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Research article 14 Feb 2017
Research article | 14 Feb 2017
Formation of secondary organic aerosols from the ozonolysis of dihydrofurans
Yolanda Diaz-de-Mera et al.
Related subject area
Subject: Aerosols | Research Activity: Laboratory Studies | Altitude Range: Troposphere | Science Focus: Chemistry (chemical composition and reactions)
Effects of liquid–liquid phase separation and relative humidity on the heterogeneous OH oxidation of inorganic–organic aerosols: insights from methylglutaric acid and ammonium sulfate particles
Hoi Ki Lam, Rongshuang Xu, Jack Choczynski, James F. Davies, Dongwan Ham, Mijung Song, Andreas Zuend, Wentao Li, Ying-Lung Steve Tse, and Man Nin Chan
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 2053–2066, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-2053-2021,https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-2053-2021, 2021
This work demonstrates that organic compounds present at or near the surface of aerosols can be subjected to oxidation initiated by gas-phase oxidants, such as hydroxyl radicals (OH). The heterogeneous reactivity is sensitive to their surface concentrations, which are determined by the phase separation behavior. This results of this work emphasize the effects of phase separation and potentially distinct aerosol morphologies on the chemical transformation of atmospheric aerosols.
Measurement report: Sulfuric acid nucleation and experimental conditions in a photolytic flow reactor
David R. Hanson, Seakh Menheer, Michael Wentzel, and Joan Kunz
We report experimental measurements of particle formation in a flow reactor that extend the results from this experiment to a total of more than 270 runs over a time period of ~3 years. This has allowed us to detect a general increase in the cleanliness of the system and improve our knowledge of its chemistry. In-house simulations allowed us to construct phenomenological free energies of molecular clusters of sulfuric acid and ammonia that are appropriate for application to the atmosphere.
Ozonolysis of fatty acid monolayers at the air–water interface: organic films may persist at the surface of atmospheric aerosols
Benjamin Woden, Maximilian W. A. Skoda, Adam Milsom, Curtis Gubb, Armando Maestro, James Tellam, and Christian Pfrang
Atmospheric aerosols contain a large amount of organic compounds, whose oxidation affects their physical properties through a process known as ageing. We have simulated atmospheric ageing experimentally to elucidate the nature and behaviour of residual surface films. Our results show an increasing amount of residue at near-zero temperatures, demonstrating that an inert product film may build up during droplet ageing, even if only ordinarily short-lived reactive species are initially emitted.
Quantification of the role of stabilized Criegee intermediates in the formation of aerosols in limonene ozonolysis
Yiwei Gong and Zhongming Chen
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 813–829, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-813-2021,https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-813-2021, 2021
Stabilized Criegee intermediates (SCIs) are important factors in estimating aerosol formation in the atmosphere. Here the results show that SCIs account for more than 60 % of aerosol formation in limonene ozonolysis and water is an uncertainty in SCI performances. The aerosol formation potential of SCIs under high-humidity conditions is double that under dry and low-humidity conditions, suggesting SCI reactions are still important in contributing to aerosols at high relative humidity.
Photochemical degradation of iron(III) citrate/citric acid aerosol quantified with the combination of three complementary experimental techniques and a kinetic process model
Jing Dou, Peter A. Alpert, Pablo Corral Arroyo, Beiping Luo, Frederic Schneider, Jacinta Xto, Thomas Huthwelker, Camelia N. Borca, Katja D. Henzler, Jörg Raabe, Benjamin Watts, Hartmut Herrmann, Thomas Peter, Markus Ammann, and Ulrich K. Krieger
Photochemistry of iron(III) complexes plays an important role in aerosol aging, especially in the lower troposphere. Ensuing radical chemistry leads to decarboxylation, and the production of peroxides, and oxygenated volatile compounds, resulting in particle mass loss due to release of the volatile products to the gas phase. We investigated kinetic transport limitations due to high particle viscosity under low relative humidity conditions. For quantification a numerical model was developed.
The production and hydrolysis of organic nitrates from OH radical oxidation of β-ocimene
Ana C. Morales, Thilina Jayarathne, Jonathan H. Slade, Alexander Laskin, and Paul B. Shepson
Organic nitrates formed from the oxidation of biogenic volatile organic compounds impact both ozone and particulate matter as they remove nitrogen oxides, but they represent important aerosol precursors. We conducted a series of reaction chamber experiments that quantified the total organic nitrate and secondary organic aerosol yield from the OH-radical-initiated oxidation of ocimene, and also measured their hydrolysis lifetimes in the aqueous phase, as a function of pH.
Emission factors for PM10 and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) from illegal burning of different types of municipal waste in households
András Hoffer, Beatrix Jancsek-Turóczi, Ádám Tóth, Gyula Kiss, Anca Naghiu, Erika Andrea Levei, Luminita Marmureanu, Attila Machon, and András Gelencsér
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 20, 16135–16144, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-16135-2020,https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-16135-2020, 2020
Emission factors for PM10 and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are reported for the first time ever for the indoor combustion of 12 common types of municipal solid waste that are frequently burned in households worldwide. We have found that waste burning emits up to 40 times more PM10 and 800 times more PAHs than the combustion of dry firewood. Our finding highlights the need for coordinated actions against illegal waste combustion and the extreme health hazard associated with it.
Kinetic modeling of formation and evaporation of secondary organic aerosol from NO3 oxidation of pure and mixed monoterpenes
Thomas Berkemeier, Masayuki Takeuchi, Gamze Eris, and Nga L. Ng
This paper presents how environmental chamber data of secondary organic aerosol (SOA) formation can be interpreted using kinetic modeling techniques. Utilizing pure and mixed precursor experiments, we show that SOA formation and evaporation can be understood by explicitly treating gas-phase chemistry, gas–particle partitioning, and, notably, particle-phase oligomerization, but some of the non-linear, non-equilibrium effects must be accredited to diffusion limitations in the particle phase.
Direct contribution of ammonia to α-pinene secondary organic aerosol formation
Liqing Hao, Eetu Kari, Ari Leskinen, Douglas R. Worsnop, and Annele Virtanen
Our work presents the observational results of secondary organic aerosol (SOA) formation in the presence of ammonia. The particle-phase ammonium was continuously produced even after SOA formation had ceased. The gas-phase organic acids were observed to contribute to the formed particle-phase ammonium salts. This study suggests that the presence of ammonia may change the mass and chemical composition of large-size SOA particles and can potentially alter the aerosol impact on climate change.
Hygroscopic behavior of aerosols generated from solutions of 3-methyl-1,2,3-butanetricarboxylic acid, its sodium salts, and its mixtures with NaCl
Li Wu, Clara Becote, Sophie Sobanska, Pierre-Marie Flaud, Emilie Perraudin, Eric Villenave, Young-Chul Song, and Chul-Un Ro
MBTCA (3-methyl-1,2,3-butanetricarboxylic acid), a second-generation product of monoterpenes, is one of the most relevant tracer compounds for biogenic secondary organic aerosols (SOAs). Laboratory-generated, micrometer-sized, pure-MBTCA, mono-/di-/trisodium MBTCA salts and MBTCA–NaCl mixture aerosol particles were examined systematically to observe their hygroscopic behavior, and it was also observed that the monosodium MBTCA salt aerosols were formed through a reaction between MBTCA and NaCl.
Chemical composition, structures, and light absorption of N-containing aromatic compounds emitted from burning wood and charcoal in household cookstoves
Mingjie Xie, Zhenzhen Zhao, Amara L. Holder, Michael D. Hays, Xi Chen, Guofeng Shen, James J. Jetter, Wyatt M. Champion, and Qin'geng Wang
This study investigated the composition, structures, and light absorption of N-containing aromatic compounds (NACs) in PM2.5 emitted from burning red oak and charcoal in a variety of cookstoves. The results suggest that the identified NACs might have substantial fractions remaining in the gas phase. In comparison to other sources, cookstove emissions from red oak or charcoal fuels did not exhibit unique NAC structural features but had distinct NAC composition.
Chemical composition and light absorption of carbonaceous aerosols emitted from crop residue burning: influence of combustion efficiency
Yujue Wang, Min Hu, Nan Xu, Yanhong Qin, Zhijun Wu, Liwu Zeng, Xiaofeng Huang, and Lingyan He
Field straw residue burning is a widespread type of biomass burning in Asia, while its emissions are poorly understood. In this study, we designed lab-controlled experiments to comprehensively investigate the emission factors, chemical compositions and light absorption properties of both water-soluble and water-insoluble carbonaceous aerosols emitted from straw burning. The results clearly highlight the significant influences of burning conditions and combustion efficiency on the emissions.
On mineral dust aerosol hygroscopicity
Lanxiadi Chen, Chao Peng, Wenjun Gu, Hanjing Fu, Xing Jian, Huanhuan Zhang, Guohua Zhang, Jianxi Zhu, Xinming Wang, and Mingjin Tang
We investigated hygroscopic properties of a number of mineral dust particles in a quantitative manner, via measuring the sample mass at different relative humidities. The robust and comprehensive data obtained would significantly improve our knowledge of hygroscopicity of mineral dust and its impacts on atmospheric chemistry and climate.
Measurement report: Distinct Emissions and Volatility Distribution of Intermediate Volatility Organic Compounds from on-road Chinese Gasoline Vehicle: Implication of High Secondary Organic Aerosol Formation Potential
Rongzhi Tang, Quanyang Lu, Song Guo, Hui Wang, Kai Song, Ying Yu, Rui Tan, Kefan Liu, Ruizhe Shen, Shiyi Chen, Limin Zeng, Spiro D. Jorga, Zhou Zhang, Wenbin Zhang, Shijin Shuai, and Allen L. Robinson
Atmos. Chem. Phys. Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-2020-976,https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-2020-976, 2020
Revised manuscript accepted for ACP
We performed chassis dynamometer experiments to investigate the emissions and secondary organic aerosol (SOA) formation potential of intermediate volatility organic compounds (IVOCs) from an on-road Chinese gasoline vehicle. High IVOCs emission factors (EFs) and distinct volatility distribution were recognized.Our results indicate that vehicular IVOCs contribute significantly to SOA, implying the importance of reducing IVOCs when making air pollution controlling policies in urban area of China.
Distinct chemical and mineralogical composition of Icelandic dust compared to northern African and Asian dust
Clarissa Baldo, Paola Formenti, Sophie Nowak, Servanne Chevaillier, Mathieu Cazaunau, Edouard Pangui, Claudia Di Biagio, Jean-Francois Doussin, Konstantin Ignatyev, Pavla Dagsson-Waldhauserova, Olafur Arnalds, A. Robert MacKenzie, and Zongbo Shi
We showed that Icelandic dust has a fundamentally different chemical and mineralogical composition from low-latitude dust. In particular, magnetite is as high as 1 %–2 % of the total dust mass. Our results suggest that Icelandic dust may have an important impact on the radiation balance in the subpolar and polar regions.
Secondary organic aerosol yields from the oxidation of benzyl alcohol
Sophia M. Charan, Reina S. Buenconsejo, and John H. Seinfeld
In urban areas, the emissions from volatile chemical products may be responsible for the formation of as much particulate matter as motor vehicles. Since exposure to particulate matter is a public health crisis, understanding its formation is critical. In this work, we investigate the secondary organic aerosol formation potential of benzyl alcohol, an important compound that is representative of some of these new emission sources, and find that more particulate matter forms than is expected.
The Aarhus Chamber Campaign on Highly Oxygenated Organic Molecules and Aerosols (ACCHA): particle formation, organic acids, and dimer esters from α-pinene ozonolysis at different temperatures
Kasper Kristensen, Louise N. Jensen, Lauriane L. J. Quéléver, Sigurd Christiansen, Bernadette Rosati, Jonas Elm, Ricky Teiwes, Henrik B. Pedersen, Marianne Glasius, Mikael Ehn, and Merete Bilde
Atmospheric particles are important in relation to human health and the global climate. As the global temperature changes, so may the atmospheric chemistry controlling the formation of particles from reactions of naturally emitted volatile organic compounds (VOCs). In the current work, we show how temperatures influence the formation and chemical composition of atmospheric particles from α-pinene: a biogenic VOC largely emitted in high-latitude environments such as the boreal forests.
Molecular understanding of the suppression of new-particle formation by isoprene
Martin Heinritzi, Lubna Dada, Mario Simon, Dominik Stolzenburg, Andrea C. Wagner, Lukas Fischer, Lauri R. Ahonen, Stavros Amanatidis, Rima Baalbaki, Andrea Baccarini, Paulus S. Bauer, Bernhard Baumgartner, Federico Bianchi, Sophia Brilke, Dexian Chen, Randall Chiu, Antonio Dias, Josef Dommen, Jonathan Duplissy, Henning Finkenzeller, Carla Frege, Claudia Fuchs, Olga Garmash, Hamish Gordon, Manuel Granzin, Imad El Haddad, Xucheng He, Johanna Helm, Victoria Hofbauer, Christopher R. Hoyle, Juha Kangasluoma, Timo Keber, Changhyuk Kim, Andreas Kürten, Houssni Lamkaddam, Tiia M. Laurila, Janne Lampilahti, Chuan Ping Lee, Katrianne Lehtipalo, Markus Leiminger, Huajun Mai, Vladimir Makhmutov, Hanna Elina Manninen, Ruby Marten, Serge Mathot, Roy Lee Mauldin, Bernhard Mentler, Ugo Molteni, Tatjana Müller, Wei Nie, Tuomo Nieminen, Antti Onnela, Eva Partoll, Monica Passananti, Tuukka Petäjä, Joschka Pfeifer, Veronika Pospisilova, Lauriane L. J. Quéléver, Matti P. Rissanen, Clémence Rose, Siegfried Schobesberger, Wiebke Scholz, Kay Scholze, Mikko Sipilä, Gerhard Steiner, Yuri Stozhkov, Christian Tauber, Yee Jun Tham, Miguel Vazquez-Pufleau, Annele Virtanen, Alexander L. Vogel, Rainer Volkamer, Robert Wagner, Mingyi Wang, Lena Weitz, Daniela Wimmer, Mao Xiao, Chao Yan, Penglin Ye, Qiaozhi Zha, Xueqin Zhou, Antonio Amorim, Urs Baltensperger, Armin Hansel, Markku Kulmala, António Tomé, Paul M. Winkler, Douglas R. Worsnop, Neil M. Donahue, Jasper Kirkby, and Joachim Curtius
With experiments performed at CLOUD, we show how isoprene interferes in monoterpene oxidation via RO2 termination at atmospherically relevant concentrations. This interference shifts the distribution of highly oxygenated organic molecules (HOMs) away from C20 class dimers towards C15 class dimers, which subsequently reduces both biogenic nucleation and early growth rates. Our results may help to understand the absence of new-particle formation in isoprene-rich environments.
Characterization of secondary organic aerosol from heated cooking oil emissions: evolution in composition and volatility
Manpreet Takhar, Yunchun Li, and Arthur W. H. Chan
Atmos. Chem. Phys. Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-2020-1043,https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-2020-1043, 2020
Our study highlights the importance of molecular composition in constraining the chemical properties of cooking SOA, as well as understanding the contribution of aldehydes in formation of SOA from cooking emissions. We show that fragmentation reactions are key in atmospheric processing of cooking SOA, and aldehydes emitted from cooking emissions contribute substantially to SOA formation. Our study provides a framework to better predict SOA formation in and downwind of urban atmospheres.
Complex plant-derived organic aerosol as ice-nucleating particles – more than the sums of their parts?
Isabelle Steinke, Naruki Hiranuma, Roger Funk, Kristina Höhler, Nadine Tüllmann, Nsikanabasi Silas Umo, Peter G. Weidler, Ottmar Möhler, and Thomas Leisner
In this study, we highlight the potential impact of particles from certain terrestrial sources on the formation of ice crystals in clouds. In particular, we focus on biogenic particles consisting of various organic compounds, which makes it very difficult to predict the ice nucleation properties of complex ambient particles. We find that these ambient particles are often more ice active than individual components.
Liquid–liquid phase separation and morphologies in organic particles consisting of α-pinene and β-caryophyllene ozonolysis products and mixtures with commercially available organic compounds
Young-Chul Song, Ariana G. Bé, Scot T. Martin, Franz M. Geiger, Allan K. Bertram, Regan J. Thomson, and Mijung Song
We report the liquid–liquid phase separation (LLPS) of organic aerosol consisting of α-pinene- and β-caryophyllene-derived ozonolysis products and commercial organic compounds. As compositional complexity increased from one to two organic species, LLPS occurred over a wider range of average O : C values (increasing from 0.44 to 0.67). These results provide further evidence that LLPS is likely frequent in organic aerosol particles in the troposphere, even in the absence of inorganic salt.
Characterization of primary and aged wood burning and coal combustion organic aerosols in environmental chamber and its implications for atmospheric aerosols
Amir Yazdani, Nikunj Dudani, Satoshi Takahama, Amelie Bertrand, André S. H. Prévôt, Imad El Haddad, and Ann M. Dillner
Functional group composition of primary and aged aerosols from wood burning and coal combustion sources from chamber experiments are interpreted through compounds present in the fuels and known gas-phase oxidation products. Infrared spectra of aged wood burning in the chamber and ambient biomass burning samples reveal striking similarities, and a new method for identifying burning-impacted samples in monitoring network measurements is presented.
Oligomer and highly oxygenated organic molecule formation from oxidation of oxygenated monoterpenes emitted by California sage plants
Archit Mehra, Jordan E. Krechmer, Andrew Lambe, Chinmoy Sarkar, Leah Williams, Farzaneh Khalaj, Alex Guenther, John Jayne, Hugh Coe, Douglas Worsnop, Celia Faiola, and Manjula Canagaratna
Emissions of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) from plants are important for tropospheric ozone and secondary organic aerosol (SOA) formation. Real plant emissions are much more diverse than the few proxies widely used for studies of plant SOA. Here we present the first study of SOA from Californian sage plants and the oxygenated monoterpenes representing their major emissions. We identify SOA products and show the importance of the formation of highly oxygenated organic molecules and oligomers.
Technical note: Emission factors, chemical composition and morphology of particles emitted from Euro 5 diesel and gasoline light duty vehicles during transient cycles
Evangelia Kostenidou, Alvaro Martinez-Valiente, Badr R'Mili, Baptiste Marques, Brice Temime-Roussel, Michel André, Yao Liu, Cédric Louis, Boris Vansevenant, Daniel Ferry, Carine Laffon, Philippe Parent, and Barbara D'Anna
Passenger vehicles' emissions can be a significant source of particulate matter in urban areas. In this study the particle phase emissions of seven Euro 5 passenger cars were characterized. Changes in engine technologies and after-treatment devices can alter the chemical composition and the size of the emitted particulate matter. The condition of the Diesel Particle Filter (DPF) plays an important role on the emitted pollutants.
Laboratory studies of fresh and aged biomass burning aerosol emitted from east African biomass fuels – Part 2: Chemical properties and characterization
Damon M. Smith, Tianqu Cui, Marc N. Fiddler, Rudra P. Pokhrel, Jason D. Surratt, and Solomon Bililign
Biomass fuels used for domestic purposes in east Africa produce a significant atmospheric burden of aerosols and volatile organic compounds. The chemical properties and composition of these aerosols have not been investigated in the laboratory. In this work methanol extracts from filter samples of aerosol collected from an indoor smog chamber were analyzed to determine the chemical composition and identify the light absorption properties of organic aerosol constituents.
Impact of NOx on secondary organic aerosol (SOA) formation from α-pinene and β-pinene photooxidation: the role of highly oxygenated organic nitrates
Iida Pullinen, Sebastian Schmitt, Sungah Kang, Mehrnaz Sarrafzadeh, Patrick Schlag, Stefanie Andres, Einhard Kleist, Thomas F. Mentel, Franz Rohrer, Monika Springer, Ralf Tillmann, Jürgen Wildt, Cheng Wu, Defeng Zhao, Andreas Wahner, and Astrid Kiendler-Scharr
Biogenic and anthropogenic air masses mix in the atmosphere, bringing plant-emitted monoterpenes and traffic-related nitrogen oxides together. There is debate whether the presence of nitrogen oxides reduces or increases secondary aerosol formation. This is important as secondary aerosols have cooling effects in the climate system but also constitute a health risk in populated areas. We show that the presence of NOx alone should not much affect the mass yields of secondary organic aerosols.
Emissions of intermediate-volatility and semi-volatile organic compounds from domestic fuels used in Delhi, India
Gareth J. Stewart, Beth S. Nelson, W. Joe F. Acton, Adam R. Vaughan, Naomi J. Farren, James R. Hopkins, Martyn W. Ward, Stefan J. Swift, Rahul Arya, Arnab Mondal, Ritu Jangirh, Sakshi Ahlawat, Lokesh Yadav, Sudhir K. Sharma, Siti S. M. Yunus, C. Nicholas Hewitt, Eiko Nemitz, Neil Mullinger, Ranu Gadi, Lokesh K. Sahu, Nidhi Tripathi, Andrew R. Rickard, James D. Lee, Tuhin K. Mandal, and Jacqueline F. Hamilton
Biomass burning releases many lower molecular weight organic species which are difficult to analyse, but important to the formation of organic aerosol. This study examined a new high-resolution technique to a better characterise these difficult to analyse organic components. Some burning sources analysed in this study, such as cow dung cake and municipal solid waste, released extremely complex mixtures containing many thousands of different lower-volatility organic compounds.
Evaluation of the chemical composition of gas- and particle-phase products of aromatic oxidation
Archit Mehra, Yuwei Wang, Jordan E. Krechmer, Andrew Lambe, Francesca Majluf, Melissa A. Morris, Michael Priestley, Thomas J. Bannan, Daniel J. Bryant, Kelly L. Pereira, Jacqueline F. Hamilton, Andrew R. Rickard, Mike J. Newland, Harald Stark, Philip Croteau, John T. Jayne, Douglas R. Worsnop, Manjula R. Canagaratna, Lin Wang, and Hugh Coe
Aromatic volatile organic compounds (VOCs) emitted from anthropogenic activity are important for tropospheric ozone and secondary organic aerosol (SOA) formation. Here we present a detailed chemical characterisation of SOA from four C9-aromatic isomers and a polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH). We identify and compare their oxidation products in the gas and particle phases, showing the different relative importance of oxidation pathways and proportions of highly oxygenated organic molecules.
Glyoxal's impact on dry ammonium salts: fast and reversible surface aerosol browning
David O. De Haan, Lelia N. Hawkins, Kevin Jansen, Hannah G. Welsh, Raunak Pednekar, Alexia de Loera, Natalie G. Jimenez, Margaret A. Tolbert, Mathieu Cazaunau, Aline Gratien, Antonin Bergé, Edouard Pangui, Paola Formenti, and Jean-François Doussin
When exposed to glyoxal in chamber experiments, dry ammonium or methylammonium sulfate particles turn brown immediately and reversibly without increasing in size. Much less browning was observed on wet aerosol particles, and no browning was observed with sodium sulfate aerosol. While estimated dry aerosol light absorption caused by background glyoxal (70 ppt) is insignificant compared to that of secondary brown carbon overall, in polluted regions this process could be a source of brown carbon.
Oxygenated products formed from OH-initiated reactions of trimethylbenzene: autoxidation and accretion
Yuwei Wang, Archit Mehra, Jordan E. Krechmer, Gan Yang, Xiaoyu Hu, Yiqun Lu, Andrew Lambe, Manjula Canagaratna, Jianmin Chen, Douglas Worsnop, Hugh Coe, and Lin Wang
A series of OH-initiated oxidation experiments of trimethylbenzene were investigated in the absence and presence of NOx. Many C9 products with 1–11 oxygen atoms and C18 products presumably formed from dimerization of C9 peroxy radicals were observed, hinting at the extensive existence of autoxidation and accretion reaction pathways. The presence of NOx would suppress the formation of highly oxygenated C18 molecules and enhance the formation of organonitrates and even dinitrate compounds.
Biomass-burning-derived particles from a wide variety of fuels – Part 2: Effects of photochemical aging on particle optical and chemical properties
Christopher D. Cappa, Christopher Y. Lim, David H. Hagan, Matthew Coggon, Abigail Koss, Kanako Sekimoto, Joost de Gouw, Timothy B. Onasch, Carsten Warneke, and Jesse H. Kroll
Smoke from combustion of a wide range of biomass fuels (e.g., leaves, twigs, logs, peat, and dung) was photochemically aged in a small chamber for up to 8 d of equivalent atmospheric aging. Upon aging, the particle chemical composition and ability to absorb sunlight changed owing to reactions in both the gas and particulate phases. We developed a model to explain the observations and used this to derive insights into the aging of smoke in the atmosphere.
Measured solid state and subcooled liquid vapour pressures of nitroaromatics using Knudsen effusion mass spectrometry
Petroc D. Shelley, Thomas J. Bannan, Stephen D. Worrall, M. Rami Alfarra, Ulrich K. Krieger, Carl J. Percival, Arthur Garforth, and David Topping
The methods used to estimate the vapour pressures of compounds in the atmosphere typically perform poorly when applied to organic compounds found in the atmosphere. New measurements have been made and compared to previous experimental data and estimated values so that the limitations within the estimation methods can be identified and in the future be rectified.
Polar semivolatile organic compounds in biomass-burning emissions and their chemical transformations during aging in an oxidation flow reactor
Deep Sengupta, Vera Samburova, Chiranjivi Bhattarai, Adam C. Watts, Hans Moosmüller, and Andrey Y. Khlystov
This paper presents important results on the atmospheric chemistry of combustion emissions. Organic compounds from these emissions can contribute significantly to chemical and physical properties of atmospheric aerosols. In this paper, a detailed chemical analysis of gas- and particle-phase polar organic compounds from the laboratory combustion of globally important fuels is presented. The aging experiments were performed to understand the fate of biomass-burning organics in the atmosphere.
Temperature effects on optical properties and chemical composition of secondary organic aerosol derived from n-dodecane
Junling Li, Weigang Wang, Kun Li, Wenyu Zhang, Chao Peng, Li Zhou, Bo Shi, Yan Chen, Mingyuan Liu, Hong Li, and Maofa Ge
Long-chain alkanes (a large fraction of diesel fuel and its exhaust) are important potential contributors of SOA. Through the analysis of the components of formed SOA, we found that low-temperature conditions promote the oligomerization of n-dodecane, and the degree of oligomerization can reach tetramerization. The presence of the oligomers enhances the light extinction of the particles. UV-scattering particles in the boundary layer can accelerate photochemical reactions and haze production.
An investigation on hygroscopic properties of 15 black carbon (BC)-containing particles from different carbon sources: roles of organic and inorganic components
Minli Wang, Yiqun Chen, Heyun Fu, Xiaolei Qu, Bengang Li, Shu Tao, and Dongqiang Zhu
The mechanism and factors controlling the hygroscopicity of black-carbon-containing particles (BCPs) from different carbon sources are not well understood. We thoroughly characterized the chemical and compositional properties of 15 samples of BCPs from different sources (wood, herb, and soot) and further investigated their hygroscopicity. Depending on the carbon source, organic carbon and dissolved mineral contents were key determinants of the equilibrium and kinetics of water uptake by BCPs.
Deconvolution of FIGAERO–CIMS thermal desorption profiles using positive matrix factorisation to identify chemical and physical processes during particle evaporation
Angela Buchholz, Arttu Ylisirniö, Wei Huang, Claudia Mohr, Manjula Canagaratna, Douglas R. Worsnop, Siegfried Schobesberger, and Annele Virtanen
To understand the role of aerosol particles in the atmosphere, it is necessary to know their detailed chemical composition and physical properties, especially volatility. The thermal desorption data from FIGAERO–CIMS provides both but are difficult to analyse. With positive matrix factorisation, we can separate instrument background from the real signal. Compounds can be classified by their apparent volatility, and the contribution of thermal decomposition in the instrument can be identified.
Mineralogy and geochemistry of Asian dust: dependence on migration path, fractionation, and reactions with polluted air
Gi Young Jeong
During long-range transport, mineral dust interacts with the atmosphere, biosphere, cryosphere, and pedosphere, influencing ecosystems, the atmospheric energy balance, and air quality. This study analyzed the mineral and chemical compositions of Asian dust samples collected during 14 years in Korea. The result showed mineralogical and geochemical variation depending on the dust migration path, fractionation, and atmospheric reactions as well as average properties.
Photochemical transformation of residential wood combustion emissions: dependence of organic aerosol composition on OH exposure
Anni Hartikainen, Petri Tiitta, Mika Ihalainen, Pasi Yli-Pirilä, Jürgen Orasche, Hendryk Czech, Miika Kortelainen, Heikki Lamberg, Heikki Suhonen, Hanna Koponen, Liqing Hao, Ralf Zimmermann, Jorma Jokiniemi, Jarkko Tissari, and Olli Sippula
Residential wood combustion emits large amounts of organic compounds, which are transformed in the atmosphere via photochemical ageing reactions. We assessed this organic emission at various stages of exposure with an oxidation flow reactor. Ageing led to major changes in both gaseous and particulate phases including increased acidic compounds and transformation of the polycyclic aromatic compounds. Such changes have serious implications for the health- and climate-related effects of combustion.
Seawater analysis by ambient mass-spectrometry-based seaomics
Nicolás Zabalegui, Malena Manzi, Antoine Depoorter, Nathalie Hayeck, Marie Roveretto, Chunlin Li, Manuela van Pinxteren, Hartmut Herrmann, Christian George, and María Eugenia Monge
A new approach to bridging different fields of science by studying the air–sea interface is described. An untargeted ambient mass-spectrometry-based metabolomics method enables the study of enriched organic compounds found on the sea surface for air–water transfer processes. Results from the metabolomics experiments and a lab-to-field approach provide new opportunities for characterizing the seawater organic-matter content and discovering compounds involved in aerosol-formation processes.
Molecular composition and photochemical evolution of water-soluble organic carbon (WSOC) extracted from field biomass burning aerosols using high-resolution mass spectrometry
Jing Cai, Xiangying Zeng, Guorui Zhi, Sasho Gligorovski, Guoying Sheng, Zhiqiang Yu, Xinming Wang, and Ping'an Peng
The composition and light-induced evolution of a water-soluble organic carbon mixture from fresh biomass burning aerosols was investigated with direct infusion electrospray ionisation high-resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS) and liquid chromatography coupled with HRMS. Our findings indicate that the water-soluble organic fraction of combustion-derived aerosols has the potential to form more oxidised organic matter, contributing to the highly oxygenated nature of atmospheric organic aerosols.
Heterogeneous oxidation of amorphous organic aerosol surrogates by O3, NO3, and OH at typical tropospheric temperatures
Jienan Li, Seanna M. Forrester, and Daniel A. Knopf
Organic aerosol is ubiquitous in the atmosphere and can change its phase state from liquid to solid in response to temperature. Our laboratory measurements demonstrate that the chemical reactivity of typical organic aerosol species with atmospheric oxidants is modulated by the species' phase state. We find that under temperatures typical of the middle and upper troposphere the chemical lifetime of organic aerosol can be significantly extended due to the reduced reactive uptake of gas oxidants.
High levels of primary biogenic organic aerosols are driven by only a few plant-associated microbial taxa
Abdoulaye Samaké, Aurélie Bonin, Jean-Luc Jaffrezo, Pierre Taberlet, Samuël Weber, Gaëlle Uzu, Véronique Jacob, Sébastien Conil, and Jean M. F. Martins
Despite being a major source of coarse organic matter, primary biogenic organic aerosols (PBOAs) remain poorly implemented in source-resolved chemical transport models. This study, based on an intensive field sampling of aerosols, combined physicochemical characterizations of PM10 with DNA high-throughput sequencing to provide a comprehensive understanding of the microbial fingerprints associated with primary sugar compounds (tracers of PBOAs) and their main surrounding environmental sources.
Formation of highly oxygenated organic molecules from chlorine-atom-initiated oxidation of alpha-pinene
Yonghong Wang, Matthieu Riva, Hongbin Xie, Liine Heikkinen, Simon Schallhart, Qiaozhi Zha, Chao Yan, Xu-Cheng He, Otso Peräkylä, and Mikael Ehn
Chamber experiments were conducted with alpha-pinene and chlorine under low- and high-nitrogen-oxide (NOX) conditions. We estimated the HOM yields from chlorine-initiated oxidation of alpha-pinene under low-NOX conditions to be around 1.8 %, though with a uncertainty range (0.8 %–4 %) due to lack of suitable calibration methods. Our study clearly demonstrates that the chlorine-atom-initiated oxidation of alpha-pinene can produce low-volatility organic compounds.
Pre-deliquescent water uptake in deposited nanoparticles observed with in situ ambient pressure X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy
Jack J. Lin, Kamal Raj R, Stella Wang, Esko Kokkonen, Mikko-Heikki Mikkelä, Samuli Urpelainen, and Nønne L. Prisle
The evolutionary behavior of chromophoric brown carbon during ozone aging of fine particles from biomass burning
Xingjun Fan, Tao Cao, Xufang Yu, Yan Wang, Xin Xiao, Feiyue Li, Yue Xie, Wenchao Ji, Jianzhong Song, and Ping'an Peng
A particle-phase O3 oxidation of biomass burning (BB) smoke particles was conducted to investigate the evolution of brown carbon (BrC) therein. The O3 aging induced the decomposition of chromophores and fluorophores. EEM–PARAFAC showed a predominant decomposition of protein-like substances and a gradual increase proportion of humic-like substances for BB BrC during O3 aging. The dynamic spectral behavior of chromophores and functional groups within BrC was further explored by 2D-COS.
Technical note: Preparation and purification of atmospherically relevant α-hydroxynitrate esters of monoterpenes
Elena Ali McKnight, Nicole P. Kretekos, Demi Owusu, and Rebecca Lyn LaLonde
This report describes a simple, safe and effective method to prepare nitrate esters of terpenes (carene, limonene, perillic alcohol, beta-pinene and alpha-pinene) which are key oxidation products in the atmosphere. These compounds are implicated in the formation of secondary organic aerosols. A compilation of the relevant spectroscopic data has been presented. The availability of these compounds and their characterization data will enable further study of the structure–reactivity relationships.
Effect of inorganic-to-organic mass ratio on the heterogeneous OH reaction rates of erythritol: implications for atmospheric chemical stability of 2-methyltetrols
Rongshuang Xu, Hoi Ki Lam, Kevin R. Wilson, James F. Davies, Mijung Song, Wentao Li, Ying-Lung Steve Tse, and Man Nin Chan
Atmospheric particles, a complex mixture of inorganic salts, organic compounds and water, can continually undergo heterogeneous oxidation initiated by gas-phase oxidants at the particle surface. We found that ammonium sulfate can decelerate the rate of heterogeneous OH reaction with 2-methyltetrols when the inorganic-to-organic mass ratio increases. These results would suggest 2-methyltetrols are likely chemically stable against heterogeneous OH oxidation in the atmosphere.
Ambient air quality in the Kathmandu Valley, Nepal, during the pre-monsoon: concentrations and sources of particulate matter and trace gases
Md. Robiul Islam, Thilina Jayarathne, Isobel J. Simpson, Benjamin Werden, John Maben, Ashley Gilbert, Puppala S. Praveen, Sagar Adhikari, Arnico K. Panday, Maheswar Rupakheti, Donald R. Blake, Robert J. Yokelson, Peter F. DeCarlo, William C. Keene, and Elizabeth A. Stone
The Kathmandu Valley experiences high levels of air pollution. In this study, atmospheric gases and particulate matter were characterized by online and off-line measurements, with an emphasis on understanding their sources. The major sources of particulate matter and trace gases were identified as garbage burning, biomass burning, and vehicles. The majority of secondary organic aerosol was attributed to anthropogenic precursors, while a minority was attributed to biogenic gases.
Morphology and size of the particles emitted from a gasoline-direct-injection-engine vehicle and their ageing in an environmental chamber
Jiaoping Xing, Longyi Shao, Wenbin Zhang, Jianfei Peng, Wenhua Wang, Shijin Shuai, Min Hu, and Daizhou Zhang
Our results highlight the contribution of gasoline-direct-injection (GDI) vehicles to aerosols, both primary and secondary. The major particles from GDI vehicles are organic and soot particles; they actively participate in chemical conversions in the atmosphere, leading to morphology and composition changes in hours. Rapid ageing could be attributable to the acid-catalysed mechanism and high concentrations of gaseous pollutants. These results would be beneficial for control of PM2.5 pollution.
A robust clustering algorithm for analysis of composition-dependent organic aerosol thermal desorption measurements
Ziyue Li, Emma L. D'Ambro, Siegfried Schobesberger, Cassandra J. Gaston, Felipe D. Lopez-Hilfiker, Jiumeng Liu, John E. Shilling, Joel A. Thornton, and Christopher D. Cappa
We discuss the development and application of a robust clustering method for the interpretation of compound-specific organic aerosol thermal desorption profiles. We demonstrate the utility of clustering for analysis and interpretation of the composition and volatility of secondary organic aerosol. We show that the thermal desorption profiles are represented by only 9–13 distinct clusters, with the number of clusters obtained dependent on the precursor and formation conditions.
More articles (45)
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Supplement (233 KB)
Criegee intermediates are involved in the formation of secondary organic aerosols. How? Recent works show that they contribute to the oxidation of SO2 to SO3. We have found that the studied ozonolysis reactions only led to nucleation in the presence of SO2, which behaved as a catalyst. So the role of SO2 to form SOA depends on the structure of the alkene. For these reactions, the formation of low-volatility organic acid is expected to be responsible for nucleation, since SO3 was not released.
Criegee intermediates are involved in the formation of secondary organic aerosols. How? Recent...


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Wolves Homecoming Victory
Living West Sports
By Erin / September 29, 2017
Fans and alumni traveled to the University of West Georgia as UWG demolished Albany State 48-16 in this year's Homecoming football game.
Returning to the University Stadium after a tough loss against Delta State the week before, the Wolves came out ready to win.
"Usually after a loss, you kind of get their attention because they then realize the mistakes they made before," said Wolves head coach, David Dean. "When you were trying to correct a football team after a victory sometimes it goes in one ear and out the other and that's when you have to do your best coaching. From a loss, all you have to do is show them the mistakes that they made and here is what they did wrong and this is what it cost us and hopefully they learn from that."
West Georgia started the game off with a bang as quarterback Willie Candler tossed a nine-yard touchdown pass to JJ Jones, giving the Wolves a 7-0 lead in the first few minutes of the game.
The momentum did not stop as the team continued to rack up the numbers on the scoreboard. Shaq Roland hauled in a three-yard touchdown completion putting UWG up 14-0 against the Rams at the end of the first.
The second quarter heated up as Candler dogged past six defenders with a 14-yard touchdown run.
Wide receiver DeNiko Carter ended the first half with an incredible 'Hail Mary' catch sending the Wolves to the locker room up 28-0 at the half. The defense stood strong and powerful as they kept the Rams scoreless the whole first half.
The third quarter continued with thousands of fans and alumni cheering for home side with Travis Custis running a 7-yard touchdown that extended the Wolves' lead to 35.
After an Albany State safety, Tevin Isom ran a 28-yard touchdown run growing the lead to 41-2 after the extra point was blocked.
With the game in hand for the Wolves, Candler was replaced by junior Tyler Queen, a transfer from Auburn University.
Perry Seldon excited the fourth quarter with a 34-yard touchdown run to end the Homecoming game 48-16. Alumni and fans celebrated with current students and ended a great Homecoming week with a huge win.
"If we can get a little bit better each week, that's what we want to do. We want to be playing our best by the time we hit November and hopefully have an opportunity to go to the playoffs," said Coach Dean. "So I am not concerned that we are not playing our best football right now. I am concerned that we are getting better on the practice field and then in games slowly getting better each week."
Eins, Zwei, Drei! Oktoberfest Coming to Printer's Ale
The Big Five-Oh, UWG's Psychology Department 50th Anniversary

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Q: Using Associations in Sequelize.js to Achieve Database Normalization Hi I am using sequelize as the ORM for my project implemented in NodeJs. In a table i have a huge number of columns. So I want to split the columns into 3 tables. So basically i want to split a Model into 3 different Models and sync to get the model into 3 different tables in the DB(sqlite in my case) and i want to fetch it as a single object (all the columns of the 3 tables). Is this possible? I can use inheritance, but i did not find much about it in "sequelize". Can anybody help?

A: Sounds like you are attempting to "normalize" your database:

Database normalization is the process of organizing the fields and
  tables of a relational database to minimize redundancy and dependency. - Wikipedia

Once you've split the single table as you've suggested, you will want to utilize Sequelize's associations to retrieve information from the "associated" tables.
If you require more detailed help, you will have to add detail to your question in the form of what your database models currently look like, and possibly what information you want to split off into new models.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


A driver was charged with murder and other counts after the suspect allegedly ran over a 56-year-old woman, who died of her injuries, and wounded two others in Hempstead two months ago, authorities said.
Shania Buchanan, 22, pleaded not guilty to charges of second-degree murder, assault, reckless endangerment and reckless driving. Judge Jerald Carter ordered her held without bail.
"The defendant is charged with barreling into a group of pedestrians while driving an SUV, leaving one bystander dead and two other victims with severe, life-altering injuries," said Nassau County District Attorney Madeline Singas.
Prosecutors said Buchanan was driving her Nissan Pathfinder when she heard about an altercation involving a family member, sped toward her relative's Linden Avenue home, where a crowd had gathered, and struck three people with her SUV at 5 p.m. April 20.
Of the two surviving victims, one's spine was fractured and the other suffered a broken femur, authorities said.
Buchanan surrendered to Nassau County police Wednesday, prosecutors said. She is due back in court July 11. If convicted, she faces up to 25 years to life in prison.


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Jeffrey Rosen – The Future of the Supreme Court
Jeffrey Rosen is the president and CEO of the National Constitution Center, a nonpartisan nonprofit organization whose mission is to educate the public about the U.S. Constitution. Located steps from Independence Hall in historic Philadelphia, the center engages millions of citizens as an interactive museum, national town hall, and provider of nonpartisan resources for civic education. Rosen is also professor at The George Washington University Law School and a contributing editor of The Atlantic.
Trump's presidency trails Obama's on his favorite metric: stocks
President Biden signs first executive orders on climate, coronavirus
More of the population may need vaccine due to COVID-19 variant, epidemiologist says
Distributor says gel packs are to blame for spoiled COVID-19 vaccine shipments


Bacterial lipopolysaccharides (LPS) are the major outer surface membrane components present in almost all gram-negative bacteria. It consists of poly- or oligosaccharide region that is anchored in the outer membrane by a specific lipid moiety termed lipid A. Recent studies have shown that it is only the lipid A of LPS that has the function of endotoxin. Despite its general structural conservation, lipid A also has considerable structural microheterogeneity which can vary depending on diverse factors including bacterial adaptation to changing environment and external stimuli, incomplete biosynthesis, and breakdown products and/or chemical modifications. Therefore it is more appropriate to consider lipid A as a family of structurally related molecular species with different acylation and phosphorylation patterns rather than as an individual, homogeneous molecule. The studies of structure-function relationship of lipid A, which has the typical structure of E. coli type lipid A backbone, demonstrated that activities differed depending on: 1) the number of phosphoryl and acyl residues, 2) the substituted site of phosphoryl and acyl residues, 3) the chain length of acyl residues, 4) lipid A conformation. Current investigations showed that lipid A and also the integral outer membrane proteins responsible for the final stage of LPS transport are the pinpoints in solving the problem of bacterial drug resistance. The identification of inhibitors that specifically target LPS transport in vitro and more importantly in vivo have a significant potential for the development of novel drugs against multi-drug resistant pathogenic bacteria.
Key words: lipid A, lipopolysaccharide, structure, biological activity.
Holst O, Molinaro A. Core oligosaccharide and lipid A components of lipopolysaccharides. In: Moran A, Brennan P, Holst O, von Itszstein M, eds. Microbial glycobiology: structures relevance and applications. Elsevier, San Diego; 2009. P. 29–59.
Kabanov DS, Prokhorenko IR. Structural analysis of lipopolysaccharides from gramnegative bacteria. Biokhimiya (Moscow). 2010; 75 4): 383–404.
Plotz BM, Lindner B, Stetter KO, Holst O. Characterization of a novel lipid A containing D-galacturonic acid that replaces phosphate residues. The structure of the lipid A of the lipopolysaccharide from the Biol Chem. 2000; 275: 11222–28.
Rietschel ET, Westphal O. Endotoxin: historical perspectives. In: Brade H, Opal SM, Vogel SN, Morrison DC, eds. Endotoxin in health and disease. Marcel Dekker, New York; 1999. P. 1–30.
Silipo A., Molinaro A. Lipid A Structure. In: YA Knirel, MA Valvano, eds. Bacterial lipopolysaccharides. Structure, chemical synthesis, biogenesis and interactions with host cells. Springer Wien: New York, 2011. P. 1–20.
Takayama K, Qureshi N, Mascagni P. Complete structure of lipid A obtained from the lipopolysaccharide of the heptoseless of Salmonella typhimurium. J Biol Chem. 1983; 258: 12801–03.
Ulmer A, Heine H, Feist W, Brade E, Schade U, Rietschel ET et al. Biological activity of lipid A partial structures. In: Bacterial Endotoxins: Basic Science to Anti-Sepsis Strategies. Eds. Levin J, Deventer S, Poll T, Sturk A. WILEY-LISS Inc; 1994. P. 71–83.
Zahringer U, Lindner B, Rietschel ET. Chemical structure of lipid A: Recent advances in structural analysis of biologically active molecules In: Endotoxin in Health disease. Eds. Brade H., Opal S., Vogel S., Morrison D. Marcel Dekker, Inc. New York. Basil. 1999. P. 93–114.


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A chameleon's colors aren't just camouflage; they also change due to temperature shifts or emotions. With that in mind, it makes perfect sense that Accurate Box would choose this amazing animal as its mascot. Accurate Box's customers include many heavyweight companies, and to keep this level of clientele happy, the box manufacturer has to be ready to shift and adapt quickly to new strategies according to buyer needs.
Being quick to react is a concept Accurate Box has had plenty of time to perfect. Founded in 1944, the company turned 75 this year. It was started in Newark, N.J., as a small folding carton company by the current owner's grandfather, Henry Hirsh. In the late 1970s, Henry's son Charlie Hirsh put the company on the map by transitioning the business to produce high graphic corrugated packaging. The timing couldn't have been better. It was right at the advent of the big club stores and Accurate Box had its items front and center.
By 1983, Accurate Box outgrew its original facility and moved into its current place in Paterson, N.J. Around that time, Charlie Hirsh's daughter Lisa Hirsh and her husband, Mark Schlossman, joined the family business. Schlossman is now the vice president of sales and Hirsh is the CEO. Their daughter Samara Ronkowitz has since joined and represents the fourth generation. Today, the company is certified as a Women's Business Enterprise (WBE), has 325 employees and is one of the largest independent box manufactures of litho-laminated packaging in the United States.
Even though Accurate Box is 75 years old, it's not slowing down. Hirsh has been buying new equipment and reinvesting in the company with the confidence of an owner who's going for another 75. Her instincts have been correct because the company has shown tremendous growth, tripling in size within the past 12 years.
Two years ago, Accurate Box invested in its printing department with a new printing press with UV capabilities. More recently, it has brought in two new die cutters. The company also added solar panels to its roof that supply up to 20 percent of the building's electrical needs.
New equipment is essential in this line of business. "Our customers are very visible companies," Schlossman explains. "They're very large and we compete with other major competitors. There's not a lot of room available in the margin as far as pricing so it's critical for us, if we want to play in this arena, we have to reinvest in the company because it's all about the speed of the equipment and what our yields are in each department. "
Accurate Box serves the needs of big-box stores, grocery stores, catering companies, quick-serve restaurants and e-commerce. The current strategy is to lean toward those companies that need fast turnaround times and can't afford to wait for packaging from overseas. The e-commerce market, especially, has to move quickly. A product may be produced overseas, but the demand for delivery is typically two-day shipping or in some cases next-day. For this to work, the packaging and the shipper must be close by and ready to go.
This is one of the areas where chameleon qualities come into play. Accurate Box isn't the biggest in its category, but that's a benefit because it allows the company to be quick to morph into what the customer needs. "It's important to be fast to react to our customers' wants and be very progressive in being able to put new ideas and concepts in front of the customer," Schlossman notes.
With the entire work team in one location, decisions are made swiftly and implemented immediately. Customers change graphics frequently with encouragement from Accurate Box. Since the graphics department is in-house, cost is minimal. "We encourage them to have a standard box, and then a Valentine's box, Father's Day box, Mother's Day box without a true penalty to them. It's an advantage," he explains.
The one-plant facility model is one that works both for efficiency and sustainability. As the market continues to demand speed, various customers are also looking for environmental features. Accurate Box is different from many competitors in that it handles every point of production in one building. The sheeting, printing presses, corrugators and die cutters are all in one place. Product doesn't have to move from a printing facility in one state to a corrugating facility in another, which is the case for most large manufacturers. This means there's no transportation between manufacturing stages with Accurate Box.
As market demands change, Accurate Box changes, too. The manufacturer is able to run different materials that vary in strength and weight to manufacture boxes that are heavier, stronger or lighter depending on what's needed. "Expectations are high and our customers expect 100 percent perfect boxes to be at their plants on time at a good price," Schlossman says. Delivering on time entails having visibility into customer inventory systems to see their build plans, then sending boxes out to their various sites on exactly the day they need to be there. That might involve sending boxes to different work plants in multiple states on the same day for a single client.
For Accurate Box, the key to inventory management is in minimizing waste and time spent. New equipment in each department makes this task easier. The company uses a vendor managed inventory (VMI) system that permits faster start-up times and shorter switch times in between jobs, and helps minimize waste. "A customer might order two million boxes and tell us they'll use 500,000 a month," Schlossman explains. "It's then our job to keep them in supply."
The box manufacturer goes on and off the machinery a number of times during the course of that order as opposed to making all two million at once. Putting that large amount of boxes on the floor would take up valuable warehouse space and could also affect the quality of the boxes if they sat in cases on pallets for months. At the point, the boxes wouldn't run well on the customers' machinery.
Another key to business success for Accurate Box involves maintaining relationships with suppliers. "The paper industry is very large in the U.S.," Hirsh notes. "We have very good long-term relationships with paper suppliers and our raw ingredient suppliers." Accurate Box works only with suppliers that are within a 24-hour radius of the facility.
At a guaranteed buy-in rate, the box company secures a total of 12 roll widths to use throughout its total operation. The mills keep an agreed-upon min/max, replacing resources as they get depleted. "This gives us the flexibility to go on and off our equipment and make the same product for a company like Kellogg's this week, and then two weeks from now and then two weeks after that," Schlossman says.
Part of maintaining good ties with suppliers means not bouncing around. "As long as they keep their prices, we are loyal," he adds. "Those relationships are important. Paper can be plentiful or low at times."
There have been many times Accurate Box has been on the receiving end of "bouncing around." It happens often that the design team will pitch an idea to a customer only to have a competitor offer a lowball price. The customer goes with the cheaper manufacturer, but is back within the year after that other company couldn't deliver. "The price doesn't do much good if their machine keeps jamming because the box was warped or they didn't make it to delivery," Schlossman notes.
The idea of strong relationships extends to employees as well. In 2019, the manufacturer earned an award for Top Work Places in New Jersey. The recognition serves to attract young talent to apply at Accurate Box, which is especially beneficial in this labor market. Accurate Box has a work-hard/play-hard mentality that has worked well for business, and the company is reaping the benefits of the energy and comradery that have resulted from the new hires.
With 75 years behind it, the future is bright for Accurate Box. The company has averaged more than 10 percent growth every year for the last six years and is poised to continue that growth. There is one more machine the company has its eye on depending on an upcoming trial. The leadership team plans to continue to be aggressive. Pricing has been well-received. The goal now is to find ways each year to get more out of the current facility than the year before.
Accurate Box
Industry Updates You Should Know: Week of January 13, 2020


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Warning This icon indicates a warning or caution. # Using Code Examples This book is here to help you get your job done. In general, you may use the code in this book in your programs and documentation. You do not need to contact us for permission unless you're reproducing a significant
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This guide covers the many ways you can use Photoshop to process photos, from simple adjustments to more complex types of work. If you want to edit images, you'll use Photoshop and similar programs such as Gimp, or you can use applications that are specifically designed for editing, such as a dedicated photo editing application like Adobe Lightroom or Capture One. Adobe Photoshop is the most popular and powerful image editing program around. It has become the default tool for editing images. You can use Photoshop and Photoshop Elements to create or edit the perfect picture. This guide covers everything you need to know about the skills and techniques involved in editing images using Photoshop and Photoshop Elements. In this guide, you will learn: How to load a picture into Photoshop or Photoshop Elements How to make certain changes to your images with layers How to make a mosaic or panoramic image with a single image and a few simple steps How to simulate a different time of day or year How to adjust the colors in your photos How to correct or adjust the color of your images How to work with extensive layers How to create a text effect How to re-size and re-position any part of an image How to create a horizontal line How to create a dissolve or a color transition How to create a different background and text color How to create a photo montage How to take a picture with a timer How to take a picture of a subject moving How to create an artistic portrait How to create a zoomable, mega-pixel picture How to use the iPhone or Android emulator How to work with proportions How to create a pattern How to make a double-image photo gallery or collage How to enhance images with adjustments How to edit an image using a mask How to duplicate an object or an area in an image How to use the Clone Stamp tool How to change the size, quality and lightness of a specific part of an image How to apply lens corrections, convert your pictures to black and white, or remove noise How to adjust the cropping and rotation of your images How to create a postcard, poster, sticker or label How to share pictures on social media How to create multiple layers How to create a text mask and then erase 05a79cecff
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Aerial View I was born in Rochester, New York and grew up in the Adirondack Mountains of Lake Placid. I received my BFA in Painting from the State University of New York at Fredonia, and my MFA in Studio and Art Education from Rutgers University. I have taught Art in New Jersey and New York as well as taught watercolor workshops in the U.S. and Canada. I have exhibited my work in annual shows since 1976 and have participated in the Alumni Exhibitions at the State University of New York, the University of Nebraska, Rutgers University, and the State University of New York at Fredonia. I am very proud to have displayed and sold my work in many excellent collections including the American Watercolor Society, the Binghamton University Art Gallery, the Millbrook Museum of Art, the Crystal Bridges Museum of American Art, the Lake George Artists Guild, the University of Rochester Art Gallery and the Watermill Center Art Gallery. As a member of the Watercolor Society of America, I exhibit six times a year. I am a Past President of the Seacoast Watercolor Society and a member of the Marlboro Fair. I have been published in Watercolor Review (United States), the Newsletter for the Watercolor Society of America, and the Watercolor and Pencil Artist (British, English). I am also a member of the Olympic Regional Arts Council. Be sure to visit my latest work on the Countryside pages in my Blog and sign up for my Newsletter. I will be making my debut at the 2016 Annual Exhibition of the Watercolor Society of America. I will be exhibiting the work shown in the below New York State Artworks preview photo. I look forward to sharing my work with you. Greetings, my name is Dan Galinis, I'm a salt water shore bird photographer and painter. This site serves as a showcase for my many interests and talents. I would like to extend my warmest welcome to the site.Genetic analysis of a sulfate transport system in Escherichia coli. The genetic and physiological analysis of a sulfate transport system in Escherichia coli is described. A temperature-sensitive mutant with a sodium-dependent sulfate transport (sulP) is described. The mutant is able to grow normally with sulfate as the sole sulfur source in the presence of sodium ions. However, when sodium ions are replaced with proton or chloride ions, growth of this mutant is blocked. This
This invention relates to a system and method for generating a rate reference signal to control the access delay in a CDMA system. In a spread spectrum communication system, a base station simultaneously transmits a unique spread spectrum code, called a xe2x80x9cpseudorandom noisexe2x80x9d or xe2x80x9cPNxe2x80x9d code to mobile stations. The PN code has a spreading time period which is much shorter than the data transmission time period. Each mobile station receives the PN code and uses it to identify the base station. This system is advantageous in that the mobile station does not need to synchronize with the base station, as long as the PN code is used to identify the base station. One class of spread spectrum communication systems is a code division multiple access (CDMA) system. In a CDMA system, the data signals are modulated by a xe2x80x9cbase-bandxe2x80x9d carrier signal. The modulated data signals are then upconverted to an RF signal using the PN code and transmitted to the mobile stations. Each mobile station uses the PN code to despread the received RF signals. The despread RF signals are then demodulated. In a CDMA system, the base station can transmit data at a higher power level than the mobile stations because the base station""s PN code is faster than the data rate at which the data is transmitted. Therefore, the base station can transmit more data because it is not required to wait until the mobile station has finished receiving and transmitting its data. In a CDMA system, the base station can set the power level in the mobile station by adjusting the transmission power of the PN code. Therefore, the base station can control the transmission power of the mobile station in response to the transmission power of the base station. If the mobile station is transmitting with less power than the base station, the base station will turn on the mobile station""s transmitters to increase the power level. The increased power level can speed up the data transfer between the mobile station and the base station. This invention is a system and method for controlling the rate reference signal used to adjust the transmission power in a CDMA system. The rate reference signal is a periodic signal used to control the operation of a CDMA system. In the present invention, the reference signal is sent over a spread spectrum code that is wider
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I made a fundamental mistake when I started playing Superbeat Xonic: I started playing it at almost the exact same time as I cracked open Persona 4: Dancing All Night.
Now, I know that it's a little unfair to complain about a game being something it's not. You should evaluate a game on its own merits, rather than against standards it's not necessarily even trying to meet. That's especially true in this case, seeing as Superbeat Xonic is purely a rhythm game, whereas P4D brings in all kinds of visual novel elements to make the whole thing more Persona-like.
And yet…well, because I'm almost literally playing them side by side, a straight up comparison is inevitable. And viewed in that light, it's hard not to find Superbeat Xonic anything but underwhelming.
Let's start with the obvious difference: unless you're really fond of leaderboards, there's not a lot of replayability here. You play a level, you set your high score, and you move on to the next track. You can play the levels again in free play mode if you want, but as I said, unless you want to move up in the global Superbeat Xonic DJ rankings, I don't get why you would. Forget there not being a Persona-like story with characters and decisions to be made, there's not even a career mode here. Needless to say, it makes the game feel a little empty.
Even the music — which you'd think would be the game's strong suit, considering the developer's pedigree includes the DJ Max series — leaves something to be desired. Everything here, regardless of genre, is covered in a shiny pop sheen, and after awhile you just feel like you're playing the same track over and over again. When your classical song sounds like your rock song, and the two bear a passing resemblance to your pop song and your big-beat dance track, it doesn't make for a very diverse-sounding game. Rather, it makes the whole thing sound blandly glossy.
Which, I guess, is the best way to describe Superbeat Xonic as a whole: it's nice enough to look at, and it does what it does with an expected degree of competence, but you wouldn't mistake it for the best the genre has to offer. And seeing as that particular best came out not too long ago, that makes it especially hard (if not outright impossible) to make a case for playing this particular game as this particular point in time.


Why are those white guys a thing still? They probably were biting their tongues holding back their racist jokes.
They reason I listen to Kpop is to get away from the crap music that's happening here in the states. It's hilarious watching all these artist trying to fall over themselves to work with Kpop artist so they can get some views...no thanks.


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Discover the creators of the most powerful startups
We can not imagine our day without exchanging messages on WhatsApp, without twitter and without looking at stories on Instagram. And we do not imagine that behind every successful application or website lies the ingenious idea and hard work of a person.
In just 10 years, our world has evolved enormously. New technologies are present in every home, and the devices and applications that come with them are part of our daily lives. We can not imagine our day without exchanging messages on WhatsApp, without twitter and without looking at stories on Instagram. And we do not imagine that behind every successful application or website lies the ingenious idea and hard work of a person.
Evan Spiegel and Bobby Murphy (Snapchat)
Evan Spiegel (left) and Bobby Murphy (right) are the co-founders of Snapchat, an application that allows you to exchange photos and videos that self-destruct within 24 hours. They were less than 30 years old when everyone's fortune reached $ 2.7 billion.
Bobby is married to Stanford classmate Kelsey Bateman. In 2017, Evan married one of the highest paid models in the world, Miranda Kerr (who is 7 years older than her husband). In 2018, the young woman gave birth to their child, named Hart. In March 2019, the tabloids published another good news: the couple is expecting their second child.
Jan Koum and Brian Acton (WhatsApp)
In September 2007, Jan Koum (left) and Brian Acton (right) left Yahoo !, where they worked for ten years. The two men tried to join the Facebook team, but they were not accepted. The friends decided that they deserved some holidays and embarked on a long trip to South America. It looks like the rest has paid off and in early 2009, Jan Koum launched WhatsApp Inc.
In 2014, Jan and Brian sold their creation to Facebook for $ 22 billion. Currently, the app is used by more than one billion people worldwide. Jan Koum's fortune is estimated at $ 9.9 billion and Brian Acton's fortune at $ 3.6 billion.
Nathan Blecharczyk, Brian Chesky and Joe Gebbia (Airbnb)
In 2007, Brian Chesky (middle) and Joe Gebbia (right) went through such a big financial crisis that they failed to raise the funds needed to pay rent for their apartment. So, they had an idea: why not rent an inflatable mattress to travelers? In 2008, entrepreneurs with their third colleague, Nathan Blecharczyk (left), founded Airbnb, a short-term rental service. Currently, the application covers 100,000 cities in 191 countries. The fortune of each founder is around $ 3.7 billion.
Garrett Camp and Travis Kalanick (Uber)
In 2009, two businessmen, Garrett Camp (left) and Travis Kalanick (right), were waiting for a taxi after a professional dinner. Some time later Uber was born, one of the most popular taxi services of the moment. Before reaching success, the company had to confront competitors and authorities in different countries due to lack of licenses. Currently, the app runs in 76 countries and Uber drivers have achieved a total of more than 10 billion races.
Travis Kalanick's financial wealth is estimated at $ 4.8 billion. In 2017, he left the company and created the 10100 Fund. In 2013, Garrett Camp launched Expa, helping new companies launch projects. His total bank account is approximately $ 3.8 billion.
Talmon Marco and Igor Magazinnik (Viber)
Talmon Marco (left) and Igor Magazinnik (right) met at the IDF and immediately became friends with their love of technology. At the end of their military service, they founded their first start-up, the iMesh document exchange network. In 2010, they launched Viber and in 2014, they sold the application to the Japanese giant Rakuten for $ 900 million.
The associates managed to reiterate their success. In 2017, they created the Juno taxi service, which they sold to Gett in 2017 for $ 200 million. Currently, many people are watching the future projects of the creative tandem: there is a high probability that their ideas will be successful again.
Pavel Dourov (VK, Telegram)
In 2006, two brothers from St. Petersburg, Pavel and Nikolai, created the website vkontakte.ru, which in 2007 became the third most popular site in Russia. In 2010, the number of registered users exceeded 100 million and now the company is one of the three most popular resources in the country. In 2014, Pavel Durov sold his share of the company to the Mail.Ru Group and devotes all his strength to the creation and promotion of the messenger telegram. The number of users exceeds 200 million people and the fortune of the young man is now around 2.7 billion dollars.
Chris Barton (Shazam)
In 1999, Chris Barton and his friends Dhiraj Mukherjee, Philip Inghelbrecht and Avery Wang created an application to identify music. The project was way ahead of its time: it was still several years before the launch of iTunes, the iPhone and the App Store. Initially, Shazam users would call a 4-digit number, stay on the phone for 30 seconds next to the source of the sound, and wait for a message that indicated the artist's name and the title of the song. With the development of technology, the service has been simplified and has become an application for smartphones. When the company was founded in 2002, the founders took a long time to develop it. In 2017, Apple offered them a nice amount of money to buy it back. Experts valued the transaction at $ 400 million.
Evan Williams, Jack Dorsey and Biz Stone (Twitter)
Originally, the short message service invented by Jack Dorsey (center) was used to maintain communication within companies. His colleagues at Odeo, Evan Williams (left) and Biz Stone (right), became interested in this promising idea and partnered with Dorsey when, in 2007, Twitter became an independent company. In 2008, the number of daily tweets reached 300 million. Currently, twitter.com ranks 11th in the ranking of the most visited websites in the world.
Jack Dorsey's fortune is estimated at $ 2.5 billion. He is also the founder of Square Payments. Evan Williams has pocketed more than $ 2.2 billion to be the founder of Twitter, as well as websites Blogger (sold to Google in 2003) and Medium (which he is developing). Biz Stone's bank account exceeds $ 250 million.
Steve Huffman and Alexis Ohanian (Reddit)
In June 2005, University of Virginia classmates Steve Huffman (left) and Alexis Ohanian (right) founded Reddit, a social news site where users created content. Originally, friends had to design fake accounts and publish news. According to the creators, in the story of Reddit, the point of inflection was the publication of the first post made by a real user.
A year later, the platform was purchased by the Condé Nast media group and currently, Reddit is one of the most influential sites on the Internet with a large community of followers. Alexis Ohanian specialized in the fight for a free Internet, like his family. In 2017, he married the world tennis star, Serena Williams, and became a dad of a little Alexis. In 2015, Steve Huffman was named CEO of Reddit.
Steve Chen, Chad Hurley and Jawed Karim (YouTube)
According to legend, the idea for YouTube belongs to Chad Hurley (middle) and was born after he failed to send a video to one of his friends. In 2005, Chad hired colleagues from PayPal, Steve Chen (left) and Jawed Karim (right) to design the project. The first video, an amateur recording of Jawed Karim at a zoo, was released on April 23, 2005. Thanks to its simplicity and ease of use, YouTube has become the most popular video hosting service in the world. In 2006, Google bought the company for $ 1.65 billion.
After the sale of YouTube, Chad Hurley and Steve Chen developed the MixBit service that allows you to edit videos from smartphones.
Drew Houston and Arash Ferdowsi (Dropbox)
One day, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) student Drew Houston (left) needed to take a bus from Boston to New York. To pass the time, he took a laptop, but when he got on the bus, he realized that he had forgotten his USB key. Upset by his forgetfulness, he began to develop a program that allows access to archives over the Internet. Dropbox is born, a service to share doucments and which is used by more than 500 million people.
In 2007, along with fellow student Arash Ferdowsi (right), they founded Dropbox Inc. Currently, Drew Houston owns 25% of the company's stock, valued at $ 2.3 billion. The fortune of Arash Ferdowsi (10% of the shares) amounts to 500 million dollars.
Mike Krieger and Kevin Systrom (Instagram)
In 2010, two Stanford University graduates Mike Krieger (left) and Kevin Systrom (right) created the Burbn app, which allows you to schedule visits to multiple locations, register and publish pictures. It was not successful, the main function of check-in proved useless. However, users did not hesitate to share photos.
Kevin and Mike clearly knew what to do. On October 5, 2010, a new application appeared on the AppStore: Instagram. In December of the same year, the number of registered users exceeded the million mark. In 2012, the application was purchased by Facebook for a record amount: $ 1 billion. When selling the app, Kevin Systrom pocketed $ 1.5 billion and Mike Krieger $ 350 million.
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