text:
United States v. Capital Transit Co.
Administrative Proceeding Supreme Court of the United States, Case No. 663
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UNITED STATES et al.
CAPITAL TRANSIT CO. et al.
Decided May 28, 1945.
Rehearing Denied June 18, 1945.
Mr. Paul A. Freund, of Washington, D.C., for appellant the United states.
Mr. Daniel W. Knowlton, of Washington, D.C., for appellant Interstate Commerce Commission.
Mr. Robert E. Quirk, of Washington, D.C., for appellees Alexandria, Barcroft & Washington Transit Co. et al.
Mr. Henry E. Ketner, of Richmond, Va., for appellee State Corporation Commission of State of Virginia.
Mr. Justice BLACK delivered the opinion of the Court.
A federal district court of three judges, one judge dissenting, set aside and permanently enjoined enforcement of an order of the Interstate Commerce Commission, 258 I.C.C. 559, on the ground that the findings were inadequate and that the Commission acted beyond its jurisdiction. 56 F.Supp. 670.1 The case is here on direct appeal. 28 U.S.C. § 345, 28 U.S.C.A. § 345.
At the request of the Secretaries of War and the Navy, the Interstate Commerce Commission instituted an investigation into the reasonableness of the fares of four carriers, transporting passengers by bus between points in the District of Columbia and nearby points in the State of Virginia, where are located certain military and naval offices and installments employing more than 40,000 government workers. More than half these workers live in the District so that the number of individual passenger trips to and from government work on the four motor lines is in excess of 31,000 per day. The fares of the different lines were not identical for performance of substantially the same interstate transportation, and dissatisfaction of Army and Navy employees and officials had arisen on the ground that the charges of all the companies were excessive. The Commission, after a hearing, found some existing fares to be reasonable and others unreasonable. Its order required some of the rates to be reduced but permitted others to be increased.
A complicating factor arose from the distinctive type of business carried on by Capital Transit, one of the four companies transporting passengers to and from the Virginia government agencies. In addition to its District-Virginia bus service, it operated an urban and suburban transportation system, carrying passengers both by bus and streetcar. Since District terminals of all the bus companies were located in or adjacent to the central business sections, most government employees, in going to and returning from their work, were compelled to begin or complete their trips by utilizing buses or streetcars of Capital Transit. It accorded to its own bus and streetcar pas engers, but denied to passengers on other Virginia buses, a privilege of transfers to and from some of its Virginia buses which lowered the total fares between District residences and their Virginia places of work. The Commission treated Transit Company's local bus and streetcar business as an integrated unit, and its findings, supported by evidence, show that its intra-company transfer practices were the equivalent of establishment by Transit of through interstate routes with joint rates to and from District residences to the Virginia points. Accordingly it ordered that analogous joint arrangements as to fares, including transfer privileges, be established between Transit and the other bus lines carrying passengers to and from Virginia government agencies. This, and other elements of the Commission order not passed on by the district court, were separately attacked here. In order that final disposition of the case may not be further delayed, we shall consider all questions argued before us.
First. It is argued that the Commission is without jurisdiction to regulate any of the District-Virginia transportation here involved. The argument emphasizes that the movement begins and ends in a single 'community', all within an area which the Commission has previously recognized as the 'commercial zone' of Washington. 3 M.C.C. 243. We are referred here to the holding of this Court in 1912 that a street-railway, carrying passengers between Omaha, Nebraska and Council Bluffs, Iowa, was 'local', serving the use of a 'single community', and was not the kind of 'railroad' which the Interstate Commerce Act empowered the Commission to regulate. Omaha & C.B. St. R. Co. v. Interstate Commerce Com'n, 230 U.S. 324, 33 S.Ct. 890, 57 L.Ed. 1501, 46 L.R.A.,N.S., 385. Cf. United States v. Village of Hubbard, Ohio, 266 U.S. 474, 479, 480, 45 S.Ct. 160, 162, 69 L.Ed. 389. The same principle, we are told, should exclude similar local bus operations. But this Court's decision in the Omaha & C.B. St. R. Co. case did not hold that Congress could not authorize the Commission to regulate movements that took place across state lines in a single local community. The power of Congress over such movements cannot be doubted. The Omaha & C.B. St. R. Co. case only decided that Congress had not granted such power to the Commission under the law as it then existed.
We must now test the Commission's power in this case by the provisions of a statute enacted subsequent to the Omaha & C.B. St. R. Co. case, supra, the Motor Carrier Act, 49 Stat. 543, 49 U.S.C.A. § 301 et seq. under which the order here was entered. Section 203(b) of that Act provides the controlling rule. It specifically defines the circumstances under which the Commission can regulate interstate activities which happen to take place in a single 'commercial zone.'
That Section, to a limited extent, excludes from the Commission's jurisdiction 'The transportation of passengers or property in interstate or foreign commerce wholly within a municipality or between contiguous municipalities or within a zone adjacent to and commercially a part of any such municipality or municipalities * * *.' Other parts of the same Section authorize the Commission to apply the Act to these zone activities, however, if it finds that (1) 'such application is necessary' to carry out the national transportation policy declared in the Act, or (2) if the carrier is not 'engaged in * * * intrastate transportation of passengers over the entire length of such interstate route.' The Commission held that the four bus companies came within both these exceptions and therefore were not excluded from its jurisdiction. We need not consider whether they came within the second exception, because of our conclusion that the Commission's findings justified its order under the first exception. Those findings were that it was necessary for the Commission to exercise its jurisdiction in order to carry out the Act's declared policy, 'to encourage the establishment and maintenance of reasonable charges for transportation services, without unjust discriminations, * * * to the end of developing, coordinating, and preserving a national transportation system * * * adequate to meet the needs of the commerce of the United States, of the Postal Service, and of the national defense.' 54 Stat. 899, 49 U.S.C.A. note preceding § 301.
On its second hearing the Commission heard evidence from employees of the Army and Navy as to dissatisfaction with the fares. The Secretaries of both War and Navy made complaints concerning the situation produced by the rate structure. A number of witnesses testified as to the dissatisfaction of employees with the prevailing rates. If evidence was necessary to prove that unreasonably high rates were calculated to disturb the morale of workers forced to pay them, and thus to impair the national defense program, there can be no doubt but that the findings of the Commission were well supported. It is to be remembered that these were interstate rates for interstate travel which applied almost exclusively to workers engaged in national defense. Neither the District nor Virginia had power adequately to regulate the rates; nor had they attempted to do so. Their regulation was rightfully a matter of concern to Army and Navy Departments charged with the serious responsibility of conducting a war. The employees worked in the very center of activities essential in that cause. Congress unequivocally reserved to the Commission power to regulate reasonableness of interstate rates in the light of the needs of national defense. The findings of the Commission on this issue were clear and complete, cf. City of Yonkers v. United States, 320 U.S. 685, 64 S.Ct. 327, 88 L.Ed. 400, and justified the Commission in exercising its jurisdiction.
Second. It is argued that the Commission exceeded its authority in prescribing joint fares between the Capital Transit Company and the other bus companies. This contention rests on two assumptions grounded upon the difference in the way the parties view the facts and the law governing them. The first argument of the companies is substantially the same as the one just rejected that all of the Transit Company's operations, by both bus and streetcar, are purely local and therefore not subject to the Commission's jurisdiction. The second contention is this: Sections 216(c) and (e) permit but do not require motor carriers to establish through routes and joint rates with other types of carriers; since the companies view the facts as failing to show that through routes or joint rates have voluntarily been established as to Transit's streetcars and the Virginia buses, they argue that the Commission cannot require their establishment. The Commission found, however, that Transit had voluntarily established through routes, and contends its finding has support in the evidence and consequently sustains its order. It also relies on its power under Section 216(e) to prescribe through rates for all segments of an interstate transportation carried on between motor carriers. This power it argues is broad enough to authorize an order for joint rates for interstate carriage conducted by a company which, as it found this one did, uses streetcars and buses as an integrated unit in carrying out interstate transportation. We think that under the facts and circumstances shown the Commission's findings are not subject to attack and that it acted within its statutory authority in prescribing the through rates.
As previously pointed out, twice a day more than 15,000 government employees traveled between the Virginia agencies and their homes via one of the four bus systems. Most of them either went to or from these bus terminals from or to their homes over any of Transit's then available buses or streetcars. Their travel was at certain hours each day, at which special rush hour, buses and cars were made available for their carriage. Their interstate journey to work actually began at the time the boarded a Transit bus or streetcar near their home, and actually ended when they alighted from the Virginia going bus at their place of work. On returning from work their interstate journey actually began when they boarded a bus near their work and actually ended when they alighted from a Transit streetcar or bus near their home. True, their interstate trip was broken at the District termini of the Virginia buses, when they stepped from one vehicle to another. But in the commonly accepted sense of the transportation concept, their entire trip was interstate. Baltimore & O.S.W.R.R. Co. v. Settle, 260 U.S. 166, 43 S.Ct. 28, 67 L.Ed. 189. And the fact that except as to Transit, they paid a combination of two rates, one for travel wholly within the District, and the other for travel between the District and Virginia, and the journey from their residences to Virginia and back again was taken in two segments, does not mean that the total interstate trip was not on a 'through route.' Virginian Ry. v. United States, 272 U.S. 658, 666, 667, 47 S.Ct. 222, 225, 226, 71 L.Ed. 463; St. Louis S.W. Ry. Co. v. United States, 245 U.S. 136, 139, 140, 38 S.Ct. 49, 50, 62 L.Ed. 199.
Moreover, Transit Company itself conducted its own traffic to and from Virginia and District residential points as one continuous journey. As previously noted, a Virginia worker could board its local bus or streetcar, ride to a District terminal of Transit's Virginia bound bus, board it, and obtain the benefit of a transfer supplied by Transit. So also could Transit's passenger get the benefit of a transfer on the return journey home from work. Had Transit not owned the separate vehicles used in the transportation, these arrangements would have constituted 'joint rates' for a 'through route' within the statutory meaning of the term. As carried out by Transit the arrangements were the exact equivalent of transportation on a 'through route' for a joint fare. Had Transit not owned the vehicles transporting the passengers on each leg of this interstate journey, it could not have established consistently within the Interstate Commerce Act, joint rates with a particular Virginia bus line, to the exclusion of its competitors, for the reason that one given a monopoly of through traffic could 'soon be able to drive its competitors out of business.' United States et al. v. Pennsylvania R. Co., et a., 65 S.Ct. 471, 474. The Motor Carrier Act, which is part of the Interstate Commerce Act, need not be interpreted so as to permit the accomplishment of such a result.
Section 216(e) expressly authorizes the Commission to declare unlawful any unreasonable, preferential, or prejudicial rule, classification, regulation or practice arising from any 'individual or joint rate, fare, or charge, demanded, charged, or collected by any common carrier or carriers by motor vehicle or by any common carrier or carriers by motor vehicle in conjunction which any common carrier or carriers by railroad * * *' and to 'prescribe the lawful rate, fare, or charge * * * thereafter to be observed. * * *' We think that under the Commission's findings, supported by evidence, it did have power to declare these rates unreasonable and unlawful as it did, and thereafter to prescribe the lawful rate to be charged for the interstate trip. This did not, as argued, constitute a regulation of intrastate commerce.
Other contentions urged by the carriers have been considered, but need not be discussed, since we are satisfied with the disposition made of them by the Interstate Commerce Commission. Finding no error in the order of the Commission, the judgment of the district court declining to enforce it is reversed.
Mr. Justice ROBERTS is of the opinion that the Commission had no jurisdiction of the fares in question, for the reasons set forth in the opinions below, 55 F.Supp. 51, and 56 F.Supp. 670. Mr. Justice REED and Mr. Justice DOUGLAS dissent from part Second of the opinion.
The district court had previously set aside a Commission order in the same case because of inadequate findings. 55 F.Supp. 51, 256 I.C.C. 769. Thereafter the Commission heard additional evidence, made additional findings and entered the order here under review.
Date Filed Court Case Number Title
1/10/1944 Supreme Court of the United States 109 City of Yonkers v. United States
1/3/1927 Supreme Court of the United States Nos. 281, 282 Virginian Ry. Co. v. United States United States v. Virginia...
1/5/1925 Supreme Court of the United States Nos. 25 and 26 United States v. Village of Hubbard, Ohio. Same v. City of W...
11/13/1922 Supreme Court of the United States 83 Baltimore & O. S. W. R. Co. v. Settle
11/12/1917 Supreme Court of the United States 199 St. Louis Southwestern Ry. Co. v. United States
6/9/1913 Supreme Court of the United States 458 Omaha & Council Bluffs Street Railway Company and Omaha & Co...
6 Rows Total
8/12/2005 Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit 03-3088 Carol Packard, James Sinclair, Howard Booker, Florence Marie...
10/4/1979 Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit 77-2263 Ca 79-3454 F. Ray Marshall, Secretary of Labor, United State...
12/26/1968 Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit 25836 Fred G. Hayden, D/B/A Houston International Airport Limousin...
10/21/1968 Court of Appeals for the D.C. Circuit 21529_1 Sea-Land Service, Inc. v. Federal Maritime Commission and Un...
10/1/1968 Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit 22439 Alaska Steamship Company, a Corporation v. Federal Maritime ...
7/24/1967 Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit 23410_1 Transcontinental Bus System, Inc., Trailways of New England,...
4/22/1963 Supreme Court of the United States Nos. 108, 109, 110 and 125 Interstate Commerce Commission v. The New York, New Haven an...
3/20/1963 Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit 14162_1 Lon Southerland, Doing Business as Southerland Tours v. St. ...
6/17/1957 Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit 14649 Civil Aeronautics Board v. Friedkin Aeronautics, Inc., D/B/A...
1/23/1957 Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit 15227_1 Ernest Mateo, Joseph Oku, Joseph K. Nakila, Joseph Acello, W...
7/24/1952 Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit 6403_1 Airlines Transp., Inc. v. Tobin, Secretary of Labor
10/15/1951 Court of Appeals for the D.C. Circuit 10777_1 Pollak v. Public Utilities Commission of the District of Col...
2/26/1951 Supreme Court of the United States Nos. 218, 204 United States v. Yellow Cab Co. Capital Transit Co. v. Unite...
2/2/1950 Supreme Court of the United States Nos. 40, 41 United States v. Capital Transit Co. Washington, Virginia & ...
6/27/1949 Supreme Court of the United States 287 Interstate Oil Pipe Line Co. v. Stone, Chairman State Tax Co...
6/23/1947 Supreme Court of the United States 1035 United States v. Yellow Cab Co.
16 Rows Total
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text:
Q: java - problema con clases, me modifica objetos He creado un par de clases: clase MiCalendar (para manejar clase Calendar a mi gusto), y la clase Periodos.
En la clase periodo tengo un método:
 public static periodo diferencia(MiCalendar miCalendarInicio, MiCalendar miCalendarFin) {...}

Dentro de ese método, a los objetos que pasan por parámetros se les modifica la fecha y se hace operaciones con ellos y me devuelven un objeto periodo.
Ahora bien, el problema que me encuentro es que cuando en el main llamo al método mediante:
p = periodo.diferencia(i, f);
aparte de devolverme p que es lo que busco, los objetos que paso por parámetros (i y f) sufren las modificaciones que se realizan dentro del método diferencia.Pero esto segundo no lo quiero, pensaba que entraban como parámetros pero no me modificaria los "originales" por asi decirlo.

A:
para manejar clase Calendar a mi gusto

No uses la interfaz Calendar (realmente estás usando GregorianCalendar). Ni la clase java.util.Date. Evítalas siempre, porque son parte del API vieja de Java.
Sólo deberías encontrártelas si estás manteniendo código Java realmente antiguo que no se migró correctamente a una versión de Java igual o superior a la 8. Hoy día, cualquier código escrito desde cero en Java 11 o 17 (por hablar sólo de las versiones LTS) debería ignorar completamente el sistema antiguo para tratar fechas.
Desde Java 8 existe el paquete java.time.*.
Una propiedad de todas las clases de este paquete es que sus instancias son inmutables: una vez creas un objeto, puedes usarlo como referencia para crear otro con valores distintos, pero no podrás modificarlo. Por ejemplo:
LocalDate today = LocalDate.now();
LocalDate tomorrow = today.plusDays(1);

De este modo no tienes que preocuparte de si alguien modifica los parámetros porque realmente no puede pasar

A: Efectivamente lo que explica Pablo es correcto. Ahora bien, para entender por qué está sucediendo lo que te está sucediendo, necesitamos entender qué hace en realidad Java cuando pasas un objeto como referencia valor, para ello traigo el siguiente ejemplo absurdo:
public class MyClass {
    public static void main(String args[]) {
        // Creamos un perrete llamado Perico
        Dog dog = new Dog("Perico");
        // Imprimimos su nombre, efectivamente es Perico, y vemos su referencia...
        System.out.println("Referencia de " + dog.getName() + " antes de empezar: " + dog);
        System.out.println();
        System.out.println();
        System.out.println();

        // Vamos a probar a cambiarle el nombre primero!
        nameChanger(dog, "Elon Musk");
        // Efectivamente, se habrá cambiado el nombre?? Pero la referencia no habrá cambiado porque no hemos creado un nuevo perro
        System.out.println("Bueno... en teoría nuestro perro ahora se llama diferente, veamos... " + dog.getName() + "! y su referencia es la misma? " + dog);
        System.out.println();
        System.out.println();
        System.out.println();

        /*
            Ahora llamamos al método dogChanger y le pasamos a nuestro amigo Perico, perdón, Elon
            En teoría debería devolvernos a un perrete nuevo llamado Juanito, cierto?
        */
        dogChanger(dog);
        // Vamos a ver a Juanito! A ver qué tan bonito es...
        System.out.println("Referencia del perrito tras el método: " + dog + " y su nombre es... " + dog.getName());
        // ANDAAAA, pero si este no es Juanito! Sigue siendo nuestro amigo Elon Musk!!
        // Cómo es posible si claramente antes el nombre se cambió, por qué ahora no se ha cambiado el perro?!!
    }

    private static void dogChanger(Dog dog) {
        dog = new Dog("Juanito");
        System.out.println("Referencia de " + dog.getName() + " en el método: " + dog);
    }

    private static void nameChanger(Dog dog, String newName) {
        System.out.println("En el método cambiamos el nombre del perrete a " + newName);
        dog.setName(newName);
    }
}

// Clase perrete para hacer pruebas, porque el mejor amigo del hombre siempre está ahí para ayudar
class Dog {
    private String name;

    public Dog(String name) {
        this.name = name;
    }

    public String getName() {
        return name;
    }

    public void setName(String name) {
        this.name = name;
    }
}

Ejecutando este código obtendremos el siguiente resultado en consola (Las ID de los objetos variarán en cada ejecución, obviamente, pero serán siempre consistentes durante la propia ejecucion)

Como se puede ver, las referencias son siempre la misma excepto el objeto nuevo que se ha creado en el método dogChanger(), puesto que la referencia que recibimos como parámetro no es una referencia, si no el VALOR de una referencia! Es decir, si modificas un atributo del objeto dog dentro de un método, estarás modificando el original puesto que es a donde apunta tu objeto PERO! Si modificas la "referencia" asignándole un objeto nuevo, como realmente no es una referencia si no el valor de una, lo que estás haciendo es crear un nuevo objeto TEMPORAL dentro de tu contexto (el método donde te encuentras) y no estarás afectando a la referencia original, puesto que aquí solo tienes su valor y no puedes modificar la referencia externa.
Me explico fatal, así que seguramente esto es más complicado de entender de lo que debería, hagamos un TLDR:
En java los objetos se pasan por VALOR DE REFERENCIA! Si modificas el objeto del parámetro estás modificando el objeto original, si modificas la "referencia" asignándola a un objeto nuevo, estarás creando una nueva referencia y dejando el original completamente intacto! Ergo, si necesitas trabajar con tus parámetros, HAZLES UNA COPIA!

A: Muchas gracias, lo que me extrañaba es que al ser un metodo "externo" en una clase "externa" al main de la clase principal, y pasar esos objetos como parametros los modificase.
SOLUCIONADO mediante:

*

*Implemento la interfaz Serializable en mi clase MiCalendar

*Creo el método duplica()

MiCalendar duplica() {
    ByteArrayOutputStream buf = new ByteArrayOutputStream();
    ObjectOutputStream salida;
    MiCalendar m = new MiCalendar();

    try {
        //Recogemos el objeto y lo serializamos en un objeto de salida
        salida = new ObjectOutputStream(buf);
        salida.writeObject(this);

        //Deserializamos el objeto y lo metemos en un nuevo miCalendar
        ObjectInputStream entrada = new ObjectInputStream(
                new ByteArrayInputStream(buf.toByteArray()));

        m = (MiCalendar) entrada.readObject();
    } catch (Exception ex) {
        System.out.println("Error: No se puede duplicar el objeto ");
    }
    return m;
}

Luego duplico los valores en el método
public static periodo diferencia(MiCalendar miCalendarInicio, MiCalendar miCalendarFin) {

    int mesesTrabajados = 0;
    int diasTrabajados = 0;

    //Duplicamos los valores que entran por parametros para que no se modifiquen los orginales
    MiCalendar i = miCalendarInicio.duplica();
    MiCalendar f = miCalendarFin.duplica();

Respecto a usar el paquete ** java.time.*. estaba usando una clase que cree ya hace algunos años, asi que me plantearé a actualizarla con ese paquete
un saludo

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text:
Seyg-El é um personagem fictício da DC Comics. Ele é o pai de Jor-El e, portanto, avô de Kal-El. O nome do personagem é uma alusão ao sobrenome do co-criador de Superman, Jerry Siegel. Ele foi criado por John Byrne e Mike Mignola e apareceu na minssérie O Mundo de Krypton, um prelúdio da minissérie O Homem de Aço que explora o passado de Krypton até o momento que é em que Jor envia Kal para a Terra.

Biografia
Seyg-El foi um dos principais membros do Conselho de Ciência e era o pai de Jor-El, com quem possuía uma relação bastante conturbada por Jor ter um comportamento considerado rebelde já que não aceitava as regras e tradição de Krypton.

Seyg encontrou os heróis Jack Knight e Mikaal Tomas, os quais haviam acidentalmente vindo do futuro. Seu jovem filho de Jor os trouxe para casa onde Seyg os interroga, acreditando que eles são membros da organização Black Zero. Quando eles tentaram convencê-lo de que eles são de outro planeta ele não acredita neles e ordena que eles permaneçãm presos, mas com a ajuda de Jor eles são capazes de escapar dos guardas Seyg.

Poucos anos depois, o núcleo do planeta emite radiação kryptonita o que causa a morte de milhares de kryptonianos, entre eles um chamado Zon-Em. Zon havia sido designado para se casar Lara, mas por causa de sua morte ela é designada para ficar com Jor, e Seyg comunica a notícia para seu filho. Depois do casamento de Jor, o núcleo de Krypton se tornou mais instável e o envenenamento se tornou mais grave. Seyg é contatado por seu filho e ele informa a Jor que também foi infectado. Algumas horas depois, Seyg morre junto com todos os kryptonianos quando o planeta explode.

Adaptações

Séries de TV

Krypton

Seyg é faz sua estreia em uma adaptação na série Krypton (2018), com seu nome sendo mudado para Seg e sendo interpretado por Cameron Cuffe. Além do nome do personagem na série diferir de seu nome nos quadrinhos, a personalidade de Seg é igualmente diferente. Nos quadrinhos Seyg é um homem de meia idade frio e distante, enquanto que na série Krypton, Seg é um jovem rebelde de 23 anos que não concorda com o modo de viver da sociedade kryptoniana. Quando tinha nove anos de idade, Seg junto com seus pais, Ter-El e Charys-El, assistiu o seu avô Val-El ser sentenciado à morte por proclamar que havia vida inteligente fora de Krypton. Em decorrência, além de seu avô ser morto Seg e sua família tiveram seus privilégios retirados e forçados a viver com as famílias de classe baixa. Catorze anos depois, Seg é ganha dinheiro lutando em lutas ilegais como forma de obter sustento para sua família e tem um romance proibido com Lyta-Zod. Depois de impedir um atentado terrorista, Seg ganha a chance de recuperar a honra para a sua família sendo designado para se casar com Nyssa-Vex. Após descobrir que o seu avô construiu uma Fortaleza da Solidão, a qual ele usou para explorar o universo e também por meio dela que ele descobriu vida fora de Krypton, Seg trabalha com o terráqueo Adam Strange para impedir a vinda de Brainiac, que veio do futuro planejando destruir Krypton com o objetivo impedir a existência do neto de Seg, Kal-El.

Referências

Cientistas fictícios
Personagens da DC Comics

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Similar to racism where a person is deemed inferior because they belong to a different race of people. That race is a determination of the behaviour that is seen in human beings.
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text:
USPS Awards $37.4M for Next-Gen Vehicle Prototypes
September 21, 2016 • by Paul Clinton
Photo of existing delivery vehicles by Paul Clinton.
The U.S. Postal Service has awarded $37.4 million in contracts to six vendors to provide 50 prototypes of a next-generation delivery vehicle that will be tested in various climates and locales, the USPS has announced.
AM General, Karsan, Mahindra, Oshkosh, Utilimaster, and VT Hackney will have one year to develop and produce their prototypes.
While Fiat Chrysler Automobiles, Ford, Nissan, and Freightliner made the initial list of pre-qualified vendors, these larger vehicle manufacturers could partner with the final six as subcontractors to supply engines, transmissions, or other parts.
VT Hackney, a North Carolina body builder perhaps best known as a supplier to the beverage industry, will submit several prototypes in collaboration with Workhorse. The company will add a custom body to a modified E-Gen plug-in hybrid platform to build a truck with a GVW of about 6,500 pounds, which puts in on the lighter end of Class 2. The vehicle will include a back-up camera, said Richard Ball, VT Hackney's marketing and business development director.
Half of the prototypes will feature hybrid and new technologies, including alternative fuel capabilities. The prototypes will represent a variety of vehicle sizes and drive configurations, in addition to advanced powertrains and a range of hybrid technologies, according to a USPS statement.
Once the prototypes are delivered, the USPS plans to test the vehicles for about six months in different climates, topography, population centers and delivery environments. The tests will help demonstrate the ability of the proposed designs to meet operational needs, such as deliver to mailboxes.
The USPS has been reluctant to use an off-the-shelf cargo van because the seating is often too high and mail delivery personnel have to reach down toward the mailbox. Federal regulations require the bottom of the mailbox to be 42 inches from the ground. The vehicle must also be right-hand drive.
However, the USPS is planning to release a request for proposal for an off-the-shelf, right-hand drive vehicle to supplement its fleet as it "continues to assess the delivery fleet mix." The USPS has ordered 12,472 Ram ProMaster 2500 cargo vans in the past year.
The delivery of the prototypes represents the next step toward the deployment of the next-generation vehicle, which should begin rolling out in 2018. The USPS plans to replace as many as 180,000 carrier route vehicles for between $4.5 billion and $6.3 billion over as many as seven years.
Related: USPS Requests Vehicle Prototypes for Testing
Read more about USPS Procurement Delivery Fleets
Five vehicles that serve the South Bronx in New York City will be equipped with sensors that collect air quality data.
Sponsored by Agile Fleet
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The Leading Fleets award is open to government fleets and recognizes operations that are performing at a high level in fleet innovation and leadership.
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Once again, police vehicle stories took the top two spots this year. But other trending topics in feature stories this year include snowplows, electric vehicles, and data.
New York State Prepares for Snow
The Department of Transportation will have its main maintenance facilities across the state staffed with fleet mechanics 24/7 to keep plow trucks on the road.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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The Provincial Archaeological Museum of Badajoz () or simply the Archaeological Museum of Badajoz is an archaeology museum located in Badajoz, Spain. Owned by the Spanish State, its management has been transferred to the Junta of Extremadura.

History
Despite an earlier unmaterialised project for a museum dated from 1844, the institution was created like many of the Spanish provincial museums in 1867, in this case as a re-foundation of the "Comisión Provincial de Monumentos", yet it did not however take its true form until 1869, when the museum received a number of artifacts from the excavations at Los Cercos. Until then, the reduced collection had been displayed at the plenary hall of the provincial deputation.

The ownership of the museum was passed from the provincial deputation of Badajoz to the directorate of State Museums in 1938, during the Spanish Civil War.

Following a number of moves along history, the museum opened at its current premises at the Palacio de los Condes de la Roca (within the walled bounds of the Alcazaba of Badajoz) in 1989. Also in that year, the transfer of the museum's management (not the ownership) to the Junta of Extremadura was sealed by means of an agreement signed by the Ministry of Education, Culture and Sport and the autonomous community of Extremadura.

Collection
The museum hosts an extensive collection of warrior steles from the Final Bronze Age, comprising about a quarter of all found in the Iberian Peninsula. Besides from Badajoz proper, the museum's collection of tiles comes from Toledo, Medellín, Zalamea de la Serena, Cumbres Mayores, Granada and Calera de León.

The topic areas of the permanent exhibition halls are listed as follows: Physical Environment, Prehistory, Protohistory, Roma, Late Roman, Visigothic, Islam, Christian Middle Ages.

References
Citations

Bibliography

Museums in Extremadura
Archaeological museums in Spain
Badajoz


text:
DTA's digital marketplace reaches $2b in contracts
By Nico Arboleda on Aug 6, 2020 11:55AM
The Digital Transformation Agency has announced that its digital marketplace has reached a new milestone of $2 billion in contracts.
The milestone was reached on 31 July 2020, reporting more than $2.2 billion worth of contracts to AusTender, a four-fold increase from July 2019.
The DTA said more than $1.5 billion of the contracts were awarded to small and medium enterprises (SMEs). The digital marketplace has more than 2,700 sellers, 90 percent of which are SMEs.
"The Digital Marketplace is an important initiative driving our broader digital sourcing transformation. It continues to iterate and improve the buyer and seller experience, with further improvements planned for the service," the DTA's announcement read.
"We have simplified and consolidated panel arrangements in line with the Digital Sourcing Framework for ICT Procurement. This has improved the sourcing experience for both buyers and sellers."
Launched in August 2016, the digital marketplace is a DTA initiative that aims to improve procurement practices across government departments by increasing competition and improving transparency.
digital transformation dta services
Coates' new asset management system boosts work site efficiency
By Nico Arboleda
More than half of govt digitalisation efforts are failing to scale: Gartner
DTA plans new service integration and management category for Digital Marketplace
Perth partners ASG and WithPrecision deliver cloud migration to Main Roads WA
Truis digitalises Central Highlands Regional Council systems with Nutanix


text:
Motor Mouth: Electrification might end up saving auto racing
Break out the Atlas: Volkswagen's new SUV finally gets a name
Ford wraps up production in Australia after 91 years
Between Formula One and Formula E, it's not hard to see which will have more of an impact on future production cars
by David Booth | October 7, 2016
Turns out, efforts put forth by various manufacturers – including Jaguar – to race in Formula E might actually save motorsports.
As anyone who has read this column can attest, Motor Mouth has hardly been a friend to the electric car — full-blown contrarian might be a more apt description. Nonetheless, even the most electro-phobic curmudgeon must admit the electric vehicle industry's leadership.
Racing fans, rejoice. Open-wheel motor racing — the very pinnacle of all land-based racing craft — is saved. BMW, Audi and Jaguar, three of the biggest names in motorsports history and three-quarters of the automakers that rule the booming luxury market, are back, full-force, in formula racing. Jaguar has been, secretly these last few years, building its first, in-sourced open-wheeler, the I-Type, that will finally put rubber to tarmac this season. BMW is contributing engineering nous — to a team fronted by the famed Andretti family, no less — with the intention of building its own race team in two years. Audi, while teaming with an existing team to get its feet wet, hints at racing open-wheelers full time, and even Mercedes-Benz recently signed an "option agreement" to possibly enter in 2018. This is the A-Team jumping in at the last minute to save the (motorsports) world from certain ruin. What is it Bruce Willis says in every Die Hard movie? Yippee ki-yay, mother …
There is one caveat to all this salvation, however. The formula they are saving is not the "One" made famous by Enzo Ferrari and Colin Chapman, that US$3 billion sinkhole where exciting racing goes to die. Nope, the future they're building is in something called Formula E.
Motor Mouth: Formula One without the noise is just pointless
Getting a Formula E car to Greenland is no easy task
Never heard of it? Well, think traditional Formula One race car — wings, ducts et al — then, dump the turbocharged V6, stuff the tub full of Tesla-like lithium-ion battery and you have the world's first international emissions-free racing series.
Of course, this last is enough to light a fire under environmentalists and the media, not to mention warming the cockles of politicians looking to trumpet anything "green." Indeed, so rapidly is Formula E gaining favour — the series is just two years old — that New York City has already approved a Formula E race through its streets, a serious coup since the five boroughs have refused F1's entreaties for races for the last 35 years.
But that's not why I am excited about Formula E. No, the real reason to become a fan boy of electrified racing is that, unlike the bloated monster that has become F1, Formula E is actually relevant. What seemed like such a joke just three short years ago is now much more interesting and infinitely more innovative than its turbocharged parent, Formula One. How can that be? Is not F1 the be all and end all of motorsports, employing the greatest engineering minds and the greatest drivers of this and any era? And yet…
As a source of engineering innovation and inspiration for the automobile industry at large, Formula One is, it must finally be said, bankrupt.
The issue is F1's most recent engine mandate. Specifically designed to render the sport more relevant — hence why all the cars be turbocharged and hybridized — the rules are so strict they allow no creativity. Turbocharging is mandated. So is the V6 format. Hell, even — and I am sorry, non-gearheads, for this deep-dive into internal combustion wonkdom — the valve stem diameter is tightly constrained.
The problem is that, as politically correct as turbocharging and hybridization are, we learn precious little from F1's enactment. True innovation that might further the hybridization of road cars — i.e. larger or smaller V6s, or for that matter, engines not specifically having six pistons — are constrained, F1's rule makers having turned motorsport's greatest series into little more than a battle of software coding. Only the KERS system's MGU-H apparatus — which recovers wasted energy from the turbocharger — is remotely ground-breaking.
Contrast this with the free-for-all that is Formula E. Apart from the fact that everyone must use a single 28 kilowatt-hour battery, teams are allowed to loose their most creative engineering.
And the range of solutions that these free-range engineering minds have come up with is astounding. In the 2015/16 season, no two cars in the paddock were alike, each and every team having seemingly come up with a different solution to cross the finish line first. Some, for instance, relied on one high-revving electric motor and a multi-speed gearbox, essentially an electric equivalent to the high-revving gasoline powerplants that have always powered F1 cars. Some upped the output — think "displacement" — of the single motor and then reduced the number of gears.
Still, others tried a completely different route, installing two motors and then using their torque to get by with a lighter single-speed gearbox, seemingly trading high rpm top speed for grunt-like acceleration out of corners. Whatever the case, take a meander down Formula E's pit lane and you will see cars with one or two motors, and transmissions ranging from one to five gears and seemingly everything in between. Contrast this with the singular arrangement common to all F1 cars.
It is this very diversity that renders Formula E so relevant. As hyper-focused as motor racing is — get to the finish line before anyone else, all other considerations be damned — knowledge gleaned from this diversity will no doubt instruct the design of the electric cars we drive in the future. Compare that with the minuscule tweaks that make the difference between a successful Formula One car and a back marker, and it's not hard to see which series will have more of an impact on future production cars.
A picture taken in front of the Invalides monument in Paris on April 23, 2016, shows the pit lanes during the French stage of the Formula E championship in its second season. The event was lauded by Paris mayor Anne Hidalgo as a vehicle to promote the use of electric cars.
That shouldn't be taken as a blanket approval of Formula E. Batteries still make a piss-poor source of energy for motor cars, racing or otherwise. Formula E's dirty little secret is that the current race cars can't actually finish a race. Drivers must come in mid-race, not for a splash of gas and a set of new tires, but for an all-new car with a fresh battery.
And, lordy, the sound is banal. Yes, Formula One cars now sound like someone mistakenly stuck a Camry engine in an open-wheel race car. But, call me a traditionalist, silence — or near silence — is not the aural accompaniment I want from this, the most violent form of motorsport. Fans of Formula E say that the wide array of propulsion choices means they really do sound different, but that's like saying you can tell a Bombina bombina from an Atelopus zeteki by the "ribbits" emanating from your local swamp. Frogs all sound the same, and so do all electric cars.
Lack of aural drama notwithstanding, Formula E is still the most interesting open-wheel racing series on the planet. That may be by default, Bernie Eccelestone's F1 abandoning its technological leadership in return for beaucoup bucks (the F1 racing series was just sold to an American media company for US$4.4 billion). But if you're looking for innovation and diversity — i.e. being able to cheer for something other than a paint job and software — you might be best served by becoming a Formula E fan.
Formula E's race season starts off this Sunday, October 9, in Hong Kong.
Bernie Eccelestone
Colin Chapman
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Formula One Management Ltd.
Formula One Racing
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Jaguar Cars Ltd.
Volkswagen reportedly withdrawing from WRC racing
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Nico Rosberg retires from Formula One racing
Hyundai RN30 is aimed at the young speed freak


The HOPE Program provides compassionate psychosocial care and support for patients diagnosed and treated in the Children's Center for Cancer and Blood Diseases at Children's Hospital Los Angeles. The HOPE Program uses their experience supporting patients over the past 30 years to create new and innovative approaches to psychosocial care, and in concert with the caregivers in the Center, work to reduce suffering and improve quality of life for their patients. To learn more about the HOPE program, visit the program's website.


text:
Q: Checking total lines read by QTextStream without using a dedicated counter I'm currently working on code for parsing a file with an unknown number of lines. The format is roughly like this:
ShapeId: 1
ShapeType: Line
ShapeDimensions: 20, 90, 100, 20
PenColor: blue
PenWidth: 2
PenStyle: DashDotLine
PenCapStyle: FlatCap
PenJoinStyle: MiterJoin

// and so on and so forth; formats vary slightly depending on the entry

Being a text file, obviously we'll want to check for errors. Currently, I am doing this by throwing an exceptions with (fairly) informative messages.
However, my exception messages cannot be too specific, because many of my functions which help parse the file are too generic to have specific messages. Given the sheer diversity of the lines, it's impractical to have custom-written messages for each kind of line.
As I mentioned in the title, I am using QTextStream. I am using readLine to read the each line, and then doing stuff with that line. I am also using skipWhiteSpace to skip the gaps between the blocks of data.
I was hoping QTextStream would come with this functionality, but it doesn't. The closest thing I could find is pos. This is better than nothing, but it's not nearly as useful as a line number.
I could add an integer counter to count up as I step through each line. However, this is impractical in the context of my program, where I have many helper functions that will read lines. Also, skipWhiteSpace can skip multiple lines, so I couldn't use this if I were manually counting.
Unfortunately, I haven't been able to find a good solution. The closest would be something like this, but that's assuming we're already stepping through the file, one line at a time, within a simple loop. Again, that's too impractical in this situation.
So...I guess my question is: is there an elegant way of checking the line number which a QTextStream is pointing to without relying on any previous code? Am I missing something obvious?
(I would rather avoid using on libraries other than Qt and the basic C++ libraries for this.)

A: I think the answer is NO. If you look in QTextStreamPrivate there are no member fields that contain line count. The class itself do not need it.
You can also look at the scan() method, that is used to read lines, for hints.

A: Just an idea: if you can get your current position with QTextStream::pos() function, you can calculate the line number by reading the whole text before that position and count the new line characters in that string. Something like:
qint64 currentPos = stream.pos();
QString str = stream.read(currentPos);
int lineNum = str.count(QRegExp("\\r\\n?|\\n")) + 1;

This may be slow, however you need the line number only for error reporting, so calling it once would be ok.

A: You could wrap the QTextStream in something that counted lines.
class StreamWithLineCount
{
    QTextStream stream;
    int lineCount;
public:
    QString readLine(qint64 maxlen = 0)
    {
        ++lineCount;
        return stream.readLine(maxLen);
    }

    void skipWhitespace()
    {
         qint64 pos = stream.pos();
         while (!stream.atEnd() && readLine().simplified().isEmpty())
         {
             pos = stream.pos();
         }
         seek(pos);
    }
}


text:
Celestial & Lunar
Southwestern U.S.
Our Full Catalog
info@thevintagemapshop.com
the Vintage Map Shop, Inc.
1872 Johnson's California also U...
1872 Johnson's California also Utah, Nevada, Colorado New Mexico and Arizona
The Vintage Map Shop
18 x 25 inches - Original Size 21.5 x 30 inches 26 x 36 inches 30 x 42 inches
By: Johnson and Ward
Date of Original: 1872 (published) New York
Original Size: 17 x 24 inches (43 x 61 cm)
This is a fine print reproduction of a map of the Southwestern United States which includes the states of California, Utah, Nevada, Colorado New Mexico and Arizona, published by Alvin J. Johnson out of New York in 1872. The map is identifiable as the 1872 state by the top page numbers and the adition of Bent and Las Animas counties in Colorado. It is color coded by county and shows lakes, rivers, railroads, towns, military forts, mining claims and the locations of numerous Native American Tribes.
This map is one of several maps of the American West where the boundaries and configuration of territories changed almost yearly. Much of the geography of the western territories is still unknown and it shows in the map as large swaths of land are depicted featureless including the area of the Grand Canyon. The names of many Native American tribes some of which include, the Cheyenne, Navajo, Yampais, Apaches, and Mojaves to name a few. Numerous military forts and frontier outposts offer contrast in the map to the native population as a historical documentation of the struggle over the west.
Routes of explorers and military commanders such a Fremont, Gunnison, and Washington can be traced throughout the map as well as the famous Union Pacific Railroad which had been completed just three years prior to the publication of this map. Other proposed railroads appear mostly in the southern portion of the map.
A notable increase in gold and silver mine claims brought about a massive influx of prospectors and new towns to the region which is evident when comparing this map to its earlier counterparts. Mountain peaks with the height of their summit and notations on land topography complete all encompassing view of the American West, making this map a "must have" for anyone with in interest in its history.
Inventory #NA151-3
Use the form below to ask questions about our fine print reproductions, give special requests, help us source the right map for you, customize your order, or sell us original maps you own to our sister company, New World Cartographic.
All you have to do is message or call us at (312) 496 - 3622.
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text:
Retiring judge to be saluted on November 20th
Oakland County Circuit Court Judge Wendy Potts, who will be retiring at the end of the year, will be honored at a "Goodbye 1200" party on Tuesday, Nov. 20, from 5:30 to 7:30 p.m. at Bloomfield Hills Country Club. The "1200" is the numerical address of the Oakland County Courthouse, which is located on Telegraph Road in Pontiac.
Former chief judge of the Oakland County Circuit Court, Potts has been a distinguished member of the bench since 1997, beginning her judicial career as a Probate Court judge for the county.
A native of Detroit and a graduate of Mumford High School, Potts received her bachelor's degree from the University of Michigan. She taught high school math and English in Detroit for 7 years, a time when she also began her law school studies in the night program at Wayne State University Law School. Upon graduation from Wayne Law, she landed a clerkship with the Michigan Court of Appeals, a job that served as a stepping-stone to a position with the Detroit law firm of Hill Lewis, now Clark Hill.
During her years in private practice, she served on the board of the State Bar of Michigan, including a role as secretary from 1996-97. She also has served as a trustee for the Michigan Supreme Court Historical Society and was a magistrate for the 48th District Court from 1984-85, a time when she was part of the Governor's Task Force on Domestic Violence.
A past president of the Oakland County Bar Association, Potts spearheaded the formation of The RESTORE Foundation, a nonprofit organization that has supplied funding for the drug court program in Oakland County. In 2010, she was honored by the State Bar with its "Champion of Justice Award."
Wilson Elser Looks South With New Mississippi Outpost, Alabama Hires
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2 KILLED IN AIRLINER CRASH AT CLEVELAND.
Cleveland, Nov. 11 -- AP -- A United Airlines plane crashed into trees and high tension wires just north of Cleveland airport early today, killing the pilots and injuring 17 passengers and the stewardess.
The plane, flight 404 bound from Chicago to Boston, crashed during a rainstorm. The plane cleared Chicago at 1:35 and was due at Cleveland airport at 3:27 a.m.
Pilot F. L. BROWN, 44, Chicago.
Co-pilot ROBERT L. ARNOLD, 25, Hammond, Ind.
The plane was demolished as it spun into the ground, the engines being torn from the wings and the fuselage breaking in half.
FRED PASKO, a truck driver believed to be one of the few witnesses, said he noticed the plane about 2,000 feet north of the airport, flying low. He said the plane's landing lights were on and the landing gear was down.
"There was a flash as the plane hit some wires and the street lights went out," PASKO said. "Then the plane crashed into some trees, spun around and hit the ground." Maj. JOHN BERRY, airport commissioner, said airport control tower operators told him the plane had circled the port, had made contact, and had reported no mechanical difficulties.
MISS BETTY DOBSON, 25, of Madison, Wis., and Chicago, the plane's stewardess, said she had no contact with the pilot and co-pilot except at one point between Chicago and Cleveland when they asked for sandwiches and coffee.
"At no time before the crash did the red light flash above the pilot's door indicating there was going to be an emergency landing. I was standing facing the bulkhead at the time of the crash, and the first thing I knew there was an awful jolt and my head hit the floor."
"I was stunned. I was afraid of fire and my main concern was to get the passengers out."
Four civil aeronautics administration inspectors flew in at mid-morning and were to open an immediate invesitagtion.
The passengers and stewardess were rushed to three Cleveland hospitals but six were released almost immediately after treatment for small cuts and bruises. Extent of injuries to the other was not available immediately.


Oct. 12 (UPI) -- Kevin McHale posted on Instagram a Glee reunion he had with his former co-stars Heather Morris and Jenna Ushkowitz.
"Met these fans today," McHale said Thursday alongside a selfie taken by Morris that shows the Glee castmates smiling.
McHale portrayed Artie Abrams on the Fox musical series which ran for six seasons. Morris portrayed Brittany S. Pierce while Ushkowitz portrayed Tina Cohen-Chang.
McHale previously reunited with several other Glee stars in June including Darren Criss, Chris Colfer, Chord Overstreet, Harry Shum Jr., Jacob Artist and Becca Tobin to celebrate his 30th birthday.
Another Glee reunion was held in March that included Matthew Morrison, Jane Lynch, Naya Rivera, Amber Riley, McHale, Morris and Ushkowitz.


text:
Marvel's Avengers hits next gen this March, check out the PS5 trailer
Square Enix's Marvel's Avengers – try saying that after six pints – is coming to next gen properly on March 18th with new versions of the game specifically for PlayStation 5 and Xbox Series X|S. We are promised "upgraded visuals and framerate, haptic feedback for each hero, significantly faster load times, improved destruction and Heroic detail", and the new PlayStation 5 trailer certainly looks more impressive than the last gen versions, check it out.
Snazzy, eh? However, can publishers stop claiming "faster loading times" is a feature of their game, it isn't, all games load faster on the next gen consoles as they have non-mechanical hard drives. Tsk.
You will also notice the next-gen versions come with two Operations, Hawkeye: Future Imperfect and Kate Bishop Taking Aim, so if you are fan of bows and indeed arrows, this is the game for you.
The next gen versions of the game were meant to drop last year but were held back by Crystal Dynamics. "We've also made the decision to shift our PlayStation 5 and Xbox Series X|S launch to next year to ensure that we give our team the time to deliver a next-gen experience showcasing all that this game is meant to be," they said at the time.
This is Roy, the gear vendor in Marvel's Avengers. He's having pancakes for tea.
We scored Marvel's Avengers 7/10 in our Day One review, Jim had this to say:
Marvel's Avengers offers a new approach for a superhero video game, yet one that still feels all too familiar for anyone who's played Destiny, The Division, or Anthem. It's eye-popping in its technical prowess as well as how much it leans on live service hooks, anticipating players will come back day after day. And a lot of players definitely will, especially if they can squad up with friends. Past its flaws and behind the grind, Marvel's Avengers is still a fun superhero brawler that has plenty of room to grow in the coming months.
Tags: Marvel's Avengers
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Crazy_Del	 16/02/21, 18:31
Is it a free upgrade for PS4 owners?
Are games saves transferable?
Do trophies pop instantly or you have to play it all again for the Platinum.
I am looking forward to re-playing again this time as Kate and Hawkeye BUT still waiting on Spiderman……
Stefan L	 17/02/21, 08:39
Yes, yes, and don't know.


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The first clinical facilities of the Pennsylvania State College of Optometry officially open on May 6, 1920. The optometric and ophthalmological clinics each occupy one room in the original College building at 1809 Spring Garden Street and operate two afternoons a week.
In June 1922, the first class of 26 graduates at the very first Commencement Exercises held at the Academy of Music, 240 S. Broad St., in Philadelphia. Entrance requirements are raised to include graduation from a four-year high school course.
The Pennsylvania State College of Optometry becomes the first to confer the degree of Doctor of Optometry. The program of study is increased in length from two to three years.
PSCO completes the construction of a building extension to house the new clinical facility located at 1810 Brandywine Street. Patients are examined every afternoon in eleven refracting rooms and one ophthalmological treatment room. The clinical faculty includes the director, two chiefs and eight unpaid assistant chiefs. Students in their final year complete all of the refracting and fitting of eyeglasses under the direction of the faculty. Patients are referred to the clinic by social welfare agencies. Optical manufacturers and laboratories donate both lenses and frames. When a prescription is ordered, the glasses are fabricated by students and dispensed to the patient at no charge. Night classes are discontinued.


The Dublin West Lime Tree service is located in the ACE Enterprise Park, Bawnogue Road, Clondalkin, Dublin 22. Limetree is a purpose built child care service with all rooms having direct access to a natural spacious outdoor area with developed areas for exploring, learning and developing as an extension of the indoor classrooms.
We offer an emergent play based curriculum focusing and responding to each child's interest and individual developmenetal needs which creates meaningful learning experiences for all. Our dedicated educators implement Aistear - the National Early Childhood Curriculum Framework supported by Síolta - the National Quality Framework, to ensure our children and families recieve the best care and education during their earliest years.
Our opening hours are Monday to Friday 07.30 – 18.15. We offer part-time and full-time childcare and offer additional hours around the free preschool year. We operate 52 weeks a year.
The Limetree team are fully qualified Early Years Educators with a range of knowledge and experience and are committed to continous professional development. We also have a full time cook and part time cleaner. All food is freshly cooked daily on the premises. The children are provided with seasonal, nutritionally balanced meals and a variety of menus which rotate on a 3 weekly cycle. Our kitchen facilities are fully HACCP compliant and our staff are fully trained in Food Safety Hygiene.
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"No other type of E. coli is causing this much widespread damage," said Evgeni Sokurenko, University of Washington professor of microbiology. "We need to pay as much attention to it as we do to the superbug MRSA, the treatment-resistant staph infection."
It is also thought that broad-spectrum antibiotic use might have promoted H30's dominance by making it resistant to several drugs, particularly the fluoroquinolones (such as Cipro), which are widely prescribed for urinary tract infections.
These factors, as well as possible presence of as yet-unknown pathogen traits, could have contributed to H30's emergence as a public health problem. Each year in the United States alone, H30 may cause more than 1 million urinary tract infections, as well as much more lethal blood infections.
Sokurenko is one of the leaders of a team of researchers from the University of Washington, the Minneapolis Veterans Affairs Health Care System, the University of Minnesota, Seattle Children's Hospital and Group Health Cooperative to assess the nature of H30 infections.
Thus, the researchers reported that H30 "was strongly associated with ineffective initial antimicrobial therapy, clinical and microbial persistence, and diverse, later-occurring adverse effects."
"We don't know the exact reason, but it's possible that H30 might have been hiding from the patients' natural defenses against infection, thereby impairing the body's attempt to clear the pathogen during treatment," Sokurenko said.
"Distinctive properties that perhaps allow H30 to act as a defenses-evading pathogen might also be associated with the delayed complications," he surmised.
"H30 might have that dangerous combination of being both highly resistant to antibiotics and highly successful as a stealth pathogen," Sokurenko said. "This double-trouble may be why H30 is so widespread and has become a superbug. What makes it worse is that can go unnoticed in a patient until it causes significant damage."
Sokurenko would like to see better ways to anticipate, detect, and diagnose H30 in the elderly or other vulnerable patients who don't have the usual symptoms of urinary tract or bloodstream infection.
"Our findings reinforce the need for a more 'individualized medicine' approach to prescribing antibiotics for E. coli infections," he said. "Also, even if the infection seems mild the patient should be monitored carefully so it does not progress unchecked."


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We know that one of the best miracles is to be able to feel a life growing within us and there is no word to describe that kind of magic.
We never realised the strength and power we possessed until the day we gave birth.
We cradle our newborn and can't help but smile, feeling thankful to be blessed with this gem and wondering what we did to deserve all this luck. Or if we deserve it in the first place.
We discover that we can laugh and cry at the same time. Like when she burped and puked her milk or when he squirted poo all over us.
For all the worldly possessions that we once felt were so important, we can give them all up with the snap of a finger just for the happiness, healthy and safety of that one tiny being.
We smile when we see advertisements depicting a happy mother and her happy child. Or a frustrated mother with her frustrated child. Because we know how real both of these are.
No matter where we go or how far apart we are, even if it's a few minutes of separation, we always leave a part of our hearts with them.
We give knowing nods and empathetic smiles to fellow mums who can't seem to find a seat on the train, who are handling a meltdown in a shopping mall or chasing after a running toddler in the supermarket.
We treasure those golden moments of peace, even if they last for seconds, and sometimes we hide in the loo a little longer to play Candy Crush, read blogs or catch up on e-mails.
Even when we are driven up the wall and our sanity goes to near zero, we tell ourselves "This day will pass and tomorrow will be a better day". Because in this journey, giving up just isn't an option we give ourselves.
We tell ourselves not to compare yet can't help but feel a little inferior when we read about mums who cook everyday, bake for their kids, find time to craft with them, keep the house spick and span, be able to homeschool and frequently go on family outings.
We know there is no magic number and it isn't always the case of the more the merrier. Yet, when we see big families and realise how siblings have an amazing way to bond with each other, we ask ourselves "Maybe, just maybe, we should have one more before we get too old?"
We seem to have this supernatural ability to detect lies, hear cries, multi-task, scream through the roof and we will dash with supersonic speed whenever we are needed.
It's ironic but we have more courage yet more fear in our hearts. We want to be brave in order to protect our loved ones but we are also scared that one day something undesirable might happen to them.
We realise how easily our hearts melt. Like when she called "Mama" for the first time, when he whispered in our ears "I miss you, Mummy" or when we received a handmade birthday card for the first time.
We say words that we don't mean when we get mad, like "It's so hard being your mum", "Why are you such a bad child?" and "Go away and leave me alone", only to bite our tongues too late and slap ourselves after.
We may forget to celebrate wedding anniversaries or Valentine's Day, but we will always remember to do something special on our child's birthday.
As they grow bigger and as we grow wiser, we learn that life is not about having all the 'what's, it's about being with the 'who's.
We always love our mothers but we didn't know what it truly meant to be one till we became one.
You see, it doesn't matter if we are a mum of one or half a dozen kids. It doesn't matter the colour of our skin, which continent we live in or what language we speak. It doesn't matter if we choose to stay home, work part-time or full-time. It doesn't matter that we show our love for our kids in a million different ways.
Because at the end of the day, all of us are connected in this journey called motherhood in more ways than one. To celebrate this Mother's Day, here's a heartwarming video of the everyday life of some Singapore Mom Bloggers. No matter what happens, remember that we are always the same. 是的, 天下的妈妈都是一样的.
Before I end, here's a small touching story to share. Some of my friends were circulating this Mother's Day video and since I watched it with Ariel on my lap, I thought that it was probably very hard to get emotional with this fidgety toddler on me.
I was wrong. This short, simple 3-min video was so impactful that it left me with two wet sleeves as the tissue box was out of reach. I'm not sure how to describe it. It's not that this video was particularly sad or stirring, but what struck me was how raw and how real those emotions were.
I can feel the child who says "Mummy, thanks for taking care of me". I can feel the mum who says "Unconditional love is a mother's instinct". I can feel the child who says "I love you" in an awkward , sheepish manner. I can feel the mum who says "Are you crying? Don't be silly."
Yes, it's probably that I am both a child and a mum that I can identify with so many of the emotions portrayed in this video. Of course, the fact that it is so Singaporean also makes it resonate with me deeply. If you haven't watched it, you really should.
Anyway, I was really moved by this video so I forwarded the link to my mum and asked her to view it. Of course, I told her 妈妈, 我爱你 (Mummy, I love you) too.
Now, my mum is a very strong person and not that kind of sentimental, dewy-eyed mum. I was expecting her to reply but I thought it might be something along the lines of "Thank you" or "Same to you". The thing is, when I got her swift reply, I broke down at the void deck of our flat. It's something that you can't control it when it comes and this one, I really had no control over.
At that moment, all I wanted was to run into her arms and give her a tight hug. She knows, she knows. Here I am, trying my best to be a good mum to my two girls every day but the truth is I'm also a child who still needs her tender loving care. We might live far apart, we might see each other fortnightly, we might not talk on the phone as much as before. But she is my mum and she is probably the only one who will understand, care for and protect me in that motherly way for all my life. Thank you, Mummy.
So I guess this Mother's Day is going to be quite a teary one for me. The good news is I think that these are tears of joy and I'm feeling more thankful than ever to have an awesome mum and to be a happy mum.
Wishing a Happy Mother's Day to all of you out there.
Awwww! Your mum is so sweet!!!!!!!!! I love how you forwarded it to her. How lovely it is for us to be living in this age with new age mothers!! I remember recently talking to my mum and the conversation came to COD for whatever reason. So I said I've been giving the girls cod regularly but I myself have not had any in years. She asked why and I said cos it's so expensive and I can't bear to eat it! She said "You must take care of yourself too. Don't just focus all your attention on your kids, you have to treat yourself sometimes too".
Summer i have been following your blog before motherhood all the way till now as a new mom to a 8-wk baby boy. Your sharings have encouraged me from one who was apprehensive about having a child, to one who was inspired to be a mom, and now to one who just wants to give my best to my baby, yet always feeling that i am never good enough, or worse having that feeling of calling it quits. But when we look at our children once more, be they laughing or screaming, we find our strength renewed and yeah, we always tell ourselves that tomorrow will be a better day.
Thank you for being such an inspiration to me. We are indeed in this magical journey of motherhood together.
Awww thank you for saying all this! It's nice to know that the posts make a difference and help to inspire more mums out there, even if it's just one or two of you! =) Congrats on your baby boy and I am glad you are so positive in finding ways to renew your strength! Don't worry about those thoughts about not being good enough, I get them once in a while too but just don't let them affect us too much. As for calling it quits, deep down we know that we won't and we don't wish for that to happen. We may not be perfect mums but we are definitely the best mums for our kids. =) Let's jia you together and thank you once again for writing this! Happy Mother's Day to you!


Selfish in a sentence. The word Selfish in example sentences. Selfish dictionary definition. Selfish pronunciation.
The word "selfish" in a example sentences. Learn the definition of selfish and how to use it in a sentence.
Caring supremely or unduly for one's self; regarding one's own comfort, advantage, etc., in disregard, or at the expense, of those of others.
Believing or teaching that the chief motives of human action are derived from love of self.
How to use selfish in a sentence. Selfish pronunciation.
I know I'm ignorant and selfish and feeble-minded, but I can see farther than you think.
Emmeline did not care to have it reported that selfish distress made her indifferent to the sufferings of a friend staying in her house.
The intention of the author seems to have been to write a scathing and terrible satire on provincial society, where every one almost without exception is represented as absolutely selfish, absolutely conceited, and absolutely heartless.
From the loins of the father-a man of tremendous force of character, all turned hellward, for he is a selfish, sensual beast-proceed three sons, men of powerful individualities, bound together by fraternal affection.
And all these officers, who walk in the Valley of the Shadow, have their selfish ambitions, their absurd social distinctions, and their overweening, egotistical vanity.
The officers are a collection of hideously selfish, brutal, drunken, licentious beasts; their mental horizon is almost inconceivably narrow, far narrower than that of mediaeval monks in a monastery.
You see now that she thinks of nothing at all but money and selfish pleasures.
However self-willed I am, I am not selfish; and to see you living a monotonous, imprisoned life would be a serious hindrance to me in my own living and working.
Especially after the fall of the Empire had removed a powerful motive for gilding the vices of aristocratic society, he painted its hard and selfish qualities as none of his contemporaries could have done.
Any day General Campvallon might be informed of the intrigue which dishonored him, either through some selfish treason, or through some public rumor, which might begin to spread.
Amy thought it was rather selfish of Kitty to leave all the work to her; but she said nothing, and tripped downstairs.
That men could be brothers; that they could live without the tawdry luxury, the tasteless and often brutal amusements, the low sensuality, the base intrigue, the bloody warfare, which was the accepted lot of the many; that they could find time to look stedfastly at heaven and hell as awful realities, which must be faced some day, which had best be faced at once; this, just as much as curiosity about their alleged miracles, and the selfish longing to rival them in superhuman powers, led many of the most virtuous and the most learned men of the time to visit them, and ascertain the truth.
If, according to the fashion of those times, he bewailed his sins with tears, he was no morbid or selfish recluse, but a man of practical power, and of wide humanity.
They do not prevent warfare and strife; on the contrary they are selfish, restricted and fruitful causes of enmity and hatred among mankind.
Then the establishment of various nations and the consequent shedding of blood and destruction of the edifice of humanity result from human ignorance and selfish motives.
Europe is one continent, Asia is one continent, Africa is one continent, Australia is one continent, but some of the souls, from personal motives and selfish interests, have divided each one of these continents and considered a certain part as their own country.
Yea, in the first centuries, selfish souls, for the promotion of their own interests, have assigned boundaries and outlets and have, day by day, attached more importance to these, until this led to intense enmity, bloodshed and rapacity in subsequent centuries.
Must forget his own selfish conditions that he may thus arise to the station of sacrifice.
You want to tell the truth about-about it, because you are honest and hate hiding things, because you want to be punished, and so pay the price.
Suddenly she gave a low, hysterical laugh.
It was much wiser to urge this consideration than to make a direct plea for mercy.
Mumford, also hearing it, and seeing Cobb's misery-stricken face by the light of the hall lamp, whispered to his wife: 'Hadn't you better go up, dear?
It is a study of village gossip, a favourite subject for satirists in all languages.
The conversation in this story is often brilliant, full of unexpected quips and retorts delivered in a manner far more French than Russian.


This Christmas ornament is a great gift for that special someone in your life. It is also great add on for the outside of a Valentine's Day gift or Christmas gift. It makes your gift more special and they get an ornament for the tree.


Easter – eggs – spring – fertility – rebirth. All part of a modern-day Easter celebration with ancient roots in pagan beliefs. Every spring people celebrated the end of winter and the coming of spring, the rebirth of nature, and made wishes for fertility and happiness for the new year.
Christianity has intertwined the ancient celebrations with the crucifixion of Jesus Christ, whose rebirth – sacred in the Christian faith – symbolizes renewal, hope and joy.
Romanian traditions have kept the use of painted hard-boiled Easter eggs which dates pre-christian customs. In cultures across the world – the egg is the symbol of new life, fertility and rebirth. In Romanian tradition, egg tapping is done in order to show who will have good luck for the year. In Orthodox Christian custom, the egg tapping is accompanied by the saying "Christ has risen".
While most Romanian households have eggs painted in simple colors, the traditional Romanian eggs used a diverse array of patterns borrowed from the traditional Romanian dress. Romanian clothing uses motifs borrowed from nature and surroundings to denote people's regional and cultural background. The Romanian dress also uses common pre-christian universal symbolism, like the tree of life or the infinity motif.
The Resurrection of Christ is a reminder of how life triumphs over death. In ancient pagan customs, the Sun returns by defeating the dark cold winter and bringing fertility, through which nature comes back to life. The Sun is reflected today in the light carried during the Easter vigil at midnight.
"Junii Brasovului" are a group of horsemen from Schei – an old Romanian neighborhood located near the citadel, today a district of Brasov.
Every year during spring they hold a special feast which represents a complex of Christian Orthodox traditions and pre-Christian rituals inherited from distant ancestors. The spring ritual is related to the ancient cult of the Sun which was joined with the resurrection of Christ – both signifying the renewal of life.
The spring ritual was forbidden in 1949 through a decree signed by Ana Pauker but was reintroduced by Nicolae Ceausescu in 1967.
The Juni on a visit to Bucharest in front of the Romanian Atenaeum (dated 1971). The Juni ritual was forbidden in 1949 through a decree signed by Ana Pauker but was reintroduced by Nicolae Ceausescu in 1967.
The Juni on a visit to Bucharest in front of the Romanian Government (dated 1970). The Juni ritual was forbidden in 1949 through a decree signed by Ana Pauker but was reintroduced by Nicolae Ceausescu in 1967.
Brasov citadel, situated on a commercial route at the border of Vallachia and Transylvania, was a flourishing trading center. The citadel was built at the mouth of a mountain valley. During the Saxon rule of the 13th to 17th century following the Unio Trium Nationum military pact, Romanians lost their civil rights while Saxon merchants and Hungarian nobility gained privileges. In Brasov they were forbidden from owning property inside the fortress. Called Vallachians at the time, they were living outside the wall in the neighborhood named Schei, also called Obere Vorstadt (Upper Suburb) or Wallachische Vorstadt (Vallachian Suburb) by Germans.
Aerial panorama of Brasov – the old citadel is located at the mouth of the valley, with Blumenau and Altstadt suburbs nearby. On the opposite side – Schei is located further down the valley between mountains.
View from Tampa mountain over Brasov's old citadel and its Saxon and Hungarian suburbs. Behind it is the Bârsa plain (Câmpia Bârsei).
View from Tampa mountain over Schei (right), Romanian suburb near Brasov's main citadel. From Schei onward begins the long Carpathian mountain chain, visible in the background. Left of Tampa is a newly built district in a narrow valley.
Schei is located in the south of the citadel, in between mountains. On the opposite side of the citadel, the Hungarian-Saxon populations were living in two neighborhoods: Blumenau (Blumana in Romanian) inhabited by Hungarians, Altstadt (inhabited by German farmers).
"Juni" is an old word that means "young unmarried men". Juni may also be called "feciori" which has the same meaning. In Brasov in particular, Juni applies to men of all ages, divided into married (old juni) or unmarried (young juni).
Although the Juni of Brasov have their specific ways of celebration, the Juni groups are found all throughout Romania. Up until recently, most Romanian villages had Juni groups but the forced urbanization, in addition with new EU laws which limited horse riding, has had a negative effect on these traditions.
The young men of a community reunite in a group called "ceata" (ceata de feciori, ceata de juni) during the winter solstice and spring when they perform pre-Christian songs and rituals; the purpose of these rituals is to help perpetuate fertility during winter, and to celebrate the return of the sun during spring. Only in recent times did the Christian element blend with the pagan traditions in such a manner that today they coincide with the main Christian holidays – Christmas and Easter.
The pre-Christian rituals are still alive all across Romania and are often practiced alongside Christian holidays. German chronicler Julius Teutsch, who observed the Brasov Juni rituals, concluded that they were remnant of an "ancient pre-Christian era" and said these traditions can be seen everywhere across the mountain hills since Dacian times.
In Brasov, an old custom practiced by the Romanian community which is related to the ancient cult of the sun: on the day of Descent of the Holly Spirit (called Rusalii in Romanian) men, women and children of Schei left in the evening for Mount Postăvarul (a few km from the village) after men knocked from door to door, using a hammer designed as a serpent to knock on each gate. On the mountain they waited until morning when the sun appeared in order to throw what they had on hand towards the sun, lest the "werewolves" stole the sun.
Dacians believed that the life-giving sun was swollen by dragons during winter; the same motif can be found in the Thracian Horseman depiction where a man on a horse fights off a dragon (in pre-Christian mythology, the horse is associated with sun and summer, and the wolf/ werewolf associated with winter).
The presence of horses is not accidental; the animal always played a vital role in popular folk since time immemorial – the horse was believed to be pulling the Sun Chariot across the sky, bringing with it the life-giving sun and assuring fertility for the new year. The Dacians celebrated this cult in the spring, when the Brasov Juni also celebrate it in order to mark the renewal of nature and the beginning of new life, whose significance was intertwined with the revival of Christ. The horse is venerated in various ways across the country, such as Boboteaza Cailor (The christening of horses).
Although the meaning of "June" is "young unmarried son", the Brasov ceremony reunites all men. The young unmarried men are picked up from their family homes by organized groups of men of all ages, and for the following days they play out a series of rituals and traditions.
The ceremony begins Monday early morning and ends one week later on the first Sunday after the Orthodox Easter (Duminica Tomii). On day one, the young men visit the homes of young unmarried girls. On the last day, they have the ceremonial walk on horseback through the city, which ends at Solomon's Rocks, located 2 km from Schei.
The men are divided in 7 traditional groups, number based on the religious belief that God made the world in 7 days. Every group has its own costumes and the leader of each group carries a scepter with a traditional flag and a tricolor ribbon (colors of the Romanian flag), which signify dignity and bravery.
The leading group is wearing the traditional costume of Romanians ("Vallachians") of Brasov. Their hat is tailored after the model of Michael the Brave's hat (Vallachian prince who first united the 3 principalities in 1600) and is worn by 4 of the 7 groups of men.
The hat is tailored after the model of Vallachian prince Michael the Brave's hat and is worn by 4 of the 7 groups of men.
One of the Juni rituals, which takes place on Thursday, includes "aruncatul in țol" where the young men are thrown in the air 3 times.
On the last day, the Juni have the ceremonial walk on horseback through the city which ends at Solomon's Rocks, located 2 km from Schei.
In 1842, Georg Gottlieb Schnell published a series of costume litographies that included the Romanians of Schei, Brasov. Referred to as Vallachians at the time – "Vallachian from the neighborhood of Brasov" – the neighborhood being Schei, located outside the city walls at the time.
Romanians were refereed to as Vallachians (Wallach) by Saxons and other foreigners ("Wallach" was a Germanic word used by foreigners to define Latin speaking populations of Eastern Europe – found in Vallachia, Moldavia, Transylvania).
Antonio Possevino described the main commercial settlements of Transylvania in his 1584 manuscript "Transilvania": when mentioning Brasov (called Corona in latin), he mentions the main fortified citadel inhabited by Saxon merchants, surrounded by 3 suburbs with Hungarians, Romanians and Saxon farmers. He calls Brasov small but flourishing due to its strategic location, with commercial ties with just about everyone.
Ludwig Binder's book "Johannes Hunterus. Schriften, Briefe, Zeugnisse" (chapter 16) contains a medieval century letter from Johannes Honter (Saxon humanist who lived and died in Brasov) who described Brasov and three main communities living near it: Romanians in Schei, Hungarians, Saxon farmers (the inner fortress allowed only Saxon merchants and the upper class).
In the book "Das Alt und Neu Teutsche Dacia" published in 1666, Saxon historian Johannes Tröster described the Romanians (Rumunyi) of then-Transylvania as an oppressed people with no rights, whose settlements are located in the mountains or near Hungarian/ Saxon towns. He acknowledged the surprising latinity of these "simple uneducated peasants". He went on to transcribe from hearing a few Vallachian phrases in order to prove the latin substratum, phrases which are perfectly intelligible with modern Romanian. He also described their religion as identical to that of "Russians and Moscovites" (Christian-Orthodox).
The old Brasov was divided into Kronstandt or Corona (the main citadel) and 3 neighboring suburbs: Altstadt (Brasovechi in Romanian) inhabited by Saxons, Bulemnau (Blumana in Romanian) inhabited by Hungarians, and Schei (the Vallachian Upper Suburb – Wallachische or Obere Vorstadt). After the Saxons and Hungarians were converted from Catholic to Lutheran church, the Evangelical Blumenau Church was built on the place of a Catholic church to serve them.
Sf. Nicolae orthodox church in Schei, first dated in 1292.
The Christian Orthodox church Sf. Nicolae (St. Nicholas) from Schei served the Romanian community for centuries. First dated as a church settlement in 1292, its one of the oldest Orthodox churches in Transylvania. The first stone church was built in 1495 by then-prince of Vallachia.
From 1556 the first Romanian books were printed here. Next to the church is the first Romanian school, started in 1583.
The Romanians from Schei could only enter Brasov citadel at certain hours and had to pay a toll at the gate for selling their produce inside the citadel; they entered on horseback through Ecaterina Gate (closed in 1820), also called Porta Vallace or Vallah's Gate, as it was the only entrance for the "Vallachians". Another gate was built for them in 1820, called Poarta Târgul Cailor (Horse Fair Gate). Still too small, the larger Schei Gate (Poarta Schei) was built in 1827 to fit the growing needs of the Schei population.
Schei Gate is still being used by Juni during their ceremonial walk when they come down from Schei towards the main city.
Ecaterina gate, the first gate used by Schei people to enter the citadel. A bigger gate was built but still too small, it was replaced by a third gate simply called Schei Gate.
Poarta Târgul Cailor (Horse Fair Gate), the second gate built for Schei people. Dismantled a few years later.
Schei Gate and Ecaterina Gate, the later less visible today from this angle due to the trees.
Schei village is located in a long deep mountain valley, crossed by multiple rivers and creeks. Because of this, the village numbered over 20 water mills in the XIX century which spread all the way to Solomon's Rocks. The street that lead to Solomon's Rocks was called the Valley of the Water Mills (Valea Morilor).
"Capul satului" (the end of the village), when the settlement spread along Solomon river all the way up to Solomon's Keys.
Up until early the XXth century tourism developed, the old Schei village used to spread along Solomon river up to Solomon's Rocks. The old houses of Schei have traditional Romanian wooden gates, some dating back to the XVII century; they are sculpted with astronomical motifs that are believed to protect the house. Some of the deteriorated wooden gates were replaced with metal gates.
Solar motifs stemming from ancient pre-Christian belief in the cult of the sun, much like the pre-Christian traditions still practiced today by the Juni.
Unlike the men of Schei who kept the traditional Romanian costume pieces, the Schei women's clothing had a strong urban influence which reflected the community's proximity to a flourishing commercial center.


This is a tutorial for the Experimental Design Tool (EDT). EDT supports planning scientific experiments and recording the results observed. We explain how to add the different variables to create your experimental design.