Contained within our West Virginia Very Important Park Person (WVVIPP) Package, there was a brochure for Family Trails Day Weekend at North Bend State Park (NBSP). This weekend also encompassed the National Trails Day on Saturday. So, we packed up our vehicle and headed for a weekend of camping, biking, and hiking.
Passing through the rock and log entryway of the park, we stopped at the lodge to obtain our WVVIPP stamp and to check out the list of events happening over the weekend. They had a lot of fun, educational, and exciting activities planned. It wasn't possible for us to do them all. But, the information provided was enough for us to make a personal itinerary and get the most out of our weekend.
We decided to set up camp at the River Run Campground. The campground sits directly across from the North Fork Hughes River and adjacent from a fishing pond and campground check-in station; which sells ice and firewood. River Run Campground is the hub of biking and hiking trail activity at the park. From this location, you have direct access to the river, pond, check-in station, and trail access to the lodge, pool, shelters, bathhouse, playground, North Bend Rail Trail (NBRT), and many other trail heads.
Once our site was set up, we headed up to the lodge's dining room where we witnessed a beautiful sunset through their window surrounded dining hall and had two fulfilling 3-course meals for under $40. Even though we showed up a few minutes before closing, our waiter treated us with the utmost respect and kindness. He made us feel that we were at home and had all the time in the world, which made our experience truly unique. The only issue we had was seating for a toddler. There was no highchair, and the only booster seat available had no straps for the chair or the toddler.
Thursday night was perfect. We had a beautiful clear sky, the moon brightly shining, lighting up the entire campground with a light blue glow. The sound of the river trickling over the rocks, the reflection of the moon on the pond, and the sound of bullfrogs and whippoorwills in the distance made for a serene experience.
Camping at River Run Campground.
We tested our new Ozark Trail 10 Person Instant Cabin Tent, which is an A3 (3 Season), and it was incredible. 14×10 feet (4.2×3 meters) floor size at 6 foot (1.8 meters) tall, this tent can comfortably fit two queen mattresses, a small table, and the rest of our gear. The only drawback we had was the screen ventilation system on the roof. The majority of the ceiling is made from vented mesh and contains a canopy that drapes over the top to keep the inside protected from rain. Even with the canopy on, the vented mesh allows for heat to escape the tent. The vented mesh would have been great on a hot Summer evening, but it dropped down in the 40s which made the inside quite chilly. We utilized our good ole' Mr. Heater Portable Buddy Heater to keep us warm on those cold nights. But, we were easily going through an extra 1.5 pounds of propane per night on this trip.
Leo Having a Little Snack.
We awoke this morning, had some breakfast, and hit the trails. Our first hike was on the Hibb Cemetery Trail which is a constant grade and leads you by the old Hibb Family Cemetery and ending at the lodge. After strolling around the lodge, we walked down the park's main road to the Gibbon Nature Trail which is an easy connector trail back to our campsite. With our bodies warmed up and blood pumping, it was time to hit the North Bend Rail Trail (NBRT).
Our last time on NBRT, we headed East toward the town of Ellenboro. This time, we headed West to the city of Cairo. The trail leading into Cairo doesn't have the tunnel luster like the trail to Ellenboro. Still yet, the trail is a beautiful, a comfortable ride along the Noth Fork Hughes River to this old country town, named after Cairo in Egypt by its early settlers due to its water source and fertile land.
The town of Cairo is home to the National Register of Historic Places, Bank of Cairo. The Bank of Cairo, built in 1897, now houses the North Bend Rails to Trails Foundation. The town has a small bike shop, ice-cream shop, and restaurant for a nice quick visit and rests along the trail. We adventured a few miles past the town attempting to make it to the famous Silver Run Tunnel, Tunnel 19. But, we had to return to our scheduled Luminary Hike. Maybe it was best for us not to explore this haunted tunnel?
The Luminary Hike was the event of the evening. Hundreds of people showed up for this event. Every year the NBRT Foundation hosts the Luminary Hike. They light the connector trail from NBSP to and through tunnel 13 on the NBRT. Smoothed over with fresh gravel made this section of the trail not only safe to hike, but very stroller friendly. We didn't bring our Jeep All-Terrian Jogging Stroller, but our emergency Cosco Stroller worked flawlessly on the graveled trail. After walking through the tunnel, all gather to hear ghost stories of the area, park, and rail trail; including the Silver Run Tunnel tale. Everyone gets a free raffle ticket used to win prizes at the end of the stories. This event was a blast for young and old alike.
After a much-needed rest, we needed more sleep; we awoke to the sound of a much different campground. The sounds of the river, bullfrogs, and whippoorwills now replaced with the sounds of children playing in the river, pool, and playground. The sounds of bikes, people fishing, and families enjoying their weekend now filled the air. The camping weekend was now in full swing.
Heather fired up our Coleman Stove and made some much-needed camping breakfast burritos, which is always one of our favorites. It was going to be a busy trail day, so we loaded up our gear and headed to the opposite side of the park.
We drove to the lodge and started on the Giant Pine Loop Trail. With a difficulty of easy to moderate, the trail leads into and out of the valley below through an old pine thicket. You can see many large pines still growing, but sadly, some of the biggest ones lay on the forest floor. We then adventured down the park's main road to the Giant Tree Trail. The Giant Tree Trail is an easy trail and sadly had the same resolve. There were a few large trees. But, the Giant Tree fell back to its birth place years ago.
Bridge along the Giant Tree Trail.
While exploring these two trails, we also came across some old trails no longer used by the park. Old trail signage that has almost all but rotten away, old fitness trails no longer used, overlooks with railing, but the views obstructed by decades of forest growth. This side of the park was sorrowful to us. We could have only imagined what this site was like in the late 80s to early 90s. It would have been so nice to see this side as maintained as the sections we were camping at. But, it was still nice to explore this secluded part of the park and to imagine what it would have been like in its heyday.
After our morning hike, we headed out on our bikes to the Southern Railroad Trail. This trail is a low-grade rail trail leading out to the North Bend Dam. We then connected to the Lake Trail which would have taken us back in a big circle. But, I accidentally took us on the Castle Rock Spur Trail which led us to the spillway of the dam. At this time, we realized at some point Leo had taken his shoes off and tossed them into the woods. So, the game of, "Find Those Shoes!" began.
Heading back to the campsite, we were only able to find one shoe. Leo discarded one of them when entering the Lake Trail. Having no clue where he discarded the other, we decided to ride out and go through a few tunnels toward Ellenboro and call it a day.
We awoke this morning to the sound of the inevitable, the sounds of families loading up and heading home. After finishing breakfast, it was now time for us to go. But wait, there was one more visit we could make. If we get all of our stuff loaded up, we could swing by Cedar Creek State Park for our WVVIPP stamp. It is a park we had hiked all over before we knew of the VIPP program. So, this would be a way to help motivate us to pack and leave our little home for the weekend.
What an enjoyable and memorable weekend. There were many miles of hiking and biking under our shoes. Hearing the sounds of nature and families making memories. Listening to ghost stories and seeing towns of old. Having the glow of the moon, light our path. Staying warm by a campfire and enjoying campfire foods. Obtaining two of our VIPP stamps and mailing in our first National Trails Day Log Card. Receiving knowledge, experiences, and memories for our family. North Bend State Park, Thank You!
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Next articleElk River Water Trail, a Hidden Gem in Braxton County, WV.


text:
Christopher Tayler (1)
Jenny Diski (1)
Matthew Reynolds (1)
Slavoj Žižek (1)
Laurie Thompson (2)
Arnaldur Indridason (1)
Bernard Scudder (1)
David Hackston (1)
Diego Marani (1)
Don Bartlett (1)
Henning Mankell (1)
Håkan Nesser (1)
Jo Nesbø (1)
Judith Landry (1)
Lois Roth (1)
Maj Sjöwall (1)
Matti-Yrjänä Joensuu (1)
Per Wahlöö (1)
Slavoj Žižek: Henning Mankell, 20 November 2003
The Return of the Dancing Master
by Henning Mankell, translated by Laurie Thompson.
Harvill, 406 pp., £14.99, October 2003, 1 84343 058 4Show More
"... Henning Mankell's recent series of police procedurals set in the southern Swedish town of Ystad, with Inspector Kurt Wallander as their hero, is a perfect illustration of the fate of the detective novel in the era of global capitalism. The main effect of globalisation on detective fiction is discernible in its dialectical counterpart: the specific locale, a particular provincial environment as the story's setting ..."
Who'll be last?
Jenny Diski, 19 November 2015
"... the trophy by a mile – would be Oliver Sacks (announced 19 February – died 30 August), with Henning Mankell (announced 17 January – died 5 October) a close second. Lisa Jardine won a race of her own, staying shtum publicly, her death a surprise except to the few who knew. So Clive James (announced May 2011 – ?) and Diski (announced 11 September ..."
Der Jazz des Linguas
Matthew Reynolds: Diego Marani, 8 November 2012
New Finnish Grammar
by Diego Marani, translated by Judith Landry.
Dedalus, 187 pp., £9.99, May 2011, 978 1 903517 94 9Show More
The Last of the Vostyachs
Las Adventures des Inspector Cabillot
by Diego Marani.
Dedalus, 138 pp., £6.99, July 2012, 978 1 907650 59 8Show More
"... The book's plot is a more routine contraption, bolting together elements of David Lodge and Henning Mankell. Ivan has been brought to Helsinki by Olga Pavlovna, a Russian linguist who wants to display him at a conference to prove her theory of the hybridity and geographical dispersion of the Finno-Ugric languages. Somewhat implausibly, she lets him ..."
Give me a Danish pastry!
Christopher Tayler: Nordic crime fiction, 17 August 2006
The Priest of Evil
by Matti-Yrjänä Joensuu, translated by David Hackston.
Arcadia, 352 pp., £11.99, May 2006, 1 900850 93 1Show More
by Maj Sjöwall and Per Wahlöö, translated by Lois Roth.
Harper Perennial, 288 pp., £6.99, August 2006, 0 00 723283 7Show More
Borkmann's Point
by Håkan Nesser, translated by Laurie Thompson.
Macmillan, 321 pp., £16.99, May 2006, 0 333 98984 8Show More
The Redbreast
by Jo Nesbø, translated by Don Bartlett.
Harvill Secker, 520 pp., £11.99, September 2006, 9781843432173Show More
by Arnaldur Indridason, translated by Bernard Scudder.
Harvill Secker, 313 pp., £12.99, August 2006, 1 84655 033 5Show More
"... concerned with enlightened workplace practices and the everyday machinery of communal wellbeing. Henning Mankell's Inspector Wallander, whose popularity is responsible for the huge number of translations being published, is particularly vexed by under-regulation. 'They have no insurance,' an appalled policeman tells him at a crime scene thronging ..."

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Michael Kirkham Untitled 2012 oil on canvas 40 x 50 cm.
Jochen Mühlenbrink Bilder Einer Ausstellung (Triptychon) 2012 oil on canvas 220 x 280 cm.
Michael Kirkham completed his formal training at the Glasgow School of Artand De Ateliers in Amsterdam. After graduating, he lived and worked in Brussels for three years before moving to Berlin in 2002. His work is represented in the collections of Gemeentemuseum The Hague, Centraal Museum in Utrecht and the Museum voor Moderne Kunst Arnhem. In 2009 Kirkham took part in the exhibition Diana + Actaeon, Der Verbotene Blick auf die Nacktheit in Museum Kunst Palast, Dusseldorf. In 2011 his work was included in exhibitions in Sweden and Norway, and he took part in the exhibition Zwei Sammler in the Dreitorhallen in Hamburg in the summer of 2012 his work is to be seen in the exhibition Eros & Thanatos in the Werkschau in Leipzig.
It is like looking down onto an arena. The suggestions of tribunes and a playing field. Covert chaos on the tribunes. Danger that lurks after the last whistle has blown. With an arrow indicating the emergency exit. Or perhaps a place where a demonstration has just kicked off. The canopy of a kiosk. Vandalized street furniture. This could be the first impression you get from an associative reading of the images. You know what can happen when everyday objects are transformed and charged with meaning.
Or, quite simply, it is what it is. A cardboard background. Edged with adhesive tape with sticky glue – a restorer's nightmare. Tape that eventually dissolves and decomposes but was meant to last forever. The leftover fragments of paper with their torn edges all point to the centre; perhaps they are all that remains of posters. The lost subject as motif. With scratches, scrawls and traces of paint that tell us it has been used many times. You can zoom in on the tiniest detail. A voluptuous description packaged as a composition created by pure chance.
Now, however, completely different. Because everything is painted. All is illusion, presented to us so perfectly that we can't help believing it. And yet, unlike old Dutch trompe l'oeil still life's, this is not about the triumph of painting or putting the eyes of the viewer to the test. It is about the ability to rediscover oneself again and again – between precisely executed seduction and a self-aware, self-perceiving visual autonomy.
For Jochen Mühlenbrink, abstraction and subject go together. In search of capturing reality he simultaneously undermines it with every stroke of his brush, with the truth of colour and shape, light and shadow, space and plane, gesture and expression.
So doing, he justifies the use of artistic means to form an image of the world around us. Meaning and form: they are almost indistinguishable and yet completely separate. In this complexity lies the gravity of his work and in the self-evidence of his doubt lies our advantage.
Jochen Mühlenbrink won the 66. Internationale Bergischer Kunstpreis 2012. This text is written for the catalogue accompanying the 66. Bergische Kunstaustellung in Kunstmuseum Solingen.


text:
Olympic Medal Counts Revisited

While watching the Sochi 2014 Winter Olympics, it occurred to me that ranking countries by gold medals first, followed by silver and then bronze probably isn't the best way to do it. What if we weighted the medals and kept track of points instead?

If we tallied up the total points from each countries gold, silver and bronze medals based on their assigned point values, we could give each country a total overall "score". That way a country that had just one gold medal less than another, but far more silver or bronze medals would be ranked higher as a reflection of total performance.

To Do

<s>Add fields to model dynamically (medal counts, total count) (http://stackoverflow.com/questions/14488912/adding-a-computed-field-to-every-element-of-an-array-in-an-angularjs-model)</s>

<s>Add default orderby on total point count</s>

<s>Allow changing of the medal values (this may prevent adding fields to model)</s>

<s>Allow sorting by click (angularjs supports this somehow)</s>

Improve sorting - carry over sort order (https://docs.angularjs.org/api/ng/filter/orderBy)

Add rankings for other fields (total medals, add ng-click values to reset sorting)

Try changing the medal values for yourself or use one of the presets

				Gold value:
				<input class="form-control" ng-model="gold_value" ng-change="updatePoints()" />

				Silver value:
				<input class="form-control" ng-model="silver_value" ng-change="updatePoints()" />

				Bronze value:
				<input class="form-control" ng-model="bronze_value" ng-change="updatePoints()" />

		<button ng-click="medalValues(1,1,1)" class="btn btn-default">Normal</button>
		<button ng-click="medalValues(3,2,1)" class="btn btn-success">Weighted</button>
		<button ng-click="medalValues(5,3,1)" class="btn btn-info">Heavy weighted</button>
		<button ng-click="medalValues(10,5,1)" class="btn btn-warning">Very heavy weighted</button>
		<button ng-click="medalValues(25,5,1)" class="btn btn-danger">Extremely weighted</button>

				Country
				Sorted Rank
				Rank
				Gold
				Gold Points
				Silver
				Silver Points
				Bronze
				Bronze Points
				Total Medals
				Total Points

				{{country.country.text}}
				{{$index + 1}}
				{{country.index}}
				{{country.gold}}
				{{country.gold_points}}
				{{country.silver}}
				{{country.silver_points}}
				{{country.bronze}}
				{{country.bronze_points}}
				{{country.total}}
				{{country.total_points}}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
Women and Children in Sharia
Boris Johnson Impressed with Israel, Thinks Islam Leaves Much to be Desired
June 29, 2019 | Filed under: Islamophobia,Israel | Posted by: sabir
Boris Johnson is the front-runner in the Conservative Party to succeed Theresa May as Prime Minister. He has held a multitude of jobs in his hyperactive life. He was first a journalist, writing for The Times, the Daily Telegraph, and The Spectator. He wrote about politics, society, culture; a man of many interests, for a time he even wrote a column on cars. He was an MP from 2001 to 2008 and again from 2015; he served two terms as the Mayor of London, from 2008 to 2016, cleaning up the moral squalor left by Ken Livingstone, who had claimed that Hitler originally supported Zionism; Johnson was the Foreign Secretary in Theresa May's cabinet from 2016 to 2018, when he returned to Parliament as a backbencher.
He has a complicated and interesting ancestry. According to Wikipedia:
Johnson's maternal grandfather was the lawyer Sir James Fawcett. Johnson's paternal great grandfather was Circassian-Turkish journalist and political figure Ali Kemal, who served for three months as Minister of the Interior in the government of Damat Ferid Pasha, the Grand Vizier of the Ottoman Empire. With unequalled passion, Kemal condemned the attacks on and massacres of the empire's Armenians during the First World War and inveighed against the Ittihadist chieftains as the authors of that crime, relentlessly demanding their prosecution and punishment. Kemal was murdered during the Turkish War of Independence.
Kemal was the paternal grandfather of the British politician Stanley Johnson. On his maternal side Boris Johnson is of mixed English and French descent and is a descendant of King George II of Great Britain. Johnson's mother was Charlotte Fawcett. An artist from a family of liberal intellectuals, she had married Stanley Johnson in 1963, prior to their move to the U.S. She is the granddaughter of Elias Avery Lowe, a palaeographer of Russian-Jewish descent, and Helen Tracy Lowe-Porter, a translator of Thomas Mann. In reference to his varied ancestry, Johnson has described himself as a "one-man melting pot" – with a combination of Muslims, Jews, and Christians as great-grandparents.
Not everyone finds Johnson appealing. Some people regard Johnson as having quite deliberately constructed a public persona as a rumpled, upper-class twit (educated at Eton and Balliol College, Oxford), which has allowed him to be consistently underrated by his political enemies, whom he then manages to run circles around; others think he is a tad too ambitious. And, of course, he also has his many admirers, whom he does not disappoint. Whatever the case, he has certainly climbed not one, but several greasy poles, rather nimbly.
Johnson has not had much to say about Islam, "but what there is is cherce." He famously wrote in that he opposed banning veils, including burkas (he meant "niqabs"), in public. But he added that it was "absolutely ridiculous that people should choose to go around looking like letter boxes." This enraged Muslims, and many others, who raked him over the coals for his insensitivity.
Baroness Warsi, a Muslim in the Conservative Party, said that "What offends me is that Muslim women [should not be] a convenient political football to be used by old Etonians."
Johnson was then accused by others of "fanning the flames of Islamophobia" and described by Labour MPs as a "pound-shop Donald Trump."
Stewart Wood, a Labour peer, said on Twitter: "The general view of Boris Johnson's insulting remarks on Muslim women is that it betrays unthinking Islamophobia."
Some of his Conservative colleagues, too, including Theresa May herself, asked him to apologize for the "letterbox" remark, which he refused to do. There was much huffing and puffing, but Johnson held his ground. It was not just a funny remark, but an apt description of the niqab (which Johnson had conflated with the burka) — and once you hear it, you cannot forget. "Letterboxes." Of course, that's exactly what they look like. In fact, the comedian Rowan Atkinson (Mr. Bean, Blackadder), said that it was a very funny and accurate remark, for which Johnson need not apologize. That did more for Johnson than any statements by his political friends. You don't take issue with Mr. Bean.
Johnson has also been disturbed by what he has learned about Islamic texts. In 2005, he wrote an article in The Spectator about Muslims and their faith:
To any non-Muslim reader of the Koran, Islamophobia — fear of Islam — seems a natural reaction, and, indeed, exactly what that text is intended to provoke.
It is too bad that he described "Islamophobia" as "fear of Islam" instead of, more accurately, as an "irrational fear or hatred of Islam." He ought to have added that the word was deliberately put into circulation in the 1970s, apparently first in Iran, to call into question all critics of Islam by labeling their criticism a manifestation of "Islamophobia." He need only have written: "Muslims and their apologists have taken to charging all critics of Islam with 'Islamophobia,' that is, 'an irrational fear or hatred of Islam and of Muslims.' But to any non-Muslim reader of the Qur'an, it is perfectly rational to feel both fear and hatred of what is written in that book about Infidels."
Judged purely on its scripture — to say nothing of what is preached in the mosques — it is the most viciously sectarian of all religions in its heartlessness towards unbelievers.
No other British politician from a major party has been as clear-headed about Islam as Johnson here shows himself to be. It is no wonder that Muslims in the Conservative Party, like Baroness Warsi, are threatening to leave it should Johnson become Prime Minister. He's a threat — the Man Who Knows Too Much.
In the wake of the London bombings, Johnson also questioned the loyalty of British Muslims, and insisted that the country must accept that "Islam is the problem."
It will take a huge effort of courage and skill to win round the many thousands of British Muslims who are in a similar state of alienation, and to make them see that their faith must be compatible with British values and with loyalty to Britain.
That means disposing of the first taboo, and accepting that the problem is Islam. Islam is the problem.
What is going on in these mosques and madrasas? When is someone going to get 18th century on Islam's medieval ass?
Note that Johnson says that Muslims will have to change, will have to make their faith "compatible with British values and with loyalty to Britain," and not that the British must change in any way. Hovering in the background is the question of what might happen if it turns out that Islam simply cannot be made "compatible with British values."
Then there is Johnson's enthusiasm for Israel. On a trip to that country, he made such pro-Israel remarks that scheduled meetings with both a Palestinian youth group and an organization of Palestinian businesswomen were cancelled, as a sign of their displeasure at Johnson's denunciation of the BDS movement; a brief meeting with the Palestinian prime minister, Rami Hamdallah, did go ahead. What had Johnson done to earn such anger? During his three-day visit to Israel, he had repeatedly criticized the BDS movement's calls for a boycott of Israeli goods, describing the campaign as "completely crazy" and promoted by a "few snaggle-toothed corduroy-wearing lefty academics."
During his last trip to Israel, Johnson delivered the inaugural Winston Churchill speech in Jerusalem.
He said in that speech: "If we look at the history of modern Israel there is no doubt that the comparison [between Churchill and Israel] can be extended, and that there is something Churchillian about the country he helped to create. There is the audacity, the bravery, the willingness to take risks with feats of outrageous derring-do."
As Foreign Secretary, Johnson has lashed out at the "preposterous" and "absurd" focus of the UN Human Rights Council on the Jewish state, labeling it "disproportionate and damaging to the cause of peace."
Johnson has on one or two occasions been critical of Israel's use of force. After several months of violence at Israel's security fence with Gaza by Palestinians engaged in the Great March of Return, Johnson issued this statement: "I am deeply saddened by the loss of life in Gaza, where peaceful protesters are being exploited by extremists. I urge Israel to show restraint in the use of live fire." Johnson had been wrongly informed. Israel had already been exhibiting extraordinary restraint in the use of force. Those rioters were hardly "peaceful protesters"; they were throwing large rocks, Molotov cocktails, kites, even grenades, at soldiers, and letting loose incendiary kites that would come to earth in Israel, where thousands of acres have burned up as a result. Occasionally the Palestinians fired guns. These were never "peaceful protesters.'
Nor did Johnson realize just how much restraint the Israelis were displaying, using rubber bullets and tear gas to discourage the rioters, constantly broadcasting warnings to stay away from the fence, and using live fire only against those who arrived too close to the security fence. The Israelis aimed to hit rioters below the knees, but those who managed not only to get to the fence but were in the process of breaching it, ignoring all the warnings being broadcast in Arabic from the Israeli side, and all the while lobbing deadly explosives at Israeli soldiers, could expect at that point to be met with deadly force.
Boris Johnson is deeply disturbed about Islam; he apparently has done what so very few politicians in the West have done — that is, he has read the Qur'an. His conclusion that "judged purely on its scripture — to say nothing of what is preached in the mosques — it is the most viciously sectarian of all religions in its heartlessness towards unbelievers" is unassailable and bracing in its accuracy. If he continues in this vein as Prime Minister, he may yet undo the damage done by several of his predecessors, since the days of Tony Blair, in their solicitousness toward Muslims.
Johnson admires Israel — keep those words in mind — for its "audacity, its bravery, its willingness to take risks with feats of outrageous derring-do." He repeatedly denounces the BDS movement, and mocks it as full of corduroy-jacketed academics" of a leftward bent.
In short, when it comes to Islam and to Israel, Boris Johnson, who behind his smokescreen of japes has shown himself to be a much more serious student of Islam than, for example, Tony Blair, who claimed he carried a Qur'an around with him. It was not Blair, but Johnson who has actually read the Qur'an, for god's sake. Boris Johnson, that "one-man melting pot," is ready for his closeup. Let's hope he gets the chance.
Halaal is a Trojan Horse of Sharia Law
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FTC Gets Jurisdiction for Facebook Antitrust Probe
US Steel credits Trump as it restarts construction on factory
UK: Social media network promoting Western, anti-terror Muslim identity is covert government program
Switzerland: Citizenship revoked of Muslim convicted of recruiting jihad fighters for Islamic State
Canadian 'Srebrenica Genocide Denial Law': When Even the Truth Is No Defense
France: A police headquarters attacked by fifteen assailants screaming "Allahu Akbar"
Iran's Foreign Minister: If US retaliates for Saudi bombings, there will be "all-out war" with "a lot of casualties"
Jew-Hating Rep Rashida Tlaib Meets with Another Jihad-Terror Supporter
Rashida Tlaib and That Visit/Non-Visit to Israel (Part 1)
"Palestinian" jihadi convicted of attempting to murder German officials
VIDEO GIRL UNCHAINED: Muslim father chains up his daughter for 2 years for rejecting forced marriage
Two more violent assaults on Jews in Brooklyn amid calls for city officials to do more
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If the Democrat Party Wins….
Robert Spencer in FrontPage: Luke O'Brien's Search and Destroy Missions
Anti-sex trafficking leader praises ICE, Trump: 'No question' he's done more than previous presidents
Australia: "Experts" claim Muslim who slit woman's throat and screamed "Allahu akbar" is not a terrorist


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There are many different types of xenon HID headlights that you can choose from, and in large part, the decision is one that comes down to your personal preferences and requirements. Not everyone needs to opt for the high color temperature, brilliant blue lights of the 12000K range – in fact, our most popular model is white, at 6000k. Kits are available in different colors and corresponding brightness gauges, so you can decide what best suits your driving environment and motoring needs. Of course, it might simply be the case you are looking for lights that look snappy, rather than focusing solely on the pragmatics. Here, you have a wide choice of different options, each of which will deliver the same degree of bright, brilliant light, in a color to suit your preference. Whichever kit you come to choose for your car, you can rest safe in the knowledge that it has been manufactured to exacting standards, and intensely quality controlled at XenonPro.com, so you can focus on getting the most out of your drive without worrying about the quality of your headlights.
There are countless different reasons to choose xenon HID headlights, and this is to some extent why they have proven to be such a popular choice right across the world. If you are looking to upgrade your headlights, or you're even just considering changing your halogen bulbs, it is always worth thinking about the advantages and benefits that xenon HID models can deliver. The process for upgrading your headlights is a simple one, and our kits are designed to make it possible for even beginners, with no technical experience, to carry out the upgrade. This ensures that there is no need to take your car to a garage, or incur any additional charges for the labor of installing your xenon headlights – instead, simply choose your kit, wait for delivery, and begin the 30 minute process yourself, following our helpful instructions to the letter to ensure best results. With this in mind, anyone can upgrade their headlights to HID xenon bulbs.


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Meet Simbarashe Mhuriro, a 32 Year-Old Zimbabwean Who is Building Zimbabwe's Largest Solar Company
Mhuriro expressed that his desire is to build a home-grown Zimbabwean renewable energy company that will build significant market shares in its field.
By Takudzwa Hillary Chiwanza.
Zimbabwe is an interesting and intriguing place where, despite the tough economic climate, young entrepreneurs continue to rise and continue to solve some of the hardest problems the country, and even the continent, is facing.
Such is the case of 32 year-old Simbarashe Mhuriro, who is building the largest solar company in Zimbabwe. He decided to venture into the renewable energy arena, and he has done exceptionally and remarkably well. He is the founder and Managing Director of Oxygen Energy Private Limited. Oxygen Energy is an independent power producer and renewable energy development company that specialises in utility scale power plants and commercial rooftop projects.
Simbarashe Mhuriro's incredible journey has been very extraordinary. He recently spoke to Forbes chronicling the multi-million dollar plans of Oxygen Energy. Mhuriro expressed that his desire is to build a home-grown Zimbabwean renewable energy company that will build significant market shares in its field. So much is his burning zeal and passion that he hopes his company will one day be listed on the Zimbabwe Stock Exchange.
In ensuring that his plans come to fruition with the desired impact, Oxygen Energy is going to partner with Old Mutual Zimbabwe on a 20MW commercial rooftop solar project spread across its entire property portfolio of commercial and industrial buildings at a cost of $28 million dollars. Mhuriro is optimistic that this ground-breaking project will save Zimbabwe up to $4.5 million in import substitutions of power per year.
Entrepreneurs who have an insatiable hunger for success have the ability to forge good and solid partnerships that yield into substantial results. Simbarashe Mhuriro's project is now close to implementation and he has enlisted the help of Jabil Energy, a subsidiary of Jabil Inc USA and Soventix GMBH Germany as the engineering and construction partners to the project.
The project has received considerable support from within Zimbabwe, with the major support coming from the Ministry of Energy & Power Development, National Project Status from The Ministry of Finance & Economic Development. Mhuriro holds a strong belief that renewable energy has the opportunity to attract foreign FDI or if locally funded substitute the importation of power and the economy cannot grow without reliable sustainable power. According to him, there is an opportunity for young men and women to participate right across the value chain of a project from financial & legal advisory, procurement, engineering and construction.
Mhuriro also had the chance to speak with Russia's leader Vladmir Putin. He was invited to make an address on African Energy access at the opening ceremony of the 19th edition of the World Festival of Youth & Students organized by the World Federation of Democratic Youth (WFDY), a United Nations-recognized international youth non-governmental organization, jointly with the International Union of Students since 1947 and is the largest gathering of youth and students in the world.
Mhuriro's bold plans are an attestation of the sheer determination exuded by the young entrepreneurs rising in Africa who are deeply committed to developing the continent. With how the population of Africa is surging, renewable energy will become more and more important than ever before.
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module DockerLoggable
  extend ActiveSupport::Concern

  included do
    def docker_logs
      Container.logs(container_host, container_id)
    end
  end
end


In case you are planning to travel for a vacation in the near future, you have to look for a travel information that you can trust. Ideally, you have to get the right traveling details so as to help you organize your entire holiday plans. This site helps you choose a reliable travel details that will not only help you choose most suitable destination for your vacation but also help you organize your holiday in a very good manner. You will discover more here various attributes of a good travel website considering that there are various sites out there each claiming to give reliable travelling details.
To start with, a good website is more than just pretty pictures. It is true that travelling firms have to engage and captivate online visitors, but they should also make sure that the online customer also has very easy time when accessing any travelling details that he or she may be in need of. The best approach to handle this is having a website that offers an excellent predictive search such that it should give results as per the city or the name of hotels that you may be planning to spend your holiday.
Fret not if you don't have a definite destination in your mind because a good website should have a very good helpful tool. The helpful tool is there to help you remember some sites which you visited earlier but you never took them seriously as potential sites that you can visit. This means, you should choose a website which has a favorites button which is normally placed at the top of the listing to take care of numerous browsers who don't have a precise destination in their mind.
It is also a plus to choose a website which is very rated by its users or browsers. If the website if very well rated, then you can source reliable travel information from it but if it is not, please don't because customers don't lie.
Content is king, meaning that you should go to a website with very clear descriptions. The reason behind this is there are various operators out there which are offering holidays to identical destinations. To stand out from the crowd, go for a website that is very elaborative such that it gives you clear directions to a holiday that will give you the best holiday experience.


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The Vugesta (also VUGESTAP) for "Vermögens-Umzugsgut von der Gestapo" ("Property Removed by the Gestapo") was a Nazi looting organization in Vienna that from 1940 to 1945 seized the possessions of 5,000-6,000 Viennese Jews. It was a key player in the aryanization of Jewish property, redistributing private property stolen from Jewish Austrians to non-Jewish or Aryan Austrians during the Nazi reign in Austria.

Creation
On August 22, 1940, the Reich Minister of Justice issued a decree to the Reichsverkehrsgruppe Spedition und Lagerei (Reich Transport Group Forwarding and Storage). Jews who fled lost their citizenship and their property was seized and resold.  Proceeds went to shipping companies, warehouses and regional tax authorities in Vienna and Berlin.

The Vienna Gestapo founded the VUGESTA to auction off Jewish belongings beginning on September 7, 1940.

Karl Herber managed the Vugesta, headquartered in the "Reichsverkehrsgruppe Spedition und Lagerei / Ostmark" (formerly Central Association of Freight Forwarders for Austria, Vienna 1, Bauernmarkt 24). A collaboration between Austrian freight forwarders, Austrian warehouses and the Gestapo, the Vugesta  employed 12 people.

The Gestapo, the Vugesta and the Dorotheum
In the first few years, the VUGESTA concentrated on property stolen from Jews fleeing Nazi terror or deported to camps. Jews were obliged to hand over their packed removal goods (so-called "lifts") to forwarding agents before they left. After the beginning of the Second World War, however, these "lifts" were no longer forwarded, but remained with the freight forwarders or at intermediate stations.

Freight forwarders were also obliged to report on Jewish clients. In these cases, the Vugesta and Gestapo confiscated the property. The looted property was auctioned off through the Dorotheum, in Vienna.

Nazi party members, soldiers and local authorities could purchase the looted property along with war invalids, and people who had lost their homes. The Nazi Party controlled the seizures and the auctions.

By the end of 1943, most of the property looted from Jews had been resold. After that, the Vugesta concentrated on selling off the deported Jews' home furnishings. To this end, the Krummbaumgasse furniture recycling center (headed by Bernhard Witke and Anton Grimm) worked closely with the Central Office for Jewish Emigration initiated by Adolf Eichmann. The appraisers were given addresses and keys to the apartments, which were then cleared by forced laborers.

Valuables and works of art
All artworks and goods with an estimated value of over  were auctioned through the Dorotheum- unless the Führer reserved them for himself. Hans Posse, the special representative for the Linz Führer Museum, had first pick. Museums had right of first refusal and purchased many artworks looted from Jews. After that, the Vugesta appraisers such as Bernhard Witke or Anton Grimm, had access. Only when Nazi officers, art dealers and other favorites showed no interest were the goods sold to museums, dealers and private individuals via public auctions.

Business volume
Vugesta's proceeds for the years 1941 and 1944, are estimated at , of which  came from the Dorotheum auction house.

From the early autumn of 1940 until the end of the war, the Vugesta seized and sold the belongings of around 5,000 to 6,000  Jews and the home furnishings of at least 10,000 Jewish families who fled or were deported for over five million Reichsmarks. In addition, the Vugesta made a further ten million Reichsmarks by selling items through the Dorotheum auction house. The profit from these sales financed the Nazi Reich.

Whitewashing theft
The legal-looking transactions at the prestigious Dorotheum were used to whitewash the Nazi-looting of the objects sold. In 1997, Oliver Rathkolb described the mecanism in From 'Legacy of Shame' to the Auction of 'Heirless' Art in Vienna: Coming to Terms 'Austrian Style' with Nazi Artistic War Booty in a chapter called "the whitewashing problem"
In her study of Nazi looting of art collections in Vienna (Was einmal war Handbuch der enteigneten Kunstsammlungen Wiens) Sophie Lillie detailed the mecanism by which theft was disguised as repossesion for repayment of debt. The Art Newspaper summarized this process in a review of her book:When a Jew applied to emigrate, in theory only 25% of his goods went to the State. An inventory was submitted and the Zentralstelle für Denkmalschutz decided which works of art were of national importance and these were "made secure", ie; confiscated. It was rare, however, for what was left to be reunited with the owner, who had usually already fled to an unknown destination. Instead, it sat in Nazi-owned warehouses, which sold the goods to pay the "storage charges" that the owner obviously could not cover. A frequent penalty for emigrating was to be stripped of citizenship, and at this point all goods fell to the State, which would sell them as "property of a Jew" through the State-owned auction house, the Dorotheum, or the dealership of VUGESTA, the branch of the Gestapo responsible for the valuation of emigré goods.

Examples of looting by the Vugesta
 The Kraus Family ("When the National Socialist regime deprives all Jews living abroad of their German citizenship, the property of the Kraus family is classified as 'property of the enemy'.  As a result, it is administered by the 'Verwertungsstelle für jüdisches Umzugsgut der Gestapo' (Gestapo Agency for Jewish Property, or Vugesta), which auctions the looted objects in the Dorotheum auction house or sells them by exhibiting them in Vienna.")
 "144 acquisitions by museums from the Vugesta (the Gestapo office for the disposal of the property of Jewish emigrants) and with regard to more than 200 "aryanised" works acquired by Julius Fargel, the art restorer of the municipal collections and expert assessor of paintings for Vugesta."
 Erich Wolfgang Korngold: "The ANL concluded after its investigation that its Korngold holdings had been confiscated and transferred to the ANL by the Vugesta. Among these materials were 2,122 letters to Erich Wolfgang Korngold, and his father Julius, the prominent Viennese music critic; other important Korngold music library materials remain unaccounted for today.
Bruno Jellinek: "The original owner of the painting, the Czech businessman Bruno Jellinek, fled Austria following the "Anschluss" in 1938; his art collection was confiscated by the Nazi authorities and sold, partly to private individuals, partly to state collections. The Ostade painting was confiscated by the VUGESTA (Secret State Police Administration Point for Jewish Removals) and brought to the Dorotheum auction house; however, it was sold to the Art History Museum on 2 December 1941 for  before its planned sale at auction."
Bernhard Altmann, Richard Beer-Hofmann, Hugo Blitz, Oscar Bondy, Caroline Czeczowiczka, Hans Engel, Ernst Egger, Josef Freund, Elsa Gall, Robert Gerngross, Daisy Hellmann, Bruno Jellinek, Siegfried Kantor, Gottlieb Kraus, Klara Mertens, Moriz und Stefan Kuffner, Stefan Mautner, Oskar Reichel, Louise Simon oder Siegfried Trebitsch.

Restitution
On 29 April 1999, the Vienna City Council decided that art acquired by questionable means (theft, confiscation, expropriation) during the Nazi era by the city's museums, libraries, archives and collections should to be returned to their original owners or their legal successors.  Vugesta purchases between1940 and1945 was one of the three categories recognised by the Vienna Museum as looted property.

The Vienna Museum published a list of artworks it had purchased from the Vugesta that had been looted from Jews.

See also
 Nazi plunder
 The Holocaust in Austria
 Unser Wien

References

External links

 List of items at Vugesta
 kunstrestitution.at: Vugesta
 demokratiezentrum.org: Vugesta
 yadvashem.org: Vugesta - Verwaltungsstelle der Gestapo, welche jüdisches Eigentum veräusserte
 Sophie Lillie, Was einmal war: Handbuch der enteigneten, Kunstsammlungen Wiens (Czernin Verlag, Vienna, 2003) 1,440 pp, 354 b/w ills, €69 (hb), ISBN 3707600491

1945 disestablishments
1940 establishments
Gestapo
Nazi-looted art
Persecution of Jews
Looting in Europe
Austria under National Socialism
Holocaust-related organizations

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


Two people might go through life with very similar circumstances, one choosing to see life as a painful struggle while the other chooses to see the magic in the mess, the miracles behind every challenge.
Whatever meaning you give to your life… is your life.
Those who choose to focus on the positive, will of course see more positive.
Next time you're feeling low, turn to these short positivity quotes to get you back on track.
The greatest rewards in life come to those who follow their own path. Not the path your family or friends want you to follow. Not the path you think will make you more money, or help you to fit in with society.
Something lights up inside when you go after the life you want. A passion and deep purpose emerges that you'll never find settling for a life you don't want.
Embracing the adventure that is chasing your dreams is something we all should strive for. Believe that you can manifest your dreams and relish the journey with a positive mindset… the ups and downs, twists and turns…all of it.
The most beautiful things in this world aren't things. All things that matter come from your presence, from your inner being.
If you're stuck in a negative mindset you'll never be open to this amazing truth.
1. By choosing to see the positive in each situation, you'll be able to see MORE. You'll be able to see the opportunities that the pessimistic will miss. You'll likely be able to turn the challenge into a victory much sooner as well.
2. Stay away from negative people, not only do they have a problem for every solution, they will no doubt bring you down to their level as well.
Crazy is only crazy to those who don't have a future vision or a positive outlook.
Negative people will never change the world, nor will they create anything of value while stuck in that mindset.
Believe anything is possible and one day you may achieve something considered impossible.
It takes a positive mindset to move through fear and embrace courage… but when you do, opportunities are limitless.
We all have life challenges. Circumstances vary, but we all fight battles no one knows about.
Only those who are 'looking at the stars' – remaining positive, keeping faith and living in the present will notice the magic of this world. Keep looking up, at the stars.
Regardless of how old you are or how you've chosen to live your life until now, today can be the first day of the rest of your life. Wherever you are today, you can choose to embrace a positive attitude and mindset.
You can choose to make this the day everything changes.
To make a commitment, to start that course, to start thinking and acting in a way that your future self will be proud of.
Maintaining a positive mindset can help your mind and heart stay in sync to keep your vibration at higher levels.
When you live with the intention to serve, to give, and to lead with your heart, there is no room for hate or negativity. Choose kindness. Choose to lead with love.
The choice to remain in your comfort zone may be easy in the beginning, but it will only ever lead to a harder life in your future. Challenge yourself to live the life you really want, yes, it will be tougher in the beginning, but everything worth the prize is worth the fight. Face your fears head on with a positive spirit and a deep belief that you can do it, and will achieve it if you are committed to it.
You choose. You don't choose the circumstances that arrive in your life, but you always choose what every circumstance means, you choose how you REACT to each event in your life. Choose consciously. Choose positivity.
With a negative mindset, we aren't able to feel in harmony within ourselves in order to share our positive energy with others.
With a positive mindset, we have a warm beautiful energy that exudes to others and brightens their lives, as well as ours.
Things are not always as they seem. Before you judge another person or situation, ask yourself if there could be a deeper meaning, ask yourself if you are capable of a more compassionate response.
Look beyond each difficult moment with an open mind and positive attitude and you'll develop the ability to see a deeper meaning that might just enhance your life.
Be one of the few human beings who live to make others lives better. Be the change you wish to see in the world.
Let your imagination soar to new heights with a positive outlook and not dwell in the dregs of potential negative outcomes. The power of positivity is endless and remarkable.
Next ArticleThe Down Side Of Positive Thinking: Is It Really All That Beneficial?


Photograph of a chandelier at the DeGolyer Estate. The metal light fixture is engraved with an intricate floral pattern, and the light is casting a shadow onto the ceiling. A stamp on the back names the image as an official staff photo from the city of Dallas.
Photograph of a chandelier at the DeGolyer Estate. The metal light fixture is engraved with an intricate floral pattern; an inscription is written in Latin around the middle of the chandelier. A stamp on the back names the image as an official staff photo from the city of Dallas.
Photograph of a bay window at the DeGolyer Estate. The five-sided window has multiple panes that reflect the backyard. A stamp on the back names the image as an official staff photo from the city of Dallas.
Photograph of two chandeliers at the DeGolyer Estate. The image was taken from another room to show not only the chandeliers but also the carved wooden doors. A stamp on the back names the image as an official staff photo from the city of Dallas.
Photograph of the view of White Rock Lake at DeGolyer Estate. A grassy field and trees are in the foreground; the lake and opposite shore can be seen through the trees. A stamp on the back names the image as an official staff photo from the city of Dallas.
Photograph of the back view of DeGolyer Estate. The light-colored stone building has a stair case to the back yard. The yard has trimmed hedges and very tall trees. A stamp on the back names the image as an official staff photo from the city of Dallas.
Photograph of the entrance of DeGolyer Estate. The light-colored stone building has metal bars over the window and ivy above the front door. A stamp on the back names the image as an official staff photo from the city of Dallas.
Photograph of a metal gate at the DeGolyer Estate. The gate seems to be made by hand due to the imperfections in the decorations. A stamp on the back names the image as an official staff photo from the city of Dallas.
Photograph of the DeGolyer Estate ceiling. The octagonal coffered ceiling is carved in an intricately designed pattern. A stamp on the back names the image as an official staff photo from the city of Dallas.
Photograph of the garden at the DeGolyer Estate. The trimmed hedges flank a grass clearing that leads to a round stone fireplace. A stamp on the back names the image as an official staff photo from the city of Dallas.
Photograph of the garden at the DeGolyer Estate. The garden and trees are in the foreground. A covered patio with a tile roof is on the left and a mission bell is in the background. A stamp on the back names the image as an official staff photo from the city of Dallas.
Photograph of the garden at the DeGolyer Estate. The wooden pergola covered in ivy is above a grass walkway. An unidentified man is walking through the garden. A stamp on the back names the image as an official staff photo from the city of Dallas.
Photograph of the porch at the DeGolyer Estate. The light-colored stone arches face a grass backyard with trees providing shade. A stamp on the back names the image as an official staff photo from the city of Dallas.
Photograph of the oak room at the DeGolyer Estate. The room has floor-to-ceiling wooden bookshelves on all of the walls. The carpet has an intricate pattern, as well as the fireplace. A light-colored sofa is still present in the empty room. A stamp on the back names the image as an official staff photo from the city of Dallas.


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Tuition Rates and Fees
Taking into consideration recommendations of the President, the Board of Trustees approves tuition and fees. When the Board of Trustees determines changes to tuition and/or fees are necessary, the changes will be announced in reasonable advance of the next registration period. The academic community of the College will be informed of changes to tuition and/or fees through the website: http://www.cambridgecollege.edu and in the next printing of the academic catalog and other appropriate means including appropriate notice to students attending affected regional centers.
For unusual circumstances where an academic program, in conjunction with a contractual obligation or otherwise, proposes a tuition discount, the president will determine based on the Provost's recommendation.
For unusual circumstances where minor fee changes ar appropriate, the president will determine changes based on the recommendation of the Vice President for Finance and Administration.
Individual Responsible for Revision and Implementation: Vice President for Finance and Administration and/or the President
Updated September 2013


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Fenton's Struggles In Merry Wives Of Windsor
The Merry Wives of Windsor tells the story of a small town disrupted by an outsider, of high stature, who reveals the characters of Windsor's darker traits. While Shakespeare's play mainly focuses on the intrusion of the portly knight, John Falstaff, and his rippling effect in the town, it also displays other events and stories independent of Falstaff's havoc. Besides the focus that is aimed at the wives whom Falstaff intends to seduce away from their husbands, another intricate story manifests itself, independent of Falstaff's mayhem. The story of love between Ms. Anne Page and her preferred suitor, Fenton, tells of the boy's struggle for her love and his competition with the other men who ...view middle of the document...
) An obstacle facing Fenton in this beat is the deception of Mrs. Quickly. Twice already she has told Fenton's competitors that Anne Page is interested in them. So when Mrs. Quickly tells Fenton that Anne loves him, he is fooled, and although he thinks he accomplishes his immediate goal, he truly does not. Within the same scene another beat arises, because after learning that "Anne loves him," Fenton desires to gain Mrs. Quickly's preference and for her to put a good word out to Anne about him.Fenton:… Let me have thy voice in my behalf. If thou see'st her before me, commend me.Mistress QWill I? I' faith, that we will…The dialogue above shows what Fenton wants in this beat, and his motivation is the same as the beat before. This dialogue also shows that Mrs. Quickly seems to agree, which suggests to Fenton that he has again achieved what he wanted. Yet, nay, the obstacle of Mrs. Quickly's deception foils Fenton's goal once again. For her dialogue after Fenton exits suggests the truth: that Anne does not love him, and that Mrs. Quickly has no preference for who Anne should marry, yet, and thus she has no intention of commending Fenton to Anne.Another important beat in the play that expresses Fenton's momentary goal, and whether he achieves it or not, comes from III, iv, 1-20. Another beat in the same scene follows this beat, but each beat represents a different goal, and obstacle for Fenton. In this beat, Fenton's goal is to convince Anne to let go of her desire for him to gain her father's approval in order to gain her hand. In this beat, we discover Fenton's original motivation for his overall goal in the play, and his new motivation.Fenton:… Albeit I will confess thy father's wealth; Was the first motive that I wooed thee, Anne; Yet, wooing thee, I found thee of more value; Than stamps in gold or sums in sealed bags. ; And tis the very riches of thyself that now I aim at.Anne:Gentle Master Fenton; Yet seek my father's love, still seek it, sir.This dialogue also shows what was one of Fenton's obstacles, and how he was able to overcome it. His obstacle was convincing Anne that he didn't love her just for her money, and he convinces her. However, he is not able to convince her to let him stop...
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Q: Eclipse CDT MySql unknown type name 'ulong' I am trying to compile a c program that uses MySql. I am using Eclipse CDT on Ubuntu 14.04, I have executed  sudo apt-get install libmysqlclient-dev from a terminal. When building the program in eclipse I get a series of "unknown type name" for ulong, uint, etc
Code
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <mysql.h>
#include <my_global.h>

int main(void) {
    puts("!!!Hello World!!!");
    printf("MySQL client version: %s\n", mysql_get_client_info());
    return EXIT_SUCCESS;
}

On project/build project (or project/clean) I get:
08:20:26 **** Build of configuration Debug for project CTest1 ****
make all
Building file: ../src/CTest1.c
Invoking: GCC C Compiler
gcc -std=c99 -I/usr/include/mysql -O0 -g3 -Wall -lmysqlclient -MMD -MP -MF"src/CTest1.d" -MT"src/CTest1.d" -o "src/CTest1.o" "../src/CTest1.c"

In file included from ../src/CTest1.c:14:0:
/usr/include/mysql/my_global.h:971:1: error: unknown type name 'ulong'
 typedef ulong nesting_map;  /* Used for flags of nesting constructs */

^
What am I missing?  BTW compiled and ran a simple c program that did not use mysql.

A: Set ...
#include <my_global.h>
...

...as the very first include.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
Why did it take an army of physicists, working on a huge complex, so long to produce a working nuclear device, while it seems so easy in theory?
I think most of us know about the construction of the first atomic bomb at Los Alamos, with Robert Oppenheimer (who said he became "The destroyer of worlds", which goes to show he regretted his participation; nevertheless he did participate) in charge of an enormous complex where many, many brilliant physicists (including Feynman) were offered (ordered for participating in?) a well-paid job, housing, food and drink, etc. The project was initiated by Einstein after sending a letter to Roosevelt (correct me if I'm wrong), which seems to contradict his pacifist attitude. But that's not that relevant to my question. Which is:
Why did it take such a long time (2-3 years) for all these men (and some women), working on that enormous complex, to construct an actual working device [the first test (called the Trinity nuclear test) hit the jackpot], while in principle you "just" have to smash together two masses of Plutonium below the critical mass, which after the smash have a mass above that mass? That was known (i.e. in theory) at the time. Was it because it was the beginning of the atomic era, and there was still much to learn? Was it to prevent failure? I've read many times the Nazis were on the verge of constructing one too, and I suppose the Americans knew that too. So why not hurry a bit more? "Luckily", the Americans were first, though there were two dropped on Japan since Germany had already surrendered. Even a third was planned to be thrown because there could be used three different elements in the bomb, and the Americans wanted to see how all three exploded. The second one, dropped on Nagasaki, was i.m.o. totally superfluous. By the way, the only relevant tag I could find was "nuclear physics".
nuclear-physics world-war-2
Martin Schröder
Deschele SchilderDeschele Schilder
$\begingroup$ From what I recall when reading about this in various sources (biographies of some of the physicists involved, The Day of Trinity, which I read many years ago, and other things), I think the problem was the rapidity of the fission process and the difficulty in getting nearly all the atoms split before the energy from the earlier splitting atoms blew away the remaining atoms. Also, any kind of asymmetry in bringing the atoms together would ruin the attempt, maybe like trying to symmetrically squeeze a blown up balloon with your hands. $\endgroup$
– Dave L Renfro
$\begingroup$ That last sentence is a very nice way to visualize the point of symmetry! $\endgroup$
– Deschele Schilder
$\begingroup$ The picture you seem to have formed of the Manhattan project isn't accurate. WP says 90% of the cost was in the production of the fissile materials. That took place at Hanford and Oak Ridge, not Los Alamos. It was basically a big industrial effort, with a relatively small scientific effort to support it. $\endgroup$
$\begingroup$ "In theory, there is NO difference between the theory and practice. In practice, there IS" Wikipedia has plenty of reading about the industrial challenges to overcome. $\endgroup$
– Peter M. - stands for Monica
$\begingroup$ One does not just smash together two pieces of plutonium: such a bomb would go critical prematurely, and blow apart in a relatively small explosion. For plutonium, the much more complex implosion technique was Invented. It requires starting with a very nearly critical assembly, the precise timing of multiple explosive lenses, and an initiator to provide a burst of neutrons, among other things. $\endgroup$
– sdenham
Some of the most critical numbers needed are the reaction cross sections. There was basically no serious way of calculating those beyond orders of magnitude. The cross-sections had to be measured, and this is a tedious process, even with good sources and pure samples.
Next, understanding (in an age where all computers were human) the hydrodynamics of the shock wave propagation in plasma bounded by a medium that is about to be blown to bits was a big headache, never mind the reflection of the shock waves to produce spherical compression. The precise timings of the various physical phenomena, and how one step in the sequence affected later steps had to be understood. The thermodynamics alone is not exactly equilibrium stuff. Indeed, the actual compression design was rather controversial as it required machining precision that was, at that time, exquisite. Working out the actual geometry of the lenses, and getting rid of the imperfections, were also necessary breakthroughs.
As an aside, you can get a good survey of the math involved in thermonuclear (i.e. fusion) devices from the book The physical principles of themonuclear explosive devices by F. Winterberg. This is not what you're asking for but it will give you a sense that the ideas might not be so complicated, but the math remains challenging and the engineering to make it work is even more sophisticated.
$\begingroup$ in an age where all computers were human. I like that! Best (most informative) answer of all! $\endgroup$
$\begingroup$ "Best (most informative) answer of all!" I agree. $\endgroup$
$\begingroup$ @descheleschilder FYI Feynman made an early very positive impression with the bigshots by organizing the computations, i.e. segmenting the tasks in doable chunks and managing the humans in charge of the calculations. (I believe the human computers were in many cases wifes of scientists working more directly on the design, but I could be wrong.) In a different direction, Chandrasekhar apparently "solved" the various stellar structure equations by having chains of women in long rows manually integrating one step of a calculation and physically passing their result to the person in the row. $\endgroup$
$\begingroup$ Wow, man! That also very nice to know!.Especially when I try to visualize the chains of women in long rows manually integrating one step of a calculation and physically passing their result to the person in the row. $\endgroup$
$\begingroup$ @descheleschilder They were (apparently) physically and manually integrating using the Runge-Kutta scheme one step at the time. $\endgroup$
One of the big issues was isotope separation. Extracting uranium 235 from uranite was a huge problem that took quite an effort to overcome. In fact, just before the war started Niels Bohr believed that extracting enough uranium 235 to build a bomb would be an impossible task (see Margaret Gowing's Niels Bohr and Nuclear Weapons, in Niels Bohr: A Centenary Volume (Harvard University Press, 1987)).
I suggest that you read Richard Rhodes' The Making of the Atomic Bomb.
edited Jan 6 '18 at 9:39
José Carlos SantosJosé Carlos Santos
(1) Weapon-grade uranium is hard to make - it took almost a year to separate 64 kg of weapon-grade uranium for the bomb in the Y-12 Oak Ridge facility, so "Little boy" bomb was not even tested (they had no spare). And because of the "Little boy" bomb design, most of that expensive uranium was NOT involved in the nuclear explosion (bomb exploded into sub-critical mass before most of the uranium was involved in the chain reaction).
How hard is to make the weapon-grade uranium: in Y-12 complex in Oak Ridge electromagnetic isotope separation, they used 12 300 tonnes (1 tonne = 1000 kg = 2204 lb, $300 million worth) of silver (copper as strategic material was not available in necessary quantities) converted to wires for the coils. After manufacturing the wires, facility was burned down to extract spilled silver from the ashes. Less than 0.036% was lost. As you can see, Y-12 is extremely complex process, resulting in building 1 bomb per year.
(2) But to have more feasible nuclear bomb ("Fat Man"), you need plutonium, which has to be first isolated (in 1940) and researched, then, industrial amounts of sufficiently pure specific isotope of plutonium (Pu-239, because not all isotopes are equally good for chain reaction - one of the problems they need to figure out and to overcome) has to be manufactured in a breeder nuclear reactor, which is also an easy to bomb target (and extremely expensive to build).
(3) Shaped explosion: Scientist were well aware of the inefficiency of the "Little boy" design, therefore they used shaped explosion to create superctitical mass of 11 kg of Plutonium - which has to be created from industry-grade (not weapon-grade) uranium in a breeder reactors, so it is much cheaper and faster process (it took about 1 month to breed enough Plutonium for 1 bomb). But you need to build also breeder reactors to manufacture the plutonium.
Because scientists were not sure if plutonium bomb would even work (decision could not be made based on the minute amount of the plutonium isotopes available), Manhattan Projects decided to invest in both approaches to save time and halve the risk.
(4) Calculating explosion-shaped charge used in Fat Man design is substantially more complex design (as compared to just two pieces of metal hitting each other as in Little boy): requires precise synchronization of multiple explosions (to shape explosion inward: hundred nanoseconds difference can make it or break it), so mathematical models of such explosions had to be developed, and calculated (by hand), therefore it was tested - Trinity - and they could not use computer simulation for explosion because computers were not invented yet, all calculation were made by hand. And wiring to deliver signals to start shaped explosions needed to be invented and tested.
(5) Bomb delivery is another big problem: Developing B-29 "strategic" bomber was even more expensive than the Manhattan project. It was about twice heavier than "standard" heavy bomber, B-17 and so substantially more complex. Getting enough power from just 4 engines, and fully pressurized cabin (to be able of long flights in high altitude, where enemy fighters cannot reach it), was especially hard.
Unexpected part that it at the end, nuclear bombing not only saved lives (it prevented expected 500K US casualties and tens of millions expected Japanese casualties during the planned invasion Operation Downfall - bigger than D-Day), but also saved money: because it shortened war by several months, war cost were about 1 Billion per week, and cost of B-29 and Manhattan Project were in total only about $4B.
Peter M. - stands for MonicaPeter M. - stands for Monica
$\begingroup$ I like your answer (what amazes me is that the development of the B-29 was even more expensive than the Manhattan project) though I find it a bit strange to say that the bomb "saved" many lives. Of course I understand what you mean by that, but nevertheless; ask the people on who this weapon of mass destruction was dropped. I don't think they agree..(the people that survived). And why a second one had to be dropped? $\endgroup$
$\begingroup$ Second bomb was dropped because Japanese did not surrender after first one. When fighting a war, your mission is NOT to die for your country, but to make the other guy to die for his. $\endgroup$
$\begingroup$ Your mission when fighting a war is not to make the other guys dying for their country. That would mean mass suicide (which it actually is, after some thinking, but not in the normal sense of the word). Your mission is simply to kill (which is not the same as making them die for their country) the other poor guys who went to war (non-voluntarily, for the biggest part, although the people in power can manipulate guys to go to war voluntarily; maybe by saying that's the greatest virtue of all, it's an honor, etc. and especially the younger guys are sensitive for this kind of rhetoric). $\endgroup$
$\begingroup$ @descheleschilder - Facts are not on your side. Nagasaki bomb was dropped on Aug 9. Japan surrender was announced Aug 15. In the night Aug 14-15, there was attempt of military coup d'état to prevent the surrender. Japan knew that making the bomb is slow process. USA had only one more produced and ready, and as I said it took a month to make new one. BTW facts are stubborn: they do not care how you personally feel about the issue. $\endgroup$
$\begingroup$ @descheleschilder - Not sure what are you trying to dispute: Dates of bombing? Date of surrender? BTW many historians consider Soviet invasion of Manchuria on Aug 9 a strong contributing factor to Japanese surrender, but how much would be always a matter of debate, because in history, we cannot have controlled experiments like in what you call "exact sciences". $\endgroup$
You should do some preliminary research before asking such a question. It was not so easy, even in theory. They did not know anything about Plutonium when they started, it simply did not exist. They had to make it, and study its properties etc. This was a slow process. The first bomb was based on Urainum rather then Plutonium, and again there was a huge problem to obtain the correct isotope of Uranium. There were many other difficult problems, or example how exactly you compress a piece of Plutonium to achieve critical mass. This is done with ordinary explosives, and the technology which does this (called implosion) had to be developed both in theory and in practice. These are only some of the most difficult problems they had. And it is actually amazing that they were able to do all of this so quickly.
$\begingroup$ My grandmother, Lilli Hornig, who worked in a minor role on plutonium chemistry at Los Alamos, sometimes privately made jokes that they knew so little about plutonium that they used it for paperweights on their desks. She made some related comments about the isotope issue in this interview: manhattanprojectvoices.org/oral-histories/… $\endgroup$
– Dan Fox
$\begingroup$ @Dan Fox: pretty expensive paperweights:-) $\endgroup$
I can only recommend R. Rhodes, The Making of the Atomic Bomb once more and very strongly. It is also instructive to note that although Leo Szilard [sp] was inspired to understand and fight for the chain reaction concept and also held the patent it was years before he or anyone else could figure out what material could be used to demonstrate the concept. Now, of course, there is a whole declension of what elements turn into other elements as a sun burn through its life.
ElliotElliot
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What new physics was discovered or needed as a result of the Manhattan Project?


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