
In Germany, austerity-oriented policy is regarded as a virtue and a condition for stable long-term growth. Even in the midst of the coronavirus crisis, Peter Altmaier, the Minister for Economic Affairs, promised to return to the 'black zero' soon. German economic policymakers believe that balanced budgets, the 'black zero' and huge net export surpluses are sacrifices made today that will pay off tomorrow (Brunnermeier et al., 2016). This is the wrong approach, argues Krugman (2019): slow growth is due to Germany's over-saving and austerity policies, creating not only problems for the German economy but also for other countries. Germany must increase its spending on consumption, education, public infrastructure, etc.1 This will not help to overcome slow growth, counters Phelps (2019): structural reforms, increases in productivity growth and entrepreneurship are needed to revive growth in Germany and other industrialised economies. Microeconomics rather than macroeconomics is the solution.
Diverging microeconomic foundations
Why do the propositions of the two Nobel-prize winning economists, Krugman and Phelps, deviate so much? Is it just the difference between macro- and microeconomics? Lucas and Sargent (1979) famously alleged that Keynes's theory was intellectually flawed because it misses micro-foundations. This allegation is intellectually flawed. Instead, Keynes's microeconomic foundations are the key to understanding his macroeconomics (Hahn, 1997). Keynes induced his micro-foundations from observed actual behaviour of entrepreneurs, speculators, workers and consumers in a monetary economy in which precautionary savings, speculations and investments are pursued in a dynamic environment under uncertainty. Behavioural economics is also based on this inductive methodological approach aimed at describing actual human behaviour. This approach contrasts sharply with the fictitious world deduced from neoclassical axioms.
The diverging micro-foundations and the concept of the economic environment are leading to fundamentally different equilibrium concepts – merely the balance between demand and supply in Keynes's theory, and the optimal equilibrium in neoclassical economics when individuals maximised utility and profits. In the equilibrium of the latter, all resources are fully used (full-employment equilibrium); no one can improve in the existing institutional framework through voluntary trade. There is no need for macroeconomic stimulation since the economy is already in the optimum (full-employment equilibrium); on the contrary, stimulation will destroy this optimal full-employment equilibrium, resulting in inflation only (Keynes 1936, 294). If the economy is assumed to be in full-employment equilibrium, improvements in growth and employment require shifts in the optimal equilibrium itself through, e.g. institutional reforms and the enhancement of productivity growth – just as Phelps suggested. However, the optimal equilibrium is an unverified assumption (Blinder and Solow, 1973).
Keynes's theory does not exclude the optimal equilibrium, but the economy may balance very well below the optimum,2 without any automatic forces to the full-employment equilibrium. To stimulate economic activity and overcome the stalemate, Keynes suggested expansionary macroeconomic policies (fiscal and/or monetary) to achieve full-employment equilibrium. The nature of the economic environment in which individuals operate as well as their behaviour distinguishes Keynes's theory from the axiomatic neoclassical model and results in the fundamentally different macroeconomic policy approaches.
This paper discusses the major commonalities between behavioural economics and Keynes's microeconomics as well as their distinction from neoclassical assumptions. The following sections discuss the analytical basis for the diverging views on the motivation of agents deduced from neoclassical axioms versus induced microeconomic theory. The research in behavioural economics impressively confirms Keynes's observations but contradicts neoclassical axioms.
Motivation in economics
"All theory depends on assumptions which are not quite true. That is what makes it theory" (Solow, 1956, 65). Theoretical models stripped of irrelevant aspects should simplify the real world and help to better understand economic behaviour. Theories should work like glasses, but oversimplification may lead them to function instead like blinders. Does economic theory need to relate to the real world, or can theory be totally abstract from actual human behaviour? This is the fundamental methodological issue that distinguishes behavioural economics and Keynes's theory from the neoclassical model with far-reaching consequences. Both behavioural economics and Keynes regard economics as a real science such as physics or biology, where only assumptions that do not conflict with reality describe the world we live in (Kornai, 1971). Neoclassical economics is based on an axiomatic approach as applied in mathematical, logical sciences, in which truth is established through formal deductions from the axioms, which are not necessarily related to reality (Kornai, 1971). It assumes selfish, independent and socially isolated individuals who maximise their utility derived from real values (goods) along well-ordered and stable preferences using all available information (rational choice), subject to budget constraints. The interaction among individuals is limited to market exchange, i.e. choices made by other individuals leave their preferences unaffected; there are no trends, no fashions, no ostentation, no positional goods. Do individual motivation and decision-making follow the neoclassical axioms?
Doubts that actual decision-making processes are performed as required to maximise utility were expressed with an astounding as-if reply in the past (Friedman, 1953) and in the present (Pesendorfer, 2006). Axioms, Friedman (1953) argued, are instrumental,3 and therefore theories cannot be judged by the validity of their axioms. On the contrary, he claimed, "Truly important and significant hypotheses will be found to have 'assumptions' that are wildly inaccurate descriptive representations of reality" (Friedman 1953, 8).4 The only way to prove a theory is to determine whether its predictions are in accordance with the observed outcomes, but Friedman simply declared observed outcomes as optimal (utility- or profit-maxima), which is not the same as providing evidence. "When verification is demanded, they [neoclassical economists] tend to look for evidence that the theory makes correct predictions and resist advice that they should look instead directly at the decision mechanisms and processes" (Simon 1986, 38). Analysing the motivation and decisions of economic agents is precisely the research program of behavioural economics, aiming to develop a deeper and descriptive understanding of individual economic behaviour.
Everyone – including almost all economists – will admit to behaving irrationally5 from time to time. However, most people regard their economic decisions as purposeful behaviour and have evaluated some pros and cons in order to reach the decision (at least if a more significant amount is spent). But rational choice means choosing the utility or profit-maximising alternative, which requires the intention to maximise as well as the ability to evaluate alternatives. Rational expectations require knowledge of all possible future events and their probabilities to calculate expected outcomes, which is a stochastic version of perfect foresight (Arrow, 1987). At best, rational expectations may apply to a steady-state economy where only external shocks can disturb the assumed smooth market process. The economy is treated like roulette, where the number of the next draw is unknown but where the probability distribution is known, i.e. while playing roulette is risky, one of the 37 possibilities must occur. However, is the economy actually moving along a smooth equilibrium path only disturbed by external shocks? Are expectations formed as mechanically as assumed under rational expectations? Or are there interdependencies among the actions of economic agents? Lucas (1986) was prepared to narrow economics to the optimal equilibrium, to steady states, where expansionary macroeconomic impulses can only push the economy out of the optimum. Such policies can only be inflationary and ineffective because economic agents will anticipate (or learn to anticipate)6 the outcomes within the Lucas model.
Decisions under uncertainty: Animal spirits
The economy we live in differs sharply from roulette: the probabilities of future events are unknown and the future is not risky but uncertain as its growth path, its production potential, develops endogenously depending on expectations which cannot be rational expectations. How can consumers, workers and entrepreneurs decide under uncertainty? In the real world, as in Keynes's theory, expectations are radically different from rational expectations because the economic future is not a stochastic of perfect foresight but rather uncertain, i.e. even intended rational choices cannot be made.
Today, neoclassical economics simply builds models for variations of risk and ignores uncertainty as it did when Keynes was writing (Keynes, 1937, 212-213). Academic economists can ignore uncertainty and construct theories for an assumed certain or risky world (Arthur, 1994). But entrepreneurs make decisions in the world we live in, where uncertainty cannot be ignored, interdependencies are relevant as in financial markets, and where expectations are about the expectations of others (Keynesian beauty contest; Arrow, 1987)
The entrepreneur's production decisions depend on the expected demand, which in turn affects employment, labour income and demand; i.e. economic developments are endogenous – tomorrow's events depend on today's actions (Robinson, 1980; Howitt, 1986). Also, preferences may not be formed in isolation and are not fixed but may change under the influence of the decision of others. Economic agents, including businesspeople, must apply other guesswork, conventions, intuitions, emotions and animal spirits in order to decide. Clearly, the pros and cons will be evaluated before deciding on purchases and investments involving significant amounts. Possibly some probabilities may be assigned to certain outcomes, but uncertainty will remain and cannot be eliminated. Individuals can ascribe a certain probability to future events, but in an open, dynamic environment, these are bets (Dow, 2012). Keynes emphasises conventional behaviour (routines, heuristics) as an essential decision rule under uncertainty. Conventional behaviour or a conventional method of calculation assumes "that the existing state of affairs will continue indefinitely, except in so far as we have a specific reason to expect a change" (Keynes, 1936, 152). Economic agents rely on a limited number of heuristic principles (such as representativeness, availability, anchoring), intended to reduce complexity (Kahnemann, 2002, 465).
Under uncertainty, expectations are necessarily influenced by emotions, intuition, moods (optimism, pessimism) and animal spirits. Expectations and the following decisions also affect the present aggregate demand in the economy. Therefore, "a mere change in expectation is capable of producing an oscillation of the same kind of shape as a cyclical movement in the course of working itself out" (Keynes, 1936, 49). Furthermore, the instability of the economy becomes endogenous, as opposed to an assumed stable market system, in which only external shocks can disturb the optimal equilibrium. One feels more confident in estimating next year's sales than those ten or 20 years in the future for which investments are necessary. Although sales expectations for the next period are uncertain, the entrepreneur's confidence in these expectations is higher than in the long term. For decisions affecting the long term, confidence in the expected trends will be weaker, and the reasoning will be more elaborate, especially if investments are necessary, although uncertainty will remain. It cannot be eliminated.
Keynes's term animal spirits refers to the necessity to take action under uncertainty because cold calculations cannot bring about decisions.
Most, probably, of our decisions to do something positive, the full consequences of which will be drawn out over many days to come, can only be taken as a result of animal spirits – of the spontaneous urge to action rather than inaction, and not as the outcome of a weighted average of quantitative benefits multiplied by quantitative probabilities (Keynes, 1936, 161).
If human nature felt no temptation to take a chance, no satisfaction (profit apart) in constructing a factory, a railway, a mine, or a farm, there might not be much investment merely as a result of cold calculation (Keynes, 1936, 150).
Keynes's animal spirits are the basis for economic decisions under uncertainty but regarded with scepticism even among some Keynesian economists. "[I]f the animal spirits are dimmed and the spontaneous optimism falters, leaving us to depend on nothing but a mathematical expectation, enterprise will fade and die, though fears of loss may have a basis no more reasonable than hopes of profit had before" (Keynes, 1936, 162). Rationality is deeply ingrained in economists' thinking, but the work of neurologist Damásio (1994) reveals that without emotions, without animal spirits, people are unable to decide. Damásio's discovery is based on the behaviour of a patient with brain damage in the prefrontal cortex where emotions are located, who functioned very well but could not make decisions. He would continuously collect information and evaluate alternatives, but would not use the information to make decisions.
The findings of behavioural economics reveal that humans often make systematic mistakes, even in predicting their own future utility. Sometimes humans make the wrong choices because they do not fully understand the situation or because they are not smart enough.7 However, it is not simply an error or a misunderstanding of situations, which results in decisions deviating from rational choice. Even when misunderstandings are clarified, they stick to non-rational choices. It is not merely the money illusion that arises when nominal values are recognised in decisions; they can even overrule real values concerning utility.
Non-rational economic decisions
Are we smart enough to choose rationally? Are our preferences as consistent as assumed in the neoclassical model? In an early experiment, Allais (1953) observed that the decision criterion under risk changes from expected payments to higher probability, resulting in contradictory choices between two lotteries (known as the Allais paradox). Participants in Allais's experiment had to choose between lotteries and voted (rationally) for the one with the highest expected value. When Allais changed the probabilities to one lottery with a guaranteed but lower gain compared to the other with a much higher expected value but also a minor chance of a zero gain, participants switched to the former. Obviously, certainty is preferred over higher gains with a slight probability of no gain.8 Participants did not adhere to the axiom of rationality, and therefore the person's choices cannot be attributed to maximising the utility functions. Was it just a lack of understanding that caused the inconsistency of the participants' choices? Allais repeated his experiment at a conference with distinguished economics professors (among them Friedman, Samuelson, Savage and Arrow, according to Kahneman, 2011, 312-314). Even these distinguished fellows switched preferences as laypersons did, not noticing that their expressed preferences violated rational choice.9
A necessary condition for utility-maximising choices is accurate and unbiased forecasts of the hedonic outcomes of potential choices (Kahneman and Thaler, 2006). Many findings of behavioural economics suggest that the stable preferences assumption underlying the neoclassical model does not hold. To maximise utility requires correct knowledge of the utility that a specific product will provide. However, expected utility today and the utility experienced in the future might deviate substantially. People's (expected) utility seems to be strongly affected by the situation, their moods, the environment and time. "However, people do not always know what they will like, and they are likely to err most severely when the temporal gap is long and when the agent's state and circumstances vary between t1 and t0" (Kahneman and Thaler, 2006, 223). To choose rationally economic agents must not only rank all possible choices, but they must also discount the future utility into present values, i.e. the measurement of utility needs to be cardinal. Furthermore, the future (expected) utility must be independent of current choices, but utility ascribed to a product may differ once a person owns the product (i.e. endowment effect, habituation, change of preferences, path dependence). Humans seem to value gains less than losses (prospect theory; Kahneman and Tversky, 1979). Participants in financial markets, presumably closest to the perfect market model (Schettkat, 2010), illustrate this behaviour: investors tend to keep shares even though the prices of which are falling.
A summary of 42 empirical studies on discount rates (Wilkinson, 2008, 314-317) found that discount rates do not rise with time as diminishing marginal utility would suggest but conversely decline with time. Humans seem not to apply exponential discounting (i.e. discounting with a constant discount rate), but rather apply hyperbolic discounting (Ainslie, 1991). A common finding in behavioural economics is that higher amounts are discounted at lower rates than smaller amounts (Kahneman and Tversky, 2000). Magnitudes influence the same person's discount rates but in the reverse order of the rational choice assumption: the higher the amounts, the lower the discount rate (Thaler, 1981).
Socially embedded individuals
What determines consumption? Are the individual preferences influenced by the consumption and behaviour of others (i.e. positional goods, trends and fashion) or are preferences formed in isolation and stable over time? The desires and needs of homo oeconomicus are not affected by trends, fashion and ostentation because one determines their preferences in isolation; only real income (the number of goods) counts and social interaction is excluded from the model. Neoclassical economics restricts the interaction among individuals to market exchange. For example, consumption of other individuals may affect relative prices (and via this mechanism, the choices), but the utility functions will remain unaffected.10 This assumption is obviously not descriptive of the behaviour of social beings, but it is still alive and well in economics. "To many economists, the notion of consumers being strongly influenced by demonstration effects must have seemed probably inconsistent with the reasoned pursuit of self-interests, if not completely irrational" (Frank, 1985, 146).
Nevertheless, several economists took relative positions and social interactions into account: an early example can be found in the work of Veblen (1899).11 For "any particular consumer will be more influenced by the consumption of people with whom he has social contacts" (Duesenberry, 1949, 48). Thus, signaling social status and demonstrating one's lifestyle through consumption is vital for socially embedded individuals (Leibenstein, 1975; Hirsch, 1976). Ostentation and extravagance are explicitly listed by Keynes (1936, 108) among the subjective factors influencing individual consumption. They are irrelevant for the socially isolated homo oeconomicus, who gains utility exclusively from real values (goods) and cannot place importance on the relative position of the income and consumption of others. Interdependent preference formation would destroy the basis for maximisation in the neoclassical model.
Homo oeconomicus is not influenced by her own history. She knows her preferences in advance, i.e. past consumption/income can serve as a reference point, leading to path dependence (habituation). Habitual standards of living involve judging situations by reference points, which depend on experience and the observed patterns of the reference groups (Baxter, 1988). These patterns themselves are affected by cultural influences, thus making preferences endogenous (Drakopoulos, 2011). Of course, within society, savings and consumption will be affected by the distribution of income.
Real and nominal wages
Keynes observed that workers resist nominal wage reductions but accept similar real wage reductions through inflation. Money illusion, a lack of understanding, was and still is the common interpretation among economists who are used to thinking in models in which socially isolated individuals are solely stimulated by real wages (goods) and money is a veil covering the real values. This interpretation of Keynesian nominal wage resistance is totally ignorant of Keynes's reasoning that for social individuals, the position in society matters.
[A]ny individual or group of individuals who consent to a reduction of money-wages relative to others will suffer a relative reduction in real wages, which is a sufficient justification for them to resist it. On the other hand, it would be impracticable to resist every reduction of real wages, due to a change in the purchasing power of money which affects all workers (Keynes, 1936, 14).12
Do workers care about relative wages? Probably the most robust evidence for the importance of relative pay comes from experiments using magnetic resonance imaging (MRT medical scanners): controlled for income levels, relative income is important and activates certain brain areas (Fliessbach et al., 2007). Labour contracts are stipulated in nominal terms, and these serve as a reference point. Reference levels (e.g. minimum wages) even serve as a reference point after they have been removed (Falk et al., 2006).
Strong evidence that money illusion is not the most relevant interpretation for nominal wage orientation is impressively revealed in a study by Shafir et al. (1997). Participants were presented with the cases of two individuals, A and B, who graduated simultaneously from the same college, got the same starting salary, but faced different pay increases and inflation. Participants were then asked to indicate which of the two is better off economically (in terms of real income), is happier and would be more likely to quit upon receiving an alternative job offer. Figure 1 shows the outcome of this experiment. Assuming a rational individual, person A should be happier because she got a higher real income, and consequently, she should be less likely to quit. However, the majority of respondents in the study understood very well that person A is better off economically; i.e. participants do not suffer from money illusion, but they nevertheless believe that person B is happier and less likely to quit.
Orientation on nominal versus real salaries: Money illusion?
Note: Both persons started after graduation, simultaneously, with the same income. Person A receives a pay rise of 2% in times of no inflation, while person B receives a 5% pay rise in times of 4% inflation.
Source: Compilation from Shafir, E., P. Diamond and A. Tversky (1997), Money illusion, The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 112(2), 341-374, cited in Wilkinson, N. (2008), An introduction to behavioral economics, Palgrave Macmillan.
Nominal values, money wages and their changes are obviously regarded as important by most people, even if the real wage is lower than in the alternative. This result sheds light on a conundrum in labour economics, where it was found that upward-sloping wage profiles are not necessarily related to productivity improvements (Medoff and Abraham, 1981). When workers are offered the choice between a rising wage profile with a lower starting income and a declining wage profile with a higher starting income, the majority chose the former, even if the advantage of declining wage profiles is explained to them (Loewenstein and Sichermann, 1991).
The impact of endogenous preferences
The valuation of situations related to reference points is arguably the most crucial finding in behavioural economics, especially in the context of methodological concerns. The endowment effect (Kahneman et al., 1991) refers to changes in the valuation of products, depending on the possession of a product. When buying a product, its utility should be equal to the utility derived from the money that was paid for it (respectively to the alternative products the money could have bought). However, it turns out that, once a product is possessed, it is only sold at a significantly higher price (although the owner would not have paid the potential selling price). Such behaviour has been observed for football and concert tickets (Krueger, 2001), bottles of wine and even coffee mugs. The utility derived from the possession of the product rose after the consumer possessed it. In other words, preferences are endogenous and are evaluated asymmetrically, as summarised by prospect theory (Kahneman and Tversky, 1979). Kahneman and Tversky found that the utility gain of adding an additional unit of a certain product is less than the utility loss of subtracting a unit of the very same product would be. The orientation on reference points implies changes in the utility function, i.e. the neoclassical assumption of stable preferences is violated.
Komlos (2014) translated the impact of prospect theory into conventional indifference curves and shows that, after initial maximisation (in which the budget constraint is tangential to an indifference curve), kinks will arise at the reference point because of the differing valuation of the gains and losses. The marginal rate of substitution between two goods X and Y (m = -dYi /dXi ) changes, because the loss in Y weighs greater than the gain in X. In other words, the slope of the indifference curve changed, even if the maximisation procedure was initially performed. In a new situation, however, asymmetric evaluation will repeat. Therefore, neoclassical theorist Pesendorfer (2006) concludes that a rational economic agent, knowing that a decision changes her preferences, will refrain from maximisation. In other words, a rational economic agent does not follow rational decision-making because the basis for it does not exist – super rationality.
The allegation that Keynes's theory is flawed because it misses micro-foundations is itself flawed. On the contrary, Keynesian micro-foundations are induced from observed economic behaviour in the world we live in and are strongly confirmed by the findings of behavioural economics. Keynes and behavioural economics share an inductive methodological approach that refers to the economy we live in, and that allows for socially embedded individuals. The experiments and tests in behavioural economics extend far beyond Keynes's casual observations, providing rigorous evidence for regularities in economic human behaviour which contradict neoclassical axioms and should not be ignored. Furthermore, the world we live in is not a risky move along a steady state path, but it is uncertain with the consequence that expectations cannot be based on cold calculations, they cannot be calculated rational expectations; instead, they are endogenous and made under uncertainty. Today's expectations and decisions affect tomorrow's outcomes. Since behavioural economic findings contradict the neoclassical axioms, it may provide the seeds of a scientific revolution in the Kuhnian sense (Kuhn, 1970).13 These seeds, within broader, more realistic economics, were already underlying Keynes's micro-foundations of his macroeconomics.
1 A joint initiative of employers and unions argued in favor of higher investments in Germany, see Bardt et al. (2019)
2 Keynes's theory includes the optimal equilibrium as a special case. Therefore, he labelled his 1936 book, The General Theory.
3 Popper: Instrumentalism forces scientists to abandon the search for truth (cited according to Caldwell, 1980, 370).
4 The worse the assumptions, the better the theory? (F-twist, Samuelson, 1963).
5 Because homo economicus has dominated economics, many economists refer to other concepts of decision-making as irrational (e.g. Akerlof and Shiller, 2011). Giegerenzer and Selten (2001) distinguish rational theories based on known probabilities from non-rational theories, which are not about irrational decision-making. "Indeed, non-rational theories are concerned with psychological plausibility, that is, the capacities and limitations of actual humans, whereas rational theories have little concern for descriptive validity and tend to assume omniscience" (Giegerenser, 2001, 3).
6 See Schettkat and Jovicic (2017) for a discussion.
7 Thaler (2015) offers several examples in which humans simply make mistakes because the situation is too complex to be understood immediately.
8 Kahneman (2011) explains the switch with the certainty effect, under which the utility of a certain gain is substantially higher than the probability effect of a tiny deviation from certainty lowers the utility, which may make decisions sensitive to the presentation.
9 Kahneman (2011) mentions that Allais paradox was forgotten and became an anomaly with rationality remaining the standard assumption in economics.
10 Elsner (2012) enhances the traditional microeconomic analysis to complex interactions.
11 Frank (1999) argued that the consumption of the neighbours, the Joneses, as a reference was substituted by the consumption of the very wealthy through mass media, which arguably leads to overconsumption.
12 Workers usually cannot afford to withdraw their labour in response to nominal wage cuts, but they can reduce their effort (Bewley, 1999).
13 For a discussion of whether behavioural economics is an extension or an alternative to the neoclassical approach, see Schettkat (2018).
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© The Author(s) 2020
Open Access: This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Open Access funding provided by ZBW – Leibniz Information Centre for Economics.
DOI: 10.1007/s10272-020-0879-z
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4 children, grandmother shot to death in California home
Updated 12:28PM
LANCASTER, Calif. - Four children and their grandmother were found shot to death in a Southern California home and the children's father was arrested on suspicion of killing them, the Los Angeles County Sheriff's Department said.
The victims were found Sunday night in a home in the city of Lancaster in the high desert Antelope Valley north of Los Angeles, the department said in a statement.
Deputies found a woman, a girl and three boys with gunshot wounds to the upper torso and paramedics pronounced all of them dead at the scene, the department said. All of the children were under age 12 and the grandmother was in her 50s. None of the victims' names were released.
MORE: Interrupted auto burglary leads to fatal shooting near Lake Merritt
The children's father, Germarcus David, 29, showed up at the lobby of the Lancaster sheriff's station and was arrested after being interviewed by investigators, the department said. David was held in lieu of $2 million bail.
It was not immediately known if David had a lawyer who could speak on his behalf. He was expected to make an initial appearance at the Antelope Valley Courthouse on Tuesday.
Deputies went to the home because of a "rescue responding" call. Department spokesperson Deputy Juanita Navarro said that is a code that means paramedics have been dispatched to a location.


The Amazon Vision Program, an initiative of the Colombian Government and supported by the Governments of Norway, the United Kingdom, and Germany, aims to promote a new development model in the Amazon region that enables the improvement of living conditions of its inhabitants through productive alternatives that do not cause deforestation to the already devastated rainforest.
It is considered the largest tropical forest in the world, where 15% of terrestrial photosynthesis occurs, and it is at risk. According to the National Institute of Hydrology, Meteorology, and Environmental Studies (IDEAM), 124,035 hectares were deforested in Colombia in 2015, from which the Amazon accounted for 46%, i.e., nearly 57 thousand hectares were devastated.
According to an Amazon Vision report, the phenomenon is mainly attributed to the burning of fossil fuels and land-use for agriculture and forestry.
According to data from the Amazon Scientific Research Institute SINCHI, the region moved from having an estimate of 3,286,798 hectares of agricultural border (the limit dividing farming land from the conserved natural areas) in 2012, to 4,865,053 in 2016. This means that 1,578,255 hectares were transformed by human activity, particularly to extensive livestock production. The departments of Caquetá, Meta, Putumayo, and Guaviare continue to be the most affected.
associated to the expansion of the agricultural border and is under the responsibility of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development (MADR) and the SINCHI Institute, where the Ministry is in charge of coordinating the sustainable production activities, and SINCHI coordinates the corresponding agreements with farmers.
For the particular case of sustainable production activities, actions focused on promoting the development and strengthening of association schemes were identified, as well as the supply of rural public goods (e.g., technology transfer and extension services and productive partnerships to access markets) and financial mechanisms (through special lines of credit – from FINAGRO [Colombian Financing Fund for the Agricultural Sector]), which enable the transformation of production systems with a social, economic, and environmental sustainability approach.
Implementing demonstration models in silvopastoral systems with different arrangements, taking into account native species from the area, in addition to multipurpose forages (sustainable livestock), among others.
Establishing multi-actor platforms and defining sectoral strategies for supply chains in the case of cocoa, rubber, non-timber forest products, and dual-purpose livestock, with a focus on the sustainability of Caquetá and Guaviare.
This component focuses on enhancing competitiveness and environmental performance of the production chains in the region (specifically, beef, milk, cocoa, rubber and non-timber forest products) in terms of supply, quality, access to markets, processing, and other aspects.
It also seeks to strengthen the capacities to improve the quality, traceability, and association of such chains. These strategies will promote productive transformation processes in order to ensure a sustainable management of the Amazonian soils, the recovery of degraded areas, the Amazonian landscape connectivity, and the reduction of deforestation.
To achieve this, CIAT is facilitating multi-actor dialogues to define sustainability targets along the production chain and monitoring mechanisms that allow reporting the results. The ultimate goal is for production chains to have an effect on the productive transformation of the crop and livestock areas already established and to promote new commitments to achieve deforestation-free production chains by 2020.
According to Matthias Jäger, CIAT's expert in markets and value chains from the Linking Farmers to Markets research unit, "it will be possible for organized actors to manage different projects from other donors with an action plan agreed upon, approved, and with a long-term shared vision. This sectoral strategy with specific goals of reaching zero deforestation involves a change in cultural practices regarding current crop management.
The strategy is already being implemented. Representatives of the cocoa, rubber, non-timber forest products, and livestock production chains have already sat on the table and thoroughly analyzed themselves, as well as the bottlenecks that need to be solved in order to take advantage of the new market opportunities for processed products, carrying an added value for the region and reaching the goals of zero deforestation for which consumers are willing to pay a Premium price.
Cartagena del Chairá, Doncello, Florencia, and San Vicente del Caguán, in Caquetá, are sadly the protagonists of the Colombian armed conflict, and are also some of the prioritized municipalities of the Amazon Vision Program.
The cocoa producers in these communities can become key partners to give back the Amazon region its splendor, while enabling the Governments of Norway, the United Kingdom, and Germany, sponsors of the Amazon Vision Program, to outweigh their efforts with support programs for local communities and in the strengthening of institutions to enhance the forest and agricultural management, under a pay for performance model.
The following can be easily heard among cocoa producers of Caquetá, who take great pride in the fact that: "Caquetá is the golden gate to the Colombian Amazon. We enjoy a variety of climates, mountain ranges, plains, and a good number of trees from different species, mostly native, with blooming periods different from other regions in the country".
According to farmers, it is the environmental characteristics that give Caquetan cocoa an unbeatable aroma and flavor. And this is the hallmark to be harnessed by cocoa producers, or rather cocoa growers (because growing cocoa is an art).
But to continue developing unique aromas and flavors, to earn a spot in the field of national production , and even to long for a protected designation of origin, it is necessary to be at peace with the Amazon.
"Cocoa is planted within an agroforestry system associated to plantain, which allows for a sustainable income and food security in the first three years, along with timber species that in twelve or fifteen years can become a trading chain, with the corresponding permits from regulatory bodies. We are going to work on a productive reforestation. Not a single fallen tree, but many planted", points out Armando Andrade, president of the Board of Directors of the Cocoa and Timber Producers' Association of Caquetá (Acamafrut), an organization that gathers 2,200 cocoa-producing households.
Farmers from Caquetá and Guaviare have high hopes set on Amazon Vision; now the challenge is finding ways to generate a profitable agricultural economy consistent with the recovery and protection of the Amazon.
The SINCHI Institute, through the Environmental and Territorial Information System of the Colombian Amazon, SIAT-AC, has generated five maps that make it possible to see the advancement of the agricultural border in the last 14 years, in the northwestern part of the region.
Pillar 1. Improvement of forest governance: Improves the coordination among institutions, forest management, planning, and the command and control mechanisms in forest management.
Pillar 2. Sustainable sectoral development and planning: Improves the land management instruments; productive development without deforestation, intersectoral and public-private agreements on infrastructure and extractive industries in the Amazon region.
Pillar 3. Agri-environmental development: Promotes sustainable practices; cocoa, rubber, non-timber forest products, and dual-purpose livestock production chains; productive partnerships; and access to markets.
Pillar 4. Environmental governance with indigenous peoples: Preserves ancestral culture, forest, and land; promotes sustainable production practices; strengthens authorities and traditions.
Pillar 5. Creation of enabling conditions: Monitoring, reporting and verification system; develops the National Forest Inventory.


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Home	Destinations	Cross Country Skiing at the Canmore Nordic Centre
Cross Country Skiing at the Canmore Nordic Centre
by Karen Ung January 11, 2016
Canmore Nordic Centre Provincial Park is an amazing winter playground! Originally built for the 1988 Winter Olympics, the park boasts a 70 km network of world class ski trails (groomed for classic and skate skiing), fatbiking trails, snowshoe trail, disc golf course, orienteering course, biathlon range, outdoor ice rink, and tobogganing hill.
I am ashamed to admit I had never been to the Nordic Centre before because I didn't want to pay the ski trail fees and didn't know what advantages the Nordic Centre had over free groomed trails in Kananaskis. The first thing I noticed was the gorgeous view! Perched above Canmore on the side of Mount Rundle, there are fantastic views of the surrounding peaks from the Day Lodge. Next, I was impressed at the quality of grooming. While the Kananaskis trails are very well maintained in general, the Canmore Nordic Centre has consistent conditions throughout the park due to snowmaking (on 20 km's of trails) and more frequent grooming. Other noteworthy features of the park follow:
The Day Lodge has flush toilets and showers, lockers, an information desk, and concession! I love the cozy seating by the fireplace! There are also meeting rooms and private ski wax rooms to rent. If you need a rest stop or restroom along Banff Trail, there is the newly constructed Meadow Warming Hut 2.6 kms from the Day Lodge.
Trail Sports, just across from the Day Lodge, has equipment rentals and lessons.
Sunset at Canmore Nordic Centre Day Lodge
Banff Trail is a 5.5 km green trail that is perfect for kids or beginners. It's wide and double track set in both directions so you can ski alongside your child if it isn't too busy, or tow a younger child in a Chariot. 2.6 km down the trail is the Meadow Warming Hut and outhouse, which makes a nice destination for new little skiers. Pop in for a hot chocolate break, then head back to the Day Lodge, or do the whole trail for a nice 11 km ski.
On our visit, I skied part of Banff Trail and Banff Loop with my 6 year old. Although it was Christmas vacation, the trail didn't feel overly busy as there are so many tracks and trails!
Big POG on Banff Trail, Canmore Nordic Centre
Skate Skiing
Skate skiers rejoice! All trails are groomed for classic as well as skate skiing! With few places available to skate ski, the Canmore Nordic Centre is one of the best options around for skate skiers. My husband loves skate skiing here.
Night skiing is available on 6.5 kilometres of well lit trails from 5 pm – 9 pm. My husband made use of this both nights we stayed in Canmore. Be sure to bring bear spray as cougars do not hibernate. It helps to bring a friend too!
Early Season Skiing
Frozen Thunder, a 1-2 km frozen ski track, opens in late October each year to give skiers a head start on the season. It's made from snow stored from the previous ski season and is one of few such tracks in the world. It is reserved for ski teams in the mornings and open to the public (for a fee) in the afternoons. Note that admission to Frozen Thunder is not included in a Season's Pass.
While you have to go a dozen times for an adult season's pass to pay for itself, a family pass pays for itself much sooner. For our family (2 adults, 6 yr old, 4 yr old), we would only have to go 8 times for a pass to pay for itself. If you're a frequent skier, a season's pass is the most economical way to go.
Do I need to pay admission fees for all activities? No. At time of writing, there are only trail fees for skiing and the biathlon range (biathlon range pass). The ice rink, toboggan hill, snowshoe trail, fatbiking on designated trails, and disc golf course are free. Please note that biking or snowshoeing are not permitted on ski trails.
Are there washrooms onsite? Yes, there are washrooms and showers at the daylodge and there is an outhouse at Meadow Warming Hut on Banff Trail, 2.6 km from the daylodge.
Are equipment rentals available? Yes. See TrailSports (across from the Day Lodge) ski, Chariot, skate, and fatbike rentals. Call ahead and reserve gear to avoid disappointment.
Is the Canmore Nordic Centre open in summer? Yes, the Canmore Nordic Centre is open year round! Come summer, the park is a great place to hike, trail run, mountain bike (trails and skills park)!, roller ski, play disc golf, or practice orienteering. Best of all, there are no fees to use the park during the summer!
The big snow piles and tobogganing hill provide hours of fun for little ones!
We had such a great day, I can't wait to go back!
Canmore Nordic Centre Cross Country Ski Trails Map – also includes the 2.5 km snowshoe trail
Canmore Nordic Centre Live Grooming Report
Snowshoeing at the Canmore Nordic Centre – Buzz Bishop
More Places to Cross Country Ski
Where to Cross Country Ski in Calgary
Amazing Cross Country Skiing at Pipestone, Lake Louise (strong beginner and intermediate level trails)
The Best Beginner Cross Country Ski Trails in Lake Louise
Where to XC Ski in Calgary, Kananaskis, and Banff (scroll down to section 3)
AB Parkscross country skiingxc skiing
The Best Winter Gear for Kids: Buying Guide and Product Recommendations
Camping in Shuswap, BC – Herald and Shuswap Lake Provincial Parks


Please be reassured that further information on specific events will be communicated to those children/ classes/ year groups concerned as required.
There may be additions and/ or amendments to the schedule which will be advised.
As part of our School / Parent Partnership Scheme, we have set up a Parent Focus Group. This comprises a group of parents / carers who have volunteered to be part of the group to meet with academy leaders to discuss issues related to the provision and direction of the academy. Through this Parent Focus Group, parents can share their ideas and views about future developments at The Linden Academy and look for opportunities to support and raise the profile of the academy around Luton.
Regular, consistent and punctual attendance are key messages for all children at The Linden Academy. We place immense value on the support from our families in reinforcing these messages with their children as they progress through what is the first phase of their educational journey in their Primary School years.
Please click on the link below to view a summary of the school's perspective on the importance of consistent attendance. Our aim is for every child to achieve at least 97% attendance.
We describe the system using the term "Go for Green". You will see from the attendance document that the "green" band for attendance would be 96%+. We aim for every child to come within this range.
Curriculum Overviews for 2018-19 - Termly plans for eachyear group to follow.
Please see the link below for information presented to parents interested in an application for their child to attend one of the Buckinghamshire Grammar Schools in Year 7. The Linden Academy are fortunate to be able to have "Partner School Status" with the Bucks Grammar Schools. The benefit of this is that pupils applying may sit the entrance exam at The Linden Academy as a familiar setting.
Children in Key Stage 2 should wear their PE kit to school as their uniform for the whole day on the days of the week of their scheduled PE lesson as outlined in the document accessed by clicking on the link below. If there are any variations, families will be advised in advance.
Our calculation policy has been written in line with the programmes of study taken from the revised National Curriculum for Mathematics (2014). It provides guidance on appropriate calculation methods and progression. The content is set out in stage blocks under the following headings: addition, subtraction, multiplication and division.
Please access the "Learning in the Early Years" page for information regarding the use of "eylog" for recording of the children's Learning Journey as they progress through the Reception year.
Family guests in Years 5 & 6 were invited into school to find out more about an initiative that has been introduced at TLA, designed to promote and encourage progress in Reading as well as engage potentially reluctant readers in a renewed and more positive approach towards how enriching and purposeful reading can be. The programme has been adopted in Years 5 and 6 in school under the guidance of Mr Moore and Mrs Brown, our English, Library and Reading lead teachers. The children are already seeing the benefits and the staff, as well as the parents and carers are able to access the programme in order to utilise it as a valuable assessment tool when judging children's progress.
Please access the link below to view the information for families about this programme.
Modern technologies have a substantial role to play in consolidating your child's school learning when they are in the home environment. The documents below give details of links to websites that we use in school that can also be accessed from home. The documents are specific to individual year groups or Key Stages.


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Осман бей (, Калирои или Ξηροπόταμος, Ксиропотамос, в превод Суха река, до 1969 година Οσμάν Μπέη и Πίκρι) е река в Егейска Македония, Гърция, ляв приток на Галешово (Ставропотамос), част от водосборния басейн на река Бистрица (Алакмонас).

Описание
Реката извира в северните части на Одре, югозападно от Цакони и североизточно от Желегоже (Пендаврисо) под името Пикри. Тече първоначално на североизток и южно от село Желин (Хилиодендро) сменя посоката си на югоизточна, като така следва изцяло пътя на намиращата се на север Бистрица (Белица). Приема големия си ляв приток Бодацина и се влива като ляв приток в Галешово западно от град Хрупища (Аргос Ористико), малко преди вливането в Бистрица.

Бележки

Реки в Гърция
Дем Костур
Дем Хрупища
Водосборен басейн на Бистрица (Гърция)

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia