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RKCB & Shoffy: See For Yourself Tour
Kat Saul
The High Watt
One Cannery Row
Nashville, TN, 37203
RKCB
Legendary author Alan Watts believed we as humans need to go completely out of our minds to come fully into our emotions, as he so famously discussed in his book, "Out of Your Mind." Self-proclaimed sexistential alt-pop duo RKCB draw upon this concept for their forthcoming music (check "Alone with You, Pt. 2"), which throbs with enlightenment about the life and death nature of love, our relationship with consciousness and even global warming.
Finding creative liberation during a trip to London, and having flipped through the pages of Watts' insightful ruminations, bandmates Riley Knapp and Casey Barth felt the energy between them monumentally shift. "It was like this big veil had been lifted, and we both felt the energy," says Barth. "Watts' book really opened up a lot, philosophically and emotionally, that we wanted to explore in the music."
Knapp and Barth's destinies would become forever entwined during their music studies at University of Southern California. It was during a masterclass given by hip-hop performer and producer Young Guru that their worlds opened up, and they were able to see inside each other's work. Their subsequent first creative session together gave birth to a song called "Comatose," a cut off their 2015 debut EP, Short Films, which gave way to a yin-yang friendship. "Figuring this process out has been the most exciting part about this journey and is what gives us faith that we have a lot more to do and say," says Knapp.
Born and raised in the City of Angels, soulful producer/vocalist/instrumentalist Shoffy champions electronic-based Pop/R&B fused with guitar and smooth vocals. By day, Shoffy, real name Alex Shofler, worked as a financial analyst until recently -- now, he's pursuing music full-time. Writing and producing since age 14, Shofler has jumped from different projects and bands, until embarking on his solo career.
His first wide release under the Shoffy moniker came in November 2015 with single "Takes My Body Higher" ft. Lincoln Jesser off his EP conversations in the a.m. The single spread virally and reached 33 million plays (and growing) on Spotify and 13 Million video plays on YouTube. Achieving this organically without any promotion, "Take My Body Higher" also claimed a spot on the Billboard Hot Dance/Electronic Charts for 12 weeks, peaking at #19.
Following this success, Shofler released a new EP, somewhere between nostalgia and paradise, leading with "Home," a track he wrote and co-produced. All of the songs on the seven-track EP are written, and most produced or co-produced, by Shofler, and feature him playing various instruments throughout. Standout cuts include "Home" and "Movin On" -- a beautiful and simple testimony to a love lost, written originally with only his guitar and vocal. somewhere between nostalgia and paradise also features collaborations with fellow hype-worthy peers including Jack LNDN on "Better Off Here," TA?CHES on "Eat Your Friends," and RKCB as co-producer and co-writer on "Home."
Growing up in Nashville, pop writer/performer Kat Saul learned to play guitar and piano at age five and started writing her own songs at age 13. By the time she was in high school, she was participating in professional writing sessions and is now one of the most buzzed about young pop writer/performers in Music City.
In 208 Kat debuted her unique brand of unapologetic pop music with the release of singles "Jericho," "Unit 408," & "Nick Miller." She presents an unmistakable sound that hits a little left from center & blends Nashville flavored lyrical sensibility with alt pop melodies & production reminiscent of artists like Gwen Stefani, Sia, Lorde, & the like.
"Jericho," received attention from Nashville Native Magazine calling it "a definite max out the volume sing along," while PopDust hailed it "a hot track that embodies exactly the kind of buzz she is making in the songwriting community."
"Unit 408" was named Nashville radio station Lighting 100's DJ pick of the week & garnering praise from fans & press alike. FEMME RIOT writes, "One listen to "Unit 408" and you'll be humming the song to yourself the rest of the day and be hooked on Kat's musical style begging for more."
"Nick Miller," her most experimental offering to date, landed on Spotify's New Music Friday playlist in 9 countries including the US. Jake Johnson, the actor who plays the character from FOX's 'New Girl,' endorsed the song on social media and during an interview on the popular podcast series "Anna Faris Is Unqualified."
Kat heads towards the release of her highly anticipated debut EP this Spring with new single "Middle Name" to be released January 28.
VALID GOV'T ISSUED PHOTO ID REQUIRED - NO EXCEPTIONS
Danny Burns & Sam Johnston
Arlo McKinley & the Lonesome Sound
Have A Rad Day aka H.A.R.D. Single Release Show
Lauren Morrow
Cayucas
RKCB & Shoffy: See For Yourself Tour with Kat Saul
Saturday, February 2 · Doors 8:00 PM / Show 9:00 PM at The High Watt


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HANSARD 1803–2005 → 1970s → 1972 → October 1972 → 25 October 1972 → Commons Sitting → Clause 209
New Clause J
HC Deb 25 October 1972 vol 843 cc1268-70 1268
§ Sheriffs and under-sheriffs J.—(1) Sheriffs appointed for a county or Greater London shall be known as high sheriffs, and any reference in any enactment or instrument to a sheriff shall be construed accordingly in relation to sheriffs for a county or Greater London. (2) No persons shall be nominated in 1973 in pursuance of section 6(1) of the Sheriffs Act 1887 as persons fit to serve as high sheriff, but the lord-lieutenant of a new county or Greater London shall, as soon as may be after he has been appointed under section 211(l) above or has been specified in an Order in Council under section 211(4) above, nominate three persons as being fit to serve as high sheriff of that county or Greater London, as the case may be, and they shall be treated as having been nominated under the said section 6(1). (3) The rights of Her Majesty in right of the Duchy of Lancaster in relation to the appointment of high sheriffs shall apply throughout the whole of the counties of Greater Manchester, Merseyside and Lancashire; and subsection (2) above shall not apply to those counties or to the county of Cornwall. (4) The Lord Chancellor may by order prescribe the area for which each under-sheriff is to act. 1269 (5) Where the area for which an under-sheriff acts is situated in two or more counties, the duty imposed by section 23 of the Sheriffs Act 1887 of appointing the under-sheriff for that area shall be discharged by the high sheriff of the county containing the greater part of that area, after consulting any other high sheriff concerned, and if any question arises as to which county contains the greater part of an under-sheriff's area, it shall be determined by the Lord Chancellor. References in this subsection to a county include references both to Greater London and to the City (including the Temples). (6) An under-sheriff shall as respects the area for which he acts be treated as the high sheriff's deputy for the purpose of all the high sheriff's functions, except his functions as returning officer at parliamentary elections. (7) No privileges or duties of a sheriff shall be exercisable under section 34 of the Sheriffs Act 1887 or otherwise by the bailiff of a franchise. (8) In this section "Greater London" does not include the City or the Temples.
§ Mr. Carlisle
I think that it would also be convenient to take Lords Amendment No. 490.
The purpose of the new Clause is to enable the areas of jurisdiction of under-sheriffs to be left, broadly speaking, undisturbed by the local government changes brought about by the Bill. This is being done primarily to avoid disrupting under-sheriffs' offices and staffs pending a long-term decision to be taken by the Government in due course as to the arrangements for High Court execution.
The machinery for achieving that is to give the Lord Chancellor power, by statutory instrument, to prescribe under-sheriffs' areas of jurisdiction. It is expected that he will probably define them by reference to county court districts under the County Courts Act, 1959, thus preserving the status quo as far as possible.
The Payne Committee on the Enforcement of Judgment Debts recommended the discontinuance of the under-sheriff's functions in relation to the execution of High Court judgments. If that function were taken away from them they would be left with merely ceremonial and formal functions. No final decision has yet been taken on the implementation of that Report, but it is certainly possible that in the next few years the work of carrying out High Court executions may be transferred from the hands of under-sheriffs. Therefore the Government have 1270 accepted the view of the Under-Sheriffs' Association that, particularly when it is possibly only for a short time, it is not worth causing the disruption which would be caused were any substantial change to be made in the territorial areas of under-sheriffs at present. Therefore, the new Clause makes it possible to preserve the existing areas of operation and function with a minimum of dislocation.
§ Question put and agreed to.
§ Subsequent Lords Amendment agreed to.
Back to ADAPTATION OF LAW RELATING TO OLD COUNTIES
Forward to Clause 210

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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Primetime Ratings: Fox Wins With Baseball All-Star Game
By Michael Malone 10 July 2019
Fox won the Tuesday ratings battle, the MLB All-Star Game setting the pace for the network's 1.7 in viewers 18-49, per the Nielsen overnights, and a 9 share. That beat NBC's 1.4/7.
The All-Star Game, won 4-3 by the American League, took up all of Fox's prime.
Last year's game, also an American League win, got a 2.1.
NBC had America's Got Talent up 27% from 8 to 10 p.m. for a 1.4, and the premiere of Bring the Funny at 1.2.
Telemundo did a 0.5/2. Betty En NY got a 0.5 and La Reina del Sur a 0.6.
ABC and CBS both rated a 0.4/2. ABC had repeated comedies.
On CBS, the premiere of Love Island got a 0.6 from 8 to 9:30. A Big Bang Theory repeat followed, then Blood & Treasure was down a tenth at 0.3.
Univision did a 0.3/2 and The CW a 0.2/1. A Flash repeat led into The 100 at a level 0.2 on CW.


As a child, I remember the area as the article describes: a flat-top ridge rising 350 feet above neighboring villages at the valley bottoms called Ringos Mills. This area was settled by hardworking farmers and lumbermen. This location was formed from an ice-age aberration of very rich soil on a mountaintop.
In 1962, local Fleming County leaders and the state of Kentucky agreed with the federal government to locate a nuclear waste disposal in the area. Local leaders were ecstatic, thinking the county would get nuclear plants producing hundreds of jobs. State officials developed tendinitis from patting themselves on their backs for their success.
Then the state signed a 25-year lease with Nuclear Engineering Company to operate the 252-acre site. NECO started to bury the toxic waste in May, 1963. About 85 percent of it was low-level radioactive waste and the remainder was high-level waste, including plutonium. There were 51 trenches 650 feet long at the start and the waste was supposed to be dumped into these trenches.
1) Any person with common sense would never dig a disposal area on the top of a mountain and expect it not to leak. Gravity will defile the water in the radioactive trenches.
2) Each trench was to be covered with 10 feet of soil or rock material; some trenches were covered with only five inches of soil.
3) Numerous articles such as watches, surgical tools and miscellaneous radioactive instruments were found in the bottom valley farm branches. Trucks were just plain dumping material over the side of the mountain and not into the trenches.
4) Fleming, at this time, was the second-biggest dairy county in the state. Local farmers were distraught that their cows were aborting, were found dead, were grinding their teeth, and some exhibited skin depigmentation.
Where do you think the milk went from these dairy farms? To Huntington, W. Va., the Kroger milk plant in Winchester or the Spring Grove plant in Morehead.
Where do you think the defiled water went? From Rock Lick Creek to the Licking River to become drinking water for Northern and Central Kentucky.
While this was going on, the state and local agencies were constantly stating that Maxey Flats was safe and there were no health hazards.
In 1977, when the state finally had proof that plutonium was escaping from the trenches, it agreed to close Maxey Flats.
Not one leader took responsibility. As usual the finger pointing was contentious among the state, local and federal governments. No nuclear plants had moved to Kentucky and we are left with a nuclear slop jar on sacred grounds.
So far, it has cost $60 million to somewhat clean up and another $1 million per year to maintain and monitor.
Therefore, it does not make one feel warm and fuzzy that this year the Radiation Health Branch of the state Cabinet for Health and Family Services proclaimed that Maxey Flats does not pose a threat to public health.
The article reported that the state has installed a key pad entrance and remote cameras at the site. I really do not know of anyone in their right mind who would want to enter this cesspool of radioactive plutonium.
To truly learn from our mistakes, we must accept our failures, forgive those who oppose our views and trust in God that justice will prevail. Nothing can change Maxey Flats as it is now. It is a nuclear slop jar and will remain that way forever. Sad, sad, sad.
Lucien Royse of Georgetown is a Fleming County native and a retired business executive.


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DEEP "TRUNK" HOLE AT STANDBY GOLD PROJECT DESIGNED TO INTERSECT TWO HIGH GRADE GOLD ZONES PROGRESSING WELL
Home » DEEP "TRUNK" HOLE AT STANDBY GOLD PROJECT DESIGNED TO INTERSECT TWO HIGH GRADE GOLD ZONES PROGRESSING WELL
(Vancouver, October 11, 2019): Mineral Mountain Resources Ltd. and Mineral Mountain Resources (SD) Inc. ("Mineral Mountain" or the "Company") (TSXV: "MMV") is pleased to announce that the 1600 m "trunk hole", ST19-011, designed to test two historical high grade gold zones, previously announced in a news release dated September 17, 2019, is progressing as planned and on target. Major Drilling, experienced leaders in the use of directional drilling technology are the contractors selected to complete this 4,000 m drill program to target historic high grade gold intersections and to extend the gold mineralization recorded in the Company's Phase 1 program completed in 2018 along the East Limb Shear Structure in iron formation. Only the initial 450 m plunge length of the structure was drill tested and confirming Homestake-style gold mineralization. Historic intersections along the East Limb Structure, which hosts the Standby Mine, include BLG-UG3=24.0 m @ 3.36 g/t Au down plunge from the historic mine workings and SM87-3A=3.10 m @ 10.29 g/t Au intersected 1800 m down plunge along the structure. The major benefits to employing directional drilling technology is that it enables the Company to dramatically lower overall drill costs by utilizing shorter directional offsets from a deep "trunk hole" to test the gold bearing structure along plunge rather than drilling each hole from surface, provides quicker turn-around for assays because of the reduced meter necessary to effect multiple penetrations of the mineralized zone and, importantly reduces the local environmental impact by utilizing fewer drill sites.
After the completion of hole ST10-011, the hole will be probed geophysically with "state of the art" BHEM technology. This technology has the capability to see up to 400 m off hole along the mineralized structure down plunge towards the high-grade gold zone. This BHEM can also see localized conductive responses directly associated with highly sulfidic gold mineralization.
Scope of Directional Drill Program
A "trunk hole" of up to 1600 meters in length will be directed down the plunge of the East Limb Structure using directional drilling technology towards two separate historic gold zones, Target 1 (shallower) and Target 2 (deepest), that are about 750 m apart. Several shorter off set holes will then be drilled between the two targets, including above and below Targets 1 and 2, to more thoroughly explore the East Limb Structure (see schematic cross section posted on the Company's website www.mineralmtn.com.)
The Standby Target -Thickened Iron Formation Cut by a Regional Deformation Zone
The Standby Mine, a turn of the 20th century producer, is situated 16 miles (25 km) south of the Homestake Gold Mine, the largest iron-formation-hosted gold deposit in the world, having produced over 40 million ounces of gold over its 125 year history at an average historical reserve grade of approximately 0.27 opt (8.38 g/t Au).
The Standby Target is situated in the northern portion of the 5 mile long (8 km) Standby-Bloody Gulch-Lookout Trend, and represents the southern extension of the Homestake Corridor, which comprises tightly folded and thickened iron formation, the gold-host rock, cut by numerous major northwest trending, steep, mineralized structures. Based on 3D modelling of the Company's 2013 airborne magnetics, surface geological mapping and the control provided by several historic deep hole arrays completed by Homestake Mining in 1986-87, The Standby Target Trend alone is of sufficient scale (i.e. multi-kilometer plunge length of structurally thickened iron formation) to host a major gold ore-bearing structure on the scale of the Homestake 9-Ledge, without even considering the numerous other major structural trends within gold bearing iron formation present on Mineral Mountain's 30 sq. km Rochford District land package.
Drilling to date by Mineral Mountain has partially defined a gold-bearing, arsenopyrite-pyrrhotite mineralized, near-vertical shear zone in iron formation, approximately 30 m wide, striking 129 degrees Azimuth, in structurally thickened iron formation which comprises a tight isoclinal, steeply dipping closed anticlinal structure forming the eastern limb of the Standby Syncline. This structure, the East Limb Structure, has been traced for over 400 meters to date in the Company's 2018 drilling, and the Company's database confirms that this gold mineralization also continues through a number of deep drill holes up to 1.8 kilometers down-plunge that were drilled by Homestake Mining in 1986-87. In 1987, Homestake drilled SM87-3A which intersected 3.1 m @ 10.29 g/t Au at about 1800 m down plunge. As one example from this trend to date, MMV drill hole ST18-006 intersected 2.12 g/t Au over 20 meters, including 4.39 g/t Au over 2.5 m and 5.24 g/t Au over 1.5 m, 230m below surface. This drill hole is 50m down plunge of historical drill hole BLG-UG3 which graded 3.36 g/t Au over 24 meters. The ST18-006 intersection occurs within a 34 m wide classic Homestake-style quartz vein-hydrothermal chlorite breccia with quartz flooding, 3-15% coarse-grained arsenopyrite and 3-7% pyrrhotite, within the host iron formation.
Mineral Mountain Closes Final Tranche of Private Placement
Mineral Mountain is pleased to announce that subject to acceptance for filing of the final documentation by the TSX Venture Exchange ("TSX-V"), it has closed the final tranche of its non-brokered unit ("Unit") private placement (the "Private Placement") announced previously on August 30, 2019 and has issued 16,060,868 units of the Company ("Units") at a price of C$0.15 per Unit to raise gross proceeds of CDN$2,409,130.20. Each Unit consists of one common share of the Company and one common share purchase warrant (a "Warrant"), with each Warrant entitling the holder to purchase one common share of the Company (a "Warrant Share") for a period of one (1) year from closing at an exercise price of C$0.25 per Warrant Share.
A finder's fee of 7% was paid to arm's length third parties on a portion of the Private Placement.
The net proceeds raised from the Private Placement are intended to be used to fund the 4,000 m program outlined above, and, for corporate and general working capital purposes.
The securities issued pursuant to the Private Placement are subject to applicable statutory resale restrictions, including a hold period expiring on February 12, 2020 pursuant to applicable Canadian securities laws.
The Company also announces that, pursuant to its stock option incentive plan, it has granted to directors and officers of the Company incentive stock options to purchase 1,575,000 shares at CDN $0.175 with an expiry date of 5 years from the date of the grant.
(778) 383-3975 bbaker@mineralmtn.com
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The business of transporting liquid cargo, molasses and alcohol under Shiva Cargo Movers Limited started from 1985. The cargo being extremely sensitive to external stimuli makes it imperative to be handled delicately and with utmost care. The Company has earned the trust of its customers by safely delivering the entrusted cargo, always on time. The Company has carved for itself a niche as the specialized transporters of alcohol and other cargo of a similar kind.
Copyright © 2017, Bannari Amman Group, All rights reserved.


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!Women Art Revolution - Spotlight at Stanford
Reporting from: https://exhibits.stanford.edu/women-art-revolution/feature/judith-baca
!Women Art Revolution
Voices of a Movement
Exhibits & Performances
Artist, Curator & Critic Interviews
Everything Title Author/Contributor Subject Call number Full text search for
Judith Baca
Interview with Judith Baca, 1992 October 2
Interview with Judith Baca and Suzanne Lacy, 2004 July 7
Judith (Judy) Baca (b. 1946), a Mexican-American artist and activist working primarily in Los Angeles, has dedicated her career to demonstrating the ways in which public art, created in partnership with community members, can be a force for social change. One of her first undertakings after college was a collaborative mural project aimed at tempering gang violence (1969). In 1976 she co-founded the Social and Public Art Resource Center (SPARC), which has been a source of inspiration, support, and sponsorship for projects that address the identities and concerns of underrepresented populations such as women, immigrants, and the economically disadvantaged. Because these murals and related public art installations are located in the neighborhoods in which the participants live, a strong sense of joint ownership accompanies the works' creation.
Baca's most celebrated work is The Great Wall of Los Angeles, a mural project begun in 1973 in the Tujunga Flood Control Channel of the San Fernando Valley. Completed over the course of five years, The Great Wall acts as a visual narrative of centuries of California history—especially of that history which has consistently been underrepresented in "official" documents and textbooks. It, and Baca's mural projects in general, find their stylistic precedents in the works of the Mexican muralists and the W.P.A., yet the social activism and specific themes that they espouse are decidedly contemporary.
Judith F. Baca, "Farewell to Rosie the Riveter and Development of Suburbia," detail from The Great Wall of Los Angeles (1983). Photo: Linda Eber. Courtesy of S.P.A.R.C.
Calo and Carole Gold. "Judy Baca's Legacy." Public Art Review 17, no. 33 (2005): 39-41.
Pohl, Frances. Judith F. Baca: Sites and Insights, 1972-1992. Claremont, Calif.: Montgomery Art Gallery, 1993.
Von Blum, Paul. "Judy Baca." In Other Visions, Other Voices: Women Political Artists in Greater Los Angeles, 51-62. Lanham, Md.: University Press of America, 1994.
DISBAND
Janine Antoni
Judith Brodsky
Cornelia (Connie) Butler
Mary Beth Edelson
Howard Fox
Susan Grode
Guerrilla Girls
Harmony Hammond
Lynn Hershman
Joyce Kozloff
Robert Kushner
Suzanne Lacy
Sheila Levrant de Bretteville
Howardena Pindell
Yvonne Rainer
Maura Reilly
B. Ruby Rich
Rachel Rosenthal
Moira Roth
Elizabeth Sackler
Miriam Schapiro
Carolee Schneeman
Lowery Sims
Sylvia Sleigh
Nancy Spero
Marcia Tucker
Faith Wilding
Martha Wilson


And finally, a test which required him to strain totally and even though he was the strongest man on Earth he still couldn't get it to go very fast. I wonder what would have happened if the queen had had all of the other slaves retired to their cells and had only TSOH push the wheel, like for hours on end. He was exhausted by the plate test because he couldn't even stand when the holding cage was allowed to release him. Two or three hours on this wheel would have had him on his knees, at least. As the Queen said, "He is but a man, not a God. He has a limit!" I should have liked to see him humbled a little, before he destroys the entire complex, with a little help from his friend.


Thinking it is normal, but all people don't expect the circles on disposable chopsticks to have the meaning like this.
Disposable chopsticks are products that are too familiar to many people. It appears in many restaurants, parties, festivals because of the convenience so it is increasingly popular.
Although there are many articles that alert users to limit the use of this type of chopsticks. But you have to admit that many times you have to use this type of chopsticks when buying food outside or on picnics.
Watching on video clips, we can see easily that many production places use bleaching chemicals to beautify, whiten disposable chopsticks but not everyone knows what the meaning of the "circles" on the chopsticks is. In addition, what is the meaning of the different circles on chopsticks and of chopsticks without circles?
The answer is, that circles are to mark so that the manufacturer knows how many they are recycled. Correspondingly, the no-circle type are the new chopsticks, 2-circle type has been recycled twice, and similarly, the 3 circles are recycled three times. After the third recycling, these chopsticks will be taken away to ensure safety for users.
Although it is convenient, limit the use of disposable chopsticks and spoons. We can buy our individual spoon and chopsticks to ensure health. Despite looking at the disposable chopsticks, they are white but who knows they have been dipped through a bleaching agent, anti-mildew?


The Earth's crust is a thin layer containing rock material.
The surface of the crust consists of mountain ranges, valleys, flat plains, deserts, and vegetated areas of varying density. From space, it can be seen that oceans of water cover much of the surface. The surface has been shaped over millions of years by tectonic forces and volcanic action and erosion by wind, water and glaciers.
The four terrestrial planets - Mercury, Venus, Earth and Mars - contain evidence of volcanic action having occurred in their past. In the case of Earth, some volcanoes are still active and these often erupt, releasing molten rock material into the air or surrounding areas. There are about 500 volcanoes on Earth, most of which are found along plate boundaries.
A key feature of the Earth is the presence of liquid water on its surface. This water is found in the oceans, lakes, and rivers. Water also occurs in the polar ice-caps, and as vapour in the air. Water allows living things to survive on Earth.


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Does This Look Like the Coldest Place in the United States?
On This Date in History: At this point in the winter season, data from the National Snow Analysis reveals that 49% of the nation is covered in snow. Last month, that total was 44.8% but, in between, I've noted some days where the snow cover was as high as 70%. We are in a weather pattern that has been persistent with a general ridge in the west and a trof down through the front range of the Rockies or through the midwest. While there have been some big storms on the West Coast, most of the action seems to be riding up the northern part of the Rockies and then down deep, often way deep, into the South with the base of the mean trof generally in the heart of Dixie. The mean long wave has been such that it tends to take storms just off the East Coast. The East Coast has dodged a bullet for the most part because, while there have been a couple of big boppers nail New England, much of the Eastern Seaboard has missed out on several systems that, had they been about 100 miles further west, would have buried the I-95 corridor from North Carolina to Maine. It's pretty cold now but a super cold outbreak has for the most part been avoided. While some records have no doubt been set, certainly no one has come close to all-time low temperatures recorded in history.
Back in late 1970, there was a big high pressure ridge situated over Hawaii but, by early 1971, that big ridge shifted to the East. A new mean ridge set up over the Bering Sea and created a strong blocking pattern over the Central Pacific. Northerly flow across the Bering Sea remained persistent but the southern part of the December trof moved east to set up a strong, broad cyclonic circulation across the Mississippi Valley to the Atlantic. All of Alaska was much colder than average that January with Fairbanks, Alaska not getting above 22 F degrees below zero for 18 consecutive days, which is a record for such cold of such duration. The record-setting cold month in Fairbanks resulted in an average temperature for that month in that city of 31.7 F degrees below zero.
About 200 miles Northwest of Fairbanks and 25 miles Southeast of Bettles, AK, one will find tiny Prospect Creek, Alaska. It was first settled as a mining camp in the gold rush days. Most notably, a camp was built there for the builders of the Trans-Alaska Pipeline in 1974. The near ghost town was transformed into the residence for some 27,000 workers and to serve pipeline station number 5. There is not much at the location and the camp was little more than housing with some washrooms. When the pipeline was completed in 1977, Prospect Creek was once again abandoned, though in 1992 it did serve as a base of operations for some people working on the rebuilding of a bridge along the Dalton Highway. Not only did it serve to house workers but also their families and I'm sure that mom was happy to bring the kids along to live in the wilderness north of the Arctic circle at about 67 degrees North Latitude. It's so far north and so cold that it's really more or less a desert as it only gets between 0 and 10 inches of precipitation per year. June and July aren't too bad with average highs of 71 and 73 respectively. But, January and February average highs are 2 and 10 degree respectively and 6 months out of the year, the average high is below freezing. In spite of the cold, you can find Black and Brown bears in the area as well as Bald Eagles. But, you probably won't find Sarah Palin wandering about as it's about 530 miles North of the former governor's home town of Wasilla.
Aside from all of this, it's tough to find much about Prospect Creek and most likely would not be found anywhere on the internet or in encyclopedia's if it were not what happened there on January 23, 1971. The big fat ridge that parked itself over the region in January 1971 and brought Fairbanks such frigid conditions affected the entire state. I suspect that the center of the high pressure ridge must have moved directly over Prospect Creek because, on this date in 1971, the mercury at Prospect Creek, Alaska fell all the way to 79.8F degrees below zero, giving it the record for the coldest temperature ever recorded in the United States. For all of North America, the low that day is second only to Snag, Yukon Territory, Canada that hit minus 81F degrees on February 3, 1947. But, Snag's elevation is 2100 ft while Prospect Creek is somewhere in the neighborhood of 1000 feet above sea level.
Mt. Washington, NH has the distinction of having the lowest annual mean temperature of 26.5F and the lowest mean summer temperature (51.6F) in the lower 48. In 1954, a big old 1070mb high settled in over Montana and on January 20, the temperature at Rogers Pass in Lewis and Clark County fell to -69.7F to set the coldest temperature ever recorded in the lower 48 states. Rogers Pass sits about 150 feet below the Continental Divide at around 6000 ft in elevation. It's interesting that just 11 days before, the lowest temperature on the Greenland Icecap was recorded at -86.6 degrees. That is nothing compared to the all-time planet low temperature of -128.6F on July 21, 1983 at the Amundsen-Scott Station,which is just a few hundred yards from the geographic South Pole in Antarctica. With all of this, it's no wonder that Prospect Creek has zero population today. But, you can mail a letter there, if you like. The zip code is 99726. I suppose the postal carrier that gets that mail-route is being punished because "nor rain, nor snow, nor dead of night" does not include "nor 79 degrees below zero." By the way, in case you are interested, you can take a tour that includes Prospect Creek. I might suggest June or July.
Weather Bottom Line: Well…after reading all of that, you should feel down-right warm. Maybe not. We have a hint of a warm up in the week ahead but it's not much of a hint and it won't last long. First, we have a little disturbance wandering across that is damping out, or weakening so we may have some snow showers today and tomorrow. Then another system comes across the south and an accompanying disturbance coming out of the midwest will also get damped out so we may have some snow showers Tuesday and Wednesday too but I don't think it will be all that terrific. We warm up slightly to the mid 30's by the end of the week and may even hit 40 on Saturday but that's about it because on Sunday, we're back down to highs in the 20's. Break out the tanning butter on Saturday.
Some of you may remember The Gong Show. People came on the show and the judges would give them a score. If the acts were really bad, a judge would stand up and bang a gong that meant the act was off the show. I think the winner of the show got something like $32.98 or some such odd, low number. America loved it for awhile as they loved to watch the stupid, crummy acts, not the good ones. We love competition but sometimes we seem to gravitate to the most preposterous or bad performances. One of NFL Films most popular team biopic is on the Tampa Bay Buccaneers that lost 26 games in a row and every game in a season…the only team to do so in modern times until the Detroit Lions joined them this year. And of course, there is American Idol and the infamous William Hung. He is probably more well known than most of the winners.
This is not new with America.
Before the Gong Show and the Buccaneers and William Hung, there was the Cherry Sisters. They were so bad, they became a smash hit. The Cherry Sisters first took to the stage on this date in 1893 in Marion, Iowa. They received $250 for a one hour show. Pretty good money. In Marion, the folks must have been kind because it was in Marion that they got their only good newspaper review. When they took their act to Cedar Rapids, the local Gazette referred to their performance as "ultimate gall." The paper also mentioned that people threw overshoes at the ladies. See…Iraqis did not invent the act of throwing shoes at people on stage. Not to outdone by their neighbors, the people of Dubuque tossed a tin wash boiler, turnips and sprayed them down with a fire extinguisher. I'm not sure what a tin wash boiler is but, who brings turnips to a show? The newspaper in Davenport, Iowa issued a warning to would be concert-goers. Rocks larger than two inches would not be allowed in the theatre! I guess Constitutional rights only go so far….one inch rocks were okay but two inches? Forget it!
Eventually, the act was so bad, it became popular and the "The Celebrated Cherry Sisters" made their way to the big time of the Big Apple. Yup…they went to Broadway in 1896 under the guidance of none other than Flo Ziegfeld himself. People came to the theatre in droves just to hurl insults and garbage at them. Much like the Blues Brothers, the stage manager stretched a fish net across the stage to protect them from hurtling objects. But, it finally went too far.
The truth is that Jessie died of typhoid in 1903 at age 31. It also called the sounds the sisters made "were like the wailings of damned souls." I don't know why they sued the Leader because Billy Hamilton of the Odebolt Chronicle in western Iowa called the ladies "three hideous creatures surpassing the witches of MacBeth." I guess being a hideous creature and people throwing rocks and garbage was one thing but telling the public that Effie was 50 was too much. So what did the judge do? He had them perform in court and the case was closed. He ruled in favor of the newspaper saying that "Freedom of discussion is guaranteed by our fundamental law." This was not just any court though…it was the Iowa State Supreme Court and, while the Sister's act may be long forgotten, the case has become a textbook standard citation of First Amendment law under the moniker, the Cherry Case. I don't know how much money the ladies made but if they pocketed $250 in Marion, Iowa they must have done pretty good in New York. Nevertheless, I doubt if they planned on being remembered in history for a lawsuit against a newspaper that ridiculed them mercilessly. Another case of unintended consequences.
Weather Bottom Line: Told you there would be snow and the rest of the forecast will hold true as well with pretty cold temperatures through the weekend. Snow White was driving to Louisville on Thursday and I told her that she would probably not get snow until about the time she it Lexington. She reported that at the 75/64 interchange, she saw her first snowflake. She took some issue with the conditions of I-64 on Thursday afternoon from about Shelbyville on in. Not sure why the road was not addressed since this storm was well known in advance. On Monday, there is another chance for snow but this one probably won't be as significant as the system is southern in nature and will be traversing the Dixie states well to our South. Nevertheless, some over running moisture will bring at least some snow showers if not light snow We may get back above freezing on Thursday afternoon.
You can even get a wristband (click image) for National Nothing Day!
This Date in History: Everyone says that they are so busy these days, or at least we act like we are. I wish I had a dollar for every time someone tells me that they are too busy to do something. Do you think that you could just do nothing? There is an AC/DC song called Down Payment Blues with a line that says "I know I ain't doin' much, doin' nothin' means a lot to me." My friends and I in high school always liked that song. I guess Bon Scott liked doin' nothing. After a bunch of poor grades on a test, a bunch of my students' excuse was that they didn't have time to do the reading assignment. A few days later, I tricked them when I asked if they had seen the UL-UK football game, the VH-1 Awards or Dancing with the Stars. When they all said that they had, I told them to never tell me that they don't have time to do the reading assignment. We use the excuse that "I don't have time" to do a given thing when, in fact, we choose not to use our time in that way. We say that we don't have time to visit a co-worker in the hospital but have plenty of time to watch that favorite TV show. So, the question on the table might be, could you do nothing or are you too busy?
I think that everyone's life is an interesting story. But, I suppose society doesn't much think so. The lives of everyday people tend to go by the wayside while instead we turn our attention to people who yearn for attention even though they didn't do anything to really earn that distinction. Think of all of the celebrities in the spotlight today who really have done nothing except be in the spotlight. So, maybe we do like to celebrate nothing. If that is the case, then today is your lucky day. It would seem that the life of a newspaperman would be interesting but, in the case of Harold Pullman Coffin, apparently that was not the case.
One cannot find anything about the life of this journalist; not even the name of any newspaper for which he worked. Children Come First have a writing contest for the day but the link to the Smithsonian it features leads nowhere. But, you will find that he was described as a "newspaperman" and he managed to leave his name for posterity and history simply by decided to celebrate nothing. On this date in 1973, newspaperman Harold Pullman Coffin designated January 16 as National Nothing Day. I'm not sure of his motivation but he wanted to "to provide Americans with one national day when they can just sit without celebrating, observing, or honoring anything." Beyond that quote and the assertion that he was a newspaperman, there is nothing more. It's too bad that Congress doesn't recognize Coffin's day for about half the year, then the nation might be able to get something done.
Abolitionist Coffin Related To Harold Pullman Coffin?
Anyway, I"m forced to speculate regarding Mr. Coffin but I have found that the University of Nevada at Reno is the holder of the E.B. Coffin collection. It is a set of personal papers and photographs derived from the Edward Baker Coffin family. Edward Baker Coffin was born in 1861 in California. His family was from Nantuckett, MA and his uncle or great uncle was probably aboltionist Levi Coffin as his brother was named George Levi Coffin. Edward B. Coffin married Ida Pullman of Elko, Nevada. They had 4 children, including Harold Pullman Coffin. Now, that is a rather unusual name so it's probably our National Nothing Day founder or at least a relation. Now, the listing of Harold Pullman was fourth in the list of the children so we may presume that he was the youngest. But even so, if we assume that Edward Coffin was 30 when Harold was born, then Harold Pullman Coffin would have been 82 when he designated National Nothing Day as an Un-Event.
Andy Rooney just celebrated his 92nd birthday so, it's possible that Coffin could have been still working as a newspaperman. (Rooney Bio) But, it seems more likely that the founder of National Nothing Day was the grandson of Edward Baker Coffin. But, we know nothing of the birthday of Harry Pullman Coffin and Andy Rooney says that Unhappy Birthday is a better greeting or none at all for someone looking at another year on the planet. Besides that, it's probably better that we know nothing about the founder of National Nothing Day because, if we knew more, than that would be something.
Weather Bottom Line: Today may be nothing…and the Seattle Seahawks seemed to have taken the day seriously…but tomorrow is something of note as we celebrate the life of Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. There are lots of events around town but, unfortunately, the weather will not be very cooperative. The good news is that we will be dancing with the 40 degree mark. The bad news is that its going to be wet. I would much rather have a bunch of snow than cold, dreary rain. Well, we can't have everything and I suspect that after the cold and rather snowy winter we've had so far, many of you would take the rain. But, alas, the pattern does not change too much and it would appear that we're in store for another pretty cold stretch after Tuesday as, after again being around 40 or so we fall below freezing Tuesday night and do not rise above 32 through next weekend. In fact, several days will feature highs in the 20's. Snow returns to the forecast for Thursday behind which arctic air spills down. At this point, the morning golf game next weekend may be tough as we'll probably be in the single digits each morning. Hope you've been nice to LG&E.
On This Date In History: Last year, the East Coast, most famously the Washington DC area, had a few giant snow storms. Some folks blamed Global Warming. Around Christmas this year, the northeast got slammed by a big old system that dropped 20 inches on Central Park and gave the mayor a big headache. Now, there is another similar system that has dumped a bunch of snow and ice in the South and promises to adversely affect the northeast again. My bet is that New York will get a significant amount of snow but I suspect that Boston will be closer to the target of the 2-foot-type snow totals and blizzard warnings. In between these events, we had a tornado outbreak in the Ozarks and parts of the Midwest. Ironically, parts of Arkansas that got whacked with twisters a couple of weeks ago have now had to deal with the snow and ice. I have fully expected Global Warming articles but haven't seen much yet. But, you know what? It is not unprecedented. I recall a January tornado that caused fatalities in Owensboro not too many years ago. This is a La Nina year and that may have more to do with the persistent pattern we've had and when you get a change in the pattern, well, then severe weather can occur in between the wintry stuff. At this point, the models way out are suggesting another potential severe outbreak in the Ozarks in a couple of weeks. Not sure if it will happen, but its out there.
While its been snowing in Atlanta, its been in the upper 70's to near 80 in South Florida, that is about normal. As I alluded, it's not out of the question that we get a warm up for a few days in the South in a couple of weeks. Winter weather is not unusual and neither are warm ups, which are so common that it is known as a "false spring". In the Midwest, January 11,888 had been unseasonably warm as had the morning of January 12. A cold front came barreling down with air that dropped temperatures well below zero with high winds. Some reports of the day say that the mercury fell 100 degrees in 24 hours. ..while its possible, that may be an exaggeration.
When the mercury fell, the snow began to fall. Most likely a shortwave blew up from the southwest and grabbed all of the warm moist air to the south and threw it over the cold air. People who had gone to work and especially school children had not dressed for the extreme cold as the whole thing was a total surprise. 235 people died that day, many of them school children trying to get home. Hence, on this date in 1888, the Midwest of the United States suffered from what is now known as either the "Schoolhouse Blizzard," "The Big Brash Blizzard of 1888" or the "Schoolchildren's Blizzard." One story holds that a teacher was trapped in her schoolhouse with 3 children and by 3 pm they had run out of heating fuel. She tried to lead them 82 yards to her boarding house. Visibility was so poor that they got lost in the short distance and the 3 kids died. She survived but lost her feet to frostbite. There are many other tales of rescues using rope to tie children together as they tried to get to safety. The meteorological details surrounding the 1888 blizzard are interesting and the individual stories quite harrowing.
Extreme weather changes have gone on in this country in the winter for a long long time….long before anyone thought of global warming. Its just that now we have better forecasts to be able to prepare.
It was a tough winter in 1888. In March, New York City had one of its greatest snowfalls and blizzards. From March 12-14, about 50 inches fell and wind drifted the snow to up to 40 feet. The city came to a standstill. The storm adversely affected cities all up and down the East Coast, including Baltimore, which had temperatures in the mid 40's the day before the storm hit. And that winter of 1888 was well before anyone suggests that climate change had any effect on the weather.
Weather patterns really haven't changed all that much, it's just that forecasting has gotten so much better as well as communications. But, snow forecasting remains very difficult and the TV honchos who aren't on the air insist on public relations campaigns that elevate their tv weather folks to mythical proportions. Even if a station has a top shelf Meteorologist like Jay Cardosi or Matt Milosevich, Kevin Harned or Marc Weinberg, it's far from perfect. It doesn't help when a tv outfit hires a broadcaster and then labels them as a Meteorologist. It's really not fair to that person. Either way, snow/sleet/ice forecasts can be really beyond human abilities and so they change. The difference between an inch of snow and 5 inches is not much. And when you throw in ice potential, it really creates a challenge. Be thankful for what we have today. Those kids in Nebraska in 1888 could only dream of having someone alert them to the potential danger as did the people along the East Coast later that year.
On This Date in History: In 1876, Thomas Edison did perhaps the smartest thing he ever did. He created an invention factory. He moved his staff of 15 people into a large clapboard building filled with all sorts of scientific equipment and chemicals in Menlo Park, New Jersey which was then just a small rural hamlet. I'm not certain but it may have been the first research laboratory ever established and Edison proclaimed that he would produce "a minor invention every ten days and a big thing every six months or so." At the time, many thought the claim was preposterous but 10 years later, Edison had been granted 420 patents…that averages out to one every 3.5 months.
Perhaps his most famous invention was the first practical incandescent light bulb. Note the word "practical." See, other people had applied for patents for lights but they didn't last too long. They tried to "sub-divide" electric light or somehow make it weaker. Edison for his part kept trying to use a filament to electrify and make glow. He kept trying platinum but it kept burning up. So, he used a sort of cardboard covered in carbon but that didn't work so well either until he created a vacuum in glass. The filament didn't burn but instead glowed brightly. On this date in 1879, Thomas Alva Edison lit up the new year by demonstrating for the first time publically his incandescent light.
A couple of other items. First off, by June 1882, Edison had demostrated how the light could be used in a system and wires were laid and a small area of New York was illuminated. But, on August 1, 1883 20,000 incandescent lights burned brightly in the largest display ever seen in the world. I believe that represented more lights than existed in all of New York City. The place of this display? Louisville, Kentucky at the Southern Exposition. The building was a huge palacial area that stood for five years during the time of the exposition. It stood where you will find St. James Court today. Now, Edison gets all of the credit for the electric light and a whole slew of other inventions. But, he had an entire staff working for him. I've always wondered how many of those inventions really came about due to the ideas and work of his staff. Certainly it was Edison's inspiration, but I wonder about the rest. I suppose it may be a case of those who have the gold makes the rules.
On This Date in History: Thanksgiving has come and gone and Black Friday is in the record books. I"m not sure how the day after Thanksgiving has turned into such a big deal. I suppose that its been coming for some time. Previously, I had outlined the genesis of Thanksgiving and related how President Franklin Roosevelt had once tried to move Turkey Day to a week earlier in an attempt to add an extra week to the holiday shopping season. Sorta a disguised depression era stimulus plan. It didn't work and the experiment was scrapped after one year. I'm not sure what is taught now, but when I was a kid, we were taught in school about how the Indians hooked up with the Pilgrims near Plymouth Rock to have a big feast in 1621. Today, we sit around stuffing ourselves with Turkey (not the vegetarian Snow White) and watch football games with our eyes closed and belts loosened. Trouble is, the Puritans on the Mayflower didn't call themselves Pilgrims; they referred to themselves as "Saints" which seems a bit presumptuous considering not too many years down the road they were burning "witches" at the stake. The other thing is that the real first Thanksgiving was on this date in 1620 and it was in Virginia.
The first permanent English settlement in the New World was Jamestown in 1607 in the Virginia Colony and it wasn't doing too well. The settlers didn't know what they were doing and the winters were harsh…remember this was during the mini-ice age. Anyway, by the spring of 1610, the colonists were coming off a tough winter and only 60 of the original 409 were left. Sounds like a good time for prayers to me! And that's what they did and when help arrived in the form of a ship with food and supplies from mother England, they gave thanks with a prayer service. I guess they weren't a sentamental lot because they never did anything to commemorate the event.
Two other groups came to Virginia. They were supposed to arrive in Virginia but one(the Mayflower) ended up in Plymouth in 1620. The other (the Margaret) made it to Virginia on December 4, 1619 and their charter read "Wee ordaine that the day of our ships arrival…in the land of Virginia shall be yearly and perpetually keept holy as a day of Thanksgiving to Almighty God." On December 4, 1620 they commemorated their first year in the colony, not with a feast, but instead they did the opposite and fasted as they prayed. Guess we got that part wrong too. The colonists who landed at what they called Berkeley Hundred didn't get a chance to mark their second anniversary…some were all killed by Indians and the rest retreated to Jamestown. Maybe they were upset that they weren't invited to the First Thanksgiving.
Weather Bottom Line: We have another pretty good shot at some snow and this time it will probably be more substantial than what we got on Thanksgiving night. The long wave pattern is such that there is a dominant and persistent trof in the Eastern half of the US. The reason why its persistent is because there is a big fat high, or ridge, in the middle of the Atlantic. There is also a big trof on the front side of that ridge. That forms a pattern that looks like the greek letter Omega, which is why its called an Omega Block. Typically, the Omega pattern is one that puts the breaks on progressive change in the long wave pattern; hence the name Omega "block." So, England has been getting slammed with big time snow along with much of the rest of western Europe. And on this side of the pond, there is the persistent trof with the storm track running from the northern plains throgh the Ohio Valley to the Carolina Mountains. So, we have another strong shortwave zipping down the storm track through the area. We have some moisture to work with too. The heaviest snow will be to the left of the core of that shortwave or "upper low." It will be impossible to forecast exactly who gets the biggest snow until about 12 hours before its arrival. The ETA advertises some 4-5 inches for our area. The GFS has the track about 50 miles farther east or northeast and so it only has about 1-2 inches. Take your pick. My guess is that both will be true for the area, but not for everyone in the area with folks over toward Frankfort having a better chance of 4 inches than the people in Lanesville, Indiana. After that, the cold air will spill in behind and it will remain chilly for the forseeable future until the Omega Block decides to move.
All the fun and games came to a crashing end on this date in 1940 when steady winds of just 42 mph made the bridge sway…and then leap. It continued throughout the day until the entire structure failed. The bridge had been closed but the last man let across lost control of his car and, in fear of being tossed 190 feet into the Tacoma Narrows below, he fled on foot. He tried to retrieve the family cocker spaniel from the back seat but the pup would have none of it. As he reached the end of the bridge, the bridge collapsed spectacularly with the dog as the only casualty.
The result of the collapse was analyzed and is a common subject in college physics classes. Basically, the wind was in tune with the natural harmonics of the bridge. The more the wind blew, the greater it increased the amplitude of the harmonics creating a wave. Its a similar phenomena as when a singer breaks a glass. To avoid a similar fate, bridges today, including the one that replaced "Galloping Gertie" have damping and aerodynamic features built in and wind tunnels are used to test the ability of the structure to resist wind and prevent compromise of the integrity of the structure.
Whatever man builds, can come down. Gravity and other forces are constantly at play. There are some things in life in which compromise can be a good thing. But engineers cannot afford to not get it right the first time. It kinda reminds me of what US Grant often said, "man proposes; God disposes." These days we often teach our kids that close is good enough. If that is your methodology, mommas don't let your babies be engineers.
On This Date in History: In 1817, DeWitt Clinton became governor of New York following a victory we only see today in totalitarian countries. DeWitt received almost 97% of the vote as he gained 43, 310 votes with those opposed only registering 1,479 votes. That kind of victory would give anyone the notion that perhaps he had a mandate. Only trouble was that he had promised something that had never been done and many suggested could not be done. You see, the United States was still a small, largely coastal nation but expansion contintually pushed the nation westward through the continent and away from the coast. Trade was a great necessity for the fiscal stability of the nation and for the needs of settlers in the nation's interior. Roads were unreliable and rivers didn't flow toward the East Coast so a great need developed for a quick, reliable way to connect the interior parts of the nation to the seaports on the East Coast. An impediment was the Appalachian Mountains and, not only did the mountains impede economic concerns but they also were a potential limitation to national security. If the young nation could not find a way over or around the Appalachians, then it could lose its frontier to Britain or France.
Undeterred, Clinton went on a crusade to build the canal. Using the power of his vote total, he proposed and the legislature passed a funding bill but the legislative approval was not the final tally. New York had a Council of Revision which was made up of 5 men and they had to approve the measure. Two were in favor of the canal project and two were firmly opposed. That left it up to one man to decide. That one man was New York Supreme Court Chief Justice James Kent and he was all set to vote "no" when he got a surprise knock at his door. US Vice-President and former New York Governor Daniel Tompkins made a call and he told Kent that another war with Great Britain was imminent. The Vice-President cautioned that New York should not waste its time and money on such a foolish project. Most of the time, presidents tend to want vice-presidents to be seen and not heard. If Tompkins' feeling mirrored those of the adminstration, then President James Monroe would have done better to send his VP to a funeral than to pay a call on the Council of Revision. Kent was so peeved at the intrusion and saber-rattling attempt at coercion that he said, "If we must have a war, or have a canal, I am in favor of the canal!" An odd twist to this part of the story is that Tompkins had been plagued by charges of misusing federal funds while serving as governor of New York.
I'm not sure if it was considered a "shovel-ready" job, but the shovels must have been ready because work began on the job in July 4, 1817 and it was initiated in an easy spot. The land west of Frankfort in Oneida County was soft and level. By today's standards, or even those of the late 19th century, the canal was quite small. The specifications called for the canal to just be four feet deep and only 40 feet wide. Bret Favre could possibly have thrown a football across the canal without throwing an interception. But, one must remember that flatboats were relatively small at that time and the boats that used the canal had to be pulled along by animal power. Teams of mules or horses walked along the banks of the canal with the boat in tow. Before the canal could be dug, trees had to be cut, stumps removed and underbrush cleared. Parts of New York State were still quite an untamed wilderness so such an undertaking was no easy task. The clearing work was done in sections as small as just a quarter mile long. Local contractors and farmers contributed animal and human muscle to the endeavor, though some work-related contraptions were invented to help with the work.
Within the challenge of overcoming the elevation change was problem of how to construct the Erie Canal locks. Canvass White was considered by many to be the most gifted engineer on the entire project. He had been recruited for the project by Governor Clinton who suggested the young engineer go to England to study that country's canals. He did so on his own dime and studied the methods used, including the use of hydraulic cement to seal the mortar used to connect the stones. But, importing hydraulic cement from Europe was costly so they tried to simply coat the mortar with a thin layer of hydrolic cement. It was no solution because it would take no time at all to crumble. As it turns out, while digging the canal, limestone was discovered that doubled as a natural cement rock. White, who was working on the middle section, calcinated the local rock, turned to to powder and mixed it with water and sand. The new substance was found to harden with time under water and form an underwater cement that was far better than anything used before. White patented his new discovery and the new material caught on rapidly. Trouble was for Canvass, no one paid much attention to the patent and he received next to nothing for his effort. When he died, his wife was left with an estate that included little more than the house furniture which she subsequently was forced to sell.
In the end, the Erie Canal not only proved that great engineering obstacles could be overcome, even with lawyers in charge. It also showed that government could effectively build a public works project as the total cost came in at $7 million and it was paid off in tolls after just 12 years. Between 1836 and 1862, the canal was enlarged to a depth of 7 feet with a width of 70 feet to accomodate the larger boats and needs of the expanding nation. The number of locks was reduced by 9. By 1900, boats had outgrown the canal and once again expansion was needed. An enlargement project was proposed in 1903 and completed in 1918 that increased the depth to 12 to 14 feet, broadened the width to 120 to 200 feet and reduced the number of locks to 57 that could handle barges carrying up to 3000 tons of goods. Today, the Erie Canal is used largely by boating enthusiasts and not be commercial traffic but, in its day, it was a true marvel.
This situation is not very unusual to have such a storm this time of year. In fact, this situation is really a bit similar to that of the in 1975 when the Edmund Fitzgerald sunk. In that situation, there was an extremely deep low pressure area making its way across the Great Lakes that produced very strong winds and the result was huge waves on Lake Superior and Michigan. The common nature of the scenario is why Gordon Lightfoot referred to the storm as the Gales of November. Mariners know that there are some tough weather conditions found in November in that area and Lightfoot had the famous line "When the Gales of November come early". Well, this is a little before November so I'd say that the Gales of November will be coming early to the Great Lakes as this storm will have a central pressure of about 959 mb which is would support a category two hurricane. Like the storm with the Fitz, this storm will have a very long cold front extending south that will sweep through the area. It will be racing through so the action will be quick and possibly rather ferocious.
Want To See the $7.2 Million Dollar Check For Alaska Purchase?
Gov. Palin Owes Career To William H Seward?
Governor Palin's Path is Set: Had it not been for the dogged determination of Secretary of State William H. Seward, Alaska Governor Sarah Palin may not have been the Vice-Presidential nominee of the Republican Party in 2008. It was not an easy task, but, ultimately, Seward got Congress to simply write a big'ol check to the Russians and America had gained the final frontier.
In the 19th Century, Russia laid claim to the Alaskan territory with the establishment of the fur-trading Russian-American Company. The company was quite profitable for awhile but by the 1860's, business wasn't too good. In order for the company to remain viable, the Tsar would have to heavily subsidize operations. But, only a few hundred Russians had emigrated to Alaska and the Russians had no way of defending the vast region. The Tsar and his ministers thought it was in their best interest to sell the land to the Americans rather than lose it in battle to one of the world powers, like Great Britain.
Thanks Bill! Monty Hall Would Be Proud!
In 1867. Secretary of State William H. Seward began negotiations to acquire the territory. Now, Seward was a hold-over from the Lincoln administration and was serving under President Andrew Johnson at the time. Johnson became quite unpopular due to his Reconstruction policies and some in the public derisively called the plan "Seward's Folly", "Seward's Ice Box" or "Andrew Johnson's Polar Bear Garden." There were also facticious calls for the opening of the "Polar Bear Bureau" and the establishment of the "Superintendent of Walruses." At the time, it was seen as a vast, empty wilderness opposed by many public figures such as Horace Greeley. But, some histories now suggest that most of the general public thought it was a shrewd deal. Political opponents in Congress who were trying to figure out how to impeach Johnson delayed approval of the $7.2 million needed to complete the deal. Perhaps because public opposition wasn't as great as has been advertised because Congress ratified the deal on April 9, 1867, though it did by just one vote. The Senate's approval opened the door for the United States to acquire an area about twice the size of Texas for the purchase price of $7.2 million, or about 2 cents an acre. Funny thing is, Congress didn't appropriate the money until July 1868. I'm guessing that, while the Senate is charged with approving treaties, the House of Representatives has a say in the approval of funding and I suspect that opponents in the House hoped to halt the purchase by keeping the purse strings tight. If you notice the check above is dated August 1868 so there must have been some politicking and horse trading. Guess the Tsar didn't care too much about the slow payment but I suppose any Americans who were in Alaska before the check cleared could have been considered considered to be squatters.
In any event, the deal got done and the public remained generally non-plussed about the whole thing until gold was discovered in 1896 the territory's Klondike region and suddenly the acquisition wasn't such a folly after all. As time went on, the deal became to be on par with buying Manhattan for $24. Today, 20% of America's oil is found in Alaska and about half of the seafood. It also produces a huge amount of natural gas, timber and other natural resources. Pokiness seems to be part of Alaska's history because, after Congress delayed cutting the check, it took until 1912 to establish the Alaska Territory. And statehood wasn't exactly around the corner from there.
Andrew Johnson's Polar Bear Swimming Pool?
Today, it has produced "Sarah Barracuda", the first female Republican nominee for Vice-President. Alaska became a state in 1959 which seems kinda odd when one considers that California gained statehood very shortly after it's gold rush broke out. Alaska is too big for just one day of recognition so there are two state holidays marking its heritage. One is "Seward's Day" which is in March every year to mark the day that William Seward signed the treaty (Mar 30, 1867) and the other is "Alaska Day," which commemorates this date in History when on October 18, 1867, the United States formally took possession of the 586, 412 square miles of Alaska. If this Global Warming caper goes the way that Mr. Gore suggests, then "Andrew Johnson's Polar Bear Garden" will have to find a new name…perhaps "Andrew Johnson's Polar Bear Swimming Pool" would be more appropriate.
Weather Bottom Line: We need rain. Count yourself lucky if you get it this week. Officially, Louisville has gotten .56 inches of rain since Sept 1. Now, climatologically, Sept and Oct are the driest month in Louisville but his is a bit out of hand. A boundary snuck through yesterday but its not too far to the south. The previous thinking was that a wave of energy would run along that front and bring us some light rain on Tuesday. But, the front appears to be inching farther south so when the wave goes by, the rain will be mainly in Tennessee. That's okay because they could use it too but…anyway, maybe a slight shot on Monday night or Tuesday but probably only if you do a rain dance in your backyard. Cooler air filters in beginning Tuesday and we will at least be pleasant with highs in the upper 60's Tuesday and lower 70's the rest of the week.


text:
Boerlagiomyces costaricensis är en svampart som beskrevs av Stchigel, Umaña & Guarro 2007. Boerlagiomyces costaricensis ingår i släktet Boerlagiomyces och familjen Tubeufiaceae.   Inga underarter finns listade i Catalogue of Life.

Källor

Sporsäcksvampar
costaricensis

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


The fight was never official, but after being confirmed as in the works by UFC president, Dana White, we were all expecting to see former UFC middleweight champion, Luke Rockhold make his debut at 205 pounds opposite perennial top contender, Alexander Gustafsson for an interim title. That potential fight will now have to wait.
Rockhold last competed at UFC 221 in February when he took on Yoel Romero in an attempt to earn a 185-pound interim title after the champion, Robert Whittaker was unable to make it to fight night after acquiring a bad staph infection.
Romero would miss weight and go on to defeat Rockhold by second-round knockout. Due to the fact that the Olympic silver medalist in wrestling, Romero missed weight, he was, therefore, ineligible to earn the interim crown.
For the two-time light heavyweight title challenger, Gustafsson, he just recently was rewarded with a new UFC contract that he is very happy with and hints that only a title fight will be next for him.
The Swede, Gustafsson last fought in May of last year when he shined in arguably the finest performance of his career when he defeated Glover Teixeira with a fifth-round knockout.
Gustafsson has been vocal about wanting a rematch with either Jon Jones or current light heavyweight king, Daniel Cormier. However, Jones is currently waiting to be dealt his USADA suspension while Cormier is attempting to dethrone the heavyweight champion, Stipe Miocic at UFC 226. As it stands right now, Gustafsson's next best option appears to be Rockhold as the shallow 205-pound division isn't offering up many viable contenders these days.
Cormier and Gustafsson first fought in 2015 at UFC 192 in a very exciting and closely contested battle that saw Cormier eeking out the split decision victory. This was Gustafsson last loss.


text:
package com.example.android.stackwidget;

import android.app.PendingIntent;
import android.appwidget.AppWidgetManager;
import android.appwidget.AppWidgetProvider;
import android.content.Context;
import android.content.Intent;
import android.net.Uri;
import android.widget.RemoteViews;
import android.widget.Toast;

public class StackWidgetProvider extends AppWidgetProvider {
	public static final String TOAST_ACTION = "com.example.android.stackwidget.TOAST_ACTION";
	public static final String EXTRA_ITEM = "com.example.android.stackwidget.EXTRA_ITEM";

	@Override
	public void onDeleted(Context context, int[] appWidgetIds) {
		super.onDeleted(context, appWidgetIds);
	}

	@Override
	public void onDisabled(Context context) {
		super.onDisabled(context);
	}

	@Override
	public void onEnabled(Context context) {
		super.onEnabled(context);
	}

	@Override
	public void onReceive(Context context, Intent intent) {
		AppWidgetManager mgr = AppWidgetManager.getInstance(context);
		if (intent.getAction().equals(TOAST_ACTION)) {
			int appWidgetId = intent.getIntExtra(AppWidgetManager.EXTRA_APPWIDGET_ID,
					AppWidgetManager.INVALID_APPWIDGET_ID);
			int viewIndex = intent.getIntExtra(EXTRA_ITEM, 0);
			Toast.makeText(context, "Touched view " + viewIndex, Toast.LENGTH_SHORT).show();
		}
		super.onReceive(context, intent);
	}

	@Override
	public void onUpdate(Context context, AppWidgetManager appWidgetManager, int[] appWidgetIds) {
		// update each of the widgets with the remote adapter
		for (int i = 0; i < appWidgetIds.length; ++i) {

			// Here we setup the intent which points to the StackViewService which will
			// provide the views for this collection.
			Intent intent = new Intent(context, StackWidgetService.class);
			intent.putExtra(AppWidgetManager.EXTRA_APPWIDGET_ID, appWidgetIds[i]);
			// When intents are compared, the extras are ignored, so we need to embed the extras
			// into the data so that the extras will not be ignored.
			intent.setData(Uri.parse(intent.toUri(Intent.URI_INTENT_SCHEME)));
			RemoteViews rv = new RemoteViews(context.getPackageName(), R.layout.widget_layout);
			rv.setRemoteAdapter(appWidgetIds[i], R.id.stack_view, intent);

			// The empty view is displayed when the collection has no items. It should be a sibling
			// of the collection view.
			rv.setEmptyView(R.id.stack_view, R.id.empty_view);

			// Here we setup the a pending intent template. Individuals items of a collection
			// cannot setup their own pending intents, instead, the collection as a whole can
			// setup a pending intent template, and the individual items can set a fillInIntent
			// to create unique before on an item to item basis.
			Intent toastIntent = new Intent(context, StackWidgetProvider.class);
			toastIntent.setAction(StackWidgetProvider.TOAST_ACTION);
			toastIntent.putExtra(AppWidgetManager.EXTRA_APPWIDGET_ID, appWidgetIds[i]);
			intent.setData(Uri.parse(intent.toUri(Intent.URI_INTENT_SCHEME)));
			PendingIntent toastPendingIntent = PendingIntent.getBroadcast(context, 0, toastIntent,
					PendingIntent.FLAG_UPDATE_CURRENT);
			rv.setPendingIntentTemplate(R.id.stack_view, toastPendingIntent);

			appWidgetManager.updateAppWidget(appWidgetIds[i], rv);
		}
		super.onUpdate(context, appWidgetManager, appWidgetIds);
	}
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
Q: Syntax error in INSERT INTO statement (vb.net) I receive an error when I run my project in vb: [syntax error in insert into statement]
Private Sub Bsimpan_Click(sender As Object, e As EventArgs) Handles Bsimpan.Click
    If Tno.Text = "" Or Tnis.Text = "" Or Tnama.Text = "" Or Tkelas.Text = "" Or CBjk.Text = "" Or Tt4lahir.Text = "" Or ttgllahir.Text = "" Then
        MsgBox("Data Belum Lengkap")
        Exit Sub
    Else
        Call koneksi()
        cmd = New OleDbCommand("select * from Anggota where nis='" & Tnis.Text & "'", conn)
        rd = cmd.ExecuteReader
        rd.Read()
        If Not rd.HasRows Then
            Dim sqltambah As String = "insert into Anggota(No,nis,Nama,Kelas,Jenis_kelamin,Tempat_lahir,Tanggal_lahir) values " & _
                "('" & Tno.Text & "', '" & Tnis.Text & "', '" & Tnama.Text & "', '" & Tkelas.Text & "', '" & CBjk.Text & "', '" & Tt4lahir.Text & "', '" & ttgllahir.Text & "')"
            cmd = New OleDbCommand(sqltambah, conn)
            cmd.ExecuteNonQuery()
            Call kosongkan()
            Call tampilkan()
            Tno.Focus()
        Else
            Dim sqledit As String = "update Anggota set " & _
                "NIS='" & Tnis.Text & "', " & _
                "Nama='" & Tnama.Text & "', " & _
                "Kelas='" & Tkelas.Text & "', " & _
                "Jenis_kelamin='" & CBjk.Text & "', " & _
                "Tempat_lahir='" & Tt4lahir.Text & "', " & _
                "Tanggal_lahir='" & ttgllahir.Text & "'"
            cmd = New OleDbCommand(sqledit, conn)
            cmd.ExecuteNonQuery()
            Call kosongkan()
            Call tampilkan()
        End If
    End If
End Sub

A: It might be a character in your values that could create an invalid sql statement.  However, generating an sql statement with a concatenation of user inputs is a very dangerous and evil thing to do because it open the door to a simple, well known and well documented security issue called SQL Injection.
The only good way to handle parameter is with parameterized SQL query.
See this SO question for more details.

A: Could it be a missing space between the table name and the first parenthesis?
Probably the best way to find out would be copy the content of the sqltambah variable and run the insert statement yourself and see if you get a little more info about where the error is.
Take a look at this: http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/ms174335.aspx

A: Use parametrized queries.
For example the query would look like this:
INSERT INTO anggota
            (no,
             nis,
             nama,
             kelas,
             jenis_kelamin,
             tempat_lahir,
             tanggal_lahir)
VALUES      (@no,
             @nis,
             @nama,
             @kelas,
             @jenis_kelamin,
             @tempat_lahir,
             @tanggal_lahir)

Then adjust your code:
cmd.Parameters.AddWithValue("@No", Tno.Text)
cmd.Parameters.AddWithValue("@nis", Tnis.Text)
cmd.Parameters.AddWithValue("@Nama", Tnama.Text)
cmd.Parameters.AddWithValue("@Kelas", Tkelas.Text)
cmd.Parameters.AddWithValue("@Jenis_kelamin", CBjk.Text)
cmd.Parameters.AddWithValue("@Tempat_lahir", Tt4lahir.Text)
cmd.Parameters.AddWithValue("@Tanggal_lahir", ttgllahir.Text)

cmd = New OleDbCommand(sqltambah, conn)
cmd.ExecuteNonQuery()

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


Planning a trip to the Theater or Concert!
Sit back, relax, enjoy a drink and arrive in style.
Have tickets to a Leafs home game, Raptors home game, Jays home game or concert and don't want to drive? Now you don't have to! Gem Limo Shared Limo Services now offers the opportunity to meet other fans and share a luxury chauffeured ride straight to Scotiabank arena or Rogers Centre.
Try our all-inclusive tour option using our exclusive Online Wine Tour Builder. When using this option, we will provide you with an all-inclusive per person price including door to door limousine service, private group tasting experiences, and a prix fixe group meal if selected.
Gem Limousine Inc. has been providing Oakville, Burlington, Milton, Toronto and surrounding areas with the finest available limousine service for thirty years. Whether you are looking for a Airport Limo, a Wedding Limousine Service, or a Niagara Wine Tour, you will be in good hands with one of our experienced chauffeurs behind the wheel.
Our dedication to award winning service excellence has made us the limousine service of choice for many Corporate and retail clients.
The dedication to service excellence has allowed us to grow significantly over the years as corporate referrals and word of mouth from private individuals continually add to our clientele.
Our fleet of late model limousines consists of vehicles ranging in size from Luxury Sedans, Luxury SUV's, Mercedes Sprinter Limo, and our luxurious 18 & 22 Passenger Limo Party Bus.
We can accommodate many sized groups for Weddings, Wine Tours, Special Events, Corporate Functions, and Airport Limousine Service.
For quick quotations, vehicle availability, and reservations, use our convenient Contact Form. Corporate and returning customers can create new or Login to their existing accounts below.
For a quick quotation, or to check vehicle availability please click on links below and we will get back to you promptly.
Atlas Canada has been utilizing the services of Gem Limousine on an exclusive basis for over the last two years and based on the exceptional, professional and reliable service extended to every member of our company, we expect to be on their customer list for many years to come.
Rain, sleet, snow, hail, Gem Limousine will prevail!
Gem Limousine Inc. has been providing Oakville, Burlington, Milton, Toronto and surrounding areas with the finest available limousine service for over twenty five years. Our dedication to award winning service excellence has made us the limousine service of choice for many corporate and retail clients.
Our Mission: To raise the bar in professional ground transportation service. We strive to maintain the highest service standards in every aspect of our company. This includes the quotation and reservation process, the driving, and communication skills or our chauffeurs, through to the cleanliness and maintenance of our vehicles.


Start early and make a realistic revision timetable based on the time available.
Choose a quiet comfortable area to study in. If you can't work at home, go to your local library or a nearby relative.
Concentrate on your weakest subject areas first.
Revise in blocks of 45 minutes and then have a break for 10 minutes. It is not good to revise continuously without stopping.
Simply reading your notes or textbooks does not help you to remember. As you read, create your own set of revision postcards. They can be used for brief notes, spider diagrams, pictures, lists of key words and your acronyms for key ideas (an acronym is made from the first letter of each word for example NATO = North Atlantic Treaty Organisation).
Practise writing to time by using questions from past exam papers. This is a great confidence builder and helps you practise planning an answer. Try to think like an examiner and make up questions.
Revision aids can help, but just buying the book does not mean you have done the revision!
For subjects like history you do not need to remember every single date. Concentrate on the important ones and why they are significant.
Sometimes work with a friend/member of your family. Go through a difficult topic and test each other.
Have a good night's sleep before the exam and don't stay up late cramming. Read through your revision cards and then relax at home.
Keep your energy levels up and eat breakfast on the day of the exam.


:options => "CONSTRAINT fk_line_item_products REFERENCES products(id)"
That doesn't work for me. The migration ran just fine, but when I looked at the database, the constraint wasn't present. I hate it when things fail silently!
The nice thing about plain SQL is that I can understand exactly what's going on. There are no layers of abstraction in my way, and if my SQL is wrong, MySQL will complain.
Lovely! Oh well, at least it's better than failing silently.
Oh well. My tests pass, and I have referential integrity.
Hey - I just restarted active development on foreigner. The current thing I'm working on is extracting the foreign keys from the database so that they can be dumped to schema.rb.
That'd be nice ;) Currently, I have to ignore schema.rb by using rake db:migrate RAILS_ENV=test when migrating my test database.
Foreigner now defines the foreign keys in schema.rb for both MySql and Postgresql. Seems to work well.
Yeah, foreigner, http://github.com/matthuhiggins/foreigner, is pretty sweet. I still have a bunch of older migrations that are written in pure SQL, but foreigner automatically put the right stuff in my schema.rb file.
As far as I'm concerned, it's the right balance of useful and not too magical.


TARGET2 is the RTGS system for the whole of European Monetary Union. It uses a SSP Single Shared Platform rather than interlink system of national RTGS systems.
There are imbalances between core countries with periphery counties. It has become a cause of concerns among European Economists. These imbalances affect political economy of EU area.
Germany has a large surplus in TARGET2. Finland, Luxemborg, Netherlands also have surplus.
Italy, Spain, Portugal, Greece, France, and Belgium have deficits.
For political reasons, if Italy or Greece decide to leave the EMU, then they are supposed to settle their debts. But they can not do that. Other countries in EMU will have to bear the burden of unpaid debts of leaving countries.
There are many lessens for other regions around the world who are contemplating monetary unions. AMU in ASEAN region is one such example. They should carefully learn from experiences of EMU as how not to do things.
TARGET2 is a payment system that enables the speedy and final settlement of national and cross-border payments in central bank money. An average of around 350,000 payments with a value of just under €2½ trillion are processed using TARGET2 each working day, a figure which is broadly equivalent to the size of Germany's GDP. During a whole year, TARGET2 settles about 90 million payments with a value of about € 600,000 billion. These payment transactions can take a wide variety of forms, such as payment for a goods delivery, the purchase or sale of a security, the granting or repayment of a loan or the depositing of funds at a bank, among many others.
In addition to payments between credit institutions and from other systems (eg securities settlement systems), payments undertaken as part of the Eurosystem's open market operations are settled via TARGET2.
If, for example, foreign funds are transferred to a bank that participates in TARGET2 via the Bundesbank, this results in a liability of the Bundesbank to this bank (such as in the form of a credit to this amount on the bank's current account). In return, the transaction generates a Bundesbank claim for the same sum on the sending central bank. This central bank then in turn debits the account of the originating commercial bank. This requires the originating commercial bank to have a sufficient credit balance in central bank money. Central bank credit balances are primarily provided by the Eurosystem's monetary policy refinancing operations.
The resulting claims and liabilities generated at the national central banks by the multiple transactions over the course of a day normally do not fully balance out. Under the terms of a Eurosystem agreement, the outstanding claims and liabilities of all the national central banks participating inTARGET2 are transferred to the ECB at the end of the business day, where they are netted out. The resulting TARGET2 (net) balances hence arise from the cross-border distribution of central bank money within the Eurosystem's decentralized structure.
The existence of a substantial German claim on the Eurosystem is well known. As shown in Graph 1, since the beginning of the financial crisis in August 2007, claims of the Deutsche Bundesbank on the Eurosystem through the TARGET2 system have gone from basically zero to more than €700 billion.1 This has led to a debate over what this accumulation means and what, if anything, should be done about it.
Interpretations of this and other TARGET2 balances fall into two camps. The first, judged a minority view by Auer (2012), is that these balances correspond to current account financing. We label this the flow interpretation. Proponents have included most prominently Sinn and Wollmershäuser (2012), whose views originally appeared as a working paper a year ago (Sinn and Wollmershäuser (2011)).2 Fahrholz and Freytag (2012) take the view that the current account imbalance will create persistent TARGET2 balances.
The second camp, including Buiter et al (2011), Mody and Bornhorst (2012), Bindseil and König (2012), and3 Cecioni and Ferrero (2012) interprets TARGET2 balances as a "capital account reversal". That is, they see this as one symptom of a balance of payments crisis. Bindseil and König (2012) argue that the Eurosystem full allotment refinancing operations should be seen as financing the reversal of an outstanding stock of cross-border claims while the TARGET2 payments system merely records the results. We label this the stock interpretation, and trace it originally to Garber (1999).
The members of the European Economic Advisory Group (2012) take an intermediate position. They read Sinn and Wollmershäuser (2011) as arguing that Greece and Portugal financed their current account deficits in 2008 to 2010 through TARGET2, while Ireland's TARGET2 balance was associated with a capital outflow and Spain's TARGET2 balance financed only a quarter of its cumulated current account. Italy is identified as a case of "capital flight" in late 2011. More formally, Auer (2012) uses panel regressions to find that the TARGET2 balances track both current accounts and bank flows from Q3 2007 to Q1 2012.
Our work is most closely related to that of Auer (2012).4 Like him, we juxtapose TARGET2 balances with both current account and capital flow data, using BIS banking data. The new element in our work is that we distinguish between capital flows motivated by concerns over creditworthiness and those motivated by the low probability of redenomination.
Target2 imbalances are rising, should we worry?


This entry was posted on Thursday, July 1st, 2010 at 11:06 pmand is filed under . You can follow any responses to this entry through the RSS 2.0 feed. You can leave a response, or trackback from your own site.


text:
Q: Am I measuring the Op-amp MCP6004 IC output voltage correctly using Arduino Right now I am testing an MCP6004 Op-amp IC. A sensor in my main circuit going to give me a signal in the range 0-0.5 V max. So, I want to amplify this in the 0-5V range so that my Arduino reads it accurately.
Now I want to test my op-amp, Arduino measurement accuracy, etc. so I did a trial test.
In this, I generated a low voltage test signal (generated from Arduino PWM) reading 0.5 V. The op-amp receives this signal and amplifies this in the 0-5V range so that my Arduino able to measure this signal.
The voltage gain circuit I have used is:

Case1:

*

*R1 = 90k, R2 = 220

*IC supply: Vdd = 4.97 V

*Output: Vin = 0.5 V, Vop = 3.54 V

Scope: blue is input, yellow is output

Case2:

*

*R1 = 90k, R2 = 10k

*IC supply: Vdd = 4.97 V

*Output: Vin = 0.5 V, Vop = 0.56 V

Scope: blue is input, yellow is output

My basic questions:

*

*My actual voltage is totally different and very little compared to the theoretical gain.

*Am I measuring the output signal correctly? That is, taking the average value?

*How do I measure such a signal in the Arduino? I mean, it is a PWM signal and we need to consider the signal frequency. I did 100 samples average approach, and as expected, it gives way different value.

*Am I doing something wrong?

Update: based on below-accepted answer,
Case3:

*

*R1 = 100k, R2 = 10k

*IC supply: Vdd = 4.97 V

*Output: Vin = constant 0.2 V from a potention bridge, Vop = 2.72 V

A: The Arduino doesn't have analog outputs.  It has digital outputs with pulse width modulation that it calls "analog outputs."
Your analog 0.5V signal isn't really 0.5V.
The first image shows it clearly:

You said the blue trace is the input to the MCP6004.  That blue trace is just a series of 5V pulses - if that scope is set to 2V per division.
To test your circuit, you need to filter the pulses to be a better approximation of DC.
To do that, you need a low pass filter to smooth the fast pulses into a DC signal.

simulate this circuit – Schematic created using CircuitLab
That simple low pass filter will convert the pulses to a (slightly wiggly) DC.  It has a cut off frequency of about 3Hz, so it will take a couple of seconds to "zero in" on the true DC result.

*

*Attach that filter between the Arduino "analog output" and the MCP6004 input.

*Let the circuit run for a few seconds.

*Check the input to the MCP6004 with the oscilloscope - it should show a fairly stable DC instead of the pulses.  Change the "analog out" PWM value to correct the output voltage if you need to.

*Check the output of the MCP6004 and see if it properly amplifies the input voltage.

You can't use averaging in the Arduino to get the DC value because the amplifier has to work with the peak voltage value in the pulse train.  It tries to amplify the 5V peak, but it only has a 5V supply - the pulses come out of the MCP6004 as pretty much just a distorted version of what went in.
You have to make a real DC out of the pulses.  The MCP6004 can then properly amplify that signal, and you can measure it with the Arduino.
Build the filter.  Take a look at its output, then compare that with the pulses from the Arduino.  A pulsed signal is not an analog signal, though it can be converted into one.

A: According to your oscilloscope you are feeding the input with over 5 volts p-p: -

If you have a gain of ten then clearly, the op-amp output is going to limit hard against the positive power rail and all bets are off.

4. Am I doing something wrong?

It certainly looks that way.


text:
A child who suffered life-threatening injuries after an incident at a Hotel Zed pool March 24 has died. (Hotel Zed Victoria/Facebook)
Child dies following incident at Victoria Hotel Zed pool
Child was transported to hospital March 24 with life-threatening injuries
Victoria News Staff
Mar. 30, 2021 7:45 a.m.
A child who suffered potentially life-threatening injuries at a Victoria hotel pool last week has died, Victoria police have confirmed.
On March 24, emergency crews were called to Hotel Zed, in the 3100-block of Douglas Street, for an incident at the hotel's pool involving a child. The child was quickly transported to hospital with life-threatening injuries.
In a statement released on March 25, the Victoria Police Department said that while the investigation was ongoing, officers do not believe "a criminal act was involved in this tragic incident."
The B.C. Coroners Service confirmed it is investigating the incident, but said it is unable to disclose any details at this time.
READ ALSO: Independent Investigations Office of B.C. closes file on toddler found dead in Hotel Zed
Do you have a story tip? Email: vnc.editorial@blackpress.ca.
Follow us on Twitter and Instagram, and like us on Facebook.
DeathVictoria
TRAFFIC: Emergency crews attend rollover crash near Harrison Mills
B.C. Realtor starts GoFundMe for survivors of sexual assault
COVID vaccine found highly effective in real-world U.S. study
Volunteers hauled thousands of kilograms of garbage up steep incline from squatter camp


Sun Valley's Wood River Trail system has always been a cross-country skier's dream. The nordic and snowshoe center—at the open-to-everyone Sun Valley Club—elevates the XC-ski experience along Sun Valley Road with a plush après-ski spot.
Along Sun Valley Rd./Trail Creek Rd.


02:24 JeeLabs Café Weblog: RE: "I never had an Intel 8080"
Excellent post as always JC.
I can even read the code and understand it! I think I'm making progress!
The C1 can benefit from (and take advantage) of a high speed MicroSD far more than the RPi.
13:22 JeeLabs Café General: G sensor power consumption?
Ditto… I really have got one on order!


The property company Kungsleden AB (publ) acquires Umeå police station, Umeå Stigbygeln 5, from Umeå Kommunföretag/AB Bostaden i Umeå for MSEK 185. The yield based on the purchase price is calculated at 7,4 %. The lettable area amounts to 15 500 sq.m with a rental value of MSEK 19 and tenants are various authorities within the legal system.
Furthermore Kungsleden acquires the property Norrköping Tråden 11 for MSEK 89,4 from Mattsons Fastighetsutveckling AB. Total floor-space is about 20 000 sq.m. with a rental value of approximately MSEK 10. The yield based on the sales price is calculated at 7 %.
Kungsleden will take possession of the properties on 29 June 2006.


On behalf of Laurie Maschek of Laurie W. Maschek, Attorney at Law, LLC posted in Workplace Injuries on Tuesday, October 25, 2016.
OSHA warns that inexperience with chain saws, proximity to power lines and working in poor weather conditions can make tree work in Louisiana and around the country dangerous. To stay safe, anyone working in or around a tree should first determine in which direction it is likely to fall. In the event that a tree is located near power lines, individuals are advised to assume that they are live.
If power lines are within 10 feet of the tree, it should only be trimmed or removed by a professional. Furthermore, calling the power company may make it possible to turn off a power line or otherwise help guard against any negative consequences while working in the tree. Those who are going to be working in a tree are urged to have another person work with them. The second person can help communicate any hazards or other issues to be careful of while working.
Safety equipment should be worn while trimming branches or cutting down a tree. This includes gloves, goggles and a hard hat in addition to equipment that can guard against noise. Fall protection strategies should be implemented for those who are working at a significant height, and it is never a good idea to look or turn away from a tree while it is falling.
Tree trimmers who are employed by a contractor and who are injured on the job may be eligible to apply for workers' compensation benefits under their employer's insurance coverage. In general, benefits can be obtained even if the injuries were due to the employee's own negligence. An attorney can often assist an injured worker in preparing and filing the claim, and if it is denied the attorney could advocate for the worker at a subsequent appeals hearing.