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Kingdom of East Anglia
This article is about the Anglo-Saxon kingdom. For the modern English region, see East Anglia. For the East Anglian kings, see List of monarchs of East Anglia.
Kingdom of the East Angles
Ēastengla Rīċe
Regnum Orientalium Anglorum
6th century–918
independent (?-869)
Kingdom of the Danes (869–918)
Vassal of Mercia (654–655, 794–796, 798–825)
Vassal of the Danes (869–918)
Common languages
Old English, Latin
Anglo-Saxon paganism, Anglo-Saxon Christianity
Preceded by Succeeded by
Sub-Roman Britain
Kingdom of Wessex
The Kingdom of the East Angles (Old English: Ēastengla Rīċe; Latin: Regnum Orientalium Anglorum), today known as the Kingdom of East Anglia, was a small independent kingdom of the Angles comprising what are now the English counties of Norfolk and Suffolk and perhaps the eastern part of the Fens.[1] The kingdom formed in the 6th century in the wake of the Anglo-Saxon settlement of Britain. It was ruled by the Wuffingas dynasty in the 7th and 8th centuries, but fell to Mercia in 794, and was conquered by the Danes in 869, to form part of the Danelaw. It was conquered by Edward the Elder and incorporated into the Kingdom of England in 918.
1.1 Settlement
1.2 Pagan rule
1.3 Christianisation
1.4 Mercian aggression
1.5 Viking attacks and eventual settlement
1.6 Absorption into the Kingdom of England
2 Old East Anglian dialect
The Kingdom of East Anglia was organised in the first or second quarter of the 6th century, with Wehha listed as the first king of the East Angles, followed by Wuffa.[1]
Until 749 the kings of East Anglia were Wuffingas, named after the semi-historical Wuffa. During the early 7th century under Rædwald of East Anglia, it was a powerful Anglo-Saxon kingdom. Rædwald, the first East Anglian king to be baptised a Christian, is seen by many scholars to be the person buried within (or commemorated by) the ship burial at Sutton Hoo, near Woodbridge. During the decades that followed his death in about 624, East Anglia became increasingly dominated by the kingdom of Mercia. Several of Rædwald's successors were killed in battle, such as Sigeberht, under whose rule and with the guidance of his bishop, Felix of Burgundy, Christianity was firmly established.[citation needed]
From the death of Æthelberht II by the Mercians in 794 until 825, East Anglia ceased to be an independent kingdom, apart from a brief reassertion under Eadwald in 796. It survived until 869, when the Vikings defeated the East Anglians in battle and their king, Edmund the Martyr, was killed. After 879, the Vikings settled permanently in East Anglia. In 903 the exiled Æthelwold ætheling induced the East Anglian Danes to wage a disastrous war on his cousin Edward the Elder. By 917, after a succession of Danish defeats, East Anglia submitted to Edward and was incorporated into the kingdom of England, afterwards becoming an earldom.[citation needed]
Settlement[edit]
East Anglia was settled by the Anglo-Saxons earlier than many other regions, possibly at the start of the fifth century.[2] It emerged from the political consolidation of the Angles in the approximate area of the former territory of the Iceni and the Roman civitas, with its centre at Venta Icenorum, close to Caistor St Edmund.[3] The region that was to become East Anglia seems to have been depopulated to some extent around the fourth century. Ken Dark writes that "in this area at least, and possibly more widely in eastern Britain, large tracts of land appear to have been deserted in the late fourth century, possibly including whole 'small towns' and villages. This does not seem to be a localised change in settlement location, size or character but genuine desertion."[4]
According to Bede, the East Angles (and the Middle Angles, Mercians and Northumbrians) were descended from natives of Angeln (now in modern Germany).[os 1] The first reference to the East Angles is from about 704–713, in the Whitby Life of St Gregory.[eek 1] While the archaeological and linguistic evidence suggests that a large-scale migration and settlement of the region by continental Germanic speakers occurred, it has been questioned whether all of the migrants self-identified as Angles.[5][6][7]
The East Angles formed one of seven kingdoms known to post-medieval historians as the Heptarchy, a scheme used by Henry of Huntingdon in the 12th century. Some modern historians have questioned whether the seven ever existed contemporaneously and claim the political situation was far more complicated.[eek 2]
Pagan rule[edit]
The golden belt buckle from the Sutton Hoo ship-burial
The East Angles were initially ruled by the pagan Wuffingas dynasty, apparently named after an early king Wuffa, although his name may be a back-creation from the name of the dynasty, which means "descendants of the wolf".[3] An indispensable source on the early history of the kingdom and its rulers is Bede's Ecclesiastical History,[note 1] but he provided little on the chronology of the East Anglian kings or the length of their reigns.[kease 1] Nothing is known of the earliest kings, or how the kingdom was organised, although a possible centre of royal power is the concentration of ship-burials at Snape and Sutton Hoo in eastern Suffolk. The "North Folk" and "South Folk" may have existed before the arrival of the first East Anglian kings.[kease 2]
The most powerful of the Wuffingas kings was Rædwald, "son of Tytil, whose father was Wuffa",[3] according to the Ecclesiastical History. For a brief period in the early 7th century, whilst Rædwald ruled, East Anglia was among the most powerful kingdoms in Anglo-Saxon England: he was described by Bede as the overlord of the kingdoms south of the Humber.[eek 3] In 616, he had been strong enough to defeat and kill the Northumbrian king Æthelfrith at the Battle of the River Idle and enthrone Edwin of Northumbria.[eek 4] He was probably the individual honoured by the sumptuous ship burial at Sutton Hoo.[eek 5] It has been suggested by Blair, on the strength of parallels between some objects found under Mound 1 at Sutton Hoo and those discovered at Vendel in Sweden, that the Wuffingas may have been descendants of an eastern Swedish royal family. However, the items previously thought to have come from Sweden are now believed to have been made in England, and it seems less likely that the Wuffingas were of Swedish origin.[kease 3]
The Heptarchy, according to Bartholomew's A literary & historical atlas of Europe (1914)
Christianisation[edit]
Main article: Christianisation of Anglo-Saxon England
Anglo-Saxon Christianity became established in the 7th century. The extent to which paganism was displaced is exemplified by a lack of any East Anglian settlement named after the old gods.[rga 1]
In 604, Rædwald became the first East Anglian king to be baptised. He maintained a Christian altar, but at the same time continued to worship pagan gods.[kease 4] From 616, when pagan monarchs briefly returned in Kent and Essex, East Anglia until Rædwald's death was the only Anglo-Saxon kingdom with a reigning baptised king. On his death in around 624, he was succeeded by his son Eorpwald, who was soon afterwards converted from paganism under the influence of Edwin,[3] but his new religion was evidently opposed in East Anglia and Eorpwald met his death at the hands of a pagan, Ricberht. After three years of apostasy, Christianity prevailed with the accession of Eorpwald's brother (or step-brother) Sigeberht, who had been baptised during his exile in Francia.[eek 6] Sigeberht oversaw the establishment of the first East Anglian see for Felix of Burgundy at Dommoc, probably Dunwich.[os 2] He later abdicated in favour of his brother Ecgric and retired to a monastery.[os 3]
Mercian aggression[edit]
The eminence of East Anglia under Rædwald fell victim to the rising power of Penda of Mercia and successors. From the mid-7th to early 9th centuries Mercian power grew, until a vast region from the Thames to the Humber, including East Anglia and the south-east, came under Mercian hegemony.[mercia 1] In the early 640s, Penda defeated and killed both Ecgric and Sigeberht,[kease 4] who was later venerated as a saint.[8] Ecgric's successor Anna and Anna's son Jurmin were killed in 654 at the Battle of Bulcamp, near Blythburgh.[os 4] Freed from Anna's challenge, Penda subjected East Anglia to the Mercians.[kease 5] In 655 Æthelhere of East Anglia joined Penda in a campaign against Oswiu that ended in a massive Mercian defeat at the Battle of the Winwaed, where Penda and his ally Æthelhere were killed.[eek 7]
The last Wuffingas king was Ælfwald, who died in 749.[rga 2] During the late 7th and 8th centuries East Anglia continued to be overshadowed by Mercian hegemony until, in 794, Offa of Mercia had the East Anglian king Æthelberht executed and then took control of the kingdom for himself.[mercia 2] A brief revival of East Anglian independence under Eadwald, after Offa's death in 796, was suppressed by the new Mercian king, Coenwulf.[mercia 3]
East Anglian independence was restored by a rebellion against Mercia led by Æthelstan in 825. Beornwulf of Mercia's attempt to restore Mercian control resulted in his defeat and death, and his successor Ludeca met the same end in 827. The East Angles appealed to Egbert of Wessex for protection against the Mercians and Æthelstan then acknowledged Egbert as his overlord. Whilst Wessex took control of the south-eastern kingdoms absorbed by Mercia in the 8th century, East Anglia could retain its independence.[mercia 4]
Viking attacks and eventual settlement[edit]
England in 878, when East Anglia was ruled by Guthrum
In 865, East Anglia was invaded by the Danish Great Heathen Army, which occupied winter quarters and secured horses before departing for Northumbria.[eek 8] The Danes returned in 869 to winter at Thetford, before being attacked by the forces of Edmund of East Anglia, who was defeated and killed at Hægelisdun (identified variously as Bradfield St Clare in 983, near to his final resting place at Bury St Edmunds, Hellesdon in Norfolk (documented as Hægelisdun c. 985) or Hoxne in Suffolk,[9] and now with Maldon in Essex).[3][rga 3][10] From then on East Anglia effectively ceased to be an independent kingdom. Having defeated the East Angles, the Danes installed puppet-kings to govern on their behalf, while they resumed their campaigns against Mercia and Wessex.[11] In 878 the last active portion of the Great Heathen Army was defeated by Alfred the Great and withdrew from Wessex after making peace. In 880 the Vikings returned to East Anglia under Guthrum, who according to the medieval historian Pauline Stafford, "swiftly adapted to territorial kingship and its trappings, including the minting of coins."[12]
Along with the traditional territory of East Anglia, Cambridgeshire and parts of Bedfordshire and Hertfordshire, Guthrum's kingdom probably included Essex, the one portion of Wessex to come under Danish control.[13] A peace treaty was made between Alfred and Guthrum sometime in the 880s.[14]
Absorption into the Kingdom of England[edit]
In the early 10th century, the East Anglian Danes came under increasing pressure from Edward, King of Wessex. In 902, Edward's cousin Æthelwold ætheling, having been driven into exile after an unsuccessful bid for the throne, arrived in Essex after a stay in Northumbria. He was apparently accepted as king by some or all Danes in England and in 903 induced the East Anglian Danes to wage war on Edward. This ended in disaster with the death of Æthelwold and of Eohric of East Anglia in a battle in the Fens.[ase 1]
In 911–919, Edward expanded his control over the rest of England south of the Humber, establishing in Essex and Mercia burhs, often designed to control the use of a river by the Danes.[15] In 917, the Danish position in the area suddenly collapsed. A rapid succession of defeats culminated in the loss of the territories of Northampton and Huntingdon, along with the rest of Essex: a Danish king, probably from East Anglia, was killed at Tempsford. Despite reinforcement from overseas, the Danish counter-attacks were crushed, and after the defection of many of their English subjects as Edward's army advanced, the Danes of East Anglia and of Cambridge capitulated.[ase 2]
East Anglia was absorbed into the kingdom of England. Norfolk and Suffolk became part of a new earldom of East Anglia in 1017, when Thorkell the Tall was made earl by Cnut the Great.[16] The restored ecclesiastical structure saw two former East Anglian bishoprics replaced by a single one at North Elmham.[3]
Old East Anglian dialect[edit]
The East Angles spoke Old English. Their language is historically important, as they were among the first Germanic settlers to arrive in Britain during the 5th century: according to Kortmann and Schneider, East Anglia "can seriously claim to be the first place in the world where English was spoken."[17]
The evidence for dialects in Old English comes from the study of texts, place-names, personal names and coins.[oea 1] A. H. Smith was the first to recognise the existence of a separate Old East Anglian dialect, in addition to the recognised dialects of Northumbrian, Mercian, West Saxon and Kentish. He acknowledged that his proposal for such a dialect was tentative, acknowledging that "the linguistic boundaries of the original dialects could not have enjoyed prolonged stability."[oea 2] As no East Anglian manuscripts, Old English inscriptions or literary records such as charters have survived, there is little evidence to support the existence of such a dialect. According to a study by Von Feilitzen in the 1930s, the recording of many place-names in Domesday Book was "ultimately based on the evidence of local juries" and so the spoken form of Anglo-Saxon places and people was partly preserved in this way.[oea 3] Evidence from Domesday Book and later sources suggests that a dialect boundary once existed, corresponding with a line that separates from their neighbours the English counties of Cambridgeshire (including the once sparsely-inhabited Fens), Norfolk and Suffolk.[oea 4]
A physical map of Eastern England
The kingdom of the East Angles bordered the North Sea to the north and the east, with the River Stour historically dividing it from the East Saxons to the south. The North Sea provided a "thriving maritime link to Scandinavia and the northern reaches of Germany", according to the historian Richard Hoggett. The kingdom's western boundary varied from the rivers Ouse, Lark and Kennett to further westwards, as far as the Cam in what is now Cambridgeshire. At its greatest extent, the kingdom comprised the modern-day counties of Norfolk, Suffolk and parts of eastern Cambridgeshire.[aeac 2]
Erosion on the eastern border and deposition on the north coast altered the East Anglian coastline in Roman and Anglo-Saxon times (and continues to do so). In the latter, the sea flooded the low-lying Fens. As sea levels fell alluvium was deposited near major river estuaries and the "Great Estuary" near Burgh Castle became closed off by a large spit of land.[aeac 3]
No East Anglian charters (and few other documents) have survived, while the medieval chronicles that refer to the East Angles are treated with great caution by scholars. So few records from the Kingdom of the East Angles have survived because of a complete destruction of the kingdom's monasteries and disappearance of the two East Anglian sees as a result of Viking raids and settlement.[kease 6] The main documentary source for the early period is Bede's 8th-century Ecclesiastical History of the English People. East Anglia is first mentioned as a distinct political unit in the Tribal Hidage, thought to have been compiled somewhere in England during the 7th century.[shoo 1]
Anglo-Saxon sources that include information about the East Angles or events relating to the kingdom:[shoo 2]
Ecclesiastical History of the English People
The Tribal Hidage, where the East Angles are assessed at 30,000 hides, evidently superior in resources to lesser kingdoms such as Sussex and Lindsey.[eek 9]
Historia Brittonum
Life of Foillan, written in the 7th century
Post-Norman sources (of variable historical validity):
The 12th century Liber Eliensis
Florence of Worcester's Chronicle, written in the 12th century
Henry of Huntingdon's Historia Anglorum, written in the 12th century
Roger of Wendover's Flores Historiarum, written in the 13th century
Anglo-Saxon England portal
List of monarchs of East Anglia
^ See Hoggett, The Archaeology of the East Anglian Conversion, pp. 24–27, for a detailed discussion of Bede's original sources and an account of the events in East Anglia that he refers to in the Ecclesiastical History.[aeac 1]
^ a b One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "East Anglia". Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.
^ Catherine Hills, The Anglo-Saxon migration to Britain: an archaeological perspective (2016)
^ a b c d e f Higham, N. J. (1999). "East Anglia, Kingdom of". In M. Lapidge; et al. (eds.). The Blackwell Encyclopedia of Anglo-Saxon England. London: Blackwell. pp. 154–155. ISBN 978-0-631-22492-1.
^ Dark, Ken R. "Large-scale population movements into and from Britain south of Hadrian's Wall in the fourth to sixth centuries AD" (PDF).
^ Toby F. Martin, The Cruciform Brooch and Anglo-Saxon England, Boydell and Brewer Press (2015), pp. 174-178
^ Catherine Hills, "The Anglo-Saxon Migration: An Archaeological Case Study of Disruption," in Migrations and Disruptions, ed. Brenda J. Baker and Takeyuki Tsuda, pp. 45-48
^ Coates, Richard. "Celtic whispers: revisiting the problems of the relation between Brittonic and Old English".
^ Baring-Gould, Sabine (1843). The Lives of the Saints. 12 (Internet Archive ed.). Nimmo. p. 712. Retrieved 8 July 2011.
^ "Hidden East Anglia – Part 5 – The Last Mystery: Where Did Edmund Die?". Archived from the original on 28 September 2015. Retrieved 30 April 2012.
^ Keith Briggs, Was Hægelisdun in Essex? A new site for the martyrdom of Edmund. Proceedings of the Suffolk Institute of Archaeology and History, Vol. XLII (2011), pp. 277–291
^ Forte, Angelo; Oram, Richard D.; Pedersen, Frederik (2005). Viking Empires. New York: Cambridge University Press. p. 72. ISBN 978-0-521-82992-2.
^ Stafford, A Companion to the early Middle Ages, p. 205.
^ Hunter Blair, Peter; Keynes, Simon (2003). An Introduction to Anglo-Saxon England (3rd ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 79. ISBN 978-0-521-29219-1.
^ Lavelle, Ryan (2010). Alfred's wars: sources and interpretations of Anglo-Saxon warfare in the Viking Age. Woodbridge: The Boydell Press. p. 325. ISBN 978-1-84383-569-1.
^ Wilson, David Mackenzie (1976). The Archaeology of Anglo-Saxon England. London: Methuen & Co Ltd. pp. 135–6. ISBN 978-0-416-15090-2.
^ Harper-Bill, Christopher; Van Houts, Elisabeth (2002). A Companion to the Anglo-Norman World. Woodbridge: The Boydell Press. p. 7. ISBN 978-1-84383-341-3.
^ Kortmann, Bernd; Schneider, Edgar W. (2004). A Handbook of Varieties of English: a Multimedia Reference Tool. 1 Phonology. The Hague: Mouton de Gruyter. p. 163. ISBN 978-3-11-017532-5.
Brown, Michelle P.; Farr, Carol Ann (2001). Mercia: an Anglo-Saxon Kingdom in Europe. London, New York: Leicester University Press. ISBN 978-0-8264-7765-1.
^ Brown and Farr, Mercia, pp. 2 and 4.
^ Brown and Farr, Mercia, p. 215.
^ Brown and Farr, Mercia: an Anglo-Saxon kingdom in Europe, pp. 222 and 313.
Carver, M. O. H., ed. (1992). The Age of Sutton Hoo: the Seventh Century in North-Western Europe. Woodbridge: Boydell Press. ISBN 978-0-85115-361-2.
^ Carver, The Age of Sutton Hoo, p. 3.
^ Carver, Age of Sutton Hoo, pp. 4–5.
Fisiak, Old East Anglian
^ Fisiak, Old East Anglian, p. 22.
^ Fisiak, Old East Anglian, pp. 19–20.
Hoggett, Richard (2010). The Archaeology of the East Anglian Conversion. Woodbridge: The Boydell Press. ISBN 978-1-84383-595-0.
^ Hoggett, East Anglian Conversion, pp. 24–27.
^ Hoggett, The Archaeology of the East Anglian Conversion, pp. 1–2.
^ Hoggett, The Archaeology of the East Anglian Conversion, p. 2.
Hoops, Johannes (1986) [1911–1919]. Reallexikon der germanischen Altertumskunde (in English and German). Berlin: Walter de Gruyter & Co. ISBN 978-3-11-010468-4.
^ Hoops, Reallexikon der germanischen Altertumskunde, Volume 24, p. 68.
^ Hoops, Reallexikon der germanischen Altertumskunde, Volume 6, p. 328.
Kirby, D. P. (2000). The Earliest English Kings. London and New York: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-24211-0.
^ Kirby, p. 20.
^ Kirby, Earliest English Kings, p. 4.
^ Kirby, The Earliest English Kings, p. 54.
^ Kirby, The Earliest English Kings, pp. 78–79.
^ Kirby, The Earliest English Kings, p. 173.
^ Kirby, Earliest English Kings, p. 11.
Stenton, Sir Frank (1988). Anglo-Saxon England. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-821716-9.
^ Stenton, Anglo-Saxon England, pp. 321–322.
^ Stenton, Anglo-Saxon England, p. 328.
Yorke, Barbara (2002). Kings and Kingdoms of Early Anglo-Saxon England. London and New York: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-16639-3.
^ Yorke, Kings and Kingdoms, p. 58.
^ a b Yorke, Kings and Kingdoms of Anglo-Saxon England, p. 62.
^ Yorke, Kings and Kingdoms of Early Anglo-Saxon England, p. 63.
Warner, Peter (1996). The Origins of Suffolk. Manchester and New York: Manchester University Press. ISBN 978-0-7190-3817-4.
^ Warner, Suffolk, p. 61.
^ Warner, The Origins of Suffolk, p. 109.
^ Warner, The Origins of Suffolk, p. 84.
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Kingdom of the East Angles.
Hadley, Dawn (2009). "Viking Raids and Conquest". In Stafford, Pauline (ed.). A Companion to the Early Middle Ages: Britain and Ireland, c. 500–c. 1100. Chichester: Blackwell. ISBN 978-1-4051-0628-3.
Williams, Gareth (2001). "Mercian Coinage and Authority". In Brown, Michelle P.; Farr, Carol Ann (eds.). Mercia: an Anglo-Saxon kingdom in Europe. Leicester: Leicester University Press. ISBN 978-0-8264-7765-1.
D.M. Metcalf, Thrymsas and Sceattas in the Ashmolean Museum, Oxford (3 Vols.) (London 1993).
D.M. Metcalf, 2000, 'Determining the mint-attribution of East Anglian Sceattas through regression analysis', Brit. Numismatic Journal 70, 1-11.
Whitelock, Dorothy (1972). "The pre-Viking age church in East Anglia". Anglo-Saxon England. Cambridge University Press. 1: 1–22. doi:10.1017/S0263675100000053. JSTOR 44510584.
Anglo-Saxon heptarchy
Hwicce
Middel Seaxe
Bernicia
Bretwalda
Iclingas
Frithuwald
Lists of monarchs
East Anglia:
Gywre
Herstingas
Ikelgas
Spalda (Spalding)
Bilmingas (part of south Lincolnshire)
Essex:
Brahhingas
Daenningas
Caningaege
Gegingas
Gillingas
Godhelmingas
Haueringas
Hroðingas
Middle Saxons
Haering
Nox-gaga and Oht-gaga
Tetingas
Tewingas
Waeclingas
Woccingas
Pæding-tun
Frithuwald's Sūþrīge
Dæningas
Deningei
Kent:
Andredsley
Andredes Leag
Boroware
Cantware
Ceasterware
Eastorege
Limenwara
Modingahema
Mercia:
Ælfingas
Æbbingas
Arosæte
Banesbyrig
Beormingas
Bilsæte
Cilternsæte
Duddensæte
Gyrwas
Glestinga
Husmerae
Lindisfaras
Magonsæte
Middle Angles
North Engle
Pecset
Pecsæte
Pencersæte
Reagesate
South Engele
Snotingas
Southumbrians
Spaldingas
Stoppingas
Sweordora
Tomsæte
Undaium
Weorgoran
Westerne
Wreocensæte
Northumbria:
Elmetsæte
Beodarsæte
Loidis
Sussex:
Haestingas
Wessex:
Eorlingas
Basingas
Brycgstowl
Dornsaete
Gewisse
Glastening
Meonwara
Meonware
Rēadingas
Sumorsaete
Sumortūnsǣte and Glestinga
Sunningas
Wiltsaete
Wihtwara
Ytenes
Anglo-Saxon settlement of Britain
Burghal Hidage
Danelaw
Mercian Supremacy
Tribal Hidage
Coordinates: 52°30′N 01°00′E / 52.500°N 1.000°E / 52.500; 1.000
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_East_Anglia&oldid=998528063"
Peoples of Anglo-Saxon England
States and territories established in the 570s
States and territories disestablished in the 910s
571 establishments
6th-century establishments in England
918 disestablishments
10th-century disestablishments in England
Wikipedia articles incorporating text from the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica
CS1: long volume value
Use dmy dates from July 2013
Use British English from January 2019
Articles containing Old English (ca. 450-1100)-language text


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text:
April 9, 2007 7:50 AM, EDT
Greenhouse Ruling Could Raise Costs
By Sean McNally, Senior Reporter
This story appears in the April 9 print edition of Transport Topics.
The Supreme Court's ruling that the Environmental Protection Agency must reconsider its position to leave "greenhouse gas" emissions from motor vehicles unregulated could lead to increased costs for trucking companies, according to several industry representatives.
The Supreme Court, in a 5-to-4 decision released April 2, said EPA failed to properly execute the Clean Air Act in 2003 when it didn't order cuts in carbon emissions from new motor vehicles at the request of a number of states, including California and Massachusetts.
Several states have sued EPA, which argued the states did not have the legal standing to sue the agency because they can't show how they'd benefit from such a regulation.
"EPA has offered no reasoned explanation for its refusal to decide whether greenhouse gases cause or contribute to climate change," Justice John Paul Stevens wrote for the majority.
Joe Suchecki, spokesman for the Engine Manufacturers Association, said, "We expect that . . . [EPA officials are] going to evaluate whether there's a need for regulation, and that certainly could include heavy-duty trucks."
If there is a new regulation, trucking officials said, there will also be added costs to the industry.
"Any regulation of greenhouse gases will come at an economic cost, whether to industry or consumers," said Glen Kedzie, environmental counsel for American Trucking Associations.
"At a minimum, it requires EPA to reopen the issue and reconsider it," Bob Clarke, president of the Truck Manufacturers Association, told Transport Topics. "We can all anticipate that they will issue a notice for comment, or maybe hold a hearing."
"Anytime you have to add any piece of hardware you didn't have before, you add cost," Clarke said.
Even in the absence of a regulation, Clarke said, "carriers are doing all they can to buy equipment that's now available."
Kedzie cited industry participation in EPA's SmartWay program as a way fleets were reducing greenhouse emissions. "The basic premise . . . is simple: Fuel not burned results in emissions not had," he said. "The trucking industry continues to carefully monitor with interest how EPA will address the regulation of greenhouse gases as the issue was remanded back to the agency."
Senate leaders and environmental groups praised the Supreme Court's decision and called on the EPA to act with its new authority.
"The court did all it can, but if we're really going to fix climate change, Congress has to pass a cap on global warming pollution, and soon," Environmental Defense President Fred Krupp said in a statement.
Sen. Barbara Boxer (D-Calif.), chairwoman of the Senate Environment and Public Works Committee, said the decision "puts the wind at our backs. It takes away the excuse the administration has been using for not taking action to deal with global warming pollution."
Boxer said she would hold hearings to press EPA officials on how they intend to implement the court's ruling.
Even if EPA chooses to regulate greenhouse gases, it could be some time before those rules were published.
EPA spokeswoman Jennifer Wood told The Associated Press the agency was studying the court's ruling. She also defended EPA's package of voluntary greenhouse-gas reduction programs.
"Those national and international voluntary programs are helping achieve reductions now, while saving millions of dollars as well as providing clean, affordable energy," she said.
"Considering the often glacial pace of rulemaking at EPA, and the Bush administration's long-professed opposition to mandatory carbon limits, any new regulation coming out of EPA is likely to be years in the making unless the administration moves quickly to establish a weak regulation favorable to the biggest polluters," said David Bookbinder, director of climate litigation for the Sierra Club. "The next administration will probably be largely responsible for implementing the court's decision."
Despite that, Clarke said, there is an opportunity in adopting so-called "green" technologies.
"We collectively have an opportunity here to cast ourselves as heroes . . . by embracing this stuff," Clarke said.
UPS Inc. spokeswoman Heather Robinson said that company, which ranks No. 1 on the Transport Topics 100 list of the top U.S. and Canadian for-hire carriers, is already trying to reduce greenhouse emissions by using a number of cleaner-burning vehicles.
"We have the largest alternative-fuel-vehicle fleet in the U.S," Robinson said, adding that the carrier's alternative-fuel fleet totaled roughly 1,500 vehicles encompassing a number of different technologies.
She said they included about a dozen liquefied-natural-gas heavy-duty Class 8 trucks on the West Coast and a variety of hybrids and compressed-natural-gas trucks for city delivery services.
In looking at alternative fuel vehicles, Robinson said, there needs to be a balance. She noted that UPS was looking at adding hybrids to its fleet that cost "roughly twice that of a normal truck, but get a 40% increase in fuel economy."
"There's very much finding the balance between what your environmental benefits are versus what your fuel and economic benefits are," she said.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Jentoft is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:

Hartvig Jentoft (1693–1739), Norwegian tradesman and sailor
Morten Jentoft (born 1956), Norwegian journalist

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


London, Brighton and a bite of Sussex. This was my trip to England on November 2017.
Londra, Brighton e un assaggio del Sussex. Questo è stato il mio viaggio in Inghilterra nel Novembre del 2017.
England's peaceful residential zones are fantastic.
The northen light in the morning is pure magic.
Is there something better than an English breakfast to start the day?
Don't you just love Squirrels? Here's one posing like a pro in Hyde Park.
Panning photography could be tricky but certanly delivers much satisfaction!
Central London, near Hyde Park on a rare sunny day.
Camnden Town is a must see for London's visitors!
A beautiful light refraction on the skyscrapers near the London Bridge.
The Tate Modern, one of my favourite galleries.
The light that morning was amazing.
I love the mix of ancient and contemporary architecture in London. They coexist in a gret balance.
A breathtaking sunset on the Tame.
High Gate Park and its Autumn shades.
This must be somewhere, but I really can't remember! I accept suggestions though!
The reflections that the rain gives on the floor are pure gold.
The Portait Gallery in London.
The Design Museum, you just have to visit it.
A nice Country house in Sussex.
Sheeps. I mother used to say that you can get rich if you cheer them. I guess she was wrong!
Devils's Dyke. I loved this breahtaking landscape.
Brighton. I love the colors of these buildings, they're going to shine on sunny days!
Brighton's Pier. This place has something magical and nostalgic.
Yet another view of Brighton's Pier.
Actually it was an excellent driver!
A beautiful day in Brighton.
Back to London and its terrific urban sunstes.
I really don't know what that guy was up to, but he was very fascinating.
Walking in London's parks is truly a pleasure.
I just loved that car.
I din't know that London had canals. Such a beautiful surprise.
Fireworks on the tame on my last day.
Copyright Giuseppe Zizza. 2008-2018. All Rights Reserved.


text:
Die RNA-Polymerase V ist eine pflanzenspezifische RNA-Polymerase mit mehreren Untereinheiten, die sich im Zellkern befindet. Zusammen mit der RNA-Polymerase IV ist sie für die normale Funktion und die Biogenese von small interfering RNA (siRNA) erforderlich. Sie ist am siRNA-gesteuerten DNA-Methylierungsweg beteiligt, der zum heterochromatischen Silencing führt.

Die RNA-Polymerase V besteht aus 12 Untereinheiten, die zu den Untereinheiten der RNA-Polymerase II paralog sind. Die zwei größten Untereinheiten (aktives Zentrum) sind die am meisten konservierte Region, die Ähnlichkeiten mit eukaryotischen und bakteriellen Polymerasen aufweist.

Einzelnachweise

Nukleotidyltransferase
Proteinkomplex
Genexpression


text:
«She Wolf (Falling to Pieces)» —en español: «Loba (Despedazándome)»— es una canción realizada por el disc jockey y productor francés David Guetta, con la colaboración de la cantante australiana Sia. Es la tercera colaboración entre ambos, luego del éxito de «Titanium», y su aporte vocal en su versión de «Wild One Two». Incluida como el primer sencillo del relanzamiento de Nothing but the Beat, titulado Nothing but the Beat 2.0. Fue lanzado mundialmente el 21 de agosto de 2012.

Video musical
El videoclip fue dirigido por el japonés Hiro Murai. Fue rodado en Islandia y presenta una batalla que cambió la naturaleza entre lo digital. El clip comienza mostrando a una mujer desnuda de espalda, que claramente evoca el poder de los lobos para vengarse de los cazadores. Un lobo herido es perseguido por cazadores, al avanzar el vídeo se descubre que es un animal sobrenatural, capaz de hacer que los cazadores "exploten" cuando la canción llega a su pico máximo. Al enfurecerse el lobo, tanto los cazadores como el paisaje sufren movimientos sísmicos. Al finalizar el vídeo, el lobo se transforma en la mujer desnuda que aparecía al principio, que aparenta ser una mujer lobo o una especie de licantrópica, en referencia al título de la canción.

Recepción de la crítica
Robert Copsey de Digital Spy, calificó a la canción con tres estrellas de cinco y brindó una opinión acerca de la canción:

Lista de canciones y formatos

Nota: Un EP con remezclas de la canción realizada por el francés Michael Calfan y Sandro Silva estuvo disponible exclusivamente a través de Beatport, en formato digital, a partir del 7 de agosto de 2012. La versión de Sandro Silva, tiene una particular similitud con uno de sus más reconocidos trabajos, «Epic», lanzado en 2011, en coproducción con el holandés Quintino.

Posicionamiento en listas y certificaciones

Listas semanales

Listas anuales

Certificaciones

<center>Sucesión en listas

Historial de lanzamientos

Referencias

Sencillos de 2012
Sencillos de David Guetta
Sencillos de Sia
Sencillos de música electrónica
Canciones escritas por Sia
Sencillos número uno en la Dance Club Songs de Billboard
Sencillos certificados de doble platino por la Australian Recording Industry Association
Sencillos certificados de multi platino por la Federación de la Industria Musical Italiana
Sencillos certificados de platino por la IFPI de Dinamarca
Sencillos certificados de platino por la IFPI de Suiza
Sencillos certificados de oro por la Bundesverband Musikindustrie
Sencillos certificados de oro por la Belgian Entertainment Association
Sencillos certificados de plata por la British Phonographic Industry
Canciones de Sia


Meg & Dia Frampton are not only one of the best sister acts around (check out their MySpace page to hear some pop/punk tracks off their latest album "Something Real"), they're also one of the most literature-obsessed.
The girls, who just started a national tour with their band, supporting Angels & Airwaves, e-mailed me with some of their top book recommendations. So if you're looking for something new, here some Meg & Dia approved reads.
Women by Charles Bukowski. Bukowski has a very unique perspective on life. Unfortunately, most of his adolescent and childhood years were spent in poverty, which in turn led him to be an alcoholic. Because of his circumstances, he had all these crazy life experiences and tells them through his very cynical, sarcastic and humorous eyes. He is a talented, lyrical writer.
Atlas Shrugged by Ayn Rand. Rand is my hero and the most intelligent woman I have come across. Not only is she a brilliant and thought-provoking storyteller, she is also a convincing and brilliant philosopher. Within the pages of Atlas Shrugged, one will find her views on economics, morals, capitalism, and government. It isn't often when facing these serious topics one doesn't come across contradictions and fallacies, yet her beliefs allow room for neither.
The Great Gatsby by F. Scott Fitzgerald. I recommend this book because I love the 1920's and society during that time. Readers will develop a personal relationship with the characters and find themselves spellbound by his lonely and beautiful descriptions of heartbreak and determination.
Les Miserables by Victor Hugo. He creates separate compassion for both the protagonist and antagonist. He creates another world so wonderfully, and characters that you wish you could have met.
The Great Gatsby by F. Scott Fitzgerald. A classic in itself...what more can I say? No one has captured human weakness and expressed it in a way such as Fitzgerald did in this book.
Nine Stories by J.D. Salinger. Nine separate stories, each diving into one instant in someone's life and then straight back out again. It lets you come up with your own conclusions to some. The imagery is just amazing.


First Choice provides low-cost confidential family planning services to teenagers up to age 19. Services include pregnancy testing, family planning counseling, contraceptives, reproductive health examinations and treatment. There is no charge for the provider visit or in-house lab tests. Birth control pills are dispensed from the health center for $5 per pack. The cost of other contraceptives and prescriptions varies.
All First Choice Health Centers provide family planning services with an appointment. In addition, the South Valley Family Health Commons offers a walk-in clinic for teens on Tuesdays and Fridays from 3-5 pm.
First Choice provides family planning services for adults, at reduced costs for individuals who qualify for our discounted sliding scale fee based on income and family size.


text:
import Ember from 'ember';
import ENV from '../../config/environment';

export default Ember.Component.extend({
    selected: Ember.computed('selectedTypes.[]', function() {
        let selectedTypes = this.get('selectedTypes');
        return selectedTypes.contains(this.get('type'));
    }),

    label: Ember.computed('type', function() {
        if (this.get('type') === 'creative work') {
            return ENV.creativeworkName;
        }
        // title case work types: 'creative work' --> 'Creative Work'
        return this.get('type').replace(/\w\S*/g, function(str) {return str.capitalize();});
    }),

    actions: {
        click() {
            this.$().blur();
            this.sendAction('onClick', this.get('type'));
        },

        toggleBody() {
            this.sendAction('toggleCollapse');
        }
    }
});

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
Incumbent Legislators Face Progressive Primary Challenge
by Mary Ann Koruth June 6, 2017
NEW BRUNSWICK, NJ—In the state primary election on June 6, voters in legislative district 17 will choose between incumbent career Democrats and their challengers, who promise progressive policies.
Bill Irwin, President of the Piscataway school board will challenge incumbent State Senator Bob Smith in the hottest contest on the ballot.
Irwin's running mates, New Brunswick resident Heather Fenyk and Piscataway's Ralph Johnson, will take on Smith's team of incumbent Assemblymen, Franklin's Joseph Danielsen and Joseph Egan, of New Brunswick.
Irwin, Fenyk and Johnson are all first-time contenders for state-level office, though Johnson and Irwin have previously won election to the Piscataway Board of Education.
They have banded together with other progressives across the county under the slogan Central Jersey Progressive Democrats (CJPD), exhorting voters to choose "Column C for Change."
The challengers' promise to bring social, political, and economic justice that includes fighting against President Donald Trump's anti- immigrant stance, with Irwin saying that one of the most pressing social issues in District 17 is protecting undocumented immigrant families from Immigration and Customs Enforcement.
They support raising the state minimum wage to $15 per hour, bringing transparency to campaign finance and providing communities greater access and engagement in decision-making that affects them.
New Jersey legislative primaries often don't garner much attention or see a high voter turnout, but that isn't discouraging the group from challenging establishment candidates.
"More and more folks wanted to get involved in committee races," said Irwin. "We looked at the Democratic leaders we have representing us, and did not see champions of working people."
The CJPD movement started as a meeting of 13 people in Irwin's living room, he recalled.
It was a few days after the presidential election, and the group of Piscataway residents wanted to talk about what they could do locally to resist the Trump administration.
Their numbers have grown to over 250 in the months since, with more than 70 having filed as candidates in Central Jersey races, with Irwin leading the ticket as a candidate for State Senate.
Irwin faces a powerful incumbent Senator in Bob Smith, a fellow Piscataway resident, former mayor, and private attorney who has represented the district since 2002.
Smith serves in the Judiciary Committee and is Chair of the Environment Committee. Smith is one of the longest-serving Senators and has raised a reported $669,513 in his campaign this year, one of the largest sums for any candidate in a contested primary.
Despite the natural exchange of bitter words, the two Piscataway tickets have remained civil neighbors, and CJPD has stated that they aren't running to rebuke Smith's record.
Irwin and his team know it is an uphill battle challenging such powerful politicians.
"Even though they have the ability to outspend us thirty to one, our momentum has been great and I think it's an affirmation that the energy of the Democratic party is in its progressive base right now," said Irwin.
Smith maintains that the 17th district's Democratic team is "one of the most progressive in the country" and says Central Jersey Progressive Democrats are trying to divide the party.
The Progressive Democrats sued Middlesex County Clerk Elaine Flynn after Flynn led them to believe they would appear in the favorable Column A on the ballot, only to place them on Column C.
Flynn's alleged refusal to provide the campaign proofs of what the ballot would look like appears to be a symptom of the larger web of political bureaucracy and dirty politics in the district.
Senator Bob Smith's association with and influence over shady political fundraising organizations has raised many questions, even moreso given his day job as land use attorney and owner of a law firm, Bob Smith & Associates.
The firm shares the same address as his legislative office in Piscataway, and Smith holds positions in two important senate committees.
He chairs the Senate Environment and Energy Committee and is a member of the Judiciary Committee, both of which are among the most powerful in the senate.
Smith has sponsored and passed laws to reform the state's oil spill prevention efforts, protect citizens from lead poisoning, and increase penalties for violations of environmental laws and carjacking.
Though he has been recognized for his efforts toward protecting the environment and has passed legislation to keep New Jersey's water clean, the public interest is often at odds with his role as a practicing attorney in the very county that he represents in the Senate.
On closer inspection, Smith's record might appear more establishment than progressive, and Irwin describes him as a "transactional Democrat" entrenched in classic New Jersey politics.
Several publications including this newspaper have revealed the existence of multiple political action committees (PAC's) that received donations from the same group of corporations, developers, and other businesses.
Most of the monies from these donations went to campaigns for elected officials from Middlesex county, circumventing pay-to-play reform laws that limit the size of donations from companies that want to do business with the government. Smith has denied any questionable role in the PACs.
An obvious case of conflict of interest appeared in 2012, when PolitickerNJ.com reported an application filed by the Middlesex County Planning Board for approval to allow alternate board members to vote on legislation in the absence of regular members was made to the senator.
The agenda for the proceedings also contained a request for approval for a 108-acre Chevron plant in Perth Amboy and Woodbridge.
The attorney for Chevron was Smith himself, and the application was approved.
When the Christie administration wanted to allow a company called Soil Safe to pour millions of tons of soil, treated for petroleum contamination, on a stretch of cyanide-infused sludge pits in Carteret in 2014, Smith represented the company at a hearing before a government board.
The New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection approved the plan, despite concerns from several members and scientists that a flood could potentially wash the mound of dirt into the Rahway River, posing a threat to the environment and to public safety.
For his part, Smith denies any conflicts of interest from his donors or his work as a lawyer and says he takes the toughest environmental stance, mentioning his opposition to plans for a new natural gas compressor station in Franklin Township.
But Smith's challenger, who also opposes the compressor station, disagrees about the incumbent's conflicts.
Asked if he brings a cleaner slate to politics in the district than Smith, Irwin cited the Soil Safe case, and argued he has no conflicts of interest.
"I have no conflicts of interest, and also do not have large campaign donors or interest groups to answer to," said Irwin. "It is not reasonable to expect that we will have political leadership that truly represents the interests of the vast majority of the people when that leadership owes their offices to the money and power of a wealthy few."
Smith's voting record identifies him as a consistently left-leaning senator for the past 15 years.
His ascent to power however, was unusual, because the seat was handed to him by his predecessor, John Lynch, who went to prison on corruption charges in 2007.
Heather Fenyk and Ralph Johnson are joining Irwin down-ballot, and running for the district's two seats in the General Assembly.
Like the State Senate race, the candidates are all running in five municipalities: New Brunswick, Piscataway, Franklin, Milltown, and North Brunswick.
Assemblyman Joseph Danielsen has been in the Assembly since 2014 when he replaced Upendra Chivukula, of Franklin.
Assemblyman Joseph Egan has served since 2002 and is currently the Assembly's Deputy Majority Leader.
On the 2014-2015 legislative scorecard maintained by the New Jersey arm of the ACLU, Danielsen scored a 100% on his voting records while Egan scored 89%.
Egan has voted against end-of-life assistance from physicians, while Danielsen voted yes.
Egan did not vote on a bill, introduced after Trump's victory, that requires presidential candidates to disclose tax returns. Danielsen voted yes.
From 2002 to 2010, Egan served on the New Brunswick City Council while also serving in the assembly, benefitting from the practice of holding dual offices in New Jersey.
Dual-office holding has since been banned in the state, though those in multiple offices at the time were "grandfathered." In 2011, Egan's son took over the council seat.
Challenger Heather Fenyk is a founding member of the New Brunswick Community Food Alliance and Green Team. She also founded the Lower Raritan Watershed Partnership.
She suggested, in an email, that her opponents could do better in responding to homelessness and providing affordable housing.
Fenyk said her focus was remediating polluted areas, and primarily, providing improved community engagement in decision making that affects local communities.
Her running mate, Ralph Johnson, worked in law enforcement and has worked as an educator and school administrator.
"One of the biggest complaints I hear when talking to voters is that our current representatives do not address their concerns — or even have staff who answer their phones," wrote Johnson. "Our communities are tired of being taken for granted; we all members have a fundamental right to be heard."
Among other issues, Johnson said he intends to fight for better funding for district schools, and representing working families, not millionaires.
Mary Ann Koruth
Reporter at New Brunswick Today
mkoruth@nb.today
Mary Ann Koruth writes about immigration and culture in New Jersey.
More by Mary Ann Koruth
Previous Progressive Dems Running For Two Seats in Freeholder Election
Next NJTransit Worker Charged For Fake Ticket Scheme in New Brunswick
RICO Charges Filed in Mass Shooting and Two Other Hub City Murders


The 5 day long IFA Congress at Copenhagen concluded with former Director of tax policy at OECD - Jeffrey Owens suggesting that the OECD/UN develop a common GAAR framework in order to bring uniformity in GAAR legislations. There was also a discussion on latest developments in the Indian tax world with TP Ostwal providing the country's perspective.
It was a BEPS filled day at Copenhagen yesterday, with the panelists debating the 15 point OECD Action Plan. OECD Director of Tax Policy - Pascal Saint-Amans, vigorously defending the action plan, promised action within 2 years so that this contentious issue is off the agenda for the foreseeable future. With IFA celebrating completion of 75 years, a special session chaired by Prof. Michael Lang did some crystal ball gazing into how the tax system may look after 25 years.
'Automatic Exchange of information (AEOI)' is the new international standard. That was the key take away from Day 3 of IFA Congress at Copenhagen, which was graced by senior officials at OECD. While AEOI comes along with perils of violation of privacy and secrecy of what one may consider as private information, there is no escaping this new norm in the current global scenario which is pushing towards transparency and disclosure. The other topic discussed on Day 3 was transfer pricing related.
Day 2 at the Copenhagen Congress saw the beginning of four days of technical deliberations, with a galaxy of speakers discussing topical issues like taxation of passive income, cross border short term employment, cross border loss utilization and climate change.
As IFA President Manuel Tron delivered the inaugural address on Sunday, Aug. 25th to kick off the Copenhagen Congress, it truly was a spectacle to see almost 2000 delegates from all across the globe packing the Bella Center.
IFA Copenhagen 2013: A Preview of the Technical Sessions!


AIA Detroit recognizes the many important contributions of Emerging Professionals, both within the traditional bounds of architecture and design practice, and in unique and innovative exercises outside of our traditional concepts of the profession. By calling for both academic and professional works, this exhibition continues to shed light on critical research, important conversations, diverse portfolios, and impactful work that Emerging Professionals contribute both here in the city of Detroit and beyond. Selected work from the 2017 exhibition was displayed at the 2017 Celebration of Architecture during Eastern Market After Dark, at the Detroit venue for the 2017 AIA National Leadership Institute, and at CANstruction, held at Wayne State during Noel Night.
The 2018 exhibition will be featured again at the AIA Detroit Celebration of Architecture, in a new series of public-facing galleries highlighting not only AIA Detroit awards and programs, but also exhibits from a range of allied trade associations, nonprofits, and academic institutions across the AEC and Design industry in southeast Michigan.
All forms must be completed and materials submitted digitally to FutureFocus@AIADetroit.com no later than 5pm, MONDAY, JULY 30th, 2018.
All persons or firms who contributed to the design of a project submission must be given credit for their involvement. All submissions must include a complete list of participants. Failure to disclose a comprehensive list of contributors to a project will result in the project being removed from the website and taken out of consideration for exhibition at the Celebration event.
The jury is comprised of members of the AIA Detroit Executive and Emerging Professionals Committees and has full discretion in reviewing projects to be included in the exhibition. Projects are judged in a blind format without consideration for author, affiliated academic institution or professional firm.
The 2018 Future Focus Emerging Designer Exhibition is presented by AIA Detroit, with generous support from Brightwood Architecture Education.
The following projects were featured in the 2017 exhibition. Click on the boards below to learn more about each submission.


I had wonderful experiences with Brad in buying my home and then eventually selling it. He was highly professional as well as caring, and always attentive to my needs and concerns. Brad was also extremely prompt in returning my texts, emails or phone calls. I appreciated his patience with me and valued his expertise in his field. I would recommend Brad in a heartbeat!


text:
Read Next:	Fox Sees Primetime, Sports Ad Gains As TV Upfront Wraps
August 19, 2017 8:58PM PT
Dick Gregory: Fans Hail Comedian, Activist for 'Fighting the Good Fight'
By Cynthia Littleton
Cynthia Littleton
Business Editor @Variety_Cynthia	FOLLOW
Cynthia's Most Recent Stories
HBO Communications Chief Quentin Schaffer to Exit After 39 Years
Broadway Back In Biz After Power Outage Ends
Sun Valley Scene: Media, Tech Titans Mix and Mingle in the Mountains
CREDIT: FremantleMedia Ltd/REX/Shutterstock
Tributes were quick to pour in Saturday night for Dick Gregory, the groundbreaking comedian and civil rights activist who died in Washington, D.C. at the age of 84.
Friends and fans hailed Gregory's legacy as a social justice warrior who turned his focus to the movement rather than his comedy career after he endured the pain of losing friends and fellow activists such as Medgar Evers and Martin Luther King Jr. to violence in the 1960s.
I was honored to celebrate Dick Gregory's last birthday at @CarolinesonBway. Thanks for 60+ years of laughter & for fighting the good fight. pic.twitter.com/elvC2qivRK
— George Wallace (@MrGeorgeWallace) August 20, 2017
You taught us and loved us. Thank you, #DickGregory. pic.twitter.com/uYytZ3PIKy
— Ava DuVernay (@ava) August 20, 2017
He taught us how to laugh. He taught us how to fight.He taught us how to live.Dick Gregory was committed to justice.I miss him already. #RIP pic.twitter.com/3CfpM2O17D
— Rev Jesse Jackson Sr (@RevJJackson) August 20, 2017
About being black in America Dick Gregory has passed away, Condolences to his family and to us who won't have his insight 2 lean on
— Whoopi Goldberg (@WhoopiGoldberg) August 20, 2017
I've known Dick Gregory since I was 16 years old. A true, committed, and consistent freedom fighter. May he Rest In Peace. pic.twitter.com/4OelJucrbF
— Reverend Al Sharpton (@TheRevAl) August 20, 2017
Dick Gregory gave me a great compliment after I told"The Aristocrats" at the Hugh Hefner Roast. R.I.P. Dick Gregory
— Gilbert Gottfried (@RealGilbert) August 20, 2017
#Dick Gregory was the greatest comedian of his era by far. When he dedicated his life to "the movement" he never looked back.
— Lawrence O'Donnell (@Lawrence) August 20, 2017
The incredible #DickGregory has passed away: https://t.co/CPE2bPyBhy Rest in peace to a beloved activist. pic.twitter.com/LOzlAezE1e
— Rickey Smiley (@RickeySmiley) August 20, 2017
More Biz
D.A. Files 64 Charges in Bel-Air Weapons Stockpile Case
The L.A. County District Attorney's office has filed 64 counts against Girard Saenz, the man who allegedly kept a stockpile of more than 1,000 weapons at a Bel-Air home linked to the Getty family. Saenz is accused of illegal possession of assault weapons, transferring handguns without a dealer license, possession of short-barreled shotguns, and possession [...]
Warner Music Group has acquired First Night Record, an independent record label for West End and Broadway musical theatre cast recordings. The company will be overseen by WMG's Arts Music Division, led by President Kevin Gore. First Night co-founder John Craig will join the Arts Music team under a multi-year consulting agreement to identify and record musical theatre productions in [...]
If nothing else, the producers of Woodstock 50 are persistent. After two permit applications to hold the troubled festival at the Vernon Downs racetrack in Upstate New York were rejected by the town of Vernon codes office, the producers and venue owner Jeffrey Gural today invited the local community "to embrace the Festival's spirit of [...]
ILM to Open Latest Effects Facility in Sydney, Australia
Sydney, Australia, is to be home to Industrial Light & Magic's fifth production hub. The Disney-owned special effects company currently has facilities in San Francisco, Vancouver, London and Singapore. The decision to open the Sydney outpost was announced Monday local time by executive creative director and head of ILM Rob Bredow, ILM executive Luke Hetherington, [...]


text:
Ostrovy Hen a Chicken (v překladu "Ostrovy Slepice a Kuře") je souostroví na severu Nového Zélandu.

Souostroví tvoří dva geografické celky: ostrov Hen (maorsky Taranga) a řetězec menších ostrovů Chicken (maorsky Marotiri). Tyto menší ostrovy jsou Wareware a Muriwhenua (společně se jim říká Severozápadní Chicken), Mauitaha (Západní Chicken), Lady Alice či Motu Muka (Velký Chicken), Whatupuke (Střední Chicken) a Coppermine (Východní Chicken).

V roce 1925 byly ostrovy prohlášeny za přírodní rezervaci z důvodu přítomnosti unikátní fauny a flory. Souostroví je oblíbeným místem potápěčů.

Mezi lety 1988–1989 bylo na ostrov Hen přemístěno 38 kiviů Owenových. Přemístění bylo motivováno snahou o geografické rozšíření těchto ohrožených ptáků.

Odkazy

Reference

Externí odkazy

Souostroví Nového Zélandu
Ostrovy Northlandu


text:
Parafia pw. Niepokalanego Poczęcia Najświętszej Maryi Panny w Ceranowie – rzymskokatolicka parafia należąca do dekanatu Sterdyń, diecezji drohiczyńskiej, metropolii białostockiej.

Historia
Parafia powstała 17 października 1508.

Obszar parafii

Miejscowości i ulice
W granicach parafii znajdują się miejscowości:

Miejsca święte

Kościół parafialny
 Kościół Niepokalanego Poczęcia Najświętszej Maryi Panny w Ceranowie

Linki zewnętrzne
 Informacje na stronie diecezji

Parafie pod wezwaniem Niepokalanego Poczęcia Najświętszej Maryi Panny
Parafie diecezji drohiczyńskiej
Religia w gminie Ceranów
Ceranów


text:
York Rite of Freemasonry
Supreme Council, Ancient and Accepted Scottish Rite, Southern Jurisdiction
Supreme Council, Ancient Accepted Scottish Rite, Northern Masonic Jurisdiction
Freemason Information Website
General Grand Chapter, Royal Arch Masons, International
General Grand Council, Cryptic Masons, International
Grand Encampment of Knights Templar of the United States
The Grand College of Rites of the U.S.A.
Grand Lodge of Maryland — Ancient Free and Accepted Masons
Grand Lodge — F. A. A. M of District of Columbia, Washington, D.C.
High Twelve International
International Order of Rainbow for Girls
International Order of Job's Daughters
The Masonic Service Association of North America
The Maryland Masonic Home
The Masonic Society
DeMolay International
The Stephen J. Ponzillo, Jr. Memorial Library & Museum
DeMolay of Maryland
International Order of the White Shrine of Jerusalem
Mystic Order of Veiled Prophets of the Enchanted Realm (Grotto)
Tall Cedars of Lebanon


Last November, as some of you might remember, I participated in NaNoWriMo, or National Novel Writing Month. I wrote a 50,000 word book in a month. I loved doing it. It was stressful, intense, exhilarating and had me throughly insconced in the world of Pumpkin Spice Lattes. At the end, I had not only written a book which I hope to one day publish, but I had also closed a long chapter in my life by writing the story (albeit completely twisted and fictionalized) down on paper.
I contemplated doing NaNoWriMo again this year, but it had me completely cut off from my friends for 30 days, and I don't think now is the right time to do that as they have not been happy with me for some time. If I disappeared for another 30 days, I might very well lose some friends. So in lou of doing NanoWriMo, another challenge has been proposed. NaBloPoMo, or National Blog Posting Month is beginning on November 1st, and I am going to take part. It is no where near as time consuming or ultimately fulfilling as writing a book in a month, but it is a small goal to work towards, and may be as enjoyable for you, my readers, as it is for me. The goal of NaBloPoMo is to post something to my blog every single day in the Month of November. Even Saturdays and Sundays!!
Now here is where I ask you all to delurk (which means, "stop just reading, and start commenting" to those of you who are non-bloggers). I would love to hear what you all think I should write about. I have some ideas of my own, but I want to know what you all like reading from me. Posts about my life? My cats? Reviews or rants about products? Politics? Maybe more detail about the photographs I take? I have a million recipes...I could post those...Or something I haven't listed here? What do you want to read for the next 30 posts? I want to make sure you are here a lot in the next few weeks, so I had better know what material will get you here! Leave your ideas in the comments, please, and wish me luck!
If you like being crafty, this blog is for you. Not Martha is awesome...she can make just about anything, and gives handy dandy little tutorials. Her latest creation may be my favorite though. These are friggin' AWESOME! I don't even LIKE snack cakes and I want to make these!


Tomorrow is the fifth anniversary of the enlargement of the European Union. Yes, it's been five years already since the day Poland joined "Europe". This, and the swine flu seem to dominate the news today. But, frankly, people are more interested in the flu than in the anniversary. It's amazing how quickly we learn to take such momentous events for granted.
I asked a few random people about how much their lives have changed since Poland became a member of the EU. Their answers certainly gave me food for thought. Younger kids (well, I call them kids, anyone younger than 30 is a kid to me, OK?) don't seem to remember any other Poland than this European one. If you're 20, five years is a very long time indeed. They are too busy planning their studies abroad to have time to ponder how quickly the fortunes of Poland had turned.
Then, there are those who kvetch that the EU is highly over-rated. That life was better in the olden days. As you can imagine, this is a somewhat older generation.
Personally, if someone had told me twenty years ago that one day a Polish passport would be a highly coveted commodity, I would have laughed myself silly. But this day is here now. And I'm definitely not laughing anymore.
Poland has been changing so fast that sometimes it's hard to keep up. And it shows no signs of slowing down. The next step – adopting the euro. When it will happen, I don't know. Do I think it's a good idea to join the eurozone? I'm not so sure. But I am sure that we will adapt. If anything, the last ten and five years showed the amazing resilience and adaptability of our country.
Many in Poland complain that Poles are not very flexible and open to changes. I disagree. And anyone, who's been looking at the country from the outside, can confirm my opinion. I see nothing but constant changes. Not always for the better, but that's how we learn. We've been in the EU for only five years. During this time we had no choice but to achieve what took older members many more years. True, Poland is a work a progress and we still have a long way to go. But at least we are going and getting somewhere. So, happy fifth anniversary Poland!
Have a wonderful long weekend, enjoy the glorious weather, and I'll see you back here on Monday.
My first trip to Poland was in 1993 for a 3 week holiday. First impressions were that it remimded me of England in the early 1950s, Every thing basic and about 40 years behind Western Europe.
Last year I did a repeat visit to Sanok, it was one of the first places I visited in 1993. The town square had changed from a dirty, scruffy car park into a beautiful paved square with fountains in one corner, an outside drinking/eating area and half the population of Sanok (it seemed) appeared to be just walking and relaxing in the square.
All of this happened in 15 years and it is happening all over the country. Warsaw is becoming a place to visit and not just a place to pass through on the way to see Krakow or Gdansk.
To me Poland is the Centre of Europe and Eastern Europe is farther to the east. The biggest negative I see with the EU is the push to standardise things over the whole of Europe and destroy the reasons why people travel to see these countries.
Each country of the EU is unique in its traditions and way of life and if these things are destroyed then the reason to visit is diminished.


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Q: C++ - Effective and efficient way of linking functions to triggers The UI system in my program currently works by assigning function pointers of the type void(*)() to trigger elements (quads on the screen, keys on the keyboard) with a specifiable call condition which will be compared to the actual condition of the key (using GLFW), mouse button or cursor every frame to determine whether the callback function should be called.
A condition for a key could be KeyCondition(PRESS, LEFT_SHIFT) which would call the callback bound to the key if the key was pressed while left shift is being held down.
My problem is that I can only assign these buttons functions of the type void(*)(), which disables me to pass arguments to a button callback.
If for example I wanted to make a button light up when the cursor hovers over it, I would have to create a designated function void highlightButtonA() which sets the color of button A to a higher value internally, while I would of course much rather be able to set the callback to something like void offsetColor(unsigned int buttonIndex, float r, float g, float b, float a) and pass individual parameters to each callback.
Is there any way to do this? Is there some function pointer which can point to a function of any shape and will store parameters somehow? How much should I worry about the performance of these solutions? My program has to be able to handle multiple key/button presses per second and still be stable, as it is a fast-paced shooter game.

A: You can use non-capturing lambdas that decay to function pointers, something like this:
button.OnMouseHover([]{ offsetColour(buttonIndex, r, g, b, a); });

just remember that buttonIndex and other args to offsetColour should be literals as the lambda cannot capture variables from the enclosing scope.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


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Get Your Home Ready for Autumn with Fall Scented Candles
Every season is the perfect season for lighting scented candles at home. Whether you are trying to unwind after a summer escapade with your friends or you are wanting relive the feelings that summer brings, or maybe you would like to create a warm and cozy ambiance amidst the continuous winter snow fall, candles will always be there as your trusted allies in making your home smell and feel like the current season. And while you can light candles at almost any time of the year, there is one season during which candles are widely used – and that is during fall or autumn.
Recreate or reinforce that homey atmosphere and relaxing feeling that comes with autumn through the use of scented candles. And since this season really goes by so fast, it would not be surprising to know that there is a large group of people who would like to enjoy and most of the time extend the season through home decor and celebrations, which are usually associated with fall. This is the reason why the sales for fall scented candles skyrocket during this season. As a matter of fact, people are so hooked fall, that they purchase candles all the way to the winter, and some even collect them to use all year round!
Fun Scented Candle Facts
Before you go out and grab every scented candle that's perfect for your most favorite season, here are some fun facts about candles:
Scented candles are used by 7 out of 10 households in the mainland United States alone.
They come in different scents, but the ones that creates a homier and cozier ambiance are the kinds that most people go for. From the scents of food such as the all-time favorite pumpkin pie, the classic smell of autumn leaves and freshly picked flowers, as long as people are reminded of home, they will buy them.
Candles are present at almost every family or life changing occasion. But most people purchase candles for birthdays, holiday celebrations (Hanukkah, Christmas), and weddings, as well as for home decorations and utility purposes.
Uses of Scented Candles
So what makes scented candles so in demand during the autumn season? Well, people purchase autumn scented candles because they use them to:
Decorate their homes and recreate that comforting feeling of the season. These candles are also perfect during the winter since, they provide you that emotional and aesthetic warmth that you are looking for.
They are the perfect mood enhancers or changers. So if you are home from a very tiring and stressful day, or you are trying to keep that cozy vibe during family gatherings or when you are hosting a get together dinner with your friends, trust that your scented candles are there to help you set the right tone and mood.
Scented candles are used as aroma-therapy. Have you ever noticed that there are so many candles at health and wellness spas? You can bet that these are not just used to create a relaxing environment for their clients; they are also used for their therapeutic effects.
Candles are also the perfect gifts for the holidays such as Christmas and also for special occasions such as housewarming parties, birthdays, dinner party gifts and even as a sign of appreciation.
Candle makers from all over the world understand that there is a large demand for scented candles, accessories and other candle-related items. This is the reason why there are so many variants and scents available in the market today. But of course, not all scents would make you feel like autumn all year round, so it is very important that you know which scents or smells would perfectly fit the season that you are trying to accentuate and recreate at the same time.
The Perfect Fall Candle Scents
While there are so many scents, smells or fragrances created for fall, there are also some that are a cut above the rest. Here are the top scents that remind people of their favorite season the most:
Spiced Pumpkin – needless to say, this is the scent that everyone goes for when looking for the perfect scented candle for fall. The homey smell of vanilla, spices and freshly baked pumpkin pie definitely hit the right spot when it comes to recreating that perfect autumn ambiance.
Maple and maple butter scotch – this is entirely not surprising because anything related to Thanksgiving, Christmas and even Halloween food and festivities will surely be a hit when it comes to scented candle fragrances. The smell of maple definitely spells autumn to millions, if not billions of candle lovers in the world.
Autumn Leaves – a song of the same name was released decades ago, but its message will definitely live forever; because even if you are not familiar with the song, you are most certainly familiar of the feeling that falling leaves during fall brings. Autumn leaves gives off that subtle earthy feel with hints of flowers and fruits such as apples and berries.
Cinnamon and apples – aside it being reminiscent of the smell of mulled wine, perfect for the winter season, it also gives off that homey and relaxing feeling that most people love. Since these candles smell of spices, you have to very careful when choosing which brand to buy. Choose those that gives off that subtle smell since the strong aroma of cinnamon and even nutmeg can be off putting for some people.
Rich Woody Scents – autumn is also associated with tress that are changing their leaves and even a long walk in the park or even the woods. The weather is so perfect that even a light gust of wind spreads the calming smell of freshly cut wood. Now, each type of wood or tree offers a different smell that when put together, gives you that cozy and warm feeling inside. Look for scents that contains notes of apple, maple and even ground cinnamon and patchouli.
Orange and Cinnamon- based on the above mentioned popular fall scents for candles; cinnamon is always part of the fragrance profile for this particular season. And when paired with the musky and citrusy scents of fresh oranges, it creates a whole new aroma that will leave people craving for more.
Now that you know how you can use your candles and fall is almost at your arms' reach, it is definitely time to start stocking and decorating your home with your most favorite autumn-perfect scented candles!
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As in previous years, of these seven qualities, helping people who are worse off and following traditions are reported to be the most important qualities of "a good citizen" in Georgia. Always obeying laws and voting are considered somewhat less, however, still quite important qualities. At the same time, supporting the government on every occasion or being critical towards the government are not reported to be as important.
In 2015, the seven qualities have been assessed slightly differently than in 2013. The largest change is a 12% decrease in the reported importance of supporting the government on every occasion. The assessment of importance of voting in elections has slightly decreased (by 7%), although almost within the margin of error, and the importance of helping people who are worse off has slightly increased (7%).
Note: A ten-point scale was used to record answers to these questions, where code '1' corresponded to the answer "Not important at all" and code '10' corresponded to the answer "Extremely important". For this blog post, codes 1 through 4 were grouped as "Not important", codes 5 and 6 as "Neither important nor unimportant" and codes 7 through 10 as "Important". Only the shares of those assessing the respective quality as important (codes 7 through 10 of the original scale) are shown on the charts of this blog post.
People living in the capital, other urban and rural settlements have slightly different views on what qualities a good citizen should have. Compared to the opinions of those living outside Tbilisi, voting, always obeying laws, volunteering and being critical towards the government are reported in the capital as more important, while supporting the government on every occasion – as less important. Following traditions, though, is considered highly important in all settlement types.
The data also shows that those who believe that, in general, people shape their fate themselves assign higher importance to such qualities of a good citizen as voting in elections, volunteering and being critical towards the government, compared to those who think that everything is determined by fate. The results of a Wilcoxon-Mann-Whitney test show, this finding is statistically significant.
Note: A ten-point scale was used to record answers to the question on fatalism. The original answers were recoded so that codes 1 through 5 were combined in the category "Everything is determined by fate" and codes 6 through 10 were combined in the category "People shape their fate themselves".
Of the seven possible qualities of a "good citizen" offered in CRRC's Caucasus Barometer survey, the population of Georgia assesses following traditions and helping those who are worse off as the most important ones. Assessments of most of the qualities of a good citizen slightly differ by settlement type. Notably, those who think that everything in life is determined by fate assign less importance to voting in elections, volunteering and being critical towards the government. For more data, visit our Online Data Analysis tool.


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U.S. Sanctions Against Iran Raise the Spectre of 'Black November' – and More
By Mortezagholi Raissi
BERLIN (IDN) – With new sanctions, the U.S. wants to make breathing difficult, if not impossible, for Iranians. The sanctions were threatened in May, when President Donald Trump announced that the United States was withdrawing from a 2015 deal, the Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action (JCPoA), aimed at limiting Iran's nuclear programme.
The sanctions that existed before the nuclear deal were affirmed three days ahead of a long-announced November 5 deadline for nations to cease importing Iranian goods, particularly oil or face financial penalties. Washington wants countries not to buy a drop of oil from Iran. To ensure that this happens, the Trump Administration will be closely monitoring the first week of November onward.
Africa & ME Editor
Women, Peace and Security is Germany's Priority in 2019-2020 Security Council Membership
By Santo D. Banerjee
NEW YORK (IDN) – When Germany joins the UN Security Council next January as a non-permanent member for 2019-2020, promoting the 'Women, Peace and Security Agenda' by ensuring a greater political participation of women and prevention of sexual violence in conflicts, will be one of its priorities. The Security Council has primary responsibility for the maintenance of international peace and security in which women play a central role.
Before speaking in the Security Council's open debate on women, peace and security on October 25, Germany's Minister of State Michelle Müntefering said, the unanimous adoption of Security Council Resolution 1325 on Women, Peace and Security on October 31, 2000 was a milestone in the UN Security Council.
Santo D. Banerjee
Participation in Landmark NATO Exercise Reveals Iceland's Dilemma
By Lowana Veal
REYKJAVIK (IDN) – Iceland, the most sparsely populated country in Europe, has no standing army. But it is a founding member of the 29-nation North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), and is therefore taking part in Trident Juncture 2018, the largest NATO exercise since the end of the Cold War in December 1991.
Briefing the media on October 24, NATO Secretary General Jens Stoltenberg said, the exercise includes around 65 ships, 250 aircraft, 10,000 vehicles and 50,000 personnel. In addition to all NATO Allies, Finland and Sweden are also participating.
Lowana Veal
Multilateralism and Sovereignty are not Antithetical
Viewpoint by Heiko Maas
With three months to go for Germany joining the Security Council as a non-permanent member for 2019-2020, German Foreign Minister Heiko Maas spelt out in his speech at the general debate of the 73rd General Assembly of the United Nations on 28 September 2018 the country's agenda putting the focus on "multilaterism". Following are extensive excerpts from his speech. – The Editor
NEW YORK (IDN-INPS) – A veteran of UN diplomacy told me the other day that every General Assembly has its own crisis to discuss, its own major topic. So what is the big issue in 2018? Syria? North Korea? The Middle East? Or the dramatic global refugee situation from the Mediterranean to Venezuela?
Ramesh Jaura
India Hosts G4 Meeting Pressing For Security Council Reform
By J Nastranis
NEW YORK (IDN) – Brazil, Germany, India and Japan – also known as the G4 – have reiterated the compelling need for a protracted reform of the United Nations Security Council and restated their support for Africa's appropriate representation in a reformed and expanded Council, which under the UN Charter bears primary responsibility for the maintenance of international peace and security.
A Joint Press Statement, issued after a meeting on the first day of the General Assembly's high-level General Debate on September 25, 2018, said: "The G4 [Foreign] Ministers reaffirmed the need for an early reform of the Council including the expansion of both permanent and non-permanent categories of membership to enhance its legitimacy, effectiveness and representativeness."
J Nastranis
The Russia, Iran, Turkey, Israel and Syria Mosaic
Viewpoint by Pier Francesco Zarcone*
ROME (IDN) – Recent events in Syria (downing of a Russian Ilyushin plane and an agreement between Russian President Vladimir Putin and Turkish President Recip Erdoğan on Idlib) lead to some reflections starting with the Israeli bombing that caused more than ten Russian deaths.
Many political observers, including Alberto Negri writing in a September 19 article on the Antidiplomatico site, have noted that when Israel is involved Putin is less decisive than usual. In fact, so far there has been no real Russian reaction to many Israeli violations of Syrian sovereignty, apart from certain formal protests.
Former UN Chief and Bill Gates on Board as the Netherlands Accelerates Climate Adaptation
By Reinhard Jacobsen
AMSTERDAM (IDN) – Former UN Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon will oversee the Global Commission on Adaptation to climate change, which the Government of the Netherlands and the Global Center on Adaptation have decided to set up. It will be formally launched on October 16 in The Hague. Bill Gate, Co-chair of the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, and World Bank CEO Kristalina Georgieva will support Ban.
The Global Center on Adaptation, an international organization hosted by the Netherlands, in partnership with World Resources Institute will co-host the Commission.
Reinhard Jacobsen
UN, Member States, Funding Institutions Unite to Ensure Security and Development in the Lake Chad Region
By Ramesh Jaura
BERLIN (IDN) – More than 17 million people across north-eastern Nigeria and parts of Cameroon, Chad and Niger, comprising the Lake Chad region, are facing a complex crisis driven by extreme poverty, climate change and violent conflict compounded by the terrorist activities of Boko Haram, a jihadist militant organization. As a result, more than 2.4 million people are displaced and over 10 million people need assistance to meet their basic protection and humanitarian needs.
Against this backdrop, 70 delegations from governments, regional and international organizations and civil society representatives participating in the High Level Conference on the Lake Chad Region have agreed on an aid package of US$ 2.17 billion to support humanitarian and peacebuilding as well as development activities to ensure security in the area.
Sweden's Political Balance Threatened by Immigration Debate
Viewpoint by Jonathan Power*
LUND, Sweden (IDN-INPS) – The arrival in Sweden of 163,000 refugees, mainly Syrians, in 2015 – making for a higher proportion of Sweden's population than almost any other European country – has been used by the far right to drum up broader fears about immigration. A recent spate of shootings, grenade attacks and burnt-out cars has made many Swedes feel afraid of what is going on. This is despite international surveys showing it's the best nation at everything from economic competitiveness to doing good for humanity to achieving happiness.
Jonathan Power
Big Oil Locked in War with Institutions of the Art World
NEW YORK (IDN) – A growing number of museums in Europe are turning thumbs down on oil company dollars when the companies not only contribute to global warming but fund the "science" that supposedly disproves it.
Oil company funding also misleads public perception of environmental devastation as in Nigeria where billions of dollars were made extracting oil while highly toxic water and soil remain.
A recent study published in the International Journal of Hydrology found that levels of Cobalt, Copper and Iron are so high in the communities of Gokana, Ogoniland, River State, as to render their water unsuitable for human consumption due to the potential adverse health effect at high levels.
Mauritius Approaches UN Court for Return of Diego Garcia
Conference Comes to the Aid of Drought-Stricken, Boko Haram Terrorised Lake Chad Region
Uncertainty About Whether the U.S. and Russia Can Avert a New Arms Race
EU Slates U.S. for Slashing Aid Funding to Palestinian Refugees, UN Urges Increased Assistance
EU-U.S. Tussle Over Iran Sanctions and the Aftermath


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– Sit in easy pose, elbows down, forearms up at angle to front.
– Palms a little toward face, fingers spread.
– Look at the tip of your nose.
On Humee touch Mercury/little finger.
On Hum touch Saturn/middle finger.
On Brahm touch Jupiter/index finger.
On Hum touch Mercury/little finger again.
– Gently bounce knees up and down with each word.


2 layer board of 3.63 x 1.43 inches (92.2 x 36.4 mm).
Uploaded: April 14th, 2019 05:00.
osmocom fl2k compatible filter / amp, for part 15 FM use only (usa). converts to 50ohm impedance, lowpass at 108mhz and lna.
Supports multiple connectors. order at standard 1.6mm thickness/ fr4 for the microstrip to be right.


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GoFundMe Raises Thousands For Gage Park Empanada Vendor Robbed Twice In Two Weeks
Filed Under:Chicago, Eric Cox, Gage Park
Chicago (CBS) — Three times a week, 80-year-old Modesto Fuentes walks six miles around Gage Park, selling empanadas for $1.
He's raising money to retire in Mexico and, more importantly, put a new cross over his wife Juana's grave.
RELATED One Year Later, Retired Ice Cream Vendor, 90, Enjoying 'Gift Of Rest'
Fuentes says he's hoping to save up $15,000, but has encountered some unexpected obstacles. He's been robbed twice in the last two weeks.
"They took $40 and four empanadas," Fuentes said through a translator. "I just want to earn an honest living."
Little did Fuentes know, he had a close friend in one of his customers.
Tania Rangel says when she heard what happened, she couldn't keep it to herself.
"I just wanted to have people support him," Rangel said.
She took to Facebook to tell Fuentes' story.
"People were commenting, 'hey, start a GoFundMe for him'," Rangel said.
So, she did.
"I started with a goal of $1,000, just trying to help him," Rangel said. "And then it started raising and raising. People were like, 'add more, add more'."
As of Friday evening, almost 600 people have donated over $11,800 to the GoFundMe campaign.
"I see my dad in him and I wanted to do whatever I could for him," Rangel said.
Fuentes says he couldn't feel more thankful to call Rangel his customer and his friend.
To donate to the GoFundMe for Fuentes, visit https://www.gofundme.com/helping-modesto.