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Tag: Dietrich Bonhoeffer
"What Is a Reformed View of Politics?"
This is the title of the sermon by Rev. Tim Hart-Andersen, Senior Pastor of Minneapolis' Westminster Presbyterian Church, on Reformation Sunday, October 28.[1] Below are photographs of Rev. Hart-Andersen and the Westminster Sanctuary.
As noted in other posts, every Westminster worship service is divided into the following three sections: Preparing for the Word, Listening for the Word and Responding to the Word. Here are some of the elements of the first two sections of this service.
Preparing for the Word
The service was opened by the stirring Prelude: "Marche en Rondeu" by Marc-Antoine Charpentier and "Trumpet Tune in D Major" by David N. Johnson that were played by Douglas Carlsen (trumpet, Minnesota Orchestra), Jeffrey Gram, timpani; and Melanie Ohnstad, organ.
Rev. David Shinn, Associate Pastor, then led the congregation in the following unison Prayer of Confession:
"Eternal God, we confess we keep you at a distance to pursue our own way. We forget your mercy is waiting for us as we close our hearts to you. Whisper the offer of your grace once more to us, and wash away all the things we have done and left undone. Make a new way for us to live in humility, showing love to others and to you. May we be forgiven as we confess our shortcomings, and renewed by your faithfulness, courageous in our pursuit of justice and peace; through Jesus Christ your Son."
Listening for the Word
Genesis 17: 1-8 (NRSV):
"When Abram was ninety-nine years old, the Lord appeared to Abram, and said to him, 'I am God Almighty; walk before me, and be blameless. And I will make my covenant between me and you, and will make you exceedingly numerous.' Then Abram fell on his face; and God said to him, 'As for me, this is my covenant with you: You shall be the ancestor of a multitude of nations. No longer shall your name be Abram, but your name shall be Abraham; for I have made you the ancestor of a multitude of nations. I will make you exceedingly fruitful; and I will make nations of you, and kings shall come from you. I will establish my covenant between me and you, and your offspring after you throughout their generations, for an everlasting covenant, to be God to you and to your offspring after you. And I will give to you, and to your offspring after you, the land where you are now an alien, all the land of Canaan, for a perpetual holding; and I will be their God.'"
Matthew 1: 1-6a, 17 (NRSV):
"An account of the genealogy of Jesus the Messiah,the son of David, the son of Abraham.
Abraham was the father of Isaac, and Isaac the father of Jacob, and Jacob the father of Judah and his brothers, and Judah the father of Perez and Zerah by Tamar, and Perez the father of Hezron, and Hezron the father of Aram, and Aram the father of Aminadab, and Aminadab the father of Nahshon, and Nahshon the father of Salmon, and Salmon the father of Boaz by Rahab, and Boaz the father of Obed by Ruth, and Obed the father of Jesse, and Jesse the father of King David.
And David was the father of Solomon by the wife of Uriah,
So all the generations from Abraham to David are fourteen generations; and from David to the deportation to Babylon, fourteen generations; and from the deportation to Babylon to the Messiah, fourteen generations."
The Sermon[2]
"Scripture is concerned with history, and we should be, as well. If we are not, as George Santayana famously observed, we 'are condemned to repeat it."
"That warning came to mind yesterday as we heard about the terrible shooting at the Tree of Life Synagogue in Pittsburgh. Anti-Semitism has spiked in America; the number of hateful incidents directed at Jews rose last year by 57%. Something is going wrong in our midst."
"Political discourse hasn't helped. When Neo-Nazis march and rally and are not clearly and resoundingly denounced by our leaders, that sends signals to those with hate in their hearts. If we forget the long history of bigotry and violence against Jews, we will repeat it."
"If we forget the long history of injustice and violence against indigenous people in this land, we will repeat it."
"If we forget the long history of the enslavement of African people in America and violence directed against them and their descendants, we will repeat it. If we forget the long history of mistreatment and violence against women and immigrants and people of differing sexual orientation and identity we will repeat it. "
"Our faith is rooted in history. Scripture goes out of its way to show the connections from one generation to another, to weave the threads of memory and experience, of joy and lament, through the long years of the human story. Scripture wants us not to forget."
"When the Bible includes lists of the generations, as we heard in Matthew's gospel, that precede us, it does so to remind us that we do not exist in a vacuum. We are tethered to a people and to values and to narratives of meaning. We are not alone. We are not the first to struggle with what it means to confront the baser impulses of the human heart, or to live in fractured community, or to seek out a God who can sometimes seem distant."
"The gospel of Matthew opens with a recitation of the generations that stretch from Abraham through David. Fourteen generations. Then another fourteen up to the time of Babylonian exile. Then fourteen more to the birth of the Messiah."
"Matthew doesn't mention women in the genealogy, except when it's necessary to bridge a gap from one generation to another. A man who cannot produce an heir with the correct lineage has to rely on an outsider woman. Then Matthew includes them, otherwise the entire biblical story would come to an abrupt end. It's the patriarchy's grudging way of acknowledging that women matter in the story."
"What would it look like to extend the telling of the generations, from Jesus on…Paul, Lydia, Origen, Perpetua and Felicity, Monica, the desert mothers and fathers, St. Columba…up to the time of the Great Schism of Eastern and Western Christianity in 1054."
"Then Hildegard of Bingen, Peter Waldo, Julian of Norwich, Jan Hus, Joan of Arc, Teresa of Avila…and on to the time of the Protestant Reformation. Then Luther, Zwingli, Calvin, our Presbyterian ancestor, Beza, Knox. Four of them are enshrined in our windows, once again suggesting there were no women involved. There were. We should have four other windows with Marie Dentiere, Marguerite de Navarre, Argula von Grumbach, and Olympia Morata – ancestors from that era and leaders in the faith."
"The generations continue with Bartolomé de las Casas, John Winthrop, John Wesley, Chief Joseph, Phillis Wheatley, Sojourner Truth, Sitting Bull, Dorothy Day, Martin Luther King, Jr., Gene Robinson. Who would you put into that lineage?"
"We're all linked by the flow of history, passing along the wisdom of the ages, the stories of pain and suffering, the moments of redemption. We're not making up our faith as we go along. We've received it and are carrying it forward, to the generations that follow. We are stewards in our time of the hope at the heart of our faith."
"It's Reformation Sunday, when we celebrate the stream of Christian history in which we stand as Protestants. We open with John Calvin's hymn and will close with Martin Luther's. It's also nine days before an election that has highlighted and heightened tensions among us. We're anxious in America, and afraid. The divisive rancor is endless and exhausting. Our politics are tearing us apart.
" In the midst of the chaos in which we find ourselves, our faith, our Protestant, reformed faith, can help us navigate the politics of these times in which we live."
""Do Politics Belong in Church?' the cover of a recent issue of a Christian journal asks. Dietrich Bonhoeffer, the German pastor who conspired against Hitler, has a response. 'As much as the Christian would like to remain distant from political struggle,' Bonhoeffer says, 'Nonetheless, even here the commandment of love urges the Christian to stand up for their neighbor.' (Sojourners, p. 19, Feb 2018)"
"If we want religion that doesn't engage in politics – not partisan politics, but the kind of politics that involves 'standing up for our neighbors' on the receiving end of hatred and poverty, prejudice and violence – if that's what we want to avoid, then we had better find another savior."
"What's a reformed, or Presbyterian, view of politics? The response to that question begins with the notion of covenant, which we learned from the Jews. Covenant refers to the bond between God and humanity. God promises never to abandon humankind; that bond becomes the model for all human relationships, including between two people, or in a family, or in the community, or in the relationship between rulers and people, between government and citizens. Politics, in the Presbyterian understanding, is based on God's call to life in covenantal community." (Emphasis added.)
"Covenant goes back through our biblical ancestry to Abram. When God establishes a covenant between them, Abram becomes Abraham. He's given a new name; that's what happens when someone comes into covenant with God. That's what was happening in the Tree of Life Synagogue yesterday. When the shooting started they were in the midst of the naming ritual for a new baby, marking the start of that child's covenantal life with God."
"For Abraham the new name as he comes into covenant with God is also a sign that he will be the father of a long line of descendants – the very line that stretches through the Hebrew people to the Messiah, and then on through the early church, and to Roman Catholicism, and to the Reformation and into our time."
"Covenant theology of the Presbyterians played a key role in the development of democracy in America. H. Richard Niebuhr writes that for Presbyterians,
'The world has this fundamental moral structure of a covenant society and that what is possible and required in the political realm is the affirmation and reaffirmation of humanity's responsibility as a promise-maker, promise-keeper, a covenanter in universal community.' (Quoted in "The Concept of Covenant in 16th and 17th Century Continental and British Reformed Theology" in Major Themes in the Reformed Tradition, Donald K. McKim, ed. [Eerdmans, Grand Rapids: 1992], p. 95)
"Three dimensions of covenant have particular relevance for American democracy today." (Emphasis added.)
"First, covenant life is inclusive. 'There is no longer Jew or Greek,' the Apostle Paul writes,
'There is no longer slave or free, there is no longer male and female; for all of you are one in Christ Jesus. And if you belong to Christ, then you are Abraham's offspring, heirs according to the covenant.'(Galatians 3:28-29)" (Emphasis added.)
"America was established with that covenant principle of inclusivity enshrined in the Declaration of Independence, when it states 'that all men' – all human beings we would say today – 'are created equal (and) endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights.' All are included because all have the same rights and are equal before the law."
"Democracy depends on inclusivity. That principle is under assault today. Some appear to be created more equal than others. The growing gap between those with power and resources and those without such privilege runs counter to the biblical admonition to care for the widow, the orphan, and the stranger. Racism destroys the promise of community. Differing treatment by law enforcement and the criminal justice system betrays the assurance of equal rights. The true measure of the success of a society is not how well those at the top are doing, but how well the most vulnerable are faring."
"Covenantal politics is inclusive." (Emphasis added.)
Second, covenant life affirms the full humanity of every person. In the biblical account of creation the earthling is made in the image of God. That assertion means that every human being is of the same value and has something to contribute. That fundamental claim undergirds democracy – that all have equal access to participation in the political process and equal access to 'life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness."' (Emphasis added.)
"When Sojourner Truth in 1851 stood up for her full humanity [and said[:
'And ain't I a woman? Look at me! Look at my arm! I have ploughed and planted, and gathered into barns, and no man could head me! And ain't I a woman? I could work as much and eat as much as a man – when I could get it – and bear the lash as well! And ain't I a woman? I have borne thirteen children, and seen most all sold off to slavery, and when I cried out with my mother's grief, none but Jesus heard me! And ain't I a woman?' Delivered 1851; Women's Convention, Akron, Ohio) "
"Democracy depends on seeing the worth of every person. That principle is under assault today. The rise of hate crimes against Jews and Muslims eats away at their full humanity. Immigrants and refugees are treated as unworthy and their full humanity is implicitly questioned. More than three million people who have served their sentences cannot vote because of a felony on their record and their full humanity is not restored to them. This week the government proposed new rules that would deny the full humanity, even the existence, of more than one million people who identify as transgender."
"Covenantal politics affirms the full humanity of every person." (Emphasis added.)
"Finally, covenant life requires truth-telling. In John's gospel Jesus says, 'You shall know the truth and the truth shall set you free.'" (Emphasis added.)
"The Declaration of Independence speaks of 'truths' that are 'self-evident.' Democracy requires a shared understanding of the truth. Without it there is no trust and the democratic system cannot function without trust."
"In 1788, Presbyterians in New York and Philadelphia, fresh from helping write the U.S. Constitution, sat down and wrote a set of Principles of Church Order. Among them was this phrase: 'Truth is in order to goodness,' meaning truth-telling leads to good behavior."
"They went on to say, 'No opinion can either be more pernicious or more absurd than that which brings truth and falsehood upon a level…We are persuaded that there is an inseparable connection between faith and practice, truth and duty.' (F-3.0104 in PCUSA Book of Order)"
"Democracy depends on telling the truth, especially by those in power. That principle is under assault today. Conspiracy theories displace reality, facts become whatever is convenient in the moment, and lies masquerade as truth. When the truth goes missing, people suffer, and trust soon dissipates – and to live in covenant with one another trust is needed."
"Covenantal politics requires truth-telling," (Emphasis added.)
"We are at a pivotal moment in our nation. Our democracy is fraying. Fear abounds. Violence simmers all around us and occasionally breaks through the surface. Trust has been depleted. Rhetoric works against the values and principles on which our democracy depends."
"But we are a people rooted in history. We remember other times when the nation was threatened from within. And we overcame. 'With malice toward none, with charity for all,' 'President Lincoln said in his Second Inaugural Address even as the Civil War continued to rage,
'Let us strive on to finish the work we are in, to bind up the nation's wounds…and…do all which may achieve…a just and lasting peace among ourselves.'"
"Those words express a politics of biblical covenant, where we are bound together and committed to the welfare of one another. If the nation could find its way back from the brink in that perilous and violent time, surely we can work our way out of the current predicament in which we find ourselves."
"Democracy is a covenantal form of politics, and for it to be healthy requires participation. We need to do our part; we are responsible for one another. Voting is not merely a right; it's the duty and responsibility of citizens in a democratic nation. Peaceful political engagement expresses and embodies and brings to life the promise of democracy."
"Let us not forget that we are people of faith, rooted in history, in covenant with God and with one another, carrying on the hope of generations before us, even as we stand ready to hand that hope on to those who follow us."
"In the end, we can trust that God's grace and mercy, God's justice, and God's love will prevail, and we shall overcome."
I usually ignore the biblical references to generations and descendents. They seem so boring and useless. This sermon, however, let me see that the previous generations of figures in the Bible plus my own ancestors remind me that I am not alone. As the sermon says, such references "remind us that we do not exist in a vacuum. We are "tethered to a people and to values and to narratives of memory."
We are "stewards in our time of the hope at the heart of our faith." This is another passage of the sermon that made an impact on me. I had not thought of being a steward for the short time of my life of a belief that was passed on to me so that the belief may be carried forward in time after I am gone.
I also never had thought of being a member of a covenantal community in the U.S. involving everyone who is here right now. Yet I certainly have believed that life in the U.S. is or should be inclusive recognizing the full humanity of everyone.
This also means that democracy " is a covenantal form of politics" requiring my participation.
Finally I am reminded that retrieving and studying the Scriptures and the sermon and then writing about them provide deeper and more enriching insights. I urge others to do the same.
[1] The bulletin for the service is online.
[2] Sermon, What Is a Reformed View of Politics? (Oct. 28, 2018).
[3] The opening hymn that sometimes is attributed to John Calvin was ""Greet Thee, Who My sure Redeemer Art." https://hymnary.org/hymn/GG2013/624
The closing hym, "Sing Praise to God Who reigns Above" is not attributed to Luther. https://hymnary.org/hymn/GG2013/645
Posted on November 20, 2018 November 20, 2018 Categories Politics, ReligionTags 17 (NRSV), Abram (Abraham), Anti-Semitism, Apostle Paul, Argula von Grumbach, "Marche en Rondeu", "Trumpet Tune in D Major", Bartolomé de las Casas, Beza, Chief Joseph, David N. Johnson, Dietrich Bonhoeffer, Dorothy Day, Douglas Carlsen, Felicity, Galatians 3:28-29, Gene Robinson., Genesis 17: 1-8 (NRSV), Hildegard of Bingen, Jan Hus, Jeffrey Gram, Jesus Christ, Joan of Arc, John Calvin, John Wesley, John Winthrop, Jr., Julian of Norwich, Knox., Lydia, Marc-Antoine Charpentier, Marguerite de Navarre, Marie Dentiere, Martin Luther, Martin Luther King, Matthew 1: 1-6a, Melanie Ohnstad, Monica, Neo-Nazis, Olympia Morata, Origen, Paul, PCUSA Book of Order, Perpetua, Peter Waldo, Phillis Wheatley, Presbyterian Principles of Church Order, Presbyterians, Reformation Sunday, Rev. David Shinn, Rev. Tim Hart-Andersen, Roman Catholicism, Sitting Bull, slavery, Sojourner Truth, St. Columba, Teresa of Avila, The Bible, the desert mothers and fathers, Tree of Life Synagogue (Pittsburgh), U.S. Declaration of Independence, Westminster Presbyterian Church, Zwingli1 Comment on "What Is a Reformed View of Politics?"
"Who Is Jesus for Us Today?"
This was the title of the sermon on September 9, 2018, by Rev. Timothy Hart-Andersen, Senior Pastor, Minneapolis' Westminster Presbyterian Church. (A photograph of the church with its new addition is below.)
Biblical Texts for the Day
Psalm 8 (NRSV):
"O Lord, our Sovereign,
how majestic is your name in all the earth!
You have set your glory above the heavens.
Out of the mouths of babes and infants
you have founded a bulwark because of your foes,
to silence the enemy and the avenger.
When I look at your heavens, the work of your fingers,
the moon and the stars that you have established;
what are human beings that you are mindful of them,
mortals that you care for them?
Yet you have made them a little lower than God,
and crowned them with glory and honor.
You have given them dominion over the works of your hands;
you have put all things under their feet,
all sheep and oxen,
and also the beasts of the field,
the birds of the air, and the fish of the sea,
whatever passes along the paths of the seas."
John 1: 45-51 (NRSV):
"Philip found Nathanael and said to him, 'We have found him about whom Moses in the law and also the prophets wrote, Jesus son of Joseph from Nazareth.' Nathanael said to him, 'Can anything good come out of Nazareth?' Philip said to him, 'Come and see.' When Jesus saw Nathanael coming toward him, he said of him, 'Here is truly an Israelite in whom there is no deceit!' Nathanael asked him, 'Where did you get to know me?' Jesus answered, 'I saw you under the fig tree before Philip called you.' Nathanael replied, 'Rabbi, you are the Son of God! You are the King of Israel!' Jesus answered, 'Do you believe because I told you that I saw you under the fig tree? You will see greater things than these.' And he said to him, 'Very truly, I tell you, you will see heaven opened and the angels of God ascending and descending upon the Son of Man.'"
"The work of the Church is fundamentally a teaching task: asking questions, seeking answers, exploring possibilities – and then translating all of that into life between Sundays. . . ."
"Christianity is never settled for any of us, no matter our age or the extent of our involvement in church. The world is always changing. If our faith is not similarly dynamic, not living, not rising to the challenges we see all around us, not attuned to the context in which we live, it will slowly wither away. . . ."
"Actually there's something appealing to the notion that what happens in churches can be hazardous to the status quo. Powerful worship is subversive; it wants to upend the dominant ethos. A church ought to be considered a place the world enters at its own risk. After all, we follow a Savior perceived to be such a serious threat that he was crucified."
"But the Church is not only what happens inside these walls for a few hours each week. . . . Church mostly happens the rest of the week, out there. We – you and I – are the Church when we leave here and go out into the world. . . . "
"The faith we practice has always felt compelled to move out into the streets and ask, 'What is God up to in this place and in this time?' because we want to join that work. Call it public theology, or our witness in the world, or the pursuit of biblical justice – our faith has never wanted to sequester Jesus in the sanctuary, as if he might – we might – be sullied by the messy reality of what's going on in the world around us."
"We Come Together not to be sheltered in this sacred space, but, rather, to hear the call of God to go forth and be the Church. To do that, however, means we need to understand whom we follow out into those streets. . . ."
"The decision to follow Jesus, Professor Gail O'Day says, 'Is inseparable from the decision one makes about Jesus' identity.' [New Interpreter's Bible, vol. IX (Nashville: Abingdon Press, 1995) p. 534] . . . ."
"Who we think he is will determine the kind of Christians we become."
"In the 1930s in Germany, the young pastor Dietrich Bonhoeffer found himself growing skeptical about the Jesus being preached in the churches of that land. As political rhetoric became more overtly racist and the culture increasingly supportive of extreme Aryan nationalism, most German Christian churches rolled over and acquiesced to all of that. They gave their Jesus over to the rising ideology of the times. It was expedient for them, convenient for them, to go along with the predominant and popular spirit of the land."
"Bonhoeffer and his colleagues – Karl Barth, Martin Niemoller, and others – resisted, and some of them eventually paid for it with their lives. They wrote an affirmation of faith rejecting the distorted theology used to underpin racism and nationalism. They started an alternative church, called the Confessing Church, as opposed to the German Christian Church, which supported the ideology of the times.. They founded an underground seminary, as over against the schools of the German Christian Church, which taught theology that supported the direction the nation was moving. They preached and worked against the tide."
"And behind all that work, according to Bonhoeffer, was a single, driving question: Who is Jesus Christ for us today? . . . ."
"Who is Jesus Christ for us today? That question will inform our worship at Westminster this fall, even as it informs our life as we move from this place out into the world . . . "
"Eighty years ago in Germany was not the only time when Christians have resisted the prevailing winds. Forty years ago in South Africa, the Dutch Reformed Mission Church wrote and adopted what became known as the Confession of Belhar. The Dutch Reformed Mission Church was the segregated denomination created for "mixed race" persons in the 19th century by the white Dutch Reformed Church, the denomination that eventually – by the mid-20th century – would develop a theological justification for apartheid, a theological basis for apartheid."
"The Confession of Belhar is a theological denunciation of the racist political system of South Africa of that time. It rejects the notion that God would accept the dividing of the human family on the basis of race or color. The Confession answers Bonhoeffer's question, 'Who is Jesus Christ for us today,' by portraying Jesus as the one standing with those on the receiving end of the cruelties of history, those excluded from places of privilege and power by virtue of who they are or where they live or what language they speak or whom they love or the circumstances of their lives." (Emphasis added.)
"Who Jesus is for us determines what it means for us to pursue his way – to be Christian in our time."
."Like the Germans of the Confessing Church, and like many in our land today, the 'mixed race' South Africans stood their ground . . .against those who would corrupt Christianity to make it supportive of the politics of exclusion and racial superiority. They declared that one could not be a follower of Jesus and, at the same time, a supporter of apartheid. Think of that in our time: it is not possible to a follower of Jesus and supporter of racism at the same time." (Emphasis added.)
"Our denomination adopted the Confession of Belhar two years ago. . . . We chose to adopt it to speak to our own historic and current racism in America, a system that has been in place for so many centuries."
"Westminster has embarked on a pilgrimage to join the great effort in our nation finally, finally now wanting to come to terms with the original sin of this land, the enslavement – the buying and selling of human beings, the thinking of people as less than human – the enslavement of Africans to build up our nation. The legacy of that terrible time yet endures today. That journey for us, as followers of Jesus, starts with the question: Who is Jesus Christ for us today?" (Emphasis added.)
"Following Jesus is costly. The South Africans found that out. The Confessing Church in Germany discovered that. We will learn that, as well. The challenge to love in the way of Jesus should not be undertaken lightly. It will change each one of us and, hopefully, the world in which we live."
"That's why it matters what we do here in worship week after week. That's why it matters that our children and youth are engaged in nurturing their faith. That's why it matters who we are as a congregation in this city."
The Confession of Belhar[2]
After the sermon, the congregation read in unison the following extracts from the Confession of Belhar:
"We believe: that God has entrusted the church with the message of reconciliation in and through Jesus Christ; that the church is called to be the salt of the earth and the light of the world; that the church is called blessed because it is a peacemaker; that the church is witness both by word and by deed to the new heaven and the new earth in which righteousness dwells;
That the credibility of this message is seriously affected and its beneficial work obstructed when it is proclaimed in a land which professes to be Christian, but in which the enforced separation of people on a racial basis promotes and perpetuates alienation hatred and enmity;
Therefore, we reject any doctrine which, in such a situation, sanctions in the name of the gospel or the will of God the forced separation of people on the grounds of race and color and thereby in advance obstructs and weakens the ministry and experience of reconciliation in Christ." (Emphasis added.)
This sermon provided at least a partial answer to the question, 'Who is Jesus for us today?' It d did so by referencing the creation of the Confessing Church in Germany and the Confession of Belhar in stating, "Jesus stood "with those on the receiving end of the cruelties of history, those excluded from places of privilege and power by virtue of who they are or where they live or what language they speak or whom they love or the circumstances of their lives." [3](Emphasis added.) ==================================
[1] Sermon: Who Is Jesus for Us Today? (Sept. 9, 2018).
[2] See The Confession of Belhar Is Adopted by the Presbyterian Church (U.S.A.), dwkcommentaries.com (July 21, 2016).
[3] The sermon went on to say that further answers to this question will be provided in future sermons and other discussions at Westminster.
Posted on October 2, 2018 Categories UncategorizedTags apartheid, Confession of Belhar, Dietrich Bonhoeffer, Dutch Reformed Church, Dutch Reformed Mission Church, Germany, Germany's Confessing Church, John 1: 45-51, Karl Barth, Martin Niemoller, Presbyterian Church (U.S.A.), Professor Gail O'Day, Psalm 8 (NRSV), racism, Rev. Timothy Hart-Andersen, South Africa, Westminster Presbyterian Church1 Comment on "Who Is Jesus for Us Today?"
The U.S.-Dakota War Remembered by Minneapolis' Westminster Presbyterian Church (Part III)
Minneapolis' Westminster Presbyterian Church's October 7, 2012, worship service remembered the U.S.-Dakota War of 1862. This post reviews the last of the three parts of that service–Responding to the Word.[1]
We first sang a Hymn that was new to me, "You know the Way" in the Dakota language. The words originally in German by martyr Dietrich Bonhoeffer were translated into the English language in the bulletin: "God, gather and turn my thoughts to you. With you there is light. You do not forget me. With you there is help and patience. I do not understand your ways, but you know the way for me."
Jon Romer
For the Offertory a traditional Ojibwe song, "Gegiwabimin mino waa" or "I will see you again another day" was played on the Native American flute by Jon Romer. Emphasizing there is no word or phrase for a final goodbye in their language, the song is sung by the Ojibwe women as the men leave the village to hunt with the expectation that the men will return and everyone will sit down to feast together. For us it says that when we leave this world, there is no final goodbye. We will one day all sit and feast together once again.
Rev. Dr. Stephen Robertson
For the Lord's Table on World Communion Sunday,[2] the Great Prayer of Thanksgiving was offered by Westminster Associate Pastor, Rev. Dr. Stephen Robertson. It included these words:
"We give you thanks, O God, For you have made us in your image, female and male, black, brown, red and white, gay and straight. You set us in the world to love and serve you and to live in peace and justice with your whole creation. Although we have failed to live according to your way, you continue to call us back to you."
"In Jesus, you showed us love for all, and you led the way to a new community in which the last would be first, justice would be realized, and peace would abound. Jesus proclaimed the good news of the reign of God. Yet we rebelled against his message."
"But death cannot defeat life, nor can many waters quench love. You raised Christ from death, conquering the powers of this world, not through might, but through grace."
"We pray that Christ's Spirit will be in us as we feast at this, his table. Sacred and living Spirit, descend upon us. Fill us with your presence."
"Move also upon these gifts of bread and cup, that they may become the bread of life and the cup of salvation. United forever through your Spirit and this table, may our feet walk the path of justice, May our hearts tear down the walls of division, and may our tongues cry out, 'Peace on earth.'"
Rev. Robertson then led the congregation in the unison recitation of the Lord's Prayer:[3]
"Our Father, who art in Heaven, hallowed be Your name. Thy Kingdom come. They will be done. On earth as it is in Heaven. Give us this day, our daily bread. And forgive us our debts, as we forgive our debtors. Lead us not into temptation, and deliver us from evil. For Thine is the Kingdom and the Power and the Glory forever. Amen."
As the church elders distributed the bread and grape juice of communion, the Choir's Mary Monson, mezzo soprano, and J. D. Shaffer, tenor, sang "Morning Song," which combines the melody of "Amazing Grace" with a Native American melody. It was sung in ancient Teehahnahmah and Cherokee languages, which was translated into English as follows: "I am of the great Spirit. It is so. God's son paid for us. Then to heaven he went after paying for us. But he said, when he rose: 'I'll come again' he said when he spoke. All the earth will end when he comes. All will see him all over the earth. All the good people living he will come after. Heaven always in peace they will live." The piece was arranged by James E. Green, who has Cherokee heritage.
The Closing Hymn was "Many and Great, O God Are Thy Things" (No. 271 in the Presbyterian Hymnal). As Rev. Timothy Hart-Andersen had mentioned in his sermon, this hymn was written in the 1840's by the Dakota congregation in Lac Qui Parle, Minnesota and was sung by the 38 Dakota men – Presbyterians, many of them –as they mounted the gallows in Mankato on December 26, 1862. The last verse is the following:
"Grant unto us communion with Thee,
Thou star abiding One;
Come unto us and dwell with us;
With Thee are found the gifts of life,
Bless us with life that has no end,
Eternal life with Thee."
The Postlude was the Choir's repetition of "Heleluyan," which was the Processional Hymn at the start of the service.
[1] Other posts set forth the first two parts of the service: Preparing for the Word and Listening for the Word as well as the theological underpinnings for the order of worship. The following materials about this service are on the web: the bulletin, a video and the texts of the sermons. Another post provided a summary of the War.
[2] World Communion Sunday is celebrated on the first Sunday in October throughout the U.S. It is a project of the National Council of the Churches of Christ in the USA, which has been the leading force for ecumenical cooperation among Christians in this country. The NCC's member faith groups — from a wide spectrum of Protestant, Anglican, Orthodox, Evangelical, historic African American and Living Peace churches — include 45 million persons in more than 100,000 local congregations in communities across the nation.
[3] By the way, the front of the October 7th worship bulletin set forth the Lord's Prayer in the Dakota language as translated in the 1830's by Presbyterian brothers Gideon and Samuel Pond, who established the first Christian congregation in the Minnesota Territory on the shores of Lake Calhoun In today's Minneapolis.
Posted on November 29, 2012 Categories History, Personal, ReligionTags "Many and Great O God Are Thy Things", "Morning Song", "You Know the Way", Christianity, Dakota Indians, Dietrich Bonhoeffer, Jon Romer, Lord's Prayer, National Council of Churches of Christ in the USA, Ojibwe, Stephen Robertson, U.S.-Dakota War 1862, Westminster Presbyterian Church3 Comments on The U.S.-Dakota War Remembered by Minneapolis' Westminster Presbyterian Church (Part III)
Remembering Oscar Romero at Westminster Abbey
Westminster Abbey, London, UK
Romero Statue, Westminster Abbey, London, UK
In 1998 Westminster Abbey in London opened its gallery of Christian Martyrs of the Twentieth Century. Their 10 statues are set in outside niches above the main entrance. The Abbey did so to proclaim that the 20th century was one of Christian martyrdom greater than in any previous period in the history of the church.[1]
In niche number 6 is the statue of Oscar Romero. He stands between the statues of Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr., the great U.S. civil rights leader and preacher, and Dietrich Bonhoeffer, the German Lutheran pastor and theologian who was executed by the Nazi regime just before the end of World War II for his involvement in a plot to assassinate Adolph Hitler.[2]
The biographical essay about Romero in a book about this gallery of martyrs is by Philip Berryman, an U.S. liberation theologian and leading authority on Christianity in Central and South America.
Berryman was in El Salvador in March 1980 and heard Romero's famous homily ordering the military to stop the repression. Immediately afterwards, Berryman said he expressed his amazement at Romero's boldness in saying what the Salvadoran military officers must have thought was treasonous. The next day when Berryman heard that Romero had been shot, he rushed to the hospital only to find out that Romero had died. Shortly after the assassination, he reports that Ignacio Ellacuria, the Rector of the Universidad de Centro America (UCA), celebrated a mass and said that with Archbishop Romero, God had visited El Salvador.[3]
Berryman recounts the familiar story about Romero's being conservative and soft-spoken when he was appointed Archbishop in early 1977 and being converted to social and political justice after the murder of his friend, Father Rutilio Grande. To the same point, he quotes another friend of Romero, Jesuit priest and liberation theologian at UCA, Jon Sobrino, who said that when Romero gazed "at the mortal remains of Rutilio Grande, the scales fell from his eyes. Rutilio had been right! The kind of pastoral activity, the kind of church, the kind of faith he had advocated had been the right kind after all. . . . [I]f Rutilio had died as Jesus died, if he had shown that greatest of all love, the love required to lay down one's very life for others–was this not because his life and mission had been like the life and mission of Jesus? . . . Ah then, it had not been Rutilio, but Oscar who had been mistaken! . . . And Archbishop Romero , , , [made] a decision to change." In short, Grande's life and death gave Romero a new direction for his life and the strength to pursue it.[4]
Romero, according to Berryman, prepared his homilies in consultation with a team of priests and lay people to review the situation in the country. Then he would write the homily from his notes, the newspapers of the week and the Biblical texts and commentaries. The homilies themselves usually lasted about 45 minutes, mostly devoted to a systematic and thematic reflection on the Biblical texts for the day, but also with Romero's observations on the human rights violations of the prior week.[5]
Berryman also comments on the strained relationship between Romero and the U.S. government. Early in 1978, for example, Romero met with Terrance Todman, the U.S. Under-Secretary of State for Inter-American Affairs, who urged Romero to have a less confrontational and more constructive relationship with the Salvadoran government. Romero immediately responded that the U.S. and Rodman did not understand what was happening in El Salvador. "The problem is not between Church and government, it's between government and people. . . . It's not the church, much less the archbishop! If the government improved its treatment of the people, we will improve our relations with the government."[6]
The Anglican Dean of Westminster Abbey came to El Salvador for the 20th anniversary of Romero's assassination in 2000 and participated in a mass at the El Salvador de Mundo (the Savior of the World) traffic circle lead by the Roman Catholic Archbishop of Los Angeles. I cried during the service when Salvadorans passed the peace to me after all my country had done to support the Salvadoran government during their civil war.
[1] Andrew Chandler, Christian Martyrs of the Twentieth Century (Westminster Abbey; London 1999); Andrew Chandler (ed.), The Terrible Alternative–Christian Martyrdom in the Twentieth Century (Cassell; London 1998).
[2] Christian Martyrs of the Twentieth Century at 3, 8, 10, 13.
[3] The Terrible Alternative at 159-60. Father Ellacuria, of course, was one of the six Jesuit priests murdered by the Salvadoran military in November 1989. (See Post: International Criminal Justice: The Salvadoran Murders of the Jesuit Priests (June 2, 2011).)
[4] Id. at 160, 164-65; Jon Sobrino, Archbishop Romero: Memories and Reflections at 9-10 (Orbis; Maryknoll, NY 1990); Post: Oscar Romero, A Saint for All People and All Time (Oct. 5, 2011). Jon Sobrino, whom I met at UCA in April 1989, escaped being murdered with his fellow Jesuits in November 1989 because he was lecturing in Southeast Asia. (Jon Sobrino, Ignacio Ellacuria, et al., Companions of Jesus: The Jesuit Martyrs of El Salvador at 4-9 (Orbis Books; Maryknoll, N.Y. 1990).)
[5] The Terrible Alternative at 167-68.
Posted on October 18, 2011 Categories History, Other countries, Personal, Politics, ReligionTags Christian, Dietrich Bonhoeffer, Dr. Martin Luther King Jr., El Salvador, Ignacio Ellacuría, Oscar Romero, Philip Berryman, Rutilio Grande, United Kingdom, Westminster Abbey1 Comment on Remembering Oscar Romero at Westminster Abbey


Lamar Municipal Court Judge, Kim Verhoeff, attended a city council work session Monday, October 5, to shed some light on her interpretation of how and when to apply Useful Public Service to area defendants. Judge Verhoeff had been informed there was some concern over the lack of use of the service during her term as judge which began last November. She replaced Judge Larry Stutler, who apparently, had made more use of the service than she has.
Mayor Roger Stagner set the meeting, commenting this was a follow up to a meeting early last year on how much UPS is scheduled. He said, "We've only had five cases which is cutting into their budget," referring to an earlier statement from District Court Judge Stanley Brinkley, that there would be use of the program. Mayor Stagner also wanted to know if it was applied to MIP, Minors in Possession.
She continued on that note, "If there's a case of being told, 'you have to use UPS', I say that's a violation of the code." She added that a judge shouldn't permit family, social, political, financial or other external interests or relationships to influence a judge's judicial conduct or judgement or even convey to a defendant that she is being influenced in some way on a person's case. "When you sit in front of me, you want the Constitution followed, not someone else who may sway me to go a certain way on a ruling. You want facts and law and if you think there are outside influences, you can appeal to win." She added she has to disclose any semblance of a relationship for every single case.
Judge Verhoeff stated that under a deferred judgement, she can sentence a defendant to some form of charitable or community work projects or to make a donation. "We have some small donations on our tickets for what I would call the equivalent of four hours of public service," she said she rotates some recipients of those funds among Victims Assistance Law Enforcement (VALE) Fund, the Lamar Library to assist with their youth reading program or to the annual fireworks fund. Verhoeff explained she believed all three were worthy recipients, assisting crime victims with vandalism repairs or helping the firemen who seek funds through most of the year to put on the annual July 4th display.
The local drug situation was discussed during her interview period for the Municipal Judge vacancy, as officials wanted to know her intentions for enforcement and potential treatment. She told the work session gathering that there is no budget for sentencing, but she has been using grant funding from the Crossroads program which deals with alcohol or drug offenses. She added that due to the age of some of the defendants, from 10 to 17, she favors treatment rather than punishment and the classes will range up to 25 years of age. Partners for Progress is also involved in drug rehabilitation projects.
There were about 30 people sitting in Judge Vehoeff's chambers on Friday afternoon, October 9th, all on hand for Municipal Court proceedings which begin at 1:30pm each Friday. It's a friendly setting, but with enough formality to let offenders know they are in a court of law. After letting each person know their rights to remain silent, select a deferred sentence or request a trial, she explains the consequences of those choices and lets the defendants know what will follow.
"Is anyone missing work?" she asks and takes those persons first, in this case a young woman who opts for a trial and after about five minutes of selecting a date, exits the courtroom. Judge Verhoeff next calls on a woman who has several young children with her, allowing her to take care of her business and be about her day. But her case involves a vicious dog incident and Judge Verhoeff states that the woman should discuss the matter with the Animal Control Officer when they become available and report back to court at a later date. One man takes a deferred sentence which allows him to pay his fees on the sentence and is told to maintain a good record for the next 90 days so he doesn't have to come back sooner. Next is an MIP for marijuana which gets a court date and that's followed by a Failure to Yield offense. While they are being dealt with in council chambers, another dog case discussion is held in the hallway with the defendant and two police officers. It's an efficient situation with the judge and two clerks scheduling cases and keeping track of them and in less than an hour they're done for the week.


Here we are for Part 2 in the Stop Loss series. I hope you enjoyed Part 1, and just in case you happened to miss it, be sure to see Part #1 of this series here , as this is a continuation of that discussion.
In this segment, I want to talk about the importance of the chart when it comes down to determining a location for setting a stop loss order.
Just as my entry is going to be based upon the chart, my exit will be based on the chart as well.
In the coming clips, I'm going to cover several topics which I feel are most important when it comes to stop loss placement, so come back often because you won't want to miss the next few segments.
Here in Episode 89, I'll explain my rationale for deferring to the chart and of course offer several examples to show you exactly what I mean. Hope you find it helpful!


text:
© 2019 QuarterTone. All rights reserved.
Andranik Berberyan
composer, conductor
Born in 1994 in Yerevan.
From 2001 to 2008 studied violin and piano at the Sayat-Nova School of music in Yerevan.
Since 2012 studied composition with Prof.
Aram Satian and conducting with Prof. Ruben Asatryan at Komitas State Conservatory and graduated both with bachelor's degree in 2016. Since 2013 works with "Sharm Holding" as a composer and arranger. In 2016 has worked on several films as Vigen Chaldranyan's "Alter Ego", Vahe Yan's "Roots", Mher Mkrtchyan's "The Line " & "The Line 2" as a composer. Also scored short films and documentary movies. Since 2015 Berberyan is the president and co-founder at QuarterTone organization. Currently he is studying composition for master degree at Komitas State Conservatory in Yerevan.
Sergey Umroyan
composer, singer
Born in 1991 in Gyumri.
From 1999 to 2005 studied piano and flute at the 4th School of music in Gyumri. In 2006 entered to Komitas State Conservatory in
Yerevan, where he has studied composition with Levon Chaushyan, obtaining his MA degree in 2014. Attended the 2nd Tsakhkadzor Art Summer Academy in 2014. In 2016 his work "Havatov Khostovanim" was awarded the 3rd prize at the Armenian Young Composers Competition for choral works. Founder and the director of the Armenian National Music company. In 2015 was the vice-director of Little Singers of Armenia. In 2015 has lectured Art Management at Mkhitar Sebastatsi School. Currently teaching music at Qushnaryan Music School in Yerevan.
Ruben Antonyan
Studied composition with Prof. Aram Satian at Yerevan State Conservatory and graduated it with bachelor degree in 2014. In the same year
Aram Hovhannisyan
composer, flutist
Studied composition with L. Chaushyan and flute with Y. Noninyan at Yerevan State Conservatory. In 2003 moved to Switzerland,
moved to Germany where he started to attend Colloquium and Seminars with Prof. Dr. Manfred Stahnke, seminars with Prof. Dr. Georg Hajdu (Soundscape) and Sascha Lino Lemke (music theory and analysis) at the Academy of Music and Theater in Hamburg,Germany. In 2015 attended the 3rd Summer Art Academy of "Cultural Society" where he presented his 'Three Piano Pieces' after Robert Motherwell paintings. His music has been performed at several international festivals such as Music In Touch (Cagliari), Crossroads (Yerevan), Risuounanze (Udine), Opus 3 (Yerevan/Munchen), Loop (Brussels), etc. His piece 'M'Spiration for viola solo was chosen to be performed during concert Monteverdi and Contemporary music: project on the 450th anniversary of the birth of the Italian musician. The solo piece was performed by Maurizio Barbetti (viola), in Milan, Italy.
In 2018 he attended the Charlotte New Music Festival at Queens University of Charlotte, where he took a private lessons from Prof. of composition Dorothy Hindman and composer, visual artist and painter, Kyong Mee Choi.
In 2018 he graduated Yerevan State Conservatory with master degree.
where he has studied composition with M. Jarrell and electro-acoustic music with R. Boesch at HEM de Genève (Master in Arts, 2008). Received international awards as Pre-Art competition's First Prize (2005), Kiefer Hablitzer Prize (2011), Fluchtwege competition's First Prize (2011) etc. Commissions from Collegium Novum Zurich, ensembles Paul Klee Bern, Aequatuor, XX Jahrhundert Wien, Pre-Art and others. Hovhannisyan's music has been performed at international festivals as WNMD 2004, Lucerne Festival (2004/2007), , SonemusFest (2007/2011), Musikfestival Bern (2011/2013) Dilijan Chamber Music Series (2011/2015) etc. Board member at Cultural.am NGO. Co-founder and artistic director of Tsakhkadzor Art Summer Academy. Lecturer at AGBU's « Musical Armenia » summer courses.
Sona Haykazun Grigoryan
Musicologist
festival moderator
Born 1994 in Yerevan.
From 2001 to 2009 studied Piano at Saryan Art School in Yerevan. From 2010 studied musicology with Prof. Dr. Phil. Svetlana Sarkisyan
at Komitas State Conservatory and graduated with Bachelor Degree in 2014 with bachelor thesis "Recitation in instrumental music of 20th century". Since 2015 studied musicology with Prof. Dr. Phil. Wolfgang Rathert at Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, Germany (Master Degree) with master thesis "Hommage compositions in the music after 1945 to the present" and started to attend Seminars and Lectures in Art History and Musical Management.
Co-Founder and board member at Cultural.am NGO. Member of HAIK Studentclub (AGBU Young Professionals). In 2016 Internship at Naxos Germany (Musik & Video Vertriebs-GmbH).

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


I noticed an issue with the runalyze exprot: I have an ant+ tempe sensor connected to locus. locus itself records the temperature at every waypoint (though i did not find a way to show the graph from inside of locus).
When I manually export the track as gpx and upload it to runalyze i get the temparature graph of the activity. If I do a direct export locus->runalyze, temperature is missing in my runalyze-activity.
when Locus upload your recording to their server, it is done over TCX files, not GPX. As I know, TCX does not directly support temperature values so it has to be made as an extension and supported on the server. If you are really interested in this, I need implementation details from Runalyze team.
I've added Michael (co-developer of Runalyze) to this topic, so hopefully, he will give us answer if support for temperature values exists/is planned/won't be implemented.
funny thing: We parse temperature in GPX but not in TCX. If anyone can provide an example file: michael@runalyze.comI cannot say when we find time to look at it.
I quickly looked into the tcx schema but I did not find any references to a temperature. Also gpsbabel does not convert the temp from gpx to tcx. It seems to me, that tcx does not support temp?
I personally do not fully agree that GPX is so bad (Locus Map use it as a main data format).


PRESTWICH skipper Andy Bradley says it is full steam ahead for the Lancashire County League title after completing the first half of the double by winning the Walkden Cup in emphatic fashion on Sunday.
The Heys Road men registered a huge 132-run triumph at Denton St Lawrence to clinch the silverware thanks to a man-of-the-match display from Sam Holden (87 and 4-38).
Holden and pro Ali Raza (83 not out) helped set a huge total of 356-5 with Ryan Stanbury (45) and James Wharmby (42) chipping in after the visitors had won the toss.
In reply, Luke Dempsey top scored with 75 but Holden was supported by Tom Gibson (2-52) and Tom Scott (2-59) as the hosts were bowled out for 224.
Bradley was delighted to win the cup in its last season and felt there was maybe an element of fate involved.
The skipper told The Guide: "It was the Walkden family who presented the cup to the league in the early 1900s and Mr Walkden was our president at the time so it feels right it should cup back to the club in the last season it will be contested.
"It was a brilliant day with some great performances.
"It went to plan winning the toss and then setting a big total in just 50 overs.
"Then the bowling saw us home and the fans who went with us were brilliant.
"it's fantastic for everyone at the club and thanks has to go to chairman Brian Lorenzini for his support.
"Sixteen-year-old Nathan Bailey also deserves a mention for stepping in to the team at the last minute and fielding well."
The cup win came off the back of an eight-wicket home triumph against lowly Stretford the previous day in the league.
Prestwich takes on Woodbank on Saturday then local rivals Stand on Sunday and Bradley, who took four wickets against Stretford, believes two wins would see them within touching distance of the title.
He added: "Win both those and we are nearly there and that would just cap a fantastic season to make it a double."


In this student credit card overview we look at the difference between credit cards and charge cards, why to get a credit card, what type of cards are available, and other basic credit card information that you need when looking for a credit card.
This article has some great college credit card tips. Credit cards can be a good thing if you get some basic information to keep you on track. Read this article to learn how using a student credit card in college can become a long-term credit benefit.
There are a few key points to building good credit. Learn how having a student credit card can get you off to a great start with your credit history, why it is important to build a credit history, and what to do to achieve a good credit score.
*See the online credit card application for details about terms and conditions. Reasonable efforts are made to maintain accurate information. However all credit card information is presented without warranty. When you click on the "Apply Now" button, you can review the credit card terms and conditions on the issuer's website.


text:
Board amends hiring process policy to hear more voices
January 14, 2021, 1:24 p.m. ·2 min read
Trustees at Arrow Lakes School District 10 got a first glimpse last month at the job facing them to replace retiring Superintendent Terry Taylor.
The board was asked to consider changing its hiring policies at a special meeting in December in order to allow more flexibility in the selection process for a new superintendent. Taylor announced last month she was retiring at the end of the school year.
Saying it wanted to get the job vacancy filled "in a timely manner," the board passed the Notice of Motion on amendments to its Recruitment and Selection of Exempt Staff Policy on December 17.
"There are very few people who are qualified to take over the position of superintendent, so moving on this as expeditiously as possible is a wise thing for the board to consider so they can look at it in a timely way," Superintendent Taylor said after the board approved reviewing the policy.
"It's around timing. Given that my coming retirement has been announced, and the board is considering its options to fill my position, the next piece was the board to look at its policy."
The existing hiring policy was first drawn up nearly 30 years ago, and last revised in 2016.
"Legal and other external consultants recommend the Board revise its policy to have greater flexibility in processes for filling the position of Superintendent/ Secretary-Treasurer," said a summary to trustees. "Greater flexibility in the policy will align with a more accurate reflection of the current HR climate and acknowledge that there are shifting practices in the province for Boards when considering Superintendent recruitment options."
Essentially the changes will allow the board to consult with a wider variety of community stakeholders on the hire, rather than just school-based groups like parent councils, teachers and staff. It also gives the board leeway to either hire internally, conduct a standard open competition, or select an alternative hiring process, allowing the board to "identify and appoint a candidate who is best able to serve the district's needs."
The changes were made after consulting with district legal advisers on modernizing the process.
But to make the policy changes in a timely fashion, the board had to get the process underway before Christmas. The Notice of Motion that was passed allows the public to have some input when the policy changes come to the January board meeting for ratification.
That meeting is scheduled for January 19.
John Boivin, Local Journalism Initiative Reporter, Valley Voice
US Capitol siege: Two men, including organiser of far-right extremist group 'Proud Boy', arrested in Florida
Reactions to Keystone XL cancellation and welcoming Biden: In The News for Jan. 21
Joseph Biggs, a self-styled organiser for the 'Proud Boy', was arrested in central Florida and is facing charges of obstructing an official proceeding before Congress, entering a restricted area on the grounds of the Capitol and disorderly conduct
In The News is a roundup of stories from The Canadian Press designed to kickstart your day. Here is what's on the radar of our editors for the morning of Jan. 21 ... What we are watching in Canada ... CALGARY -- Alberta Premier Jason Kenney is calling for the federal government to impose economic sanctions against the United States in response to newly inaugurated U.S. President Joe Biden's "gut punch" decision to tear up the permit for the Keystone XL oil pipeline expansion. Kenney said he was upset the U.S. wouldn't consult with Canada first before acting but saved his strongest criticisms for federal Liberals, whose statements in response to Biden's actions Kenny characterized as too accepting. "If the U.S. government refuses to open the door to a constructive and respectful dialogue about these issues, then it is clear that the government of Canada must impose meaningful trade and economic sanctions in response to defend our country's economic interests," he said. The lack of a strong response sets a precedent that could allow other members of Biden's government to call for other "retroactive" permit revocations for existing pipelines, Kenney said. Part of Keystone XL has been built but it is not complete, nor is it operating. Kenney has said the province has about $1 billion at risk if the project is killed. The 1,947-kilometre pipeline is designed to carry 830,000 barrels a day of crude oil from Hardisty, Alta., to Steele City, Neb. From there it would connect with the company's existing facilities to reach the U.S. Gulf Coast — one of the world's biggest oil refining hubs. --- Also this ... CALGARY -- WestJet Airlines will operate the first commercial Boeing 737 Max flight in Canada today since the aircraft was grounded in 2019 following two deadly crashes. Transport Canada lifted its grounding order for the Max on Wednesday after approving design changes to the plane and requiring pilots to undergo additional training. WestJet executives will hold a press conference after the morning flight between Calgary and Vancouver. The event is part of a campaign to reintroduce the Max to service while assuring the public that the plane's safety issues have been addressed. Air Canada is expected to follow suit on Feb. 1. Air Canada has already said it will offer passengers booked on a Max the option of changing their flight at no extra charge. --- What we are watching in the U.S. ... WASHINGTON -- If Joe Biden's decision to kill off Keystone XL is supposed to sound the death knell for Canada-U.S. relations, you wouldn't know it from the newly minted president's call sheet. The 46th president's first phone call with a foreign leader comes today and Prime Minister Justin Trudeau will be on the other end of the line. "I expect they will certainly discuss the important relationship with Canada, as well as his decision on the Keystone pipeline we announced earlier today," White House press secretary Jen Psaki said Wednesday. "His early calls will be with partners and allies; he feels it's important to rebuild those relationships and to address the challenges and threats we're facing in the world." Deep in the stack of leather-bound executive orders Biden signed on his first day in the White House was one to rescind former president Donald Trump's approval of the US$8-billion cross-border pipeline expansion. The project, first proposed in 2008, has been bouncing around the White House in various forms of limbo — stalled throughout Barack Obama's two terms before being outright cancelled in 2015, then twice resurrected by Trump. Trudeau, who has been careful to point out that Biden's campaign had already promised to block the expansion, did so again Wednesday in a statement that was more celebratory than scolding. "While we welcome the president's commitment to fight climate change, we are disappointed but acknowledge the president's decision to fulfil his election campaign promise on Keystone XL," the statement said. Trudeau welcomed Biden's other moves, including rejoining the Paris accord, a moratorium on oil and gas drilling in the Arctic and reversing the travel ban on Muslim-majority countries. --- What we are watching in the rest of the world ... World leaders welcomed into their ranks the new U.S. President Joe Biden, noting their most pressing problems, including the COVID-19 pandemic and climate change, require multilateral co-operation, an approach his predecessor Donald Trump ridiculed. Many expressed hope Biden would right U.S. democracy two weeks after rioters stormed the Capitol, shaking the faith of those fighting for democracy in their own countries. Governments targeted and sanctioned under Trump embraced the chance for a fresh start with Biden, while some heads of state who lauded Trump's blend of nationalism and populism were more restrained in their expectations. But the chance to repair frayed alliances and work together on global problems carried the day. China, whose U.S. relations nosedived due to widespread frustration in Washington over its human rights record and accusations of technology theft, expressed cautious hope about the change in the White House. "China looks forward to working with the new administration to promote sound & steady development of China-U.S. relations and jointly address global challenges in public health, climate change & growth," China's ambassador to the U.S., Cui Tiankai, tweeted. Biden "understands the importance of co-operation among nations," said former Colombian president and Nobel Peace Prize winner Juan Manuel Santos, who left office in 2018. "As a matter of fact, if we don't co-operate – all nations – to fight climate change, then we will all perish. It's as simple as that." French President Emmanuel Macron and Tibetan spiritual leader the Dalai Lama were among those welcoming U.S. attention to climate change. After Trump withdrew the U.S. from the Paris climate accord, Biden reversed the move in the first hours of his presidency Wednesday. --- On this day in 1992 ... The Supreme Court of Canada began its review of David Milgaard's murder conviction in the death of Saskatoon nursing aide Gail Miller. The high court quashed the conviction a few months later and Saskatchewan decided not to retry Milgaard. --- In health news ... A new study links the fitness level of Canadian children to that of their parents. The StatCan analysis suggests a child's aerobic fitness, muscular strength and flexibility all correlate to that of their parent. But there were differences when it came to the sex of each parent and child involved. Boys whose parent had "excellent" cardiorespiratory fitness had better cardiorespiratory fitness than boys whose parent had a "poor" cardiorespiratory fitness level. Girls whose parent had "excellent" flexibility had higher flexibility than girls whose parent had "poor" flexibility. But the correlation in cardiorespiratory fitness was only seen significantly in mother-and-son pairs; while a significant flexibility correlation was only seen in mother-son and father-son pairings. Grip strength was associated in all duos except father-son pairings. The study was based on data from the ongoing Canadian Health Measures Survey, and draws from a sample representative of children aged 6 to 11 years and their biological parents. --- ICYMI ... A massive snow sculpture on a St. John's lawn depicting former United States president Donald Trump drowning in a sea of blue is drawing visitors. The sculpture depicts Trump with his arms up, mouth open and hair aflutter, while his signature red tie floats out before him on the blue-painted snow. Co-creator James Keating says the snow carving is "huge" and "tremendous" and represents Trump "drowning in controversy." He and his 16-year-old son, Ashton Keating, had been working on it for a few days. Keating estimated they put about 10 hours of work into it and said they made sure it would be ready for Joe Biden's inauguration as U.S. president on Wednesday. --- This report by The Canadian Press was first published Jan. 21, 2021 The Canadian Press
Smart Labels to Provide Real-Time Product Information with RFIDs and QR Codes
Dublin, Jan. 21, 2021 (GLOBE NEWSWIRE) -- ResearchAndMarkets.com published a new article on the smart food and beverage labeling industry "Smart Labels to Provide Real-Time Product Information with RFIDs and QR Codes" Changing consumer behavior is expected to boost the demand for smart labeling in the food and beverage industry. Due to the spread of COVID-19, the food packaging market is witnessing tremendous growth. Online shopping and panic stocking are among the most common outcomes that the lockdown has resulted in. This has, in turn, led to an increase in demand for essential food products, such as baby food, milk, and vegetables. Concerns pertaining to food safety due to COVID-19 are increasing the demand for pure and fresh food. Consumers demand clarity and accountability in the supply chain and are becoming more vigilant about their consumption behavior. A significant portion of consumers is engaging with labels to get a clearer understanding of the products they are consuming.The smart label market is at its emerging stage. Therefore, most manufacturers treat the technology as an aesthetic to their products. Looking at the current situation, the food and beverage manufacturers are strictly barring themselves from any additional packaging options that will increase their cost of production, as manufacturers are still dealing with the broken supply chain. To see the full article and a list of related reports on the market, visit "Smart Labels to Provide Real-Time Product Information with RFIDs and QR Codes" About ResearchAndMarkets.com ResearchAndMarkets.com is the world's leading source for international market research reports and market data. We provide you with the latest data on international and regional markets, key industries, the top companies, new products and the latest trends. Research and Markets also offers Custom Research services providing focused, comprehensive and tailored research. CONTACT: CONTACT: ResearchAndMarkets.com Laura Wood, Senior Press Manager press@researchandmarkets.com For E.S.T Office Hours Call 1-917-300-0470 For U.S./CAN Toll Free Call 1-800-526-8630 For GMT Office Hours Call +353-1-416-8900
Biden watches fireworks with grandchildren from White House balcony as he repeats 'unity' call at end of momentous day for America
In his first address, President Biden urged Americans to come together for the common love of the country


The researchers report that switchgrass successfully removed up to 40 percent of the PCBs from contaminated soils in lab experiments. When boosted by a PCB-oxidizing microorganism, the removal rate reached 47 percent.
The finding may lead to a natural, environmentally friendly approach to reducing PCBs (polychlorinated biphenyls), which were banned for use by the U.S. Congress in 1979 but still permeate U.S. soils, waterways, and living organisms. In some communities bordering Lake Michigan, for example, residents are advised to limit their consumption of locally caught fish, due to industrial release of thousands of tons of PCBs during the 1950s and 1960s.
for at least one of the congeners studied," says Tim Mattes, associate professor of civil and environmental engineering and corresponding author on the paper, published in the journal Ecological Engineering.
"One surprising finding was that the presence of the switchgrass seemed to promote the survival and the activity of the added (aerobic PCB-oxidizing microorganism) LB400 bacteria," Mattes adds.
For the current study, researchers spiked soil with a mixture of PCBs at concentrations commonly found in soils and sediments—and which pose a potential risk to human and environmental health. The contaminated soil was aged for two months at 25 degrees Celsius (77 degrees Fahrenheit) in sealed tubs to allow PCBs to fully leach into the soil and thereby better represent real-life conditions.
Plastic containers, each filled with about 5.5 pounds of soil, were planted with switchgrass (Panicum virgatum) seeds. An unplanted reactor and a switchgrass-planted reactor filled with clean soil were used as controls. Soil samples were analyzed at 12 weeks and 24 weeks.
Researchers found that after 24 weeks, about 40 percent of total PCB mass had been removed by the switchgrass-treated soil, significantly higher than the 30 percent removed from untreated soil. Soil applied with a PCB-oxidizing microorganism (Burkholderia strain LB400) was found to remove about 47 percent of one of the PCBs tested. Also, the presence of switchgrass appeared to facilitate the microorganism's survival in the soil.
"The possibility of synergistic interactions between the switchgrass and the bioaugmented PCB-degrading bacteria suggests that employing both plants and bacteria in PCB remediation strategies holds promise for enhanced removal of these recalcitrant compounds from contaminated sites," Mattes says.
He notes that he currently is studying which microbes work in the root zone of the plant to transform PCBs by a process called reductive dechlorination.
In addition to Mattes and Schnoor, coauthors of the paper are Yi Liang, Richard Meggo, and Dingfei Hu, all in the UI College of Engineering.
The research was funded by the National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences Superfund Research Program (grant No. P42ES13661) and by a fellowship for Yi Liang from the Comment Center for Biocatalysis and Bioprocessing at the University of Iowa.


text:
Home Top Cryptocurrencies
Tezos, the small digital coin that makes Bitcoin's record look ordinary
in Top Cryptocurrencies
Blockchain technology is slowly but surely moving beyond secure, seamless, transparent, trusted and convenient transactions as new use cases of the transformative innovation emerge.
From finance, education, and governance institutions to enterprises in the energy, healthcare, and insurance space, companies are looking to experiment with the distributed ledger technology known as blockchain.
According to Paul Mitchell, Fintech & Blockchain Lead for PwC South Africa, "The speed at which blockchain technology is being adopted is unprecedented. There is a growing recognition that this technology has profound implications in many areas, and we are watching it move from a startup idea to an established technology in a fraction of the time it took for the Internet to be accepted as a standard tool."
Experiments dating back a few years have been conducted and many more are expected to be launched. For example, back in mid-2015, South African bank, ABSA launched an Africa-wide blockchain supply chain challenge through their Rise open innovation platform and was said to have over ten blockchain-based experiments and research initiatives that were being piloted within the bank. In 2016, the bank also joined the R3 consortium.
Just a couple of years ago, the South African Reserve Bank (SARB) launched the report on Project Khokha, a proof of concept designed to simulate a 'real-world' trial of DLT-based wholesale payment system.
The project focused on providing participants practical experience on aspects of using DLT in a realistic test environment where different deployment models were utilised. The results showed that the typical daily volume of the South African payments system could be processed in less than two hours with full confidentiality of transactions and settlement finality.
More recently, the Centre for Affordable Housing Finance in Africa (CAHF), research consultancy 71point4 and Seso Global also announced that their partnership meant to create South Africa's first blockchain-based property register.
The pilot study area is expected to consist of almost 1,000 government subsidised properties located in four sites in Makhaza, Khayelitsha that have not been registered on the deeds registry properties. Cape Town blockchain-based startup Registree also struck a partnership with the University of Cape Town to create blockchain-based records for students.
Registree is utilising a combination of traditional databases and the Ethereum blockchain; the blockchain-based student registry is supposed to address several problems of youth unemployment rate and skills shortage.
[READ MORE: Digital technology and blockchain altering conventional banking models – Emefiele)
It was also recently reported that the Eastern and Southern African Trade and Development Bank (TDB) had closed the first live end-to-end trade finance transaction using blockchain technology in a US$22mn sugar transaction deal.
"With this transaction, there's potential to transform how we finance cross-border trade at the bank," said Michael Awori, Chief Operating Officer at TDB.
"We have plans to carry out US$10bn-worth of African trade transactions with the Asia Pacific region, including Japan, by June 2020," said Samir Neji, CEO of dltledgers, an inter-enterprise blockchain company which was involved in the deal.
Local companies such as the digital asset exchange platform iCE3X are also bringing new innovations to the space. Recently, they launched the Instamyna Bitcoin Lightning Game as they see the gaming industry as one of the main drivers of cryptocurrency adoption in Africa. Crypto is ideal for online gaming as it has the main benefit of instant value transfer. Whilst the uptake is slow during the maturing stages of the industry, I can certainly see huge potential for digitised assets and markets.
I remember years ago how farms of gamers created digital fortunes by selling accounts for games like Diablo on eBay. I can see digitised assets trading for crypto online in the near future. Environments like Second Life are a great concept, but without real-world monetization at scale, it is a difficult sell.
Crypto changes this," said Gareth Grobler, Founder & CEO of iCE3X exchange. The company has also added features to their exchange that enable people with no crypto trading experience to learn how to trade for free. People can learn to trade by practising on the demo trading pair: the bull/bear market.
Another international company with an interest in the local gaming arena and planning to launch it's South African based initiative in the first quarter of 2020 is crypto online gaming and cryptocurrency payments provider Paybetr, according to Alakanani Itireleng, who is a representative of the company and the CEO of Satoshicentre based in Botswana.
Global companies looking to establish a footprint in Africa
Many companies across the globe are taking a huge interest in the potential Africa has to offer in terms of market growth for blockchain-based products. æternity blockchain, for example, a scalable blockchain platform that enables high-speed transacting, purely-functional smart contracts is "supporting the adoption of blockchain technology, which has the potential to disrupt the current centralised linearly structured systems that typically create bottlenecks and thus a perception of scarcity," according Apollo Eric, the Africa lead for æternity Hub Africa – a Kenyan based software company developing decentralized applications on æternity's open-source blockchain platform.
"Africa will hugely benefit from a decentralised planning of economic and governance systems, and in doing so, grow the continent out of poverty," he added.
Paxful, the peer-to-peer platform, is another major player making real impact in people's lives by enabling ecosystem participants to increase their income-generating potential to achieve financial independence while getting educated about new digital technologies. The company now services more than 3 million digital currency wallets with major market uptake across South Africa, Nigeria, and Ghana.


Kulfi Kumar Bajewala is one of the topmost loving serials. The serial Kulfi Kumar Bajewala is theirs in Star Plus channel. There are so many viewers who follow the daily update. There is high-voltage drama in the show Kulfi Kumar Bajewala. The show Kulfi Kumar Bajewala is at the turning point. For those viewers who love drama, they did not miss today's episode.
Today's episode update went very intrusting. There is the high turning point in the serial because Amyrah and Kulfi make Sikander and Lovely agree to perform together in a play. As we all know this is impossible because they both get divorced. But same we know that Kulfi is so talented.
In the latest episode of Kulfi Kumar Bajewala 25th December 2018, written episode update begins with Kulfi and Amyrah both are seen outside the room of principal office and thinking of seeking her help. But they both get frightened to see the principle. After this Amyrah and Kulfi, both saw the face of one another. They both argued for asking who went to principle's room. Amyrah pushes Kulfi inside the principle's room but the latter starts singing. Amyrah rushes inside and then both tell the principal about their parent's divorce.
To know all this principle gets emotional and agrees to help the girls. Kulfi and Amyrah tell Sikander and Lovely how their teachers have made them a team and now the two will have to perform together in play. To know that they participated in the program he gets angry. Sikander did not want to be in the team of Lovely.
Sikander and Lovely both decided to meet the principle and asks her to change the team. The principal says she will remove Amyarh and Kulfi's name from the play forcing Sikander and Lovely to agree. Sikander and Lovely's lawyers ask them not to do such a thing as it will weaken their case.


Wordpress is undoubtedly the most user-friendly blogging platform you could ever find online today. Not only is it easy to install and have it up and running in a few seconds, updating content on the blog is very straightforward as well. This explains the huge popularity of WordPress among many bloggers, even those just getting started in the blogging world. Before you start dreaming of being among the top blogs online, there are a few basic steps that ought to be followed when looking at using this incredible platform for your blogging experience. You can click here for more info.
Before you start any blog, you must have a domain name. This is the unique identifier, the URL, that your readers will use when they want to locate you online. A domain name should not only be unique but should also be relevant to the niche of your blog. Most people tend to get confused a lot when it comes to generating the best domain names. For starters, you can always use a domain name generator to provide suggestions once you key in a few keywords related to your blog niche. You can learn more over at blogging.org.
The domain name generator should have the most preferred and available domain name, and provide you with a list of other suggestions that you may consider. Look out for such things as click here for more domain names when you are on the name generator page to see the complete list of suggested domain names related to your keywords. It needs no mentioning that the domain name you choose should be smooth and straightforward for all to understand. It should be memorable and easy-to-remember, so your visitors can quickly locate you.


We are looking to hire experienced tuition teacher in New town rajarhat , Rajarhat. We require the tutor to travel to our location at New town rajarhat . The Nursery-KG Tutor should build a strong foundation in the educational and professional career. Nursery-KG Tutor should be availble during weekdays and weekends.
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text:
Trathala tetralophae är en stekelart som först beskrevs av Joseph Augustine Cushman 1917.  Trathala tetralophae ingår i släktet Trathala och familjen brokparasitsteklar. Inga underarter finns listade i Catalogue of Life.

Källor

Brokparasitsteklar
tetralophae

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


You can fill any shape you have drawn in Adobe Illustrator with a photograph or other image by using a clipping mask. Clipping masks may seem confusing if you have never used this feature before. There are two important things to remember before applying a clipping mask. First, the shape has to be above the image. Secondly, only the shape and the image can be selected. If the shape is below the image, or if any other objects are selected, the clipping mask will not work.
Launch Adobe Illustrator. Create a new file by pressing "Ctrl-N" on the keyboard. If you already have a document containing the shape you want to fill with an image, open it by pressing "Ctrl-O" on the keyboard and skip to Step Three.
Select the "Rectangle Tool" from the Toolbox. Alternatively, select the "Rounded Rectangle Tool," "Ellipse Tool," "Polygon Tool," or "Star Tool." Drag the tool across the canvas to draw a shape.
Click the "File" menu and select "Place." Navigate to an image on your computer you want to use and click the "Place" button.
Click the "Object" menu while the image is still selected. Click "Arrange," then "Send backwards" to put the image beneath the shape.
Click the "Direction Selection Tool" in the Toolbox and drag the corners of the image until it is the size you want.
Drag the Direct Selection Tool over the image and the shape so they are both selected. Alternatively, if there are no other objects on the canvas, press "Ctrl-A" on the keyboard to select both objects.
Click the "Object" menu, select "Clipping Mask" and click "Make." The shape is filled with the image. Any portion of the image that was outside of the shape is clipped away.
Weedmark, David. "How to Fill a Shape With an Image in Illustrator." Small Business - Chron.com, http://smallbusiness.chron.com/fill-shape-image-illustrator-35067.html. Accessed 20 April 2019.


This Tissue Heart Decoration is sure to capture your heart this Valentine's Day. Not only is it a fun decoration, but it is a romantic gift to give to the one you love. You can use it to decorate your Valentine's party or dance, even use it to decorate a classroom. There are infinite possibilities for this tissue heart decoration.


>>> a reliable test of whether LC can also play it.
>> It's the same file. The only difference is the distributed server URL.
>> IE plays it, LiveCode won't.
> play streams via QT.
Is "fast start" a streaming format?
day, set the filename, it works.
mainstack to the same URL. It never works.
again. Nothing. I wait an hour. Nothing.


text:
Internet providers in Brea, CA
Brea, CA internet providers
AT&T $55.00 10 - 5,000 Mbps Fiber-optic 2.582%
Cable 99%
Sonic Telecom $39.99 24 - 1,000 Mbps DSL 6.283%
Sonic Telecom $39.99 24 - 1,000 Mbps Wired 6.283%
Brea internet service at a glance
4+ providers - 0.00%
At 100%, broadband coverage in Brea is comparable to the rest of California - 93%, and comparable to broadband coverage across the U.S. - 95%.
The vast majority of those living in the Brea area will have access to cable, which covers 100% of Brea residents. DSL internet is also an option for many, offering service to 94% of the area. Fiber-optic is less available but still a popular internet option for roughly 14% of those living in Brea.
There are six internet providers serving the Brea area, and 96.28% of households will have internet options from more than one provider. Among Brea's six internet providers, prices start at $39.99 and available download speeds reach up to 5,000 Mbps.
Average internet speeds in Brea
*Data sourced from M-LAB speed tests taken by real users in Brea.
Compare Brea internet speeds to the national average
Brea – 126 Mbps
CA – 102 Mbps
Brea – 43 Mbps
CA – 28 Mbps
Find Brea internet providers by ZIP code
Top high-speed internet providers in Brea
The largest internet providers in Brea are AT&T, Spectrum, and HughesNet bringing DSL, cable, and satellite options to Brea.
DSL internet from AT&T is available to nearly all Brea residents, covering 85% of households. Many will also have the option of cable from Spectrum, which covers 99% of the area. Brea's third most-available internet provider, HughesNet, offers satellite to around 100% of Brea residents.
DSL from AT&T offers broadband to nearly all households in Brea covering 85% of the area.
DSL internet from AT&T uses telephone lines in Brea to deliver service, which often leads to lower prices and higher availability, though download speeds are likely to be slower than cable or fiber-optic internet.
Internet prices for AT&T start at $55/mo.*, which is about the same as the average starting price for internet in Brea, $55.83.
AT&T customers who choose the lowest-priced plan can expect speeds up to 10 Mbps, which comes to an estimated $5.50 per Mbps, significantly higher than the average cost per Mbps for the lowest priced plans in Brea, $0.69.
For those who value internet speed as much as cost, AT&T offers download speeds up to 5,000 Mbps and upload speeds up to 20 Mbps in Brea. These download speeds are available to 85% of the area, and are much faster than the average max speeds from all Brea's providers, 295 Mbps.
Cable from Spectrum offers broadband to all households in Brea covering 99% of the area.
Spectrum's cable network is likely to offer faster speeds than DSL or satellite service, but Brea residents in densely populated areas may experience slowed speeds during peak usage times.
Internet prices for Spectrum start at $49.99/mo.*, which is lower than the average starting price for internet in Brea, $55.83.
Spectrum customers who choose the lowest-priced plan can expect speeds up to 300 Mbps**, which comes to an estimated $0.17 per Mbps, about the same as the average cost per Mbps for the lowest priced plans in Brea, $0.69.
For those who value internet speed as much as cost, Spectrum offers download speeds up to 1,000 Mbps** and upload speeds up to 20 Mbps in Brea. These download speeds are available to 99% of the area, and are much faster than the average max speeds from all Brea's providers, 295 Mbps.
Satellite from HughesNet offers broadband to all households in Brea covering 100% of the area.
HughesNet satellite internet offers reliable connection in areas of Brea where other internet types may not be available, but service is likely to come with low monthly data allowances and high latency, making streaming binges and real-time online gaming impractical.
Internet prices for HughesNet start at $64.99/mo.*, which is higher than the average starting price for internet in Brea, $55.83.
HughesNet customers who choose the lowest-priced plan can expect speeds up to 25 Mbps, which comes to an estimated $2.60 per Mbps, higher than the average cost per Mbps for the lowest priced plans in Brea, $0.69.
For those who value internet speed as much as cost, HughesNet offers download speeds up to 25 Mbps and upload speeds up to 3 Mbps in Brea. These download speeds are available to 100% of the area, and are much slower than the average max speeds from all Brea's providers, 295 Mbps.
What's the fastest internet provider in Brea?
AT&T is the fastest internet provider in Brea with download speeds up to 5,000 Mbps. These speeds are available to 85% of households in Brea. The next fastest internet provider in Brea is AT&T, offering download speeds up to 5,000 Mbps to 2.582% of the area.
What's the cheapest internet provider in Brea?
Sonic Telecom offers the cheapest internet in Brea with plans starting at $39.99/mo. This is significantly less than the average starting price for internet in Brea, $55.83.
Is fiber internet available in Brea?
AT&T is the largest fiber-optic internet service provider in Brea, covering 2.582% of the city.
What internet speeds do I get?
Take a speed test to see what download and upload speeds you are getting. For the best results, perform the test over a wired connection. View our speed test guide for a full breakdown of your results. If you want faster speeds, consider these tips for boosting internet speed, or shop for faster internet plans in your area.
What's a good internet speed for my home?
Download speeds of 25 Mbps and above are considered broadband speeds, and can handle most online activities including streaming and gaming. For households with multiple devices using a Wi-Fi connection, speeds of 100 Mbps and higher are likely to offer a better online experience. Learn more about what speeds are best for your home.
Home page California Brea


Installs a global interpreter hook.
type is an integer constant that identifies the hook.
hook is the hook function pointer.
The GB.Hook function returns the previous hook, so that you can call it yourself if necessary. I think this is useful only to the GB_HOOK_MAIN hook.
This hook is called to parse the command line.
argc is a pointer to the number of arguments.
argv is an array of strings containing the arguments, like the one received by the main function.
If you consume process arguments in argv, then you have to remove them from it and modify *argc accordingly.
This hook is called to enter the event loop until the program ends.
The return value should be the value that must be returned by the program.
This hook is called to implement the WAIT instruction.
You must watch the event loop at most during the number of milliseconds specified by duration, and then return.
This hook is called to start or stop a timer.
timer points at the timer object. All needed information is found inside.
enabled is TRUE is the timer must be activated, or FALSE if it must be stopped.
The GB_TIMER structure includes a field named id, that you have to set to a number that uniquely identifies the timer. This identifier must be reset to zero when the timer is stopped.
This hook is called when the current language changes.
rtl will tell you if this language is right-to-left written.
This hook is called to implement the watch of file descriptors.
type is one of the constants specified in /wiki/api/cat/watch.
param is the parameter registered when calling GB.Watch.
This hook is called to execute callback functions at the next call of the event loop.
This hook is called when the QUIT instruction is used.
You should clean and release everything you can.
This hook is called to display error messages.
code is the error code.
error is the error message.
where is a string that describes where the error occured.


text:
Maximiliaan van Bergen (circa 1512 - Bergen op Zoom, 27 augustus 1570), ook Maximilianus de Berghis of Maximilien de Berg(h)ues genoemd, was prelaat in Kamerijk.

Hij was afkomstig uit de adellijke familie Van Glymes en afstammeling van Jan II van Glymes. Meerdere familieleden in de 15e tot 17e eeuw waren bisschop in de Nederlanden en Luik. Maximiliaan groeide waarschijnlijk op in het hertogdom Brabant en was jaren deken van het Sint-Gummaruskapittel van Lier.

Graaf-bisschop
Op 10 september 1556 verkoos het kapittel van de Kathedraal van Kamerijk hem tot bisschop van Kamerijk, en dit onder druk van landvoogdes Margaretha van Parma, maar vooral van haar machtige raadgever Granvelle, bisschop van Atrecht. Keizer Ferdinand van het Rooms-Duitse Rijk stelde hem tevens aan tot graaf van Kamerijk en betreurde het feit dat paus Paulus IV talmde met de erkenning van Maximiliaans verkiezing. Pas in 1559 stemde paus Paulus IV in met zijn wijding tot bisschop van Kamerijk. Dit had alles te maken met de hervorming van de bisdommen in de Nederlanden, als Roomse reactie tegen het protestantisme. Maximiliaan werd de laatste bisschop van het uitgestrekte bisdom Kamerijk in de Nederlanden.

Prins-aartsbisschop
Door de kerkelijke hervorming van de bisdommen in 1559 kromp het grondgebied van het bisdom Kamerijk belangrijk in. Als compensatie werd het bisdom verheven tot aartsbisdom Kamerijk. Maximiliaan werd de eerste prins-aartsbisschop van Kamerijk, en dit formeel vanaf 1562. Maximiliaan werd een metropolitaan aartsbisschop, dit wil zeggen, het hoofd van de kerkprovincie Kamerijk: hij kreeg toezicht over de bisdommen Atrecht, Doornik, Sint-Omaars en Namen. De eerste drie bisdommen kreeg hij van Reims, het laatstgenoemde van Luik. Hij maakte zich hiermee vijanden, vooral de misnoegde aartsbisschop Karel van Reims. Ook de abdij van Vaucelles, gelegen stroomopwaarts de Schelde, was misnoegd. De abdij was verplicht voortaan prebenden aan Maximiliaan te storten en niet meer aan Karel. De abdij ging in proces tegen Maximiliaan, iets waarmee hij zijn handen vol had.

In 1567 was aartsbisschop Maximiliaan, als prins van het Rooms-Duitse Rijk, aanwezig op de Rijksdag van Augsburg. Hij verdedigde er de belangen van het graafschap Kamerijk, los van de Spaanse Nederlanden.

In 1570 verbleef hij op het familiaal landgoed in Bergen op Zoom. Hij stierf er onverwacht. Zijn stoffelijk overschot werd getransporteerd naar Kamerijk, waar hij begraven werd in de toenmalige kathedraal.

Prins-bisschop van Kamerijk
Bergen, M
Huis Glymes
Bergen, M