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Fr. Chazal on two churches
Answering Fr. Laisney. This is interesting, thought-provoking.
SOPHISM #3: THE CONCILIAR CHURCH IS NOT A SEPARATE CHURCH
Sophists love to quote themselves, as John-Paul II used to. They are also big experts (archbishoplefebvrology, donatism, Church Fathers etc.) Let me archbishoplefebvre you in my turn:
"That Conciliar Church is a schismatic Church because it breaks with the Catholic Church that has always been. [it has new… new… new…] The Church that admits such errors is at once schismatic and heretical. This Conciliar Church is therefore not Catholic. To whatever extent Pope, Bishops, priests or faithful adhere to this new Church, they separate themselves from the Catholic Church." (Reflections on a suspension a divinis, June 29 1976). "Let there be no mistake. It is not a question of a difference between Mgr Lefebvre and Pope Paul VIth. It is a question of radical incompatibility beween the Catholic Church and the Conciliar Church". (note of July 12th 1976 to AFP) "Vatican II is a schismatic council" (Aug 76). "All who cooperate […] and adhere to this new Conciliar Church […] enter into schism" (Le Figaro, Aug 2 1976). "A Church which no longer brings forth fruits, a Church which is sterile is not the Catholic Church" (Ordinations 1978). "The modernist Rome is changing religion? I refuse it and reject it […] I refuse that church" (Dec 9 1983 press conference). After reviewing the four marks of the Church, in favor of us, the Archbishop concluded: "All this shows that it is we who have the marks of the Visible Church. If there is still a visibility in the Church, it is thanks to you. Those signs are not found in the others. We are not of this religion, we do not accept this new religion, (goes on and on and on…)" (Fideliter 66 nov 1988). "Upon reflection it appears clear that the goal of these dialogues is to reabsorb us within the Conciliar Church, the only Church to which you make allusion during these meetings" (May 24th 1988). "Resulting from these principles and facts is the absolute need to continue the Catholic episcopacy in order to continue the Catholic Church" (Letter to Bishop Castro de Mayer, Dec 4th 1990).
(These are only a few quotes, on a specific topic; the Church. On other topics, the Archbishop spoke; take for instance the Pope, whom he called an "Antichrist". That quote, you are going to tell me, is purely rhetorical, and certainly doesn't mean that the Pope is a heretic, or it is a very limited quote, or a quote to be understood restrictively! And, mark my words, with such a Pope as Pope Francis, the Archbishop would never use such a language, also because the triumphant 70's are over: he would have the same restraint, prudence and diplomacy that Bishop Fellay has used with Pope Francis for a month and a half, and many more months to come)
Now, also, let me profit from the occasion. With the blessings of Frs Couture and Rostand you embark to prove that the Conciliar Church is a part of the Catholic visible Church, using the quote of a man who says that the new Church is neither Catholic, nor the Catholic Church! (top and bottom of left column, page 8, Apostle)! Your sophistry is outstanding! If I am neither pfeifferic nor Fr Pfeiffer, how can I be a part of that entity, no matter how big that entity is?
To uphold his credibility, Fr Cacho publishes locally a series of talks of the Archbishop called "They are changing our religion!", indeed a famous expression of the Archbishop, alongside the "New Rome", or "Rome of neo modernist tendencies". Distinct Faith (ordinations 1976), distinct Rome, distinct Church, distinct religion.
It all points to something we don't love and don't recognize; something dying, dead or deathly to billions of souls, and you conclude that we must recognize and be recognized by this new Religion, this new Rome. There are caveats in the thought of the Archbishop, for he says to whatever extent one unites to the novusordo, he separates himself from God, which means that some people still have the faith or may be saved despite the novusordo, but certainly not because of it. There are novusordo people that are rescuable from it, our faithful are the proof of that. To describe such a church leading into apostasy, I think the best image is the conveyor belt: those who are on it have not yet all fallen in the abyss. But there you go again, in your last letter, you want us to run on this belt, canonically of course, and run against it because we are true Catholics. This is what you say, you want us to be in that structure, that you call the order willed by Jesus-Christ. Our souls are in danger out of that conveyor belt, canonical devices are in place to allow us to run fast on it and denounce its errors at the same time.
And if I grant you that a dead part of a body is in a body (Fr Simoulin 2001 argument)… it will always be on the way out; the body will always do whatever it can to rid itself of the necrosis. Similarly, it is not because we cannot say "outside the SSPX no salvation", nor say that all novus ordo people go to Hell, nor know at what moment this separation actually takes place that we don't have a process leading to two separate entities, like in the meiosis and mitosis of a cell. The two things, entangled as they may, are still really separating, way before the end of times. Ask the millions of souls that have lost, not just the state of Grace, as St Augustine refers to, but the Catholic Faith. They are cut off from us, they refuse to believe that Christ is God or that Mary is a Virgin, like Cardinal Muller. They bear an appearance, nothing else. They really have already fallen off the vine, totally, unlike simple sinners, (that you confuse with heretics).
What you fail to realize is that the whole work of the Archbishop, from 1965 to March 25th 1991 was to keep us clear from this operation of death called novusordo Church. Two isolated quotes after June 1988 won't do. After June 88 the Archbishop denounced the protocol, simply because it would have placed us under the wrong people, and the consecration of Bishops was the best way to escape them. People were very grateful, nobody was thinking much of the protocol at the time, except the Fraternity of St Peter). The approval of Bishop Charriere is the certification of an escape pod. Haven't we always compared ourselves to a life boat, a rescue operation, a little bench of survivors? Like the sedevacantists, I think you try too much to figure it out. This whole process, involving the damnation of so many souls is beyond our comprehension. Just be happy to stay clear and safe; keep the lifeboat discipline, (which, by the way, Bishop Fellay is not keeping by asking, like you, to paddle towards the vortex!).
In Christ our King.
TKGS
Re: Fr. Chazal on two churches
I would be interested in learning what thoughts this piece provoked. I confess that I am too simple to have had many thoughts provoked by these comments.
This appears to be what Fr. Chazal was answering, by Fr. Laisney: http://www.sspxasia.com/Various_Churches.pdf
The present crisis in the Church is deeply mysterious, in the sense that there are so many things about it which are inherently unclear. There are two attempts to explain this crisis which arise from minds imbued with Catholic theology: the SSPX position, and the properly sedevacantist position. There are various other views which arise from minds infected with Protestant error, or with Modernism, or with philosophical error. Examples include the typical Novus Ordo theory (unity of faith is unnecessary), the Cassiciacum Thesis (philosophical error and a refusal of the traditions of theology) and the ideas of Bishop Williamson (Anglican errors).
What is absolutely fascinating about the present debate between Williamson, Chazal, and some in the SSPX, is the focus on ecclesiology, on the mystery of the crisis in the Church. Where is the Church? Of what members does she consist? etc.
More material on this question can be found here: (my article on Archbishop Lefebvre on this question, and Fr. Gleize's contribution on the same matter): viewtopic.php?f=13&t=1201
Fr. Laisney has weighed in also with an open letter to Bishop Williamson. It is here: http://www.sspx.org/miscellaneous/fr_la ... 3-2013.pdf
A few comments upon it.
Fr. Laisney is an all-or-nothing writer. This is a decided weakness, and it is most clearly so in matters requiring some subtlety, in which the issues are really quite fine distinctions. Fr. Laisney, for example, writes:
And the reasoning seems to be this one: the occupiers of the See of Peter and Roman Congregations are "the apostates of Rome", men wholly dedicated to "the ideas and ideals of the Second Vatican Council," which is "the great apostasy of modern times"; any agreement whatsoever with them, any canonical recognition by them, makes one a collaborator in that great apostasy of modern time, a liberal, great enemy of God.
Now in all honesty, such reasoning was NEVER the reasoning of Archbishop Lefebvre! Indeed on March 22nd 1980, he was saying...
And he goes on to quote the Archbishop saying that he recognises as Successors of the Apostles the hierarchy of the new church. Well, whatever one may think of the text that Fr. Laisney chooses to quote, all informed readers will immediately reject his dogmatic assertion that Bishop Williamson's attitude to the Modernists "was NEVER the reasoning of Archbishop Lefebvre!"
Fr. Laisney could credibly have said, "such reasoning was not the consistent, long-term, reasoning of Archbishop Lefebvre," (no caps, and no exclamation mark) and in that way make an assertion (which he would then have had to prove) without pretending that it is incontestable. Instead, he has laid himself wide open to numerous counter-quotes in which Archbishop Lefebvre did indeed say very clearly that at least the chiefs of the Novus Ordo hierarchy are apostates, antichrists, heretics, etc., and that he wanted nothing to do with their sect, their schismatic church, their new religion, etc.
This is not the way to win a PR war, or even a debate.
The next substantial point Fr. Laisney makes is, if possible, even weaker.
Does recognizing Pope Francis as the legitimate pope makes one a modernist? By doing so, we simply recognize the fact of his legitimacy as supreme pontiff, as the Archbishop said above. That part in him is still Catholic. And if that Catholic part does recognize us, it will neither make us modernists. Moreover, such reasoning manifests "to have lost its grip on the primacy of truth, especially Catholic Truth." Thus you fall in the very default that you accuse others. Indeed, Catholic Truth is not something you can take in part: either you believe the whole Faith or you have lost the whole Faith. Now one essential article of the Catholic Faith is precisely the faith in the Catholic Church, and especially the "faith in Peter"
The central point of this passage, the point with which it begins, is entirely correct. "Does recognizing Pope Francis as the legitimate pope makes one a modernist? By doing so, we simply recognize the fact of his legitimacy as supreme pontiff, as the Archbishop said above." Nobody would dispute this much. Unfortunately, Fr. Laisney then confuses the entire question. "That part in him is still Catholic. And if that Catholic part does recognize us, it will neither make us modernists." What is a "part" of a Roman Pontiff? And how does that undefined "part" recognise the SSPX as Catholics? This is nonsense. It is made even worse by what immediately follows. "Catholic Truth is not something you can take in part: either you believe the whole Faith or you have lost the whole Faith." Was Fr. Laisney trying to prove himself wrong?
Fr. Laisney then proceeds to instruct Bishop Williamson in ecclesiology, instruction which the ex-Anglican badly needs, but which Fr. Laisney does not appear equipped to deliver.
Catholic Faith teaches us that we cannot be saved alone, separated from the Church. Faith alone is not sufficient; without Charity, that "bond of perfection" (Col. 3:14) which binds us with Christ and with each member of Christ, it is impossible to go to Heaven. "And if I should have ... all knowledge, and if I should have all faith, ... and have not charity, I am nothing... it profiteth me nothing" (I Cor 13:2-3). If this internal bond with the Church, consisting in sanctifying grace and charity, is absolutely necessary for salvation, the external bond of the Church, consisting, as St. Robert Bellarmine teaches, in the profession of the Catholic Faith, the practice of Catholic worship (starting with the sacrament of Baptism) AND the hierarchical communion is also necessary for salvation, "re aut voto"; that is, in case without fault on one's part one of these external aspect is not possible in fact, then at least the "votum – the firm desire and will" of it is necessary for salvation. Thus the Catholic Church teaches that the very desire of a proper canonical situation (in which basically the hierarchical communion consists) is necessary. Read St. Robert (quoted in Is Feeneyism Catholic? p. 40): he clearly says that if such hierarchical recognition is unjustly denied, the lack of it may not be an obstacle to salvation; but if it is not even desired, then that very lack of desire for hierarchical communion is an obstacle to salvation.
This is fine theology, but terrible ignorance of fact. The profession of faith is indeed the first of those outward bonds which constitute the visible unity of the Church. It is precisely the refusal by the Modernists to profess the faith which renders their claim to be Catholics - and most especially, their claim to be Successors of the Apostles - dubious. Fr. Laisney's position appears to be that the profession of faith is a meaningless notion, as long as one has at least a desire to be subject to the hierarchy - any hierarchy? - no matter what faith it professes.
One does not need to be a one-eyed sedevacantist to detect that this whole approach is absurd and unCatholic. The crisis in the Church is a crisis of faith. It is, par excellence, a crisis of profession of faith. Whether or not various members of the hierarchy have retained internal faith, many if not most have abandoned the profession of the orthodox faith. Ignoring this notorious reality only makes Fr. Laisney look ridiculous.
Fr. Laisney senses that his reasoning is not entirely watertight, perhaps, and adds:
You might say: yes, I want proper hierarchical communion, but with proper Catholic authorities, not with those presently occupying Rome. My answer is: this is basically the sedevacantist position, and was NEVER Archbishop Lefebvre's position, nor is it in conformity with reality: it is not true.
The caps-lock appears to serve the purpose of highlighting Fr. Laisney's least secure assertions. Whether or not Paul VI or JPII were popes was, in the view of Archbishop Lefebvre, arguable. There is no possible doubt about this, yet Fr. Laisney chooses to shout the opposite at the reader. A much more sensible approach, and one which might win over unsure readers, would be to take the Archbishop's record as a whole and recognise it for what it was, granting whatever can be granted to Bishop Williamson and Co., and then showing that even so, they are mistaken.
Fr. Laisney wrote:
In some of your writings (Various Churches) you present the situation as if they are in the Conciliar Church and not in the Catholic Church, presenting the Catholic Church as only that part of the visible Church which would have remained sound. Here are your words:
That part alone of the visible Church is Catholic which is one, holy, universal and apostolic. The rest is various sorts of rot.
Now such thinking was NEVER the thinking of Archbishop Lefebvre. (See my own text on Various Churches?) He never considered the Catholic Church as merely a part of the whole visible Church, a part whose boundaries would no longer be clearly visible, a part where there would no longer be a proper hierarchy, since as you wrote in that same text: "the 'official Church' is largely Conciliar and not Catholic." The error of reasoning in that text is to confuse the being/essence and its properties/marks: from the fact that the four Marks of the Church are less visible in many areas due to the errors of the Council, especially the scandalous ecumenism, one cannot conclude that they are "not Catholic".
Precision in the use of terms is absolutely vital in these matters, and again in this example we observe both Bishop Williamson and Fr. Laisney at sea in their use of terms. The inability to choose the correct words reveals a lack of clarity in thought.
Fr. Laisney is quite right in rejecting Bishop Williamson's comment, "[t]hat part alone of the visible Church is Catholic which is one, holy, universal and apostolic," yet when Fr. Laisney tries to explain why this is so, he creates even greater confusion. He begins well (i.e. after his habitual caps-lock raising of voice), "[Archbishop Lefebvre] never considered the Catholic Church as merely a part of the whole visible Church..." This is true, and no Catholic could rightly disagree. The Church herself is visible, necessarily so, and therefore the term "visible Church" in such a context must mean the Catholic Church whole and entire, not some portion of it. Of course, it doesn't follow that whatever is visible is necessarily Catholic, for the Greek churches are visible, and so is the Anglican sect. What Bishop Williamson should therefore have written is something like, "That alone is Catholic which is one, holy, universal and apostolic. The rest is various sorts of rot, entangled with the Church, obscuring the Church, but not truly part of the Church."
Unfortunately, having rejected Bishop Williamson's mistake, Fr. Laisney then tangles himself up in meaningless phrases. Consider again the whole passage:
He never considered the Catholic Church as merely a part of the whole visible Church, a part whose boundaries would no longer be clearly visible, a part where there would no longer be a proper hierarchy, since as you wrote in that same text: "the 'official Church' is largely Conciliar and not Catholic." The error of reasoning in that text is to confuse the being/essence and its properties/marks: from the fact that the four Marks of the Church are less visible in many areas due to the errors of the Council, especially the scandalous ecumenism, one cannot conclude that they are "not Catholic".
On the one hand, Fr. Laisney admits that "the four Marks of the Church are less visible in many areas due to the errors of the Council," yet on the other hand, he rejects the notion that the "boundaries [of the Church] would no longer be clearly visible" as a result. Now this is, in the abstract, not necessarily self-contradictory, but in reality it makes no sense. The reason is that the Church is a body of men. The Church as she is today, as in every age, is a group of men who each are members and parts of her. Every single individual alive at every single moment since the first Pentecost is either a member of Christ's Mystical Body or not a member of Christ's Mystical Body. There is no third possibility. Any given individual may be a member of other bodies in addition, but one cannot be a Catholic and also not a Catholic at the same time. And these members are the parts of the Church, the constituent components of which she is composed. Of the two groups which make up the human race, one constitutes the membership of the Catholic Church, and the other does not.
Now, it is equally true that in some cases it is difficult or impossible to tell whether a particular person is a member of the Church. This may be due to several causes, including unorthodox expressions or actions which render the person's faith doubtful. In fact there is always a fairly large class of such men in the world. Each of them is either a Catholic or he isn't, yet it is equally true that most observers, perhaps none, can be certain which is the case. Now the existence of such unclear cases renders the boundaries of the Church slightly obscure. That is, the precise point at which she ends is unclear. Take a group of ten men. Five of them are manifestly Catholics (baptised, regulars at mass and the sacraments, and display no heterodoxy). Four are manifestly non-Catholics (baptised or not, they actively assist at false worship, never darken the door of a Catholic church, and do not claim to be Catholics). The last of them is young - say twelve years old - and was validly baptised as an infant by an Anglican minister, and therefore certainly became a member of the Catholic Church at that time. Has he left the Church yet? Within two years, if he remains in the Anglican sect, the Church's law will presume that he has left the Catholic Church, lost his membership. But today, has he forfeited his membership or not? We may find it impossible to tell, even if we could speak to the young fellow directly. So, the question is, does the Catholic Church in this place end with the last of the five clear Catholics, or does she end with the sixth member, and only exclude the four clear non-Catholics?
From the most important point of view, the point is actually moot. This level of precision is unnecessary to the point of the visibility of the Church. She remains perfectly visible in any case.
But her boundaries are necessarily slightly obscure. I repeat, this is always the case, in every era. However in some periods the Church is more sharply clear to all, and in other eras she is somewhat obscured by schisms, heresies, etc. Today, I think all will admit, she is gravely obscured. She is eclipsed, as Our Lady predicted. Now, Fr. Laisney rejects the notion that the Church's "boundaries would no longer be clearly visible," and in this context that phrase suggests that he has not really thought about the question with which he is grappling. For if "the four Marks of the Church are less visible in many areas due to the errors of the Council," this can only mean that her members are less united in faith (i.e. due to "the errors of the Council"); and in turn, this implies necessarily that it has become less easy to identify who are truly the members of the Catholic Church and who are actually heretics. And if that is true, then it is equally true that the "boundaries [of the Church] would no longer be clearly visible."
Fr. Laisney then attempts to go to the heart of the matter. "The error of reasoning in that text is to confuse the being/essence and its properties/marks: from the fact that the four Marks of the Church are less visible in many areas due to the errors of the Council, especially the scandalous ecumenism, one cannot conclude that they are 'not Catholic'." This betrays a truly great confusion of thought. The marks of the Church are precisely the external signs by which her essence, her being, is visible as such. If these are lacking, then one can be certain that the body one has in view is not the Church. That is the very purpose of the marks of the Church. The Vatican Council expressed it with sublime beauty:
Vatican I wrote:
So that we could fulfill our duty of embracing the true faith and of persevering unwaveringly in it, God, through his only begotten Son, founded the Church, and he endowed his institution with clear notes to the end that she might be recognized by all as the guardian and teacher of the revealed word.
To the Catholic Church alone belong all those things, so many and so marvelous, which have been divinely ordained to make for the manifest credibility of the Christian faith.
What is more, the Church herself by reason of her astonishing propagation, her outstanding holiness and her inexhaustible fertility in every kind of goodness, by her Catholic unity and her unconquerable stability, is a kind of great and perpetual motive of credibility and an incontrovertible evidence of her own divine mission.
Fr. Bourmaud, in his book "100 Years of Modernism," highlights this necessary role of the Church herself as a living witness to Revelation in the logical process of conversion. If the Church were to lack her marks, she would not be the Church; or, to put it in simpler terms, the body which lacks the marks of the Church is not the Church. The collapse in conversions was predicted by Archbishop Lefebvre on the floor of the Council precisely because he foresaw that the obscuring of the faith by the Council would harm the credibility of the Church. This poses a difficulty for all traditional Catholics, a difficulty which lurks beneath our various disputes about the crisis, including the present dispute between Bishop Williamson and Fr. Laisney. To his credit, the former is grappling openly with it. Fr. Laisney, unfortunately, is essentially arguing as if the problem does not exist, and in doing so finds himself ignoring numerous penetrating and confronting comments made by Archbishop Lefebvre over the course of his post-Conciliar career. Such an approach will not, ultimately, work, even as an exercise in PR. It cannot succeed as theology or apologetics.
Having said that the Williamson faction is the more frank in grappling with the problem that the "Conciliar church" represents, I have to add that the majority faction to which Fr. Laisney belongs is right in asserting that the other side is essentially sedevacantist in its analysis and principles. On sedeplenist principles it is very difficult to fault Bishop Fellay's approach, even if it remains possible and necessary to disagree with some of his specific acts (and most especially, his text of April 15, 2012, which even Fr. Laisney gently condemns). But on sedeplenist principles, it is very difficult to see how the Williamson faction can really think that their own views are the only reasonable and lawful ones. That is, it is impossible to sympathise with their condemnation of Bishop Fellay. If they had said, "Well, we see why he's done what he's done, but we respectfully disagree and we think he ought really to have done otherwise," that would be understandable. But to condemn a man for responding positively to an overture from the Roman Pontiff???
So what we have are only two serious theories of the Church in crisis, divided according to their answer to this question: Is the claim of Francis to the authority of Rome beyond dispute? If it is, as Fr. Laisney very emphatically argues, then the notion of a "Conciliar church" will tend to be purely abstract, a mere means of labelling a trend, a tendency, a complex of novel ideas and practises. But if Francis's claim is legitimately disputable, then the notion of the "Conciliar church" tends to concreteness, indicating a sect of Modernists posing as Catholics and using false claims of authority in order to destroy the true Church.
In any case, the one group that simply doesn't matter is the so-called Resistance. It has no serious theory to present.
So, what of Fr. Laisney's central thesis, that all Modernists remain Catholics, at least canonically, and that none of them have lost their membership in the Church? It's silly, obviously. It's hard to credit that he really believes it.
Cristian Jacobo
John Lane wrote:
Well... but you have as well the followers of G. des Lauriers saying that until you be admonished by the authorities you remain legally (?) member of the Church... so Fr. Laisnet is not alone
Des Lauriers agrees with the SSPX on some major points.
And for the so called resistance I think they will argue that Bp Fellay has contradicted the last stance of Abp. Lefebvre that there won´t be any dialogue with rome until they convert... not that I agree with that statement, but I think they`d say something like that.
"Il n`y a qu`une tristesse, c`est de n`etre pas des Saints"
Leon Bloy
Cristian Jacobo wrote:
Cristian, yes, but two things. 1. None of them can cite an authority. 2. Guerard really believed it. In fact, my guess is that the SSPX got it from him, exclusively. They certainly didn't learn it in any books! This is the kind of legalistic-mechanistic-mathematical notion to which his mind was natural prey. The mathematician loved the idea that somebody was either a Catholic or he was not a Catholic. That was fine. But that in any given case different men could legitimately form different judgements, was not something that his mind could cope with. A nice crisp judgement by a single authority simply must, he reasoned, intervene in each case, and in its absence the culprit remained a Catholic, period.
The SSPX, on the other hand, in my experience does not seem really to believe this in the same way. What I mean is, they don't see why it must be true; it doesn't fit into any larger theory of the Church, her nature, he membership, etc., and it doesn't dovetail with their philosophy, which is Aristotelian. It's just a loose idea which they learned in the seminary and have never critically examined, because it suits their position.
Does he? What else do you have in mind?
One thing strikes me as a huge contrast between them: Des Lauriers had a complete theory, whereas Archbishop Lefebvre had none at all. The latter simply admitted that a future pope may judge that these conciliar criminals were not popes, but until then we regard them as legitimate popes. This is, essentially, the absence of a theory, the admission that one does not comprehend what is happening, and is prepared to leave the solution to others. My feeling is that Bishop Fellay differs from the Archbishop on this, at least in emphasis. He thought that Benedict's status was beyond dispute, I reckon, and that explains his reaction to Benedict's overtures. Fr. Laisney is of the same school. (One thing I've been watching, to see if any data appears, is the Society's attitude to Francis. So far only this is apparent: They really don't like him! But whether they might now be less dogmatically sedeplenist is not yet apparent.)
They absolutely do say that, but their problem is that Archbishop Lefebvre was unpredictable and we all know that it is an entirely legitimate debate as to what he would have done in the face of Benedict's sweet-talking over the past few years. One would think from the heat and the condemnatory language coming from the "Resistance" that "what the Archbishop would have done" is a matter of faith!
Cristian, yes, but two things. 1. None of them can cite an authority.
Well Bp Sanborn quotes 16 theologians... so I`d say "none of them can cite an authority in support of this asertion"
2. Guerard really believed it. In fact, my guess is that the SSPX got it from him, exclusively. They certainly didn't learn it in any books! This is the kind of legalistic-mechanistic-mathematical notion to which his mind was natural prey. The mathematician loved the idea that somebody was either a Catholic or he was not a Catholic. That was fine. But that in any given case different men could legitimately form different judgements, was not something that his mind could cope with. A nice crisp judgement by a single authority simply must, he reasoned, intervene in each case, and in its absence the culprit remained a Catholic, period.
I never thought the SSPX learned it from des Lauriers, but it is quite possible! In a sense I think the SSPX are more logical (at least in this specific case), because they reason: "he is Catholic, therefore he is Pope" whereas des Lauriers said "he is Catholic but he is not Pope, in spite of a valid election".
But in a sense this is more dangerous right? I mean if you accept NN as a Pope you are in danger of accepting everything it comes from rome. I don´t know just thinking aloud
Well I was thinking specifically in the fact that for them the solution to this crisis will come from Francis, and also because for them the Catholic Church is the church to which Francis presides. SSPX cannot escape from this conclusion, whereas those who follow Guerard believe in a "material legal" hierarchy (whatever that means). Now my reasoning is the following:
This kind of apostolic succession is either a positive note or a negative note. If the first, then that is the Church and they have all the other notes. If it is not a positive note, then since that "negative note" is found only in the Church submitted to Bergo, therefore, as the theologians teach, that negative note "works" as if it were a positive note, which means it is a clear sign that the true Church is the one submitted to Bergo.
The reason for this is that positive notes are found only in the Catholic Church whereas negative notes are found in the Catholic Church and may be found in other sects. Which means that if a negative note is found in one group, that is the true Church of Our Lord. This is common sense.
One thing strikes me as a huge contrast between them: Des Lauriers had a complete theory
And, to say the true, this is a very good point in favor of his theory against other sedevacantists.
whereas Archbishop Lefebvre had none at all. The latter simply admitted that a future pope may judge that these conciliar criminals were not popes, but until then we regard them as legitimate popes. This is, essentially, the absence of a theory, the admission that one does not comprehend what is happening, and is prepared to leave the solution to others.
Granted, but I think that Abp Lefebvre had to have concluded that since they were doubtful Popes he couldn´t regard them as such. You know, Papa dubius Papa nullus
My feeling is that Bishop Fellay differs from the Archbishop on this, at least in emphasis. He thought that Benedict's status was beyond dispute, I reckon, and that explains his reaction to Benedict's overtures. Fr. Laisney is of the same school.
Indeed, they were fascinated by Ratzinger. Some even miss him!
(One thing I've been watching, to see if any data appears, is the Society's attitude to Francis. So far only this is apparent: They really don't like him! But whether they might now be less dogmatically sedeplenist is not yet apparent.)
Well they have been rather quite silent about him, or not? The strange thing is that here in Argentina there was no rejection of him. At least not what you`d have expected.
Yes, I agree, the attitude of Abp was unpredictable!
Yes, of course, that is what I meant, and the assertion is so fundamental to their whole view!
I never thought the SSPX learned it from des Lauriers, but it is quite possible!
Well, Des Lauriers was the senior (by far) professor of dogmatic theology at Econe during the seminal period, and had the prestige of being the principle author of the Ottaviani Intervention, so if they didn't learn it from him, I don't know where they got it. They clearly didn't get it from the books - it isn't there!
I looked for it in Archbishop Lefebvre's writings, and it isn't there either, by the way. Indeed, he held the oposite view, as was evidenced in various places, but most clearly in his 1986 conference to seminarians regarding whether the See might have to be considered vacant. So the other members of the SSPX didn't get it from Lefebvre.
In a sense I think the SSPX are more logical (at least in this specific case), because they reason: "he is Catholic, therefore he is Pope" whereas des Lauriers said "he is Catholic but he is not Pope, in spite of a valid election".
I already have no patience for Des Lauriers' nonsense. Don't encourage me in my impatience!
I presume you mean, "if a negative note is found in ONLY one group, that is the true Church of Our Lord."
I have much more time for what I understand to be the (heretical) Cekada theory than for this one, Cristian. Fr. Cekada's theory is that all offices are vacant but the offices themselves still exist and therefore they provide for continuity with the Church of the past - this is formal without material succession; when there is a pope, he will fill the offices which have continued to exist right through the universal vacancy and so there will be a material succession again which of course will also be formal. All good. The only problem with this theory is that it seems blatantly against very clear doctrine to admit a universal vacancy. So one premise is wrong, but the rest of the principles seem straightforward and exactly right to me.
The Greeks are said to have only material succession precisely because even though the offices they claim are true offices of the Catholic Church, they do not have any true possession of them, merely a kind of violent occupation of the externals that belong by right to those offices. They lack formal succession. Therefore they have none of the powers of the offices they claim, none at all. Their claims are null. In the true Church succession is necessarily formal, of course. Fr. Cekada's notion of a formal succession which survives a period of vacancy seems unremarkable (except that it cannot be universal).
Against this we see the Bishop Sanborn approach. He quotes the theologians or canonists referring to material succession and applies what they say to the situation in which a man claims an office and indeed has some of its powers (the power to appoint cardinals, for example) yet does not have the office itself (I admit, this seems like Lewis Carroll type nonsense to me.) So what was meant to describe a vacant office ends up being used to describe an office which is at least partially occupied or even "embarrassed" (i.e. filled, but not able to be exercised by its possessor).
Well, it's a good point against the rest of us; it doesn't really say anything in favour of his theory, does it?
Yes, but you do understand that that saw only applies when there is a clear objective doubt which cannot be resolved. What if your doubt is about whether there is really an objective doubt?
The strange thing is that here in Argentina there was no rejection of him. At least not what you`d have expected.
If you mean, no new sedevacantism, is that really surprising? Except for sedevacantists, no traditional Catholic really expects the pope to be a Catholic, unless by some kind of legal fiction.
John, what do you make of the argument that the Greeks have jurisdiction supplied to them in certain acts, such as sacramental absolution?
James Francis wrote:
Well, I am not sure what the argument is, but I understand that it is asserted by some approved writers that the Greeks enjoy supplied jurisdiction for confessions, as you suggest. Now, assuming this to be true, jurisdiction is supplied for the act, and only for the act, and does not exist the instant before or after the act. If several acts are posited, each of which attracts supplied jurisdiction, then the same is true for each of those acts.
This has no bearing whatsoever on the question of ordinary jurisdiction, of course, and therefore cannot touch the question of the apostolic succession. The whole point of supplied jurisdiction is that it can only exist when habitual jurisdiction is lacking.
Yes, I realize that it has no bearing on habitual jurisdiction which is either delegated to a person or attached to an office. I'm just thinking about the position that you maintain against the Guerardians, namely that they introduce novel categories to solve problems that supplied jurisdiction already deals with.
Now, if it is true that the Greeks can have recourse to supplied jurisdiction for absolution, can they also claim supplied jurisdiction for other administrative acts? If there are approved authorities who say they can that would provide a handy illustration of your ecclesiology and perhaps a good argument against the Guerardians.
But if the authorities rule out recourse to supplied jurisdiction for the Greeks except in the administration of sacraments(and I can think of at least one canonical reason for this) there may be difficulties for your position.
Sorry James, I'm not sure I follow your argument.
No worries, I realize I'm not being tremendously clear. I'm not really arguing either so much as asking. Numbers may help.
1. If I understand you aright, you reject the Guerardian talk of formal and material popes because you say that these are novel categories introduced to solve a genuine problem.
2. The genuine problem- the continuance of authority in the Church- you suggest is solved by the traditional doctrine of supplied jurisdiction.
3. I'm asking whether the supplied jurisdiction that you rely on in your argument, which would allow, for example, an ordinary to carry out various administrative acts requiring jurisdiction which would be supplied due to error of fact (i.e. people erroneously supposing this man to have been appointed to office); whether this supplied jurisdiction applies also to the Greeks? And if it doesn't, why doesn't it?
Have I got you right in 1 and 2? Is 3- my question- any clearer?
I have the awful sensation that I've thought of a question no one else has thought of- because it is so asinine perhaps!
Yes, I know you meant that
This makes a lot of sense to me.
Yes of course!, and you resumed in one sentence what I couldn´t say in several
this is formal without material succession
A kind of a very strong anti-des Lauriers` theory, lol
I have much more time for what I understand to be the (heretical) Cekada theory than for this one, Cristian. Fr. Cekada's theory is that all offices are vacant but the offices themselves still exist and therefore they provide for continuity with the Church of the past - this is formal without material succession;
How so? For having formal succession you need someone who in fact succeeds the Apostles, that is someone who has been invested with the missio canonica.
when there is a pope, he will fill the offices which have continued to exist right through the universal vacancy and so there will be a material succession again which of course will also be formal. All good. The only problem with this theory is that it seems blatantly against very clear doctrine to admit a universal vacancy. So one premise is wrong, but the rest of the principles seem straightforward and exactly right to me.
Yes, except for the fact that I wouldn`t call it "formal" succession, as I said above. I think what you have nowadays is the existence of offices in act but which are not formally possessed, or am I wrong?
In any case, there is a material succession in the novus ordo, just exactly the same as the schismatics. Which is the difference?
A doubt that now comes to mi mind is: can we talk of material succession in the novus ordo even if those having the offices are not even true bishops?
Indeed. This never made any sense to me
Of course it doesn´t! But my point was that when someone comes to the conclusion that Bergo is not the Pope, he`d immediately try to look for the answer as to how to get a Pope, and Guerard`s theory has an answer for that (whether it is true or false is another story). Fr. Cekada doesn´t have any answer (as far as I know).
I`m not saying either that he (or anyone) has to have an answer in order to be sede, of course!
Besides, if that person comes from the SSPX, then he`ll find some similarities between those 2 theories and therefore may have some extra reasons to like Guerard`s theory.
Lol! Well if he admitted the possibility that later on a Pope may declare JPII & cia. not being Popes, then he had doubts, if he had doubts...
Well, I actually meant (and "rejection" was not the most suitable word for it ) that they didn´t criticize Bergo knowing him much better than any other. I may understand they stop criticizing Ratzinger... but Bergo? I mean, he hasn`t even the appearance of even liking traditionalism as Ratzinger did. He is even more modernist that JPII!
Well, that's a comment I've made, but I really reject it because I think it's nonsense.
Partly, yes. My main point is that until somebody proves that all offices are vacant, they're not (and nobody will prove they are all vacant, because that's contrary to Christian doctrine). And if some offices are still occupied, there's no gap in the chain of authority which requires filling in by some aspect of the theory.
3. I'm asking whether the supplied jurisdiction that you rely on in your argument, which would allow, for example, an ordinary
I've not mentioned the acts of non-ordinaries, as far as I recall, I've focussed on the acts of non-popes.
... to carry out various administrative acts requiring jurisdiction which would be supplied due to error of fact (i.e. people erroneously supposing this man to have been appointed to office); whether this supplied jurisdiction applies also to the Greeks? And if it doesn't, why doesn't it?
Well, is it true that they receive supplied jurisdiction for confessions? If so, on what basis? Danger of death? Common error? It would be good if we had the authorities.
It sounds to me like you're actually thinking. The more of that we do about these matters, the better, I think.


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text:
A Spark of White Fire
Sangu Mandanna
Trim Size: 5.5in x 8.25in
Hardcover eBook Paperback
Named one of the best 25 space opera books by BookRiot!
The first book in a scifi retelling of the Mahabrahata. When Esmae wins a contest of skill, she sets off events that trigger an inevitable and unwinnable war that pits her against the family she would give anything to return to.
In a universe of capricious gods, dark moons, and kingdoms built on the backs of spaceships, a cursed queen sends her infant daughter away, a jealous uncle steals the throne of Kali from his nephew, and an exiled prince vows to take his crown back.
Raised alone and far away from her home on Kali, Esmae longs to return to her family. When the King of Wychstar offers to gift the unbeatable, sentient warship Titania to a warrior that can win his competition, she sees her way home: she'll enter the competition, reveal her true identity to the world, and help her famous brother win back the crown of Kali.
It's a great plan. Until it falls apart.
Inspired by the Mahabharata and other ancient Indian stories, A Spark of White Fire is a lush, sweeping space opera about family, curses, and the endless battle between jealousy and love.
Sangu Mandanna was four years old when an elephant chased her down a forest road and she decided to write her first story about it. Seventeen years and many, many manuscripts later, she signed her first book deal. She is the author of The Lost Girl, A Spark of White Fire and its sequels, and has contributed to several anthologies. She lives in Norwich, in the east of England, with her husband and kids.
Named to LITA's Hal Clement List of Notable YA, 2019
[*] "Sangu Mandanna seamlessly weaves science fiction elements with Indian mythology, creating a world that feels truly alive. Mandanna's characters are fully fleshed, especially the engaging and sympathetic Esmae. A Spark of White Fire is the first in a trilogy, and readers will be eager for the next installment." —Shelf Awareness, starred review
"In this seamless fusion of fantasy and sci-fi, Sangu Mandanna combines a dazzling world with gripping, high-stakes family drama. An epic opening chapter." —Samantha Shannon, New York Times bestselling author of The Priory of the Orange Tree and The Bone Season
"Sangu Mandanna's A Spark of White Fire is full of brilliant, complex characters against a compelling mythological canvas. It's full of love and gods, reversals and surprises. I loved it and can't wait for the next book." —Kat Howard, Alex Award-winning author of An Unkindness of Magicians
"A vivid labyrinth of lies and loyalties. Mandanna has built a dazzling world—you'll see stardust every time you close your eyes." —Olivia A. Cole, author of A Conspiracy of Stars
"A gorgeous marriage of science fiction and fantasy. Meddling gods, princesses in exile, and cities aboard spaceships. This is nothing like you've ever read before." —Justina Ireland, New York Times bestselling author of Dread Nation
"If you're looking for a spectacular and immersive read that you'll want to finish in one sitting, A Spark of White Fire should absolutely be on your list. It's an incredible story, and it will be a difficult wait for its sequel." —SyFy Wire "This is a fast-paced, engaging tale sure to keep readers hooked with its twists and turns while they wholeheartedly cheer for Esmae . . . An incisive story nuanced by dilemmas about love, belonging, and conflicting loyalties." —Kirkus ReviewsPraise for The Lost Girl:
"Both an interrogation of bioethics and a mesmerizing quest for identity, this debut succeeds through its careful development of the oh-so-human Eva and those around her. A provocative and page-turning thriller/romance that gets at the heart of what it means to be human." —Kirkus Reviews
"The most honest portrait of grief and loss that I've read in a long time. Filled with heartache, love and things that would stir Mary Shelley's ghost, this is a story not to be missed."—Lauren DeStefano, New York Times bestselling author of the Chemical Garden trilogy
"Mandanna's debut novel is lovely and at times heartbreaking . . . A thoughtful study of both a girl's search for her identity and the human reaction to death." —Publishers Weekly
A War of Swallowed Stars
by Sangu Mandanna
A House of Rage and Sorrow
Book Two in the Celestial Trilogy
Windswept
A Fantasy Novel
by Gwen Cole
by Jennifer Sommersby
Kissing Ezra Holtz (and Other Things I Did for Science)
by Brianna R. Shrum
Shadowspell Academy: The Culling Trials
by Shannon Mayer, K. F. Breene
People of the Lake
by Nick Scorza
An Impossible Distance to Fall
by Miriam McNamara
The Summer of Lost Things
by Chantele Sedgwick
by Kirstin Cronn-Mills
© 2022 Sky Pony Press. All Rights Reserved

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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Irish firms 'woefully unprepared' for new EU data protection law
This article was originally published in the Irish Times on 19 January 2017
Over half of organisations admit they would be unlikely to detect a sophisticated attack
Irish companies are "woefully unprepared" for a major new EU-wide data protection law, which comes into effect next year, a leading IT expert has warned.
Speaking ahead of the announcement of a new cyber security conference to be held in Dublin in early March, Ronan Murphy, chief executive of the IT services firm Smarttech and chairman of IT@Cork, said the Government must do more to help organisations become aware of the legislation.
The General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR), which comes into force in May 2018, is the biggest data protection legislation to be passed in the history of the European Union.
The regulation governs the privacy practices of any company handling EU citizens' data, whether or not that company is located in the EU. It also requires that public authorities and certain companies processing personal data on a "large scale" must have an independent data protection officer.
"It's mind-blowing quite how unprepared Ireland is for GDPR, which has tremendous implications for companies of all sizes," said Mr Murphy.
He was speaking at the announcement of the Zero Day Conference, to take place in the Convention Centre Dublin on March 7th. The meeting will provide C-suite leaders and senior IT executives with insights into the cyber threats facing their sectors.
Among the keynote speakers will be Kurt Pipal, the FBI's assistant legal attache who represents the agency in London on cyber matters.
Mr Murphy's comments come as a new survey shows cyber security attacks against Irish businesses have jumped by 29 per cent in the past two years. According to the EY survey of 1,735 business executives and IT professionals, three-fourths of firms have come under siege.
Despite this, some 55 per cent of business leaders say their organisations would be unlikely to detect a sophisticated attack.
The survey shows Irish businesses are more likely to be the victim of an attempted cyber security incident than many of their counterparts in other countries.
Irish companies are also considerably less prepared to deal with cyber attacks: 15 per cent of firms say they currently have no breach detection capability in place. A further 42 per cent said they did not have a communications responses strategy for incidents involving compromised data.
Bigger budgets
More than two-thirds of respondents, both in Ireland and globally, said that up to 50 per cent more budget was needed to mitigate against growing cyber threats. Some 65 per cent of Irish executives said their information security budget had risen over the past 12 months.
The research also found that the adoption of cyber insurance is maturing more rapidly in Ireland than elsewhere, with nearly two in five respondents already having a policy that meets their needs. This is 50 per cent more than the global average. A further fifth of Irish companies said they were actively looking for appropriate cover.
In related news, a new global study by Indeed shows Ireland has the second highest demand for cyber security professionals in the world, behind Israel.
Indeed said the demand was due to the fact that Ireland is a booming tech and business hub and that more than 1,200 multinationals, including Google, Facebook, Microsoft and Dell, have significant operations in the country.
Hugh Callaghan
Associate Partner, Cyber
Hugh's Full Profile
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Get an inside view of how the Cyber Department works at EY. In this video,...
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Cyber Alert: Are you at risk?
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Cyber Resilience: Global Information Security Survey 2016
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CEO Fraud – An ancient attack with a new dimension
How companies can stay ahead of evolving cyber threats
The Banker – regulating from within
Cybersecurity — 5 key areas WAMs need to strengthen
Cyber threats will continue to multiply
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This function may only be called by the application when the GBF issues a gbf.get.top.level() or a gbf.get.children() call.
Adds a leaf node to the object tree.
The object.value can be used to further identify this object, which may be needed in case the object appears more than once in the tree. This object.value will be returned on subsequent function calls, such as gbf.get.children() or gbf.menu.selected().


text:
Q: Getting Error when Moving Laravel site to Localhost I am new in laravel i have a laravel site in my test server.now i want to transfer that site into localhost.
i have changed database connection into app/config/database.php
but when i run the site it gives me an error

my composer.json code looks like this
{
    "name": "laravel/laravel",
    "description": "The Laravel Framework.",
    "keywords": ["framework", "laravel"],
    "license": "MIT",
    "require": {
        "laravel/framework": "4.2.*",
        "cartalyst/sentry": "2.1.*",
        "thujohn/pdf": "dev-master"
    },
    "autoload": {
        "classmap": [
            "app/commands",
            "app/controllers",
            "app/models",
            "app/database/migrations",
            "app/database/seeds",
            "app/tests/TestCase.php"
        ]
    },
    "scripts": {
        "post-install-cmd": [
            "php artisan clear-compiled",
            "php artisan optimize"
        ],
        "post-update-cmd": [
            "php artisan clear-compiled",
            "php artisan optimize"
        ],
        "post-create-project-cmd": [
            "php artisan key:generate"
        ]
    },
    "config": {
        "preferred-install": "dist"
    },
    "minimum-stability": "stable"
}

Please help me to run the site in my local system

A: Begin by installing this package through Composer. Edit your project's composer.json file to require dinesh/barcode.
"require": {
    "laravel/framework": "5.0.x",
    "dinesh/barcode": "5.0.*@dev"
}

Next, update Composer from the Terminal:
composer update

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


She has completed her Masters in MEDICAL SURGICAL NURSING. Currently, she is in regular govt.job, cant move out of Chandigarh as her job is non-transferrable n she doesn't have a mind to settle in abroad. She believes in endeavoring in optimal blend of modern & traditional values, and diligent balancing of professional & family life.We are looking for someone who has to be a family person, knowing his responsibilities towards both the families. She is independent and wants simple marriage. She is a God fearing personality n follow B/k shivani in her personal life. She had cardiac problem some 20 years back that was rectified with surgical intervention procedure that is stabilized with no dependency factor whatsoever. It doesn't in any way affect /restrict any of her life chores n functions.Narrow minded, dowry seekers n greedy people please stay away.
She has an upper middle class family background with moderate values. Her father has retired while her mother is a homemaker. She has 1 brother and one sister, who is married.


text:
Author: Sarah Minnick
HG Ventures Backs ZwitterCo's Industrial Wastewater Reuse Breakthrough Technology
ZwitterCo Transforms Performance and Economics for Industrial Wastewater Reuse with $33 Million Series A Funding
DCVC leads the largest Series A funding round for a water technology company with $33 million in financing to scale ZwitterCo's revolutionary membrane technology that treats the toughest industrial wastewaters for reuse and is immune to irreversible fouling.
Boston, September 15, 2022 – ZwitterCo, Inc., the advanced membrane technology company, today announced the largest Series A funding round in history for a water technology company. The $33 million financing, led by DCVC, will expand the development and production of its revolutionary zwitterionic membrane technology.
ZwitterCo's technology delivers what the water industry has been seeking for decades: a rugged polymeric membrane that is immune to irreversible fouling. Traditional membrane performance degrades with every cleaning cycle until the membranes no longer work and must be replaced. For tough-to-treat wastewaters, membrane replacement occurs frequently, increasing the operational complexity and cost of running wastewater plants. ZwitterCo membranes, by contrast, perform as new after every cleaning cycle.
ZwitterCo superfiltration membranes
ZwitterCo leverages its patented zwitterionic copolymers to build highly advanced membranes that solve the toughest wastewater separation challenges. The performance advantages of ZwitterCo's membranes make them unique. They can be used in a wide variety of new applications and operating environments, given their ability to repel thousands of times more organic compounds than standard membranes. The company is building a suite of membrane products with these and other capabilities, bringing the precision and reliability of filtration to historically underserved markets.
"ZwitterCo has unlocked the true potential of zwitterions for water treatment, resulting in a leap in membrane performance," said Chris Drover, co-founder, and CTO of ZwitterCo. "The mechanisms behind fouling and degradation that plague traditional membranes do not apply to our products."
A zwitterion is a special class of molecule that is "hydrophilic" or highly attractive to water molecules. ZwitterCo's patented zwitterionic copolymers self-assemble into hydrophilic channels, acting like flumes at a water park, ushering through H2O molecules, and repelling everything unable to flow through its narrow pores, including organic compounds such as oils, fats, greases, or proteins.
ZwitterCo's first product, a superfiltration (SF) membrane, targets challenging industrial wastewaters for treatment and reuse. "Today, over 4 billion people experience severe water scarcity at various times during the year," said Alex Rappaport, co-founder and CEO of ZwitterCo. "As the world works to adapt to population growth and climate change, reusing wastewater safely and economically is imperative."
Since introducing their SF in 2021, ZwitterCo has booked over a dozen commercial projects and completed dozens more successful pilots. As a result, ZwitterCo is already tackling some of the hardest wastewater treatment challenges, including digestates, leachates, O&G-produced water, poultry & dairy, bioprocessing, and food & beverage wastewaters. Additionally, ZwitterCo membranes are used in novel process applications where fouling recovery, ruggedness, and exacting tolerances are essential, such as protein extraction from bio-fermentation.
The Series A funds will allow the company to add applications development, increase its pilot fleet, and build inventory to meet the strong demand for ZwitterCo products. The funding will also commission ZwitterCo's state-of-the-art innovation center just north of Boston, accelerating the development of new membrane products based on ZwitterCo chemistry.
One-sixth of the world's freshwater withdrawals, an estimated 500 billion gallons a day, become industrial and agricultural wastewater. Accelerated depletion of our groundwaters and aquifers, as well as protracted droughts, are worsening water scarcity and threatening food production. As a result, safe and economical wastewater reuse has never been more critical.
"At DCVC, we invest in Deep Tech companies that address urgent, global problems while providing outsized returns for our investors," said Jason Pontin, a Partner at DCVC and Chairman of ZwitterCo's Board of Directors. "ZwitterCo's novel membrane chemistry will help solve water scarcity around the globe by making it easy and affordable for a wide variety of industries to adopt water reuse."
DCVC led ZwitterCo's Series A financing, with participation from new investors Heritage Group Ventures, Genoa Ventures, and Mott Corporation. Existing investors MANN+HUMMEL Corporate Ventures, Burnt Island Ventures, and R-Cubed Capital Partners also participated in this round.
About ZwitterCo
ZwitterCo's breakthrough membrane technology enables filtration for the most challenging separations. The company leverages the remarkable power of zwitterions to create an intensely hydrophilic membrane that resists fouling from organic molecules such as fats, oils, and proteins. The unique properties of their membranes give a pathway to the next generation of water treatment, precision separation, and resource recapture. ZwitterCo has been recognized by the Department of Energy, the National Science Foundation, and the Massachusetts Clean Energy Center as a leader in clean water technologies. For more information, visit zwitterco.com.
HG Ventures Invests in Carbon Fiber Recycling Company Vartega
Vartega Announces New Facility, Increased Capacity, and Funding
Pecos Logistics Park in Denver, CO
Golden, CO – August 16, 2022 – Vartega – a recycler of carbon fiber and composite materials – is expanding its footprint and is increasing production capacity 10X from its current facility in Golden, CO. Vartega's new 50,000 square foot manufacturing facility and headquarters will be located in Building 2 of the recently completed Pecos Logistics Park (owned by institutional investors advised by J.P. Morgan Global Alternatives) in Denver, CO.
The facility was selected to meet the growing demand for recycled carbon fiber and Vartega's EasyFeed carbon fiber bundles used as a low-cost alternative to virgin material for automotive and other industrial applications. With a planned capacity of 2,000 metric tons per year, Vartega will continue to serve its growing customer base in North America as well as address new opportunities in Europe and Asia.
The expansion coincides with a recent capital infusion led by Belle Impact Fund with participation from Autodesk Foundation, Keiretsu Forum, Texas HALO Fund, SWAN Impact Network, New Climate Ventures, HG Ventures, Denver Angels, and other former and new investors. In addition to supporting the new facility and increased capacity, the oversubscribed $5M Series Seed II funds will be used to help grow the Vartega team and support Vartega's objective to achieve ISO 9001 certification in 2024.
"The Vartega team has worked diligently over the past several years to develop products and processes that solve challenging waste problems," says Andrew Maxey, CEO of Vartega. "We're grateful for the considerable trust that our customers and investors have put in us to meet the needs of a changing world. Advanced materials recycling is no longer nice to have, it's a must have. Our new facility will be a world class manufacturing environment that will allow our team to operate safely and efficiently to deliver a reliable source of high-quality recycled carbon fiber while contributing to our community and providing a meaningful benefit to all our stakeholders."
A future open house and ribbon cutting will celebrate Vartega's progress and key partners.
About Vartega
Vartega is making carbon fiber more accessible by solving the world's toughest advanced materials recycling challenges to create circular supply chains, decarbonize transportation, and enable a sustainable future. Vartega's carbon fiber and specialty thermoplastics are used in sporting goods, consumer electronics, additive manufacturing, and vehicle lightweighting. Learn more at www.vartega.com.
About J.P. Morgan Global Alternatives
J.P. Morgan Global Alternatives is the alternative investment arm of J.P. Morgan Asset Management. With more than 50 years as an alternatives investment manager, US$218 billion in assets under management and more than 700 professionals (as of March 31, 2022), J.P. Morgan offers strategies across the alternative investment spectrum including real estate, private equity, private credit, hedge funds, infrastructure, transportation, timber and liquid alternatives. Operating from offices throughout the Americas, Europe and Asia Pacific, our independent alternative investment engines combine specialist knowledge and singular focus with the global reach, vast resources and powerful infrastructure of J.P. Morgan to help meet each client's specific objectives. For more information, visit jpmorgan.com/am.
HG Ventures Invests in Sustainable Textile Company Simplifyber
Simplifyber Secures $3.5M Seed Investment to Reinvent How Clothing is Made, with Sustainable, Advanced Manufacturing
Led by fashion designer Maria Intscher-Owrang, company will leverage its additive manufacturing technology to bring economically competitive biodegradable garments to market
NEW YORK, July 6, 2022 /PRNewswire/ — Simplifyber, Inc., creator of the world's first fully-molded garment and shoe uppers made directly from a cellulose-based liquid, announced today the closing of a $3.5M round of seed funding, led by At One Ventures, with participation from Techstars, Heritage Group Ventures, The Helm, W Fund, Jetstream Ventures, Plug & Play Ventures, REFASHIOND Ventures, CapitalX Ventures, Keeler Investments Group and others.
The company has developed a novel approach to clothing and accessory manufacturing that removes traditional spinning, weaving, cutting, and sewing and replaces it with a sustainable, less resource-intensive process, and fully biodegradable solution – cutting out 60% of the steps and reducing the 35% of materials in the fashion supply chain that ends up as waste.
"I saw how additive manufacturing (e.g., 3D printing) was disrupting nearly every other industry, but not in fashion. I set out to find the people that could make this a reality," remarked Simplifyber co-founder and CEO Maria Intscher-Owrang, who led a 20+ year career as a fashion designer and director at leading fashion houses, including Vera Wang, Calvin Klein, Alexander McQueen, Dirk Bikkembergs, and Edun.
"We discovered a way to create clothing using soft plant fibers," she explained. "We start with a liquid cellulose – made in a lab, not in a mill – which is then poured on specially-designed molds and dried, eliminating fabric waste altogether and allowing on-demand, stock-free service."
Simplifyber's cellulose formula is 100% natural, derived from a combination of wood pulp and other plant-based material and non-toxic additives, so the result is a fully biodegradable product that can be easily returned to nature, recyclable as paper and as clothing.
"With its single-step process for clothing making, Simplifyber has the potential to beat the unit economics of polyester, becoming an economically and environmentally viable solution against plastic waste," said Laurie Menoud, Partner, At One Ventures. "We're looking forward to partnering with the team to bring this solution to scale. We believe Simplifyber could be the apparel of the future: They are not only beautifully designed but have a low carbon footprint and are price-accessible, which is a significant differentiation from other sustainable clothing brands."
With its manufacturing of daily wear items such as T-shirts, Simplifyber aims to replace wovens and knits, which together represent a $25B market globally. Additionally, the company has collaborated on a pilot with HP to create molded shoe uppers, also from a custom formula derived from natural fibers.
About Simplifyber
Simplifyber creates the "Apparel of the Future" through its soft, cotton-like biodegradable clothing and footwear that are made by injecting liquid into molds, without the need for cutting, sewing, or weaving; transforming the world's Apparel and Footwear Industries through its proprietary fully-biodegradable material formula and sustainable additive manufacturing system.
Contact: press@simplifyber.com
SOURCE Simplifyber, Inc.
HG Ventures' Managing Director Cracks the Top 25 on Annual List of Most Prominent Corporate Venture Capitalists in the World
INDIANAPOLIS – May 17, 2022 – HG Ventures, the corporate venture arm of The Heritage Group, today announced that its Managing Director, Kip A. Frey, has once again been named to the Global Corporate Venturing ("GCV") Powerlist 2022—representing the top 1% of corporate venturing leaders spearheading the industry's future. Frey was named to the Powerlist for the third straight time, and this year ranked among the top 25 in GCV's global rankings.
The Powerlist "allows the strategic, financial and leadership components of the best leaders to shine through," said James Mawson, Editor-in-Chief of Global Corporate Venturing. "With more than 6,000 corporations having invested minority stakes in private entrepreneurs over the past decade, every year selecting the Powerlist gets harder and harder." But, he added, "the persistence of the top performers in building networks, selecting deals and adding value remains strong."
The Heritage Group tapped Frey to launch HG Ventures in 2018, leveraging his more than 25 years of experience in entrepreneurial and venture capital leadership. He previously served as Vice Provost for Innovation & Entrepreneurship at Duke University, and before that was a partner at venture capital firm Intersouth Partners. Additionally, Frey has served as CEO on seven different startup ventures. Under Frey's leadership, HG Ventures has invested more than $178 million across 30 hardtech startups, all aligned with The Heritage Group's core mission of providing sustainable solutions in specialty chemicals, environmental services, and transportation infrastructure.
"Congratulations to Kip and our HG Ventures team," said Amy Schumacher, CEO of The Heritage Group. "From a standing start in 2018, Kip created a fully-functioning business unit that has become a central hub for innovation, disruptive investment, and entrepreneurial spirit at The Heritage Group. He has recruited a world-class team, produced stellar financial returns, enhanced the culture at THG, and built a globally prominent corporate venturing brand. These results have far exceeded our most optimistic expectations."
HG Ventures Managing Director John Glushik was named a GCV Emerging Leader in 2022 and Senior Director Ginger Rothrock was named a GCV Rising Star in 2021.
Meghan Hunt
HG Ventures
mhunt@thgrp.com
About HG Ventures:
HG Ventures is the corporate venture arm of The Heritage Group, headquartered in Indianapolis, Ind. HG Ventures supports innovation and growth across The Heritage Group by investing and partnering with innovative, high-growth companies to support a sustainable future. The team leverages the world-class expertise of The Heritage Group operating companies and research center to offer a unique value proposition to its portfolio company partners. www.hgventures.com.
HG Ventures Backs Advanced Battery Materials Production Company 6K in Series D Financing Led by Koch Strategic Platforms
Koch Strategic Platforms Leads $102M Series D Funding Investment in 6K To Accelerate Battery Material Production and Recycling
The investment is the first of two funding closes, expected to reach over $150M in total, aimed at building a low-cost, sustainable domestic supply chain for battery materials.
North Andover, MA, May 12, 2022 – 6K, a leader in the sustainable production of engineered materials for lithium-ion batteries and additive manufacturing produced from its UniMelt® plasma technology, announced today it has raised $102 million in its Series D funding first close. The round was led by Koch Strategic Platforms ("KSP"), a subsidiary of Koch Investments Group, an investment arm of Koch Industries, with participation by investors Energy Impact Partners, Albemarle, HG Ventures, as well as participation by 6K's existing investors. The Series D proceeds will fund production expansion for premium 3D metal powders in its 6K Additive division and accelerate the deployment of cathode production plants in its 6K Energy division.
"Lithium-ion battery markets will increase tenfold in the next decade, fueled by growth in EVs, as well as supporting critical infrastructure for telecom back-up, data centers, and power plants. The fact that there is no lithium-ion battery material production on US soil is a concern for both national security and for the industries that are relying on these critical materials," said Aaron Bent, PhD, CEO of 6K. "6K is the only company capable of battery material production at costs lower than Asia, while also reducing impact on the environment by 70%-90%. Disruptive approaches such as this are the only viable way to repatriate this industry. The investment from Koch Strategic Platforms not only brings the capital required to fuel our growth, but equally important they bring unparalleled commitment and reach within the battery value chain."
6K's UniMelt® system replaces a three-day, multi-step, high waste chemical co-precipitation (hydro-met) process with one that is ultra-clean and ultra-fast (as low as 2 seconds), powered by a 6000K microwave plasma. Compared to state-of-the-art CAM plants today, 6K uses half the footprint, substantially lower CapEx, and half the conversion costs or less. If deployed across the 400 GWh of announced capacity by 2025, implementing a 6K solution for NMC811 has the potential to save billions of dollars and eliminate solid and liquid hazardous waste while reducing water usage by 90% and energy usage up to 70%. The UniMelt systems are already deployed in 24/7 high volume production in 6K Additive's 45 acre, ISO9001 certified facility.
"We have been following 6K Energy's progress since inception and have found that 6K's UniMelt plasma technology delivers a competitive, production process built on US soil," said Jeremy Bezdek, managing director for Koch Strategic Platforms. "They have created a transformative battery material production and recycling eco-system, delivering a versatile technology capable of full-scale production with various chemistries. This innovation will help realize advancements in energy transformation and the battery value chain."
The $102 million raised is the first of two funding tranches for Series D, which is expected to reach $150 million in total. With an expected close in spring 2022, 6K will add a limited group of strategic investors. 6K is working with partners throughout the supply chain with the intent to build an end-to-end solution, including its partnership with Albemarle for the sustainable production of lithium products, and Heritage/Retriev for the production of cathode from end-of-life batteries. 6K is opening its $30M Battery Center of Excellence in August 2022 and working through site selection for its first 10-20 GWh cathode plant with production launch in early 2024.
About 6K
With sustainability at its core, 6K was founded in North Andover, Massachusetts, has developed UniMelt®, a proprietary advanced microwave plasma production system, to transform engineered materials into revolutionary products that advance industries across additive manufacturing, renewable energy, aerospace, consumer electronics, and more. 6K represents 6000 degrees, both the temperature of the operation of UniMelt®, the world's only microwave production scale plasma system, and the temperature of the sun's surface.
The 6K Energy division is focused on the production of low-cost, sustainable, and domestically produced battery material accelerating the pace of battery production and adoption of electric vehicles. The 6K Additive division specializes in sustainably sourced, AM metal powders production and reclamation, using a proprietary milling and cleaning process that ensures contamination-free, high-quality powders. For more information, visit www.6Kinc.com and follow @6KInc on Twitter.
About Koch Strategic Platforms
With offices in Atlanta and Wichita, KSP desires to be the preferred investment partner of growth focused, strategic companies who are innovating in industries with disruptive potential. Created in 2020, the KSP team pursues public and private investments with companies where long-term mutual benefit can be realized. https://www.kochind.com/
About Energy Impact Partners
Energy Impact Partners LP (EIP) is a global investment firm leading the transition to a sustainable future. EIP brings together entrepreneurs and the world's most forward-looking energy and industrial companies to advance innovation. With over $2.0 billion in assets under management, EIP invests globally across venture, growth, credit, and infrastructure – and has a team of over 60 professionals based in its offices in New York, San Francisco, Palm Beach, London, Cologne, and Oslo. For more information on EIP, please visit www.energyimpactpartners.com.
Koch Industries
Christin Fernandez
Christin.Fernandez@kochps.com
Bruce Bradshaw
Bbradshaw@6Kinc.com
Puraffinity Receives Innovate UK Grant for PFAS Treatment
LONDON, UK – April 21, 2022 – Puraffinity announced today that it has been awarded a £1.5M grant from Innovate UK, as part of UK Research and Innovation's Transforming Foundation Industries (TFI) Programme. TFI grants fund research and development projects that demonstrate future technologies capable of addressing the resource or energy efficiency challenges of the UK's foundational industries (including cement, semiconductors, ceramics, metals, and bulk chemicals).
Under Innovation UK and Horizon 2020 grants, Puraffinity has developed several sustainable materials that target the adsorption of highly challenging forever chemicals pollutants, including Perfluoroalkyl and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS), from water and wastewater. PFAS are manmade chemicals used for decades across foundational industries like chemical manufacturing and the cement industry. Unregulated PFAS industrial discharges have caused significant detrimental environmental and health impacts.
Puraffinity will use the grant funds to increase and refine its adsorbent materials to address specific requirements of the chemicals foundational industries. The team continues to grow and develop its staff and has recently expanded into a new lab space to improve throughput while reducing the greenhouse gas emissions of its products.
"Our technology targets foundational industries that require PFAS treatment at the source, as well as additional markets needing large-scale PFAS removal," said Puraffinity CEO Henrik Hagemann. "We will use the funds to scale up and deploy our technology in global markets that are in immediate need of a solution to the PFAS problem. We're testing products against new broad-spectrum PFAS standards and we have seen preliminary results exceed regulatory requirements."
US-based HG Ventures partnered with Innovate UK to drive environmentally sustainable innovation in the United Kingdom. HG Ventures was chosen as the only investor outside Europe to participate in the program following a competitive selection process. HG Ventures led the investor group that matched the TFI grant, with participation from US-based group Acecap, and participated in Puraffinity's Series Seed in 2019, alongside lead VC firm Kindred Capital from the UK and co-investor Verve Ventures from Switzerland.
"We have been impressed by Innovate UK's ability to work collaboratively with venture investors to support innovative startups, and our partnership continues to deliver outstanding benefits," said Jon Schalliol, Director at HG Ventures. "We are really pleased to continue to support this program and proud to work with the Puraffinity team as they continue developing smart materials to address the global PFAS problem."
HG Ventures has made several European-based investments in environmental services, green chemistry, and sustainable infrastructure. UK companies can connect with HG Ventures at InnovateUK@hg.ventures.
About Puraffinity
Puraffinity specialises in the design and development of precision materials and has developed a sustainable novel adsorbent capable of removing highly challenging forever chemicals from contaminated water and wastewater. The company is at the forefront of developing solutions for overcoming imminent water quality challenges, whilst sustainable and positive environmental impact lies at the heart of the company's ethos. www.puraffinity.com
About HG Ventures
HG Ventures is the corporate venture arm of The Heritage Group, headquartered in Indianapolis, Indiana. HG Ventures supports innovation and growth across The Heritage Group by investing and partnering with innovative, high-growth companies to support a sustainable future. We leverage the world-class expertise of The Heritage Group operating companies and research center to offer a unique value proposition to our portfolio company partners. www.hgventures.com.
Regan Keller
Antenna Group for HG Ventures
hg.ventures@antennagroup.com
Smart Mobility Startup Valerann Raises US$17 Million in Series A Funding Round
LONDON, UK – February 22, 2022 – Valerann – a UK-based Israeli smart transportation startup – today announces its latest growth milestone, raising US$17 million in Series A funding. The investment will support the increasing demand for the company's software product – Lanternn by Valerann™ – and will enable its implementation with multiple road operators in the UK, Europe and the Americas.
The round was led by HG Ventures, the corporate venture arm of The Heritage Group. Previous investors RIO Ventures Holdings and 2B Angels also participated in this round.
Founded in 2016, Valerann has since expanded through investments and research and development initiatives to offer data-driven, intelligent traffic management systems using artificial intelligence (AI), data analytics and data fusion.
The latest innovation, Lanternn by Valerann™, is an intelligent transportation solution that helps city and highway authorities make more informed decisions around traffic management.
The company's technology employs a proprietary Real-Time Data Fusion Engine that applies powerful, state-of-the-art AI and machine learning techniques to combine multiple data sources. These sources include navigation apps, IoT sensors, cameras (machine vision), social media, and connected vehicles. The company leverages cloud and big data technologies to achieve the scalability required to process the increasingly large data streams available today.
This deep fusion of data empowers road network operators – who currently have access to limited data – with real-time, accurate road intelligence to enable faster, better, and more effective analysis and decision-making. Future planning, strategy and prioritisation are also made possible via the software's predictive analysis tools. This leads to safer roads, reduced congestion, lower emissions, and increased sustainability.
"Our vision is for Lanternn by Valerann™ to become an intelligent transportation software as a service (SaaS) solution that helps city and highway authorities make more informed decisions around traffic management, no matter their size or budget," said Gabriel Jacobson, CEO and Co-Founder of Valerann.
"We are excited to have received this new strategic funding. It will allow us to grow the company and enhance our product – Lanternn by Valerann™ – and accelerate its implementation worldwide," Jacobson said.
"We are delighted to partner with Valerann on the next generation of roadway technology," said John Glushik, Managing Director of HG Ventures. "Safer and more efficient roads are possible with better monitoring capabilities and actionable data. We look forward to backing this team of infrastructure experts to support the evolution of smarter roads and vehicles."
About Valerann
Valerann is a smart mobility company that operates in the intelligent transportation industry. It started operating in 2016 and has since grown to become a leading provider of advanced traffic management systems.
Valerann was founded by Michael Vardi, Daniel Yakovich, Gabriel Jacobson and Shahar Bahiri. It has offices in London, UK and Tel Aviv, Israel. www.valerann.com
Follow us on Twitter: @VALERANN_LTD and on LinkedIn: Valerann
Contact: Noam Halperin, Marketing Manager, +44 7471 215422, noam.halperin@valerann.com
HG Ventures is the corporate venture arm of The Heritage Group, headquartered in Indianapolis, Indiana, US. HG Ventures supports innovation and growth across The Heritage Group by investing and partnering with innovative, high-growth companies to support a sustainable future. The team leverages the world-class expertise of The Heritage Group operating companies and research centre to offer a unique value proposition to its portfolio company partners. www.hgventures.com.
Contact: Regan Keller, Antenna Group for HG Ventures, hg.ventures@antennagroup.com
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Sophie Dupuis Bates, Marketing and Communications Consultant, Defence Media Ltd: sophie@defence-media.com
Heritage Group finds success with venture fund
HG Ventures Partners with Battery Marketplace Company, Currents


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The Insight Center is a national research, consulting, and legal organization dedicated to building economic health in vulnerable communities.
The Insight Center was formed in 1969, originally as the National Housing and Economic Development Law Project and later as the National Economic Development and Law Center, to provide legal and project development expertise to this growing movement. The Insight Center has led the way in establishing the legal precedents for business and real estate development by charitable corporations, and it wrote the first comprehensive legal treatise on the subject.
Opinion: Is it unfair for state to suspend licenses for unpaid tickets?
"Close to 40 percent of Californian families, or 3.5 million California households, are struggling to make ends meet. When these families receive a ticket, they are faced with a false choice: Do I buy food for my family, pay my rent, or pay this ticket?"
An analysis by the Institute on Assets and Social Policy supports that if the Federal Government invested $60,000 in an account for children from low-income families, the net worth gap between African Americans and their white counterparts would narrow by more than 80 percent.
New study reveals nuanced story behind wealth disparity across racial and ethnic groups in L.A.
The report's authors urge lawmakers to address structural discrimination in asset and credit markets among other recommendations.
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Obituary of Willie Gibson
Willie Otis Gibson, age 82 of Riley, passed away Wednesday, April 8, 2020 at the Good Shepherd Hospice House. He was born on February 13, 1938 in Timberlake, South Dakota, the son of Maybell Gibson. On December 19, 1959 he was married to Donna Lee Davis. She preceded him in death on June 11, 2006. Willie was a farm laborer for the majority of his life. He enjoyed working at the Riley City Landfill, visiting with the people that came with their grass clippings and tree limbs and taking his dogs to run. He is survived by one daughter, Vaughan Lee Gibson of Riley; four sons, Brandon Del Gibson of Riley, Jeffrey Otis Gibson of Cheyenne, Wyoming, Kenneth Lee Gibson of Hays and Edward Otis Gibson of Hays; six local grandchildren, Myia Gibson, KyMara Gibson, William Gibson, Kyia Gibson, Lacey Gibson and Zadyn Gibson and several other grandchildren. In addition to his wife, Donna Gibson, he was preceded in death by his mother, Maybell Masson and one son, Shane Del Gibson. A private family graveside service will be held in the Home Sweet Home Cemetery near Lebanon, Kansas. The family will have a Celebration of Life service for him at a later date. A memorial has been established for the Willie Gibson Memorial Fund. Contributions may be left in care of the Anderes-Pfeifley Funeral Home.
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Business development includes all communications and marketing that relate to revenue generation. The business development cycle starts with analyzing what the market is, and ends with a sale and continued client relationships. At any time, a business is at some point in this cycle, and this will contribute to determining what needs to be done and what the marketing mix will be.
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