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SPACE AGE RECORDINGS
Does The Cosmic Shepherd Dream Of Electric Tapirs?
2xColoured LP
u/avbl
1 per customer
ORBIT041LP (#RSD19)
26 Apr '19
THIS IS A RECORD STORE DAY 2019 EXCLUSIVE, LIMITED TO ONE PER PERSON.
Mustard coloured heavyweight 180 gram audiophile vinyl double LP with new artwork layout. Re-mastered by John Rivers at Woodbine Street Studio especially for first time vinyl release.
Spacemen 3
Dreamweapon
ORBIT058LP
23 Feb '18
Digitally re-mastered by John Rivers at Woodbine Studios, November 2017 August 1988, Spacemen 3 embark on one of the strangest events in the band's already strange history. Billed as "An Evening of Contemporary Sitar Music" (although consciously omitting the sitar), the group would play in the foyer of Watermans Arts Centre in Brentford, Middlesex to a largely unsuspecting and unsympathetic audience waiting to take their seats for Wim Wenders' film 'Wings of Desire'. Spacemen 3's proceeding set, forty-five minutes of repetitive drone-like guitar riffs, could be seen as the "Sweet Sister Ray" of '80s Britain.
Their signature sound is at once recognizable and disorienting – pointing as much to the hypnotic minimalism of La Monte Young as to a future shoegaze constituency. On this double LP reissue, Dreamweapon is augmented by studio sessions and rehearsal tapes from 1987 that would lead up to the recording of Spacemen 3's classic 'Playing With Fire' album. 'Spacemen Jam,' featuring Sonic Boom and Jason Pierce on dual guitar, is a side-long mediation on delicate textures and psychedelic effects.
For All The Fucked Up Children Of This World
TV Catastrophe
Fixin' To Die
ORBIT039CD
28 Jul '17
Space Age Recordings are pleased to announce the first official CD release of the album "For All the Fucked Children of This World" featuring Sonic Boom a.ka. Peter Kember (Spectrum / E.A.R.) and Jason Pierce (Spiritualized). Released July 28th on Space Age Recordings. Presented in a shrink-wrapped 6 panel fold out card wallet and also available from the iTunes store as a digital download including a digital booklet this release is the latest release in an on-going co-ordinated campaign which will see the complete Spacemen 3 catalogue re-issued; properly managed and released on heavy weight vinyl and CD in a fold-out card wallet format.
For All the Fucked Up Children of This World" from the neo-psychedelic trio Spacemen 3 was first released as a bootleg record in 1995. The record consists of Spacemen 3's first ever recording session from 1984. The music itself sounds like a primitive version of what the group were to become; the dominating sound of the record is a slow, droning psychedelic blues performed with sparse instrumentation. A drum set is matched with a pair of distorted electric guitars, all of which provide a swirling foundation for Jason Pierce's vocals. The album's liner notes replicated here are actually an early review of the band by Gary Boldie, where he contemplates the city of Rugby and finds it an odd source for this new sound, and he declares Spacemen 3 as the "all singing, all dancing answer to the problems of a grey 1985.
29 Oct '01
Format Info
Limited edition (500 copies) available in triple colour neon case.
Long awaited new full length album from Sonic Boom, and it's packed full of atonal wonder.
FORMAT INFORMATION
CD Info: Limited edition (500 copies) available in triple colour neon case.


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We started in 1992 as a networking group for unemployed white collar workers, but today our focus is on career advancement for everyone, whether unemployed, underemployed, or employed and moving ahead. Today, most new Participants come into PAPEN when they are unemployed, or when that possibility is on their horizon. When they find a new or better job, many of them stay involved for the benefit it brings to their careers.
Most of our Participants work in professional, managerial, or technical fields, but no one is turned away. Most of our Participants have ten or more years of experience, but some are students or recent graduates. All of our Participants either live in the Pittsburgh area or are interested in moving here, and all of our Participants believe in the power of networking.
If you are (or want to be) a professional person living in Western Pennsylvania, you can benefit greatly by joining PAPEN. A donation of only $10 is recommended, and you can sign up at any meeting. If you don't presently live in the area, you can join by mail. The benefits start immediately, and by attending meetings regularly, you will make dozens of valuable contacts. One of them might lead to your next move forward.
To join, just fill out a Participant Contact Application. You can also download an application as an Excel file.
PAPEN has IRS 501c3 status therefore your donation may be tax deductible.


UF PhD Student in American Politics and Political Methodology.
I'm presenting two papers at MPSA 2019. The first is what I'm calling a methodologically expanded but semantically contracted version of my dissertation prospectus. (That is, more data but fewer words. Which is probably for the best-- the prospectus was literally 70 pages long sans bibliography. I was asked to "convince" my committee that "there's something actually there" and I may have gone a ta overboard). This specific presentation is looking at the effects of video games on political participation.
I'm conflicted about putting a working version of this paper up since it is, in effect, the kernels of two separate papers, one about media effects and another about social capital. Consequently, both sections are more sparse on the lit and theory than I'd like because I had a lot of ground to cover and could really only afford to use broad strokes. I still might for the sake of showing how the project is evolving and to invite feedback on general design, but I hate putting up things bellow a certain threshold of "imperfect" which I think this paper hits. We'll see. But, at the very least, the presentation is here and I'm more than happy to share that!
How Purple Were We in 2016?
Democrats and Millenials Prefer "Socialism" over "Capitalism." Why?


Fianna Fáil Spokesperson on Education Thomas Byrne TD has challenged Minister Richard Bruton to set out the steps he will take to tackle the growing use of prefab classrooms in schools.
Deputy Byrne made the comments after he revealed new information which shows that there has been a 30% increase in the use of prefabs between 2015 and 2017.
Deputy Byrne said, "Land costs, building costs and school age population are all up substantially. However, the increase in the capital budget for schools has not matched these rises. This has resulted in a situation where the school building programme is not keeping up with demand, which has led to a massive increase in the use of prefab classrooms.
"There are almost 1,300 prefabs in use in schools across Ireland. The Government's school building programme clearly isn't keeping up with demand. Minister Bruton recently promised to construct new schools, but at the same time he deferred vital building works which were aimed at reducing the need for prefabs.
"The Minister needs to accept that his capital budget is insufficient for the job at hand. Not only has it resulted in a huge increase in prefabs, but the five year capital plan is grossly delayed and many projects promised long before its publication have not even started yet," concluded Deputy Byrne.


HotelVoucherShop Gift Cards can be used to book 78,000 UK & Worldwide hotels. This includes over 1,000 major hotel groups and many independent boutique hotels. Use you hotel gift voucher to visit an exciting UK city or relax at one of many beach, countryside and spa hotels!
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The weekend of Bowling kicked off early on Friday evening, 3rd July, when Dinas entertained their nearest, and dearest rivals The Murch, in the hugely prestigious 'Village Cup'. It was great to see six full mixed rinks of bowlers enjoying a hugely enjoyable match, played out in a very friendly and sporting manner. As for the result, well Dinas came out on top, ahead in four of the six rinks, with one drawn, and were able to retain both the Cup itself and 'bragging' rights, at least until next season!!.
After the match all the players indulged themselves in a sumptuous buffet and marvellous company of friends both old and new to reflect on a super evening of bowls for the village.
On Saturday 4th July the Dinas 1st team took on the more serious challenge of a tough looking Carruthers Shield 2nd round trip to Skewen, who were clearly 'up' for the tie. On a fast and tricky surface it was perhaps not surprising that the home team started well, and after seven ends they held a very slender lead at 25-24. At this stage Chris Blake's rink was up by eight, with Alex Meddins trailing by the same amount.
By now however Dinas were getting to grips with the green and over the middle seven ends began to exert a measure of authority on the game, scoring 34 shots to the home sides 18 as they established a 15 shot advantage, with Meddins' rink fighting back to take a one shot lead and Ritchie Janes' four also moving seven ahead.
At this stage the very strong and experienced Dinas quartet of Matt Gershenson, Andrew Harvey, Clive Todd and Alex Meddins went into overdrive, outscoring their beleaguered opponents to register 20 shots to 2 over the final seven ends to complete a fine 35-16 victory.
Indeed this was to be the bedrock of a very solid 32 shot, 96-64 win for the villagers with Chris Blake's and Ritchie Janes' rinks also winning, by nine and seven respectively. Mike Ackland's rink battled through a very closely contested affair, before going down by two shots, but by then the victory had already been secured.
The victory sets up a last 16 away tie against Old Landorians, with the game to be played on Saturday 18th July.
To round off a hugely successful weekend the 'A' team, after a three week break, continued their unbeaten start to the PG2 season with a 90-78,10 point home victory over Guest Memorial, to notch their 5th straight win.
A super 32-8 win for Neil Giles' rink proved to be the decisive score of the afternoon, with all four on the rink playing their part in an excellent victory.


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Who are the next billion users and what do they want?
Plus RoadBotics and the future of infrastructure data
Danny Crichton	2 years
Entrepreneurs and tech executives are widening their gazes outside of developed nations for their next source of growth. Ubiquitous cheap phones and increasingly affordable phone plans such as Jio in India are helping another billion users join the internet. What do those users want though, and how are they the same and different than existing internet users?
That's the subject of a critical book by Payal Arora, entitled The Next Billion Users: Digital Life Beyond the West. The compact thesis encompasses a range of argumentative vignettes on how Western tech founders and non-profit executives misinterpret the needs of the global poor — and what internet access really means to them.
"Let's drop the morality and let's start engaging with the reality," Arora explained in an interview with TechCrunch. "Let's celebrate the mundane over the grand." That's the summation of more than two decades working with the global poor and engagement with issues of technology, social media, and entrepreneurship.
In her book, Arora, who today is a professor at Erasmus University Rotterdam in the Netherlands, argues against narratives that make it hard to see the global poor for who they really are. "The various templates about the global poor today — as blank slates, criminals, deviants, virtuous beings, entrepreneurs, self-organizers, victims, and more — is testament to the mystification strategies at play in the framing of this vast populace."
As she discussed with TechCrunch, "[The internet is] basically an always ongoing project, and it's constantly going to be shaped by the people who use it."
The global poor really want to "play"
Far from being "exotic," these users need many of the same things found in the West: entertainment, education, and romance. In fact, there is a huge intellectual gap between what Western product leaders believe these next users want, and what they really desire. When youth (and a huge proportion of these new users are young given demographics in emerging markets) acquire digital devices, their top priorities are often listening to music and communicating on social media like Facebook.
Indeed, the entire expansion of technology in many parts of the world are driven not by necessity, but by a desire to have fun. "From Jio to Facebook, these initiatives have at least one thing in common: they promote leisure usage to motivate people to adopt these new technologies," Arora writes.
She emphasizes the importance and challenges of notions of "play" in regard to this new digital divide. As she writes, "The concept of jugaad, or 'frugal innovation,' has become pervasive. How to get more from less is the name of the game." The bottoms-up innovation seen in places like India are a positive form of play, where users remix their technology to meet their needs.
Yet, that innovation is not always looked upon favorably by Western executives. Piracy can be rampant in developing economies due to the lack of resources available to pay for Western-priced media. "Legitimizing the ingenuity of the poor in creating a marketplace for digital leisure through pirated goods comes at the cost of disrupting the core business model of the Western media industries."
Privacy is much more complicated in these emerging markets
Every day in the West, there is news of data breaches and privacy violations. Europe has passed one of the most comprehensive policies to protect user privacy in the world with GDPR, and concerns around privacy on platforms like Facebook are hot issues in Silicon Valley policymaking circles these days.
Arora sees a much more complicated relationship with privacy for the global poor though. For these users, "privacy is not such a big issue, not because they don't care about privacy, not because they don't quite get it. […] But the fact that it is still — in relation to their actual lives — far more private," she said. In her book, she writes, "They are savvy hiders when they need to be, and active seekers when they need to be, especially when seeking happiness online."
These new users are often coming from very conservative and gendered societies, where even showing a woman's face can be grounds for punishment. Yet, women and men often use social networks like Facebook and Twitter as pathways around these rules, purposely using technology to intermediate their social lives. Plus, they can be fun. "Facebook is a 'happy' place. This matters a lot in [Brazil's slums known as] favelas, where young people's day-to-day lives are entrenched in poverty and violence."
Technology of course creates new sets of problems. Location-based technologies can help gangs target individuals for harassment or kidnapping. Romance scams are proliferating as young men and women try to find a relationship online. A scandalous image can be distributed to the shame of families and entire communities. Yet, these simple connections made through tech can make the burdens of living poor just a bit less hard.
For entrepreneurs, focus on the mundane
Arora's most trenchant criticism is when she analyzes the obsessive focus of Silicon Valley and its entrepreneurs on grand projects rather than on core needs.
She heavily criticizes Nicholas Negroponte and his One Laptop Per Child program (an argument that at this point feels redundant), along with Sugata Mitra of the Hole-in-the-Wall experiment that plopped computers in villages with the belief that it would transform education. In our interview, Arora said that "I'm not saying they were not inspirational, but they were brazen in the sense that it was so deeply arrogant."
Instead of looking for rocket ships and novel technology, she recommends that product designers simply offer the poor the dignity of meeting the needs they already express. Talking about the success of Jio in India, Arora writes that it's strategy "was motivated by the 'ABCD principle' dictating the online market in India — based on the fact that most Indian consumers use most of their data to access content on the Astrology, Bollywood, Cricket, and Devotion sites."
Some founders, government agencies, and aid groups find that conclusion hard to accept. They want to castigate such leisure pursuits and frivolity, arguing that users should be educating themselves and trying to "rescue themselves" out of poverty. Arora argues passionately that self-expression, the ability to explore sexuality, to engage with political opinions in a safer space, and more are absolutely the right of the poor to pursue. Memorizing molecular biology facts can take a back seat.
Next Billion Users doesn't have a single thesis to offer, to its credit and also detriment. Instead, Arora offers a selection of anecdotes, data, and perspectives to try to open the reader to a wider world. In that project, she has succeeded, and it is worth anyone who has users outside of SoMa to take in her cultivated point-of-view.
Our infrastructure problem is also a data problem
Image by 31moonlight31 via Getty Images
Written by Arman Tabatabai
We've been trying to dig deeper into how we got to such a broken system of infrastructure development and why we can't build anything.
This week, we spoke to Benjamin Schmidt, CTO of RoadBotics, a startup that collects visual imagery from a smartphone or dashcam and uses an AI / ML platform to identify all the deficiencies in the surrounding infrastructure. RoadBotics helps over 100 different governments in the U.S. — from big cities like Detroit all the way down to small towns — monitor, manage and understand the state of their roads and infrastructure.
The conversation offered great background on the misinformation – or the lack of information altogether – that muddies the infrastructure development process in the U.S.
Traditionally, governments monitor the state of their physical infrastructure manually – as in they literally have someone drive around and mark down how things look. So monitoring an entire system of infrastructure can be quite costly, and collecting clean data can be incredibly time-consuming. Given the expense, Schmidt said that some governments wait five and even ten years to resurvey their infrastructure, meaning they're planning, developing, and operating on outdated information.
The most poignant takeaway from the conversation came when Schmidt lamented how, after talking to more than 200 governments, he was shocked that practically none had a complete understanding of the state of their road networks. "Yet, when governments are asked how much money would be needed to upgrade their roads, they still offer up some definitive number even though they could not possibly know the cost."
The misinformation governments have on the state of their infrastructure, as Schmidt observed, is a huge issue for infrastructure planning and costs:
On the planning side, without accurately knowing what and where specific deficiencies lie throughout their systems, governments can't really develop infrastructure through the "minimal operable segments" model we discussed recently – where they work on smaller projects that can be built cheaper, more quickly and more efficiently. Instead, policymakers opt for megaprojects and overhauls of entire systems, which are hard to coordinate and have huge costs and geographic exposure that lead to the scope creep and political gamesmanship infrastructure expert Phil Plotch described in our recent conversation.
Schmidt pointed out that since many governments are severely behind collecting data on their infrastructure, it's now a massive undertaking for them to try to resurvey and understand it. Therefore, projects are often proposed and started without a fully comprehensive execution plan in place, with developers instead surveying and studying the infrastructure after approval, leading to the route and plan revisions that inflate costs by billions of dollars seen with California's high-speed rail project.
Even at a higher level, if governments don't know the state of their infrastructure, they don't know how much it's going to cost to fix. With no accurate idea of what the real bill may ultimately come out to, policymakers underestimate costs to push projects through and we see the drastic cost overruns that dwarf estimates in initial proposals or early plans.
Silicon Valley loves to analogize data as the "new oil," but governments still need to build their first wells if they are ever to bring infrastructure costs back to earth.
Perhaps some more challenges around data usage and algorithmic accountability
We have a bit of a theme around emerging markets, macroeconomics, and the next set of users to join the internet.
More discussion of megaprojects, infrastructure, and "why can't we build things"
To every member of Extra Crunch: thank you. You allow us to get off the ad-laden media churn conveyor belt and spend quality time on amazing ideas, people, and companies. If I can ever be of assistance, hit reply, or send an email to danny@techcrunch.com.
This newsletter is written with the assistance of Arman Tabatabai from New York

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


When I first entered into entrepreneurship, I took the idea of bootstrapping seriously, especially when it came to business travel. In fact, my business partner and I would take "budget traveling" to all new levels, often sharing hotel rooms that required us to wear socks at all times and sleep fully clothed on top of sheets.
Our goal was to save money, even if that goal required us to sleep with one eye open.
It was a number of years later when another entrepreneur and good friend suggested that the reasons people start businesses is so they can plan mini-vacations with business travel and expense the entire trip as business. He was mostly kidding, but the small part that was serious really hit home.
By strategically scheduling personal downtime in and around events, and by looking at the expense of travel as an opportunity rather than a burden, I was able to turn business travel into something far more enjoyable -- and actually enjoy my sleep while traveling.
So, as I plan for my visit to New York for this week's Entrepreneur 360 Conference, here are a few tips to help you mix a little pleasure into your next business trip.
1. Venture away from your destination.
On numerous occasions, I have attended a conference or trade show only to stay in the hotel that was hosting the event. While this was more convenient at times, especially during a conference heavy in events, I never had a reason to leave and therefore rarely ventured out to explore the city.
If your business travel permits, consider a hotel a few blocks away from your primary destination. When it is time for meetings, just take a walk and explore the city on the way. Research popular places to visit and map routes ahead of time. While you're at it, check into and consider extending your stay for local events, such as outdoor concerts and other cultural happenings.
Before you schedule your business trip, reach out to friends and associates that may live in or near your destination. In addition to being a great resource for things to do and places to see, your local friend might be able to help you schedule and secure rooms or reservations. Again, it is a great opportunity to meet up with associates or reconnect with old friends as part of your business trip.
Traveling by plane has never been easy. Long security lines and delayed flights are but a few of the expected pains of airline travel. The airlines' practice of double-booking, however, is one pain that offers opportunities for the ready traveler.
Next time you travel by plane, schedule flexible time before and after your flights. Since many airlines offer compensation to passengers who voluntarily give up their seats in the case of an overbooking, you can be ready to take advantage of the situation.
Arrive early and inform the gate attendant that you have flexibility in your travel plans and could volunteer your seat if needed. Be sure to ask about the compensation the airline is willing to offer in exchange for your seat. Most airlines will provide a voucher that can be applied to a future flight, but ask for one with no blackout dates. Also, if giving up your flight requires you to stay an additional night, the airline should provide you with a hotel room and meal voucher. Take advantage of the hotel amenities and free grub.
4. Enjoy a good meal.
It is never easy to eat while you travel, but with the right planning, you can avoid airport express marts and hotel buffets. Before you leave, ask for recommendations for popular local restaurants from friends, or conduct research on Yelp or other restaurant apps. Call ahead to make reservations and inquire about traveler deals, which restaurants often have.
Just remember to eat well and respect your body, because nothing will derail your travel plans faster than the potential health threats that can arise if you fail to take care of yourself.
With all of this said, make certain to familiarize yourself with the rules and regulations governing business travel and entertainment expenses. Use common sense, don't get carried away and always keep thorough records and documentation of the business reasons for your trips.
What other travel tips do you have? If in New York, what recommendations do you have for visitors attending the Entrepreneur 360 Conference? Please share in the comments section below.


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Nišapur (perz. نیشابور) je grad na sjeveroistoku Irana, smješten na plodnoj ravnici u podnožju planine Binalud, u blizini regionalnog središta, grada Mašhad. Nišapur je jedan od najvećih gradova iranske pokrajine Razavi Horasan. Prema predaji, grad je u 3. stoljeću osnovao Šapur I., veliki kralj Sasanidskog Perzijskog Carstva. Nišapur se nalazi na važnoj strateškoj poziciji na Putu svile.

Gradovi u Iranu
Gradovi na Svilenom putu
Razavi Horasan

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
Підгає́цьке джерело́ — гідрологічна пам'ятка природи місцевого значення в Україні. Розташоване на південній околиці міста Підгайці Тернопільської області, в долині річки Коропець, при в'їзді з боку міста Тернопіль, праворуч дороги.

Пам'ятка
Оголошене об'єктом природно-заповідного фонду рішенням Тернопільської обласної ради № 50 від 26 лютого 1999 року.

Перебуває у віданні Підгаєцької міської ради.

Характеристика
Площа — 0,08 га.

Під охороною — джерело питної води, що має важливе водорегулятивне, науково-пізнавальне значення.

Над джерелом відновлено дубовий хрест на честь скасування панщини 1848 року.

Джерела
 Бай І., Колодницький С. Підгаєцьке джерело //

Посилання
 Реєстр природно-заповідного фонду Підгаєцького району // Управління екології та природних ресурсів Тернопільської ОДА.

Джерела Тернопільської області
Природоохоронні об'єкти, засновані 1999
1999 у Тернопільській області
Підгайці


text:
Tourism Victoria - Regional Event Fund
Business Victoria
Creative Victoria
Victorian Multicultural Commission
VicHealth
There are several funding sources available to community and tourism organisations that hold events. Visit the external websites below to find out more about available grants.
A total funding pool of $20 million is available from 2016-17 to 2019-20.
This program is designed to support the attraction, development, marketing and growth of events in regional Victoria in order to:
increase economic benefits by driving visitation from outside of the region and the State and extending length of stay and yield
showcase Victoria's key regional tourism strengths and build Victoria's reputation as an events destination
develop a sustainable calendar of regional events
The program has two components:
Significant Regional Event Funding
Includes support for events of significant scale. These events will likely be of international and national significance.
Regional Events and Marketing Partnership Program (REMPP)
A contestable program designed to support events of varying scale, that are identified as having the potential to drive economic and branding benefits to the host destination, region and the State.
Segmented into three tiers in order to differentiate by size of event and support available.
Tier 1: Funding between $100,000 to $500,000 is available
Tier 2: Funding between $20,000 to $100,000 is available
Tier 3: Funding up to $20,000 is available
Grant Guru website
Search for grants, funding and support programs from across government to help our business grow and succeed.
Please note that you may need to meet certain criteria to be eligible.
Business Victoria website
Creative Victoria provides direct support to Victoria's arts sector through a range of funding programs. Together, these programs are designed to stimulate high quality, diverse arts activity across the state; strengthen Victoria's reputation as a centre for artistic excellence and creativity; and ensure that all Victorians have opportunities to participate in and enjoy the arts.
Creative Victoria website
The Multicultural Festivals and Events (MFE) Program offered by Multicultural Victoria has the following objectives:
showcase the vibrancy and contribution of Victoria's multiculturalism through regular celebrations and events that encourage participation of the whole community
foster cross-cultural awareness, understanding, respect, community unity and intercultural relationships
ensure that Victoria's multicultural communities can celebrate, preserve and share traditions in meaningful ways
build the capacity and experience of smaller or newer community groups to deliver events through the development of genuine partnerships between community organisations
Eligibility criteria applies.
Multicultural Victoria website
VicHealth provide grants for a variety of projects, with funds going to a range of organisations, both large and small.
You can register to be notified about upcoming funding opportunities.
VicHealth website
This page was last updated on 22 December 2020.


text:
El bombardeo de Hannover se refiere a los ataques aéreos sobre la ciudad de Hannover durante la Segunda Guerra Mundial, llevados a cabo por bombarderos de la Real Fuerza Aérea británica (RAF) y las Fuerzas Aéreas del Ejército de los Estados Unidos (USAAF). Con un total de 125 ataques (otras fuentes: 88) mataron 6782 personas. El ataque más letal lo llevó a cabo la Real Fuerza Aérea, durante la noche del día 8 al 9 de octubre de 1943, dejando 1245 víctimas mortales. Tras la guerra, se dejaron sin restaurar las ruinas de la iglesia de Aegidienkirche y de la capilla de San Nicolás Nikolaikapelle como memorial de las víctimas de la guerra y la violencia.

Interés estratégico y objetivos

Hannover, como capital de la prusiana Provincia de Hannover tenía al principio de la guerra 472 000 habitantes; al final de ésta sobrevivieron 217 000. La guarnición de la ciudad era una división de infantería, un regimiento de artillería y una Escuela Militar.

Al ser una ciudad industrial estaba en el rango 5 del Tercer Reich. Para la estrategia bélica tenía una importancia especial la producción de caucho y neumáticos de la fábrica de Continental AG en Vahrenwald y Limmer, la construcción de tanques Panzer y piezas de artillería de Hanomag y sus filiales MNH (Maschinenfabrik Niedersachsen Hannover) en Linden, Badenstedt, Wülfel y Laatzen, la Wülfeler Eisenwerke (Wülfel) y la Brinker Eisenwerke en Langenhagen-Brink. Como proveedor de la industria aeronáutica, la Vereinigten Leichtmetallwerke en Ricklingen y su sucursal en Laatzen, en la periferia sur (hoy Messegelände) también revestían importancia estratégica. Durante la guerra la gran refinería Deurag und Nerag en Misburg en la periferia norte era siempre bombardeada debido a su producción de combustible sintético y aceite de motor para la Luftwaffe.

Como cruce de ejes oeste-este y norte-sur era tanto entonces como hoy un nodo importante de la red ferroviaria.

Bombardeos

Primeros bombardeos, 1939 y 1940
Un primer "bombardeo" se realizó el 4 de septiembre de 1939: un Whitley-Bomber de la RAF lanzó panfletos. El 19 de mayo de 1940 fuerzas de la RAF bombardearon la refinería de Misburg. 19 hombres murieron. Seis aparatos británicos destrozaron el 30 de septiembre de 1940 varios edificios en Wülfel y Linden.

10 de febrero de 1941
Por primera vez se producen graves daños. El bombardeo de 220 aviones mata a 101 personas dentro de la ciudad.

26 de julio de 1943. Destrucción del centro
El bombardeo al mediodía de la 8a Fuerza Aérea de los Estados Unidos de América destrozó la mayor parte de centro de Hannover. Marktkirche, Altes Rathaus, Hauptbahnhof, la Ópera y Leineschloss fueron alcanzados y algunas partes se quemaron por completo. Alte Markthalle y Café Kröpcke fueron destruidos totalmente. 273 personas murieron.

9 de octubre de 1943. El "día negro"

El 9 de octubre entre las 1.05 y las 1.45 horas de la noche, 430 aviones de la RAF lanzaron 258.000 bombas incendiarias y 3.000 de fragmentación. 1.245 personas murieron y 250.000 se quedaron sin hogar. Schloss Herrenhausen quedó calcinado.

1944
Los combates aéreos derribaron el 11 de enero un caza alemán sobre un edificio de la empresa de limpieza Stichweh. 28 empleados murieron. El bombardeo de la USAAF del 18 de junio dejó 31 fallecidos. El 26 de octubre, otro bombardeo del centro provocó 201 muertes.

28 de marzo de 1945. Último bombardeo
Los últimos bombardeos sobre Hannover se produjeron el 25 y 28 de marzo de 1945. 600 bombarderos británicos y estadounidenses provocaron importantes daños, tres de los cinco cuarteles en Welfenplatz fueron afectados. El 10 de abril de 1945 las tropas estadounidenses ocupan la ciudad.

Referencias

Véase también
 Guerra aérea en la Segunda Guerra Mundial
 Bombardeo de Dresde
 Bombardeo de Hamburgo

Bibliografía
 Serie der Neuen Presse: Als die Stadt in Trümmern lag, Hannover vom Juli – Oktober 2003
 Jörg Friedrich: Der Brand. Deutschland im Bombenkrieg 1940–1945. Ullstein-Heine-List, München 2002, ISBN 3-548-60432-3
 Heinz Koberg: Hannover 1945. Zerstörung und Wiedergeburt. Schlütersche Verlagsanstalt, Hannover 1985, ISBN 3-87706-198-2

Enlaces externos
 Imagen aérea de 1945 de la ciudad bombardeada, archivo revista LIFE.
 Imagen aérea de 1945 de la Hauptbahnhof de Hannover, archivo revista LIFE. En la parte inferior izquierda, ruinas de la Oficina Central de Correos, hoy día galerías Erns August.
 Ruinas de la fábrica Hanomag en Linden, archivo revista LIFE. Abajo a la derecha, estación de Hannover-Linden/Fischerhof.

Historia de Hannover
Batallas del Reino Unido en la Segunda Guerra Mundial
Batallas de la Alemania nazi
Batallas de Estados Unidos en la Segunda Guerra Mundial
Alemania en 1945
Batallas del Frente Occidental (Segunda Guerra Mundial)
Masacres de la Segunda Guerra Mundial
Hanover
Alemania en la Segunda Guerra Mundial
Batallas en el estado de Baja Sajonia


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