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French-administered subantarctic archipelago
Kerguelen Islands
Îles Kerguelen
Motto: "Liberté, égalité, fraternité" (French) (English: "Liberty, equality, fraternity")
Anthem: "La Marseillaise"
Location of the Kerguelen Islands in the Southern Ocean
Map of the Kerguelen Islands
and largest city
Port-aux-Français
Kerguelenois
District of the French Southern and Antarctic Lands
o President
o Administrator
Pascal Bolot[1]
o Head of District
Disker[1]
o Discovery and claim
o administered as a district of the French Southern and Antarctic Lands
o Total
7,215 km2 (2,786 sq mi)
o Water (%)
o Estimate
around 45 (winter)
around 110 (summer)
Calling code
Internet TLD
The Kerguelen Islands ( or ;[2] in French commonly Îles Kerguelen but officially Archipel Kerguelen,[3]pronounced [kel?n]), also known as the Desolation Islands (Îles de la Désolation in French), are a group of islands in the Antarctic constituting one of the two exposed parts of the Kerguelen Plateau, a large igneous province mostly submerged by the southern Indian Ocean. They are among the most isolated places on Earth, located more than 3,300 km (2,100 mi) from Madagascar, the nearest permanently populated location; Heard Island is 450 km (280 mi) to the south-east. The islands, along with Adélie Land, the Crozet Islands, Amsterdam and Saint Paul Islands, and France's Scattered Islands in the Indian Ocean, are part of the French Southern and Antarctic Lands and are administered as a separate district.
The main island, Grande Terre, is 6,675 km2 (2,577 sq mi) in area, about three quarters of the size of Corsica, and is surrounded by a further 300 smaller islands and islets,[4] forming an archipelago of 7,215 km2 (2,786 sq mi). The climate is harsh and chilly with frequent high winds throughout the year. The surrounding seas are generally rough and they remain ice-free year-round. There are no indigenous inhabitants, but France maintains a permanent presence of 45 to 100 soldiers, scientists, engineers, and researchers.[5] There are no airports on the islands, so all travel to and from the outside world is conducted by ship.
Before being officially discovered in 1772 the Kerguelen Islands appear as the "Ile de Nachtegal" on Philippe Buache's 1754 map entitled Carte des Terres Australes comprises entre le Tropique du Capricorne et le Pôle Antarctique où se voyent les nouvelles découvertes faites en 1739 au Sud du Cap de Bonne Esperance ('Map of the Southern Lands contained between the Tropic of Capricorn and the Antarctic Pole, where the new discoveries made in 1739 to the south of the Cape of Good Hope may be seen'). It is possible this early name was after Abel Tasman's ship De Zeeuwsche Nachtegaal. On the Buache map, "Ile de Nachtegal" is located at 43°S, 72°E, about 6° north and 2° east of the accepted location of Grande Terre.
The islands are named after French explorer Yves-Joseph de Kerguelen-Trémarec.
The islands were officially discovered by the French navigator Yves-Joseph de Kerguelen-Trémarec on 12 February 1772. The next day, Charles de Boisguehenneuc landed and claimed the island for the French crown.[6] Yves de Kerguelen organised a second expedition in 1773 and arrived at the "baie de l'Oiseau" by December 1773. On 6 January 1774 he commanded his lieutenant, Henri Pascal de Rochegude, to leave a message notifying any passers-by of the two passages and of the French claim to the islands.[7]
Christmas Harbour, Kerguelens Land, 1811, by the English engraver George Cooke[7]
Thereafter, a number of expeditions briefly visited the islands, including the third voyage of Captain James Cook in December 1776. Cook verified and confirmed the passage of de Kerguelen by discovering and annotating the message left by the French navigator.[7]
Soon after its discovery, the archipelago was regularly visited by whalers and sealers (mostly British, American, and Norwegian) who hunted the resident populations of whales and seals to the point of near extinction, including fur seals in the 18th century and elephant seals in the 19th century. The sealing era lasted from 1781 to 1922 during which time 284 sealing visits are recorded, nine of which ended when the vessel was wrecked.[8](p167) Modern industrial sealing, associated with whaling stations, occurred intermittently between 1908 and 1956. Since the end of the whaling and sealing era, most of the islands' species have been able to increase their population again.[9] Relics of the sealing period include try pots, hut ruins, graves and inscriptions.[8](p167)
In 1800, the Hillsborough spent eight months sealing and whaling around the islands. During this time Captain Robert Rhodes, her master, prepared a chart of the islands.[10] That vessel returned to London in April 1801 with 450 tons of sea elephant oil.[11]
In 1825, the British sealer John Nunn and three crew members from Favourite were shipwrecked on Kerguelen until they were rescued in 1827 by Captain Alexander Distant during his hunting campaign.[12][13]
Illustration from John Nunn's book about the three years he and his shipwrecked crew survived on the island in the 1820s.
The islands were not completely surveyed until the Ross expedition of 1840.[14]
The Australian James Kerguelen Robinson (1859-1914) was the first human born south of the Antarctic Convergence, on board the sealing ship Offley in Gulf of Morbihan (Royal Sound then), Kerguelen Island on 11 March 1859.[15][16]
In 1874-1875, British, German, and U.S. expeditions visited Kerguelen to observe the transit of Venus.[17] For the 1874 transit, George Biddell Airy of the U.K. Royal Observatory organised and equipped five expeditions to different parts of the world. Three of these were sent to the Kerguelen Islands and led by Stephen Joseph Perry, who set up his main observation station at Observatory Bay and two auxiliary stations, one at Thumb Peak led by Sommerville Goodridge, and the second at Supply Bay, led by Cyril Corbet. Observatory Bay was also used by the German Antarctic Expedition, led by Erich Dagobert von Drygalski in 1902-1903. In January 2007, an archaeological excavation was carried out at this site.
In 1877 the French started a coal mining operation, but soon abandoned it.[18]
French sailors officially reasserting possession of the Islands on 8 January 1893
In 1892, due to German operations in the area, France sent the aviso Eure, under Commander Lieutard, to reassert its claim over the Kerguelen Islands, the islands of Amsterdam and St. Paul, and the Crozet archipelago. In 1924, it was decided to administer these territories (in addition to that portion of Antarctica claimed by France and known as Adélie Land) from Madagascar; as with all Antarctic territorial claims, France's possession on the continent is held in abeyance until a new international treaty is ratified that defines each claimant's rights and obligations.
In 1908, the French explorer Raymond Rallier du Baty made a privately funded expedition to the island. His autobiographical account of the adventure (1917 - 15,000 Miles in a Ketch. Thomas Nelson and Sons: London) describes the months that he spent surveying the island and hunting seals to finance his expedition.
The German auxiliary cruiser Atlantis called at Kerguelen during December 1940. During their stay the crew performed maintenance and replenished their water supplies. This ship's first fatality of the war occurred when a sailor, Bernhard Herrmann, fell while painting the funnel. He is buried in what is sometimes referred to as "the southernmost German war grave" of World War II.
Kerguelen has been continually occupied since 1950 by scientific research teams, with a population of 50 to 100 personnel frequently present.[5] There is also a French satellite tracking station.
Until 1955, the Kerguelen Islands were administratively part of the French Colony of Madagascar and Dependencies. That same year, they collectively became known as Les Terres australes et antarctiques françaises (French Southern and Antarctic Lands) and were administratively part of the French Département d'outre-mer de la Réunion. In 2004 they were permanently transformed into their own entity (keeping the same name) but having inherited another group of five very remote tropical islands, les îles Éparses, which are also ruled by France and are dispersed widely throughout the southern Indian Ocean.[clarification needed]
Péninsule Rallier du Baty
Port aux Français
Two Brothers Mountains (Monts des Deux Frères)
Terminus of a glacier of the Cook Ice Cap
The main island of the archipelago is called La Grande Terre. It measures 150 km (93 mi) east to west and 120 km (75 mi) north to south.
Port-aux-Français, a scientific base, is along the eastern shore of the Gulf of Morbihan on La Grande Terre. Facilities there include scientific-research buildings, a satellite tracking station, dormitories, a hospital, a library, a gymnasium, a pub, and the chapel of Notre-Dame des Vents.
The highest point is Mont Ross in the Gallieni Massif, which rises along the southern coast of the island and has an elevation of 1,850 metres (6,070 ft). The Cook Ice Cap (French: Calotte Glaciaire Cook),[19] France's largest glacier with an area of about 403 km2 (156 sq mi), lies on the west-central part of the island. Overall, the glaciers of the Kerguelen Islands cover just over 500 km2 (190 sq mi). Grande Terre has also numerous bays, inlets, fjords, and coves, as well as several peninsulas and promontories. The most important ones are listed below:
Courbet Peninsula
Péninsule Gallieni
Péninsule Loranchet
Péninsule Jeanne d'Arc
Presqu'île Ronarc'h
Presqu'île de la Société de Géographie
Presqu'île Joffre
Presqu'île du Prince de Galles
Presqu'île du Gauss
Presqu'île Bouquet de la Grye
Presqu'île d'Entrecasteaux
Presqu'île du Bougainville
Presqu'île Hoche
Notable localities
There are also a number of notable localities, all on La Grande Terre (see also the main map):
Anse Betsy (Betsy Cove) is a former geomagnetic station on Baie Accessible (Accessible Bay), on the north coast of the Courbet Peninsula. On this site an astronomical and geomagnetic observatory was erected on 26 October 1874 by a German research expedition led by Georg Gustav Freiherr von Schleinitz. The primary goal of this station was the 1874 observation of the transit of Venus.
Armor (Base Armor), established in 1983, is located 40 km (25 mi) west of Port-aux-Français at the bottom of Morbihan Gulf, for the acclimatization of salmon to the Kerguelen islands.[20]
Baie de l'Observatoire (Observatory Bay) is a former geomagnetic observation station, just west of Port-Aux-Français, on the eastern fringe of the Central Plateau, along the northern shore of the Golfe du Morbihan.
Cabane Port-Raymond is a scientific camp at the head of a fjord cutting into the Courbet Peninsula from the south.
Cap Ratmanoff is the eastmost point of the Kerguelens, and the site of a geomagnetic station.
La Montjoie is a scientific camp on the south shore of Baie Rocheuse, along the northwestern coast of the archipelago.
Molloy (Pointe Molloy) is a former observatory 10 kilometres (6.2 mi) west of the present-day Port-Aux-Français, on the northern shore of the Golfe du Morbihan (Kerguelen). An American expedition led by G. P. Ryan erected a station at this site on 7 September 1874. That station was also established to observe the 1874 transit of Venus.
Port Bizet is a seismographic station on the northeastern coast of Île Longue. This also serves as the principal sheep farm for the island's resident flock of Bizet sheep.
Port Christmas is a former geomagnetic station on Baie de l'Oiseau, in the extreme northwest of the Loranchet Peninsula. It was named by Captain James Cook, who re-discovered the islands and who anchored there on Christmas Day, 1776. This is also the place where Captain Cook coined the name "Desolation Islands" in reference to what he saw as a sterile landscape.
Port Couvreux, a former whaling station, experimental sheep farm, and geomagnetic station is on Baie du Hillsborough, on the southeast coast of Presqu'île Bouquet de la Grye. Starting in 1912, sheep were raised here to create an economic base for future settlement. However, the attempt failed and the last inhabitants had to be evacuated, and the station abandoned, in 1931. The huts remain, as well as a graveyard with five anonymous graves. These are those of the settlers who were unable to survive in the harsh environment.
Port Curieuse, a harbor on the west coast across Île de l'Ouest, was named after the ship La Curieuse, which was used by Raymond Rallier du Baty on his second visit to the islands (1913-14).
Port Douzième (Twelfth Port) is a hut and former geomagnetic station on the southern shore of the Golfe du Morbihan.
Port Jeanne d'Arc is a former whaling station founded by a Norwegian whaling company in 1908, and a former geomagnetic station, and lies in the northwestern corner of Presqu'île Jeanne d'Arc, looking across the Buenos Aires passage to Île Longue (4 km, 2.5 mi northeast). The derelict settlement consists of four residential buildings with wooden walls and tin roofs, and a barn. One of the buildings was restored in 1977, and another in 2007.
From 1968 to 1981, a site just east of Port-aux-Français was a launching site for sounding rockets, some for French (Dragon rockets), American (Arcas) or French-Soviet (Eridans) surveys, but at the end mainly for a Soviet program (M-100).[21]
The following is a list of the most important adjacent islands:
Île Foch in the north of the archipelago, at 206 km2 (80 sq mi), the second most important offlier in the Kerguelens.
Île Saint-Lanne Gramont, is to the west of Île Foch in the Golfe Choiseul. It has an area of 45.8 km2 (17.7 sq mi). Its highest point reaches 480 m (1,570 ft).
Île du Port, also in the north in the Golfe des Baleiniers is the fourth largest satellite island with an area of 43 km2 (17 sq mi). Near its centre it reaches an altitude of 340 metres (1,120 ft).
Île de l'Ouest (west coast, about 33 km2 (13 sq mi))
Île Longue (southeast, about 35 km2 (14 sq mi))
Îles Nuageuses (northwest, including île de Croÿ, île du Roland, îles Ternay, îles d'Après)
Île de Castries
Îles Leygues (north, including île de Castries, île Dauphine)
Île Violette
Île Australia (also known as Île aux Rennes - Reindeer Island) (western part of the Golfe du Morbihan, area 36.7 km2 (14.2 sq mi), altitude 145 m (476 ft))
Île Haute (western part of the Golfe du Morbihan, altitude 321 m (1,053 ft))
Île Mayès
Îles du Prince-de-Monaco (south, in the Audierne bay)
Îles de Boynes (four small islands 30 km (19 mi) south of Presqu'ile Rallier du Baty on the main island)
Île Altazin (a small island in the Swains Bay)
Île Gaby (a small island in the Swains Bay)
Île du Cröy (a small island 20 km (12 mi) off the coast of Grand Terre )
Île du Roland (a small island 20 km (12 mi) off the coast of Grand Terre )
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The French supply ship Marion Dufresne makes regular calls at the Kerguelen Islands and typically carries a small contingent of tourists.
Principal activities on the Kerguelen Islands focus on scientific research, mostly earth sciences and biology.
The former sounding rocket range to the east of Port-aux-Français is currently the site of a SuperDARN radar.
Since 1992, the French Centre National d'Études Spatiales (CNES) has operated a satellite and rocket tracking station, located 4 kilometres (2.5 mi) east of Port-aux-Français. CNES needed a tracking station in the Southern Hemisphere, and the French government required that it be located on French territory, rather than in a populated, but foreign, place like Australia or New Zealand.
Agricultural activities were limited until 2007 to raising sheep (about 3,500 Bizet sheep, a breed that is rare in mainland France) on Longue Island for consumption by the occupants of the base, as well as small quantities of vegetables in a greenhouse within the immediate vicinity of the main French base. There are also feral rabbits and sheep that can be hunted, as well as wild birds.
There are also five fishing boats and vessels, owned by fishermen on Réunion Island (a department of France about 3,500 km (2,200 mi) to the north) who are licensed to fish within the archipelago's exclusive economic zone.
Simplified geological map of the Kerguelen Islands
The Kerguelen islands form an emerged part of the submerged Kerguelen Plateau, which has a total area nearing 2.2 million km2 (0.85 million sq mi).[22] The plateau was built by volcanic eruptions associated with the Kerguelen hotspot, and now lies on the Antarctic plate.[23]
The major part of the volcanic formations visible on the islands is characteristic of an effusive volcanism, which caused a trap rock formation to start emerging above the level of the ocean 35 million years ago. The accumulation is of a considerable amount; basalt flows, each with a thickness of three to ten metres, stacked on top of each other, sometimes up to a depth of 1,200 metres (3,900 ft). This form of volcanism creates a monumental relief shaped as stairs of pyramids.
Other forms of volcanism are present locally, such as the strombolian volcano Mont Ross, and the volcano-plutonic complex on the Rallier du Baty peninsula. Various veins and extrusions of lava such as trachytes, trachyphonolites, and phonolites are common all over the islands.
No eruptive activity has been recorded in historic times, but some fumaroles are still active in the south-west of Grande-Terre island.
Mont Ross
A few lignite strata, trapped in basalt flows, reveal fossilised araucarian fragments, dated at about 14 million years of age.
Glaciation caused the depression and tipping phenomena which created the gulfs at the north and east of the archipelago. Erosion caused by the glacial and fluvial activity carved out the valleys and fjords; erosion also created conglomerate detrital complexes, and the plain of the Courbet Peninsula.
The islands are part of a submerged microcontinent called the Kerguelen sub-continent.[24] The microcontinent emerged substantially above sea level for three periods between 100 million years ago and 20 million years ago. The so-called Kerguelen sub-continent may have had tropical flora and fauna about 50 million years ago. The Kerguelen sub-continent finally sank 20 million years ago and is now one to two kilometres (0.6 to 1.2 mi) below sea level. Kerguelen's sedimentary rocks are similar to ones found in Australia and India, indicating they were all once connected. Scientists hope that studying the Kerguelen sub-continent will help them discover how Australia, India, and Antarctica broke apart.[25]
Kerguelen Islands from space, 2016
Kerguelen's climate is oceanic, cold, and extremely windswept. Under the Köppen climate classification, Kerguelen's climate is considered to be an ET or tundra climate, which is technically a form of polar climate, as the average temperature in the warmest month is below 10 °C (50 °F).[26] Comparable climates include the Aleutian Islands, Campbell Island (New Zealand), Falkland Islands, Iceland, northern Kamchatka Peninsula, Labrador, and Wollaston Islands.
All climate readings come from the Port-aux-Français base, which has one of the more favourable climates in Kerguelen because of its proximity to the coast and its location in a gulf sheltered from the wind.
The average annual temperature is 4.9 °C (40.8 °F) with an annual range of around 6 °C (11 °F). The warmest months of the year include January and February, with average temperatures between 7.8 and 8.2 °C (46.0 and 46.8 °F). The coldest month of the year is August with an average temperature of 2.1 °C (35.8 °F). Annual high temperatures rarely surpass 20 °C (68 °F), while temperatures in winter have never been recorded below -10 °C (14 °F) at sea level.
Kerguelen receives frequent precipitation, with snow throughout the year as well as rain. Port-aux-Français receives a modest amount of precipitation (708 mm (27.9 in) per year) compared to the west coast which receives an estimated three times as much precipitation per year.
The mountains are frequently covered in snow but can thaw very quickly in rain. Over the course of several decades, many permanent glaciers have shown signs of retreat, with some smaller ones having disappeared completely.
The west coast receives almost continuous wind at an average speed of 35 km/h (22 mph) because the islands are between the Roaring Forties and the Furious Fifties. Wind speeds of 150 km/h (93 mph) are common and can even reach 200 km/h (120 mph).
Waves up to 12-15 m (39-49 ft) high are common, but there are many sheltered places where ships can anchor.
Climate data for Port-aux-Français, Kerguelen
(72.1) 22.3
Average high °C (°F)
Daily mean °C (°F)
Average low °C (°F)
(32.7) -0.3
Average precipitation mm (inches)
(2.84) 49.5
(2.17) 729.5
Average relative humidity (%)
Source: MeteoStats[27]
Kerguelen cabbages
The islands are part of the Southern Indian Ocean Islands tundra ecoregion that includes several subantarctic islands. Plant life is mainly limited to grasses, mosses, and lichens, although the islands are also known for the indigenous, edible Kerguelen cabbage, a good source of vitamin C to mariners.[28] The main indigenous animals are insects along with large populations of ocean-going seabirds, seals, and penguins.[29]
The wildlife is particularly vulnerable to introduced species; one particular problem has been cats. The main island is the home of a well-established feral cat population, descended from ships' cats.[30] They survive on sea birds and the feral rabbits that were introduced to the islands. There are also populations of wild sheep (Ovis orientalis orientalis) and reindeer.
In the 1950s and 1960s, French geologist Edgar Albert de la Rue began to introduce several species of salmonids. Of the seven species introduced, only brook trout and brown trout survived to establish wild populations.[31]
Oopterus soledadinus [introduced]
Meropathus chuni [endemic]
This article contains a list of miscellaneous information. Please relocate any relevant information into other sections or articles. (May 2019)
The islands appear in a number of fictional works. The title character in Edgar Allan Poe's 1838 novel, The Narrative of Arthur Gordon Pym of Nantucket, visits the islands.[32] French writer Jules Verne's 1897 novel An Antarctic Mystery offers a follow up to Poe's book, and revisits the Kerguelen Islands.[33] The 1874 short story "The Tachypomp" by Edward Page Mitchell tells of a hole through the center of the Earth with one end in the United States and the other in "Kerguellen's Land" (which is roughly antipodal to the United States and Canada[34]). The 1880 collection Songs from the Mountains by the Australian poet Henry Kendall contains the poem Beyond Kerguelen.[35] In Rudyard Kipling's poem "McAndrew's Hymn" - about a ship's engineer - there are the lines: "Fra' Cape Town east to Wellington - ye need an engineer. Fail there - ye've time to weld your shaft - ay, eat it, ere ye're spoke, Or make Kerguelen under sail - three jiggers burned wi' smoke!"
Henry De Vere Stacpoole set his 1919 novel The Beach of Dreams on the islands.[36] The Kerguelen Islands were the setting for a post-Second World War confrontation between W. E. Johns's recurring hero, Biggles, and the crew of a gold bullion-bearing German U-boat, in the 1948 novel Biggles' Second Case. The fifth book in Patrick O'Brian's Aubrey-Maturin series, published in 1978, is entitled Desolation Island.[37]
French author Jean-Paul Kauffmann produced a non-fiction account of his 1991 journey to the islands, titled The Arch of Kerguelen: Voyage to the Islands of Desolation.
The islands serve as a main location in the 1998 novel Kilo Class by Patrick Robinson.
In 2000 British journalist and former Conservative MP Matthew Parris spent four months on Kerguelen, staying with the researchers at Port-aux-Français. A series of articles were published in The Times in which Parris charted his visit, and a documentary "To The Ends of Earth: Dreaming on Desolation Island" was produced for UK television, which aired on Channel 4.
The islands inspired the 2008 song "The Loneliest Place on the Map" by singer Al Stewart.[38]
Administrative divisions of France
French overseas departments and territories
Islands controlled by France in the Indian and Pacific oceans
List of Antarctic and subantarctic islands
^ a b Official organisational chart
^ "Kerguelen, n." Oxford English Dictionary. 2017. Retrieved 2017. Pronunciation: /k?'?e?l?n/ /'k?:l?n/ , respectively k?r-GAY-l?n or KUR-g?-l?n.
^ "Collectivités territoriales françaises" (PDF) (in French). Commission nationale de toponymie. Retrieved 2020.
^ "Kerguelen Islands". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 2016.
^ a b Sea Level Measurement and Analysis in the Western Indian Ocean, UNESCO Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission
^ Delarue, Dominique. "Kerguelen - Yves Trémarec - James Cook - Asia - Hillsborough - Rhodes". Kerguelen Voyages. Archived from the original on 2 October 2013.
^ a b c Cook, James (1821). The Three Voyages of Captain James Cook Round the World. 5. Longman, Hurst, Rees, Orme, et Brown, Londres. pp. 146-151 – via Google Books.
^ a b Headland, Robert K., ed. (2018). Historical Antarctic Sealing Industry. Scott Polar Research Institute. Cambridge University. ISBN 978-0-901021-26-7.
^ Estes, James A. (2006). Whales, Whaling, and Ocean Ecosystems. ISBN 9780520248847 – via Google Books.
^ Clayton, Jane M. (2014). Ships Employed in the South Sea Whale Fishery from Britain: 1775-1815: An alphabetical list of ships. Berforts Group. p. 141. ISBN 978-1908616524.
^ Richards, Rhys (2017). Bold Captains; Trans-Pacific exploration and trade: 1780-1830. II. Wellington, NZ: Paremata Press. pp. 338-339. ISBN 978-0-473-40519-9.
^ Delarue, Dominique. "Kerguelen - Morell - John Nunn - Ross - Ofley - Challenger - Fuller - Eure - Bossière". Kerguelen Voyages. Archived from the original on 26 April 2012.
^ Nunn, John (1850). Clarke, W.B. (ed.). Narrative of the Wreck of the Favourite on the Island of Desolation: Detailing the adventures, sufferings and privations of J. Nunn, an historical account of the Island, and its whale and seal fisheries. London: William Edward Painter. p. 236. Retrieved 2014.
^ Quanchi, Max (2005). Historical Dictionary of the Discovery and Exploration of the Pacific Islands. The Scarecrow Press. pp. 87-88. ISBN 0810853957.
^ Robinson, James (1906). "Appendix B: Log of the Offley". In Cerchi, D. (ed.). Reminiscences (Report). Hobart, Tasmania, AU: Archives Office of Tasmania. pp. 98-99. Archived from the original on 6 February 2012.
^ Ivanov, Lyubomir; Ivanova, Nusha (2014). ?, ?, , ? , ? [Antarctic: Nature, History, Utilization, Geographic Names, and Bulgarian Participation] (in Bulgarian) (first ed.). Sofia, Bulgaria: Manfred Wörner Foundation. ISBN 978-619-90008-1-6 – via ResearchGate.net. see also:. biblio.bg (in Bulgarian) (Second revised and updated ed.). 2014. ISBN 978-619-90008-2-3. Archived from the original on 10 February 2016.
^ Mills, William James (2003). Exploring Polar Frontiers. p. 346. ISBN 9781576074220 – via Google Books.
^ Carroll, Paul (29 June 2003). "19th Century History of Kerguelen Island, South Indian Ocean". Btinternet.com. Archived from the original on 30 July 2012. Retrieved 2012.
^ "Calotte Glaciaire Cook". Mapcarta. Retrieved 2016.
^ Kauffmann, Jean-Paul (2001). Voyage to Desolation Island. Random House. pp. 77-78. ISBN 1860469264. Retrieved 2012.
^ Serra, Jean-Jacques. "Bases temporaires" [Temporary Bases]. univ-perp.fr (in French). Archived from the original on 29 August 2017. Retrieved 2019.
^ Borissova, Irina; Moore, Aidan M. G.; Sayers, Jacques; Parums, Robert; Coffin, Millard F.; Symonds, Philip A. (2002). "Geological Framework of the Kerguelen Plateau and Adjacent Ocean Basins". Geoscience Australia Record (2002/005).
^ Shlich, Roland (Research Manager at the CNRS); article Archived 3 November 2007 at the Wayback Machine
^ The University of Texas at Austin, Office of Public Affairs, UT Austin scientist plays major role in study of underwater "micro-continent", 28 May 1999. Retrieved 29 June 2007
^ Whitehouse, David; "Sci/Tech 'Lost continent' discovered", BBC News, 27 May 1999. Retrieved 29 June 2007
^ Peel, Murray C.; Finlayson, Brian L.; McMahon, Thomas A. (2007). "Updated world map of the Köppen-Geiger climate classification". Hydrology and Earth System Sciences. 11 (5): 1633-1644. doi:10.5194/hess-11-1633-2007. ISSN 1027-5606. (direct: Final Revised Paper)
^ "Le climat à Port aux Français (en °C et mm, moyennes mensuelles 1971/2000 et records depuis 1973) sur MeteoStats". [dead link]
^ Kerguelen cabbage at the Encyclopædia Britannica
^ "Southern Indian Ocean Islands tundra". Terrestrial Ecoregions. World Wildlife Fund.
^ Gaudin, Christian; Minou, ce dangereux prédateur, Sénat blog, 6 April 2010
^ Newton, Chris (2013). "The Monsters of Kerguelen". The Trout's Tale - The Fish That Conquered an Empire. Ellesmere, Shropshire: Medlar Press. pp. 161-170. ISBN 978-1-907110-44-3.
^ Sharma, Raja (2016). Ready Reference Treatise: The Narrative of Arthur Gordon Pym of Nantucket. Lulu Press. p. 41. ISBN 9781329804036.
^ Verne, Jules. An Antarctic Mystery.
^ In fact the islands' antipodal point, 49°15'N, 110°50'W, falls near Pakowki Lake, Alberta
^ Austlit - Songs from the Mountains
^ Stilgoe, John R. (2003). Lifeboat. University of Virginia Press. p. 36. ISBN 9780813922218.
^ O'Brian, Patrick (1978). Desolation island (Jack Aubrey vol 5). Collins. ISBN 9780006499244. OCLC 655256523.
^ Barnard, Jason; Stewart, Al (2016). "Al Stewart - Past, Present and Future". The Strange Brew. Retrieved 2016.
Official website (in French)
"Cartography of the Kerguelen". Archived from the original on 13 April 2003. Retrieved 2007. CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)Including a toponymy index.
Personal site with many pictures
Rocket launches on the Kerguelen Islands
"South Atlantic & Subantarctic Islands site, Kerguelen Archipelago page". Archived from the original on 29 November 2012.
Coordinates: 49°15?S 69°10?E / 49.250°S 69.167°E / -49.250; 69.167
kerguelen 3_0001
Kerguelen 2007
Kerguelen and Nicolas
kerguelen fevrier 2011
cours 29.01.09 kerguelen
CCE Kerguelen
Rugby a kerguelen
5 Lomener kerguelen...
Plongee a kerguelen
Cabane Jacky Kerguelen
Souvenirs de kerguelen


This is it. Tonight, we crown the best of the best in local showbiz, and celebrate the triumphs of the past year.
Held at the MES Theatre at Mediacorp, the Star Awards, which celebrates its 25th anniversary today (Apr 14), will not only honour some of Singapore's biggest talents, but also take audiences down memory lane as we look back on the defining moments in local entertainment history.
Read on for the highlights of this year's Star Awards.
"I was so scared," Kym shared in an interview with the media after accepting her All Time Favourite Artistes award.
"I spent a month writing down what I wanted to say, one sentence a day. When I arrived (today), I heard that I'd only get one minute [for my acceptance speech], and I was so scared, because I had rehearsed a number of times at home, and it (my speech) was all around one minute and thirty seconds each time. But luckily, they allowed me to continue and finish what I wanted to say," she said.
As for her plans for the night, Kym revealed that she will be "heading home for a good night's sleep" as she has work the next day. After work, however, she will be having a meal with her fans, who've worked hard all these years, voting tirelessly for her.
When asked if there was anything that she'd like to say to herself, now that she's formally inducted into the All-Time Favourite Artistes Hall of Fame, she said, "Continue working hard, although it's been 20 years, and you don't know if there'll be another 20 years (for you in the future), I hope you can continue to live vicariously, as always."
Speaking to the media after her win, Jasmine shared her thoughts on bagging the Best Newcomer Award.
"These two to three years have been difficult at the start, not knowing what I'm getting into, (and) not knowing what I'm doing," she said.
"But a lot of people have helped me along the way, and I'm very very thankful for all of the directors and producers that I've worked with for being so patient with me, a newcomer. And I think no matter how talented you are as an artiste or a newcomer, you really need that one chance, that luck, you really need that," she continued, adding, "In these two (to) three years, I've been very lucky, so I hope I'll continue to be lucky and I'll keep improving, (and) I'll work hard."
The Star Search competition is back after nine years! If you think you have what it takes to be the next Zoe Tay or Christopher Lee, head down to these locations where Quan Yifong, Dasmond Koh and Irene Ang will be talent scouting. More details here.


Welcome to the CONNplexity Lab!
I am a Computational Neuroscientist who works in the emergent research area of Brain Connectomics. My current research in the CONNplexity Lab focuses on the application of Complex Systems approaches in Neuroscience and Cognitive Science, including frameworks such as graph theory, information theory or fractal theory. Projects include relating structural and functional connectivity within the human brain. My interest includes healthy and disease conditions, including neurodegenerative diseases. I also make contributions to theoretical foundations of Complex Systems.
Interested? Please contact me - I look forward to talking with you.


Until recently, the expression "it's a small world" had always confused me, simply because this "small world" contains seven billion people, each with a completely unique life. Just think—there are seven billion people, and each person is experiencing each passing second differently: seeing and smelling, tasting and hearing and feeling seven billion different things. How could one ever classify all of that as "small"?
I had been content with the idea that my life is all I can experience, that I will never be exposed to our world's entirety simply because there is too much of it for one lifetime. In one way, this is true. I will not meet all seven billion of you during my life, regardless of my efforts to do so. I will not be able to see every inch of this world, or taste every traditional dish (though I'll try hard to do that too), or experience all the different cultures and lifestyles seven billion of us have embraced. My failure won't be from lack of determination; this world is just too big for one individual. But it may still be small enough yet to be explored by a single action.
As I was walking out of a café the other day, I passed through a family trying to take a picture and offered to take the picture for them, if anything to ease the camera's duty of fitting eleven struggling people in one shot. A minute later I was in the car heading home, completely oblivious of what had just happened: the connection that had been created, the concept that I had just become a part of their story. The picture of this family that will end up in a frame on a nightstand, or in a suitcase, as a grandparent's Christmas gift—whatever will become of it, I am a part of now, all because I pressed a camera button. It's not likely that we will cross paths again, or that either of us would recognize one another if we did, but that's not the point. The connection will always be there.
This led me to the idea that we are all connected in one way or another, voluntarily or not. Each one of us is influencing the lives around us regardless of what we are doing, and the same influences are apparent in our own lives, whether it's the hearty conversation you hear between a bus driver and local resident on the way to school, your act of holding the door open for the girl with a depressingly empty coffee cup and too many books for an empty hand, or even the short greeting you give or receive from the student at the front desk of your residence hall. All of these tiny observations and acts, most of which we don't give a second thought, have all created this elaborate web of connections between all of us.
I think a lot of us tend to envision ourselves as just faces others pass by, but even the one face that expresses that quick, friendly smile to me as I'm walking to class has an impact, whether I acknowledge it or not. And these miniscule encounters are constantly influencing seven billion lives, every minute of every day. So don't neglect the littler actions in life, because they create the beautiful connection between all seven billion of us: in the end, it's the little things that makes this big world small.


text:
#ifndef _GL4CTEXTUREBARRIERTESTS_HPP
#define _GL4CTEXTUREBARRIERTESTS_HPP
 /*!
 * \file
 * \brief
 */ /*-------------------------------------------------------------------*/

#include "glcTestCase.hpp"

namespace gl4cts
{
class TextureBarrierTests : public deqp::TestCaseGroup
{
public:
	enum API
	{
		API_GL_45core,
		API_GL_ARB_texture_barrier,
	};

	TextureBarrierTests(deqp::Context& context, API api);
	~TextureBarrierTests(void);
	void init(void);

private:
	TextureBarrierTests(const TextureBarrierTests& other);
	TextureBarrierTests& operator=(const TextureBarrierTests& other);
	API m_api;
};

} /* gl4cts namespace */

#endif // _GL4CTEXTUREBARRIERTESTS_HPP

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


The McMurran Scholars Association has awarded its newly endowed 2017-2018 scholarship, established through the Shepherd University Foundation, to graduate student Christopher A. Korcsmaros of Martinsburg. The MSA Scholarship is designated for McMurran Scholars attending Shepherd University as full- or part-time graduate students.
The annual McMurran Scholars Association Scholarship was established in 2011 in honor of the 50th anniversary celebration of the McMurran Scholar award, the highest academic honor at Shepherd University. Created by the McMurran Scholars Association, the scholarship is the first privately funded scholarship for Shepherd's graduate program, having awarded a $1,000 scholarship each year since its inception. In celebration of the 55th anniversary of the creation of the McMurran Scholars in April 2016, the MSA challenged all McMurran Scholars to make gifts to endow the McMurran Scholars Association Scholarship so that it may continue to financially assist deserving graduate students into perpetuity. Scholars responded with privately funded gifts in order to successfully reach the $25,000 goal.
"Receiving this scholarship award tells me that Shepherd, as an institution, recognizes academic discipline and high achievement," said Korcsmaros, who entered Shepherd's Master of Arts in College Student Development Administration (CSDA) program this fall. The CSDA program is a 36-credit-hour graduate program for those who are interested in pursuing or advancing a career in collegiate student affairs or enrollment management.
Korcsmaros graduated from Shepherd in 2013 with a B.S. in business and economics. Currently self-employed as a math tutor, he plans to pursue a career path serving college students in either academic services or residence life.
"My goal is to help students integrate into a world that is much larger than what they might have originally considered," said Korcsmaros. He added that his scholarship will help defray the costs of graduate school so that he may focus on his work both in and outside of the classroom.
The McMurran Scholars Association, sponsored by the Shepherd University Foundation, promotes and honors scholarly inquiry and academic excellence among those students who have been named McMurran Scholars at Shepherd University. The organization seeks to model applications of scholarly work both on campus and in the wider community, provide networking opportunities among its members, and mentor current Shepherd students.
The McMurran Scholars Association welcomes all McMurran Scholars interested in donating their time and talent to the organization. In addition to mentoring, scholars may become involved by attending quarterly meetings, planning events associated with homecoming and the annual McMurran Scholars Convocation, or making a donation to support the MSA Scholarship.
To learn more about the McMurran Scholars Association, please contact Kim Hutto, director of alumni affairs, at 304-876-5157 or [email protected].


Remember On Live? Eying a PlayStation 4 or PlayStation TV to get your hands on Sony's PlayStation Now game streaming service? Reportedly, Arcadia is a streaming service coming directly from Microsoft's own Operating Systems Group.
At least, that's what the Arcadia codename refers to if the information shared with All About Microsoft is indicative of what's going on inside Microsoft today. The outlet decided to track down the codename after a tipster noticed the Arcadia team mentioned in a job posting on Microsoft's Careers website. The Arcadia codename is specifically mentioned in a second job posting, but the outlet believes they are one in the same. This second job posting doesn't exactly like anything to the imagination. It calls out the Operating Systems Group Streaming team. The second job posting also requests that those applying for the Streaming Team position have experience with iOS and Android.
The admittedly light stack of evidence all points to one thing: a Microsoft video game and app streaming system coming for Microsoft's operating systems and maybe even Android and iOS. Such a streaming service would make sense, Microsoft is into selling licenses and Xbox services, today dedicated hardware is just the easiest way to get those things in front of years. A streaming service could, theoretically, allow users to play games on their phones, tablets, and PCs. Maybe such a service would finally enable Xbox 360 compatibility for the Xbox One.
According to All About Microsoft, Arcadia is still in early development.


A sole proprietorship is an unincorporated business owned by only one person.
The owners of a sole proprietorship are entitled to keep all the profits of a business, but are also legally liable for anything that pertains to the business. The income of a sole proprietorship is recorded on the owner's individual tax return.


text:
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6 iconic '80s teen flicks ranked from least to most problematic
by Nicole Lhuillier
I was so excited to watch The Breakfast Club. It's the Ultimate High School Movie™, right? Well, I have to admit that it shocked me—not in a good way. For sure, the brilliantly scripted insight from "the criminal, the athlete, the basket case, the princess, and the brain" was a highlight. But the treatment of Claire and Allison, the film's two female characters, turned me off. After being fleshed out so deeply, both their arcs abruptly come to an end in the arms of guys (who were never good to them before).
Read more: Do we need a Clueless remake? As if!
The Breakfast Club isn't the only one of John Hughes' '80s teen films that raises eyebrows three decades later. Weird Science's premise has a woman as an object, while Sixteen Candles pays zero attention to consent. I am cringing. No way would these aspects fly today. (In recent years, even the actors themselves have called them out!)
After all, it's a new #MeToo era, and we're a new generation that's not blinded by nostalgia. Hughes' films may have set the standard for the high school genre, but the legacy of classics can change. Here they are reexamined, from least to most problematic.
In case you haven't seen them yet, this is the necessary spoiler warning.
Some Kind of Wonderful (1987)
TL;DW: Outsider Keith is oblivious to the affections of his best friend Watts and begins a relationship with popular girl Amanda in spite of their social and class difference.
Quick review: The head-scratching plot seems very contrived (which makes sense considering that this exists to put a twist on Pretty in Pink), but never mind that. The good old-fashioned puppy love is enough to warm your cold heart. Hopeless romantics would be pleased.
Questionable content: A female student flirts her way out of detention with a male teacher. Otherwise this movie is pretty light.
Lesson learned: Being single and independent beats sacrificing your integrity for a relationship. What you're looking for might actually be right there beside you (literally)
Pretty in Pink (1986)
TL;DW: Even though Blane is a dream, dating the uncharacteristically nice rich kid isn't so easy for working-class girl Andy, who has to manage the budding relationship alongside outsider syndrome, an incompetent father, and her best friend's affection.
Quick review: This is a cute teenage romance that'll make you feel all warm and fuzzy. Yay for supportive boy-girl friendships and father-daughter bonds!
Questionable content: None, really. It does counter the male entitlement prominently featured in Sixteen Candles.
Lesson learned: You aren't owed reciprocated feelings even if you're a nice guy in love. Don't force it. The friendzone isn't that bad a place.
Read more: Lady Bird's BFF gets into some feminist hijinks in 'Booksmart'
Ferris Bueller's Day Off (1986)
TL;DW: The student body's idol and the principal's worst nightmare, Ferris Bueller bamboozles his way on a truant adventure with his chill girlfriend and uptight best friend.
Quick review: It's a wacky, spot-on comedy that captures the naivete and sheer fun of fleeting adolescence.
Questionable content: A guy admits to watching a girl change, and she shrugs it off (?). There's an apparent suicide attempt at one point, although the character's mental health struggles aren't exploited for laughs.
Lesson learned: Skipping school isn't something to be encouraged, but Ferris provides a good reminder to seize the day because life is short!
Weird Science (1985)
TL;DW: Nerds Gary and Wyatt have no chance with the girls at school, so through some mysterious computer wizardry they create Lisa, a smart, sexy superwoman who possesses the confidence and cool they lack.
Quick review: This film may be about smart kids, but it's devoid of the intelligence and vulnerability that Hughes was famous for—it's an outlier clearly catered to an immature male audience. The nerds' goofiness could still get a couple laughs, and at least there's young Robert Downey, Jr.!
Read more: 'All That' is back with the Jonas Brothers as their guest stars
Questionable content: A LOT of female objectification. The main characters' obsession with scoring chicks pretty much drives their actions; Lisa is personalized to their specifications all the way down to breast size. Drunk Gary impersonates a black man's speech.
Lesson learned: Geeks aren't hopeless? Your seemingly perfect solution may take a life of its own? As people-pleasing trumps thematic depth in this movie, the messages get a little lost.
TL;DW: In Saturday detention, five high school archetypes bond over a hatred for the principal and disdain for the lives they feel trapped in.
Quick review: Shrewd, raw, and touching, this strongly acted flick has been proclaimed as a cultural achievement worthy to be preserved in the United States National Film Registry—although some parts don't come off as romantic as they used to.
Questionable content: The mean guy sexually harasses the popular girl throughout the movie and even makes her cry. Then they get together at the end of the day. Seriously? Plus, the jock and the weirdo fall in love immediately after her signature frumpy-goth look is erased.
Read more: Why we shouldn't pressure ourselves to be successful in our 20s
Lesson learned: Glam up girly-girl style (who cares if it means trading individuality for conformity) to get the guy. Girls can't resist a bad boy even if he fails to treat her with basic respect. A sense of unbelonging is a universal feeling, and a sense of belonging is a universal need. (Thankfully, the last one is the most resonating message.)
Sixteen Candles (1984)
TL;DW: Sam's sixteenth birthday is looking like the worst: her family forgot about it, the geek's who's crushing on her won't leave her alone, and she is head over heels in love with the dreamboat Jake Ryan.
Quick review: It's easy to sympathize with Andy's scenario and Molly Ringwald's performance, so if you can ignore the logical fallacies (the hot senior will go for the innocent sophomore crushing on him despite them barely knowing each other) and disturbing elements (see below), you could find the sweetness in this teenage fantasy.
Questionable content: Where to begin? This movie features a racist caricature, sexual harassment, implied date rape, gay slurs, and objectification of women with no negative consequences whatsoever.
Lesson learned: The wild prom queen doesn't deserve basic respect. It's okay if the handsome leading man uses women and ditches his girlfriend because he fulfills the every girl's longing (which can surely come true if you wish hard enough!). Obviously, that's not a good lesson.
Art by Tyra Monzones
coming of age films
Some Kind of Wonderful
Nicole Lhuillier
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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Image Title: Bookcases Sliding Bookcase Hardware Uk With Regard To Hidden Design 34. Filename: bookcases-sliding-bookcase-hardware-uk-with-regard-to-hidden-design-34.jpg. Image Dimension: 500 x 329 pixels. Images Format: jpg/jpeg. Publisher/Author: ungrounded. Uploaded Date: Monday - May 21st. 2018 10:38:54 AM. Category: Architecture. Image Source: dornob.com.
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Barwin are experts in building façade restoration, decorating & specialist cleaning. They are members of the National Churches Trust's Professional Trades Directory.
Barwin, based in Upminster, east London, is a specialist in cleaning, restoring and refurbishin stone and brick work of the external elevations of buildings, which it has been involved in for over 30 years. It works throughout the south east.
Barwin has worked on many churches and is an approved installer of numerous specialist materials including stone, brick and concrete. Barwin has also worked with The Royal Parks and with English Heritage to restore historic monuments.
Recently Barwin has been expanding throughout the south east and widening its range of services. It is proud of its success, with turnover increasing by over 70 per cent in the last five years. It employs over 50 staff and has recently become a member of the Trust's Professional Trades Directory.
Barwin was contracted to carry out the repair, restoration and cleaning of the 1853- built, grade 2-listed Gothic style St Pancras and Islington Cemetery Chapel in East Finchley, north London. It is the third largest single cemetery in London.
Among many tasks, Barwin restored the chapel spire including installation of 'helibar' reinforcing bars, and made specialist lime pointing to the entire external façade of the chapel.
It also replaced Kentish rag stone dressings, made window arch repairs, rebuilt brick walls with stone details, and removed cement mortar from stonework and applied new mortar.
"We are very fortunate with the staff we have in place who are all skilled and knowledgeable. Our existing clients are loyal and we attract new business through our professionalism and commitment."
"We wish to do more exterior works on churches in London and the south east."
For further information contact Barwin: 020 8345 7900 or email marketing@barwin.co.uk.


Huge to death! A small chance to success! What are we waiting for?
I did you stand! Men of the west!
When this wall comes down,there will be no quarter.
If you throw down your arms,your families will die.
We can break this army here.
So I say let them come.
Come on! Come on! Come on!
Copyright © 2008 The Garden of Poets All Rights Reserved.


This is an extension project that we took that was a bit o challenge for us due to hard access, building between two other extensions and very deep foundations. The project took three months, with around 3-4 weeks when we were not able to work due to adverse weather conditions or Christmas/New Years period.
It actually took us a while to figure how to access the back of the property, as we couldn't get trough the neighbours' properties (as they had nice back gardens).
As you can see, the extension was built between two other extensions, making everything extremely difficult.
This is how the back of the properties looked like, a very steep hill, so getting tons and tons of soil out and materials in seemed impossible.
The solution? Finally we decided to built a bridge connecting the back of the property to the garage, and trough the garage having access to materials and skips.
We wanted to include this project in our website, as many complain in Aberdeen that they can't find contractors doing complex projects, especially those involving building warrants. The reason for this is because this sort of projects are subject to hundreds of building regulations and it's very hard work. At the end of the day, a painting only business or joinery only business sometimes do a larger profit than us, even if they don't have much responsibility.


From the MLB to the NBA these Lake Charles natives have made a name for themselves in the world of sports.
Casey Daigle was a Sulphur High School graduate had a successful MLB career on teams like the Arzona Diamondbacks and Minnesota Twins. He currently is continuing his baseball career as a pitcher for the AAA Fresno Grizzlies.
McNeese State University alum Joe Dumars III had an impressive 14 year NBA career playing with the Detroit Pistons. He was inducted to the Basketball Hall of Fame in 2006 and served as the President of Basketball Operations for the Detroit Pistons until 2014.
Ray Fontenot's 4 year MLB career saw him pitching for the New York Yankees, Chicago Cubs and Minnesota Twins.
As one of the NFL's Top 100 Players of 2016, Matt Forte's NFL career continues to climb. He played for the Chicago Bears from 2008 to 2015 and made his New York Jets debut during the 2016 season.
Johnnie Gray was inducted into the Green Bay Packers Hall of Fame in 1993 and is currently a uniform inspector for the NFL.
Mike Heinen currently resides in Lake Charles, but spend years as a pro golfer on the PGA Tour and the Nationwide Tour.
Brian Johnson is a world renowned athlete and competitor in the 2008 Olympics in the men's long jump.
Washington-Marion High School grad, Eddie Kennison, started his football career playing at LSU where he was a six time All-American selection. He was drafted by the St. Louis Rams in 1996 and has also played for the New Orleans Saints, Chicago Bears, Denver Broncos and Kansas City Chiefs.
Ted Lyons played 21 MLB seasons with the Chicago White Sox and was inducted into the Baseball Hall of Fame in 1955.
Justin Vincent graduated from Barbe High School and played for the Pittsburgh Steelers until 2010. He is currently the host of FOX Sports Louisiana Sunday Kickoff.
I think it's safe to say that Lake Charles has raised some truly amazing athletes over the years and I can't see what the future holds for sports figures in SWLA.


Whirlpool Genuine OEM 12956202 Refrigerator Water Reservoir & Head Assembly. The water reservoir holds the water for the dispenser while the water chills and the filter head holds the water filter.
Leaking water, will not dispense water.
This part is also known as a water tank, filter head.