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The politics of Vietnam is dominated by a single party, the Communist Party of Vietnam (CPV). The President of Vietnam is the head of state, and the Prime Minister of Vietnam is the head of government, both of these are separate from the General Secretary of the Communist Party of Vietnam who leads the Communist Party and is head of the Politburo and the Central Military Commission, thus the General Secretary is the de facto supreme leader of Vietnam. Executive power is exercised by the government and the President of Vietnam. Legislative power is vested in the National Assembly of Vietnam (). The Judiciary is independent of the executive. The parliament adopted the current Constitution of Vietnam, its fifth, on 28 November 2013.

The Vietnamese political system is authoritarian, with the freedom of assembly, association, expression, press and religion as well as civil society activism being tightly restricted. There are no freely elected national leaders, political opposition is suppressed, all religious activity is controlled by the CPV, and dissent is not permitted and civil rights are curtailed. Elections in Vietnam occur under a single-party authoritarian political system. Vietnam is among the few contemporary party-led dictatorships to not hold any direct elections at the national level. The competitive nature of the elections is highly constrained by the Communist Party's monopoly on power in Vietnam, limitations on free speech, and government interference with the elections.

The National Assembly is a unicameral legislative body. The National Assembly has 500 members, elected by popular vote to serve four-year terms. The legislature is, according to the constitution, the highest organ of the state. Its powers includes the enactment and amendment of the constitution and laws; the adoption of the government budget; supervising the Government of Vietnam and other holders of public powers responsible to the National Assembly; and appointing members of the judiciary. The Vietnamese constitution and legislation provide for regular elections for the office of the President of the Socialist Republic, the National Assembly and the People's Councils.

The President () is elected by National Assembly for a five-year term and acts as the de jure commander-in-chief of the Vietnam People's Armed Forces and Chairman of the Council for Defence and Security. However, the president has the right to decide on executive brands. The government (), the main executive state power of Vietnam, is headed by the Prime Minister, who has several Deputy Prime Ministers and several ministers in charge of particular activities. The executive branch is responsible for the implementation of political, economic, cultural, social, national defence, security and external activities of the state.

Vietnam has a judicial system governed by the Constitution of Vietnam and national legislation enacted by National Assembly. The Supreme People's Court () is the highest court of appeal in Vietnam. There are other specialised courts in Vietnam, including the Central Military Court, the Criminal Court, the Civil Court and the Appeal Court. The Supreme People's Procuracy observes the implementation of state organs and makes sure that Vietnamese citizens follow the law.

Legal framework

Vietnam is a one-party socialist republic. The current Vietnamese state traces its direct lineage back to the Democratic Republic of Vietnam (North Vietnam) and the 1945 August Revolution led by Hồ Chí Minh. The current constitution was adopted on 28 November 2013 by the National Assembly of Vietnam. There have been four other constitutions in Vietnamese history: the 1946, 1959, 1980, and 1992 constitutions. The Communist Party of Vietnam, the leading non-State organ, operates in accordance with the laws. Government powers in Vietnam are divided into legislative, executive and judiciary powers. Vietnam's legal system is based upon socialist legality according to Article 12 of the constitution.

State ideology

Vietnam is a socialist republic with a one-party system led by the Communist Party of Vietnam (CPV). The CPV espouses Marxism–Leninism and Hồ Chí Minh Thought, the political philosophy and ideology of the late Hồ Chí Minh. The two ideologies function as a firm ideological basis and serve as guidance for the activities of the Party and state. According to the Constitution, Vietnam is "in the period of transition to socialism". Marxism–Leninism was introduced to Vietnam in the 1920s and 1930s, and Vietnamese culture has been led under the banner of patriotism and Marxism–Leninism. Hồ Chí Minh's beliefs were not systematised during his life, nor quickly following his death. Trường Chinh's biography of "Chairman Hồ" in 1973 emphasised his revolutionary policies. The thoughts of Hồ Chí Minh were systematised in 1989, under the leadership of Nguyễn Văn Linh. Hồ Chí Minh Thought, alongside Marxism–Leninism, became the official ideology of the CPV and the state in 1991. The CPV's claim to legitimacy was retained following the collapse of communism in 1989 and the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991 by its commitment to the thoughts of Hồ Chí Minh, according to Sophie Quinn-Judge. According to Pierre Brocheux, the author of Ho Chi Minh: a Biography, the current state ideology is Hồ Chí Minh Thought, with Marxism–Leninism playing a secondary role. While some claim that Hồ Chí Minh Thought is used as a veil for the Party leadership since they, according to this version, have stopped believing in communism, others claim this is not true considering that Hồ Chí Minh was an avid supporter of the dictatorship of the proletariat. Others see Hồ Chí Minh Thought as a political umbrella term whose main function is to smuggle in non-socialist ideas and policies without challenging socialist legality.

Since its foundation, the key ideology has been Marxism–Leninism, but since the introduction of a mixed economy in the late 1980s and 1990s, it has lost its monopolistic ideological and moral legitimacy. As became clear because of the Đổi Mới reforms, the Party could not base its rule on defending only the workers and the peasants, which was officially referred to as the "working class-peasant alliance". In the constitution introduced in 1992, the State represented the "workers, peasants and intellectuals". In recent years, the Party has stopped representing a specific class, but instead the "interests of the entire people", which includes entrepreneurs. The final class barrier was removed in 2002, when party members were allowed to engage in private activities. In the face of de-emphasising the role of Marxism–Leninism, the Party has acquired a broader ideology, placing more emphasis on nationalism, developmentalism, and becoming the protector of tradition.

Communist Party of Vietnam

According to the official version, the Communist Party of Vietnam () is leading the Vietnamese people "in carrying out the country's renovation, modernisation and industrialisation." According to the Party's statute, amended at the 9th National Congress on 22 April 2001, the CPV was "established and trained by President Hồ Chí Minh, has led the Vietnamese people to carry out successfully the August Revolution, establishing the Democratic Republic of Việt Nam, now the Socialist Republic of Việt Nam, to defeat foreign invaders, to abolish the colonial and feudalist regime, to liberate and reunify the country, and then carry out the cause of renovation and socialist construction and firmly defend national independence." It believes in socialist internationalism of the working class, and supports the "struggle for peace, national independence, democracy and social progress of the world's people." The CPV acts as the vanguard of the working people and the whole nation by representing their interests. Its aim is to create "a strong, independent, prosperous and democratic country with an equitable and civilized society, to realise socialism and ultimately, communism." The Party's ideological foundation is Marxism–Leninism and Hồ Chí Minh Thoughts. These ideologies guide the activities of the Party, while promoting "the nation's traditions, and absorbing other nations' essential ideas."

The CPV is organised on the principles of democratic centralism. It practices "criticism, self-criticism, and strict discipline" and pursues "collective leadership and individual responsibility, and promoting comradeship and solidarity in line with the Party's political programs and statutes." The CPV is subject to Vietnamese laws and the Constitution. It is the country's ruling party and promotes the "mastery of the people over the country". The Party is under the supervision of the people. It is dependent on having the people contribute to the party, by strengthening, uniting, and leading the people in the revolutionary cause. The political system in Vietnam is led by the CPV, and it "leads, respects and promotes the role of the State, the Vietnamese Fatherland Front (VFF) and other socio-political organisations."

Congress

The National Congress is the party's highest organ. The direction of the Party and the Government is decided at the National Congress, held every fifth year. The Central Committee is elected by the National Congress. Delegates vote on policies and candidate posts within the central party leadership. Following ratification of the decisions taken at the National Congress, the National Congress dissolves itself. The Central Committee, which is elected by the National Congress every fifth year, implements the decisions of the National Congress in the five-year period. Since the Central Committee only meets twice a year, the Politburo implements the policies of the National Congress.

Central Committee

The Central Committee (CC) is the CPV's most powerful institution. It delegates some of its powers to the Secretariat and the Politburo when it is not in session. When the Vietnam War ended in 1975, the Vietnamese leadership, led by Lê Duẩn, began to centralise power. This policy continued until the 6th National Congress, when Nguyễn Văn Linh took power. Linh pursued a policy of economic and political decentralisation. The party and state bureaucracy opposed Linh's reform initiatives; because of this, Linh tried to win the support of provincial leaders. This caused the powers of the provincial chapters of the CPV to increase in the 1990s. The CPV lost its power to appoint or dismiss provincial-level officials in the 1990s; this is proven by the fact that Võ Văn Kiệt tried to wrestle this power back to the centre during the 1990s without success. These developments led to the provincialisation of the Central Committee; for example, more and more CC members have a background in provincial party work. Because of these changes, power in Vietnam has become increasingly devolved. The number of Central Committee members with a provincial background increased from a low of 15.6 percent in 1982 to a high of 41 percent in 2000. The former President of the Socialist Republic of Vietnam Trương Tấn Sang (2011–2016) was directly elected from the provinces at the 8th Party Congress, held in 1996. Because of the devolution of power, the powers of the Central Committee have increased substantially; for instance, when a two-thirds majority of the Politburo voted in favour of retaining Lê Khả Phiêu as General Secretary (the leader of Vietnam), the Central Committee voted against the Politburo's motion and voted unanimously in favour of removing Lê Khả Phiêu from his post of General Secretary. The Central Committee did this because the majority of its members were of provincial background, or were working in the provinces; because of this, these members were the first to feel the pinch when the economy began to stagnate during Lê Khả Phiêu's rule.

The Central Committee elects the Politburo in the aftermath of the Party Congress. Since the full Central Committee meets only once a year, the Politburo functions as the Party's leading collective decision-making body. The Secretariat is also elected by the Central Committee, and is headed by the General Secretary (). It is responsible for solving organisational problems and implementing the demands of the Central Committee. The Secretariat oversees the work of the Commissions of the Central Committee. The General Secretary is the de facto leader of Vietnam.

|General Secretary of the Central Committee
|rowspan="2"| Nguyễn Phú Trọng
|Communist Party
|rowspan="2"| 19 January 2011
|-
|Secretary of the Central Military Commission
|Communist Party
|-
|Secretary of the Central Public Security Commission
|Tô Lâm
|Communist party
| May 2016
|-
|Executive Secretary of the Secretariat
|Võ Văn Thưởng
|Communist Party
|2021
|-
|Head of the Central Commission of Organization
|Trương Thị Mai
|Communist Party
|5 April 2021
|-
|Chairman of the Central Commission for Inspection
|Trần Cẩm Tú
|Communist Party
|9 May 2018
|-
|Head of the Central Commission of Propaganda
|Nguyễn Trọng Nghĩa
|Communist Party
|2021
|-
|Chairman of the Central Theoretical Council
|Nguyễn Xuân Thắng
|Communist Party
|28 March 2011
|-
|Head of the Central Commission of Popularization
|Bùi Thị Minh Hoài
|Communist Party
|2021
|-
|Head of the Central Office
|Lê Minh Hưng
|Communist Party
|2021
|-
|Head of the Central Commission of External Affairs
|Lê Hoài Trung
|Communist Party
|2021
|-
|Head of the Central Commission of Economy
|Trần Tuấn Anh
|Communist Party
|2021
|-
|Head of the Central Commission of Internal Affairs
|Phan Đình Trạc
|Communist Party
|26 February 2016 (Acting Head since 2015)
|}

The following is the official order of precedence of the Politburo according to the 13th National Party Congress.

 Nguyễn Phú Trọng, Party General Secretary
 Nguyễn Xuân Phúc, State President
 Phạm Minh Chính, Prime Minister
 Vương Đình Huệ, Chairman of the National Assembly
 Trần Tuấn Anh, Head of the PCC's Commission of Economics
 Nguyễn Hoà Bình, Chief Justice of the Supreme People's Court
 Lương Cường, General, Chairman of the General Department of Politics of the Vietnam People's Army
 Đinh Tiến Dũng, Secretary of Ha Noi Municipal Party Committee
 Phan Văn Giang, Minister of National Defence
 Tô Lâm, Minister of Public Security
 Trương Thị Mai, Head of the Party's Central Committee's Commission of Organisational Affairs
 Trần Thanh Mẫn, Deputy Chairman of the National Assembly
 Phạm Bình Minh, Deputy Prime Minister
 Nguyễn Văn Nên, Secretary of the Ho Chi Minh city Party Committee
 Nguyễn Xuân Thắng, Director of the Ho Chi Minh National Academy of Politics, Chairman of the Central Theoretical Council
 Võ Văn Thưởng, Standing Member of the Secretariat of the Party
 Phan Đình Trạc, Head of the PCC's Commission of Internal Affairs
 Trần Cẩm Tú, Chairman of the PCC's Commission of Inspection

The Secretariat (term 13) includes some Politburo members assigned to join the Secretariat and 5 comrades elected at the first PCC meeting (term 13).
 Nguyễn Phú Trọng, Party General Secretary
 Võ Văn Thưởng, Standing Member of the Secretariat of the Party
 Trương Thị Mai, Head of the Party's Central Committee's Commission of Organisational Affairs
 Trần Cẩm Tú, Chairman of the PCC's Commission of Inspection
 Phan Đình Trạc, Head of the PCC's Commission of Internal Affairs
 Nguyễn Hòa Bình, Chief Justice of the Supreme People's Court
 Đỗ Văn Chiến, Chairman of the Presidium of the Vietnamese Fatherland Front
 Bùi Thị Minh Hoài, Head of the Central Commission of Popularization
 Lê Minh Hưng, Chief of the Office of the PCC
 Lê Minh Khái, Deputy Prime Minister
 Nguyễn Trọng Nghĩa, Head of the Central Commission of Propaganda

Fatherland Front

The Vietnamese Fatherland Front (VFF) () is an umbrella group of pro-communist movements. According to Article 9 of the Constitution, the VFF and its members constitute "the political base of people's power". The state must create a favorable environment for the VFF and its member organisations. The VFF is a voluntary mass organisation of political, socio-political and social organisations and "individuals from all classes, social strata, ethnic groups, and religions, including overseas Vietnamese." Its main objectives are to gather and build a people unity bloc, "strengthen the people's political and spiritual consensus, encourage the people to promote their mastership, to implement the CPV's guidelines and policies, and to abide by the Constitution and laws." The VFF is governed on the principles of "democratic consensus, coordinated and united action." Its organisation has been modelled after the state structure, and the VFF has its own independent statute. Notable member organisations of the VFF include the General Confederation of Labour, the Hồ Chí Minh Communist Youth Union and the Veteran Association, among others.

|Chairman of the Central Committee
|Đỗ Văn Chiến
|Communist Party
|2021
|-
|Deputy Chairman of the Central Committee
|rowspan="2"|Hầu A Lềnh
|Communist Party
|rowspan="2"|2017
|-
|General Secretary of the Central Committee
|Communist Party
|}

Executive

The President of the Republic () is the head of state, elected to a five-year term by the National Assembly, and is limited by the Constitution to a maximum tenure of 3 terms. In addition to being the Chairman of the Council for Defence and Security and commander-in-chief of the Vietnam People's Armed Forces, the president has the procedural duty of appointing or dismissing of the Vice Presidents, Prime Minister, Deputy Chief Judge of the Supreme People's Court and Head of the Supreme People's Procuracy, with the consent of the National Assembly through a simple majority vote. The President has influence on foreign policy, and has the right to declare a state of emergency and to declare war.

The Government () It is headed by the president, prime minister and consists of deputy prime ministers, ministers and other members. The Government is a unified administration responsible for the implementation of political, economic, cultural, social, national defence, security and external activities of the state. It is also responsible for the effectiveness of the state apparatus itself from the top down, stabilisation in the country and the observance of the constitution. As with the President, the Government is elected by the deputies of the National Assembly for a five-year term. The Prime Minister of the Government () is the head of government and is elected or dismissed by the National Assembly, at the request of the president. Since 5 April 2021, the prime minister of the government has been Phạm Minh Chính.

|President
|Võ Văn Thưởng
|Communist Party
|2 March 2023
|-
|Vice President
|Võ Thị Ánh Xuân
|Communist Party
| 6 April 2021
|-
|Prime Minister
|Phạm Minh Chính
|Communist Party
|5 April 2021
|-
|Deputy Prime Minister
|Phạm Bình Minh
|Communist Party
|2013
|-
|Deputy Prime Minister
|Lê Minh Khái
|Communist Party
|  2021
|-
|Deputy Prime Minister
|Vũ Đức Đam
|Communist Party
| 2013
|-
|Deputy Prime Minister
|Lê Van Thành
|Communist Party
| 2021
|-
|}

Legislative

The National Assembly () is a unicameral legislative body, and is governed on the basis of democratic centralism. It is the highest representative organ and the highest state organ. The National Assembly is the only organ vested with constitutional and legislative powers. It is responsible for fundamental domestic and foreign policies, socio-economic policies, defence and security issues, and it exercises supreme control over all state activities. Delegates (or members) of the National Assembly are elected through secret ballots in democratic elections which are held every fifth year. The National Assembly is convened twice a year, and its Standing Committee represents it between sessions.

The membership of the Standing Committee consists of the Chairman (), deputy chairmen and other members; these members are elected by the National Assembly. Standing Committee members cannot simultaneously be members of the Government. Members work on a full-time basis, and their terms of office correspond with the term of the National Assembly. The Standing Committee continues to function until a new National Assembly is elected. According to the constitution, the Standing Committee is responsible for 12 duties. Of these, the most important are the powers to announce, convene and chair the National Assembly sessions, to interpret the constitution, laws and ordinances, and to issue ordinances on those matters assigned by the National Assembly. It supervises and guides the People's Councils and their activities, and directs, regulates and coordinates the activities of the Ethnic Council and the committees of the National Assembly.

There are seven committees of the National Assembly. Committee membership is determined by the National Assembly. They are responsible for the studying and examination of bills, legislative initiatives, drafts of ordinances and other drafts of legal documents and reports assigned by the National Assembly or the Standing Committee. The committees provide the National Assembly and its Standing Committee with their opinions on the legislative programme. The committees supervise and conduct investigations within their respective competency and exercise powers which are stipulated by law. The National Assembly elects the Ethnic Council, which consists of a Chairman, Deputy Chairmen and other members. The Ethnic Council studies and recommends actions to the National Assembly; the National Assembly has to consult with the Ethnic Council before issuing any decisions on ethnic policy. The Chairman of the Ethnic Council has to attend meetings of the Government which concern ethnic policy. The powers of the Ethnic Council are comparable to those of the committees.

|Chairman
|Vương Đình Huệ
|Communist Party
| 31 March 2021
|-
|Deputy Chairman
|Trần Thanh Mẫn
|Communist Party
| 2021
|-
|Deputy Chairman
|Nguyễn Khắc Định
|Communist Party
| 2021
|-
|Deputy Chairman
|Nguyễn Đức Hải
|Communist Party
| 2021
|-
|Deputy Chairman
|General Trần Quang Phương
|Communist Party
| 20 July 2021
|-
|Chairman of the Ethnic Council
|Y Thanh Hà Niê Kđăm
|Communist Party
| 21 July 2021
|}

Judiciary

The Vietnamese judicial system is based upon Socialist legality. The country's highest judicial organ is the Supreme People's Court (SPC) (). The composition of the SPC includes the Chief Justice (), Deputy Chief Judge, jurors and court secretaries. The structure of the SPC (from the top down) is as follows: Council of Judges, Commission of Judges, Central Military Court, Criminal Court, Civil Court, Appeal Court, and assisting staff. The Chief Judge of the SPC is elected by the National Assembly, while the President of the Socialist Republic has the power to nominate and dismiss the Deputy Chief Judge and judges at the Chief Judge's request. The Central Committee of the Vietnamese Fatherland Front introduces People's Jurors, which are in turn appointed by the Standing Committee of the National Assembly. According to the Government Web Portal, the operating principles of the courts are, during hearings, that the "judges and jurors are independent and only obey the laws." Justice and democracy within the system is supposedly ensured because legal decision-making is an open process. Jurors play an essential role, and defenders have the right of defence and to hire a lawyer.

The Supreme People's Prosecutor (SPP) (), the Vietnamese equivalent to an attorney general, observes the implementation process of the Ministries, ministerial-level agencies, government organs, local authorities, social and economic organisations, the armed forces, security forces and the Vietnamese citizens in general. The SPP respects the Constitution and state laws, practices public prosecution as stated by the law and ensures law enforcement. The head of the SPP is elected, dismissed, or removed from office by a proposal of the President. The Deputy Heads, prosecutors and inspectors appointed by the SPP head can be dismissed by the President on the Head's request.

The SPC is the highest court for appeal and review, and it reports to the National Assembly, which controls the judiciary's budget and confirms the president's nominees to the SPC and SPP. The SPP issues arrest warrants, sometimes retroactively. Below the SPC are district and provincial people's courts, military tribunals, and administrative, economic and labor courts. The people's courts are the courts of first instance. The Ministry of Defence (MOD) has military tribunals, which have the same rules as civil courts. Military judges and assessors are selected by the MOD and the SPC, but the SPC has supervisory responsibility. Although the constitution provides for independent judges and lay assessors (who lack administrative training), the United States Department of State maintains that Vietnam lacks an independent judiciary, in part because the Communist Party selects judges and vets them for political reliability. Moreover, the party seeks to influence the outcome of cases involving perceived threats to the state or the party's dominant position. In an effort to increase judicial independence, the government transferred local courts from the Ministry of Justice to the SPC in September 2002. However, the Department of State saw no evidence that the move actually achieved the stated goal. Vietnam's judiciary is also hampered by a shortage of lawyers and by rudimentary trial procedures. The death penalty often is imposed in cases of corruption and drug trafficking.

|Head of the Steering Committee of the Central Judicial Reform
|Nguyễn Xuân Phúc
|Communist Party
|2021
|-
|Chief Justice of the Supreme People's Court
|Nguyễn Hòa Bình
|Communist Party
|8 April 2016
|-
|Director of the Supreme People's Prosecutor
|Lê Minh Trí
|Communist Party
|8 April 2016
|}

Elections

Article 6 of the Constitution states that "The people make use of state power through the agency of the National Assembly and the People's Councils, which represent the will and aspirations of the people, are elected by them and responsible to them". Deputies (members) of the National Assembly are directly elected on a democratic basis through secret ballots. All citizens who are 18 or older, regardless of ethnic group, gender, social position, belief, religion, level of education, occupation or length of residency have the right to vote, the exceptions being the mentally disabled and those people who have been deprived of the right to vote by law. People aged 21 or older have the right to stand as a candidate at elections. Three election commissions have been established to manage elections; at the central level is the Election Council, at the provincial level and in centrally-run cities the Election Committee is responsible for election monitoring and the Election Commission is responsible for election monitoring at constituencies.

The current 500 members of the National Assembly were elected during the 2016
 parliamentary election, and they have a five-year term. Despite foreign criticism, it is generally believed that the National Assembly has become more powerful in recent years. The last election was held, according to the authorities, in a democratic, fair, lawful and safe manner and was considered a success. Voter turnout was 99.51 percent; nearly 62 million people voted. In their respective constituencies, Nguyễn Phú Trọng, the General Secretary, was elected to the National Assembly with 85.63 percent of the votes, Prime Minister Nguyễn Tấn Dũng was elected with 95.38 percent and President Trương Tấn Sang was elected with 80.19 percent. Outside the ruling troika, it was Nguyễn Xuân Phúc, the Chairman of the Government Office, who was elected with the highest margin, with 94.59 percent of the votes. The number of self-nominated candidates was four times higher than the previous election. Fifteen out of the 182 candidates nominated by the central government and the central party leadership were defeated in the elections. Lê Thị Thu Ba, a member of the Party's Central Committee and Chairman of the Committee of Law during the 12th National Assembly (2007–2011), was not re-elected to the National Assembly. Several capitalists were elected to the assembly, but due to the socialist ideology of the state, they are not allowed to sit on the assembly's Committee on Economy and Budget.

Nguyễn Sinh Hùng, the Chairman of the National Assembly, nominated Trương Tấn Sang for the Presidency. 487 deputies of the National Assembly, meaning 97.4 percent, voted in favour of Trương Tấn Sang. In his victory speech, Trương Tấn Sang said, "I pledge to improve my moral quality and study the example of the late President Hồ Chí Minh to cooperate with the government to bring Vietnam to become a fully industrialized country by 2015."

Latest parliamentary election

Latest presidential election

Local government

Provinces and municipalities are subdivided into towns, districts and villages. Provinces and municipalities are centrally controlled by the national government. Towns, districts and villages are locally accountable to some degree through elected people's councils. Certain cities and provinces are under direct control of the central government. The provinces are divided into districts, provincial cities and towns; cities under direct rule are divided into towns, urban and rural districts. In turn, the district is divided into communes and townlets. In the words of Article 118 of the Constitution, the "provincial city and the town are divided into wards and communes; the urban district is divided into wards." The establishment of People's Council and People's Committees is determined by law.

In the provinces, the People's Council is the "local organ of State power", and it represents the "aspirations, and mastery of the people". The People's Council is democratically elected, and is accountable to the people and to superior organs of the state. It must pass resolutions which are formal orders of superior organs of state, and it acts on behalf of the constitution. The People's Council decides the plans for socio-economic development, decides the budget and is responsible for national defence and security at the local level. The deputy (member) of the People's Council acts on the behalf of the people, and has the right to make proposals to the People's Council and other local State organs. In turn, officials of these local organs have the responsibility to receive and to examine them.

The People's Council appoint a People's Committee, the executive organ of the People's Council. It is the People's Committee which has the responsibility to implement "the Constitution, the law, the formal written orders of superior State organs and the resolutions of the People's Council." The People's Committee is headed by a Chairman, who acts as the body's leader. All decisions of the People's Committee are taken through a collegial decision-making process, and have to "conform to the will of the majority." The chairman has the power to annul decisions of lower standing organs.

Local officials of the Vietnamese Fatherland Front, its local head, and officials from other mass organisations in the locality have the right to attend the meetings of the People's Council and the People's Committee if relevant problems are discussed. According to Article 125 of the constitution, "The People's Council and the People's Committee shall make regular reports on the local situation in all fields to the Fatherland Front and the mass organisations; shall listen to their opinions and proposals on local power building and socio-economic development; shall cooperate with them in urging the people to work together with the State for the implementation of socio-economic, national-defence, and security tasks in the locality."

List of provinces

References

Bibliography

External links
 Active Citizens under Political Wraps: Experiences from Myanmar/Burma and Vietnam pub. by the Heinrich Böll Vietnam Government Foundation, Chiang Mai, Thailand, November 2006, p. 201.
VUFO-NGO, Directory of Vietnam government ministry and agency websites

Government of Vietnam
Vietnam

bn:ভিয়েতনাম#রাজনীতি


text:
Q: Asp.net session variable timeout I'm using asp.net (.net 4.0) on iis6, and have a sessionvariable that is gone after about 20-30 mins.
I've tried everything I could find on the internet:
My web.config contains:
<sessionState mode="InProc" cookieless="false" timeout="120" />
<httpRuntime requestValidationMode="2.0" maxRequestLength="204800"
executionTimeout="3600" />
<forms loginUrl="/subsidies/inlog.aspx" name=".ASPXFORMSAUTH" timeout="120" />
<membership defaultProvider="MyMembershipProvider" userIsOnlineTimeWindow="121">

Machine:
c:\WINDOWS\Microsoft.NET\Framework\v4.0.30319\Config\web.config
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Application pool:
Recycle worker processes (in minutes) : 120
Shutdown worker processes after being idle for (time in minutes): 120
Website properties:
Connection timeout: 120 seconds
Home Directory > Configuration > Options > Application Configuration >

*

*x Enable session state (enabled)

*Session timeout: 120 minutes

And still, a session variable is gone in about 20-30 minutes.
Hopefully someone can help me....

A: I finally found the problem. It's fixed.
The problem was the Application Pool. On every recycle, the session was lost. So we did turn off the application pool recycling, and are scheduling the recycle once a day.

A: You seem to be using Forms Authentication. Be sure you have slidingExpiration set to False in your web.config.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Sunday evening was eventful for two drivers in San Angelo, Texas. According to San Angelo Live, a Volvo station wagon failed to stop at a stop sign at the intersection of Avenue L and Johnson resulting in them crashing into a Buick SUV. This station wagon hit the SUV with such force that it caused it to flip upside down. The driver of the Volvo did not see the Buick and proceeded to drive into the intersection which led to the car wreck. Fortunately, although the Buick flipped over onto its roof, there were no serious injuries reported in this accident. This event is fortunate because someone could have been seriously injured in this accident. The driver of the Volvo did receive a ticket for failure to yield the right away from a stop sign.
Sadly, auto accidents like this one happen more often than you would think. Intersections can have line-of-sight issues because of bushes or parked vehicles. Because of state laws about parking in proximity to intersections and city ordinances about plant growth, signage, and other possible visual interference, car accidents at these places may not be open and shut cases. Another prevalent cause of car crashes is distracted driving. While cell phone usage may come to mind first as a distraction while driving, eating and drinking, looking at your in-dash navigation system, or even meeting with the radio could be considered distractions, as well.
In this age of new technology, automotive makers are doing many things to help curb having to take your eyes off the task of driving. For instance, climate controls and radio controls are now on many car's steering wheels so you don't have to look away to adjust things. Still, the world isn't a perfect place, and you may find yourself in an accident. Try as you might, you can never account for all the other people on the road.
If you've been involved in a car accident because of another person's negligent actions, then contact us at Galbreath Law Firm in Abilene. We have been serving the big country area for years and have been very successful in getting compensation to victims of car accidents. Call and set up a free initial consultation today.


Massachusetts is one of the most highly regulated states with regards to insurance. They have very specific rules for both consumers and agents. The state requires all drivers to maintain a car insurance policy at all times with certain minimum requirements. Those that drive without insurance risk large fines, lose of their license and registration and possibly time in jail.
Massachusetts insurance law operates under a no-fault system. Specifics can vary from state to state but basically it means that your insurance company is responsible for paying for your damages regardless of fault. Your rights to sue the at fault are limited, but the time to receive insurance benefits is reduced compared with tort states.
Comprehensive insurance covers you in the event that your vehicle is damaged in an incident such as a fallen tree damaging your car or if it has been stolen. A list of the most stolen vehicles in Massachusetts can show you if your vehicle is more at risk than others. Collision insurance provides payment for repairs or replacement of your vehicle from damages sustained in an accident.


1. Atomic Structure : Heisenberg's uncertainty principle Schrodinger wave equation (time independent); Interpretation of wave function, particle in one- dimensional box, quantum numbers, hydrogen atom wave functions; Shapes of s, p and d orbitals.
2. Chemical bonding : Ionic bond, characteristics of ionic compounds, lattice energy, Born-Haber cycle; covalent bond and its general characteristics, polarities of bonds in molecules and their dipole moments; Valence bond theory, concept of resonance and resonance energy; Molecular orbital theory (LCAO method); bonding H2 +, H2 He2 + to Ne2, NO, CO, HF, CN–, Comparison of valence bond and molecular orbital theories, bond order, bond strength and bond length.
3. Solid State : Crystal systems; Designation of crystal faces, lattice structures and unit cell; Bragg's law; X-ray diffraction by crystals; Close packing, radius ratio rules, calculation of some limiting radius ratio values; Structures of NaCl, ZnS, CsCl, CaF2; Stoichiometric and nonstoichiometric defects, impurity defects, semi-conductors.
4. The Gaseous State and Transport Phenomenon : Equation of state for real gases, intermolecular interactions, and critical phenomena and liquefaction of gases; Maxwell's distribution of speeds, intermolecular collisions, collisions on the wall and effusion; Thermal conductivity and viscosity of ideal gases.
5. Liquid State : Kelvin equation; Surface tension and surface enercy, wetting and contact angle, interfacial tension and capillary action.
6. Thermodynamics : Work, heat and internal energy; first law of thermodynamics. Second law of thermodynamics; entropy as a state function, entropy changes in various processes, entropy-reversibility and irreversibility, Free energy functions; Thermodynamic equation of state; Maxwell relations; Temperature, volume and pressure dependence of U, H, A, G, Cp and Cv, α and β ; J-T effect and inversion temperature; criteria for equilibrium, relation between equilibrium constant and thermodynamic quantities; Nernst heat theorem, introductory idea of third law of thermodynamics.
7. Phase Equilibria and Solutions : Clausius-Clapeyron equation; phase diagram for a pure substance; phase equilibria in binary systems, partially miscible liquids—upper and lower critical solution temperatures; partial molar quantities, their significance and determination; excess thermodynamic functions and their determination.
8. Electrochemistry : Debye-Huckel theory of strong electrolytes and Debye-Huckel limiting Law for various equilibrium and transport properties. Galvanic cells, concentration cells; electrochemical series, measurement of e.m.f. of cells and its applications fuel cells and batteries. Processes at electrodes; double layer at the interface; rate of charge transfer, current density; overpotential; electroanalytical techniques : amperometry, ion selective electrodes and their use.
9. Chemical Kinetics: Differential and integral rate equations for zeroth, first, second and fractional order reactions; Rate equations involving reverse, parallel, consecutive and chain reactions; Branching chain and explosions; effect of temperature and pressure on rate constant. Study of fast reactions by stop-flow and relaxation methods. Collisions and transition state theories.
10. Photochemistry: Absorption of light; decay of excited state by different routes; photochemical reactions between hydrogen and halogens and their quantum yields.
11. Surface Phenomena and Catalysis: Adsorption from gases and solutions on solid adsorbents; Langmuir and B.E.T. adsorption isotherms; determination of surface area, characteristics and mechanism of reaction on heterogeneous catalysts.
12. Bio-inorganic Chemistry: Metal ions in biological systems and their role in ion-transport across the membranes (molecular mechanism), oxygen-uptake proteins, cytochromes and ferrodoxins.
13. Coordination Chemistry : (i) Bonding in transition of metal complexes. Valence bond theory, crystal field theory and its modifications; applications of theories in the explanation of magnetism and elctronic spectra of metal complexes. (ii) Isomerism in coordination compounds; IUPAC nomenclature of coordination compounds; stereochemistry of complexes with 4 and 6 coordination numbers; chelate effect and polynuclear complexes; trans effect and its theories; kinetics of substitution reactions in square-planar complexes; thermodynamic and kinetic stability of complexes. (iii) EAN rule, Synthesis structure and reactivity of metal carbonyls; carboxylate anions, carbonyl hydrides and metal nitrosyl compounds. (iv) Complexes with aromatic systems, synthesis, structure and bonding in metal olefin complexes, alkyne complexes and cyclopentadienyl complexes; coordinative unsaturation, oxidative addition reactions, insertion reactions, fluxional molecules and their characterization; Compounds with metal—metal bonds and metal atom clusters.
compounds; Sulphur—nitrogen compounds, noble gas compounds.
15. General Chemistry of 'f' Block Element: Lanthanides and actinides: separation, oxidation states, magnetic and spectral properties; lanthanide contraction.
1. Delocalised Covalent Bonding : Aromaticity, anti-aromaticity; annulenes, azulenes, tropolones, fulvenes, sydnones.
2. (i) Reaction mechanisms : General methods (both kinetic and non-kinetic) of study of mechanisms or organic reactions : isotopies, mathod crossover experiment, intermediate trapping, stereochemistry; energy of activation; thermodynamic control and kinetic control of reactions.
(vi) Reactions and Rearrangements :—(a) Pinacolpinacolone, Hoffmann, Beckmann, Baeyer-Villiger, Favorskii, Fries, Claisen, Cope, Stevens and Wagner—Meerwein rearrangements. (b) Aldol condensation, Claisen condensation, Dieckmann, Perkin, Knoevenagel, Witting, Clemmensen, Wolff-Kishner, Cannizzaro and von Richter reactions; Stobbe, benzoin and acyloin condensations; Fischer indole synthesis, Skraup synthesis, BischlerNapieralski, Sandmeyer, Reimer-Tiemann and Reformatsky reactions.
3. Pericyclic reactions :—Classification and examples; Woodward-Hoffmann rules— electrocyclic reactions, cycloaddition reactions [2+2 and 4+2] and sigmatropic shifts [1, 3; 3, 3 and 1, 5], FMO approach.
4. (i) Preparation and Properties of Polymers: Organic polymerspolyethylene, polystyrene, polyvinyl chloride, teflon, nylon, terylene, synthetic and natural rubber. (ii) Biopolymers: Structure of proteins, DNA and RNA.
5. Synthetic Uses of Reagents: OsO4, HlO4, CrO3, Pb(OAc)4, SeO2, NBS, B2H6, NaLiquid NH3, LiAIH4, NaBH4, n-BuLi, MCPBA.
6. Photochemistry :—Photochemical reactions of simple organic compounds, excited and ground states, singlet and triplet states, Norrish-Type I and Type II reactions.


text:
Starting XI: Real v Atletico
79 Aug 19, 2014 - 10:11 pm
Real Madrid will take on the reigning La Liga, Atletico Madrid, in the Spanish Supercopa tonight.
Real come off of a friendly defeat to Fiorentina, after they claimed a UEFA Supercup victory over Sevilla last week.
Atletico, meanwhile, had a far more successful pre-season campaign, where they were only defeated once, on penalties, after a summer of rebuilding at the Vicente Calderon.
The reigning La Liga champions have been active in the transfer window, where they bought in a total of nine players. Their leading goal scorer, Diego Costa, and first choice left back, Filipe Luis, as well as goalkeeper, Thibaut Courtois, have departed the club for Chelsea along with the likes of David Silva and Diego Ribas.
Meanwhile, the Los Blancos have made several big-money transfers and brought in Keylor Navas, Toni Kroos and James Rodriguez.
The last time these two met, Real ran out winners in the UEFA Champions League final by a 4-1 margin after extra time. Simeone's men, however, will be trying to replicate their league encounters with their cross-town rivals where they registered a draw and a victory at the Santiago Bernabeau.
All eyes will be on Cristiano Ronaldo and Gareth Bale, who seem to be in great form already this season, while Iker Casillas has another chance to prove his first-team status ahead of Keylor Navas.
For Atletico, meanwhile, new attacking stars Griezmann and Mandzukic have their first chance to win the hearts of the Rojiblancos' fans.
Real are the bookmakers favourites for the first leg and one would expect that they will prove to strong for their city rivals in this home-leg of the encounter. The match will begin at 22:55 tonight and the return leg will be played on Friday.
Here is how they will line-up:
Reald Madrid: Casillas; Carvajal, Pepe, Ramos, Marcelo; Modric, Alonso, Kroos; Bale, Benzema, Ronaldo
Atletico Madrid: Moyá, Juanfran, Godín, Miranda, Siqueira; Suárez, Gabi, Saúl, Koke; Raúl García, Mandzukic
Who do you think will win the Spanish Supercup? Have your say in the comments section below.
Man Utd Sign Rojo, Loan Nani


Looking for a way to make your formal dining room less formal? Try a dining bench in place of a few of your chairs. Image: Grand Floridian Builders, Inc.
There's nothing comfier than a recliner. Round out the look by adding a sofa for balance. Image: Christy B.
The post The Most Searched for Furniture Item in Each State appeared first on Freshome.com.


text:
Jeanne-Marie Beaubier
of Alpha Flight
Jeanne-Marie Beaubier is better known as the superheroine "Aurora," the twin sister of fellow mutant superhero "Northstar." Aurora and Northstar, who have the mutant ability of super-speed and flight, were founding members of the Canadian superhero team Alpha Flight.
Aurora was raised as a devout Catholic by nuns in a convent. At one point, Aurora considered becoming a nun herself.
See: http://www.mutanthigh.com/aurora.html
From: "Catholic Clix - Comic info needed!" forum discussion started 3 May 2003 on HCRealms website (http://www.hcrealms.com/forum/archive/index.php/t-40338.html; viewed 24 May 2007):
thornnspear
Ok, so in recent films it's been apparent that Daredevil and Nightcrawler are Catholic...
So, who else out there could be fielded in a "Catholic" Heroclix team?
Here's some for future reference that aren't in Heroclix yet.
Firebird's is Catholic. Punisher was Catholic (I'm not sure now). Aurora from Alpha Flight is very Catholic in one of her split personalities. Dagger is Catholic (not sure about Cloak)...
Nightcrawler, Daredevil, Aurora and Huntress definitely [are Catholic]...
From: "Where are the Christian Superheroes?" forum discussion page started 22 August 2006 on Newsarama website (http://forum.newsarama.com/archive/index.php/t-81451.html; viewed 5 May 2007):
Mr Wesley
...I pose the question to you, my fellow Talk@Ramanians: If Christianity is the most popular faith in the United States, why aren't there more openly Christian superheroes?
Timberoo
One of Aurora's personalities was a nun.
From: "Religious Characters In Marvel" forum discussion started 15 September 2006 on "Comic Book Resources" website (http://forums.comicbookresources.com/archive/index.php/t-143850.html; viewed 25 May 2007):
Nogs
The other day I was thinking about religion and comic books... What I'm interested in is the way religious characters are portrayed in comic books...
I think the first step is listing what characters are what religion...
Aurora was raised by nuns, but they kind of screwed her up by beating her and calling her a blasphemer (I believe) when she told someone she could fly...


text:
Rock Creek Forest ES Stem Songs
February 7, 2020 by Mary Amato 1 Comment
If the moon could talk, what would it say to us? What might a shadow be thinking? What would a star brag about? What's the purpose of a constellation?
For four days, I worked with fifth graders at Rock Creek Forest Elementary School in Silver Spring, MD, to write, revise, rehearse, and record original songs about some aspect of their astronomy unit.
Four different groups of students each focused on a different topic. Instead of asking the students to write a list of facts, I asked them to take a point of view in the song and to write from that point of view.
Shadows of the Light—A song from the point of view of a shadow.
Download song sheet for lyrics and chords.
Dear Earth—A song from the point of view of the moon speaking to Earth.
I Burn—A song from the point of view of a star.
You're Not Lost—A song from the point of view of a constellation speaking to people on Earth.
We used figurative language and literary elements to craft our songs—personification, point of view, metaphor, simile, alliteration, assonance, imagery, rhyme, rhythm, and repetition.
The project also involved collaboration, brainstorming, "piggy-backing" (an idea one person throws out can give another person an idea), and revising.
Testing our ideas by first saying the rhythm of each line and then singing each line was important. In singing our lines, we discovered that we often needed to tweak a word or two.
For example, in the class that focused on writing from the point of view of a star, we discussed what happens when a star dies. One student suggested these lines: "I will die someday/But in a spectacular way." We all liked the idea, but when we tried to sing the second line, it was hard to sing the word "spectacular". Another student tweaked it: "I will die someday/But in an awesome way." Everyone agreed that it still carried the meaning but it was much easier to sing.
Repetition in songwriting can be good, such as the repetition of the chorus, but some repetition is boring. We looked at those places where we could make the song more interesting by making a change.
Here is an example in the song from the point of view of a constellation: "You sing our praise, know our stories and know our names" became "You sing our praise, know our stories, and give us names." Much more interesting and more accurate!
Another important consideration for these particular songs was scientific accuracy. We debated the accuracy of suggestions and made decisions about whether we felt comfortable with the line or needed to change it. For example, in our song from the point of view of the star, we discussed how it's nuclear fusion, not fire, that creates the heat and light of a star, but we decided that the poetic use of "burn" worked for us. Toward the end of the same song, the star talked about dying and our first draft had these two lines: My light will fly away/But my brightness will stay. We discussed this and decided that we were okay with the poetic use of "fly away" in the first line, but that "my brightness will stay" could be misleading and contradicted the idea of the star dying. We talked about how the dying star's energy wouldn't ever disappear from the universe so we changed it to "My legacy will stay."
The project, which involved taking unusual points of view, also helped to clarify, correct, or drive home concepts about astronomy that the students were learning in their science class. For example, in our song from the point of view of the moon, one student suggested that the moon would say, "I make the night." This suggestion caused a lively discussion about the facts! Does the moon actually cause the night? What causes night and day? As a class, we decided the moon couldn't say that and discussed other alternatives.
Creative collaboration itself is a skill and the project enabled the students to experience the give and take of ideas and opinions. I appreciated how students often took risks by suggesting a line aloud that wasn't a perfect fit, knowing that if we had something to work with we could collaborate and make it better. They also challenged each other in kind, polite ways.
Besides all that, students learned a few facts about about basic sound engineering–in one class, a question about the quality of the recording led us to talk about the physics of sound waves–as well as techniques for composing music, and how dynamics and energy can influence performance. Finally, many students used their artistic skills to submit topical illustrations, all of which were amazing, and some of which are displayed here.
Thanks to Ms. Fetrow, Ms. Coltrane, Ms. Puchales, Ms. Kudrick, Ms. Zariquiey, and PTA representative Clara Beshoar.
I shared a STEM song of my own with the students.
Sun's Love Song–A song from the point of view of the sun speaking to Earth.
Download this song sheet to learn more about the science behind the song and see lyrics and chords: Lyrics & info
Filed Under: Uncategorized, What's New Tagged With: Rock Creek Forest, Science and songwriting, songwriting, songwriting with kids, STE(A)M, STEAM songs, Stem Songs
STEM plus Songwriting equals STEAM SONGS
July 22, 2019 by Mary Amato Leave a Comment
Octopus by Goodloe Byron
What is a STE(A)M Song?
Imagine the love song of an invertebrate…or a glacier…or a drone.
In my new STE(A)M Song series, I'm using STEM-related concepts as metaphors for songs about love and life. STEM stands for Science, Technology, Engineering, and Math and when you add (A)rt, such as songwriting to STEM, you get STE(A)M.
Listen to some of my STE(A)M songs.
Download the lyrics/info sheet that explains the science metaphor behind each song.
Find out about my songwriting workshops.
STE(A)M Songs
A love song using the metaphors of the uncertainty principle and the observer effect in physics.
To learn more about the science behind the song: Lyrics & info
A geology love song…in other words a rock song. Why should love songs be about hearts and flowers? A big old ordinary rock can be a symbol for love. Cover Photo by Stew Hickman.
To learn more about the science behind the song:Lyrics & info
A love song of an astronomer who is searching for life in the universe.
To learn more about the science behind the song: Lyrics & info.
The love song from the sun to us.
A blues song written about an invertebrate (think Octopus). Cover art by Goodloe Byron.
A love song of the coral to its symbiotic partner, the algae.
The warning song of a glacier to us.
A love song with imagery from the chem lab.
Engineering/Technology
The song of an unmanned aerial vehicle addressing its engineer. Cover art: Kathryn Brimblecombe-Fox Sky-Drone-Net (cropped) gouache on paper 30 x 42 cm 2016
I do songwriting residencies in schools.
See song samples and curriculum notes from a first-grade STEM Song residency.
See song samples and curriculum notes from a fifth-grade STEM song residency.
More songs to come soon. I'll also be posting songs that are created by students in my songwriting workshops.
Filed Under: What's New Tagged With: Science and songwriting, songwriting, STE(A)M, STEM, STEM workshops


text:
(Quick links: genweb.whipple.org/7113 | Whipple One-Name Study)
Edgar T. Clark
BIRTH: Abt 1842 or 1843, , , Ohio
DEATH: , Pawnee, Kansas
Father: Benjamin Whipple Clark (20 Jul 1812 - 1880)
Mother: Marietta Broadhurst (10 Aug 1820 - 1880)
Family 1: Mary B. Adams (____ - ____)
MARRIAGE: 12 Apr 1866, Vanceburg, Lewis, Kentucky
_John Clark _________|
_Barnum Clark _______|
|                     |_Relief Barnum ______|
_Benjamin Whipple Clark _|
| (1812 - 1880) m 1839    |
|                         |                                                                  _John Whipple _______+
|                         |                                                                 | (1690 - 1738)
|                         |                                            _Joseph Whipple _____|_Mary Fairfield _____
|                         |                                           | (1711 - 1771) m 1736  (.... - 1742)
|                         |                      _Samuel Whipple _____|
|                         |                     | (1749 - 1782) m 1769|
|                         |                     |                     |                      _James Whipple ______+
|                         |                     |                     |                     | (1681 - 1766) m 1704
|                         |                     |                     |_Mary Whipple _______|_Mary Bacon Fuller __
|                         |                     |                       (.... - 1807) m 1736  (1685 - 1759)
|                         |_Lucy Whipple _______|
|                           (1777 - 1837) m 1796|
|                                               |                                            _____________________
|                                               |                                           |
|                                               |                      _Abraham Brown ______|_____________________
|                                               |                     | (1703 - 1791) m 1742
|                                               |_Lucy Brown _________|
|                                                 (1747 - 1809) m 1769|
|                                                                     |                      _____________________
|                                                                     |                     |
|                                                                     |_Mary Jones _________|_____________________
|                                                                       (1718 - 1809) m 1742
|--Edgar T. Clark
|                                                                                _____________________
|                                                                                |
|                                                                      _____________________|_____________________
|                                                                     |
|                                                _____________________|
|                                               |                     |
|                                               |                     |                      _____________________
|                                               |                     |                     |
|                                               |                     |_____________________|_____________________
|                                               |
|                          _____________________|
|                         |                     |
|                         |                     |                                            _____________________
|                         |                     |                                           |
|                         |                     |                      _____________________|_____________________
|                         |                     |                     |
|                         |                     |_____________________|
|                         |                                           |
|                         |                                           |                      _____________________
|                         |                                           |                     |
|                         |                                           |_____________________|_____________________
|_Marietta Broadhurst ____|
(1820 - 1880) m 1839    |
|_Catherine Backus ___|
!SOURCE: A Partial list of the Descendents of Matthew Whipple, the Elder, of Bocking, Essex County, England / Compiled from Divers Sources by Henry Burdette Whipple (High Point, North Carolina, Oct. 1965-1969), 2:61. Gives middle initial "F." (Middle initial might be T.)
!SOURCE: Email from N. Combs to Weldon Whipple, 6 Jun 2004. Cites "info extracted from a biographical sketch of Francisco K. Clark {7119} in: A Standard History of Kansas and Kansans, written and compiled by William E. Connelley, Secretary of the Kansas State Historical Society, Topeka. [Revised ed.] Chicago: Lewis Publishing Co., 1919, c1918. 5 v. (xlviii, 2530 p., [155] leaves of plates): ill., maps (some fold.), ports.; 27 cm. posted on the KSGENWEB site." Gives middle initial "T"; adds death place.
RIN 7113. Quick link to this page: https://genweb.whipple.org/7113


text:
Q: In C is there a pattern for variables in an array which are assigned 0 value? I want to know if an array of int elements is declared in C. Is there a pattern according to which only some values of the array are assigned to 0 while others store garbage values?
Ex:
#include <stdio.h>

void main()
{
    int a[5];
    int i;
    for (i=0;i<=4;i++)
    {
        printf("%d\n",a[i]);
    }
}

After I compile and run the program I get this output,i.e.
0
0
4195344
0
2107770384

So zeroes are there in a[0], a[1] and a[3] while a[2] contains the same value each time compiled and run whereas a[4] value keeps on changing (including negative numbers). Why does this happen that only some fixed indices of an array are initialized to zero and does it have something related to past allocation of memory space?

A: This behaviour is undefined and it is merely a coincidence. When you declare an array on the stack and do not initialize it then the array will take on values from another (likely the previous) stack frame.
Aside: If you wanted to zero-fill an array declared on the stack (in constant time) then you can initialize it using the following initialization syntax:
int arr[ 5 ] = { 0 };

It will write the first element as 0 and zero-fill the rest of the elements. However, if you declared an uninitialized array globally then it will automatically be zero-filled.

A: In C, when you declare your array that way it will not initialize the array. That's all garbage data. It's luck that there are zeros.
If you  want to init the array to 0 use
memset(a,0,sizeof(a));

A: This is an undefined behavior and it depends on the OS. The initial value of unassigned arrays is undefined. As a matter of good practice it is your responsibilty to assign them a value.

A: I just guess you run the code by terminal to say:
First, you run ./a.out or something else you named.
Second, then the termianl process (the parent process) call fork() to create a new process (the child process).  now the child process is just looks the same as the parent process, everything is copyed from it's parent, like all data in stack memory.
Third, the child process called exce function to load you program.However, the new process didn't clear all not used memory, it just keep the value copyed from parent, even the part parent process did't initialize. So when you  declare int a[5]; in child process without initialized, it just alloc a memeory sizeof 20 from stack ,OS know those memory belong to a[5], but the value in a[5], still the unknown. It can be every value, maybe that depand on the terminal process , maybe not.
So, It's a good custom to initialize the variables just when you declare it if you can.
just use int array = {0};


Hi guys – Crazy here with a special request edition of no-cash commander.
If you're just clocking in here for the first time – This series of articles is decks I've built for the player who wants to try something new without the investment of building a full-force deck. After last week's great success with Rishkar (That article here) we decided to ask the community at r/edh what they wanted to see. We had a response from one user who suggested we try our hand at the dark horse legendary of the new set. Clocking in at $48.64 (Minus basic Wastes) – Hope of Ghirapur.
Animation Module + Decoction Module + Fabrication Module + Ashnod's Altar = Infinite Servos, Mana, +1/+1 counters and Energy. Nothing to do with the energy though. Without the Ashnod's the "Module Combo" produces a 1/1 Servo, a +1/+1 counter and an Energy per 1 mana – But with the Ashnod's we can turn that one Servo into 2 mana, meaning we can loop this forever as long as we keep sacrificing the Servo, netting one mana each time. Then for each time we've completed the loop by sacrificing the servo we can complete the loop without sacrificing the servo using the 1 mana gained per loop – or use the infinite mana for something else, your choice.
Summoning Station + Grinding Station + Salvaging Station + Blasting Station + any 1 cmc or less noncreature artifact = Infinite Mill and Damage. Unlike the one above this one can kill a table on the spot – Just a shame it's a lot of bits. To go infinite you tap them in the order listed above – Making a Creature, Sacrificing your artifact to mill your opponent, Returning your artifact and then sacrificing your creature to deal one damage to an opponent, then making a creature, and so on – Each one untapping the station before it. Flayer Husk in particular makes this combo more efficient as since it's a noncreature that makes a 0/0 creature on entry you only need the Grinding Station and Salvaging Station for infinite milling – Sacrificing the Husk to mill for 3 also kills the germ, untapping the Salvaging Station, which can be tapped to bring back the Husk and untap the Grinding Station.
Ugin's Nexus + Prototype Portal + Artifact Sacrifice Outlet (List below) = Infinite Turns. If your opponents don't just concede you'll have all the time in the world to draw into a different combo. All you need to do is imprint the Nexus into the Prototype Portal – then when you activate the Portal to make a Nexus you can sacrifice it to take another turn. The Portal will then untap on your next turn, allowing you to do it again. And again. The list of cards that work with this is: Grinding Station (Also doubles as a win-condition), Trading Post, Phyrexia's Core and Rusted Slasher.
Triskelion + Dross Scorpion + Cauldron of Souls = Infinite Damage. This works like a bit of a budget Mike+Trike combo – Tap Cauldron to give Triskelion Persist, remove all of the counters from Triskelion to damage your opponent for 1 per counter and killing your Triskelion – This will trigger Dross Scorpion, allowing you to untap the cauldron. Because +1/+1 counters cancel out -1/-1 counters Triskelion will return with 2 +1/+1 counters, allowing you to give him persist again and repeat ad infinitum.
Chimeric Coils – If it's on the board already and you have a way to get it through (Something something Rogue's Passage something) this is effectively a colourless Fireball that can be easily recurred by Salvaging Station among other things.
Diviner's Wand – No longer just for wizards, allows us to draw our entire deck and make a titanic beater along with it. Good thing our Commander has built-in evasion huh?
Mind Stone, Hedron Archive, Dreamstone Hedron – Both ramp and card draw for a pretty reasonable cost.
Everflowing Chalice – The "Build-your-own rock". Potentially a worse version of the above rocks, but gives you a rock that fits anywhere on your curve, giving it a large amount of flexibility in exchange for power. Also synergises with Animation Module well.
Sol Ring – Goes in every deck, you know this one by now.
Sisay's Ring, Ur-Golem's Eye, Worn Powerstone – Bad Sol Ring is still a pretty good mana rock. Which is a testament to how good Sol Ring is that it can cost this much more and still be good.
Magnifying Glass, Unstable Obelisk – Rocks with benefits are pretty good. In this case, they double up as card draw and removal respectively.
Wayfarer's Bauble – Hey look, Evolving Wilds that's not a land. Pretty good though.
Temple of the False God – Nothing wrong with a good ol' "Sol Land". Just probably don't keep this in your opening 7 if you can help it.
Palladium Myr – Another rock in the "Bad Sol Ring" series, but now with extra legs.
Burnished Hart – Thank Wizards for Wastes am I right? It's some pretty good ramp considering the budget.
Blight Herder – A tad more situational but enough decks run cards that exile themselves or that exile as part of a cost (Good old Delve helpful for us there) that this can probably go off more often than not.
Oblivion Sower – Can answer some problems pre-emptively but primarily we want to use it to grab another land or two from the top of someone's library.
Foundry Inspector – Not ramp in the traditional sense but since it makes near enough all of our nonland cards cheaper I'm willing to put it here.
Diviner's Wand – Mentioned above as an infinite mana outlet, it's also just good as a draw engine with all the leftover mana you'll have if you found too many rocks.
Farsight Mask – I'd expect this to draw a lot of cards in certain metagames, in others it keeps people from attacking you so you won't draw cards. Either outcome is fairly acceptable.
Mask of Memory – How convenient that our commander is essentially a Suntail Hawk with benefits eh? He can make contact and draw us some more cards while he's at it.
Infiltration Lens – You may be noticing a theme here but this one is a little different in that it forces our opponent to choose between allowing us to hit them with Hope – Potentially closing off their noncreatures for a turn – Or drawing us some cards and closer to a game-ending combo.
Magnifying Glass – Horrifically inefficient but it does draw cards and also supports a certain other card I'll go into below by making those clues.
Temple Bell – Draws you cards, draws them cards. We could probably do better but while we have it you could try turning it to your political advantage.
Tower of Fortunes – A bit expensive maybe but also powerful, repeatable draw.
Trading Post – Certainly not it's only purpose but it does a respectable job of recouping losses to opposing spot removal.
Deal Broker – This conspiracy classic gives us a not-terrible looting engine to help us churn through our deck.
Endbringer – All said, this is a powerful and flexible card that gets better the more opponents you're staring down. Potentially draws a card per player per round.
Kozilek, the Great Distortion – A personal favourite of mine and one of my mainstay commanders – Don't fall into the trap of trying to win by beating down with him here though – He's here as a draw engine with counterspell benefits. Was utterly gobsmacked when I saw he was only $4.
Sandstone Oracle – At a powerful enough table this guy should be a second copy of Kozilek – Fully reloading you and providing a not-terrible body.
Staff of Nin – Draws cards, pops Weenies. just a generally good card.
Being a combo deck we've splashed as much as reasonably possible within the budget on tutors – Not as much as I'd like but we take what we can get.
Tamiyo's Journal – A not-terrible source of card advantage that can also provide a powerful tutor effect every few turns. Synergises well with Magnifying Glass.
Ring of Three Wishes – Over three turns will tutor an entire combo with little trouble. A bit on the expensive side maybe but the power in this deck is undeniable.
Scour From Existence – Remove target problem. It's expensive but for spot removal in colourless we take what we can get. Even unbudgeted decks sometimes run this.
Universal Solvent – A new one from Aether Revolt. Almost the same as above but more easily recurrable with something like Salvaging Station.
Spatial Contortion – 2 mana to pop a weenie is pretty fine in my books. Can kill some real problem creatures with little trouble like Fauna Shaman and Gaddock Teeg – The second of which can be a massive problem for us.
Aligned Hedron Network – Can hit some of our creatures but when you're staring down a ramp deck going off you'll be glad to have this. Notably doesn't hit most of our combo pieces.
Nevinyrral's Disk – A tried and tested "Everything dies" button. Curbed somewhat by the fact it can't be popped on the turn it comes in – Redeemed by the fact it can then be popped at instant speed for only one mana.
Perilous Vault – See above, but be careful with this one. If we exile a combo piece we've got no way to get it back. Notably though can be activated the turn it comes in with enough investment.
Ratchet Bomb – Goes a long way to shutting down wide decks, Elfball and Tokens beware.
Spine of Ish Sah – A pretty easily recurrable piece of removal. All you need is to be able to sacrifice it, which is not super difficult here. Curtailed by the amount of mana it requires though.
Steel Hellkite – A big, evasive threat that can potentially destroy a lot of problem permanents every turn. Also happens to be another outlet for infinite mana.
Phyrexian Revoker – Not exactly removal but can make some permanents useless enough that they might as well be removed – Planeswalkers being a primary target.
Orbs of Warding – A card I've found a lot more powerful than people let on – Can actually save you from dying to a lot of different infinite combos, from Exarch Twin to Infinite Mana Fireball. Conveniently for us also stops targeted discard effects like Thoughtsieze.
Trading Post – I did say it was good for more than just drawing cards. It can also get back our destroyed combo pieces for another round.
Artisan of Kozilek – Reanimates a combo piece while also creating a commanding presence on the battlefield thanks to it's titanic body and Annihilator.
Junk Diver – Chump blocks to revive a rock. It's pretty fine.
Scrap Trawler – An as yet unproven new card from Aether Revolt. I feel like even if every time we lose an artifact all we get back is a Wayfarer's Bauble that's still a pretty silly amount of value.
Shimmer Myr – Popping down a lot of our cards at instant speed can be the difference between taking and delivering a beating. Spine of Ish Sah for example gets a hell of a lot more scary when it can come down any time.
Soul of New Phyrexia – One hell of a body that can continue to support us from the graveyard by blanking boardwipes and spot removal for a turn. Excellent card.
Buried Ruin – Yet another piece of pretty premium recursion, but this one doesn't even use up a spell slot.
Darksteel Citadel – Artifact Land. Conveniently can go infinite with the Station Loop while also being incredibly hard to remove up to that point.
Blasted Landscape – It cycles. There's nothing wrong with a decent cycling land.
Phyrexia's Core – A difficult to interact with way to get value out of our rocks that would otherwise be destroyed. Also can be the sac outlet needed for the infinite turn combo.
Rogue's Passage – Pretty much a combo piece here but can also be used to force Hope through a locked down board if you desperately need the disruption.
Faster Mana = Faster combo. It also means you can interact more with the board to protect your pieces should you need to. Apparently mana is pretty good.
Nim Deathmantle is a card I so wanted to put in this deck, it making infinite mana with any creature that makes at least 2 others on entry (Such as Myr Battlesphere) and either an Ashnod's Altar or – in this case – a Krark-Clan Ironworks.
You may have noticed I said "Removal" and then put down 2 planeswalkers. That's because they are both absolutely insane, warping the game around them simply due to the amount of threats they can answer. All is Dust is another card I would have loved to fit but was cut die to budget constraints – It's essentially a one-sided boardwipe when we're mono-Colourless.
This plus your commander is a softlock on one opponent. The only time they will be able to use noncreatures is before your main phase two should it take your fancy. Budget constraints stopped it from being put in here but it would be a first choice for me otherwise.
And that's the deck – Obviously there are other improvements I would make but there's only so much space for this sort of thing. Did you enjoy this article? Think it's novel? Think it's terrible? Want to suggest another commander for me to scrape together on a budget? Let us know on our Facebook Page, and maybe give us a like while you're there!


Basic Authentication is a form of authentication on a web server for secured areas of a website. This is performed by the web server and is recognizable by a pop-up window requiring you to enter your username and password.
A transaction depicts a certain process or user behavior, that is carried out on a website with the help of a web browser. An example of this would be a newsletter registration form, signing into a customer area, searching for an article, or even the complete shopping process in an online store.
With this function, previously defined transactions are monitored by means of an actual browser (currently Internet Explorer 9), where any user behavior that is possible in the browser can be depicted and monitored.
In the case of an error, screenshots of the browser view are created and made available in the evaluation, together with the additional error information.
A check is a monitoring option offer by STRATO Monitoring, with which you can monitor applications performed on servers. For this reason, every check has corresponding parameters which serve to configure the monitoring.
A contact is a person notified of errors or OK status. Checks are assigned to contacts who are notified of the status changes to these checks.
In an UNIX environment, a daemon is a background application that runs on a server and provides checks and processes set tasks. In Windows the term "service" is used.
STRATO Monitoring uses a distribution system with which it checks the individual checks from several distributed locations. For this, we distributed various measuring points, that are selected from their locations, so that we can assure sound monitoring even if connection failure along certain routes in the internet should occur.
The quality of the monitoring results is also significantly improved since in every case an error is verified from 3 different points.
A false alarm is when an alarm is triggered after an incorrect check, even though there is no error. Reasons for an inaccurate check could be network fluctuation or contact congestion so that a time out occurs. To prevent this from happening, STRATO Monitoring performs repeat checks.
The monitoring of the individual checks is carried out from various measuring points. Geographical regions are assigned to these measuring points. This option is configurable per check. It can therefore be determined from which region this check should be checked. As a result, it can be guaranteed that the monitoring results are traced to the exact location as that accessed by the user of a check.
HTTP Push is another notification option. Thereby you can specifiy any script (reachable via HTTP) which will be called in case of a notification event. When calling this script the notification information will be attached via POST variables to the request.
The API offers the possibility to access the server and checks monitoring data with web applications. A parameterized request is sent to our server, which then sends back the requested information. The interfaces are expanded/broadened if required and are protected with a key against unauthorized access.
Maintenance interval describes the time in which a server/check is undergoing maintenance. During this time typical tasks (e.g. reboot, updates ...) are being performed on the server causing it to completely or partially unavailable. It is therefore helpful to mark these intervals in order to avoid false alarm resulting in notification being sent.
STRATO Monitoring employs various measuring points in distributed monitoring. A measuring point describes a server from which the actual check of the target system is performed. Location and provider connection are characteristics which are significant for the distributed monitoring system.
This refers to the period of time between two checks. At the same time it also establishes the longest possible amount of time that an error goes unnoticed.
Notification is the contact information about a status change of a check. There are two types of notification: via mail and via SMS.
In addition to availability, there is also the possbility to add performance parameters to the evaluation. This response time for the executed tests is available for the verification being carried out. The parameters, which can be evaulated additionally, can be found in the detailed description of each check.
The reference check is fixed on the server, which is used as a reference for sending notifications. Depending on the status it can be used to send messages of other checks. If the reference defined check is in error, no notification is sent for other checks on the same server.
The PING check is an example of a possible reference check.
After a check has been tagged as in error or down, STRATO Monitoring performs further checks to ensure that it is not a false alarm. The time distance between these repeat checks is between 30 and 120 seconds depending on the plan. As a Premium plan user you have the possibility to set the repeat check interval yourself with the "Alarm after Error of" option. A notification is only sent however after 3 unsuccessful tests.
If the check is unavailable for more than 2 hours (standard configuration) or is in error, new notifications are sent out to the appropriate contacts. The goal is to inform you of ongoing errors. Notification is only sent if you have activated the "repeat" option for the notification for a specific check.
The time interval for the repeat notification can be configured individually in the Premium plan.
This function allows the evaluation of monitored checks to be sent via email. Any given number of tranmissions can be defined. The transmissions depend on the server/checks, the time frame (daily, weekly, monthly, quarterly, annually), and the recipients' contacts can be individually configured.
The term server is used to describe computers on which applications are performed. As soon as these computers are connected to the internet, they can be monitored by STRATO Monitoring .
Servers transactions make it possible to permanently monitor previously defined transactions. ServerGuard24 is used as a technical solution to this, that simulates GET and POST requests from a user's web browser and thereby carries out the transaction step while also checking the results.
The most important characteristic of SSL is the encoded transfer of data which enables the application of various encoding levels. The SSL protocol is based on the TCP/IP-protocol and is therefore application-dependent.
The most common application can be seen in connection with the HTTP protocol and is also known as HTTPS. This combination allows you to encode data transferred between the visitor's client and your website's web server.
The URL (Uniform Resource Locator) is the exact address of a particular website.


text:
Bindstone is a special type of carbonate rock in the Dunham classification. The term did not appear in the original Dunham classification from 1962 and was introduced by Embry and Klovan 1971 in the modified Dunham classification.

Description

Embry and Klovan (1971) define bindstones as rocks that "[...] contain in situ, tabular or lamellar fossils which encrusted and bound sediment during deposition. [...] The matrix, not the in situ fossils, forms the supporting framework of the rock, and the fossils may form as little as 15 percent of the constituents of the rock."

Wright (1991) uses bindstone as a synonym for boundstone, which is defined as a rock "[...] where the
structure reflects the encrusting and binding action of plants or animals"

Lokier and Al Nunaibi (2016) define bindstones as "autochthonous carbonate-dominated rock in which the original components of the supporting matrix were organically bound through stabilization of the sediment at the time of deposition."

Problems
One problem in the classification is that the term bindstone is easy to confuse with the term boundstone. Additionally the exact relation of the two terms changes depending on the classification used. For Embry and Klovan (1971), a boundstone is used for autochthonous carbonates if there is a lack of evidence for the more precise classifications as bafflestone, bindstone or framestone. In contrast to that, Wright (1991) uses boundstone and bindstone synonymously, which is not consistent with other authors.

References

Limestone

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


It's been nearly nine years since the last book came out, but "Harry Potter" is just as magical as ever.
New casting photos from the upcoming play "Harry Potter and the Cursed Child" in London have been revealed, and now we have our first look at Harry, Ginny, and their middle child Albus.
Here's Harry looking quite wind-swept and with his trademark scar in full view. J.K. Rowling told the fan site Pottermore that Jaime Parker, the actor who plays Harry, "simply is Harry now. There's a kind of relief in watching him, he gets it so right."
Ginny Weasley still has her red hair, but it's cut short. Poppy Miller is the actress playing Ginny, and she really likes her new hair.
"So far I've had a fabulous haircut and, as this is Ginny's hair, it's obviously red and quite sleek," Poppy told Pottermore. "I also get to wear a gorgeous, hand-knitted jumper. I think of it as a really tasteful Pygmy Puff."
Their son Albus has Harry's dark hair, but doesn't wear glasses, just like his mother, Ginny. Sam Clemmett plays the character, who the play will center around. Rowling isn't saying much about him just yet, but said "we couldn't have cast better."
We'll be getting more cast photos— including Hermione, played by actress Noma Dumezweni, and Ron, play by actor Paul Thornley — later this week.
Rowling has previously confirmed the play will "start where the seventh book left off," and will focus on Potter's youngest son Albus Severus Potter.
Thanks to the epilogue and J.K. Rowling's continual updates to her magical universe, we already know a lot about the play.
Albus is his father's son in looks and personality: He's a quiet and thoughtful boy who's worried about being sorted into Slytherin. He has untidy black hair, green eyes, and he's already a fan of the wizard sport Quidditch.
Meanwhile, Harry is still famous. and exhausted from his job at the Ministry. It's also likely that Harry is suffering psychologically from his traumatic childhood of fighting one of the most evil wizards to ever live and coming close to death multiple times.
At the same time, his son Albus will be trying to create his own path in the wizarding world. It will probably be difficult for Albus to escape the great Harry Potter's legacy.
The only part of the play we don't know is how "both father and son learn the uncomfortable truth: sometimes, darkness comes from unexpected places."
Harry Potter and the Cursed Child will be coming to theaters in July, and will also appear as a book.