text:
Establishing causes of sea-level change and oceanic anoxia in the Late Cretaceous: regional versus global patterns
Lead Research Organisation: Durham University
Department Name: Earth Sciences
The Cretaceous, 146-66 million years ago, experienced high levels of atmospheric CO2, and the warmest climates and highest global sea-levels in the last 300 Ma. On several occasions, the oceans became abruptly depleted in oxygen, so-called oceanic anoxic events (OAEs), when organic matter accumulated in the oceans, producing widespread black shales that now act as oil source rocks. However, the mechanisms that caused these events remain hotly debated. This proposal aims to use a new multi-dynamic approach to better understand the mechanisms that caused the onset, duration and cessation of global carbon burial events during the Late Cretaceous. Burial of organic matter leads to the preferential removal of isotopically light carbon from the oceans, increasing the 13C/12C ratio of seawater and, via the atmospheric CO2 reservoir, the entire Earth surface system. Weathering releases 12C back to the surface carbon cycle. Carbonates and organic matter in rocks preserve changes in C-isotope ratios through time, providing a basis for C-isotope stratigraphy. Major changes are synchronous and global in extent, and we have proposed that C-isotope variation in the Late Cretaceous may be used as a proxy for global sea-level change; this remains to be tested. Osmium, a platinum group element with a short ocean residence time of <40 kyr, also shows isotopic variation in seawater through time, being controlled predominantly by two end-member components: weathering of crust and input from volcanic activity (mantle). These have drastically different ratios, so Os isotopes potentially may provide high-resolution stratigraphic control during times of palaeoenvironmental change, such as episodes of increased weathering or volcanic input. The modern oceans display a uniform Os-isotope ratio, but our new data for Os isotopes through an OAE at ~94 Ma indicate that the Atlantic displayed diachronous shifts in Os isotopes. This offers an exciting potential new tool for studying palaeocean-mixing. However, this OAE may be a unique event with regard to oceanic Os; further regions and OAEs need to be tested. This project will use C-isotope stratigraphy from organic matter to correlate global successions from diverse environments, palaeolatitudes and oceanic settings. The time interval to be investigated, 101 - 83 Ma, was characterized by two OAEs and other significant changes in the carbon cycle. We aim to answer the following: (1) Are secular C- and Os-isotope curves related to sea-level change? (2) Can Os-isotope stratigraphy be used for chemostratigraphy: is it synchronous or diachronous? (3) Do OAEs coincide with Os-isotope excursions, and what was the steady state of the oceans? (4) What are the relationships between sea-level change, climate and ocean anoxia; can we finally identify the key forcing mechanism for widespread ocean stagnation? Sites in Canada, France, Czech Republic, Far East Russia, Ecuador, South Atlantic, and offshore Australia will be studied. The relative sea-level histories for each basin, correlated using C-isotopes, will be used to test relationships between C-isotope stratigraphy and sea-level change. Key stratigraphic time intervals will be characterised for Os isotopes and trace-metals to: establish the evolution of Os isotopes in the Late Cretaceous oceans; evaluate possible regional variation in the Os-isotope composition of seawater; establish levels of seawater oxygenation in the associated water masses; and identify the causes of widespread ocean stagnation. Results from our Cretaceous extreme-greenhouse study will provide unique constraints for modelling interactions between, and the impacts of, sea-level and climate change, and perturbations of the global carbon cycle for an icecap-free Earth; the increasingly likely near-future for our planet. The proposed research will aid in understanding whether periods of ocean stagnation are a likely future consequence of present-day global warming.
Feb 11 - Apr 15
NE/H021868/1
Darren Richard Gröcke
Geosciences (40%)
Marine environments (60%)
Biogeochemical Cycles (40%)
Ocean Circulation (20%)
Palaeoenvironments (40%)
Durham University, United Kingdom (Lead Research Organisation)
University of Warsaw, Poland (Project Partner)
University of Western Ontario, Canada (Project Partner)
Academy of Science of the Czech Republic, Czech Republic (Project Partner)
Opole University, Poland (Project Partner)
Darren Richard Gröcke (Principal Investigator)
David Selby (Co-Investigator)
|< < 1 2 > >|
Caruthers A (2014) Volcanism, Impacts, and Mass Extinctions: Causes and Effects
Caruthers A (2013) The Pliensbachian-Toarcian (Early Jurassic) extinction, a global multi-phased event in Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology
Caruthers A (2011) The significance of an Early Jurassic (Toarcian) carbon-isotope excursion in Haida Gwaii (Queen Charlotte Islands), British Columbia, Canada in Earth and Planetary Science Letters
Du Vivier A (2014) Marine 187Os/188Os isotope stratigraphy reveals the interaction of volcanism and ocean circulation during Oceanic Anoxic Event 2 in Earth and Planetary Science Letters
Du Vivier A (2015) Pacific 187 Os/ 188 Os isotope chemistry and U-Pb geochronology: Synchroneity of global Os isotope change across OAE 2 in Earth and Planetary Science Letters
French K (2014) Organic geochemistry of the early Toarcian oceanic anoxic event in Hawsker Bottoms, Yorkshire, England in Earth and Planetary Science Letters
Gröcke D (2011) An open ocean record of the Toarcian oceanic anoxic event in Solid Earth
Huber B (2011) Paleotemperature and paleosalinity inferences and chemostratigraphy across the Aptian/Albian boundary in the subtropical North Atlantic in Paleoceanography
Jarvis I (2011) Black shale deposition, atmospheric CO 2 drawdown, and cooling during the Cenomanian-Turonian Oceanic Anoxic Event CO 2 DRAWDOWN AND COOLING DURING OAE2 in Paleoceanography
Jarvis I (2016) Intercontinental correlation of organic carbon and carbonate stable isotope records: evidence of climate and sea-level change during the Turonian (Cretaceous) in The Depositional Record
Description The project was developing very well in the first 12 months but due to issues highlighted below the project has been severely hampered. Having said that several papers understanding sea level change during the Late Cretaceous when black shales were being deposited globally have been forthcoming. There is of course no simple single explanation to discuss sea level with respect to the carbon cycle for the Late Cretaceous. We have extended a similar research methodology to the well-studied Lower Jurassic black shales, and they also do not follow a simple pattern of sea level change with the carbon cycle. There are still quite a number of papers being submitted or to be written about the Cretaceous carbon cycle and sea level. Most of these papers discuss inherently the objectives set out in the original proposal.
Exploitation Route I have been able to extend the NERC grant for one year which has allowed the lead PI (Gröcke) to continue with the research in an attempt to meet the original objectives, but this is just not enough time. Although this has provided us with more time in which to publish the outcomes of this project - which are still ongoing - the success of this grant has been hampered and without additional funds the original objectives can not all be answered.
Sectors Education,Energy,Environment


text:
The Challenge's Wes Bergmann, Johnny Bananas reveal their favorites from Spies, Lies and Allies cast
Fri Aug 13, 2021 at 1:50pm ET
By Matt Couden
Johnny Bananas and Wes Bergmann during The Challenge: Total Madness season. Pic credit: MTV
The Challenge Season 37 premiere had plenty for viewers to take in, including an opening mission to determine teams, many brand new competitors, and rules that could change at any moment.
Some of the new cast members have already begun to make a name for themselves based on their commentary or other actions during the Spies, Lies & Allies premiere.
While multiple-time champions Johnny Bananas and Wes Bergmann aren't part of the Season 37 cast, they've been watching from afar. Each mentioned who their favorites are so far on The Challenge season.
Wes Bergmann reveals his 'favorite rookies' from cast
Viewers last saw two-time Challenge champion Weston Bergmann on Double Agents, as he lost early in the season to his friend, Devin Walker. Following his time on that season, he revealed he was unable to return for Season 37 of The Challenge.
However, he's still a fan and spectator away from the show and gives weekly thoughts on the episodes on his Patreon. He sometimes shares a few things about castmates here or there too.
In a recent slide he shared on his Instagram Story, Wes let people know the "early front runners" for his favorite rookies this season.
They include Emy Alupei, Esther Agunbiade, Tacha Akide, and Corey Lay. From the start, these rookies had some entertaining commentary or showed themselves to be impressive competitors.
For example, Emy was responsible for being a "spy" who brought knowledge of that infamous list to the attention of the vets. Corey proved himself a more than worthy competitor by winning his first-ever elimination alongside Michele Fitzgerald.
You Might Also Like: Charleston Dupree Berry: Who was The Challenge Season 37 'In Memory Of' after Episode 19?
While Wes didn't give reasons why those are his favorites in his post, he shared a message with fans about giving the new cast members a chance.
"Friendly reminder to fandom: change is okay. We're hardwired to fear change as an instinctive way to protect ourselves from Woolly Mammoths, not new Challengers," he said.
Pic credit: @westonbergmann/Instagram Story
Johnny Bananas gives thoughts on Season 37, who he's rooting for
Seven-time Challenge champ Johnny Bananas is sharing his weekly thoughts about Spies, Lies, & Allies on his brand new podcast. The first episode of his Death, Taxes, and Bananas podcast included him going over the Season 37 premiere with guest Bill Simmons from The Ringer.
In his review, Bananas said he felt the first episode was "mild" and "tame" in terms of the drama or footage presented. He also commented that maybe production or whoever created the latest season's concepts was "trying to do too much."
However, he got a kick out of one of the teammate situations, featuring his castmate Ashley "Millionaire" Mitchell.
"The Hughie-Ashley partner combination is probably my favorite thus far," Bananas admitted on the podcast, referring to Ashley's partnership with rookie Hughie Maughan.
The team has already been one that fans have been mentioning online due to Ashley yelling at her rookie partner to stop talking so much. So far, it appears to be a love-hate partnership that should be fun to watch.
In terms of picking a favorite to win Season 37, Johnny kept it political. He didn't give one specific name, but several individuals he's pulling for.
You Might Also Like: The Challenge Season 37, Episode 16 recap: Who went home from Spies, Lies & Allies elimination?
"I'm pulling for the vets, man. When it comes to The Challenge, it's like I am like a parent, right? Looking over my child and if I can't be there to be the babysitter to watch over them, it's like I want to know that it's in good hands," Bananas said.
"There's so many people on the show that I've spent so much time with, and I feel like those are the only people whose hands I'm comfortable with the show being in these days," he added.
He went on to list off Nany Gonzalez, CT Tamburello, Cory Wharton, Nelson Thomas, and Kyle Christie, among those he's pulling for this season.
"Believe it or not, I am actually pulling for Devin [Walker]. I think Devin has a very underrated sense of humor," Bananas shared, seeming to indicate he's moved past their feud on The Challenge years ago.
The Challenge: Spies, Lies & Allies airs Wednesdays at 8/7c on MTV.
Matt Couden
Matt Couden is a freelance writer for over 10 years. Matt enjoys...read more
Tags Johnny Bananas, The Challenge, The Challenge: Spies Lies & Allies, Wes Bergmann

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Defect-related luminescence in InAlAs on InP grown by molecular beam epitaxy
A. M. Gilinsky, D. V. Dmitriev, A. I. Toropov, K. S. Zhuravlev
Физический факультет
The photoluminescence (PL) of InAlAs grown on InP has been studied in a wide range of temperatures and excitation intensities. A novel emission ascribed to the presence of defects has been found by about 120-180 meV below the near band edge (NBE) line. The novel wide PL band is observed in the spectra only in a limited range of temperatures of 50-160 K, and is seen neither at liquid helium nor at room temperatures. The analysis of the PL behaviour with sample temperature and excitation power together with non-stationary PL kinetics allows us to conclude that both the NBE PL and the novel PL band are controlled by transitions via states of band tails formed due to alloy disorder in these films. The NBE PL is caused by recombination of carriers in the band tails, while deep levels related to defects and located in the same regions as the deepest band tail states are supposedly involved in the defect-related PL transitions. We demonstrate that no defect-related PL is found in the spectra if quasi-stoichiometric growth conditions were used during film growth, which resulted in a PL efficiency by about 1-2 orders of magnitude greater than that of samples grown under more common As-rich conditions.
Номер статьи
Semiconductor Science and Technology
https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6641/aa78c6
Опубликовано - 17 авг. 2017
10.1088/1361-6641/aa78c6
Подробные сведения о темах исследования «Defect-related luminescence in InAlAs on InP grown by molecular beam epitaxy». Вместе они формируют уникальный семантический отпечаток (fingerprint).
Photoluminescence Технические дисциплины и материаловедение 100%
Molecular beam epitaxy Технические дисциплины и материаловедение 95%
Luminescence Технические дисциплины и материаловедение 90%
Molecular Beam Epitaxy Химические соединения 88%
molecular beam epitaxy Физика и астрономия 52%
luminescence Физика и астрономия 46%
Luminiscence Type Химические соединения 43%
photoluminescence Физика и астрономия 43%
Gilinsky, A. M., Dmitriev, D. V., Toropov, A. I., & Zhuravlev, K. S. (2017). Defect-related luminescence in InAlAs on InP grown by molecular beam epitaxy. Semiconductor Science and Technology, 32(9), [095009]. https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6641/aa78c6
Gilinsky, A. M. ; Dmitriev, D. V. ; Toropov, A. I. и др. / Defect-related luminescence in InAlAs on InP grown by molecular beam epitaxy. В: Semiconductor Science and Technology. 2017 ; Том 32, № 9.
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title = "Defect-related luminescence in InAlAs on InP grown by molecular beam epitaxy",
abstract = "The photoluminescence (PL) of InAlAs grown on InP has been studied in a wide range of temperatures and excitation intensities. A novel emission ascribed to the presence of defects has been found by about 120-180 meV below the near band edge (NBE) line. The novel wide PL band is observed in the spectra only in a limited range of temperatures of 50-160 K, and is seen neither at liquid helium nor at room temperatures. The analysis of the PL behaviour with sample temperature and excitation power together with non-stationary PL kinetics allows us to conclude that both the NBE PL and the novel PL band are controlled by transitions via states of band tails formed due to alloy disorder in these films. The NBE PL is caused by recombination of carriers in the band tails, while deep levels related to defects and located in the same regions as the deepest band tail states are supposedly involved in the defect-related PL transitions. We demonstrate that no defect-related PL is found in the spectra if quasi-stoichiometric growth conditions were used during film growth, which resulted in a PL efficiency by about 1-2 orders of magnitude greater than that of samples grown under more common As-rich conditions.",
keywords = "defects, InAlAs/InP, localization, photoluminescence, S-shaped temperature dependence, PHOTOLUMINESCENCE, TEMPERATURE-DEPENDENCE, ELECTRONS, localisation, IN0.52AL0.48AS, TRANSISTORS, AL0.48IN0.52AS, TRANSITIONS, EMISSION, BREAKDOWN",
author = "Gilinsky, {A. M.} and Dmitriev, {D. V.} and Toropov, {A. I.} and Zhuravlev, {K. S.}",
doi = "10.1088/1361-6641/aa78c6",
journal = "Semiconductor Science and Technology",
Gilinsky, AM, Dmitriev, DV, Toropov, AI & Zhuravlev, KS 2017, 'Defect-related luminescence in InAlAs on InP grown by molecular beam epitaxy', Semiconductor Science and Technology, том. 32, № 9, 095009. https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6641/aa78c6
Defect-related luminescence in InAlAs on InP grown by molecular beam epitaxy. / Gilinsky, A. M.; Dmitriev, D. V.; Toropov, A. I. и др.
В: Semiconductor Science and Technology, Том 32, № 9, 095009, 17.08.2017.
T1 - Defect-related luminescence in InAlAs on InP grown by molecular beam epitaxy
AU - Gilinsky, A. M.
AU - Dmitriev, D. V.
AU - Toropov, A. I.
AU - Zhuravlev, K. S.
N2 - The photoluminescence (PL) of InAlAs grown on InP has been studied in a wide range of temperatures and excitation intensities. A novel emission ascribed to the presence of defects has been found by about 120-180 meV below the near band edge (NBE) line. The novel wide PL band is observed in the spectra only in a limited range of temperatures of 50-160 K, and is seen neither at liquid helium nor at room temperatures. The analysis of the PL behaviour with sample temperature and excitation power together with non-stationary PL kinetics allows us to conclude that both the NBE PL and the novel PL band are controlled by transitions via states of band tails formed due to alloy disorder in these films. The NBE PL is caused by recombination of carriers in the band tails, while deep levels related to defects and located in the same regions as the deepest band tail states are supposedly involved in the defect-related PL transitions. We demonstrate that no defect-related PL is found in the spectra if quasi-stoichiometric growth conditions were used during film growth, which resulted in a PL efficiency by about 1-2 orders of magnitude greater than that of samples grown under more common As-rich conditions.
AB - The photoluminescence (PL) of InAlAs grown on InP has been studied in a wide range of temperatures and excitation intensities. A novel emission ascribed to the presence of defects has been found by about 120-180 meV below the near band edge (NBE) line. The novel wide PL band is observed in the spectra only in a limited range of temperatures of 50-160 K, and is seen neither at liquid helium nor at room temperatures. The analysis of the PL behaviour with sample temperature and excitation power together with non-stationary PL kinetics allows us to conclude that both the NBE PL and the novel PL band are controlled by transitions via states of band tails formed due to alloy disorder in these films. The NBE PL is caused by recombination of carriers in the band tails, while deep levels related to defects and located in the same regions as the deepest band tail states are supposedly involved in the defect-related PL transitions. We demonstrate that no defect-related PL is found in the spectra if quasi-stoichiometric growth conditions were used during film growth, which resulted in a PL efficiency by about 1-2 orders of magnitude greater than that of samples grown under more common As-rich conditions.
KW - defects
KW - InAlAs/InP
KW - localization
KW - photoluminescence
KW - S-shaped temperature dependence
KW - TEMPERATURE-DEPENDENCE
KW - ELECTRONS
KW - localisation
KW - IN0.52AL0.48AS
KW - TRANSISTORS
KW - AL0.48IN0.52AS
KW - TRANSITIONS
KW - EMISSION
KW - BREAKDOWN
U2 - 10.1088/1361-6641/aa78c6
DO - 10.1088/1361-6641/aa78c6
JO - Semiconductor Science and Technology
JF - Semiconductor Science and Technology
Gilinsky AM, Dmitriev DV, Toropov AI, Zhuravlev KS. Defect-related luminescence in InAlAs on InP grown by molecular beam epitaxy. Semiconductor Science and Technology. 2017 авг. 17;32(9). 095009. https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6641/aa78c6


The makers of 'Sathya' had recently released the trailer of the film which received a positive response from all around including critics.
'Sathya', starring Sibi Sathyaraj, Remya Nambeesan, Varalaxmi Sarathkumar and Sathish, is the Tamil remake of Telugu hit film 'Kshanam'. 'Sathya' will hit the screens on December 8th, 2017 worldwide and expectations on the film are quite high since the original in Telugu was a hit flick. And ahead of the release of the film, the makers have a released a 4-minute long clipping from the film which gives us a sneak peek into the film. The video starts with a conversation between Remya Nambeesan and Sibi Sathyaraj where she seeks his help and narrates to him what had happened with her in life. The video ends on the note where Remya tells Sibi that her daughter was abducted and she needs his help in that matter since he is a cop. This has raised the expectations on the film and the eagerness to watch the film on release day is high now since it is a thriller.


text:
The Lions Club of Basingstoke, which was chartered in 1967, is affiliated to Lions Clubs International, a worldwide community service organisation dedicated to the idea that the men and women who live in a community are in the best position to know who needs help and why. To get an idea of the help we have offered over the years take a look at the Community Page, sidebar "Causes Helped".
We have members from all walks of life. Their key attributes are a "can do" attitude and the ability and willingness to work with others. That said, there is no pressing commitment - each gives what time he or she can spare. Generally the priorities are family first, work second, Lions third. We enjoy the company of like minded people and the enduring friendships that arise from shared fundraising and social activities.
We meet at 7:30 pm at the Old Basing British Legion, Hampshire on the second Wednesday of each month. If you are interested in joining us please contact us so that we can invite you to one of our meetings. You will receive a very warm welcome and, maybe, a free pint!
To give you an idea of Lions Clubs and what Lions members do, watch the Youtube videos below.
These videos were created by Lions Clubs International in October 2011.
For more videos, click on the following link http://www.be-a-lion.org
If you cannot see the videos below, you need to download & install the latest version of Adobe flash player (required to play Youtube videos) by typing this web address directly into your web address bar of your web browser (as a link can be altered to a malicious software website instead, we don't want you to do that via our site!).
http://get.adobe.com/flashplayer/
Got a little Lion in you?
Lions: Making a Difference Everyday, Everywhere
Lions Club Rap Video "Rockin' the Vest"
In Great Britain & Ireland, our Patron is HRH The Countess of Wessex
Most Lions Clubs have a mixed membership of around twenty members, and the Lions Club of Basingstoke is no exception.
We raise funds for local good causes. But we also support national and international appeals such as those which arise out of natural disasters and those designed to combat curable/ preventable diseases.
We are constantly looking for ways to encourage people to come forward and see what we do. (If you've read this page, you're half way there. Take a look at the rest.). We are also always on the lookout for good fundraising ideas and for participants in our various events. (See our Events Page)
If you are interested in getting involved we will be pleased to let you have further details (See our Contact Us Page).
. Accessibility | Contact Us | Home | Site Map | Privacy | Terms of use . Powered by Squarezone Club Sites https://www.basingstokelions.org.uk/joinus.html 2020-01-20 11:53


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Home | Life & Culture
WATCH |
Following Successful Transplant, Israeli Artist Buries Old Heart – Literally
Sharon Fidel received a new heart this summer, creating three new video artworks to mark burial of old organ
Naama Riba
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A still from Sharon Fidel's video about burying her old heart.Credit: Sharon Fidel
An Israeli artist who underwent a successful heart transplant this summer recently conducted a burial ceremony for her old heart, turning the event into video art.
Organ donations and transplants in Israel climb 30%
Tel Aviv scientists invent bionic heart patch
Restoring the glory of the local orchards
1967: First heart transplant in the U.S. is carried out, baby briefly survives
Sharon Fidel, 46, had been suffering from heart problems for a decade after she became pregnant with her daughter. After suffering sudden cardiac arrest in July 2016, her condition deteriorated and she was in urgent need of a heart donor. A new heart was found for her some three months ago, following the death of 16-year-old Liel Babler in a traffic accident.
In the video, Fidel declares to her heart: "Thank you for our shared childhood, our shared adolescence, our shared frustration, our shared fear, our shared tears, for all our shared secrets, for our shares loves, and for the laughter and humor you gave me. Thank you for how strong you were and, most of all, thanks for not letting me die with you."
On her Facebook page (in Hebrew), Fidel documented the treatments, the hospitalizations, the actual transplant and the ceremony of burying her old heart in three video artworks called "The Contestant," "The Transplant Contestant" and "The Contestant, the Transplant Patient Says Farewell."
She creates a parallel in her videos between the competition for receiving a new heart and beauty contests.
"The Contestant, the Transplant Patient Says Farewell" opens with Fidel roaming through an orchard, wearing old-fashioned nurses' garb. "This image was created after everyone searched through my body," she explains. "My femininity was lost. The contestant wants to be told she has received the crown. The crown is in effect the heart, which I received after a relatively short wait compared to others on the list."
In the video, Fidel wears gloves and a mask, and her hands visibly shake. "My immune system is suppressed at this point and I need a mask to filter the air," she explains. "After using the mask, it turned into part of the material with which I worked and made a video."
Fidel said the uncontrolled trembling in her hands was also a result of excitement. "Everything is authentic in the film and I trembled when I put the heart into the ground. I believe that, additionally, the excitement and fear of attempting to really touch the organ and pick it up – all those things caused the trembling. It was very scary." She added that "the gloves, which make the figure look slightly kinky, are essential during the burial process because the heart was in formalin."
She only took custody of her old heart very recently, since it was being kept in the pathology department at Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, for research purposes.
"When I received the heart I was in shock, because it was so big," she recalled. "A heart in the physical sense. It's not good that it's big and its chambers are enlarged – that means it no longer contracts and functions."
Fidel mentions Israel's National Transplant Center (ADI in Hebrew) in every post on her Facebook page, and encourages her readers to donate organs.
"If by chance anyone in Israel didn't understand the importance of organ donation and transplants, this is the time to sign up," she wrote in one of her posts.
Because one of the side effects of Fidel's medication is the trembling in her hands, she found it hard to paint, so decided to adopt the medium of video art in order to continue to create and document her life.
Her intensive documentation of herself has also influenced her creative process. "I have always made art that deals with my personal and family story," she said. "Now I've become the subject itself. Some people will say that that's nonsense, but today there's the tool of video art and it suits my life at present."
Israel culture


text:
package org.elasticsearch.rest.action.script;

import org.elasticsearch.ElasticsearchIllegalStateException;
import org.elasticsearch.action.indexedscripts.get.GetIndexedScriptRequest;
import org.elasticsearch.action.indexedscripts.get.GetIndexedScriptResponse;
import org.elasticsearch.client.Client;
import org.elasticsearch.common.inject.Inject;
import org.elasticsearch.common.settings.Settings;
import org.elasticsearch.common.xcontent.XContentBuilder;
import org.elasticsearch.common.xcontent.XContentFactory;
import org.elasticsearch.common.xcontent.XContentType;
import org.elasticsearch.index.VersionType;
import org.elasticsearch.rest.*;
import org.elasticsearch.rest.action.support.RestResponseListener;

import java.io.IOException;

import static org.elasticsearch.rest.RestRequest.Method.GET;
import static org.elasticsearch.rest.RestStatus.NOT_FOUND;
import static org.elasticsearch.rest.RestStatus.OK;

/**
 *
 */
public class RestGetIndexedScriptAction extends BaseRestHandler {

    @Inject
    public RestGetIndexedScriptAction(Settings settings, RestController controller, Client client) {
        this(settings, controller, true, client);
    }

    protected RestGetIndexedScriptAction(Settings settings, RestController controller, boolean registerDefaultHandlers, Client client) {
        super(settings, controller, client);
        if (registerDefaultHandlers) {
            controller.registerHandler(GET, "/_scripts/{lang}/{id}", this);
        }
    }

    protected String getScriptLang(RestRequest request) {
        return request.param("lang");
    }

    protected String getScriptFieldName() {
        return "script";
    }

    @Override
    public void handleRequest(final RestRequest request, final RestChannel channel, Client client) {
        final GetIndexedScriptRequest getRequest = new GetIndexedScriptRequest(getScriptLang(request), request.param("id"));
        getRequest.version(request.paramAsLong("version", getRequest.version()));
        getRequest.versionType(VersionType.fromString(request.param("version_type"), getRequest.versionType()));
        client.getIndexedScript(getRequest, new RestResponseListener<GetIndexedScriptResponse>(channel) {
            @Override
            public RestResponse buildResponse(GetIndexedScriptResponse response) throws Exception {
                XContentBuilder builder = XContentFactory.contentBuilder(XContentType.JSON);
                if (!response.isExists()) {
                    return new BytesRestResponse(NOT_FOUND, builder);
                } else {
                    try{
                        String script = response.getScript();
                        builder.startObject();
                        builder.field(getScriptFieldName(), script);
                        builder.endObject();
                        return new BytesRestResponse(OK, builder);
                    } catch( IOException|ClassCastException e ){
                        throw new ElasticsearchIllegalStateException("Unable to parse "  + response.getScript() + " as json",e);
                    }
                }
            }
        });
    }
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
Quotes on self-assurance
Style comes from knowing who you are and who you want to be in the world; it does not come from wanting to be somebody else, or wanting to be thinner, shorter, taller, prettier.
Self-assurance
Sharon Maas
She might be without country, without nation, but inside her there was still a being that could exist and be free, that could simply say without adding a this, or a that, without saying I am Indian, Guyanese, English, or anything else in the world.
anchoring attachment belonging empowerment freedom home homelessness identity independence individuality inspirational nationality roots self-assurance self-awareness self-containment self-determination self-esteem self-reliance self-respect self-sufficiency self-trust
Shop They Said So Store
Criss Jami
I imagine that the intelligent people are the ones so intelligent that they don't even need or want to look 'intelligent' anymore.
above-and-beyond assurance beyond certainty clever comprehension confidence funny-but-true genius humor imagination imagine intelligence knowledge philosophy pretentiousness rebellious self-assurance simplicity status-quo theory tso-funny understanding vanity witty
Lacey Sturm
We're not ashamed of our faith, we're not ashamed of who we are and we're not changing that.
flyleaf god inspirational jesus mosley nicole self-assurance
The power of a bold idea uttered publicly in defiance of dominant opinion cannot be easily measured. Those special people who speak out in such a way as to shake up not only the self-assurance of their enemies, but the complacency of their friends, are precious catalysts for change.
catalyst change defiance history opposition self-assurance
But human beings are not machines, and however powerful the pressure to conform, they sometimes are so moved by what they see as injustice that they dare to declare their independence. In that historical possibility lies hope.
confidence conformity declaration-of-independence hope individuality non-conformity resolves self-assurance
The greatest thing in the world is to know how to belong to oneself.
ataraxy independence individuality inspirational self-assurance self-awareness self-containment self-determination self-esteem self-reliance self-respect self-sufficiency self-trust solitude
Vashti Lsc
Sometimes you just know... And then it doesn't even seem scary. Just certain and joyful. Like a deep stream, flowing steady and strong, jumping and splashing and churning as it passes around and over the land in which it is grounded. And for this knowing, and flowing, I am grateful.
confidence grateful inspiration self-assurance
She wore her sexuality with an older woman's ease, and not like an awkward purse, never knowing how to hold it, where to hang it, or when to just put it down.
self-assurance sex-appeal women
Because one believes in oneself, one doesn't try to convince others. Because one is content with oneself, one doesn't need others' approval. Because one accepts oneself, the whole world accepts him or her.
acceptance contentment perception self-acceptance self-assurance self-confidence
A young outcast will often feel that there is something wrong with himself, but as he gets older, grows more confident in who he is, he will adapt, he will begin to feel that there is something wrong with everyone else.
adapt adaptation age aging assurance be-yourself bullied bully bullying certainty confidence confident developing genius growth inspirational learning loneliness lonely mature maturity motivational old outcast perseverance right self-assurance self-esteem self-esteem-or-lack-thereof solitude strength sure underdog wrong youth
beauty confidence self-assurance self-esteem self-worth style
A little thing, like children putting flowers in my hair, can fill up the widening cracks in my self-assurance like soothing lanolin.
children self-assurance
John Geddes
...I don't want security - to be self-assured - I want to risk my heart in making your portrait and be paid the wages of your devotion...
devotion heart poetry-quotes-love risk security self-assurance wages
Hugo Hamilton
Maybe your country is only a place you make up in your own mind. Something you dream about and sing about. Maybe it's not a place on the map at all, but just a story full of people you meet and places you visit, full of books and films you've been to. I'm not afraid of being homesick and having no language to live in. I don't have to be like anyone else. I'm walking on the wall and nobody can stop me.
anchoring attachment belonging country empowerment home homelessness independence individuality inspirational nationality roots self-assurance self-awareness self-containment self-determination self-esteem self-reliance self-respect self-sufficiency self-trust
Annie Bryant
One of my rules is never to look sideways at what other people are doing but instead, do what I feel is right.
affirmation children-s-books children-s-literature humanity life-advice self-assurance
In yourself right now is all the place you've got.
ataraxy empowerment independence individuality self-assurance self-awareness self-containment self-determination self-esteem self-reliance self-respect self-sufficiency self-trust solitude
For it is in your power to retire into yourself whenever you choose.
ataraxy independence individuality retire self self-assurance self-awareness self-containment self-determination self-esteem self-reliance self-respect self-sufficiency self-trust solitude
If you do not know where you come from, then you don't know where you are, and if you don't know where you are, then you don't know where you're going. And if you don't know where you're going, you're probably going wrong.
certainty direction knowledge self-assurance
adj.: Mistaken at the top of one's voice.
assertions certainty errors humor mistakes positive satire self-assurance tso-funny
Zaphod marched quickly down the passageway, nervous as hell, but trying to hide it by striding purposefully.
bravado self-assurance self-confidence
Bryce Courtenay
Always in life an idea starts small, it is only a sapling idea, but the vines will come and they will try to choke your idea so it cannot grow and it will die and you will never know you had a big idea, an idea so big it could have grown thirty meters through the dark canopy of leaves and touched the face of the sky.' He looked at me and continued. 'The vines are people who are afraid of originality, of new thinking. Most people you encounter will be vines; when you are a young plant they are very dangerous.' His piercing blue eyes looked into mine.' Always listen to yourself, Peekay. It is better to be wrong than simply to follow convention. If you are wrong, no matter, you have learned something and you grow stronger. If you are right, you have taken another step toward a fulfilling life.
self-assurance self-determination
Commandment #1: Believe in yourself. Commandment #2: Get over yourself.
self-acceptance self-assurance self-knowledge


text:
Chief Executive profiled by Future for Religious Heritage
Foundation for Jewish Heritage Chief Executive, Michael Mail, was profiled this month by Future for Religious Heritage (FRH). Founded in 2008, FRH is a non-profit, non-religious, organisation dedicated to building a Pan European Network of heritage connections devoted to providing European citizens with opportunities to participate in, and appreciate, all forms of heritage and culture throughout Europe. Michael was appointed to the FRH Council in 2019.
The full article can be read below or on the Future for Religious Heritage website.
Can you tell us a bit about your background?
I grew up in Glasgow Scotland where I studied Law at Strathclyde University. This was followed by post-graduate studies at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem and Brandeis University in Boston. I subsequently have had a career working in the charity sector in London where I live with my family – who all speak with the wrong accent! I am also a published author of fiction.
How did you become interested in religious heritage?
I have always had a passion for history going back to my school days. As has been noted by others, I am fascinated by how we are able to visit great places of history and, while we can't be present at the same time as those events, we can be in the same space. My introduction to heritage preservation work came through involvement with ICOMOS. I am currently a Trustee of ICOMOS-UK and chair its Development Committee. Through that involvement, I came to understand that there was no organisation working internationally and exclusively on the preservation of Jewish heritage, which I found odd given the contribution of the Jewish people to European civilisation over millennia, and the special challenges that Jewish heritage has faced as a result of the events of the 20th century.
How did you get started with FRH?
I attended my first FRH Conference in Halle in Germany in 2014. I slowly started to get more involved joining the Conference organising committee for the Vicenza conference in 2016 and then becoming a member of the Governance committee.
Can you tell us a bit about what you currently do outside of FRH?
I am Founder and Chief Executive of the Foundation for Jewish Heritage which works internationally on the preservation of Jewish heritage.
What are your activities/work/research focused on concerning religious heritage?
In the context of Europe, the Foundation undertook unprecedented research to map all the historic synagogues of Europe, identifying 3,347 sites, which are available on a dedicated website and can also now be visited via FRH's own Religiana programme. An important aspect of this research was rating each synagogue according to both significance and current condition, which enabled the Foundation to identify and concentrate its efforts on a priority list of sites.
The Foundation is also involved in 2 EU projects; one developing a network of towns that have significant Jewish heritage to discuss models, best practice, issues and challenges, and the second mapping Jewish cemeteries in Eastern Europe.
We are also involved with the Council of Europe, which recently conducted a survey into the state of Jewish heritage today with our assistance, and we are now discussing possible follow up activities.
What do you think is the biggest threat to religious heritage and what do you think is the best way to combat it?
The biggest threat is indifference; that these remarkable centuries-old buildings, iconic landmarks in every village, town and city are now being viewed as redundant and a burden to society rather than an opportunity. We need to campaign to ensure that religious heritage is recognised as an important part of every society, telling its own unique story that has been an integral and profound part of the European story. We need to present successful examples of how religious sites, even without active communities, can still continue to play meaningful roles, and roles that can address important societal issues of today.


Outside the arena, a limo arrives to the building with Mike Tenay believing that it was going to be Sting. Instead, it was Shane Douglas who stepped out and let out his trademark laugh stating that it was time to make some noise.
There is a new set as this is the first anniversary show for NWA-TNA. The new set gives the show a more lively feel.
Opening Contest: Don Harris, David Young & Sonny Siaki vs. Sandman, D'Lo Brown & Frankie Kazarian: Kazarian and Siaki start off the match with Kazarian hitting a springboard back elbow. Sandman is sharing his beer with fans. Kazarian gets a near fall with a swinging neck breaker and tags in Brown who continues to work over Kazarian. Harris tags in but is arm dragged a few times but stops D'Lo with a big boot. Don drives Brown to the mat with a swinging side slam. Young tags in but is worked over as Frankie hits a slingshot leg drop for a near fall. Kazarian gets a back bridge cover for a near fall. Young gets a two count following a spine buster on Frankie. Siaki takes Kazarian over with a suplex and a t-bone suplex for a near fall. Kazarian drops Siaki with a bicycle kick and tags in Brown while Sandman remains on the floor. Brown cleans house with clotheslines and right hands. Brown plants Young with a swinging side slam but Siaki breaks up the cover. Harris is pummeling Sandman on the floor. Kazarian and Young are left in the ring and Kazarian hits a reverse Stroke. Brown comes off the top and hits a twisting frog splash to get the three count. (**. Not a bad start as they worked fast and well. Sandman didn't do anything in the match which isn't a bad thing.) After the match, the heels attack to get some heat as Siaki beats down Sandman with a kendo stick. Mike Sanders and Ron Harris come down to beat down the good guys. Sting and Jeff Jarrett come out with Sting cleaning house with a baseball bat. Jarrett smashes his guitar over Young's head.
Vince Russo comes out to the ring to cut a promo. Russo talks about how his new hairstyle costs more than the fans homes. Russo credits Jeff Jarrett for being a fighting champion and having the fans turn on him in the process. Russo introduces the new NWA World Champion, AJ Styles. Russo puts over Styles as being better than guys like Shawn Michaels, Bret Hart and Sting at the same point in their respective careers. D'Lo Brown comes down and tells Russo they worked very well together in the WWE. Brown discussed his friendship with Styles and AJ offers to be tag team partners tonight. Russo chimed in and credited himself for making D'Lo a star. Brown didn't like that and attacks Russo. That leads to a brawl involving Raven running down. Shane Douglas appears and hits a belly to belly suplex on Raven. Douglas, Styles and Russo continue to beat down Raven and Brown to end the segment.
Backstage, Goldylocks interviewed Tracy and Veronica. She appreciates what they are doing, but apparently TNA won't allow them to wrestle men anymore. Anyway, Erik Watts enters and asks if Goldylocks took care of business. Goldylocks says she had been working on it. What is going on there?
Outside, CM Punk approaches Julio Dinero and Alexis Laree about joining the Gathering. Dinero isn't sure there is a Gathering. Punk says that there will always be a Gathering one day or another.
Second Contest: NWA-TNA X-Division Champion Chris Sabin vs. Paul London: Sabin slaps London and soon takes London over with a standing hurricanrana. London hits one of his own and dropkicks Sabin to the floor. They trade strikes on the apron but Sabin is sent shoulder first into the ring post. London hits a shooting star press off the apron onto Sabin! London gets a near fall back in the ring. Sabin kicks London off the apron to the floor as London attempted to skin the cat. Sabin hits a twisting cross body onto the floor. Sabin catapults London chest first into the guard railing. Sabin counters a top rope cross body with a gut buster but can't keep London down long enough. London hits a reverse head scissors dropping Sabin on his head. London follows up with a spinning heel kick and dropkick. Paul is on fire and pretends to hit his face on the top turnbuckle. London drives Sabin chest first into the canvas for a near fall. Sabin hits a swinging gut buster but Paul kicks out just before three.
Backstage, New Jack is interviewed about Mike Sanders but he doesn't care about him. Shark Boy comes over with a pair of Incredible Hulk fists and they decide to play around with them.
Backstage, Kid Kash is yelling at Abyss inside a cage and thanks him for his help last week and he will need help again tonight.
We get an interview involving BG James, Konnan and Ron Killings. They insult each other with stereotypical jokes involving chicken, taco bell and trailer parks. These three are forming an alliance, by the way.
Backstage, AJ Styles says he trusts Vince Russo to find the perfect partner for the tag match later tonight.
Backstage, Christopher Daniels and Elix Skipper attack America's Most Wanted right before the scheduled tag team title match.
Sixth Contest: NWA-TNA World Tag Team Champions Christopher Daniels & Elix Skipper vs. America's Most Wanted: Harris and Storm are healthy as they come down to the ring and all four men brawl to kick off the title match. Skipper misses a spin kick and is kicked by Storm for a near fall. Skipper lifts Storm up and Daniels hits an STO! Daniels hits a spinning heel kick on Storm and tags in Skipper who delivers a kick to the midsection and an overhead belly to belly suplex for a near fall. Daniels and Skipper hit a vertical suplex/springboard cross body. Harris hits leaping double clothesline on the champs but is sent to the apron by the referee. Storm fights back dropping the champs with right hands and a clothesline. Harris gets the tag and he cleans house with clotheslines. Harris catches Skipper in the corner to hit a running power slam for another near fall. Harris counters the Play of the Day to hit swinging side slam for a near fall.
Mike Tenay interviewed Jerry Jarrett saying that the first year anniversary was a special occasion and that it had been a rocky road. Jerry says the NWA once dominated wrestling and they are looking towards the future. Their association with the NWA gets stronger every month. He believes that Vince Russo is getting frustrated about a lot of things and has developed an obsession. Jerry believes that Russo has the mindset that getting Jeff Jarrett as a friend will help his success. Jerry hopes for Vince that it is not a fatal obsession.
Erik Watts calls out Kid Kash who admits that he beats women. Watts attacks Kash and they brawl around the ringside area. Watts goes to deliver a choke slam but we see on the screen that Abyss has Goldylocks in a cage. Erik runs to the back and kicks the cage but is attacked by Kash from behind.
Main Event: NWA-TNA World Champion AJ Styles & Syxx-Pac vs. Jeff Jarrett & Sting: I believe this is the first appearance for a North American promotion since WCW closed its door in March 2001. All four men are in the ring to start off brawling. Styles and Pac are sent into each other as Sting plays to the crowd and remains in the ring with AJ. Sting no sells a few kicks and elbows Styles. AJ misses a dropkick and Sting puts the Scorpion Death Lock on AJ but the champ reaches the ropes quickly. Sting takes Styles out with a slingshot cross body to the floor. Jarrett runs into a back elbow in the corner while Sting works over Styles on the floor. Pac misses the bronco buster in the corner. Jarrett power bombs Pac and locks in the figure four right in the middle of the ring but Styles breaks it up with a springboard leg drop onto Jarrett. Styles tags in and scoop slams Jarrett followed by a knee drop for a near fall. Styles hits a dropkick on Jarrett and taunts the fans.
This was a really good show that highlighted the strength very well. The Sabin/London, tag title match and main event were all good matches and the angle progression involving Douglas/Raven was interesting as well. I think Douglas in TNA is nothing but good and he is usually booked fairly well by Russo. A good show with the memorable return of Sting to competition in North America.


text:
TRENDING: Hot weekend $1 oysters Low-roller Black Lamb Summer league Sharks
Patriots DE Rob Ninkovich: 'It's time for me to walk away'
New England Patriots linebacker Rob Ninkovich looks on during an NFL football game against the Baltimore Ravens at Gillette Stadium in Foxborough, Mass. Monday, Dec. 12, 2016. (Winslow Townson/AP Images for Panini)	–Winslow Townson/AP Images for Panini
Rachel Bowers
Patriots defensive end Rob Ninkovich on Sunday announced his retirement from the NFL after an 11-year career.
"It wasn't an easy decision. After 11 seasons, and 19 seasons total playing football, it's time for me to walk away," Ninkovich said, "and I look forward to the next phase of my life."
The announcement was made at a news conference after the Patriots practiced Sunday morning.
Several teammates were in attendance, including quarterback Tom Brady, defensive tackle Alan Branch, captain Matthew Slater, linebacker Dont'a Hightower, and running back Brandon Bolden. They cheered and clapped for Ninkovich as he entered the room.
Dont'a Hightower and Tom Brady are among many #Patriots on hand for Rob Ninkovich's retirement announcement. pic.twitter.com/i4x1NR4zOE
— Jim McBride (@globejimmcbride) July 30, 2017
Now a whole bunch of players are here for Ninkovich's press conference, including Brady pic.twitter.com/S1SeEuSqJR
— Ben Volin (@BenVolin) July 30, 2017
There are many players in here pic.twitter.com/867i0MbI0x
Coach Bill Belichick spoke first at the news conference, praising Ninkovich as a player and person.
"It's with really mixed emotions that stand here today to congratulate Rob on just a tremendous, tremendous football and personal career," Belichick said.
"Just a special, really special guy."
Patriots owner Robert Kraft spoke next, calling Ninkovich the team's most dependable defensive player since asserting himself as a starter.
"We're thankful for all of Rob's countless contributions for the past eight seasons," Kraft said.
Ninkovich arrived in New England with little fanfare in 2009, but developed into the type of player Belichick prizes because of his versatility on the defensive line, his work ethic, and leadership. He logged 8 sacks in three consecutive seasons from 2012-14, and was a component of the 2014 and 2016 Super Bowl teams.
Displayed on the TVs in the Patriots media room pic.twitter.com/NAjMgvoJQi
Before landing with the Patriots, Ninkovich was drafted by New Orleans out of Purdue University in the fifth round in 2006. He spent the 2006 season with the Saints before he was claimed off waivers by the Dolphins in 2007. He went back to New Orleans late in the 2008 season before the Patriots picked him up in 2009.
Ninkovich expressed gratitude to the Patriots for bringing him into the fold, and said how much he loves being in New England.
"I'm so grateful to the Patriots organization . . . man, it's been so much fun," he said.
Ninkovich became tearful when addressing defensive coordinator Matt Patricia, thanking Patricia for beliving in him. "I love you, thank you," Ninkovich said.
He remained tearful as he spoke to Belichick.
"Coach, I gave you everything I had. I hope it was enough," Ninkovich said. "I love this game. Thank you. Hopefully my playing career has taught me a lot. Playing for you, I've learned a tremendous amount."
Ninkovich played in 131 regular season games over his 11-year career, recording 282 tackles, 46 sacks, 5 picks, 12 forced fumbles, and 14 fumble recoveries in that span. He also appeared in 17 postseason games, collecting 31 tackles, 6 sacks, and a pick in those contests.
Ninkovich had one year left on a contract that he signed last September, just days after he began a four-game suspension for violating the league's policy on the use of performance-enhancing drugs.
TOPICS: Patriots
Robert Kraft steps out with new woman	July 15, 2019 | 5:00 AM
Dodgers beat Red Sox in 12 innings on Max Muncy's RBI walk	July 15, 2019 | 2:13 AM
Red Sox place Steven Wright on IL, add Andrew Cashner to active roster	July 14, 2019 | 6:40 PM
Cardinals great Bob Gibson fighting pancreatic cancer	July 14, 2019 | 5:39 PM
Federer comes so close to 9th Wimbledon title before losing to Djokovic	July 14, 2019 | 4:33 PM
Polar Beverages CEO will be part-owner of Worcester Red Sox	July 14, 2019 | 3:37 PM
Foul ball injures fan at Fenway Park on Saturday night	July 14, 2019 | 3:24 PM
Los Angeles Dodgers club 4 home runs, beat Chris Sale, Red Sox 11-2	July 13, 2019 | 11:07 PM
Red Sox deal for righthanded starter Andrew Cashner	July 13, 2019 | 5:45 PM
3 takeaways from the Revolution's 2-2 draw against D.C. United	July 13, 2019 | 3:14 PM
The Angels honored Tyler Skaggs. Then, their pitchers combined for a no-hitter.	July 13, 2019 | 1:26 PM
Simona Halep wins Wimbledon, stops Serena Williams' bid for 24th Slam	July 13, 2019 | 12:25 PM
Carsen Edwards agrees to four-year deal with Celtics	July 12, 2019 | 11:06 PM


I've Misfuelled My Vehicle in Yorkshire, What to Do Now?
Misfueled your vehicle in Yorkshire? Don't panic and call GMM1 Yorkshire for the certified misfuelling services and cheapest fixing services. A lot of us make this mistake of misfuelling in our vehicles, in-fact every four minutes 1 person makes this error. It is an easy mistake to make and once you make this mistake a sudden panic kicks in and you think the engine is ruined and you are going to face a huge bill for the lapse in concentration.
If you mistakenly done misfuelling in your vehicle and are in Yorkshire area, don't panic as GMM1 Yorkshire has the right solution for you. We cover all Yorkshire area, every vehicle type and every make and model. What to do when you realize that you have misfueled your vehicle, simply shut your engine off, if started but if you haven't started the engine don't start it. If possible, put your vehicle in neutral and ask for help to safely drain your fuel. GMM1 Yorkshire has expert Misfuelling engineers who drain your fuel at the cheapest online prices.
If you want to get your engine to start again, all the fuel needs to be flushed out and drained safely from the fuel system and replaced with petrol or diesel. Call GMM1 Yorkshire now to get Misfuelling services from your Yorkshire by our Misfuelling experts.


text:
Q: AdMob Interstitial ads display after app closed I have an application and I added Interstitial ads and made it display many times. but the problem that it don't display until the app finish.
example:
I made Interstitial ad display when navigate between to activities. but it will display after the app finish not when navigation as I want.
I have searched a lot about this problem and I didn't found any solution.

A: **//object creation**
InterstitialAd mInterstitialAd;

**//oncreate**
mInterstitialAd = new InterstitialAd(this);
mInterstitialAd.setAdUnitId("ca-app-pub-id");
requestNewInterstitial();

**//button click event**
if (mInterstitialAd.isLoaded()) {
  mInterstitialAd.show();
}
else {
  Intent i = new Intent(getApplicationContext(),nextactivity.class);
  startActivity(i);
  finish();
}

mInterstitialAd.setAdListener(new AdListener() {
  @Override
  public void onAdClosed() {
    requestNewInterstitial();

    **//after add display**
    Intent i = new Intent(getApplicationContext(),
        nextactivity.class);
    startActivity(i);
    finish();

    **//after oncreate**
    private void requestNewInterstitial() {
      AdRequest adRequest = new AdRequest.Builder()
        .addTestDevice(AdRequest.DEVICE_ID_EMULATOR)
        .addTestDevice("CC5F2C72DF2B356BBF0DA198")
        .build();
      mInterstitialAd.loadAd(adRequest);
    }
  }
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


this example is fitted within a zipped canvas pouch stamped Stores ref 27C/2134 ' Jecco'. This company was founded in Bournemouth in 1926 under the name John E Clarke and Company Ltd, a coach and car trimming business designing car hoods, coachworks and other products and was contractor to the Air Ministry in WW11. The zip (by Dot) is in working order and by opening reveals the water cushion inside. The cushion has a metal plug for filling and emptying(marked 27) in the corner of the cushion. The cap retention chain is in place but no longer attached to the cap. The cushion is complete although the rubber is somewhat dried with minor cracking to edges and can no longer be guaranteed for its original purpose but back in WW11 would literally have been a life saver to aircrew who crashed in the desert or at sea! It is faintly stamped with Stores Ref nos 27C/2138.


text:
<!DOCTYPE html>

<meta content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" http-equiv="Content-Type">

<title>module ActiveRecord::Callbacks - Rails Framework Documentation</title>

<link type="text/css" media="screen" href="../rdoc.css" rel="stylesheet">

    Home
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      <input type="text" name="search" placeholder="Search" id="search-field"
             title="Type to search, Up and Down to navigate, Enter to load">

  </form>

Defined In

c:/RailsInstaller/Ruby2.1.0/lib/ruby/gems/2.1.0/gems/activerecord-3.2.21/lib/active_record/callbacks.rb

Included Modules

ActiveModel::Validations::Callbacks

Pages

README

MIT-LICENSE

README

MIT-LICENSE

README

MIT-LICENSE

README

README

README

README

README

Class and Module Index

ActiveRecord

ActiveRecord::ActiveRecordError

ActiveRecord::AdapterNotFound

ActiveRecord::AdapterNotSpecified

ActiveRecord::Aggregations

ActiveRecord::Aggregations::ClassMethods

ActiveRecord::AssociationTypeMismatch

ActiveRecord::Associations

ActiveRecord::Associations::ClassMethods

ActiveRecord::AttributeAssignment

ActiveRecord::AttributeAssignment::ClassMethods

ActiveRecord::AttributeAssignmentError

ActiveRecord::AttributeMethods

ActiveRecord::AttributeMethods::BeforeTypeCast

ActiveRecord::AttributeMethods::ClassMethods

ActiveRecord::AttributeMethods::DeprecatedUnderscoreRead

ActiveRecord::AttributeMethods::DeprecatedUnderscoreRead::ClassMethods

ActiveRecord::AttributeMethods::Dirty

ActiveRecord::AttributeMethods::PrimaryKey

ActiveRecord::AttributeMethods::PrimaryKey::ClassMethods

ActiveRecord::AttributeMethods::Query

ActiveRecord::AttributeMethods::Read

ActiveRecord::AttributeMethods::Read::ClassMethods

ActiveRecord::AttributeMethods::Serialization

ActiveRecord::AttributeMethods::Serialization::Attribute

ActiveRecord::AttributeMethods::Serialization::ClassMethods

ActiveRecord::AttributeMethods::TimeZoneConversion

ActiveRecord::AttributeMethods::TimeZoneConversion::ClassMethods

ActiveRecord::AttributeMethods::Write

ActiveRecord::AttributeMethods::Write::ClassMethods

ActiveRecord::AutosaveAssociation

ActiveRecord::AutosaveAssociation::ClassMethods

ActiveRecord::Base

ActiveRecord::Batches

ActiveRecord::Calculations

ActiveRecord::Callbacks

ActiveRecord::ConfigurationError

ActiveRecord::ConnectionAdapters::AbstractAdapter

ActiveRecord::ConnectionAdapters::AbstractMysqlAdapter

ActiveRecord::ConnectionAdapters::ConnectionHandler

ActiveRecord::ConnectionAdapters::ConnectionManagement

ActiveRecord::ConnectionAdapters::ConnectionPool

ActiveRecord::ConnectionAdapters::DatabaseLimits

ActiveRecord::ConnectionAdapters::DatabaseStatements

ActiveRecord::ConnectionAdapters::Mysql2Adapter

ActiveRecord::ConnectionAdapters::MysqlAdapter

ActiveRecord::ConnectionAdapters::MysqlAdapter::StatementPool

ActiveRecord::ConnectionAdapters::PostgreSQLAdapter

ActiveRecord::ConnectionAdapters::PostgreSQLAdapter::StatementPool

ActiveRecord::ConnectionAdapters::PostgreSQLAdapter::TableDefinition

ActiveRecord::ConnectionAdapters::PostgreSQLAdapter::Utils

ActiveRecord::ConnectionAdapters::PostgreSQLColumn

ActiveRecord::ConnectionAdapters::QueryCache

ActiveRecord::ConnectionAdapters::Quoting

ActiveRecord::ConnectionAdapters::SQLiteAdapter

ActiveRecord::ConnectionAdapters::SQLiteAdapter::ExplainPrettyPrinter

ActiveRecord::ConnectionAdapters::SQLiteAdapter::StatementPool

ActiveRecord::ConnectionAdapters::SQLiteAdapter::Version

ActiveRecord::ConnectionAdapters::SchemaCache

ActiveRecord::ConnectionAdapters::SchemaStatements

ActiveRecord::ConnectionAdapters::StatementPool

ActiveRecord::ConnectionAdapters::Table

ActiveRecord::ConnectionAdapters::TableDefinition

ActiveRecord::ConnectionNotEstablished

ActiveRecord::ConnectionTimeoutError

ActiveRecord::CounterCache

ActiveRecord::DangerousAttributeError

ActiveRecord::Delegation

ActiveRecord::DynamicFinderMatch

ActiveRecord::DynamicMatchers

ActiveRecord::DynamicScopeMatch

ActiveRecord::Explain

ActiveRecord::FinderMethods

ActiveRecord::Fixtures

ActiveRecord::Fixtures::File

ActiveRecord::IdentityMap

ActiveRecord::IdentityMap::Middleware

ActiveRecord::Inheritance

ActiveRecord::Inheritance::ClassMethods

ActiveRecord::Integration

ActiveRecord::InvalidForeignKey

ActiveRecord::IrreversibleMigration

ActiveRecord::Locking

ActiveRecord::Locking::Optimistic

ActiveRecord::Locking::Optimistic::ClassMethods

ActiveRecord::Locking::Pessimistic

ActiveRecord::LogSubscriber

ActiveRecord::Migration

ActiveRecord::Migration::CommandRecorder

ActiveRecord::MigrationProxy

ActiveRecord::ModelSchema

ActiveRecord::ModelSchema::ClassMethods

ActiveRecord::MultiparameterAssignmentErrors

ActiveRecord::NestedAttributes

ActiveRecord::NestedAttributes::ClassMethods

ActiveRecord::NestedAttributes::TooManyRecords

ActiveRecord::Observer

ActiveRecord::Persistence

ActiveRecord::Persistence::ClassMethods

ActiveRecord::PreparedStatementInvalid

ActiveRecord::QueryCache

ActiveRecord::QueryCache::ClassMethods

ActiveRecord::QueryMethods

ActiveRecord::Querying

ActiveRecord::Railtie

ActiveRecord::Railties

ActiveRecord::Railties::ControllerRuntime

ActiveRecord::Railties::ControllerRuntime::ClassMethods

ActiveRecord::ReadOnlyRecord

ActiveRecord::ReadonlyAttributes

ActiveRecord::ReadonlyAttributes::ClassMethods

ActiveRecord::RecordInvalid

ActiveRecord::RecordNotFound

ActiveRecord::RecordNotSaved

ActiveRecord::RecordNotUnique

ActiveRecord::Reflection

ActiveRecord::Reflection::ClassMethods

ActiveRecord::Reflection::MacroReflection

ActiveRecord::Relation

ActiveRecord::Result

ActiveRecord::Rollback

ActiveRecord::Sanitization

ActiveRecord::Sanitization::ClassMethods

ActiveRecord::Schema

ActiveRecord::Scoping

ActiveRecord::Scoping::ClassMethods

ActiveRecord::Scoping::Default

ActiveRecord::Scoping::Default::ClassMethods

ActiveRecord::Scoping::Named

ActiveRecord::Scoping::Named::ClassMethods

ActiveRecord::Serialization

ActiveRecord::SerializationTypeMismatch

ActiveRecord::SessionStore

ActiveRecord::SessionStore::Session

ActiveRecord::SessionStore::SqlBypass

ActiveRecord::SpawnMethods

ActiveRecord::StaleObjectError

ActiveRecord::StatementInvalid

ActiveRecord::Store

ActiveRecord::Store::ClassMethods

ActiveRecord::TestFixtures

ActiveRecord::TestFixtures::ClassMethods

ActiveRecord::ThrowResult

ActiveRecord::Timestamp

ActiveRecord::Transactions

ActiveRecord::Transactions::ClassMethods

ActiveRecord::Translation

ActiveRecord::UnknownAttributeError

ActiveRecord::UnknownPrimaryKey

ActiveRecord::Validations

ActiveRecord::Validations::AssociatedValidator

ActiveRecord::Validations::ClassMethods

ActiveRecord::Validations::UniquenessValidator

ActiveRecord::WrappedDatabaseException

ActiveSupport

ActiveSupport::Autoload

ActiveSupport::BacktraceCleaner

ActiveSupport::Base64

ActiveSupport::BasicObject

ActiveSupport::Benchmarkable

ActiveSupport::BufferedLogger

ActiveSupport::BufferedLogger::Severity

ActiveSupport::Cache

ActiveSupport::Cache::Entry

ActiveSupport::Cache::FileStore

ActiveSupport::Cache::MemCacheStore

ActiveSupport::Cache::MemoryStore

ActiveSupport::Cache::NullStore

ActiveSupport::Cache::Store

ActiveSupport::Cache::Strategy

ActiveSupport::Cache::Strategy::LocalCache

ActiveSupport::Cache::Strategy::LocalCache::LocalStore

ActiveSupport::Callbacks

ActiveSupport::Callbacks::ClassMethods

ActiveSupport::Concern

ActiveSupport::Configurable

ActiveSupport::Configurable::ClassMethods

ActiveSupport::Configurable::Configuration

ActiveSupport::Dependencies

ActiveSupport::Dependencies::ClassCache

ActiveSupport::Dependencies::WatchStack

ActiveSupport::Deprecation

ActiveSupport::DescendantsTracker

ActiveSupport::Duration

ActiveSupport::FileUpdateChecker

ActiveSupport::FileWatcher

ActiveSupport::FileWatcher::Backend

ActiveSupport::Gzip

ActiveSupport::Gzip::Stream

ActiveSupport::HashWithIndifferentAccess

ActiveSupport::HashWithIndifferentAccess

ActiveSupport::Inflector

ActiveSupport::Inflector::Inflections

ActiveSupport::InheritableOptions

ActiveSupport::JSON

ActiveSupport::JSON::Encoding

ActiveSupport::JSON::Encoding::CircularReferenceError

ActiveSupport::JSON::Encoding::Encoder

ActiveSupport::JSON::Variable

ActiveSupport::LogSubscriber

ActiveSupport::LogSubscriber::TestHelper

ActiveSupport::LogSubscriber::TestHelper::MockLogger

ActiveSupport::Memoizable

ActiveSupport::Memoizable::InstanceMethods

ActiveSupport::MessageEncryptor

ActiveSupport::MessageEncryptor::InvalidMessage

ActiveSupport::MessageVerifier

ActiveSupport::MessageVerifier::InvalidSignature

ActiveSupport::Multibyte

ActiveSupport::Multibyte::Chars

ActiveSupport::Multibyte::EncodingError

ActiveSupport::Multibyte::Unicode

ActiveSupport::Multibyte::Unicode::Codepoint

ActiveSupport::Multibyte::Unicode::UnicodeDatabase

ActiveSupport::Notifications

ActiveSupport::Notifications::Event

ActiveSupport::Notifications::Fanout

ActiveSupport::Notifications::Instrumenter

ActiveSupport::OrderedHash

ActiveSupport::OrderedOptions

ActiveSupport::Railtie

ActiveSupport::Rescuable

ActiveSupport::Rescuable::ClassMethods

ActiveSupport::SafeBuffer

ActiveSupport::SafeBuffer::SafeConcatError

ActiveSupport::StringInquirer

ActiveSupport::TaggedLogging

ActiveSupport::TestCase

ActiveSupport::Testing

ActiveSupport::Testing::Assertions

ActiveSupport::Testing::Declarative

ActiveSupport::Testing::Isolation

ActiveSupport::Testing::Isolation::Forking

ActiveSupport::Testing::Isolation::MiniTest

ActiveSupport::Testing::Isolation::Subprocess

ActiveSupport::Testing::Isolation::TestUnit

ActiveSupport::Testing::Pending

ActiveSupport::Testing::Performance

ActiveSupport::Testing::Performance::Benchmarker

ActiveSupport::Testing::Performance::ForClassicTestUnit

ActiveSupport::Testing::Performance::ForMiniTest

ActiveSupport::Testing::Performance::Metrics

ActiveSupport::Testing::Performance::Metrics::Amount

ActiveSupport::Testing::Performance::Metrics::Base

ActiveSupport::Testing::Performance::Metrics::CpuTime

ActiveSupport::Testing::Performance::Metrics::DigitalInformationUnit

ActiveSupport::Testing::Performance::Metrics::GcRuns

ActiveSupport::Testing::Performance::Metrics::GcTime

ActiveSupport::Testing::Performance::Metrics::Memory

ActiveSupport::Testing::Performance::Metrics::Objects

ActiveSupport::Testing::Performance::Metrics::ProcessTime

ActiveSupport::Testing::Performance::Metrics::Time

ActiveSupport::Testing::Performance::Metrics::UserTime

ActiveSupport::Testing::Performance::Metrics::WallTime

ActiveSupport::Testing::Performance::Performer

ActiveSupport::Testing::Performance::Profiler

ActiveSupport::Testing::ProxyTestResult

ActiveSupport::Testing::RemoteError

ActiveSupport::Testing::SetupAndTeardown

ActiveSupport::Testing::SetupAndTeardown::ClassMethods

ActiveSupport::Testing::SetupAndTeardown::ForClassicTestUnit

ActiveSupport::Testing::SetupAndTeardown::ForMiniTest

ActiveSupport::TimeWithZone

ActiveSupport::TimeZone

ActiveSupport::XmlMini

ActiveSupport::XmlMini_LibXMLSAX

ActiveSupport::XmlMini_LibXMLSAX::HashBuilder

ActiveSupport::XmlMini_NokogiriSAX

ActiveSupport::XmlMini_NokogiriSAX::HashBuilder

ActionController

ActionController::Base

ActionController::Caching

ActionController::Caching::Actions

ActionController::Caching::Actions::ActionCachePath

ActionController::Caching::Actions::ClassMethods

ActionController::Caching::ConfigMethods

ActionController::Caching::Fragments

ActionController::Caching::Pages

ActionController::Caching::Pages::ClassMethods

ActionController::Caching::Sweeping

ActionController::Compatibility

ActionController::ConditionalGet

ActionController::Cookies

ActionController::DataStreaming

ActionController::Flash

ActionController::ForceSSL

ActionController::ForceSSL::ClassMethods

ActionController::Head

ActionController::Helpers

ActionController::Helpers::ClassMethods

ActionController::HideActions

ActionController::HideActions::ClassMethods

ActionController::HttpAuthentication

ActionController::HttpAuthentication::Basic

ActionController::HttpAuthentication::Basic::ControllerMethods

ActionController::HttpAuthentication::Basic::ControllerMethods::ClassMethods

ActionController::HttpAuthentication::Digest

ActionController::HttpAuthentication::Digest::ControllerMethods

ActionController::HttpAuthentication::Token

ActionController::HttpAuthentication::Token::ControllerMethods

ActionController::ImplicitRender

ActionController::Instrumentation

ActionController::Instrumentation::ClassMethods

ActionController::LogSubscriber

ActionController::Metal

ActionController::Middleware

ActionController::Middleware::ActionMiddleware

ActionController::MimeResponds

ActionController::MimeResponds::ClassMethods

ActionController::ParamsWrapper

ActionController::ParamsWrapper::ClassMethods

ActionController::RackDelegation

ActionController::Railtie

ActionController::Railties

ActionController::Railties::Paths

ActionController::RecordIdentifier

ActionController::Redirecting

ActionController::Renderers

ActionController::Renderers::All

ActionController::Renderers::ClassMethods

ActionController::Rendering

ActionController::RequestForgeryProtection

ActionController::RequestForgeryProtection::ClassMethods

ActionController::Rescue

ActionController::Responder

ActionController::SessionManagement

ActionController::SessionManagement::ClassMethods

ActionController::Streaming

ActionController::TemplateAssertions

ActionController::TestCase

ActionController::TestCase::Behavior

ActionController::TestCase::Behavior::ClassMethods

ActionController::TestCase::RaiseActionExceptions

ActionController::TestResponse

ActionController::Testing

ActionController::Testing::ClassMethods

ActionController::UrlFor

ActionView

ActionView::Base

ActionView::Context

ActionView::FileSystemResolver

ActionView::FixtureResolver

ActionView::Helpers

ActionView::Helpers::ActiveModelHelper

ActionView::Helpers::ActiveModelInstanceTag

ActionView::Helpers::AssetPaths

ActionView::Helpers::AssetTagHelper

ActionView::Helpers::AssetTagHelper::AssetIncludeTag

ActionView::Helpers::AssetTagHelper::JavascriptIncludeTag

ActionView::Helpers::AssetTagHelper::JavascriptTagHelpers

ActionView::Helpers::AssetTagHelper::JavascriptTagHelpers::ClassMethods

ActionView::Helpers::AssetTagHelper::StylesheetIncludeTag

ActionView::Helpers::AssetTagHelper::StylesheetTagHelpers

ActionView::Helpers::AssetTagHelper::StylesheetTagHelpers::ClassMethods

ActionView::Helpers::AtomFeedHelper

ActionView::Helpers::AtomFeedHelper::AtomBuilder

ActionView::Helpers::AtomFeedHelper::AtomFeedBuilder

ActionView::Helpers::CacheHelper

ActionView::Helpers::CaptureHelper

ActionView::Helpers::CsrfHelper

ActionView::Helpers::DateHelper

ActionView::Helpers::DateHelperInstanceTag

ActionView::Helpers::DebugHelper

ActionView::Helpers::FormBuilder

ActionView::Helpers::FormHelper

ActionView::Helpers::FormOptionsHelper

ActionView::Helpers::FormTagHelper

ActionView::Helpers::InstanceTag

ActionView::Helpers::JavaScriptHelper

ActionView::Helpers::NumberHelper

ActionView::Helpers::NumberHelper::InvalidNumberError

ActionView::Helpers::OutputSafetyHelper

ActionView::Helpers::RecordTagHelper

ActionView::Helpers::RenderingHelper

ActionView::Helpers::SanitizeHelper

ActionView::Helpers::TagHelper

ActionView::Helpers::TextHelper

ActionView::Helpers::TranslationHelper

ActionView::Helpers::UrlHelper

ActionView::LogSubscriber

ActionView::LookupContext

ActionView::LookupContext::DetailsCache

ActionView::LookupContext::ViewPaths

ActionView::NullResolver

ActionView::PartialRenderer

ActionView::Railtie

ActionView::Renderer

ActionView::Resolver

ActionView::Resolver::Path

ActionView::Template

ActionView::Template::Handlers

ActionView::Template::Handlers::Builder

ActionView::Template::Handlers::ERB

ActionView::Template::Handlers::Erubis

ActionView::TestCase

ActionView::TestCase::Behavior

ActionView::TestCase::Behavior::ClassMethods

ActionView::TestCase::Behavior::Locals

ActionView::TestCase::TestController

ActiveModel

ActiveModel::AttributeMethods

ActiveModel::AttributeMethods::ClassMethods

ActiveModel::AttributeMethods::ClassMethods::AttributeMethodMatcher

ActiveModel::BlockValidator

ActiveModel::Callbacks

ActiveModel::Conversion

ActiveModel::Dirty

ActiveModel::EachValidator

ActiveModel::Errors

ActiveModel::Lint

ActiveModel::Lint::Tests

ActiveModel::MassAssignmentSecurity

ActiveModel::MassAssignmentSecurity::BlackList

ActiveModel::MassAssignmentSecurity::ClassMethods

ActiveModel::MassAssignmentSecurity::Error

ActiveModel::MassAssignmentSecurity::LoggerSanitizer

ActiveModel::MassAssignmentSecurity::PermissionSet

ActiveModel::MassAssignmentSecurity::Sanitizer

ActiveModel::MassAssignmentSecurity::StrictSanitizer

ActiveModel::MassAssignmentSecurity::WhiteList

ActiveModel::MissingAttributeError

ActiveModel::Name

ActiveModel::Naming

ActiveModel::Observer

ActiveModel::ObserverArray

ActiveModel::Observing

ActiveModel::Observing::ClassMethods

ActiveModel::SecurePassword

ActiveModel::SecurePassword::ClassMethods

ActiveModel::SecurePassword::InstanceMethodsOnActivation

ActiveModel::Serialization

ActiveModel::Serializers

ActiveModel::Serializers::JSON

ActiveModel::Serializers::Xml

ActiveModel::StrictValidationFailed

ActiveModel::Translation

ActiveModel::Validations

ActiveModel::Validations::AcceptanceValidator

ActiveModel::Validations::Callbacks

ActiveModel::Validations::Callbacks::ClassMethods

ActiveModel::Validations::ClassMethods

ActiveModel::Validations::ConfirmationValidator

ActiveModel::Validations::ExclusionValidator

ActiveModel::Validations::FormatValidator

ActiveModel::Validations::HelperMethods

ActiveModel::Validations::InclusionValidator

ActiveModel::Validations::LengthValidator

ActiveModel::Validations::NumericalityValidator

ActiveModel::Validations::PresenceValidator

ActiveModel::Validations::WithValidator

ActiveModel::Validator

ActiveResource

ActiveResource::Base

ActiveResource::Connection

ActiveResource::CustomMethods

ActiveResource::CustomMethods::ClassMethods

ActiveResource::Errors

ActiveResource::Formats

ActiveResource::Formats::JsonFormat

ActiveResource::Formats::XmlFormat

ActiveResource::HttpMock

ActiveResource::InvalidRequestError

ActiveResource::LogSubscriber

ActiveResource::Observing

ActiveResource::Railtie

ActiveResource::Request

ActiveResource::Response

ActiveResource::SSLError

ActiveResource::TimeoutError

ActiveResource::Validations

HTML

HTML::FullSanitizer

HTML::LinkSanitizer

HTML::Sanitizer

HTML::Selector

HTML::Tag

HTML::WhiteListSanitizer

Mysql

Mysql::Result

Mysql::Stmt

Mysql::Time

Test

Test::Unit

Test::Unit::Collector

Test::Unit::Collector::ObjectSpace

Object

Object::HashWithIndifferentAccess

Object::MissingSourceFile

ActionMailer

ActionMailer::Base

ArJdbcMySQL

ArJdbcMySQL::Error

ERB

ERB::Util

I18n

I18n::Railtie

LoadError

LoadError

Logger

Logger::SimpleFormatter

Array

Base64

Benchmark

BigDecimal

Class

Date

DateTime

Enumerable

FalseClass

File

Float

Hash

Integer

Kernel

Module

NameError

NilClass

Numeric

Process

QualifiedConstUtils

Rails

Range

Regexp

String

Symbol

Time

TrueClass

URI

module ActiveRecord::Callbacks

Active Record Callbacks

Callbacks are hooks into the life cycle of an
Active Record object that allow you to trigger logic before or after an
alteration of the object state. This can be used to make sure that
associated and dependent objects are deleted when destroy is
called (by overwriting before_destroy) or to massage
attributes before they're validated (by overwriting
before_validation). As an example of the callbacks initiated,
consider the Base#save call for a new record:

(-) save

(-) valid

(1) before_validation

(-) validate

(2) after_validation

(3) before_save

(4) before_create

(-) create

(5) after_create

(6) after_save

(7) after_commit

Also, an after_rollback callback can be configured to be
triggered whenever a rollback is issued. Check out
ActiveRecord::Transactions for more details about
after_commit and after_rollback.

Lastly an after_find and after_initialize
callback is triggered for each object that  is found and instantiated by a
finder, with after_initialize being triggered after new
objects are instantiated as well.

That's a total of twelve callbacks, which gives you immense power to
react and prepare for each state in the Active Record life cycle. The
sequence for calling Base#save for an existing record is
similar, except that each _create callback is replaced by the
corresponding _update callback.

Examples:

class CreditCard < ActiveRecord::Base
  # Strip everything but digits, so the user can specify "555 234 34" or
  # "5552-3434" or both will mean "55523434"
  before_validation(:on => :create) do
    self.number = number.gsub(/[^0-9]/, "") if attribute_present?("number")
  end
end

class Subscription < ActiveRecord::Base
  before_create :record_signup

  private
    def record_signup
      self.signed_up_on = Date.today
    end
end

class Firm < ActiveRecord::Base
  # Destroys the associated clients and people when the firm is destroyed
  before_destroy { |record| Person.destroy_all "firm_id = #{record.id}"   }
  before_destroy { |record| Client.destroy_all "client_of = #{record.id}" }
end

Inheritable callback queues

Besides the overwritable callback methods, it's also possible to
register callbacks through the use of the callback macros. Their main
advantage is that the macros add behavior into a callback queue that is
kept intact down through an inheritance hierarchy.

class Topic < ActiveRecord::Base
  before_destroy :destroy_author
end

class Reply < Topic
  before_destroy :destroy_readers
end

Now, when Topic#destroy is run only
destroy_author is called. When Reply#destroy is
run, both destroy_author and destroy_readers are
called. Contrast this to the following situation where the
before_destroy method is overridden:

class Topic < ActiveRecord::Base
  def before_destroy() destroy_author end
end

class Reply < Topic
  def before_destroy() destroy_readers end
end

In that case, Reply#destroy would only run
destroy_readers and not destroy_author.
So, use the callback macros when you want to ensure that a certain callback
is called for the entire hierarchy, and use the regular overwriteable
methods when you want to leave it up to each descendant to decide whether
they want to call super and trigger the inherited callbacks.

IMPORTANT: In order for inheritance to work for the
callback queues, you must specify the callbacks before specifying the
associations. Otherwise, you might trigger the loading of a child before
the parent has registered the callbacks and they won't be inherited.

Types of callbacks

There are four types of callbacks accepted by the callback macros: Method
references (symbol), callback objects, inline methods (using a proc), and
inline eval methods (using a string). Method references and callback
objects are the recommended approaches, inline methods using a proc are
sometimes appropriate (such as for creating mix-ins), and inline eval
methods are deprecated.

The method reference callbacks work by specifying a protected or private
method available in the object, like this:

class Topic < ActiveRecord::Base
  before_destroy :delete_parents

  private
    def delete_parents
      self.class.delete_all "parent_id = #{id}"
    end
end

The callback objects have methods named after the callback called with the
record as the only parameter, such as:

class BankAccount < ActiveRecord::Base
  before_save      EncryptionWrapper.new
  after_save       EncryptionWrapper.new
  after_initialize EncryptionWrapper.new
end

class EncryptionWrapper
  def before_save(record)
    record.credit_card_number = encrypt(record.credit_card_number)
  end

  def after_save(record)
    record.credit_card_number = decrypt(record.credit_card_number)
  end

  alias_method :after_find, :after_save

  private
    def encrypt(value)
      # Secrecy is committed
    end

    def decrypt(value)
      # Secrecy is unveiled
    end
end

So you specify the object you want messaged on a given callback. When that
callback is triggered, the object has a method by the name of the callback
messaged. You can make these callbacks more flexible by passing in other
initialization data such as the name of the attribute to work with:

class BankAccount < ActiveRecord::Base
  before_save      EncryptionWrapper.new("credit_card_number")
  after_save       EncryptionWrapper.new("credit_card_number")
  after_initialize EncryptionWrapper.new("credit_card_number")
end

class EncryptionWrapper
  def initialize(attribute)
    @attribute = attribute
  end

  def before_save(record)
    record.send("#{@attribute}=", encrypt(record.send("#{@attribute}")))
  end

  def after_save(record)
    record.send("#{@attribute}=", decrypt(record.send("#{@attribute}")))
  end

  alias_method :after_find, :after_save

  private
    def encrypt(value)
      # Secrecy is committed
    end

    def decrypt(value)
      # Secrecy is unveiled
    end
end

The callback macros usually accept a symbol for the method they're
supposed to run, but you can also pass a "method string", which will then
be evaluated within the binding of the callback. Example:

class Topic < ActiveRecord::Base
  before_destroy 'self.class.delete_all "parent_id = #{id}"'
end

Notice that single quotes (') are used so the #{id} part
isn't evaluated until the callback is triggered. Also note that these
inline callbacks can be stacked just like the regular ones:

class Topic < ActiveRecord::Base
  before_destroy 'self.class.delete_all "parent_id = #{id}"',
                 'puts "Evaluated after parents are destroyed"'
end

before_validation* returning statements

If the returning value of a before_validation callback can be
evaluated to false, the process will be aborted and
Base#save will return false. If ActiveRecord::Validations#save!
is called it will raise a ActiveRecord::RecordInvalid exception.
Nothing will be appended to the errors object.

Canceling callbacks

If a before_* callback returns false, all the
later callbacks and the associated action are cancelled. If an
after_* callback returns false, all the later
callbacks are cancelled. Callbacks are
generally run in the order they are defined, with the exception of
callbacks defined as methods on the model, which are called last.

Transactions

The entire callback chain of a save, save!, or
destroy call runs within a transaction. That includes
after_* hooks. If everything goes fine a COMMIT is executed
once the chain has been completed.

If a before_* callback cancels the action a ROLLBACK is
issued. You can also trigger a ROLLBACK raising an exception in any of the
callbacks, including after_* hooks. Note, however, that in
that case the client needs to be aware of it because an ordinary
save will raise such exception instead of quietly returning
false.

Debugging callbacks

The callback chain is accessible via the _*_callbacks method
on an object. ActiveModel Callbacks support  :before,
:after and :around as values for the
kind property. The kind property defines what
part of the chain the callback runs in.

To find all callbacks in the before_save callback chain:

Topic._save_callbacks.select { |cb| cb.kind.eql?(:before) }

Returns an array of callback objects that form the before_save chain.

To further check if the before_save chain contains a proc defined as
rest_when_dead use the filter property of the
callback object:

Topic._save_callbacks.select { |cb| cb.kind.eql?(:before) }.collect(&:filter).include?(:rest_when_dead)

Returns true or false depending on whether the proc is contained in the
before_save callback chain on a Topic model.

Constants

CALLBACKS

[Validate]

Generated by RDoc 3.12.2.

Generated with the Darkfish Rdoc Generator 3.


text:
Attackers Exploit Weak IoT Security
Akamai researchers say attackers are using an old OpenSSH vulnerability to target IoT devices and launch attacks.
Marcia Savage
While the Internet of Things is touted for facilitating all sorts of life-changing services, there's been an undercurrent of anxiety among the more security conscious IT pros. Their concern: All those smart devices, oftentimes built with default passwords and otherwise poor protection, could put networks and users at risk. Now it's clear those fears were warranted.
Recent events have put the spotlight on IoT security – or to be more precise, IoT insecurity. Malware has surfaced that allows attackers to create botnets from vulnerable IoT devices and launch distributed denial-of-service attacks. For example, Mirai was used in last month's high-profile DDoS attack on the KrebsOnSecurity website.
In September, Symantec reported that cybercriminals are taking advantage of poor IoT security to hijack home networks and consumer devices and carry out DDoS attacks, most often against large companies.
"Poor security on many IoT devices makes them soft targets and often victims may not even know they have been infected," Symantec researchers wrote in a blog post. "Attackers are now highly aware of lax IoT security and many pre-program their malware with commonly used and default passwords.
On Wednesday, Akamai said its researchers tracked a recent spate of attacks in which criminals are using vulnerable IoT devices as proxies to route malicious traffic. Attackers are exploiting a 12-year-old vulnerability in OpenSSH -- an encryption tool use for remote login – in IoT devices to remotely generate attack traffic, according to Akamai.
"We would like to emphasize that this is not a new type of vulnerability or attack technique, but rather a weakness in many default configurations of Internet-connected devices," wrote Ezra Caltum, Akamai senior security research team leader and Ory Segal, Akamai senior director of threat research.
They reported seeing SSHowDowN proxy attacks from video surveillance devices, satellite antenna equipment, networking devices such as routers and cable modems, and Internet-connected network-attached storage devices. Cybercriminals are using the compromised devices to launch attacks against internet-facing services such as HTTP and SMTP as well as internal networks hosting the IoT devices.
"We're entering a very interesting time when it comes to DDoS and other web attacks; 'The Internet of Unpatchable Things' so to speak," Eric Kobrin, director of information security at Akamai, said in a prepared statement. "New devices are being shipped from the factory not only with this vulnerability exposed, but also without any effective way to fix it. We've been hearing for years that it was theoretically possible for IoT devices to attack. That, unfortunately, has now become the reality."
IoT-jeferrb-pixabay
Akamai offered several mitigation measures, including changing the SSH password or keys on the device so they're different than the vendor defaults, although the company noted that often isn't possible with most IoT devices. Disabling SSH entirely via the device's administration console is another option, according to Akamai. If the device is behind a firewall, companies can consider restricting outbound connections from IoT devices to the minimal set of ports and IP addresses required for their operation.
In an effort to nip additional IoT security problems in the bud, the Cloud Security Alliance last week issued guidance for secure IoT product development. The report, "Future-proofing the Connected World: 13 Steps to Developing Secure IoT Products," is designed to help developers of IoT products and services understand basic secure measures.
Going Beyond IT | IT Service Management for the Enterprise