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text:
Focused Study of Interweaving Hazards Across the Caribbean
Braun J.J, Mattioli G.S., Calais E. Focused Study of Interweaving Hazards Across the Caribbean. EOS Vol. 93, No 9, 28 Feb 2012.
The Caribbean is a region of lush vegetation, beaches, active volcanoes, and significant mountain ranges, all of which create a natural aesthetic that is recognized globally. Yet these very same features, molded through geological, oceanic, and atmospheric processes, also pose natural hazards for the developing countries in the Caribbean. The rise in population density, migration to coastal areas, and substandard building practices, combined with the threat of natural hazards, put the region's human population at risk for particularly devastating disasters. These demographic and social characteristics exist against a backdrop of the threat of an evolving climate, which produces a more vigorous hurricane environment and a rising average sea level. The 12 January 2010 earthquake in Haiti and Hurricane Ike (2008) both caused widespread destruction and loss of life, illustrating the need for a scientific focus on the underlying natural hazards of the Caribbean. Prompted by these and other events, a new National Science Foundation (NSF)– funded initiative known as the Continuously Operating Caribbean Observation Network (COCONet), which commits roughly $7 million over 5 years to a collaborative natural hazard research team, was formed in 2010. This team includes researchers from UNAVCO, Purdue University, University of Puerto Rico at Mayagüez, and the University Corporation for Atmospheric Research (UCAR)
Braun J.J
Calais E.
CGNSS
Mattioli G.S.
The 13C Suess effect in scleractinian corals mirror changes in the anthropogenic CO2 inventory of the surface oceans
Swart, Peter K., Lisa Greer, Brad E. Rosenheim, Chris S. Moses, Amanda J. Waite, A. Winter, Richard E. Dodge, and Kevin Helmle. 2010. The (13)C suess effect in scleractinian corals mirror changes in the anthropogenic CO(2) inventory of the surface oceans RID A-1675-2011 RID B-5241-2011. Geophysical Research Letters 37 (MAR 12): L05604.
Newd13C data are presented from 10 coral skeletons collected from Florida and elsewhere in the Caribbean (Dominica, Dominican Republic, Puerto Rico, and Belize). These corals range from 96 to 200 years in age and were collected between 1976 and 2002. The change in the d13C of the skeletons from these corals between 1900 and 1990 has been compared with 27 other published coral records from the Atlantic, Pacific, and Indian Oceans. The new data presented here make possible, for the first time, a global comparison of rates of change in the d13C value of coral skeletons. Of these records, 64% show a statistically significant (p < 0.05) decrease in d13C towards the modern day (23 out of 37). This decrease is attributable to the addition of anthropogenically derived CO2 (13C Suess effect) to the atmosphere. Between 1900 and 1990, the average rate of change of the d13C in all the coral skeletons living under open oceanic conditions is approximately −0.01‰ yr−1. In the Atlantic Ocean the magnitude of the decrease since 1960,−0.019 yr−1 ±0.015‰, is essentially the same as the decrease in the d13C of atmospheric CO2 and the d13C of the oceanic dissolved inorganic carbon (−0.023 to −0.029‰ yr−1), while in the Pacific and Indian Oceans the rate is more variable and significantly reduced (−0.007‰ yr−1 ±0.013). These data strongly support the notion that (i) the d13C of the atmosphere controls ambient d13C of the dissolved inorganic carbon which in turn is reflected in the coral skeletons, (ii) the rate of decline in the coral skeletons is higher in oceans with a greater anthropogenic CO2 inventory in the surface oceans, (iii) the rate of d13C decline is accelerating. Superimposed on these secular variations are controls on the d13C in the skeleton governed by growth rate, insolation, and local water masses. Citation: Swart, P. K., L. Greer, B. E. Rosenheim, C. S. Moses, A. J. Waite, A. Winter, R. E. Dodge, and K. Helmle (2010), The 13C Suess effect in scleractinian corals mirror changes in the anthropogenic CO2 inventory of the surface oceans, Geophys. Res. Lett., 37, L05604, doi:10.1029/2009GL041397.
Moses C.S.
Rosenheim B.E.
Swart P.K. Greer L.
Waite A.J.
Testing coral-based tropical cyclone reconstructions: An example from puerto rico
Kilbourne, K. Halimeda, Ryan P. Moyer, Terrence M. Quinn, and Andrea G. Grottoli. 2011. Testing coral-based tropical cyclone reconstructions: An example from puerto rico. Palaeogeography Palaeoclimatology Palaeoecology 307 (1-4) (JUL 1): 90-7.
Complimenting modern records of tropical cyclone activity with longer historical and paleoclimatological records would increase our understanding of natural tropical cyclone variability on decadal to centennial time scales. Tropical cyclones produce large amounts of precipitation with significantly lower δ18O values than normal precipitation, and hence may be geochemically identifiable as negative δ18O anomalies in marine carbonate δ18O records. This study investigates the usefulness of coral skeletal δ18O as a means of reconstructing past tropical cyclone events. Isotopic modeling of rainfall mixing with seawater shows that detecting an isotopic signal from a tropical cyclone in a coral requires a salinity of ~33 psu at the time of coral growth, but this threshold is dependent on the isotopic composition of both fresh and saline end-members. A comparison between coral δ18O and historical records of tropical cyclone activity, river discharge, and precipitation from multiple sites in Puerto Rico shows that tropical cyclones are not distinguishable in the coral record from normal rainfall using this approach at these sites.
Kilbourne K.H.
Moyer R.P.
Oxygen isotopes
Quinn T.M. Grottoli A.G.
Seasonal changes in sea surface temperature and salinity during the little ice age in the caribbean sea deduced from Mg/Ca and O-18/O-16 ratios in corals
Watanabe, T., A. Winter, and T. Oba. 2001. Seasonal changes in sea surface temperature and salinity during the little ice age in the caribbean sea deduced from Mg/Ca and O-18/O-16 ratios in corals. Marine Geology 173 (1-4) (MAR 15): 21-35.
The oxygen isotropic composition (delta 18O) of coral skeletons reflects a combination of sea surface temperature (SST) and the delta 18O of seawater, which is related to sea surface salinity (SSS). In contrast, the magnesium/Calcium (Mg/Ca) ratio of a coral skeleton reflects SST independent of Salinity. by using the relationships among coral Mg/Ca ratios, coral delta 18), seawater delta 18O and SST, it is possible to determine past SST and SS uniquely. Such determinations were made and calibrated using the Mg/Ca ratio and the delta 18O of the modern part of a 3 m long coral core (Monastrea faveolata) collected from the southwest coast of Puerto Rico in the Caribbean Sea where both SST and SSS changes seasonally and the seawater delta 18O measured at the coral site....
Montastrea
Oba T.
Winter A.
Paleoclimate proxy perspective on Caribbean climate since the year 1751: Evidence of cooler temperatures and multidecadal variability
Kilbourne, K. H., T. M. Quinn, R. Webb, T. Guilderson, J. Nyberg, and A. Winter. 2008. Paleoclimate proxy perspective on caribbean climate since the year 1751: Evidence of cooler temperatures and multidecadal variability RID A-5755-2008. Paleoceanography 23 (3) (SEP 19): PA3220.
Annually resolved coral d18O and Sr/Ca records from southwestern Puerto Rico are used to investigate Caribbean climate variability between 1751 and 2004 C.E. Mean surface ocean temperatures in this region have increased steadily by about 2C since the year 1751, with Sr/Ca data indicating 2.1 ± 0.8C and d18O data indicating 2.7 ± 0.5C. Coral geochemical records from across the tropics demonstrate that regional variability is important for understanding climate variations at centennial time scales. A strong multidecadal salinity signal in the oxygen isotope data correlates with observed multidecadal temperature variations in the Northern Hemisphere. Instrumental wind and precipitation data indicate that the most recent coral isotopic variations are caused by expansion and contraction of the steep regional salinity gradient, forced by trade wind anomalies through meridional Ekman transport. The timing of the fluctuations suggests that the multidecadal-scale wind and surface circulation anomalies might play a role in Atlantic temperature variability and meridional overturning circulation, but further work is needed to confirm this suggestion.
Guilderson T.
Nyberg J.
Quinn T.M.
Webb R.
Evaluation of the fidelity of isotope records as an environmental proxy in the coral Montastraea
Watanabe, T., A. Winter, T. Oba, R. Anzai, and H. Ishioroshi. 2002. Evaluation of the fidelity of isotope records as an environmental proxy in the coral montastraea. Coral Reefs 21 (2) (JUL): 169-78.
Many studies of climate variability in the Tropical Ocean have used high-resolution chemical tracer records contained in coral skeletons. The complex architecture of coral skeletons may lead to the possibility of biases in coral records and it is therefore important to access the fidelity of coral geochemical records as environmental proxies. Coral skeletal records from the same coral colony, and even the same corallite, may show large variation due to differing extension rates, formational timing of the skeletal elements, colony topography, and sampling resolution. To assess the robustness of the skeletal record, we present d13C and d18O data based on different sampling resolutions, skeletal elements, and coral colonies of Montastraea faveolata species complex, the primary coral used for climate reconstruction in the Atlantic. We show that various skeletal elements produce different isotopic records. The best sampling rate to resolve the full annual range of sea surface temperature (SST) is 40 samples per year. This sampling frequency also consistently recovered SST variability measured at weekly intervals. A sampling rate of 12 times per year recovered 84% of the annual range recording average monthly SST changes through the year. Six samples per year significantly decreased the ability to resolve the annual SST range. The d18O recorded from two adjacent colonies were very similar, suggesting that this isotope can be trusted to record environmental changes. The d13C, on the other hand, remained highly variable, perhaps as a result of the activity of symbiotic algae (zooxanthellae).
Anzai
carbon Isotopes
Ishioroshi H.
Montastraea
Oba R.
Watanabe T.A.
Winter T.
Wet canopy evaporation from a Puerto Rican lower montane rain forest: the importance of realistically estimated aerodynamic conductance
Holwerda F., Bruijnzeel L.A., Scatena F.N., Vugts H.F., Meesters A.G.C.A 2011. Wet canopy evaporation from a Puerto Rican lower montane rain forest: the importance of realistically estimated aerodynamic conductance. In press Journal of Hydrology
Rainfall interception (I) was measured in 20 m tall Puerto Rican tropical forest with complex topography for a one-year period using totalizing throughfall (TF) and stemflow (SF) gauges that were measured every 2–3 days. Measured values were then compared to evaporation under saturated canopy conditions (E) determined with the Penman-Monteith (P-M) equation, using (i) measured (eddy covariance) and (ii) calculated (as a function of forest height and wind speed) values for the aerodynamic conductance to momentum flux (ga,M). E was also derived using the energy balance equation and the sensible heat flux measured by a sonic anemometer (Hs). I per sampling occasion was strongly correlated with rainfall (P): I = 0.21P + 0.60 (mm), r2 = 0.82, n = 121. Values for canopy storage capacity (S = 0.37 mm) and the average relative evaporation rate (E/R = 0.20) were derived from data for single events (n = 51). Application of the Gash analytical interception model to 70 multiple-storm sampling events using the above values for S and E/R gave excellent agreement with measured I. For E/R = 0.20 and an average rainfall intensity (R) of 3.16 mm h-1, the TF-based E was 0.63 mm h-1, about four times the value derived with the P-M equation using a conventionally calculated ga,M (0.16 mm h-1). Estimating ga,M using wind data from a nearby but more exposed site yielded a value of E (0.40 mm h-1) that was much closer to the observed rate, whereas E derived using the energy balance equation and Hs was very low (0.13 mm h-1), presumably because Hs was underestimated due to the use of too short a flux-averaging period (5-min). The best agreement with the observed E was obtained when using the measured ga,M in the P-M equation (0.58 mm h-1). The present results show that in areas with complex topography, ga,M, and consequently E, can be strongly underestimated when calculated using equations that were derived originally for use in flat terrain; hence, direct measurement of ga,M using eddy covariance is recommended. The currently measured ga,M (0.31 m s-1) was at least several times, and up to one order of magnitude higher than values reported for forests in areas with flat or gentle topography (0.03–0.08 m s-1, at wind speeds of about 1 m s-1). The importance of ga,M at the study site suggests a negative, downward, sensible heat flux sustains the observed high evaporation rates during rainfall. More work is needed to better quantify Hs during rainfall in tropical forests with complex topography.
Aerodynamic conductance
Bruijnzeel L.A.
Holwerda F.
Meesters A.G.C.A
Sensible heat flux
Throughfall
Vugts H.F.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


I don't have a really structured year-in-review type post prepared, but I just wanted to do a quick wrap-up of my 2012 challenges, awesome books I read last year, my most popular posts, etc.
I didn't quite reach my goal in the Mount TBR Reading Challenge. I'm planning for this to be one of my big areas of improvement!
I exceeded my goal (78 books) in the Outdo Yourself Reading Challenge, finishing 90 books in 2012!
I read 7 Anne Rice books for the Anne Rice Reading Challenge that I hosted. My goal was a lot more than that, but that was just unrealistic! I'm hosting the challenge again in 2013.
I read a book for every letter of the alphabet for the A-Z Reading Challenge! I had a blast with this one, and I'm participating again in 2013.
See my 2013 Reading Challenge Addict post for all the challenges I'm doing in 2013.
I finally read The Mists of Avalon by Marion Zimmer Bradley, which gave me a whole new appreciation for Arthurian legend, but probably made it impossible for me to ever again enjoy a non-feminist, non-pagan version of the story.
I read MWF Seeking BFF: My Yearlong Search for a New Best Friend by Rachel Bertsche, and it was awesome. It inspired me to make more of an effort to do things with other people, outside of my home. I joined several Meetup groups because of it (one of which I'm now the organiser of), and met some amazing people.
2013 Anne Rice Challenge - This post quickly rose to the top, thanks to Anne Rice herself posting the link on her Facebook page!
A Series of Unfortunate Events by Lemony Snicket - For some reason, my review of this series has consistently been one of my most popular posts since I wrote it a year ago. Search terms related to the series are also the most common search terms that bring people to this blog.
John Dies at the End by David Wong - My review of this very weird book has also had consistently high page views since I wrote it in April 2012.
My About, R.L. Stine Books, and Reading Challenges pages are my next most popular pages.
2012 was my first full year of writing this blog, and it's been awesome. I just want to thank everyone who's read this blog, but especially everyone who's commented, or otherwise made me feel like I'm really a part of the book blogging community. You guys rock. And I wish you all the best in 2013!
Lianne: You have one of my favorite book blogs! I seriously loved your challenges (A-Z was my favorite), and I love your enthusiasm for books. So glad you're here!
Aww, thanks Sally! :) I've really become addicted to those challenges. There are such fun ones out there!
Happy New Year, Lianne! I'm thinking of joining you for the Anne Rice challenge. I really need to catch up on my favorite author's books.
Congrats on your accomplishments! You read a lot of books this year!


Typically. The small chandeliers only have 12 lighting bulb cups. It can be set at the principal area of your shower such as dressing table cabinet, the mirror, and the vanity. Possibly the main supply of lighting in your shower would be that the big drapes, but the smaller chandeliers will hold the main area that some times do not possess enough light.
Choosing the suitable shower can be tricky. Back splash tiles are quite crucial that you be in the shower to shield your wall and produce your own shower even more delightful. When deciding upon the back splash for your own shower, there are a few considerations that you have to think about. Below you'll discover extra information relating to it.
Various carpets are made out of different adhesive so it is vital for double checking that the carpeting glue until people put in it to get his or her shower flooring. When it's essential, individuals can utilize the carpet adhesive which will not be bothered with the dampness issue in the shower. Can it be interesting to get certain motif for your shower style? However, looking for suitable furniture is mostly tiring. An curved leg luxury shower accessories will become your most useful solution to combine with your shower design and style.
Just make use of the simple soap like dish soap, a clean rag and water. There matters are soft and safe enough to clean the finger marks which is generally occurred for the brushed nickel. Don't use scented hand soap because it may leave scrubbing . The drain regions of the faucet that's known as the popup drain ought to be cleaned too. This part usually has deposits. Clean it using milder cleaning such as Barkeeper's Friend, Bon-Ami or Soft Scrub. Make sure concerning the harder substances such as flooring and tile.


I have just returned from three weeks of back-to-back conferences, exhausted but ready to jump back into Law 2050.
The conferences were not about the legal industry—they were environmental law and policy gatherings—but I found plenty of time to discuss the legal industry with practitioners and academics. A number of conversations led me to think more deeply about the training of new lawyers in the new legal environment. One was with a friend who had recently left 20 years of practice with a law firm to become the general counsel of a mid-sized energy company. One of the first steps he took in his new position—following the trend among corporate clients—was to inform all his outside law firms (including his old firm) that he would not pay for any first or second year attorneys working on matters for his company, no exceptions. I asked him how he thought new lawyers at law firms handling complex litigation and transactional work will receive adequate training as this trend spreads throughout the industry. His answer boiled down to, "not my problem." Well, maybe it's not his problem, but it is a problem.
For the past 60 years the training of new lawyers—and here I mean training in complex corporate litigation and transaction environments—has been financed by law firm clients in a tacit, though sometimes explicit, agreement between the firms and their clients. This arrangement worked best when there was an expectation of long-term engagement between a firm and its clients as well as long-term employment of a lawyer at his or her firm. The idea was that the client would foot the bill to train a new lawyer at the front end and in return would after some years be able to work with an experienced attorney knowledgeable in the client's business affairs. Both of those expectations began to fall apart in the 1990s, however, as clients diversified their firms and lateral movement by lawyers became the norm.
Although it is now widely discredited by legal "rethink" pundits, the old system worked—it produced very capable senior attorneys. So, what to put in its place? What system will produce just as capable senior attorneys under the condition that clients will not pay for new attorneys working on their matters? As I have observed in other posts, the answer clearly is not to replicate the Axiom and Clearspire model of firms staffed solely by senior attorneys. Their approach, though hailed in the "rethink" media as brilliant, obviously is unsustainable as an industry norm.


Williams, Raymond. 1980. Advertising: The magic system. In Problems in Materialism and Culture. London: Verso, 170–195. Reprinted with the permission of the author's estate.
It is customary to begin even the shortest account of the history of advertising by recalling the three thousand year old papyrus from Thebes, offering a reward for a runaway slave, and to go on to such recollections as the crier in the streets of Athens, the paintings of gladiators, with sentences urging attendance at their combats, in ruined Pompeii, and the fly-bills on the pillars of the Forum in Rome. This pleasant little ritual can be quickly performed, and as quickly forgotten: it is, of course, altogether too modest. If by advertising we mean what was meant by Shakespeare and the translators of the Authorized Version — the process of taking or giving notice of something — it is as old as human society, and some pleasant recollections from the Stone Age could be quite easily devised.
The real business of the historian of advertising is more difficult: to trace the development from processes of specific attention and information to an institutionalized system of commercial information and persuasion; to relate this to changes in society and in the economy: and to trace changes in method in the context of changing organizations and intentions.
That Excellent, and by all Physicians, approved China drink, called by the Chineans Tcha, by other nations Tay alias Tee, is sold at the Sultaness Head Cophee-House in Sweeting's Rents, by the Royal Exchange, London.
There is never a moutebank who, either by professing of chymistry or any other art drains money from the people of the nation but these arch-cheats have a share in the booty — because the fellow cannot lye sufficiently himself he gets one of these to do't for him.
being constantly used, the Parties using it are never troubled with the Tooth-ache. It fastens the Teeth, sweetens the Breath, and preserves the Gums and Mouth from Cankers and Imposthumes.
the right are onely to be had at Thomas Rookes, Stationer, at the Holy Lamb at the east end of St. Paul's Church, near the School, in sealed papers at 12d the paper.
SOVEREIGN Cordials against the Corruption of the Air.
These did not exactly succeed, but a long and profitable trade, and certain means of promoting it, were now firmly established.


text:
Contrato para la ejecución de una pintura mural que celebra por una ...
The Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social (IMSS) [Mexican Institute of Social Security] was created at the beginning of the hospital construction project; it was a decentralized entity with legal status located in the nation's capital. Although medical, surgical and hospital coverage would become a right of all those insured through the IMSS, only two IMSS clinics existed at the end of Manuela Ávila Camacho's (1940-46) political term in office. Considering the breadth of the Social Security program, the lack of hospitals made necessary the speedy construction of enough well supplied hospitals to serve the population. The first to be built in Mexico City was the "Hospital de Zona no. 1" located in front of the Monumento a La Raza [Monument to the People]. Nine architects competed for the commission of the project . Architect Enrique Yánez won and went on to build the first part of the hospital between 1945 and 1952 at the Paseo de las Jacarandas and Calzada Vallejo. This document is the contract signed by the Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social (IMSS), represented by its director Antonio Diaz Lombardo, and the artist David Alfaro Siqueiros, for the creation of a mural painting in the hospital's main hall. The contract stipulates that the theme of Siquieros' mural should be the apotheosis of life and health, exalting the vitality of the human body. It also specifies Siqueiros' salary and that it should be paid over the course of six months.
Apart from the architectural innovations used in the planning of this new "hospital-institution" and what this project by architect Enrique Yáñez (1908-90) signified for the national public health, the construction of hospitals also included an interesting proposal for the decoration of the premises. The architects and artists of the time called it integración plástica [visual arts integration] because it combined architectural design—interior and/or exterior spaces—with pictorial or sculptural decoration. For what came to be known as the "Hospital de La Raza," [Hospital of the People], Yáñez designed, beginning in the planning stages, special walls that were to be painted by Diego Rivera (1886-1957) and David Alfaro Siqueiros (1896-1974). The artists had the freedom to interpret the themes as they wished and, at the behest of López Rángel, they also took care not to attack the State. Both painters were the most well-known muralists and for this reason the health authorities appealed to them to make sure that the new "Hospital de La Raza" would be vividly decorated. Siqueiros went on to paint Por una seguridad social completa y para todos los mexicanos [For a Complete Social Security for All Mexicans] in the hospital's auditorium main hall. Both the artist and Antonio Díaz Lombardo signed the IMSS contract. The document specified the details of the mural's creation.
Typed Sheet
Archival Material Details
1951 Jul. 21, México, D. F.
Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social
Plastic Integration
Siqueiros, David Alfaro. "Contrato para la ejecución de una pintura mural que celebra por una...," July 21, 1951. Sala de Arte Público Siqueiros, Mexico City.
Sala de Arte Público Siqueiros
© 2022 Artists Rights Society (ARS), New York / SOMAAP, Mexico City, Mexico
CURARE, Espacio Crítico para las Artes, Mexico City
María Rosa Gudiño


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A recent poll finds that despite their low economic status, Hispanics' optimism exceeds that of many other Americans. Here is a look at the Garcia family, who achieved the American dream after years of sacrifice and struggle in a new world.
A recent poll finds that despite their low economic status, Hispanics' optimism exceeds that of many other Americans. Here is a look at the Garcia family of Northern Virginia, who achieved the American Dream after years of sacrifice and struggles in a new world.
After five days painting hotel rooms in Ohio and an all-night bus ride, Jorge Garcia reached his Falls Church home at 4 one recent morning. His wife, Sara, was waiting up with hot Bolivian-style soup in the small house he had remodeled with friends.
In the living room, a silver-framed photograph on a cabinet showed their daughter Vanessa clutching her diploma from George Washington University in 2008, the first person in the Garcias' extended family to graduate from college. The second came soon after, when their younger daughter, Paola, finished at James Madison University.
After years of sacrifice and struggle in a new world, the Garcias had achieved their highest goal.
In their determination to succeed and faith that education and work would lift their families from humble circumstances, the Garcias reflect the attitudes of many Hispanics in the United States.
A recent national survey by The Washington Post and the University of Virginia's Miller Center points to some surprising findings. In many cases, Hispanic residents' faith in the American Dream exceeds that of whites and African Americans — an optimism that contrasts sharply with the current economic status of Hispanics.
Both the hopes and struggles of Hispanics are of particular interest now as they are exercising unprecedented political clout and immigration reform is back on the table after months of being stalemated in Congress.
Miller Center poll, 57 percent of Hispanics predict that they are more likely to move up than down in social class over the next few years, and a similar amount say they are better off than their parents were at the same age.
Fully 64 percent believe that a college diploma is a major part of the American Dream, compared with half of whites and African Americans. Seven in 10 cite education or hard work as most important in climbing the economic ladder. And more than six in 10 believe that their children will be better off than they are — a percentage that matches African Americans' view but is more than double the share of whites who predict improvement.
But the reality for most Hispanics is less rosy. The median income for a three-person Hispanic household is about $39,000, compared with $58,000 among all Americans, according to the Pew Research Center. More than twice as many Hispanics in the Post-Miller poll said they have felt less financially secure the past few years than the number who feel more secure — perhaps an aftershock from the 66 percent collapse in the group's median household wealth from 2005 to 2009.
Upward mobility is also not ensured: Hispanics' income and educational levels, after rising between first- and second-generation immigrants, tend to slip in later generations, studies have shown.
The optimism among Hispanics noted by The Post survey coincided with findings by other experts. The upbeat attitude, they said, is due in part to the fact that Hispanic immigrants often start with little and expect to sacrifice much to move up, while native-born adults may have already seen their expectations lose ground in an ailing economy.
The Garcias' journey from Cochabamba, Bolivia, to Falls Church more than 18 years ago was fraught with obstacles and setbacks but strengthened by a unity of purpose. Jorge and Sara loved their country and were not driven to flee war or poverty, like many immigrants from Central America and Mexico. Both had finished high school when they married in 1985, and he was hoping to become an accountant.
But neither could afford to continue their education, and Jorge ended up driving a public bus. With their own prospects stymied, they decided that their best option was to leave home and pin their hopes on their two young daughters. Their experience is a familiar one: Half of Hispanics in this country are first-generation immigrants.
"I was very frustrated, but I had brothers and cousins in Virginia. They told me, 'Come on up — there's lots of work,' " Jorge recounted.
But there were also difficulties. The family's first landlord, in Arlington County, charged $700 a month for a tiny basement apartment with no furniture. Because neither Jorge nor Sara could read English, they never knew whether an envelope would contain an overdue notice or worse. "For years, I was afraid to open the mail," Sara confessed.
Their daughters, ages 11 and 12 when they arrived in America, were excited about their new adventure but not fully prepared to enter U.S. schools, and Vanessa had to repeat fifth grade. Yet both were young enough to pick up a new language quickly and soon began earning high grades.
The sisters found that they were different from some Hispanic classmates who did not take school seriously, lacked adult guidance and drifted toward failure. The Garcia girls, raised in a loving but strict home, grew up keenly aware that their parents had sacrificed everything for their success.
The Garcia sisters' college achievement sets them apart from most American Hispanics. Just 15 percent have college degrees, compared with 31 percent of all Americans, according to the Census Bureau. The picture is starting to improve, however: In 2012, 49 percent of Hispanic high school graduates enrolled in college, for the first time surpassing whites, at 47 percent. African Americans stood at 45 percent and Asians at 66 percent, according to Pew. The Hispanic high school dropout rate has also plummeted by 50 percent in the past decade, falling to 15 percent in 2012.
Over the years, Jorge built his skills and earnings by cultivating relationships with Bolivian friends who owned small construction companies. Today, he earns as much as $30 per hour.
The Garcias were never far from the edge. One year, when Jorge fell ill and could not work for six months, the loss of his income was such a heavy blow that Paola, against his wishes, briefly took a part-time job.
Determined to protect his daughters from the dangers of an unfamiliar, liberal society, Jorge frowned on their socializing. This led to tensions as they entered high school and wanted to go to movies and parties with friends. The one outlet he condoned was their participation in Bolivian dance groups, a supervised cultural activity.
Vanessa, more rebellious and independent than her younger sister, bore the brunt of her father's protective hovering and academic expectations.
As she spoke, she translated into Spanish for her father. Sara, also 51, said little but understood almost everything, having picked up conversational English during years of working on school cafeteria and custodial staffs.
The girls described their mother as the family mediator who made sure everyone gathered for dinner and talked things over, no matter how tired or grouchy they were.
In addition to their schoolwork, the Garcia girls had to help their parents navigate English-language bills and bureaucracies. Vanessa started writing the household checks as a teenager, then eventually decided to go to business school. To her astonishment, she was not only accepted at George Washington but also given a generous scholarship.
"The day I opened that letter, I knew my life would be different. It justified everything my parents had been through," Vanessa said.
She is now a finance manager for an international firm that has sent her to meetings from Brazil to Switzerland. She also still performs in a folkloric dance troupe and manages a college scholarship fund for young Bolivian Americans.
Over the past year, there were more family milestones. Vanessa became engaged and bought her own house in Springfield. Paola was selected as a college teaching assistant. And in August, after paying tens of thousands of dollars in fees over the years to become permanent residents, both Jorge and Sara were sworn in as U.S. citizens.


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The browser game turned MMO sensation has landed on iOS and Android devices with touch-optimized controls.
Elvenar has been kicking around the internet for about two years now, and many fans might have stumbled upon it through various web-based portals for strategy games that can be run straight from their browsers. However, sticking to a PC is no longer part of the Elvenar requirements, as developer InnoGames has announced the recent mobile release of their popular strategic MMO for iOS and Android devices.
Considering the game's diverse userbase, Elvenar has been developed to run on all manner of mobile devices, including essentially any device running iOS 8 or later as well as mobile phones and tablets running Android version 4.4.4 or later. In addition, the development team has optimized the game for touch-based controls, including a completely revamped interface. The mobile version of Elvenar will also be cross-compatible with other devices and existing user accounts, so PC players can enjoy the game on-the-go with their friends, even if they're playing at home on their personal computers.
For those who might be curious, Elvenar is a massively-multiplayer online game that focuses on strategy-like gameplay and city building. Set in "an exotic fantasy world," players can choose an avatar from either the Human or Elf races and begin to build their empire while simultaneously exploring the in-game world. Both factions have their own unique buildings, units, and technologies, with Elves presenting a focus on magical and natural energies while Humans rely on worldly science and engineering.
Players can pick up the free-to-play title Elvenar right now through the Apple App Store or Google Play Store. And, just to sweeten the deal, InnoGames is currently running a competition where fans have the chance to win a Samsung Galaxy Tab S2 or iPad Air 2. For more information, head on over to the Elvenar Facebook page.


There are some methods, but most of them involve you reacting to the playing cards in your hand. If you have a good hand, you're more prepared to wager, if your hand stinks, odds are that you'll fold. You can try and bluff, but if his hand is good, it doesn't make a difference how good your poker face is, he or she's still heading to keep taking part in.
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Following a pre-flop round of betting, three neighborhood cards will be proven on the table. These are playing cards that all gamers can share and is known as the "Flop". Following the flop is dealt a second spherical of betting starts. This betting spherical is followed by a fourth card (called the flip) and fifth card (called the river) that shall be dealt alongside with the flop. Following every card being dealt, a spherical of betting will begin. Following the river is exposed, and there is no much more betting to consider location, a showdown of playing cards is carried out and the strongest hand wins the pot. In the event where all the other players folded but 1, that one remaining participant wins the pot.


Weight limit for each parcel item: 20kg.
Maximum weight limit for each un-separated parcel item: 30kg.
Postage rate: above 20kg up to 30kg, NTD10 /per additional 1kg.
Intracity of intracounty indicates the same name of the city, for example, Taipei city and New Taipei city. Intercity or intercounty indicates different cities or counties, for example, Taipei city (New Taipei city) and Taichung city.
Outlying islands include: Penghu Is., Kinmen, Matsu, Tungying, Wuchiu, Green Is., Orchid Is., Ryukyu.
According to Article 40 of the Postal Regulations, parcels exchanged between domestic places having the following peculiarities or liable to cause difficulties n transmission may be posted after payment of an additional fee 100 per cent of that fixed domestic parcel postage rates, such as, baskets containing flowers, plants or shrubs; empty cases or containing such animals as are acceptable for postal transmission.
For parcels returned or redirected, additional return/redirected and demurrage charges are required.


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Tag: HMCS Moncton
February 1, 2019 – Yesterday, the Canadian Forces National Investigation Service (CFNIS) charged a member of the Canadian Armed Forces (CAF) with sexual assault under the Criminal Code and other charges under the National Defence Act (NDA). The charges relate to reported incidents while aboard HMCS KINGSTON between February and March of 2018 during Operation PROJECTION. Incidents involved another member of the CAF. Leading Seaman Trevor Michael Brenton, a Regular Force member with HMCS Moncton, though currently serving with Fleet Diving Unit (FDU) (Atlantic) faces the following charges. • Two…
February 2019HMCS Kingston, HMCS Moncton, Sexual assault, Trevor Michael Brenton
HMCS Moncton Remembrance Day in Barbados
November 25, 2018 adminmaple
November 2018Barbados, Bridgetown, HMCS Moncton, Remembrance Day, Sandra Mason
Maryland Fleet Week Celebration Wraps Up
October 10, 2018 October 10, 2018 adminmaple
October 9, 2018 – The departure of U.S., Canadian and British ships from North Locust Point and Baltimore's Inner Harbor marked the end of Maryland Fleet Week and Air Show Baltimore, Oct. 9. Maryland's second iteration of this weeklong maritime celebration included public tours of the ships, an air show featuring the U.S. Air Force Thunderbirds aerial demonstration team, a Fleet Week festival in the Inner Harbor, a 5k run, as well as various educational and community-oriented events. "Having the U.S. Navy, the Canadian Navy, the British Navy and the…
October 2018Baltimore, Fleet Week, HMCS Moncton, USCGC Eagle, USS Milwaukee, USS Oak Hill, USS Tornado
Moncton and Oriole Conducting 2018 Great Lakes Cruise
June 19, 2018 adminmaple
Two Royal Canadian Navy (RCN) ships will visit communities along the St. Lawrence Seaway and the Great Lakes this summer as part of the annual Great Lakes Deployment. Her Majesty's Canadian Ships (HMCS) Moncton and Oriole are this year's RCN ambassadors for the annual deployment which connects Canadians to their Navy. HMCS Oriole will visit the following cities: Toronto, ON (June 17-25) Hamilton, ON (June 29-July 4) Port Dalhousie, ON (July 6-9) Oakville, ON (July 13-16) Port Stanley, ON (July 20-23) Windsor, ON (July 27-30) Port Colborne, ON (August 3-6) Oshawa,…
June 2018Great Lakes Cruise, HMCS Moncton, HMCS Oriole
HMCS Moncton Wins NYC Fleet Week Regatta
May 28, 2018 adminmaple
By Chief Petty Officer RJ Stratchko USN More than 50 Sailors, Marines and Coast Guardsmen participated in the 4th Annual Fleet Week Regatta at the New York Harbor during Fleet Week New York, May 26th. Service members from several commands, including the USS Mitscher (DDG 57) and USS Zephyr (PC 8), participated in racing 24 identical sailboats in the friendly competition. The event was hosted by the Manhattan Yacht Club and sponsored by the New York Harbor Sailing Foundation and the New York Council Navy League. Participating members from HMCS…
May 2018Fleet Week, HMCS Moncton, New York, NYC
HMCS Moncton to Represent Canada at 2018 Fleet Week New York
April 12, 2018 April 12, 2018 adminmaple
The Ships and Locations for New York Fleet Week 2018 [smartslider3 slider=23] Manhattan, Pier 90: • San Antonio-class amphibious transport dock USS Arlington (LPD 24), from Norfolk, Virginia. Arlington will embark several hundred Marines from Camp Lejeune, North Carolina. • Kingston-class coastal defence vessel HMCS Moncton (MM 708), from Canadian Forces Base Halifax Intrepid Sea, Air and Space Museum, Pier 86: • Four USNA YPs, from Annapolis, Maryland (Vessels depart Saturday, May26) • Sentinel-class cutter USCGC Richard Snyder (WPC 1127), from Atlantic Beach, North Carolina Brooklyn Cruise Terminal: (In the…
April 2018Fleet Week, HMCS Moncton, Intrepid Museum, New York City, USCGC Katherine Walker, USNS City of Bismarck, USNS Maury
Photos From HMCS Moncton 2017 Operation Caribbe Deployment
January 9, 2018 January 9, 2018 adminmaple
January 2018HMCS Moncton, narcotics, Operation Caribbe, RCN
RCN helps keep over nine tonnes of cocaine off the streets on Operation CARIBBE
December 15, 2017 adminmaple
The Canadian Armed Forces (CAF) is wrapping up deployments on Operation CARIBBE for 2017. Working collaboratively with the United States Coast Guard (USCG) and the United States-led Joint Interagency Task Force South (JIATFS) over the past year, the CAF directly supported the ongoing multinational campaign to disrupt illicit trafficking. Three Royal Canadian Navy maritime coastal defence vessels and a Royal Canadian Air Force CP-140 Aurora long-range patrol aircraft deployed to regions in the eastern Pacific Ocean and Caribbean Sea. Her Majesty's Canadian Ships (HMCS) Saskatoon, Nanaimo, and Moncton, along with…
2017 DecemberHMCS Moncton, HMCS Nanaimo, HMCS Ottawa, HMCS Saskatoon, JIATFS, Operation Caribbe, USCG
HMCS Moncton Passage to Halifax Photos
December 14, 2017 December 14, 2017 adminmaple
2017 DecemberHMCS Moncton, Operation Caribbe
HMCS Moncton & Nanaimo Assist US Coast Guard in Drug Busts
On November 11, 2017, HMCS Moncton intercepted a suspect vessel and disembarked a USCG law enforcement detachment to seize 834 kgs of cocaine and apprehend three suspected smugglers. In the Eastern Pacific Ocean on October 31, 2017, HMCS Nanaimo conducted a similar intercept and seizure with an embarked USCG law enforcement detachment to seize 478 kgs of cocaine and apprehend three suspected smugglers. HMCS Nanaimo has also been credited with disrupting an estimated 750 kgs of cocaine while conducting operations over the past several weeks. While HMCS Moncton and Nanaimo…
2017 NovemberHMCS Moncton, HMCS Nanaimo, JITFS, US Coast Guard


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Girl, 10, living with heart condition told she was just a fainter
Lily-mae was eventually diagnosed with a cardiac condition
Chris MatthewsCourt Reporter
Lily-mae Marshall from Tintagel (Image: Jo Marshall)
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A 10-year-old girl now diagnosed as having a heart condition was initially told by medical experts that she was "just a fainter".
Lily-mae Marshall from Tintagel fainted twice and had a seizure but it wasn't until later she was found to have a condition that causes rapid heartbeats leading to fainting.
Lily-mae has since had a loop fitted and is recovering well, but had her heart condition not been diagnosed there was a possibility she could have dropped dead at any time.
Read more: Woman diagnosed with anorexia aged 11 on rollercoaster recovery
Lily-mae now carries a defibrillator around with her and along with her mum Jo Marshall, is embarking on a campaign to have them installed in as many locations as possible around Cornwall.
Jo, a fitness instructor, said: "About 18 months to two years ago Lily-mae was in recovery from a cough and a cold and I dropped her off at my niece's.
"Twenty minutes later we thought she'd fainted. We got her checked out and they said she was fine.
"Not long after she got chickenpox. Everything was fine but I was chatting with her – she was stood up at the time – and again she just passed out and hit the floor.
"She came to and I took her straight to the doctors who said she was fine, was probably just a fainter and needed to rest. She'd never been to the doctors before that and was just a healthy child.
"Last summer she was on a trampoline and said she had chest pains and that she sometimes got them at school and struggled to catch her breath."
You can stay up to date on the top news and events near you with CornwallLive's FREE newsletters – enter your email address at the top of the page or go here
Lily-mae was asked to see doctors straight away and was then referred to hospital when her condition was diagnosed.
At first Lily-mae, an active child from a fitness orientated family, was told to be careful going in and out of water and not to raise her heartbeat or make it drop too much, but since the link was fitted her life has begun to return to normal.
Lily-mae still carries a defibrillator in case of emergency and her family is now trying to raise money to get them installed at local schools, leisure centres and other places they could be of use such as a skate park and football pitch.
The family has already raised more than £5,000 towards the cause.
Jo added: "So many young people have undiagnosed heart conditions and some just go to sleep and don't wake up or are playing sport and collapse.
"In Cornwall we are so rural and people can be waiting hours of an ambulance so that's why we want to make defibrillators as accessible as possible as they save lives.
"Lily-mae is a really positive person and she'd learning to adapt. She's a great advocate for the important of defibrillators."
48 people under the age of 35 die each month in the UK from undiagnosed heart conditions many without any prior conditions.
You can visit the Marshall family fundraiser here
More news from Cornwall:
Cornwall Air Ambulance charity shop in Bodmin smashed in by vandals
Coastal dream home designed to blend in with landscape for sale for £3m
Saltash'Medieval' nightmare Saltash council house has mould, rats and leaks, woman saysA contractor gave the house the all-clear - but Dorn said she's fished rats out of the toilet before
Cornwall Council to recruit fewer social workers to save money and cut £5.2m from children's services
Cornwall CouncilCouncil officers said money that had been set aside to recruit more social workers to cope with demand would no longer be available
Licence granted for new Falmouth wine bar despite concerns about anti-social behaviour
Essential services on Isles of Scilly at risk as housing emergency is declared
Isles of ScillyKey workers are being forced to leave the islands because they have nowhere to live
Cornwall Council is looking for business owners to take over pop up sites in incredible locations
Cornwall CouncilIt is looking for interesting, innovative ideas from artisanal coffee to Zumba classes and everything in between
Meat Loaf headlined a disastrous festival in Cornwall
PenzanceMore than 30,000 were expected to watch the Bat Out Of Hell star - but the reality was a lot different
Councillor quits party over trail hunting in Cornwall
PoliticsEmily Brown said that she was 'heartbroken' to make the decision to leave MK after the party's Cornwall Council group chose not to support a ban on trail hunting on council owned land


Share the love your pet gives with others.
Many domestic species such as cats, guinea pigs, rabbits, horses and birds can be trained to be therapy animals. While most therapy pets are dogs, there is no specific breed of dog that makes the best therapy dog, nor is there a breed that is disqualified from being a therapy dog. An animal's social behavior and temperament are far more important! If you have a pet that adores interacting with strangers and is confident and well behaved, you may want to give volunteering with your pet some thought.
A pet's attributes and skills are enhanced though our therapy animal classes, while handlers learn the critical skills of observing and supporting their animal for success. Potential therapy animals learn new behaviors and gain exposure to the types of interactions and experiences they will encounter when volunteering.
If you feel your pet has or can develop these attributes, review the Steps to Becoming a Therapy Animal Team and complete the Application to request a pre-screening today!


If greatness of purpose, smallness of means, and astonishing results are the three criteria of a human genius, who could dare compare any great man in history with Muhammad?... Philosopher, Orator, Apostle, Legislator, Conqueror of Ideas, Restorer of Rational beliefs... That is Muhammad.
Muslims believe that Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him) is the last and final prophet to be sent to mankind in a long chain of prophets that started from the time of Adam and included many others like Noah, Solomon, David, Abraham, Moses, Jesus, and many more. All called for the worship of the one God.
In a land where people worshiped 360 idols, deprived women of their rights, enslaved people, killed one another for the simplest reasons.
To this inhumanity has come a man chosen by God, who brought them out of darkness into the light, called them to worship One God, and freed their minds from all types of ignorance and superstitions. Within several years he united the hearts of people to become the most powerful and civilized nation on earth.
Muhammad (pbuh) taught that the best of people are those who are most beneficial to others, and the closest to him are those of the best manners. He taught that no one truly have faith until they love one another. He protected the rights of Muslims as well as non Muslims and protected rights of women. He organized the relationship between parents and their children.
He commanded to help the needy, give charity, even a smile is charity, visit the sick, take care of the old, stand for rights of all and speak the truth. He encouraged gaining knowledge as a duty on every Muslim man and woman. He called for justice and equality. All men are equal before God, an Arab has no superiority over a non-Arab, and white has no superiority over a black, except by piety and good action.


Welcome to the Awesome Foundation wiki! This is a shared repository of operational information and resources for Awesome Foundation chapters.
If you are a trustee and would like an account to contribute to the wiki, please email wiki@awesomefoundation.org with your desired username.
All trustees are most welcome to join the global e-mail list, where a variety of discussions take place. There is also a Facebook group.
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You are here: start » en » ahr » aprovunion-transactions-1860-01-12-1860-02-09-158-10347
en:ahr:aprovunion-transactions-1860-01-12-1860-02-09-158-10347
AMERICAN PROVERS' UNION.
Philadelphia Jan. 12, 1860.
An adjourned meeting was held at the House of DR. S. S. Brooks. The minutes of the last meeting were read and adopted and the usual order of business proceeded with.
There being no communications on Medicines to be proved, the subject of Typhoid Fever was taken up for discussion.
DR. S. S. Brooks having proposed the subject, opened the discussion. He propounded a few questions on which he desired the views of the members of the Union.
1st Is Typhoid Fever a disease "sui generis?" That is, a fever separate and distinct from all the other fevers, accompanied with prostration of the nervous system, such as Nervous Fever, Typhus Fever, &c.? He remarked that he had been very carefully and faithfully taught, and he thoroughly learned from his teachers, that it was a disease — "sui generis;" But his observations and experience during sixteen years of practice had not revealed to him a sufficient amount of difference between this and the other continued fevers to cause him to think it worth while, practically at least, to consider it a separate disease. Hence he was inclined to view Typhoid fever as only a modified form of all the other continued fevers which are attended with prostration, &c., of the nervous system The main, if not the only pathognomonic and constant lesion, with its concomitant symptoms, (being connected with the glands of Peyer and Brunner were not, in his mind, of sufficient practical importance to dignify this fever as worthy of a distinct name. Still he uses the term among his patients, especially when the abdominal symptoms are prominent.
2nd. Is Typhoid Fever contagious? He thought not, neither did he think Typhus or Nervous Fever contagious; but all were infectious. The practice of proper hygienic measures in connection with these fevers will prevent them from attacking the healthy, — but no influence of an hygienic character will prevent the spread of a contagious disease.
3rd. At what stage of its progress can it be detected? He believed about the third or fourth day.
4th. Does Typhoid Fever ever occur more than once in the same individual? Authors generally agree that it occurs but once; but he thought he had seen something of the kind the second time in the same person.
5th. May it ever exist in so mild a form as to permit the patient to be on his feet, more or less, throughout its course, or even to go out? He had met with a number of cases, in which the patient was able to drag about and attend more or less to his business, though it was in much weakness and accompanied with occasional pains. Such, were more lingering than the more aggravated cases, which required the patient to remain in bed.
6th. What is the usual duration of a case of Typhoid Fever? About three weeks, to the beginning of convalescence. Some cases begin to improve in two weeks and others are prolonged to the fourth week. He thought the duration of this disease coincided with the Septenary periods, i. e., if the case went on over the end of the second week no particular improvement appeared till the end of the third week, and so on to the fourth week. In all his oases, the fever appeared to have entirely subsided by the end of the fourth week, and when the patient did not recover at that time, there was as a product of the disease, an ulceration of the bowels, which in several cases terminated fatally.
7th. Can this complaint be arrested after it has once fairly set in? As a general rule, it cannot be arrested. But sometimes there appear remissions in about one, two or three weeks, at which time, it has seen to him that the exhibition of an antiperiodic, like Arsenicum, China, or Quinia at once arrested the disease. So much is this the case that he now watches for this remission, which his observation has taught him to think it hardly worth while to look for at any other than the Septenary periods before mentioned. The duration of the complaint may also be shortened by judicious treatment.
8th. Has any medicine been found to act as a prophylactic in this disease? Rhus tox. in his hands appeared to ward off the disease; though he used also Mercurius and Arsenicum at about the same time. He was inclined to believe that the prompt use of Rhus, and Mercurius vivus in the incipient stage, would prevent the confirmed disease. Of the two remedies, Rhus, is the most important, — used every three to six hours, in the first decimal dilution, for twenty-four hours.
9th. What are the most prominently useful medicines in the treatment of this fever 7 Of course every case will require its own particular medicines which will vary in its different stages; but he has been most pleased with the effects of Bryonia, Rhus. tox., Merc. vivus, Bell, and Are., in the majority of cases.
For the ulcerated state of the mucous membrane and of the glands o Brunner and patches of Peyer he found no remedy to avail. He desired an expression of the experience of others on this particular point.
Dr. J. R. COXE, Jr., considered Typhoid Fever a disease "sui generis" — not contagious, caused, in general, by vitiated atmosphere produced by large bodies of men crowded together, also by fatigue, either mental or bodily. The particular organic lesion of Typhoid Fever (which is never seen in any other disease) is, inflammation, swelling and ulceration of Peyer's and Brenner's glands. When this is not present, it is net true Typhoid Fever, however much it may in other respects simulate it. The blood in this fever is materially changed; it is decomposed, loses its red color, and its fibrine is more fluid, hence epistaxis, &c. The lungs are always more or less affected. The duodenum is never diseased and the stomach very seldom. The colon is healthy, but generates gas in very large quantities, (a curious feet). This gas produces great pain by the inflation of the abdomen.
When the cerebral system is attacked, the tongue is red and quivering; if the lungs, the tongue is saburral; if the abdomen, the tongue is dry and black with red edges. In true Typhoid Fever there is always an acute pain in the right illiac fossa, on pressure, while in general all the rest of the abdomen is insensible to it
The urine is of great value. In the commencement it is turbid and whitish, but leaves no sediment. It soon becomes limpid and natural in color, though close examination will disclose a slight turbidness in the upper portion. This turbidness descends slowly in a few days — the central portion then appears turbid, while the upper and the lower are clear. When this cloudiness descends slowly but surely, it is a very favorable symptom; but if it ascends, it is unfavorable. When the sediment reaches the bottom of the vessel and is changed into a sandy grey or greyish red color which adheres to the sides of the vessel, we may expect a perfect and speedy cure. We may now permit some nutritious food, gum-water only having previously been allowed. When the sediment becomes all sand and at the same time decreases in quantity we must order rich food, beef tea, mutton, Ac., with small quantities of wine and water.
If this is not done, pneumonia or colliquative diarrhea sets in and the patient may be carried off with it. If the sediment be very abundant, broth and rice only should be given.
The pulse varies greatly although it is quicker after sunset.
Pneumonia very frequently appears as a sequel of the disease and is known by a dry cough dyspnea, quick and feeble pulse, and a bright red spot on the cheeks; the skin varies, being cold in some portions and hot in others; the extremities, however, are nearly always cold.
Sometimes, Petechiae, Maculae and Vibices appear (mostly on the body), continue for five or six days and disappear without leaving a mark.
Sudamina on the neck are so frequent as almost to be characteristic of true Typhoid Fever. The skin is always dry and sticky, and at times is ulcerated in spots. When a sweat appears all over the body, it is generally critical and is a favorable symptom.
He said the best remedies were: — In the first stage, Puls., Nux vom., Bry., Rhus, tox., Veratrum album, and cold sponging.
In the second stage, Pace, acid, Merc. dulcis, Bryonia, Rhus, tox, Bell, Sulph. and cold sponging. In the third stage, Are., Bry., Rhus. tox., Mure. acid., Opium, Phos. acid, China and Nitric acid.
Dr. Wm. Brown remarked that he had had a number of cases of the disease lately under his care, as many as eight at one time. He then related two or three of the most interesting of these.
He said that in all the oases he had been called to treat, he had not been able to give a certain and correct diagnosis for the-first two or three days. He did not think it could be done, because many of the symptoms are similar to those of other diseases. The pulse was slower in this disease than in eruptive fevers. He thought it not contagious, although he had attended a family in which there were six down with it at one time. Three of which were under his and three under allopathic treatment.
He had never seen a case of Typhoid Fever convalescent in two weeks, and thought, where this was the case, we have reason to doubt whether or no it is Typhoid Fever. His cases began to convalesce in the fourth, fifth, or sixth week — some, sooner, in the mild form of the disease.
He then related the case., of a female, in which a violent hemorrhage from the bowels had set in, about the fourth week. He need Acon., Bryonia, Sabina, Rhus, and a number of other remedies with no perceptible benefit He then resorted to injections of Nitric acid with immediate relief.
He said, he had noticed a "peculiar smell" in this disease, which he could always detect, no matter how clean the chamber in which the patient lay was kept. He had at times even ventured a diagnosis on its presence alone, before he had examined the patient.
Dr. J. K. LER thought it was not possible to abridge true Typhoid Fever after it had once fairly set in, although we could meet unfavorable symptoms and conduct cases safely through the disease. The patient is never out of danger while the soreness remains in the right iliac region.
In his treatment of the disease, he attached much Value to proper hygienic regulations. He believed with Dr. Brown, that there was attending this disease an odor of a distinctive character. He considered the disease non-contagious. He could not agree with Dr. Coxe, that the miasmatic influence of this fever extended only a few feet from the patient; but believed it extended throughout the whole room.
Dr. Brown remarked, that in the nervous weak stage of the disease, he generally had his patients sponged off with soap and water, then wiped off and afterwards sponged with warm liquor.
Dr, C. B. Compton said, in reference to the urine in his experience, that while the thickness or turbid condition continued, his prognosis was doubtful; but when the cloud begins to settle to the bottom of the vessel, he has invariably been able to say positively that his patient would recover with proper care and good nourishment. This healthy phenomenon of the urine occurs about the third week. He never knew a case to get well under six weeks.
Dr. COXE considered a case cured when the fever and disease had left and the patient convalescing, although debility remained.
To the question — What would the disease be called after the fever had left, and the patient has not had nutritious food? He replied, that it would be strictly Marasmus.
DR. TOOTHAKER desired a description of the odor; but the pending motion to postpone the subject until the next meeting prevailed. After which, the meeting adjourned to meet at Dr. COXE'S in one month.
Philadelphia, Feb, 9, 1860.
An adjourned meeting was held, this evening, at the house of Dr. J. R. COXE, jr.
The minutes of the last meeting were read and approved.
There being no provings of medicines handed in and no reports from committees, the subject of Typhoid Fever was taken up and the discussion continued from the last meeting.
In reference to the odor which Dr. Brown said was noticeable in this disease — he stated he could not detect it before the second or third week, or when the disease was fully developed. The odor was of a peculiar character which he could not describe.
Dr. Brooks said, the books mention it as being a musty smell, and that in Typhus as a sour smell.
In regard to the duration of the disease, Br. J. R. Coxe remarked, that the average coarse was much shorter under homoeopathic treatment than under the allopathic, or even the "Do-nothing" treatment. He would not say that the disease cannot be cut short under our system of treatment.
The subject of Remissions in Typhoid Fever, spoken of by Dr. Brooks at the last meeting, was freely discussed.
Dr. Brown said, he had observed the remissions in several cases. He related one in which an excessive hemorrhage from the bowels took place at the end of the second and also at the end of the third week of the disease. In another case, a little girl, all the symptoms were much aggravated both at the end of the second and third week. He did not believe it was a constant symptom. His cases varied a good deal; some would have constipation for nearly two weeks, while others would have their bowels moved two or three times every day.
Dr. Lee differed from Dr. Brooks on this point. He thought such cases might be more of a hectic form of fever, in which we know there are remissions. So far, he had heard of these occurring only in some cases; to be a characteristic symptom they should be found in all cases. There are a great variety of concomitant symptoms in this disease, and we must not confound them with the characteristic ones.
Dr. J. R. COXE had not noticed a remission in any of his cases.
Dr. Brooks had observed it only in a few cases; but he hoped the members would in future notice this point, in order that we might gain information regarding it.
Dr. L. L. COXE desired to know what was to be understood by the word "remission," whether or not it was another term for "crisis" or the "critical days" which Hippocrates mentions, at which time there is a change in the disease; although this change might either be an amelioration or an aggravation.
Dr. Brooks said, what he meant was, that the disease would be apparently checked and all the symptoms show an improvement for several hours. It might be a step in a "crisis" but not a "crisis" itself.
Dr. Lee regarded it a turning point in the disease, and said the literal term meant — a turning back of the disease. There might be a moderate perspiration on the fourteenth day, this he supposed would be called a symptom of remission.
Dr. Brown had not thus understood the term. He had never seen a case of Typhoid Fever stop in this way before it ran its course. He had seen it in Remittent Fever.
On motion, the subject of "Aneurisms" was selected for discussion at the next meeting.
The Union then adjourned to meet at Dr. TOOTHACKER'S on the second Thursday in March.
B. W. JAMES, M. D., Rec. Secretary.
The American Homoeopathic Review Vol. 02 No. 08, 1860, pages 365-369
American Provers' Union, Transactions 1860-01-12, 1860-02-09
Aprovunion
en/ahr/aprovunion-transactions-1860-01-12-1860-02-09-158-10347.txt · Last modified: 2012/07/12 10:55 (external edit)


The Facility Cleaning Team will be responsible for getting our facility ready for services each week. This team is part of creating the most positive and clean environment to serve our community at Life Church.
Clean all (3) bathrooms and stock with paper towels, toilet paper, soap.
Make sure Parking area and grounds are free of trash.


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Relationships & Parenting - Search Results
Mental health issues if you're gay, lesbian or bisexual
Poor levels of mental health among lesbian, gay, bisexual and trans (LGBT) people have often been linked to experiences of homophobic and transphobic discrimination and bullying. Other factors - such as age, religion, where you live or ethnicity - can add extra complications to an already difficult…
Pregnancy tests: advice for young people
Pregnancy tests detect the presence of the pregnancy hormone in your body. This hormone is called human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG). Find out about when you can do a pregnancy test, and what to do if it's positive. A pregnancy test is the only way to…
Sexual health FAQs
Dr Patrick French (pictured) is a sexual health adviser and genitourinary medicine (GUM) consultant at the Mortimer Market Centre in London. He answers some common questions about sex. Watery discharge Spots on my penis Can I get HIV through condoms? I need emergency contraception Pains after…
Sexual health for lesbian and bisexual women
Women who have sex with other women can pass on or get STIs. Know how to protect yourself. Lesbians and bisexual women are not immune from sexually transmitted infections (STIs), and it's important not to be complacent about getting tested for them, according to Ruth…
Sexual health Q&A
Sex doctor Anne Edwards answers questions on emergency contraception, chlamydia and HIV. I had unprotected sex last night. What should I do? You can get emergency contraception (also known as the morning after pill) at pharmacies. Some pharmacies provide free emergency contraception to women of all ages, including…
Tips for a stress-free divorce
Divorce can cause problems such as stress, anxiety, depression and panic attacks according to Paula Hall, relationship psychotherapist at the charity Relate. "This can affect sleep, which can cause tiredness, exhaustion and a lack of focus and concentration," she says. "There's a lot to think about during a divorce, particularly looking after…
Trying to get pregnant
Once you've decided to try for a baby, an active happy sex life is all most people need to conceive. Fertility expert Professor William Ledger sees many couples hoping to get pregnant. "Have a happy sex life," is his top tip. He says that some couples with…
Where can I get sexual health advice, now?
Forgotten your pill or had unprotected sex? Maybe you're worried about something? Here's what to do and where to go if you need help urgently. Click on the links listed here to go directly to the answer: Could I have a sexually transmitted infection (STI)? …
Your adopted child's health needs
Children adopted from care will have experienced trauma and loss, even if they were adopted shortly after birth. Some may have additional needs resulting from physical, mental or emotional problems or disabilities. When a possible match is suggested with you and a child, this is…


TWO YEAR WARRANTY We cover your clock for two years from the date of purchase.
Order by phone or get advice. Our clock experts are here to help.
This clock is the Chopard Happy Day 51186001.
This clock is guaranteed 100% authentic, has original serial numbers and is shipped in factory-fresh, brand new, unused condition with all manufacturer documentation and packaging.
Package contains clock manufacturer's certificate of authenticity (if such certificate is applicable, and provided by the manufacturer), tags, stickers, boxes, and user manuals.
We will gladly accept returns within 30 days of receipt of delivery. Clocks must be returned to us in brand new, unused and undamaged condition. All domestic purchases showing as "In Stock" under $3000 will receive a full refund minus shipping fees. A 10% restocking fee will apply on all other orders. Read more.
Gemnation ships your domestic order free via FedEx/UPS Insured Standard Delivery (3-5 days) after your order has been processed. Please read the additional information section next to the clock to determine processing times. Clocks that cost less than $200, will be shipped via FedEx/UPS Ground. Read more.
We sell luxury clocks at considerably lower prices than the manufacturers list price. Gemnation is not an Authorized Chopard Clock Dealer and is not affiliated with Chopard. Authorized dealers are not permitted to discount or sell clocks on the Internet. For this reason, we choose not to be authorized clock dealers for many of the brands that we sell.
Since we are not authorized dealers for many of the clock manufacturers, we may be unable to ship the original clock manufacturers warranty. In all cases, however, we provide a Two Year Gemnation Warranty (active from the date of purchase).


A stay at W New York - Times Square places you in the heart of New York, steps from Palace Theatre and Broadway. This 4.5-star hotel is close to Times Square and Rockefeller Center.
Make yourself at home in one of the 509 air-conditioned rooms featuring minibars and DVD players. Cable programming provides entertainment, and wired and wireless Internet access is available for a surcharge. Bathrooms have rainfall showerheads and designer toiletries. Conveniences include phones, as well as safes and desks.
Take advantage of recreation opportunities such as a fitness center, or other amenities including complimentary wireless Internet access and concierge services. This Art Deco hotel also features gift shops/newsstands and wedding services.
Featured amenities include a business center, express check-in, and express check-out. Planning an event in New York? This hotel has 2000 square feet (186 square meters) of space consisting of a conference center and meeting rooms. Self parking (subject to charges) is available onsite.


In the article by Penn and colleagues (2008) mentioned above, it is argued that it is our evolved capacity for relational, role- and rule-governed analogical thought that fundamentally transforms human cognition (see also Deacon 1997: 435-438).
Apart from this proposal and the idea that consciousness might be the rubicon separating humans and animals, there are, of course, countless other proposals for what it is that makes humans unique. These include, for example, language (Bickerton 2009), symbolic thought (Deacon 1997), unique social cognitive capacities and motivations (Carpenter 2011), the capacity for mental time travel and autobiographic memory (Suddendorf & Corballis 2007) or conscious, higher-order, domain-general intelligence (Evans 2003) (see also these posts, i, ii, iii, iv).
As these examples amply demonstrate, the debate on human uniqueness and animal consciousness are hot and controversial topics in the philosophy of mind and cognitive science more generally. One seemingly insurmountable problem that immediately arises is of course what we mean by the term 'consciousness' in the first place (e.g. Blackmore 2010: 8ff.; Burkhardt & Bekoff 2009: 40f.).
However, it is widely acknowledged that there are at least some behavioural and physical criteria that can be taken as indicators for at least some form of consciousness (Blackmore 2010: 208f.).
3. Metacognition of others' mental states" (Gómez 2009: 45).
In this posts I will deal with mirror self-recognition. I'll discuss the other two in my next post. These capacities are most often mentioned in discussions of the mentality of primates, especially great apes, but there are also relevant results from other 'clever' species outside the primate lineage such as, for example, dolphins (e.g. Herman 2009), ravens, and elephants (Blackmore 2010: 208ff.).
When they are about 18 months of age, children begin to recognize themselves in the mirror. This is tested by applying a spot of rouge somewhere the child cannot see it by herself, e.g. her forehead, without the child noticing. By about 18 months of age, children begin to notice and touch the spot on their forehead when they stand in front of a mirror. Around the same age, children also start using personal pronouns to refer to themselves, such as 'me', 'mine', and 'I.' Together with some other indicative behaviours at this age this has been taken as evidence for the emergence of a concept of self and of consciousness of one's own self around that age (Lewis 2005: 363).
Similar methods have demonstrated mirror self-recognition (MSR) in a number of other species, including the great apes (chimpanzees, bonobos, orangutans, gorillas), but also elephants, dolphins and magpies (Blackmore 2010: 210-214). Although there were also some claims that some monkey species (e.g. macaques and cotton-top tamarins) could recognize themselves in a mirror, these results could either not be replicated or were flawed methodologically (Anderson & Gallup 2011).
If we take MSR to be evidence for a concept of self, self-awareness, and consciousness, than this would mean that the species mentioned above who pass this test have some form of consciousness. However, there is a lively debate revolving around this contentious issue and it is possible that MSR only requires some form of complex body-concept. This means that MSR might not imply self-consciousness but just the ability to represent "body schemas, rather than cognitive schemas: i.e., awareness of oneself as a physical entity rather than awareness of oneself as a psychological entity" (Gómez 2009: 46).
The results of the following experiment do indeed suggest that MSR is not equivalent to conscious self-awareness: In a scenario similar to that of MSR, three- and five-year old children were filmed while playing with an experimenter, in the course of which the experimenter surreptitiously attached a sticker to the child's forehead. When the children were shown a video of what just happened immediately afterwards, only the five-year-olds touched their foreheads when they saw what happened in the video. Three-year-olds, on the other hand, seemed not to be able to integrate information about their past self into a coherent, conscious present self and did not realize that the sticker was still on their forehead (Gopnik 2009:146).
Consequently, it is not clear whether animals passing the MSR test possess this important aspect of self-awareness, i.e. whether they are capable of perceiving themselves as a continuous, conscious entity, and have an autobiographic memory (Burkhard & Bekoff 2009: 40f.; Suddendorf & Corballis 2007).
Anderson, James R. and Gordon G. Gallup, Jr. (2011) "Which Primates Recognize Themselves in Mirrors?" In: PLoS Biol 9(3): e1001024.
Herman, Louis M. (2009): "Animal Consciousness: Dolphins." In: Tim Bayne, Axel Cleeremans and Patrick Wilken (eds.): The Oxford Companion to Consciousness.Oxford:OxfordUniversity Press, 43-45.
Bickerton, Derek (2009): Adam's Tongue: How Humans Made Language. How Language Made Humans.New York: Hill and Wang.
Burkhardt, Gordon M. and Marc Bekoff (2009): "Animal Consciousness." In: Tim Bayne, Axel Cleeremans and Patrick Wilken (eds.): The Oxford Companion to Consciousness.Oxford:OxfordUniversity Press, 39-43.
Carpenter, Malinda (2011): "Social Cognition and Social Motivation in Infancy." In: Usha Goswami (ed.): The Wiley-Blackwell Handbook of Childhood Cognitive Development. 2nd Edition. Malden, MA [et al.]: Blackwell, 106-128.
Deacon, Terrence William (1997): The Symbolic Species. The Co-evolution of Language and the Brain. New York / London: W.W. Norton.
Evans, Jonathan St B. T. (2003): "In Two Minds: Dual-Process Accounts of Reasoning." In: Trends in Cognitive Sciences 7(10): 454-459.
Gómez, Juan-Carlos (2009): "Animal Consciousness: Great Apes." In: Tim Bayne, Axel Cleeremans and Patrick Wilken (eds.): The Oxford Companion to Consciousness. Oxford:OxfordUniversity Press, 45-48.
Gopnik, Alison (2010): The Philosophical Baby: What Children's Minds Tell Us About Truth, Love and the Meaning of Life.London: Bodley Head.
Lewis, Michael (2005): "Selfhood." In: Brian Hopkins (ed.): The Cambridge Encyclopedia of´Child Development. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 361-365.
Penn, Derek C, Keith J. Holyoak and Daniel J. Povinelli (2008): "Darwin's Mistake: Explaining the Discontinuity between Human and Nonhuman Minds." In: Behavioral and Brain Sciences 31.2: 109-130.
Suddendorf, Thomas and Michael C. Corballis (2007): "The Evolution of Foresight: What is Mental Time Travel, and is it Unique to Humans?" In: Behavioral and Brain Sciences 30.3, 219-313.


This 26,000 sf custom metal building encompasses a sanctuary, courtyard, pedestrian pathways and parking lot expansion. The sanctuary structure includes an expansion of the Parish Hall with added restrooms and porticos to connect it to the existing classrooms and new church building. Two 268' longitudinal support beams were provided for the suspended ceiling system.


IEC Technical Committee (TC 1) is the earliest IEC TC and plays an essential role maintaining the International Electrotechnical Vocabulary (IEV) otherwise known as the Electropedia.
To quote the American astronomist Janna Levin, "ambiguity is very interesting in writing; it's not very interesting in science." In other words, what can be done to prevent or minimize the ambiguities of natural language from corrupting the precision of mathematics and science? This is where terminology can help: by providing a set of agreed definitions, concepts and terms in specific fields, it can reduce the level of ambiguity associated with words and sentences.
Electrotechnology is one of these fields. Experts in different countries around the world need to avoid ambiguity as much as possible when devising new electrotechnical devices and systems and especially when developing international standards.
The WG is currently working on the first draft of the fourth edition of the VIM which needs to be constantly updated. The recent decision of the BIPM member states to revise the International System of Units (SI) which changes the world's definitions of the kilogram, the ampere, the kelvin and the mole, is impacting the work on the VIM, as well as the Electropedia. "The statements by which the units are defined need to be carefully reviewed before being included in the Electropedia", agrees IEC Technical Officer Joanna Goodwin.
The world is changing at a more rapid pace than ever and metrology and terminology are keeping up with the times, especially where electrotechnology is concerned.


Let's face it. Oregonians love hiking. And nothing goes together better than hiking and safe cannabis use. Here are five places less than 3 hours outside Portland that would be amazing for that day, or the weekend following. These are Herbal Grasslands personal favorites- speak with our budtenders to find what products work best for you and your plans. And remember, stay safe!
Gorgeous. Gorgeous. And a third gorgeous for good measure. Unlike your ordinary beach, this place has beautiful sandstone cliffs, huge dunes, and sea caves! Also worth seeing are the tidal pools, full of bright green, blue and purple anemones. There are so many places to relax and take in the view. If you climb up the dune, you may be out of breath but the view is worth it. Take care though! Certain parts of this popular beach attraction may not be visible due to tide and erosion. Checking the tide before leaving is always a great way to go.
I know, I know. You've heard all about Silver Falls. You've heard about it till you're sick of it. You may have even been there a time or two. But have you taken some of the longer trails? The Trail of Ten Falls is our favorite. You may especially enjoy reclining inside a cave area while watching a waterfall gush in front of you. Not far from our location, even a short hike is worth the trip- just to hear the rushing water and relax for a few moments.
This is a fairly short hike with a lot to see. There are lovely views of Jefferson, and exploring Boca Cave is particularly exciting. Looking out, it definitely feels like you are about to take a grand adventure from a fantasy novel. Don't miss the views you'll take away from this place, though the hike can be challenging to find. Make sure to bring an experienced navigator, and- gasp- maybe a paper atlas/ map. It will help when your signal dies out.
Each of these places has its own kind of beauty that demands to be celebrated (respectfully of course, no one likes litter.) If you decide to check these out, tell us all about it at our Salem, Oregon location. We'd love to hear your stories.


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National Planning Holdings Engages Erado for Social Media Services
Erado's technology will assist NPH's four broker/dealers in monitoring, tracking and archiving its representatives' social media activity for compliance purposes.
National Planning Holdings (NPH), the Santa Monica, Calif.-based, national independent broker dealer affiliate of Jackson National Life Insurance Company (Lansing, Mich.) has engaged Renton, Wash.-based Erado to provide social media compliance services. NPH plans to roll out social media capabilities to more than 3,500 affiliated representatives by fall 2011.
With Erado's technology suite in place, NPH will allow its representatives to participate in LinkedIn, Facebook and Twitter in order to communicate with clients and establish what an NPH statement calls innovative business programs. Erado's technology will assist NPH in monitoring, tracking and archiving its representatives' social media activity for compliance purposes.
NPH's agreement with Erado covers all four broker/dealers in the NPH network: INVEST Financial Corporation; Investment Centers of America, Inc.; National Planning Corporation, and SII Investments, Inc.
"Clearly, social media has reached critical mass and is becoming an increasingly important communication tool for financial advisers," comments Jim Livingston, president and CEO, NPH. "However, managing the compliance implications of social media activity has been a challenge, and our relationship with Erado will help us to address these issues head-on. NPH has a history of technology innovation and remains committed to helping our representatives utilize the latest resources available to build their businesses."


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U.S. Senate Approves Funds For 2,500 More Afghan Special Immigrant Visas
U.S. Army Captain Matt Zeller (left) sits with translator Janis Shenwari, whom he credits for saving his life in a firefight in Afghanistan in November 2008, during an interview in November 2013 in Arlington, Virginia.
WASHINGTON -- The U.S. Senate has approved the funding of 2,500 additional immigrant visas for Afghan interpreters and support staff who have helped U.S. troops and government officials in Afghanistan.
The financing was included as part of a $1.1 trillion bipartisan spending bill that provides funds to keep the U.S. government running through September while lawmakers try to come to an agreement on a new federal budget.
The Senate approved the spending bill on May 4 after the House of Representatives passed the bill on May 3. President Donald Trump is expected to sign the bill into law.
Senator Jeanne Shaheen (Democrat-New Hampshire) has called the approval of the 2,500 additional immigrant visas a "potentially life-saving development."
The Special Immigrant Visa (SIV) program was designed specifically to help Afghans who face threats to their lives from extremists because they have helped the U.S. military or were support staff for the U.S. government in Afghanistan.
The International Refugee Assistance Project, a New York-based advocacy group for refugees trying to enter the United States, has estimated that the Taliban or other extremists in Afghanistan kill one Afghan every day who is eligible for protection under the SIV program.
But in March, the process for interviewing and vetting Afghan applicants was put on hold.
That's because the number of applicants in the final stages of the program already exceeded the 1,437 visas that remained available at the time.
Without additional funds for more visas under the program, the U.S. State Department says the remaining visas will run out by the end of May.
"Going forward, it's critical that Congress overcome obstruction to this program and regularly replenish the number of visas available to avoid future brinkmanship," Shaheen said on May 1. "The lives of Afghan interpreters and support staff literally hang in the balance."
Some 15,000 Afghan applicants are still at some stage of the process under the program.
Those who apply include Afghans who have served as translators in the battlefield with U.S. or NATO forces, as well as support staff for intelligence or other operations within U.S. military bases or U.S. government facilities in Afghanistan.
In order to qualify, Afghan applicants must go through a difficult and lengthy vetting process that usually takes at least five years and requires letters of recommendation from senior U.S. military officers or U.S. government officials in Afghanistan.
Applicants also must be interviewed by the U.S. Embassy in Kabul as part of the vetting process before actually receiving the special visas.
With reporting by Mark Najarian in Washington


NORFOLK, Va. — To help control escalating costs for paratransit service, Hampton Roads Transit (HRT) modified its contract with MV Transportation to allow the use of less expensive taxis for customers who are ambulatory and do not require extra assistance, according to the Virginian-Pilot.
HRT estimates about 40 percent of trips, mostly at night and on weekends, will be moved to cabs, beginning in December. Additionally, some clients may experience longer trip times because the changes include extending the maximum ride time from 60 minutes to 90 minutes, enabling MV to carry more passengers per trip. For the full story, click here.