text:
\section{Introduction}\label{sec:intro}

Fast X-ray variability is an important characteristic of black hole binaries (BHBs), and a key to understand the physical processes related to accretion in these systems. Power density spectra (PDS) is a commonly used tool to study these variability \citep{Klis1989}. In a PDS of BHBs, the most prominent feature is one or more narrow peaks, which are known as quasi-periodic oscillation (QPO; see \citealt{Klis2006}). As these QPOs are thought to arise from the innermost regions of the accretion flow, they can be used to probe the effect of General Relativity around black holes \citep[e.g.][]{Belloni2019}. Based on the frequency range, QPOs in BHBs are normally divided into two groups: low-frequency QPOs with frequencies ranging from a few mHz to $\sim 30$ Hz, and high-frequency QPOs with frequencies up to $\sim 500$ Hz (see \citealt{Motta2016} for a recent review). Low-frequency QPOs have been observed in almost all the transient BHBs \citep[e.g.][]{Miyamoto1991,Takizawa1997,Mendez1998,Tomsick2000,Kalemci2003,Casella2004,Homan2005,Yadav2016,Huang2018,Xu2019}, and can be further classified into three categories, dubbed type-A, -B, and -C, based on differences in PDS shape and phase-lag behaviour \citep{Wijnands1999,Remillard2002,Casella2005}. In contrast, only nine sources show a handful of high-frequency QPOs \citep[e.g.][]{Morgan1997,Miller2001,Strohmayer2001,Homan2003,Altamirano2012,Belloni2012,Mendez2013}. In this paper, we will focus our analysis on the so-called type-C QPOs. A similar analysis of type-B QPOs will be presented in a separate work. Type-A QPOs are not considered due to the small number of detections.

Type-C QPOs are the most common type of QPOs in BHBs; these QPOs show in the PDS as a strong, narrow peak with variable frequency, superposed on a flat-top broad-band noise component. A subharmonic and a second harmonic peak are often present in the PDS \citep[e.g.][]{Casella2005}. Although a number of models have been proposed to explain type-C QPOs, their physical origin is still under debate. These models either consider instabilities in the accretion flow \citep[e.g.][]{Tagger1999,Cabanac2010}, or geometrical effects, such as Lense-Thirring precession \citep{Stella1998,Schnittman2006,Ingram2009}. Recently, \citet{Heil2015} and \citet{Motta2015} found evidence that the amplitude of the type-C QPOs depends on the inclination of the accretion disc with respect to the line of sight, consistent with the prediction in the precessing ring model proposed by \citet{Schnittman2006}. In addition, the iron line equivalent width \citep{Ingram2015}, centroid energy \citep{Ingram2016}, and the reflection fraction \citep{Ingram2017} have been found to be modulated with QPO phase. This can be interpreted as the inner flow illuminating different azimuths of the accretion disc as it precesses, causing the iron line to rock between red- and blue-shift. All of these results suggest a geometric origin of the type-C QPOs, with Lense-Thirring precession being the most promising model \citep{Ingram2009}.

Phase/time lag between different energy bands is another powerful tool to study fast X-ray variability. Recently, \citet{Eijnden2017} found that the phase lags at the type-C QPO frequency also depend on inclination: at low frequencies, all sources except \target tend to show zero phase lags; at high frequencies, low-inclination (face-on) sources display hard lags, while high-inclination sources (edge-on) display soft lags. Such an inclination dependent phase-lag behaviour also points to a geometric QPO origin. The relation between the QPO phase lags and the QPO frequency is found to differ between sources \citep{Eijnden2017}. \citet{Zhang2017} studied this relation in GX 339$-$4 in detail. The clear break found in the phase-lags vs. frequency relation at around 2 Hz suggests that different mechanisms may be responsible for the QPO lags at different phases of the outburst. Another interesting result related to phase-lag behaviour is that the QPO fundamental and its (sub)harmonics exhibit lags of different signs. In general, the second harmonic always shows a hard lag, while the subharmonic usually shows a soft lag \citep{Casella2005,Eijnden2017}.

\target has been active since its discovery in 1992 \citep{Castro1992} and has become one of the best studied Galactic BHBs. The source shows complex timing and spectral properties that are quite different from other BHBs (except for IGR J17091$-$3624, \citealt{Altamirano2011}). The X-ray variability can be classified into approximately 14 separate classes, based on the properties of its light curves and colour-colour diagrams \citep{Belloni2000,Klein2002}. Each of these variability patterns can be further reduced to transitions between three basic states \citep{Belloni2000}: a hard state, and two soft states with different luminosities. Many instances of type-C QPOs with frequencies ranging from 0.1 Hz to 10 Hz have been observed in the hard state \citep[e.g.][]{Morgan1997,Reig2000,Qu2010,Pahari2013,Yadav2016}. The observed hard rms spectra of these QPOs indicate a possible origin of the QPOs in the corona \citep{Yan2013}. The QPO frequency is found to be energy dependent \citep{Qu2010,Yan2012}, which can be interpreted as the result of differential precession of the hot inner flow \citep{Eijnden2017}.

The phase lags of the type-C QPOs in \target have been studied by several previous work, such as \citet{Reig2000}, \citet{Qu2010}, \citet{Pahari2013}, and \citet{Eijnden2016}. The system exhibits a very complex phase-lag behaviour: as QPO frequency increases, the phase lags at the frequencies of the QPO decrease and change sign from positive to negative at around 2 Hz \citep{Reig2000,Qu2010,Pahari2013}. The QPO lags also show energy dependence, and sometimes a break at $6-7$ keV is present in the lag-energy spectra \citep{Pahari2013}. For the second harmonic, \citet{Reig2000} reported that the lags change sign from positive to negative at around 4 Hz. But \citet{Pahari2013} found that the second-harmonic lags are always positive, and remain roughly constant. There are no previous studies on the evolution of the subharmonic lags so far.

It is worth noting that all the results above related to phase lags in \target are based on a small sample of observations. For example, \citet{Reig2000} and \citet{Qu2010} used 43 and 19 \emph{RXTE} observation intervals, respectively, to study the frequency- and energy-dependent type-C QPO phase lags. \citet{Pahari2013} used 12 \emph{RXTE} observations to study the difference between the lags in the radio-loud (plateau) state and the radio-quiet state. Thus, some of the previous results might not be representative, such as the evolution of the (sub)harmonic lags, and the properties of their energy dependence. Furthermore, the mechanism producing these lags is still not fully understood. Therefore, in this paper, we present a systematic analysis of the phase lags associated with the type-C QPOs in \target using {\it RXTE} data. We measured the phase lags at the frequencies of the QPO and its (sub)harmonics, and studied in detail their dependence on frequency and photon energy. We describe our sample and data analysis methods in Section \ref{sec:obs}. We present our results in Section \ref{sec:results} and discuss them in Section \ref{sec:Discussion}.

\section{Observations and data analysis} \label{sec:obs}

We examined all the \emph{RXTE} archival observations (1800+) of \target spanning from 1996 to 2012. For the timing analysis, we used the software GHATS version 1.1.1 under IDL\footnote{GHATS, \url{http://www.brera.inaf.it/utenti/belloni/GHATS_Package/Home.html}}. Binned, event and GoodXenon data modes were used. For each observation, we computed an averaged PDS in the full energy band (absolute PCA channel $0-249$) using 128 s long intervals and 1/128 s time resolution, corresponding to a Nyquist frequency of 64 Hz. The PDS were normalized according to \citet{Leahy1983}, and the contribution due to Poisson noise was subtracted \citep{Zhang1995} in GHATS. A logarithmic rebin was applied to the PDS, while the size of a bin increases by exp(1/100) with respect to the size of the previous one.

\begin{figure}
\resizebox{\columnwidth}{!}{\rotatebox{0}{\includegraphics{hist.pdf}}}
\caption{The distribution of the centroid frequency, quality factor, fractional rms amplitude in the full PCA band, and average phase lag between photons in the 2--5.7 keV and 5.7-15 keV bands for the type-C QPOs in GRS 1915+105.}
\label{fig:hist}
\end{figure}

\begin{figure*}
\centering
\resizebox{2\columnwidth}{!}{\rotatebox{0}{\includegraphics{pds.pdf}}}
\caption{Examples of power and lag-frequency spectra for nine observations of \target with the type-C QPOs at different centroid frequencies. The power spectra were calculated for the full PCA band, while the phase lags were computed between the $2-5.7$ keV and $5.7-15$ keV bands. A positive lag means that hard photons lag the soft ones. All these observations are from PCA Epoch 5. Observation ID and QPO fundamental frequency are shown in the top left corner of each panel. The vertical, dashed and dotted lines indicate the ranges over which the QPO fundamental, second-harmonic and subharmonic lags are averaged ($\nu_{0} \pm \rm{FWHM}/2$), respectively.}
\label{fig:pds}
\end{figure*}

For our analysis we selected only observations where at least one narrow QPO peak is present on top of the broadband noise component in the PDS, which is typical for the type-C QPOs. Following \citet{Belloni2002}, we fitted these PDS with a sum of Lorentzian functions using XSPEC version 12.9. Based on the fitting results, we excluded features with a significance\footnote{The significance of QPOs is given as the ratio of the integral of the power of the Lorentzian used to fit the QPO divided by the negative 1$\sigma$ error on the integral of the power.} of less than $3\sigma$ or a $Q$ factor\footnote{$Q=\nu_{0}/{\rm FWHM}$, where $\nu_{0}$ is the centroid frequency of the Lorentzian component and FWHM is its full width at half maximum.} of less than 2. We further excluded $\sim90$ observations in which the QPO frequency changes significantly with source intensity by checking the dynamical power spectra. Our final sample includes a total of 620 observations.

\begin{figure*}
\resizebox{2\columnwidth}{!}{\rotatebox{0}{\includegraphics{fre_phase.pdf}}}
\caption{Average phase lags as a function of the QPO frequency for the fundamental of the type-C QPO in GRS 1915+105. The solid lines indicate the best-fitting broken line to the binned data. The dashed lines are the continuation of the broken line, drawn for comparison with the data in those parts of the plot.}
\label{fig:fre_phase}
\end{figure*}

Following the method described in \citet{Vaughan1997} and \citet{Nowak1999}, we produced a frequency-dependent phase lag spectrum (lag-frequency spectra) between the $2-5.7$ keV and $5.7-15$ keV energy bands for each observation. Our final sample includes observations during the PCA instrument Epochs $3-5$. To account for changes in the PCA gain\footnote{See \url{https://heasarc.gsfc.nasa.gov/docs/xte/e-c_table.html}}, we selected the absolute channels most approximately matching these energy bands, but the exact energy bands still differ slightly between Epochs. To calculate the phase lags at the frequencies of the QPO and its (sub)harmonics, we averaged the phase lags over the width of each Fourier component, around its centroid frequency, $\nu_{0} \pm \rm{FWHM}/2$. Note that the calculated phase lags at the frequencies of the QPO and its (sub)harmonics are affected by the lags of the broad-band noise component. However, \citet{Eijnden2016} have shown that in GRS 1915+105, the phase lags at the frequency of the QPO are dominated by the QPO itself and the contribution of the noise component is negligible. In this work, a positive lag means that the hard photons lag the soft photons. No correction for the dead-time driven cross-talk effect \citep{Klis1987} was done because this effect was found to be negligible.

We also calculated the energy-dependent phase lags for both the QPO and its (sub)harmonics (lag-energy spectra), following the procedure described in \citet{Uttley2014}. The phase lags were calculated for the energy bands approximately $4-6$ keV, $6-8$ keV, $8-11$ keV, $11-15$ keV, $15-21$ keV, and $21-44$ keV, with reference to the softest band, $2-4$ keV. In 18 of the 620 observations, it was not possible to carry out the energy-dependent analysis due to the format of the binned data. Because of the small amplitudes of the (sub)harmonics compared to the fundamental, at high energies, their phase lags show large uncertainties. Therefore, in these cases, we ignore the data above 20 keV.

Finally, we calculated the fractional rms in the full PCA band for the QPO and its (sub)harmonics. We also calculated the energy-dependent fractional rms of the QPO (QPO rms spectra). For this purpose, we calculated the QPO fractional rms in the $2-6$ keV, $6-8$ keV, $8-11$ keV, $11-15$ keV, $15-21$ keV, and $21-44$ keV energy bands.

\begin{table}
\caption{Properties of the type-C QPO fundamental and its (sub)harmonics in GRS 1915+105.\label{tab:QPO property}}
\begin{tabular}{lccc}
\hline\hline
Property & Fundamental & Second Harmonic & Subharmonic\\
\hline
Frequency (Hz) & $\sim 0.4-6.3$ & $\sim 0.9-9.0$ & $\sim 0.6-2.1$\\
Ratio$^a$      &        -       & $1.86-2.07$    &   $0.43-0.54$ \\
$Q$ ($\nu_{0}$/FWHM)  & $4-37$ & $3-30$ & $2-10$ \\
rms$^b$ (\%) & $3.6-16.2$ & $1.6-8.2$ & $2.6-7.6$ \\
\hline
\multicolumn{4}{l}{$^a$ The frequency ratio between the (sub)harmonic and the fundamental.}\\
\multicolumn{4}{l}{$^b$ The fractional rms amplitude was calculated over the full \emph{RXTE} band.}
\end{tabular}
\end{table}

\section{Results} \label{sec:results}

\begin{figure*}
\centering
\resizebox{2\columnwidth}{!}{\rotatebox{0}{\includegraphics{phase_spectra.pdf}}}
\caption{Representative examples of the lag-energy spectra for the fundamental of the type-C QPO in GRS 1915+105. The observations we show here are the same ones as in Fig. \ref{fig:pds}. Observation ID and QPO frequency are listed in each panel. The reference energy band is indicated with zero phase lag.}
\label{fig:phase_spectra}
\end{figure*}

\begin{figure}
\centering
\resizebox{\columnwidth}{!}{\rotatebox{0}{\includegraphics{phase_fit.pdf}}}
\caption{Slope of the QPO lag-energy spectra for the fundamental of the type-C QPO in GRS 1915+105. The solid lines indicate the best-fitting broken line to the binned data. The dashed lines are the continuation of the broken line, drawn for comparison with the data in those parts of the plot. }
\label{fig:phase_fit}
\end{figure}

\begin{figure}
\centering
\resizebox{\columnwidth}{!}{\rotatebox{0}{\includegraphics{fre_rms.pdf}}}
\caption{QPO fractional rms in the full PCA band as a function of the QPO frequency for the fundamental of the type-C QPO in GRS 1915+105.}
\label{fig:fre_rms}
\end{figure}

\begin{figure*}
\centering
\resizebox{2\columnwidth}{!}{\rotatebox{0}{\includegraphics{rms_spectra.pdf}}}
\caption{Representative examples of the QPO rms spectra for the fundamental of the type-C QPO in GRS 1915+105. The observations we show here are the same ones as in Fig. \ref{fig:pds}. Observation ID and QPO frequency are listed in each panel.}
\label{fig:rms_spectra}
\end{figure*}

\begin{figure}
\centering
\resizebox{\columnwidth}{!}{\rotatebox{0}{\includegraphics{phase_rms.pdf}}}
\caption{QPO fractional rms in the full PCA band as a function of the average phase lags at the fundamental of the type-C QPO in GRS 1915+105. The phase lags were calculated in the same bands as in Fig. \ref{fig:pds}. The solid lines are the best-fitting broken line to the binned data.}
\label{fig:phase_rms}
\end{figure}

Fig. \ref{fig:pds} shows 9 representative examples of power and lag-frequency spectra for observations with different QPO frequencies. The power spectra were calculated for the full PCA band, while the phase lags were computed between the $2-5.7$ keV and $5.7-15$ keV bands\footnote{Throughout this paper, the phase lags between the $2-5.7$ keV and $5.7-15$ keV bands will be referred to as ``average phase lags''.}. In all cases a strong (up to $\sim16\%$ fractional rms), narrow ($Q \sim 4-37$) QPO is present in the PDS, together with a band-limited noise component.
In Tab. \ref{tab:QPO property} we summarise the main properties of those QPOs in our sample. In Fig. \ref{fig:hist} we show the histogram of the main properties of those QPOs. The QPO frequency ranges from $\sim0.4$ Hz to $\sim6.3$ Hz with a peak in the distribution at $\sim2.2$ Hz. The majority of the QPOs have a $Q$ factor of $\sim5-15$, with a peak of the distribution at $Q\sim10$, and in some cases the $Q$ factor of the QPO can reach up to $Q\sim30$. The fractional rms amplitude of the QPO in the full PCA band ranges from $\sim3\%$ to $\sim17\%$, with a peak of the distribution at $\sim12\%$. The average phase lags at the QPO fundamental between 2--5.7 keV and 5.7--15 keV bands ranges from $\sim-0.4$ rad to $\sim0.4$ rad, with a peak of the distribution at $\sim0$ rad. In 471 cases the QPO shows a clear second harmonic and in 141 cases the QPO shows a subharmonic. In all cases, if a subharmonic is present in the PDS, a second-harmonic is always observed. The second-harmonic and subharmonic frequencies are consistent with being two times and half that of the QPO fundamental, respectively. Their fractional amplitudes are significantly smaller than that of the QPO fundamental.

From the lag-frequency spectra, we find clear difference between QPOs below and above $\sim 2$ Hz. When the QPO frequency is above $\sim 2$ Hz, a dip-like feature centered on the QPO frequency is always present in the lag-frequency spectra. In addition, if a second harmonic is present, a peak-like feature is visible as well near the second-harmonic frequency. However, when the QPO frequency is below $\sim 2$ Hz, no such features are apparent, and the lag-frequency spectra are roughly flat at low frequencies.

\subsection{QPO Fundamental Lags}\label{sec:fundamental}

In Fig. \ref{fig:fre_phase}, we plot the average phase lags at the fundamental of the type-C QPO (hereafter QPO average lags) in GRS 1915+105 as a function of the centroid frequency of the QPO (hereafter QPO frequency). As previously shown by \citet{Reig2000}, \citet{Qu2010} and \citet{Pahari2013}, it is apparent in the figure that the QPO average lags decrease with QPO frequency, changing sign from positive to negative at a QPO frequency of around 2 Hz. In addition, we notice that the slope of the correlation is different when the QPO frequency is below or above $\sim 2$ Hz. The break was already seen in the Fig. 3 of \citet{Reig2000}, although they did not mention it in their paper. To check whether there is a significant change in the slope, we rebinned the data in Fig. \ref{fig:fre_phase} and fitted them both with a broken line and a straight line. We compared the fits using an F-test, and find that the broken-line fit is better than the straight-line fit at a confidence level of $>5\sigma$. The break obtained from the broken-line fit is at $\nu_{\rm QPO}=1.80\pm0.11$ Hz. The slope below the break is $-0.21\pm0.02$, and above the break is $-0.10\pm0.01$. The frequencies at which the QPO average lags reach zero are $1.99 \pm 0.08$ Hz and $2.20 \pm 0.18$ Hz for the lines below and above the break, respectively. It is important to mention that the scatter above $\sim 2$ Hz is significantly larger than that below $\sim 2$ Hz, and it is larger than the statistical fluctuation expected from the error bars.

In Fig. \ref{fig:phase_spectra}, we show representative QPO lag-energy spectra for observations with different QPO frequencies. We find that for the QPOs with centroid frequencies below $\sim 2$ Hz, the QPO lags are always positive and increase monotonically with energy, for the QPOs with centroid frequencies around 2 Hz, the QPO lags are nearly zero in all energy bands, while for the QPOs with centroid frequencies above $\sim 2$ Hz, the QPO lags are always negative and decrease monotonically with energy. \citet{Pahari2013} and \citet{Eijnden2017} found broad features in the QPO lag-energy spectra of several observations around an energy of $6-7$ keV, which might be related to reflection. Because here we used a relatively low energy resolution for the lag-energy spectra, such features are not obvious in our results.

For each observation, we fitted the lag-energy spectra with the function $\Delta\phi(E)=\alpha {\rm log} E/E_{\rm ref}$, where $E_{\rm ref}$ is the energy of the reference band. As shown in Fig. \ref{fig:phase_fit}, the slope of the lag-energy spectra, $\alpha$, shows a similar evolution with QPO frequency as the QPO average lags. The slope also decreases with QPO frequency, and changes sign from positive to negative at around 2 Hz. In addition, we also observe a clear break in this relation at $\sim 2$ Hz. Again, we fitted the data in Fig. \ref{fig:phase_fit} both with a broken and a straight line. An F-test indicates that the broken-line fit is better than the straight-line fit at a confidence level of $>5\sigma$. The break obtained from the best fit is at $\nu_{\rm QPO}=1.72\pm0.10$ Hz. The slope below the break is $-0.52\pm0.03$, and above the break is $-0.26\pm0.01$.

In Fig. \ref{fig:fre_rms} we show the QPO fractional rms in the full PCA band as a function of the QPO frequency. The evolution of the QPO fractional rms is similar to that reported by \citet{Yan2013}: the QPO fractional rms first increases with QPO frequency and then decreases, reaching its maximum at a QPO frequency of $\sim2$ Hz. In Fig. \ref{fig:rms_spectra} we show several examples of the QPO rms spectra. In all cases the QPO rms spectra are hard: the QPO rms first increases at low energies, and then turns to flat or slightly decreases above $\sim 12$ keV. Such kind of QPO rms spectra has been observed in many other BHBs, such as XTE J1550--564~\citep{Rodriguez2004}, GS 1124--68~\citep{Belloni1997}, GX 339--4~\citep{Zhang2017}, and \citep{Huang2018}.

From Fig. \ref{fig:fre_phase} and \ref{fig:fre_rms}, it is apparent that the behaviours of both the QPO average lags and the QPO fractional rms change significantly at $\sim2$ Hz. In Fig. \ref{fig:phase_rms}, we plot the QPO fractional rms as a function of the QPO average lags. As one can see from this figure, the QPO fractional rms first increases as the QPO average lags go from negative to zero, reaching its maximum at around zero lag, and then the QPO fractional rms decreases as the QPO average lags increase further. We rebinned the data and fitted them with a broken line. The break obtained from the fit is at $\Delta\phi=0.015\pm0.008$ rad. This confirms our previous result that the behaviour of the QPO average lags changes at around zero lag.

\begin{figure}
\centering
\resizebox{\columnwidth}{!}{\rotatebox{0}{\includegraphics{fre_phase_sub.pdf}}}
\caption{Average phase lags at the subharmonic frequency of the type-C QPO in \target as a function of the subharmonic frequency. The phase lags were calculated in the same bands as in Fig. \ref{fig:pds}. The dashed line is the best-fitting straight line to the binned data.}
\label{fig:fre_phase_sub}
\end{figure}

\begin{figure}
\centering
\resizebox{\columnwidth}{!}{\rotatebox{0}{\includegraphics{fund_sub_lag.pdf}}}
\caption{Subharmonic average lags as a function of the QPO average lags for the type-C QPOs with a subharmonic in GRS 1915+105. The phase lags were calculated in the same bands as in Fig. \ref{fig:pds}. The dashed line is the best-fitting straight line to the binned data.}
\label{fig:fund_sub_lag}
\end{figure}

\subsection{Subharmonic Lags}\label{sec:subharmonic}

\begin{figure}
\centering
\resizebox{\columnwidth}{!}{\rotatebox{0}{\includegraphics{phase_spectra_sub.pdf}}}
\caption{Examples of the lag-energy spectra for the subharmonic of the type-C QPO in GRS 1915+105. Observation ID and subharmonic frequency are listed in each panel.}
\label{fig:phase_spectra_sub}
\end{figure}

\begin{figure}
\centering
\resizebox{\columnwidth}{!}{\rotatebox{0}{\includegraphics{phase_fit_sub.pdf}}}
\caption{Slope of the lag-energy spectra for the subharmonic of the type-C QPO in GRS 1915+105. The dashed line is the best-fitting straight line to the binned data.}
\label{fig:phase_fit_sub}
\end{figure}

\begin{figure}
\centering
\resizebox{\columnwidth}{!}{\rotatebox{0}{\includegraphics{phase_rms_sub.pdf}}}
\caption{Fractional rms in the full PCA band as a function of the average phase lags for the subharmonic of the type-C QPO in GRS 1915+105.}
\label{fig:phase_rms_sub}
\end{figure}

In Fig. \ref{fig:fre_phase_sub}, we show the average phase lags at the frequency of the subharmonic of the type-C QPO (hereafter subharmonic average lags) in GRS 1915+105 as a function of the centroid frequency of the subharmonic of the QPO (hereafter subharmonic frequency). The behaviour of the subharmonic average lags is very similar to that of the QPO average lags. The subharmonic average lags decrease with subharmonic frequency, changing sign from positive to negative at a subharmonic frequency of $\sim 1$ Hz. It is not clear whether there is a break in this relation due to the sparsity of data below 1 Hz. We then rebinned the data in Fig. \ref{fig:fre_phase_sub} and fitted them with a straight line. The slope obtained from the fit is $-0.16\pm0.02$, which is in between the slope below and above the break in Fig. \ref{fig:fre_phase}. The frequency at which the subharmonic average lags reach zero is $1.05 \pm 0.19$ Hz obtained from the fit, which is consistent with being half of the frequency at which the QPO average lags change sign within error.

In Fig. \ref{fig:fund_sub_lag}, we show the subharmonic average lags as a function of the QPO average lags for the type-C QPOs with a subharmonic. As we can expect from Fig. \ref{fig:fre_phase} and \ref{fig:fre_phase_sub}, the subharmonic average lags generally increase with the QPO average lags. A possible break seems to exist at QPO average lags $\sim 0$ rad in Fig. \ref{fig:fund_sub_lag}. To test this we rebinned the data and fitted them both with a broken and a straight line. We found that the broken-line fit is marginally better than the straight-line fit, at a confidence level of $< 3 \sigma$. The slope ($0.69 \pm 0.07$) and intercept ($-0.013 \pm 0.006$) obtained from the straight-line fit are not consistent with being 0.5 and 0 within errors. This means that the amplitude of the subharmonic average lags is not exactly half that of the QPO average lags.

In Fig. \ref{fig:phase_spectra_sub} we show four representative examples of the lag-energy spectra for the subharmonic. We find that, similar to the QPO fundamental, when the subharmonic frequency is below $\sim 1$ Hz, the subharmonic lags slightly increase with energy, when the subharmonic frequency is around $\sim 1$ Hz, the subharmonic lags are nearly zero in all energy bands, while when the subharmonic frequency is above $\sim 1$ Hz, the subharmonic lags decrease monotonically with energy. We fitted the lag-energy spectra of the subharmonic with the same function that we used for the QPO fundamental. As is apparent in Fig. \ref{fig:phase_fit_sub}, the slope also decreases with subharmonic frequency, and changes sign at a subharmonic frequency of $\sim 1$ Hz. The slope obtained from the fit is $-0.22\pm0.02$.

In Fig. \ref{fig:phase_rms_sub} we show the fractional rms in the full PCA band of the subharmonic of the QPO (hereafter subharmonic fractional rms) as a function of the subharmonic average lags. No clear correlation is apparent as the one we found in the QPO fractional rms and QPO average lags relation (Fig. \ref{fig:phase_rms}).

\begin{figure}
\centering
\resizebox{\columnwidth}{!}{\rotatebox{0}{\includegraphics{fre_phase_second.pdf}}}
\caption{Average phase lags at the second-harmonic frequency of the type-C QPO in \target as a function of the second-harmonic frequency. The phase lags were calculated in the same bands as in Fig. \ref{fig:pds}. The dashed line is the best-fitting straight line to the binned data.}
\label{fig:fre_phase_second}
\end{figure}

\begin{figure}
\centering
\resizebox{\columnwidth}{!}{\rotatebox{0}{\includegraphics{phase_spectra_second.pdf}}}
\caption{Examples of the lag-energy spectra for the second harmonic of the type-C QPO in GRS 1915+105. Observation ID and second-harmonic frequency are listed in each panel.}
\label{fig:phase_spectra_second}
\end{figure}

\begin{figure}
\centering
\resizebox{\columnwidth}{!}{\rotatebox{0}{\includegraphics{phase_fit_second.pdf}}}
\caption{Slope of the lag-energy spectra for the second harmonic of the type-C QPO in GRS 1915+105. The dashed line is the best-fitting straight line to the binned data.}
\label{fig:phase_fit_second}
\end{figure}

\subsection{Second-harmonic Lags}\label{sec:second_harmonic}

In Fig. \ref{fig:fre_phase_second} we show the average phase lags at the frequency of the second harmonic of the type-C QPO (hereafter second-harmonic average lags) in GRS 1915+105 as a function of the centroid frequency of the second harmonic of the QPO (hereafter second-harmonic frequency). Compared to the QPO fundamental and subharmonic, the phase-lag behaviour at the frequency of the second harmonic is quite different: almost all the second harmonics show a positive lag, and the second-harmonic average lags remain more or less constant at $\Delta\phi\sim0.15$ rad. No changing sign from positive to negative is observed. We rebinned the data in Fig. \ref{fig:fre_phase_second} and fitted them with a straight line. The slope obtained from the fit is $-0.004\pm0.002$. Note that the scatter of the second-harmonic lags is very large, especially at high frequencies.

In Fig. \ref{fig:phase_spectra_second} we show four examples of the lag-energy spectra for the second harmonic. We find that the second-harmonic lags always increase monotonically with energy. We fitted the lag-energy spectra of the second harmonic with the same function that we used for the QPO fundamental and subharmonic. The slope as a function of the second-harmonic frequency is shown in Fig. \ref{fig:phase_fit_second}. Although the scatter of the slope is very large, it is apparent that the evolution of the slope with second-harmonic frequency is similar to that of the second-harmonic average lags. We also fitted the rebinned data in Fig. \ref{fig:phase_fit_second} with a straight line, and the slope obtained from the fit is $-0.006\pm0.002$.

\begin{figure}
\centering
\resizebox{\columnwidth}{!}{\rotatebox{0}{\includegraphics{phase_rms_second.pdf}}}
\caption{Fractional rms in the full PCA band as a function of the average phase lags for the second harmonic of the type-C QPO in GRS 1915+105.}
\label{fig:phase_rms_second}
\end{figure}

In Fig. \ref{fig:phase_rms_second} we show the fractional rms in the full PCA band of the second harmonic of the QPO (hereafter second-harmonic fractional rms) as a function of the second-harmonic average lags. Similar to the subharmonic, no clear correlation is found in the second-harmonic fractional rms and second-harmonic average lags relation.

\section{Discussion}\label{sec:Discussion}

We present the first systematic analysis of the phase lags associated with the type-C QPOs in GRS 1915+105, based on the largest QPO sample of this source to date. Our sample comprises of 620 {\it RXTE} observations with type-C QPO, with a frequency ranging from 0.4 Hz to 6.3 Hz. We found that:
\begin{enumerate}
\item the relation between the QPO fractional rms and the QPO average lags can be well fitted with a broken line (Fig. \ref{fig:phase_rms});
\item the phase-lag behaviour of the subhamonic of the QPO is quite similar to that of the QPO fundamental; on the contrary, the second harmonic of the QPO show a very different phase-lag behaviour;
\item for both the QPO fundamental and its (sub)harmonics, the slope of the lag-energy spectra shows a similar evolution with frequency as the average phase lags;
\item we confirm that the QPO average lags decrease with QPO frequency, and change sign from positive to negative at around 2 Hz \citep{Reig2000,Qu2010,Pahari2013}.
\item we find that the slope of the relation between the QPO average lags and the QPO frequency (Fig. \ref{fig:fre_phase}) is significantly different when the QPO frequency is below or above $\sim2$ Hz;
\end{enumerate}
We discuss each of these findings below.

\subsection{QPO Fundamental lags}

Based on a systematic analysis of 15 Galactic BHBs, \citet{Eijnden2017} found that, at high QPO frequencies ($>2$ Hz) high-inclination sources generally show soft QPO lags, while low-inclination sources show hard QPO lags. As a high-inclination source \citep{Mirabel1994}, \target is consistent with other high-inclination sources that exhibit soft QPO lags when the QPO frequency is above 2 Hz. However, at low fundamental frequencies ($<2$ Hz) all other sources tend to show zero QPO lags, whereas \target shows hard QPO lags that increase in magnitude towards low QPO frequencies. This unique QPO lag behaviour, especially the change in lag sign, makes \target an interesting source to study the origin of the QPO lags. In our analysis, we noticed a significant break in the relation between the QPO average lags and the QPO frequency (Fig. \ref{fig:fre_phase}). The break frequency is consistent with the frequency at which the QPO average lags change sign. This supports scenarios in which something related to the accretion process changes as the lags change sign. Presently, the most promising model for type-C QPOs is the Lense-Thirring precession of the entire hot inner flow proposed by \citet{Ingram2009}. In this model, the outer radius of the inner flow, $r_{0}$, is set by the truncation radius of the accretion disk; the inner radius, $r_{\rm i}$, is set by the radius of the warps due to the misalignment between black hole spin and inner flow. \citet{Miller2013} estimated the black hole spin as $a_{*}=0.98\pm0.01$, and \citet{Reid2014} measured the mass of the black hole of $12.4_{-1.8}^{+2.0}~M_{\sun}$ for GRS 1915+105. Taking these values, we estimated $r_{0} \sim 16~R_{\rm g}$ and $r_{\rm i} \sim 10~R_{\rm g}$ for a 2 Hz QPO\footnote{Same as described in \citet{Ingram2009}, here we assumed that the scale-height $h/r=0.2$ and the index of the surface density $\zeta = 0$ in the calculation.} according to equation (2) and (3) of \citet{Ingram2009}.

Several models have been proposed to explain the change in lag sign. For instance, \citet{Nobili2000} presented a thermal Comptonisation model based on the results of \citet{Reig2000}. Their model requires a two-component corona: an inner hot and optically thick component and an outer cooler and optically thinner component. The corona up-scatters seed photons from an accretion disc that is truncated at an inner radius $r_{\rm in}$. To explain the dependence of the QPO lags upon QPO frequency, \citet{Nobili2000} assume that at high QPO frequencies ($>2$ Hz) the disc is truncated at small radii ($\sim6$ Rg) while the inner corona is so optically thick ($\tau\geq100$) that, with a moderate temperature of $\sim15$ keV, the corona is able to up-scatter all the soft disc photons up to $\sim15$ keV. The hard photons will then suffer down-scatterings in the outer cooler and optically thinner component that will eventually result in a soft lag. On the contrary, at lower QPO frequencies ($<2$ Hz), the disc is assumed to be truncated at larger radii, and the inner corona is assumed to become optically thinner, thus the soft photons from the disc will only experience Compton up-scattering and the lags will be hard. In this model, the change in lag sign is due to the change of the inner disc radius and the optical depth of the corona.

\target is one of the sources showing QPO frequency shifts, $\Delta\nu_{0}$, between energy bands. These shifts reach up to $\sim0.5$ Hz when the QPO is at 5 Hz, comparing the QPO frequency between the $2-5$ keV and $13-18$ keV bands \citep{Qu2010}. The energy dependence of the QPO frequency in \target has been studied by \citet{Qu2010} and \citet{Yan2012}. They found that when the QPO frequency is below 2 Hz, the QPO frequency decreases with energy (negative $\Delta\nu_{0}$) whereas, when the QPO frequency is above 2 Hz, the QPO frequency increases with energy (positive $\Delta\nu_{0}$). Interestingly, the frequency where $\Delta\nu_{0}$ changes sign is consistent with that at which the QPO average lags also change sign. To explain the change in the sign of both the lags and $\Delta\nu_{0}$, \citet{Eijnden2016} proposed a differential precession model. In their model, they assume that the QPO is caused by Lense-Thirring (LT) precession of the inner flow \citep{Ingram2009}; the inner flow is inhomogeneous, but consists of two separate halves which precess at different frequencies, with the inner half always precessing faster and hence producing a higher QPO frequency, as expected from LT precession. When the QPO frequency is above 2 Hz, the inner half spectrum is harder than the outer half, thus a QPO frequency that increases with energy is expected; when the QPO frequency is below 2 Hz, the spectral shape of the two halves switches so that the inner half has a softer spectrum than the outer half, thus the QPO frequency decreases with energy. Since the outer half will lag behind the inner half on average, soft lags will be observed when the inner half spectrum is harder, and vice versa. The main obstacle to this scenario is that no clear observational evidence exists for the required spectral change. Several possible scenarios to try and explain this contradiction have been discussed by \citet{Eijnden2016}.

Alternatively, the hard and soft QPO lags could originate from two completely different physical mechanisms. In GX 339$-$4, \citet{Zhang2017} found that the evolution of the lags of the type-C QPO with QPO frequency is similar to that of the reflected flux: both the QPO lags and the reflected flux increase first with QPO frequency, and then turn to flat when the QPO frequency is  $\sim1.7$ Hz. \citet{Zhang2017} found clear reflection features in the lag-energy spectra when the QPO frequency is above $\sim1.7$ Hz, suggesting that the reflection component contributes significantly to these lags. The absence of such features when the QPO freqeuncy is $\sim1.7$ Hz provides evidence that in GX 339$-$4, at QPO frequencies below $\sim1.7$ Hz, the QPO lags may be dominated by another mechanism. In GX 339$-$4, a dip-like feature at the QPO fundamental is only observed \citep{Zhang2017} in the lag-frequency spectra when the reflected flux is high at QPO frequencies above $\sim1.7$ Hz, suggesting that this feature may be related to the reflection process. \citet{Kotov2001} also found that the reflection component might have a suppressing effect on the observed lags that cause such features. Similar to GX 339$-$4, here we find a dip-like feature in the lag-frequency spectrum at the frequency of the QPO fundamental when the QPO frequency is above 2 Hz in GRS 1915+105. However, when the QPO frequency is below 2 Hz, no such dip-like feature is found; instead, in some cases, when the QPO frequency is below 0.5 Hz, a peak-like feature is observed in the lag-frequency spectrum at the frequency of the QPO fundamental. If the dip-like feature is indeed due to reflection, we would expect that the QPO lags below and above 2 Hz might originate from two different mechanisms.

In Fig. \ref{fig:phase_rms}, we showed that the relation between the QPO fractional rms and the QPO average lags can be well fitted with a broken line: as the QPO average lags go from negative to positive, the QPO fractional rms first increases, reaching its maximum at zero lag, and then decreases. A possible explanation is that when the average phase lag between two broad bands at the QPO frequency is zero, the full-band light curve at that frequency would be the superposition of the two broad-band light curves in phase, yielding a large QPO rms. On the contrary, if the average phase lag is non-zero, the full-band light curve at the QPO frequency would be the superposition of the two broad-band light curves at different phases, yielding a smaller QPO rms. The fractional rms amplitude of a signal that is the superposition of two sinusoidal functions with the same amplitude $A$ shifted by a phase $\phi$ is ${\rm rms} \sim A \sqrt{{\rm cos}\phi+1}$. If $\phi = 0$, then ${\rm rms}(\phi = 0) \sim \sqrt{2}A$. Therefore, the rms will be suppressed by a factor $\sqrt{({\rm cos}\phi+1)/2}$ due to a non-zero lag between different energy bands. For lags of less than 0.4 rad as observed here, the effect on the rms is less than 3\% of the value of the QPO amplitude, whereas, we found that the changes are $\sim70\%$. This suggests that this mechanism is not responsible for the rms variations.

\subsection{Sub/second-harmonic Lags}

We found that the phase-lag behaviour of the subharmonic of the type-C QPO in \target is quite similar to that of the QPO fundamental, with the subharmonic average lags decreasing with subharmonic frequency and change sign when the subharmonic frequency is around 1 Hz. The frequency at which the subharmonic average lags change sign is consistent with being half of the frequency at which the QPO fundamental average lags change sign. Previous work on other BHBs found both hard and soft subharmonic lags \citep[e.g.][]{Casella2005,Eijnden2017}. The subharmonic lags also show differences between high- and low- inclination sources, although the dependence upon the inclination is weaker than that of the QPO fundamental lags \citep{Eijnden2017}. The similar phase-lag behaviour between the fundamental and subharmonic of the type-C QPO suggests that these two QPO components may be produced by the same mechanism.

On the contrary, the phase-lag behaviour of the second-harmonic of the type-C QPOs in \target is completely different than that of the QPO fundamental and subharmonic. The second harmonic of the QPO only shows hard lags that remain more or less constant as a function of the second-harmonic frequency, without changing sign at any particular frequency. This suggests that the second-harmonic lags may originate from a different mechanism (or region) than the lags of the QPO fundamental and subharmonic. Using frequency-resolved spectroscopy, \citet{Axelsson2016} found that the energy spectrum of the second harmonic of the type-C QPO in GX 339$-$4 is softer than the energy spectrum at the QPO fundamental, and the time-averaged spectrum. \citet{Axelsson2016} suggest that the Comptonization region that produces the QPO is inhomogeneous, whereas the second harmonic comes from the outer part of the flow, which would have a softer spectrum. An alternative interpretation was proposed by \citet{Eijnden2017}: the precessing inner flow irridating the disc on both the front and the back sides could produce the second harmonic. In this scenario, the lag is produced by the red- and blueshifting of the reflected harmonic.

\subsection{Slope of the Lag-energy Spectrum}

The relation between the QPO lags and photon energy for the type-C QPOs in \target can be well fitted by a log-linear function, as previously reported \citep{Reig2000,Qu2010,Pahari2013}. Such an energy dependence of the lags at the QPO frequency has also been found in other BHBs \citep{Wijnands1999,Zhang2017,Eijnden2017}. Here we found that the same energy dependence also holds for the subharmonic and second harmonic of the type-C QPOs in GRS 1915+105. In addition, we found that the slope of the lag-energy spectrum at the QPO frequency versus QPO frequency follows the same trend as the QPO average lags versus QPO frequency; this is also the case for the subharmonic and second harmonic of the QPO. In other words, the change of the average phase lags reflect a change of the lag-energy spectrum.

For the fundamental and subharmonic of the type-C QPO in GRS 1915+105, as their average phase lags decrease and change sign from positive to negative, the slope of their lag-energy spectrum also decreases and changes sign at the same frequency. This provides evidence that the lag-energy spectrum simply pivots around an energy. Although the second harmonic shows a very different phase-lag behaviour, the average phase lags and the lag-energy spectrum slope of the second harmonic of the QPO follow the same trend. This indicates that the lag-energy spectrum drives the average lags of the QPO, and that this is the case for the QPO fundamental and both its subharmonic and second harmonic.

\section*{Acknowledgements}

The authors thank the anonymous referee for the useful comments that improved the paper. L.Z. acknowledges support from the Royal Society Newton Funds. D.A. acknowledges support from the Royal Society. L.Z., J.L.Q., L.C., Q.C.B, Y.H., X.M. and L.T. thank supports from the National Program on Key Research and Development Project (Grant No. 2016YFA0400803), and the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 11673023, U1838201, U1838111, U1838115, 11733009 and U1838108). T.M.B. acknowledges financial contribution from the agreement ASI-INAF n. 2017-14-H.0.
This research has made use of data and/or software provided by the High Energy Astrophysics Science Archive Research Center (HEASARC), which is a service of the Astrophysics Science Division at NASA/GSFC and the High Energy Astrophysics Division of the Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaArXiv


text:
Canon to finally release an ultra-high-resolution 5DS/5DSR mirrorless replacement
February 25, 2022 by admin 0 Comments
When Canon released the EOS 5DS and 5DSR in 2015, they kinda blew everything away when it came to high-resolution cameras. The only things that could really compete with them at the time were the Nikon D810 (36-megapixel) and expensive digital medium format cameras if you needed that kind of resolution. A replacement model has been rumoured for a long time, and now it seems one might finally be coming.
Canon Rumors is what they feel is a credible rumour that Canon is finally coming out with a new RF mount 75-megapixel mirrorless camera. It shouldn't be much of a surprise, given how proud Canon was of the 5DS/5DSR and that "highest resolution DSLR" title. I'm just amazed that it's taken this long.
The rumours of a high-resolution RF mount camera started in November 2018, only a month after the announcement of Canon's first full-frame mirrorless camera, the EOS R. A couple of weeks later, it was reported to be at least 75-megapixels in resolution. At the time, it was rumoured to be releasing sometime during 2019, but 2019 came and went with not a mention of a high-resolution RF camera until December. This update put the rumoured release date in 2021.
In March 2020, it was officially announced that production of the Canon EOS 5DS and 5DSR had been halted and that it was now an obsolete system, adding more fuel to the high-resolution mirrorless camera speculation. A week later, it was reported that a possible 90-megapixel RF mount camera was being tested in the field. And other than a massive price drop on the remaining EOS 5DS and 5DSR bodies in October 2020, it's been pretty much radio silence on the topic ever since.
Obviously, in the last couple of years, we've had a global pandemic, silicon shortages and logistics issues around the world, so it's not much of a surprise that what is really kind of a niche camera would be put on the backburner for a while in favour of more mainstream bodies like the EOS R5, EOS R6 and more recently the EOS R3 for the Tokyo Olympics. Is the time now right for Canon to release their high-resolution mirrorless monster?
Well, Sony has two pretty high-resolution cameras now, including the 50.1-megapixel Sony A1 that pretty much equals the 5DS and 5DSR in resolution but blows it away in just about every other respect and the Sony A7R IV at 60.2-megapixels. To a lesser extent, we've got the Nikon Z7 II at 45.7-megapixels and Canon's own EOS R5 at 45-megapixels. Sure, Nikon and Canon's current offerings are a little less than the 5DS and 5DSR but close enough that you probably wouldn't notice the difference in a huge print.
When the EOS 5DS was released in 2015, 50-megapixels was a pretty insane resolution, but these days… not so much. Unless you step up to the Fuji or Hasselblad 100-megapixel medium format cameras – which are now similarly priced to flagship DSLRs and full-frame mirrorless cameras – it's become pretty standard, even amongst non-flagship cameras.
So, yeah, I think the time might be just right for Canon to step up with an ultra-high-resolution mirrorless camera. There is definitely a need.
Exactly how it'll be priced remains to be seen, but I would guess that it'll become a direct competitor to the Sony A7R product line, so I'd probably look there for potential price points. If it's coming, though, I think the big question is whether Canon will focus primarily on the features that photographers demanding such high resolutions require or whether they'll pack it out with gimmick features they don't need in order to be able to inflate the price.
Other than being told that it's coming, there doesn't seem to be any other information available yet. But, we'll let you know when we hear more.
[via Canon Rumors]
This article was originally published by Diyphotography.net. Read the original article here.
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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Climbing up the hillside from the waterfront, the maze of shopping streets known as "The Lanes" make up Brighton's most atmospheric quarter. The pedestrianized area is home to more than 200 independent shops, galleries, and antique stores, along with a great selection of cafés, restaurants, and historic pubs.
The only way to explore The Lanes is on foot, and with the lanes sloping down to the seafront, it's impossible to get lost. Opting to visit with a tour guide will give you an insight into the historic quarter, its street art scene, and thriving LGBTQ community. A Lanes walking tour typically includes nearby attractions, such as the Royal Pavilion, Brighton Museum, and Brighton Pier.
Most shops and cafés are open daily, with reduced opening hours on Sundays.
Wear comfortable shoes to tackle Brighton's steep hills and cobblestone lanes.
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Brighton's Lanes are located at the heart of Old Town just south of North Laine. Trains from London and other destinations arrive at Brighton train station, an around 5-minute walk from The Lanes.
The Lanes are busiest in July and August, when smaller shops and cafés can get crowded. For quieter shopping, visit on a weekday outside of peak season, or join locals for a Sunday brunch at one of the cafés.
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Embark on a 1.5-hour walking tour of Brighton's atmospheric Lanes – a maze of historic alleyways and 'twitters' (narrow passageways) at the heart of the Old Town. Along the way, hear stories of Brighton's fascinating history from your local guide; get the inside scoop on the town's coolest shops, bars and cafés; and see landmarks like the Regency ballrooms.
Discover one of England's most famous seaside resorts on this full-day tour of Brighton from Oxford. Walk along Brighton Pier and admire attractions such as the Royal Pavilion on a guided walking tour, then enjoy free time to visit Brighton Museum, browse the shops of The Lanes, or stroll along the beach.
Discover two highlights of England's south coast on this full-day tour from Bournemouth. Don't worry about the logistics: round-trip transportation from the city center makes travel simple. Begin in Portsmouth, where you'll go on a walking tour and will learn more about the city's naval history, before continuing to buzzing, bohemian Brighton. After a guided tour of its major attractions, you'll have free time to shop, head to the beach, and more.
Your expert guide will take you on a 10 hour tour to the beautiful seaside British City of Brighton and help you explore this famous UK wonder. You will enjoy free 4G WIFI, phone chargers for all makes of phones to use all day inside the luxury touring vehicle. You will be provided with free water to enjoy inside the vehicle also. You will even get to stop at a secret place along the way to ensure you really do get that WOW factor! Your guide will know all the best places to stop so you can explore, shop and eat and where to get that perfect photo and will even take them for you to make sure all of your group is in the photo together.


text:
Kirkman is the creator/writer of the Eisner Award-winning The Walking Dead, long-running Invincible, all-ages Super Dinosaur, and Thief of Thieves. In 2010, Kirkman formed his own Image imprint, Skybound, which publishes his own work and Witch Doctor, Guarding the Globe and Clone. Kirkman has earned the respect of the comic, writing and television communities and topped the New York Times bestseller list for graphic novels in 2011 and 2012. He's the creator/executive producer and writer of the hit Emmy®-winning television show, AMC's The Walking Dead, the highest-rated basic cable drama of all time in the U.S, also an international success in 122 countries and 37 languages. AMC is developing Thief of Thieves as a potential series with Kirkman serving as creator/executive producer and writer. Your destination for all news and merchandise from Robert Kirkman, The Walking Dead and all Skybound titles is www.Skybound.com.
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Super dinosaure
Et si le destin du monde reposait sur les épaules d'un jeune garçon de dix ans et de son meilleur ami, un gigantesque Tyrannosaure qui parle ? Une nouvelle série délirante et fun par Robert Kirkman et Jason Howard. Au commencement, il y a un jeune adolescent de dix ans, Derek, dont le meilleur ami, Dino, un tyrannosaure. Un jour, le maléfique Max Maximus décide de se rendre au cœur de la p
Before they created INVINCIBLE together, ROBERT KIRKMAN and CORY WALKER collaborated on this epic miniseries featuring ERIK LARSEN's SUPERPATRIOT. Watch the aging superhero deal with some of his deadliest foes yet in this action-packed miniseries collected here for the first time.
Superpatriot: War on Terror
Wedded bliss has never been so... Patriotic. Johnny moves in with Claire and learns that it doesn't matter how many times you've saved the world, you have to leave the toilet seat down. The marriage is off to a rocky start... and things go from bad to worse when the dreaded Baron Blitzkrieg returns!
Tales of Army of Darkness
A monster sized annual featuring 48 pages of all-out horror and action from the Army of Darkness! Inside, you'll find 5 fantastic and terrible tomes by the following creative teams: Shawn Spurlock and Sanford Greene, Jim Kuhoric and Nick Bradshaw, Jim Kuhoric and Filip Sablik, Robert Napton and Michael O'Hare. Special guests include The Walking Dead writer & Invincible art team Robert Kirkman and
The Geldarians are a race of incredibly intelligent, yet physically weak and fragile beings. To compensate for their frailty they have invented the "Tech Jacket," a vest that every Geldarian is equipped with upon birth. Each jacket grows and matures with its host, specializing in tasks that the host will find most useful. A fully developed Tech Jacket is considered to be one of the most powerful w
Après Invincible et Brit, l'univers super-héroïque créé par Kirkman poursuit son expansion ! Tech Jacket nous invite à suivre le parcours initiatique d'un jeune super-héros dépassé par la puissance dont il dispose. Les Geldariens, sont des extraterrestres extrêmement intelligents mais très fragiles. Pour compenser cette faiblesse, ils ont mis au point une armure considérée comme l'
Conrad Paulson lives a secret double life as master thief Redmond. There is nothing he can't steal, nothing he can't have... except for the life he left behind. Now, with a grown son he hardly knows, and an ex-wife he never stopped loving, Conrad must try to piece together what's left of his life, before the FBI finally catch up to him... but it appears they are the least of his worries.
Magneto leads a squadron of Sentinels on Washington and only the X-Men have a chance to stop him.
An epidemic of apocalyptic proportions has swept the globe, causing the dead to rise and feed on the living. In a matter of months, society has crumbled: There is no government, no grocery stores, no mail delivery, no cable TV. Rick Grimes finds himself one of the few survivors in this terrifying future. A couple months ago he was a small town cop who had never fired a shot and only ever saw o
The Walking Dead (Spanish)
Available for the first time in the US, the first volume of the Walking Dead saga is presented in Spanish. Collects THE WALKING DEAD #1-6.
Marvel once again poses the question, "What If...?" What if Peter Parker had been completely consumed by his inner, bestial impulses and became more spider than man in "The Other?" What if the greatest threat in Avengers history had gone undetected in "Disassembled?" What if Wolverine, the world's deadliest killing machine, was never de-programmed in "Enemy of the State"? Professor X's secret squa


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Home > Journals > Journal of Economic Entomology > Volume 110 > Issue 4 > Article
11 May 2017 Genetic and Biological Characterization of Four Nucleopolyhedrovirus Isolates Collected in Mexico for the Control of Spodoptera exigua (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)
N. Zamora-Avilés, R. Murillo, R. Lasa, S. Pineda, J. I. Figueroa, A. Bravo-Patiño, O. Díaz, J. L. Corrales, A. M. Martínez
N. Zamora-Avilés,1 R. Murillo,2,3 R. Lasa,4 S. Pineda,1 J. I. Figueroa,1 A. Bravo-Patiño,5 O. Díaz,6 J. L. Corrales,7 A. M. Martínez1,*
11Instituto de Investigaciones Agropecuarias y Forestales, Tarimbaro, Km 9.5 Carretera Morelia Zinape
22Instituto de Agrobiotecnología, CSIC-Gobierno de Navarra, Av. Pamplona 123, Navarra 31192, Spain (r
33Departamento de Producción Agraria, Universidad Pública de Navarra, Navarra 31192, Mutilva Baja, Sp
44Instituto de Ecología AC, Xalapa, 351 Carretera antigua a Coatepec, Veracruz 91070, Mexico (rodrila
55Centro Mexico (abravo@umich.mx)
66Facultad de Agronomía, Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí, 64 Álvaro Obregón, San Luís Potosí
77Facultad de Agronomía, Universidad Autónoma de Sinaloa, Prolongación Josefa Ortiz de Domínguez, Sin
*Corresponding author, e-mail: amabel_66@hotmail.com
J. of Economic Entomology, 110(4):1465-1475 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1093/jee/tox130
This study describes four multiple nucleocapsid nucleopolyhedrovirus isolates recovered from infected larvae of beet armyworm, Spodoptera exigua (Hübner) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), on crops in two different geographical regions of Mexico. Molecular and biological characterization was compared with characterized S. exigua multiple nucleopolyhedrovirus (SeMNPV) isolates from the United States (SeUS1 and SeUS2) and Spain (SeSP2). Restriction endonuclease analysis of viral DNA confirmed that all Mexican isolates were SeMNPV isolates, but molecular differences between the Mexican and the reference isolates were detected using PCR combined with restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP). Amplification of the variable region V01 combined with RFLP distinguished the two Mexican isolates, SeSLP6 and SeSIN6. BglII digestions showed that the majority of the isolates contained submolar bands, indicating the presence of genetic heterogeneity. Amplification of the variable regions V04 and V05 distinguished between American and the Spanish isolates. Biological characterization was performed against two laboratory colonies of S. exigua, one from Mexico, and another from Switzerland. Insects from the Mexican colony were less susceptible to infection than insects from Se-Swiss colony. In the Se-Mex colony, SeSP2 was the most pathogenic isolate followed by SeSIN6, although their virulence was similar to most of the isolates tested. In Se-Swiss colony, similar LD50 values were observed for the five isolates, although the virulence was higher for the SeSLP6 isolate, which also had the highest OB (occlusion body) yield. We conclude that the Mexican isolates SeSIN6 and SeSLP6 possess insecticidal traits of value for the development of biopesticides for the control of populations of S. exigua.
© The Authors 2017. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of Entomological Society of America. All rights reserved. For Permissions, please email: journals.permissions@oup.com
N. Zamora-Avilés, R. Murillo, R. Lasa, S. Pineda, J. I. Figueroa, A. Bravo-Patiño, O. Díaz, J. L. Corrales, and A. M. Martínez "Genetic and Biological Characterization of Four Nucleopolyhedrovirus Isolates Collected in Mexico for the Control of Spodoptera exigua (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)," Journal of Economic Entomology 110(4), 1465-1475, (11 May 2017). https://doi.org/10.1093/jee/tox130
Received: 6 December 2016; Accepted: 13 April 2017; Published: 11 May 2017
Vol. 110 • No. 4
baculovirus
SeMNPV
N. Zamora-Avilés, R. Murillo, R. Lasa, S. Pineda, J. I. Figueroa, A. Bravo-Patiño, O. Díaz, J. L. Corrales, A. M. Martínez "Genetic and Biological Characterization of Four Nucleopolyhedrovirus Isolates Collected in Mexico for the Control of Spodoptera exigua (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)," Journal of Economic Entomology, 110(4), 1465-1475, (11 May 2017)


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Architecture – Urban Design
Early Music and Baroque
Bard Music Festival
A Singer's Notes by Keith Kibler
Hudson-Housatonic Arts
Formerly the Berkshire Review for the Arts. Performances, Exhibitions, Articles, and Interviews about the Arts from the Berkshires and Hudson Valley
Stars Crossing in New York's Electric City
April 28, 2019 July 12, 2019 Seth Lachterman
Memorial Chapel at Union College, Schenectady, New York
Union College's amazing concert series perseveres through a plague of performer illnesses.
It is simple enough to dismiss the once vital Schenectady New York, with the dwindling fortunes of General Electric. The town with a hard-to-pronounce name famously malapropped in Charlie Kaufman's Synecdoche, New Yorkwas once the seat of the largest employer and economic force in the upstate New York region. The fates have been unkind, and its poor environmental record coupled with challenges transitioning to renewable energy has dealt a fatal blow.
Union College, in the heart of this city, is one of the more exclusive and expensive colleges in the nation. Besides a strong academic reputation, it boasts a surprisingly elegant campus with an exceptional Gothic style rotunda (The Nott Memorial) and the acoustically renowned Memorial Chapel, a venue for music.
Pianist, Jonathan Biss
What is most surprising about the Union College Concert Series is the array of international stars that perform there with ticket prices a fraction of those in major metropolitan areas. With the likes of Mitsuko Uchida, Yefim Bronfman, Jonathan Biss, Mark Padmore, Simon Keenlyside, Jeremy Denk and others, the celebrity or quality of classical music there is unmatched in the region.
Derek Delaney, the indefatigable artistic director has scored remarkably well in shepherding the series' stellar bookings and some nightmarish outages. Quite unexpectedly, he had a Herculean salvaging task through a series of last-minute health-related performer cancelations that reached a dramatic climax in Jonathan Biss's near syncope halting his performance of Beethoven's opus 111 Sunday, April 28. Mr. Biss was filling in the last minute for an ailing Uchida. Both sets of illnesses followed Piotr Anderszewski's illness and cancelation a month before. For that concert, Yefim Bronfman, always a hero (immortalized by Philip Roth), substituted for the Polish virtuoso.
Mr. Delaney impressively did not miss a beat in quickly finding and replacing greats with other greats alternatives. The obvious appreciation felt and seen by the audience (packed each time) for the star-crossed season was evident. I cannot imagine what a frazzling and unnerving experience this was, pulling pianists out of a hat and seeing the last wilt on stage. His élan at rebounding from human circumstance was amazing, and the series is lucky to have someone as stalwart and resourceful as him.
On the following day, everyone in attendance received an email from Mr. Delaney assuring us that Mr. Biss was recovering from a bout of dehydration (he had been performing the previous night in Philadelphia). Even when Mr Biss left the stage and the opus 111 midway, the audience cheered.
No one there takes this series for granted: the quality of music making and the economy of the tickets bespeaks the healthy amperage of classical music in this once prosperous town.
It would be a shame not to mention Mr. Biss's performance of three other Beethoven sonatas: the opus 90, the opus 1, No. 3, and the opus 14, No. 2 in the concert's first half. Although a bit rushed at times, his interpretations were, nonetheless, piquant and passionate: a real treat. The two-movement opus 111 was meant to balance the similarly structured opus 90 at the start of the concert.
Previously this season on December 9, 2018, Jonathan Biss performed Beethoven's opus 31, No. 3, Haydn, Mozart, and a brilliant reading of Schumann's Davidsbündlertänze.
Derek Delaney, Union College Concert Series
Stockbridge: Summer 1966, A memoir of the Berkshire Theatre Festival's inaugural season — Part II (of 3): George Tabori's Production of The Merchant of Venice, set in a Nazi concentration camp
Stockbridge: Summer 1966, A memoir of the Berkshire Theatre Festival's inaugural season — Part III, Conclusion
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Col. Arnald D. Gabriel was honored in a special ceremony to receive the "Legion of Honour", France's highest distinction, for his service in WWII. The ceremony was held at the French Embassy in Washington, D.C. on November 10, 2016.
In 2014, Col. Gabriel returned to Normandy to conduct the 100 piece D-Day Memorial Wind Band on June 6 (70th Anniversary). The Mayor of St. Laurent-sur-Mer, along with Music Celebrations International's European Office, initiated a dialogue with the government in Paris to recommend this distinction.
A combat machine gunner with the United States Army's famed 29th Infantry Division in Europe during WW II, Gabriel received two awards of the Bronze Star Medal, the Combat Infantryman's Badge and the French Croix de Guerre.
In addition to his valiant and honorable service in WW II, he served as Commander/Conductor of th e internationally renowned U.S. Air Force Band, Symphony Orchestra, and Singing Sergeants from 1964 to 1985. Among his many honors, he was inducted into the National Band Association Hall of Fame of Distinguished Band Conductors, becoming the youngest person ever to have received this honor.
Join us in congratulating Col Gabriel on this great honor! Thank you Col. Gabe for your enormous contribution to and service in the military and music!


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Kaepernick Calls Out Critics: Stop Disguising Your Racism as Patriotism
by Marcos Da Silva
Marcos Da Silva
BREAKING: One Person Killed As Protests, Teargas Rock Charlotte For A Second Night (UPDATES)
This Sunday, San Francisco 49ers quarterback Colin Kaepernick once again knelt in protest of police brutality during the national anthem of another NFL game. The very next day, video of yet another African-American being shot to death by police went viral, notwithstanding the fact that the victim, 40-year-old, Terence Crutcher, was unarmed and had his hands up at the time of his death.
"His car was broken down, he was looking for help and he got murdered," Kaepernick said. "That's a perfect example of what [my protest] is about. I think it will be very telling what happens with the officers that killed him because everybody's eyes will be on this."
The day after the footage of Crutcher's murder was released, the response immediately affected Charlotte, North Carolina as riots spread throughout the area's poorest neighborhoods.
Kapernick took to Twitter to lament the tragedy and reassert his position, but his argument had already been proven for him in the worst way by police. With his protests, Kaepernick originally brought more attention to his disrespect for "the flag" than to police brutality due to the media's fixation with his kneeling during the national anthem. But the death of Terence Crutcher served as a reminder of the point, the ruthlessness with which police treat people of color in America.
"There's a lot of racism in this country disguised as patriotism," Kaepernick said, "and people want to take everything back to the flag but that's not what we're talking about. We're talking about racial discrimination, inequalities and injustices that happen across this nation."
According to the Guardian, 1,146 people were killed at the hands of the police last year. So far in 2016, police have killed more than 706 people according to the Washington Post and 790 according to the Guardian. And since Kaepernick's protest began, police have killed at least 67 people. Of these numbers, an unevenly high percentage of those killed by police have been African-Americans. And while the number of incidents with police would suggest a high likelihood of indictment of aggressors, police are almost never convicted of wrongdoing in cases involving police officers, even when there is video evidence of lawbreaking.
All of this points away from an isolated event and towards a larger institutional issue with American law enforcement. And as the tally climbs higher every day, it becomes easier and easier to expose the faux-patriotism used to critique of Kaepernicks' protest, as just another way to avoid having a serious conversation about racial injustice in this country and to punish a person of color for daring to question the status quo.
#blacklivesmatter colin kaepernick style
Marcos Da Silva September 22, 2016


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by Judith Whiteon September 16, 2012 March 2, 2013
The Bangkok Art and Culture Centre, opened only four years ago by the municipal authorities, is a spacious modern nine-storey Guggenheim-style building. Its aims are to exhibit contemporary art, provide a meeting place for artists and hold community cultural events.
When so many of Asia's great galleries still appear to have little connection with their surrounding communities, it's a bold and laudable initiative.
The BACC is currently showing Thai Trends: From Localism to Internationalism, an exhibition of turning points in art during King Bhumibol Adulyadej's 66-year reign (his 85th birthday is this December). It follows the transition from traditional, formal visual culture to the development of modernism and abstraction. It's a huge leap. If some of the exhibits sit uneasily together, it's a reflection of the country's social and cultural reality, and fascinating in that context.
There are plenty of other activities open to the public – sculpture, textile and fashion design studios, meeting places and artists' shops. The centre is also a distribution point for the Bangkok Art Map, a handy guide if you're thinking of exploring the city's increasingly vibrant contemporary art scene (www.bangkokartmap.com).
This weekend the Save the Mekong coalition was setting up an exhibition in the foyer as part of their campaign against the Xayaburi dam being built in Laos, the first of 11 dams planned for the Lower Mekong between now and 2025.
Australia has an involvement in the project, having funded the prior notification and consultation process (PNPCA) which has taken place in Vietnam, Thailand and Cambodia. But the Save the Mekong coalition (www.savethemekong.org) is not happy with the results of the consultation, and Cambodian authorities are reportedly concerned about food security along the Mekong. A report issued last month by a team of 70 local and international environmentalists after a four-year study showed that biodiversity in the river system, currently at fairly healthy levels, would be seriously endangered if the full project goes ahead.
It's a major dilemma: how do you secure water supplies for the huge growing cities of south-east Asia without further damaging the environment? At the BACC, at least, a lively discussion is under way.
TASTES OF ASIA
I adored the food in Greece but it's great to be back with the familiar flavours of south-east Asia. In Bangkok, as ever, you can eat superbly well for very little.
Best of all is when a local shows you around. On our last night Alex's old friend Barry (Tiger Man) Petersen took us to his favourite Vietnamese restaurant, the kind of unpretentious place that's off the tourist circuit but a cut above any up-market eatery. We shared local oysters, freshly shucked, with limes and delicious sauces, tom yum soups, whole grilled fish and stir-fried vegetables. It was one of those meals that cements friendships, and a great way to wind up our trip.
THE JOURNOS' PAPER
Good luck to I Efimerida ton syntakton (The Journalists' Paper) which starts daily publication in Greece this week. It's a brave venture by former staff of Elefttherotypia, which was the second largest circulation newspaper in the country until it went bankrupt at the end of last year. Founded after the overthrow of the colonels' dictatorship in 1974, it was liberal in its politics and had wide national and international coverage – Greece's answer to The Guardian, if you like.
Now 60 of its former journalists, including our friend Aliki Matsi, have clubbed together to take up the banner. Despite months without pay they have each contributed enough to begin publication with an office in central Athens and nationwide distribution. The Journalists' Paper promises to give full coverage to the crisis in Greece and internationally, without fear or favour to any political party. We wish them well.
EYES ON THE WIKILEAKS PRIZE
Congratulations to the Indigenous Social Justice Association which on Saturday presented a passport for Julian Assange to his father John Shipton at a ceremony in Redfern. Our Aboriginal brothers and sisters shame the Australian government, and the anti-Assange commentariat, too.
In the current issue of the British Journalism Review – the same one that carries Anthony Delano's review of Alex's book Come the Revolution – American journalist Christian Christensen gives a measured response to those members of the profession who have focused on Assange's personality and allowed the issues at the heart of the Wikileaks controversy to be blurred.
Entitled "Covering Assange: We have taken our eyes off the prize", his article examines common mistakes in the media including "an ill-found belief in US fair play and justice" and the view that Assange's fears of rendition to the US are a conspiracy theory.
"Let me put it this way," he writes. "If you had told me 12 years ago that Sweden would allow CIA agents to detain, assault and interrogate two Egyptian nationals on Swedish soil, then drug and fly them from Stockholm to Egypt on a private jet for torture, only to have Sweden deny it, I might have called that borderline conspiracy talk. But it happened."
Christensen concludes that instead of discussing the personality, journalists should concentrate on "the substance of Assange's fears regarding extradition to the United States, [and] WikiLeaks' contribution to a greater understanding of the murky worlds of military action and diplomatic geopolitics".
You can find the article at www.bjr.org.uk
This entry was posted in Asia, Federal, Media, Visual Arts. Bookmark the permalink.
Posts by Judith White
Australia, Media, State
Why Packer is holding all the aces in the pack
Media, USA
School massacre, guns and reality
Australia, Books, Britain, Eurozone, Federal, Media, World
Tribute to Phillip Knightley
Elmore Leonard's 10 tips for writers
Judith White/ September 23, 2012 March 2, 2013
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