text:
The Forensic Investigation of Jonestown Conducted by Dr. Leslie Mootoo:
A Critical Analysis
The standard American autopsy begins with a cut known as a Y incision (the cut looks like the letter Y when it is completed). . . . The skin and muscle are then cut back, revealing the rib cage beneath . . . . Each organ (the heart, lungs, liver, kidneys, spleen, stomach, and testicles) is removed, weighed, and examined for injury. Each organ is then sliced, and samples are preserved for toxicology screens (tests for any drug use or poison) and histology analysis (study of the organ on a microscopic level). Samples are also preserved in case they are needed for reexamination at some point in the future. Blood, bile, and urine are also taken, examined, and preserved, along with fluids from the lungs and pleural cavity. The contents of the stomach are also inspected.[1]
A number of articles concerning the 1978 deaths in Guyana have relied upon the testimony of Dr. Cyril Leslie Mootoo (1924–2000), a pathologist commissioned by the Guyanese government to investigate the crime scenes of 18 November, especially the one in Jonestown. The most notable of these articles include "The Black Hole of Guyana," by John Judge; "The Secret Life of Jim Jones," by Jim Hougan; and, more recently, a two-part series on "Unanswered Questions About Jonestown," by Tom Whittle.[2]
The reason why Dr. Mootoo's account is highly valued is that he was the first medical doctor on the scene. More importantly, his description of the deaths in Jonestown seemed to challenge the mainstream narrative. Rather than referring to the deaths as mass suicide, he claimed that most residents had been murdered.
Dr. Leslie & Savitri Mootoo
In some respects, Dr. Mootoo was correct. It is clear that the children were murdered, as they were below the age of consent. In addition, according to eyewitness accounts, the medical team, along with some parents, forcibly gave children poison.[3] Further, there is sufficient evidence to indicate that some individuals were injected—even against their will—with the cyanide-laced fruit drink. But Dr. Mootoo expanded upon that assessment and eventually claimed that almost everyone was murdered, including Jim Jones and my sister Annie Moore.
There are several problems with relying on Dr. Mootoo's opinion, however. Later information arose to indicate that his initial opinions were incorrect. His own description of his actions changed over time. Some writers then misquoted or mischaracterized what he said, or tendentiously misread his findings, to advance their own agendas.
This article examines all of these issues in order to determine what we may believe in Dr. Mootoo's testimony and what we should regard with suspicion. It begins by reconstructing Dr. Mootoo's actions, using the earliest documentation of his activities. It then examines the issues in which he was clearly incorrect and the ways in which the pathologist changed his story. Finally, it looks at how writers have inaccurately related his findings or have twisted the facts.
My thesis is simply this: Some of the evidence Dr. Mootoo presents can be trusted, but some of it cannot. A resulting sub-thesis is that articles that rely upon Dr. Mootoo as their primary or even sole witness must be viewed with great skepticism.
The Initial Story
At 9:00 a.m. on Monday, 20 November, Dr. Mootoo performed an autopsy on Congressman Leo J. Ryan at the Central Medical Laboratory in Georgetown, Guyana. The examination was witnessed by James Schollaert, a staff member from the U.S. House of Representatives who had accompanied Congressman Leo Ryan to Guyana.[4] As chief pathologist and bacteriologist for the Government of Guyana, Dr. Mootoo apparently autopsied the other four airport fatalities—Greg Robinson, Bob Brown, Don Harris, and Patricia Parks, since he signed off on all of the postmortem reports.[5] An Associated Press wire story reported that autopsies were being conducted by "Guyanese doctors, with American physicians in attendance,"[6] but we have never learned who these physicians were, and none have come forward to say they were present.
On Wednesday, 22 November, beginning at 11:00 a.m. Dr. Mootoo performed complete autopsies on the four Peoples Temple members who died on 18 November in the group's Georgetown residence. The date and time are important, because they prove that Dr. Mootoo was back in Georgetown on 22 November. They further indicate that he was in Jonestown for only one full day, 21 November.
Dr. Mootoo's testimony at the official inquest into the deaths in Jonestown—known as the Guyana Inquest—held in Matthews Ridge in mid-December, offers an important chronology. According to his testimony, the physician arrived in Jonestown on 20 November and viewed what he stated were "several hundred of dead bodies some [of which] were identified to me by Odell Rhodes."[7] He testified that he "really started my examination of the said dead bodies on the Monday night 20 November."
Cables from the U.S. Embassy in Georgetown supplement this chronology. According to one such cable:
Dr. Cyril Mootoo, GOG pathologist, testified that beginning on Nov 20 he conducted toxicological studies without [dissection] on thirty-nine bodies identified by Odell Rhodes [name withheld by FBI], and on twenty-five bodies, chosen at random, from those that had not then been identified. Results showed that all sixty-four died of 'acute cyanide poisoning,' according to the testimony of both [Assistant Commissioner for Crime, Cecil "Skip"] Roberts and Mootoo[.][8]
As his testimony continued, he reported that "I started to work on the 21st November, 1978 about 9.00 a.m." to conduct "a post mortem with autopsy" on Jim Jones, concluding that the cause of death was a gunshot wound to the head. He declared that he "examined James Warren Jones' abdomen and found no abnormality." Nor did he find any abnormality in the "partial dissection" he conducted on Ann Moore. He concluded in her case that she, too, had died of a gunshot wound.[9]
It is crucial to remember that Dr. Mootoo "partially dissected" only two people in Jonestown—Jim Jones and Ann Moore—and conducted toxicology studies on just sixty-four.[10] In other words, he did not perform any autopsies on Jonestown victims. Indeed, "[t]he autopsies normally required by Guyana law were waived by the government after a U.S. toxicologist and a Guyanese doctor tested some of the bodies and determined that poison was present."[11] In addition, both Dr. Mootoo and Police Commissioner Roberts testified that they saw only two bodies with external wounds—again, those of Jones and Moore.[12] All of these facts will be at issue in subsequent analyses.
One additional fact is significant: the presence of hypodermic needles, as well as syringes without needles, scattered amidst the paper cups which people used to drink the poison. (A syringe is a hollow, cylinder-shaped piece of equipment used for sucking liquid out of something or pushing liquid into something, according to the Cambridge Dictionary. With a needle attached to the end, it may be called a hypodermic.) As early as 22 November, reporters described finding such needles.[13] An account from 23 November stated: "[b]ut not all died by drinking the brew. Scattered among the bodies, many of them locked in a death embrace, were numerous hypodermic needles, indicating some chose injections as their way."[14] The question of choice, of course, is contested today, but the existence of syringes and needles is not.
Robert J. Oglesby Jr.— the Legal Attaché from the U.S. Embassy in Caracas assigned to work the investigation out of the Georgetown Embassy[15] —conducted an interview with Dr. Mootoo in Georgetown on 14 December 1978. At that time the pathologist said he
observed many syringes (well over 50 but too numerous to count) and numerous hypodermic needles both uncapped and capped. He tested one syringe which contained cyanide. He tested one of the hypodermic needles and it contained valium. He observed numerous vials and one of the vials tested contained cyanide and valium.[16]
In that same interview, Dr. Mootoo stated that he observed "what appeared to be recent skin punctures on some of the bodies about the upper arms." His personal opinion was that they may have been made by needles, but that could be verified only by tests made of skin tissue, which he said he was presently conducting. The results of the tests "will be available at a later date," he told the embassy official.
Finally, on 27 December, Dr. Mootoo furnished two samples of the poison recovered from Jonestown, according to a cable from the American Embassy. "One sample, darker color, in [a] smaller bottle, was taken from the cauldron by a syringe, and was stored in the syringe. The other sample, lighter color, in taller bottle, was taken from the cauldron in an open [container], and has been stored in an open container. These samples have been placed inside crate number six."[17]
To our knowledge, these two vials of poison were the only evidentiary items ever turned over by Dr. Mootoo to U.S. government representatives. The FBI expected to receive complete reports from him, as shown by a cable dated 16 February 1979:
Dr. Mootoo indicated pathology report of examination made of bodies at Jonestown on November [date illegible], was complete and he was carrying report with him as well as toxicology study for poison on unidentified bodies made at Jonestown. Dr. Mootoo will also have list of names of bodies identified by Odell Rhodes at Jonestown.
During visit of Dr. Mootoo at FBIHQ on February [date illegible], 1979, Xeroxed copies of the above documents should be obtained for forwarding to the San Francisco office.[18]
Dr. Mootoo was in the United States to attend a meeting of the American Academy of Forensic Sciences in Atlanta, where his speech of 17 February stunned medical examiners from around the country (more on this below). But a snowstorm prevented his continuing to Washington, D.C. for the meeting slated for 20 February. A cable dated 14 March indicated that the FBI still wanted the reports and instructed the legal attaché from the Caracas Embassy to obtain them from Dr. Mootoo.[19] A cable sent from Caracas the next day informed the FBI Director that the Georgetown Embassy had been instructed to get the documents.[20] Clearly, U.S. officials were anxious to learn about Dr. Mootoo's findings.
The disappointing response was revealed in a cable signed by Ambassador John Burke dated 26 March:
1. Dr. Leslie Mootoo, GOG pathologist, believes there has been some misunderstanding as he had no formal report to present to FBI [Headquarters] and had intended to only make an informal oral report.
2. Mootoo states also that he did not make any toxicology studies of those assassinated at Port Kaituma airstrip as all victims died of gunshot wounds.
3. Finally, with reference to press reports that he had given American Embassy Georgetown samples, Dr. Mootoo stated that this referred to vials of poisonous drink that he had given [Assistant Legal Attaché Dwight] Garrettson.[21]
This concludes the presentation of how Dr. Mootoo initially described actions concerning examination of the bodies found in Jonestown, Port Kaituma, and Georgetown. There is a postscript, however. Robert Oglesby and Donald R. Hale—the Special Agent from the FBI's San Francisco office in charge of that office's investigation of Leo Ryan's death—traveled to Guyana in late April 1979 to conduct further investigations. A cable recounting the results of their visit states that "Numerous attempts were made to meet with Dr. Mootoo, with no success."[22]
Dr. Mootoo was Mistaken
Leslie Mootoo was charged with an almost impossible task: to determine the cause of death of more than 900 people, and to conduct appropriate medical-legal examinations of five individuals shot at an air field in Port Kaituma, as well as the four who died in Georgetown by having their throats cut.[23] He and his staff faced daunting conditions in Jonestown, where the heat and rain accelerated the decomposition of countless bodies. By his own account, he "stopped working in Jonestown after 32 hours because of fatigue and insufficient supplies of equipment and food." He added that "he and his three Guyanese assistants ran out of water and could not drink from the Jonestown wells for fear of poison."[24] It is therefore understandable that he got a few things wrong—most significantly, the nature of the gunshot wounds on Jim Jones and Ann Moore.
Dr. Mootoo stated that Jim Jones had been shot on the right side of his head. He furnished the following information to the American Embassy in Georgetown:
He said there was a small bullet entry wound above the right ear, with a large, 4 centimeter exit wound behind the left ear. The wounds appeared to be self-inflicted, using a small pistol which was found lying on the victim's chest. Dr. Mootoo said he also tested for poison and there was not evidence that he had taken any. A complete autopsy was not done as the cause of death was obvious.[25]
At the Guyana Inquest in December, Mootoo repeated his belief that "Jones died as a result of a head wound caused by the 'near discharge' of a .38 caliber handgun." He stated that the wound "was located in one of the 'suicide areas' for a right-handed person," though he could not deduce whether the injury was self-inflicted.[26]
In the case of Annie, however, Dr. Mootoo declared that she had been shot by a high-powered rifle because the left side of her head was blown away. He concluded that she had been murdered.[27]
Because U.S. officials were more interested in who murdered Congressman Ryan than in how 900 American citizens died, they made little effort to perform even the most rudimentary tests on site.[28] Working with the primary investigative body involved—namely, the FBI—the Armed Forces Institute of Pathology (AFIP) did agree to conduct seven autopsies in the United States: Jim Jones, Maria Katsaris, Carolyn Moore Layton, Ann Elizabeth Moore, Laurence Schacht, Violatt Dillard, and Richard Castillo. The government required an autopsy of Jones. With the exception of Dillard and Castillo, the autopsies on the others had been requested by family members.[29]
What AFIP reported was that the entrance wound for Jones was in the left temple and the exit wound was on the right.[30] Since no cyanide was present, the physicians concluded the cause of death was due to the gunshot. In contrast, the entrance wound for Annie was in the right temple, with the exit wound on the left.[31] Because the staff at the Dover Air Force Base mortuary, where the bodies were processed, immediately embalmed everyone upon their arrival from Guyana, meaningful toxicological studies could not be conducted. Nevertheless, in Annie's case, traces of cyanide were found in muscle tissue, leading to speculation as to cause of death:
The shooting [of Ann] was surely not antecedent to the administration of cyanide. The possibilities then are a self-inflicted gunshot wound during an agonal period following cyanide ingestion/injection or a coup de grâce gunshot wound inflicted by another party. Incapacitation following cyanide poisoning is not necessarily immediate. The use of multiple modalities for effecting suicide is not uncommon.[32]
In other words, Annie might have taken poison and then shot herself to speed up the process of dying. Although an outsider might have shot her, it is more likely that she shot herself, given the fact that she left a suicide note.[33]
In the case of Jones, however, the AFIP's autopsy findings support the view that he might have been shot by someone else. It is believed, though not confirmed, that Jim Jones was right-handed. An entrance wound on the left temple would not be impossible for a right-handed person. But an injury on the left, coupled with the fact that Dr. Mootoo reported finding "a small pistol" on Jones' chest, suggests murder. Or assisted suicide.
There are several reasons to explain how Dr. Mootoo got it wrong in these instances. First, of course, was the inability to conduct complete autopsies in laboratory conditions. A close examination of the skulls would have clearly indicated the bullets' trajectories. Second, in cases of gunshot "generally, the exit wound is larger than the entrance wound, but it is just the opposite when you talk about a contact gunshot wound," according to Dr. Rudiger Breitenecker, a civilian member of the AFIP team that performed autopsies on Jones and Moore. "Even in the decomposing state of [Jones'] body and everything else, we could establish without any doubt that it was a contact wound from the left."[34] These facts account for Dr. Mootoo's erroneous beliefs that the entrance wound for Jones was on the right side of his head; and that Annie had been shot with a dum dum, given that the left side of her head—where the actual contact wound was—was virtually destroyed.
Dr. Mootoo Changes His Story
It is no wonder that some of Dr. Mootoo's initial findings were incorrect. He was working under the most adverse circumstances. More problematic, however, is his departure from the sworn testimony he provided in a court of law, as well as multiple interviews he gave to both government officials and to reporters.
It is essential to recall that Dr. Mootoo did not perform autopsies on anyone who died in Jonestown. Nor did he claim to, at least not at first. His postmortem examinations consisted of spot checks at the scene and toxicology samples of fewer than 70 people. These hardly comprise what are widely-accepted to be autopsies, as anyone who has watched the television program Crime Scene Investigation would know. Yet Dr. Mootoo came to insist that that's exactly what he had done.
On 12 December 1978, the New York Times cited an unnamed source as saying that "At least 70 members of the People's Temple, most of them adults, were given injections of cyanide at Jonestown instead of drinking it."[35] A Times article published two days later revealed the probable sources as Dr. Mootoo and police officials, who spoke to reporters prior to the commencement of the Guyana Inquest.[36] In an interview with the Chicago Tribune on 16 December, Dr. Mootoo declared that "I do not believe there were ever more than 200 persons who died voluntarily," adding that "he based his conclusions on 70 autopsies performed on victims, as well as his examination of other bodies and an inspection of the scene."[37] In that same interview—given almost a full month after 18 November—he stated for the first time "that dozens of adult victims whose bodies he examined had died of poison injected into a portion of their upper arms. Mootoo said it is virtually impossible for a person to inject himself in that part of the upper arm."[38] A news story on 19 December more modestly reported that "he found evidence of needle injections in the bodies of some cultists, indicating that they had been murder, and not suicide, victims."[39]
The number of bodies examined by Dr. Mootoo continued to grow. When he spoke at the annual meeting of the American Academy of Forensic Sciences in February 1979, "Dr. Mootoo reported that tests of stomach contents from 81 bodies at Jonestown showed evidence of cyanide, and that additional tests showed another 83 people had been injected with cyanide."[40]
These ever-inflated claims of examinations, coupled with the first references to injections, beg the following question: Why did Dr. Mootoo not introduce his belief that people had been injected when he gave his testimony at the Guyana Inquest? He had reported finding syringes present. As noted previously, he also told a representative of the U.S. Embassy that he had found syringes and hypodermic needles, and had tested a single syringe, which contained cyanide, and a single hypodermic needle, which contained valium.Dr. Mootoo also told this same official that he observed "what appeared to be recent skin punctures on some of the bodies about the upper arms, and his personal opinion is that they may have been made by needles."[41]
Yet at the inquest, neither Dr. Mootoo nor Police Commissioner Roberts said anything about injections, according to reporter Charles Krause, a journalist who had accompanied Congressman Ryan to Jonestown and was wounded in the Port Kaituma attack. Nor did they speculate on the cause of death:
Neither Mootoo nor Roberts gave any indication during their testimony of how many persons they thought voluntarily had drunk the Peoples Temple poison and how many were forced to drink it.
Mootoo testified that he had done 56 autopsies during the first days after the Jonestown tragedy was officially discovered on the evening of Nov. 20. He mentioned nothing about finding syringe marks on any of these bodies, as had been reported.[42]
Dr. Mootoo's own testimony confirms that of Krause, although the number of bodies examined is a bit lower, according to the reporter's notebook. The jury at the Guyana Inquest concluded that all but Annie Moore and Maria Katsaris were victims of murder. Clearly, members had not learned of "unconfirmed news reports of the past week that many of those found dead at Jonestown had apparently been killed by poison injected into them by the Jonestown medical staff," wrote Krause:
The only evidence introduced during the 10-day inquest that indicated that anyone might have been injected with the cyanide poison came from Dr. Mootoo, who is the Guyanese government's official pathologist.
In a letter that was introduced to augment his oral testimony, Mootoo said "several" of the 39 bodies he had examined on the ground in Jonestown had needle marks on their arms.[43]
The reluctance of Dr. Mootoo to speculate as to the cause of the puncture marks may be rather simple: he was the one who made them. Charles Krause, who was at the scene for several days, reported on Dr. Mootoo's appearance in Jonestown on 20 November (though not by name):
The bodies, which had been on the ground for almost three days in the muggy climate here, were beginning to bloat. A Guyanese doctor was sent in yesterday to puncture them because it was feared many would burst open before today [21 November], when U.S. Army medical teams are scheduled to arrive at Jonestown to begin identifying and shipping the[m] back to the United States.[44]
Admittedly, Krause may have been mistaken as to the doctor's purposes: this may well have been Dr. Mootoo drawing toxicological samples, rather than puncturing the bodies to prevent rupture.[45] Inserting a needle into the abdomen to determine if cyanide was present in the stomach might well have appeared to deflate the putrefying bodies. Inserting a needle into the upper arm of many of the bodies might have been the only option available, given the fact that they were face down on the ground. What is strange, however, is that Krause himself did not report seeing any victims of forcible injection.
There are other inconsistencies in Dr. Mootoo's stories. In December 1978, for example, he told an embassy official he had tested only a single needle and a single syringe;[46] but in February 1979 he used the plural in speaking before a gathering of 800 medical examiners: "tests of syringes fitted with needles showed cyanide in large concentrations and also traces of Valium, a tranquilizer, he said. Tests on other syringes, without needles, showed far larger concentrations of cyanide."[47]
The Church of Scientology's Freedom Magazine shows additional inconsistencies in Dr. Mootoo's account, revealed in an interview with the medical examiner.[48] It is worth citing in full.
Dr. Mootoo, the government's top pathologist and the first physician on the scene, told Freedom that many had died from injections of cyanide. After 32 hours of nonstop work in stifling heat, amid decaying flesh, in Mootoo's words, "We gave up." By that time, 187 bodies killed by injections had been examined by Mootoo and his team. Victims had been injected in portions of their bodies they could not have reached themselves, such as between the shoulder blades or in the back of an upper arm. "Those who were injecting them knew what they were doing," Mootoo said. [Italics in original]
The article goes on to quote an American Green Beret, rather than Dr. Mootoo, who asserted that many individuals were found shot in Jonestown. Dr. Mootoo told reporters that he believed that a number of individuals might have been shot, but in his testimony he named only two.
I wrote to Tom Whittle, the lead author on articles about Jonestown published by the Church of Scientology, to determine what Dr. Mootoo had actually said. (Some information in "Unanswered Questions About Jonestown" seems to have come from a New York Times article published in 1979.[49]) Mr. Whittle spoke with Dr. Mootoo on several occasions. The first time was in late 1979, and other instances occurred prior to publication of articles in 1995 and 1997, and shortly before he died. The pathologist verified that the information and comments attributed to him were correct. In the words of Mr. Whittle:
Dr. Mootoo was the original source about the injections being given between the shoulder blades. Charles Huff, a former member of the U.S. Army's Special Forces, came forward and also stated that injections had been administered between the shoulder blades.[50]
These claims were new. Dr. Mootoo had belatedly reported seeing puncture wounds about the upper arms, but he never mentioned observing injections applied between the shoulder blades in his testimony at the Guyana Inquest, his comments to U.S. officials, or his presentation at the American Academy of Forensic Sciences.
I am not suggesting that no one in Jonestown was injected against their will on 18 November. There are photographs that show hypodermic needles at the scene, and eyewitness testimony as to what happened. I am merely arguing that Dr. Mootoo himself provided no credible evidence in support of this conjecture.
More troubling, however, is that Dr. Mootoo's inconsistencies mounted as time passed. And as more primary sources go online at Alternative Considerations that detail the earliest accounts of the deaths, his credibility should be declining. Instead, it continues to increase. He has become the dominant source for both well-reasoned accounts of what happened in Jonestown and for speculative counter-factual accounts. This should give us pause.
Misrepresenting Dr. Mootoo
While it is one thing for Dr. Mootoo to have been mistaken and another for him to revise his account, it is a vastly different issue when Dr. Mootoo's findings are misrepresented by writers for their own ideological agendas. John Judge's "The Black Hole of Guyana" is a veritable goldmine of disinformation. I focus on Judge in particular because many of the following ideas—and exact words—appear in subsequent online conspiracy memes.
Let us first consider Dr. Mootoo's arrival in Jonestown. He said he got there on 20 November. At the earliest, this would have been in the afternoon, given his oversight of autopsies in Georgetown in the morning. In addition, Police Commissioner Roberts confirms that Dr. Mootoo did not arrive until late that day. Yet Judge asserts that the pathologist was quickly on the scene: "Dr. Mootoo, the top Guyanese pathologist, was at Jonestown within hours after the massacre."[51] I think the normal understanding of "within hours" for most people would be just a few—not forty-eight, or two whole days.
Next, it is true that Dr. Mootoo declared in a newspaper interview in December 1978 (though not in his sworn testimony) that he believed that 700 Jonestown residents had been murdered, adding that he did not think that more than 200 died voluntarily.[52] But nowhere does any document assert, as Judge does, that "Dr. Mootoo found fresh needle marks at the back of the left shoulder blades of 80-90% of the victims. Others had been shot or strangled."[53] Judge's endnote cites the New York Times, which actually reported injections in the upper arm, not the back of the left shoulder blades. The sources he cites do not support his assertion of widespread gunshot injuries or strangulation. Moreover, since only about 400 bodies were visible when Dr. Mootoo was on site, he could not have determined how many people had been murdered or what percentage of them had been injected.
Finally, Dr. Mootoo initially stated that the gun presumably used to kill Jones was found on the victim's chest.[54] At the Guyana Inquest, the gun had moved 20 feet from Jones' body.[55] Still later, John Judge says, "The gun that reportedly shot Jim Jones was lying nearly 200 feet from his body, not a likely suicide weapon."[56] This trope of the gun lying 200 feet away—created by Judge—was picked up by at least one internet source.[57]
The Facts of the Matter
Thus far I have summarized what Dr. Mootoo said at the outset, looked at two errors he made, identified the ways in which he embellished his initial account, and noted a few egregious misuses of the doctor's name in support of speculative hypotheses. The following sketch is what I believe is an accurate report of what Dr. Mootoo does during the first few crucial days after 18 November.
He arrives in Jonestown in the late afternoon of Monday 20 November. Odell Rhodes shows him around. Since sunset occurs at 6:38 p.m. in Port Kaituma on 20 November, it is unlikely that any meaningful examinations occur that night. Artificial lighting is minimal, since Jonestown is a village set in the middle of a jungle.
On Tuesday 21 November, Dr. Mootoo examines Jim Jones and Ann Moore relatively closely, and later he and his assistants draw toxicology samples from some of the bodies identified by Rhodes, along with some who were not identified. Depending on the source, they take samples from 56, 64, or 65 individuals; at any rate, no more than 70 are tested.
Mootoo and his team fly back to Georgetown on Tuesday afternoon or evening. I conclude this from several facts: he says he "spent the night" (singular) in Jonestown; he says he worked 32 hours in Jonestown; and he is back in Georgetown performing autopsies on the Amos family by 11:00 a.m. the next day.
On Wednesday 22 November, Dr. Mootoo conducts autopsies on a total of nine individuals: four who died in Georgetown, and five who died in Port Kaituma.
These facts raise a number of questions that seriously undermine Dr. Mootoo's credibility.
The pathologist had no more than twelve hours of daylight to work in Jonestown (sunrise in Port Kaituma being 6:53 a.m. on 21 November). Thus, his examinations were cursory, at best. Coupled with the brevity of his time at the scene was the enormity of the disaster. "There were piles upon piles of bodies," said Miami Herald photographer Tim Chapman, who was there on that same day.[58] The photographer graphically described the decomposing bodies that had burst apart, with fluids, guts, and intestines running out, "bodies virtually held in by clothing." How exactly could Dr. Mootoo and his team find puncture wounds—in either the upper arms or between the shoulder blades—of people who were clothed and literally bursting at the seams?
Nor did he did autopsy Jim Jones, as he claimed. He did make an incision into Jones' abdomen, but when pathologists from the AFIP examined the body they found that the incision "did not go anywhere other than into the abdomen," according to Dr. Breitenecker. "The abdominal organs had not been dissected and the chest had not even been opened for examination. This was a totally meaningless incision."[59]
For me, Dr. Mootoo's most egregious boast, however, is that he autopsied 70 people in Jonestown. That simply is not, and never was, true.
It should be clear by now that we must be very cautious in relying upon much of what Dr. Leslie Mootoo said of the deaths in Jonestown. It is true that he was the first medical examiner on the scene, but I don't think this grants him more credibility than actual eyewitnesses to the events. Tim Carter watched his wife and child die, shortly after the process had begun; Odell Rhodes observed the deaths of the children and the beginning of those of the adults; Stanley Clayton provided the most complete account, since he was there the longest before he fled.[60] Each contributes a great deal more than anything Dr. Mootoo has to offer.
I am writing this analysis having the benefit of numerous documents obtained through the Freedom of Information Act and Wiki-Leaks. Previous writers had limited, or no, access to this information. They relied upon news reports and, a very few, upon personal interviews. I do not fault them, therefore, for accepting news accounts at face value. The initial reports were wildly inaccurate, but improved as more information, and facts, became available. My sister Annie Moore, for example, was confused in some early news accounts with the elderly Annie McGowan, and vice versa. This was corrected as time went on.
With the publication of this article, however, I would assert that no one can any longer use ignorance of the facts as an excuse. I have presented Dr. Mootoo's original story, what he said at the very outset, before he became a type of celebrity. Subsequent writers who ignore this testimony, therefore, are simply spreading falsehoods—either ones fabricated by Dr. Mootoo or their own. This is not a matter of interpretation. It is a matter of documentation.
[1] Russell S. Strasser, "Autopsies," in Forensic Science, ed. Ayn Embar-Seddon and Allan D. Pass (Pasadena, CA: Salem Press, 2009), n.p.
[2] John Judge, "The Black Hole of Guyana: The Untold Story of the Jonestown Massacre" (Portland, OR: Feral House, 1993), republished on Alternative Considerations of Jonestown and Peoples Temple (henceforth Alternative Considerations); Jim Hougan, "The Secret Life of Jim Jones: A Parapolitical Fugue" Lobster 37 (1999): 2–20, republished on Alternative Considerations, Tom Whittle, "Unanswered Questions about Jonestown," 10 June 2018, and "Unanswered Questions about Jonestown, Part Two," 16 July 2018.
[3] See the accounts of Odell Rhodes, given in Ethan Feinsod, Awake in a Nightmare: Jonestown the Only Eyewitness Account (New York: W. W. Norton, 1981); and of Stanley Clayton, given in Kenneth Wooden, The Children of Jonestown (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1981).
[4] Leo Ryan Autopsy Report, RYMUR Section 16, Serial 1271, Alternative Considerations. RYMUR was the FBI's shorthand to denote the investigation into the murder of Congressman Leo Ryan.
[5] Autopsy Reports provided to officials from U.S. State Department and the FBI by Crime Commissioner Cecil Roberts, 2 February 1979, RYMUR Section 28, Serial 1894, Alternative Considerations.
[6] Associated Press, "Mass Guyana Sect Suicides—Hundreds More Flee Into Jungle," Oakland Tribune, 20 November 1978, p. 15.
[7] C. Leslie Mootoo, Guyana Inquest, 13 December 1978, RYMUR Section 28, Serial 1840, Alternative Considerations. Text presented as it is in the transcript.
[8] Cable, U.S. Embassy Georgetown to State Department, 14 December 1978, RYMUR Section 15, Serial 1232, Alternative Considerations, PDF pages 325–27. The bracketed word [dissection] replaces the original word "vivisection."
[9] Mootoo, Guyana Inquest, 13 December 1978.
[10] The description of the autopsy of Ann Elizabeth Moore conducted by the Armed Forces Institute of Pathology gives the figure of sixty-five toxicology screens, citing "reports by the consultant forensic pathologist to the government of Guyana, Dr. Leslie Mootoo, that cyanide was recovered from syringes at the scene and from the stomach contents of 65 victims." "Autopsy Protocol," 15 December 1978, RYMUR Section 32, Serial 2178, Alternative Considerations.
[11] Jeremiah O'Leary, ""U.S. Begins Airlift of Cultists' Bodies," Washington Star, 22 November 1978, p. A-6.
[12] Cable, U.S. Embassy to State Department, 14 December 1978.
[13] O'Leary, "U.S. Begins Airlift of Cultists' Bodies."
[14] Leonard Greenwood, "Airlift of 400 Bodies Begins," Los Angeles Times, 23 November 1978, p. 6.
[15] For the identification of Robert J. Oglesby Jr. as the Legal Attaché from the Caracas Embassy assigned to the Georgetown Embassy, see RYMUR Section 23, Serial 1668, Alternative Considerations. Other documents characterize Oglesby as a Special Agent in the FBI, see e.g., RYMUR Section 28, Serial 1894, Alternative Considerations, PDF page 431.
[16] FBI Transcription, 14 December 1978, RYMUR Section 28, Serial 1894, Alternative Considerations, PDF page 420.
[17] Cable, U.S. Embassy in Georgetown to FBI Headquarters, 28 December 1978, RYMUR Sec 20, Serial 1464, Alternative Considerations, PDF pages 10–11. Text as in original cable.
[18] Cable, U.S. Embassy in Caracas, Venezuela sent to FBI Headquarters and forwarded to San Francisco FBI Field Office, 16 February 1979,RYMUR Section 30, Serial 1990, Alternative Considerations, PDF page 61.
[19] Cable, FBI Director to Caracas Legal Attaché, 14 March 1979, RYMUR Section 30, Serial 1991, Alternative Considerations, PDF page 62.
[20] Cable, Caracas Legal Attaché to FBI Director, 15 March 1979, RYMUR Section 30, Serial 1997, Alternative Considerations, PDF page 103.
[21] Cable, U.S. Embassy Georgetown to U.S. Embassy Caracas, 26 March 1979, RYMUR Section 30, Serial 2062, Alternative Considerations, PDF pages 362–63.
[22] Cable, San Francisco FBI Office to FBI Director, 1 May 1979, RYMUR Section 31, Serial 2142, Alternative Considerations, PDF page 157.
[23] For complete autopsy reports of those who died in Port Kaituma and in Georgetown see "Autopsies in Guyana," Alternative Considerations.
[24] Lawrence K. Altman, "Official of Guyana Tells of Aid Offer," New York Times, 18 February 1979, p. 26.
[25] Cable, U.S. Embassy to State Department, 23 November 1978, RYMUR Section 1, Serial 74, Alternative Considerations.
[26] Cable, U.S. Embassy to State Department, 14 December 1978, RYMUR Section 15, Serial 1232. See also Mootoo, Guyana Inquest, 13 December 1978.
[27] Mootoo, Guyana Inquest, 13 December 1978.
[28] Rebecca Moore, "Last Rights," Alternative Considerations.
[29] For autopsy reports of seven who died in Jonestown see "Autopsies in the United States," Alternative Considerations.
[30] Autopsy Report, James Warren Jones, 15 December 1978, Alternative Considerations.
[31] Autopsy Report, Ann Elizabeth Moore, 15 December 1978, Alternative Considerations.
[32] Autopsy Report, Ann Elizabeth Moore.
[33] "Annie Moore's Last Letter,".
[34] Lawrence K. Altman, "Findings in Jones Autopsy Called Consistent With Murder or Suicide," New York Times, 19 December 1978, p. B17.
[35] Nicholas M. Horrock, "Some in Cult Received Cyanide by Injection, Guyanese Sources Say," New York Times, 12 December 1978, p. A1.
[36] Nicholas M. Horrock, "Cult Victim Slain, Guyana Jury Told," New York Times, 14 December 1978, p. A15.
[37] Associated Press, "Most Jonestown Deaths Not Suicide, Doctor Says," New York Times, 17 December 1978, p. 42.
[38] Associated Press, "700 Jonestown Victims Were Murdered, Chief Pathologist Believes," Los Angeles Times, 18 December 1978, p. C9.
[39] Altman, "Findings in Jones Autopsy Called Consistent With Murder or Suicide."
[40] Altman, "Official of Guyana Tells of Aid Offer."
[41] FBI Transcription, 14 December 1978, RYMUR Section 28, Serial 1894.
[42] Charles Krause, "Doubt Remains on Jones Suicide," Washington Post, 14 December 1978, p. A21.
[43] Charles Krause, "Guyanese Panel Rules All but 2 Were Murdered," Washington Post, 23 December 1978, p. A1.
[44] Charles Krause, "Survivor: They Started with the Babies," Washington Post, 21 November 1978, p. A1.
[45] Puncturing bodies with a needle seems a bit more respectful than bayoneting the bloated bodies "to release the internal gases caused by the hot sun and high humidity," as U.S. troops allegedly did when they arrived to remove the bodies, according to Wooden, 198.
[48] Thomas G. Whittle and Jan Thorpe, "Revisiting the Jonestown Tragedy: Newly Released Documents Shed Light on Unsolved Murders," Freedom Magazine, 1997. Italics in original.
[50] Email communication, Tom Whittle to Rebecca Moore, 15 July 2018.
[51] Judge, "The Black Hole of Guyana."
[52] Associated Press, "Most Jonestown Deaths Not Suicide, Doctor Says."
[54] Cable, U.S. Embassy in Georgetown to State Department, 23 November 1978.
[55] Joseph B. Treaster, "Finding on Jonestown: Few Facts Emerged," New York Times, 25 December 1978, p. 16.
[57] "The Truth About Jonestown," accessed 10 July 2018.
[58] Tim Cahill, "In the Valley of the Shadow of Death," Rolling Stone, 25 January 1979.
[60] In addition to published accounts by Odell Rhodes and Stanley Clayton (EN 3), see their testimony, along with that of Tim Carter, at the Guyana Inquest, Alternative Considerations.
(Rebecca Moore is Professor Emerita of Religious Studies at San Diego State University. She is currently Reviews Editor for Nova Religio: The Journal of Alternative and Emergent Religions and Co-Director of The Jonestown Institute. Her other articles in this edition of the jonestown report are The Brainwashing Myth; Cult, New Religious Movement, or Minority Religion?; Nesci Book Offers Psychoanalytic Portrait of Jim Jones; Cue the Kool-Aid: Watching Jonestown Docs in the 'Fake News' Era; and Jonestown Journal. Her complete collection of articles on this site appears here. She may be reached at remoore@sdsu.edu.)
Originally posted on August 10th, 2018.
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Ashish Yadav
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m -n Theorem (Trigonometry)
Electric conductor, insulator and semiconductor
Electrical conductor
An electrical conductor is an object or type of material that allows the flow of an electrical current. Usually electrons, move easily from atom to atom with the application of voltage. Conductivity is the capacity to transmit electricity or heat.
Resistance and conductance
Resistance is known as the disruption to the flow of electrical current through a conductor. it is inversely proportional to conductor.
Conductance is known as the expression which ease with electric current flows through a substance. It is directly proportional to conductor.
The resistivity and conductivity are proportionality constants, and therefore depend only on the material the wire is made of, not the geometry of the wire.
Conductor materials
Conduction materials include metals, electrolytes, superconductors, semiconductors, plasmas and some non-metallic conductors such as graphite and Conductive polymers.
Pure silver is the best electrical conductor. Copper, steel, gold, aluminium, brass, etc are also good conductors.
Mercury is also a good conductor of electricity. A saturated salt-water solution acts as a fair conductor.
Gases are normally poor conductors because the atoms are too far apart to allow a free exchange of electrons.
Conductor ampacity
The ampacity of a conductor is the amount of current it can carry.
It is related to its electrical resistance.
Lower-resistance conductor can carry a larger value of current.
An electrical insulator is a material whose internal electric charges do not flow freely, for example Glass.
The property that distinguishes an insulator is its resistivity; insulators have higher resistivity than semiconductors or conductors
A semiconductor is a material that has an electrical conductivity value between that of a conductor and insulator.
Silicon crystals are the most common semiconducting materials used in microelectronics and photovoltaics.
Their resistance decreases as their temperature increases, opposite to a metal.
The relative density of a metal may be found by hanging a block of the metal from a spring balance and noting that in air the balance reads (5 ± 0.05) N while in water it reads (4 ± 0.05)N. The relative density would be quoted as:
A shell is fired at a speed of 200 m/s at an angle of 37° above horizontal from top of a tower 80m high. At the same instant another shell was fired from a jeep travelling away from the tower at a speed of 10 m/s as shown. The velocity of this shell relative to jeep is 250 m/s at an angle of 53° with horizontal. Find the time (in sec) taken by the two shells to come closest?
a elastic spring is compressed b/w 2 block of masses 1 and 2 kg resting on smooth horizontal table if spring has 12 j of energy and suddenly released the velocity with which 2 kg moves with
A box contains 5 different red and 6 different white balls. In how many ways can 6 balls be drawn so that there are at least two balls of each colour ?
A charged particle oscillates about its mean equilibrium position with a frequency of 10^9 Hz. The electromagnetic waves produced?
Suppose that two heat engines are connected in series, such that the heat exhaust of the first engine is used as the heat input of the second engine as shown in figure. The efficiencies of the engines are n1 and n2, respectively. The net efficiency of the combination is given by?
If the dip circle is set at 45 to the magnetic meridian, then the apparent dip is 30 . Calculate the true dip.
At a certain place, the horizontal component of earth's magnetic field is root 3 times of the vertical component. What the angle of dip at that place.
Discuss the local maximum and local minimum values of f(x).
In a group of 1000 people, there are 750 who can speak Hindi and 400 who can speak English. How many can speak Hindi only ?How many can speak English ? How many can speak both Hindi and English?
A particle is projected with a velocity of 30 m/s at an angle 60 above the horizontal on a slope of inclination 30 . Find its range, time of flight and angle of hit.
A particle is projected vertically upwards the surface of the earth (radius Re) with a speed equal to one fourth of escape velocity. What is the maximum height attained by it from the surface of the earth ?
A box of mass m is initially at rest on a horizontal surface. A constant horizontal force of mg/2 is applied to the box directed to the right. The coefficient of friction of the surface changes with the distance pushed as µ = µ0x where x is the distance from the initial location. For what distance is the box pushed until it comes to rest again?
A pendulum bob of mass m is suspended at rest. A cosntant horiozntal force F = mg/2 starts acting on it. The maximum angular deflection of the string is?
A 200 mL of solution of I2 is divided into two unequal parts. I part reacts with hypo solution in acidic medium, 30 ml of 0.2 M hypo was consumed, II part was added with 50 mL of 0.6 M NaOH solution. What was the initial concentration of I2.
The ratio of cationic radius to anionic radius in an ionic crystal is greater than 0.732. Its coordination number is?
A pair of dice is thrown. If sum of the numbers is an even number, what is the probability that it is a perfect square ?
A wire has resistance of 24 is bent in the following shape. The effective resistance between A and B is?
An equation of the plane passing through the points (3, 2, –1), (3, 4, 2) and (7, 0, 6) is 5x + 3y – 2z = l, where l is
The maximum peak to peak voltage of an AM wire is 24 mV and the minimum peak to peak voltage is 8 mV. The modulation factor is?
A dice is tossed 5 times. Getting an odd number is considered a success. Then the variance of distribution of success is?
A coin is placed on a horizontal platform which undergoes vertical simple harmonic motion of angular frequency w. The amplitude of oscillation is gradually increased. The coin will leave contact with the platform for the first time
How many groups are occupied by p-block elements in long form of periodic table?
A satellite of mass m revolves around the earth of radius R at a height x from its surface. If g is the acceleration due to gravity on the surface of the earth, the orbital speed of the satellite is/
A particle of mass 10 g is kept on the surface of a uniform sphere of mass 100 kg and radius 10 cm. Find the work to be done against the gravitational force between them to take the particle far away from the sphere.
If a hollow cyilndrical conductor having positive charge is placed near another neutral conductor. The net charge induced on neutral conductor is
The escape velocity of a body depends upon mass as?
Two protons of equal kinetic energies enter a region of uniform magnetic field. The first proton enters normal to the field direction while the second enters at 30 to the field direction. Name the trajectories followed by them.
Internal reflection is possible when light enters from which thing
The escape velocity for a body projected vertically upwards from the surface of earth is 11 km/s. If the body is projected at an angle of 45° with the vertical, the escape velocity will be
If suddenly the gravitational force of attraction between Earth and a satellite revolving around it becomes zero, then the satellite will?
In a car race sound signals emitted by the two cars are detected by the detectors on the straight track at the end point of the race. Frequency observed are 330 Hz and 360 Hz and the original frequency is 300 Hz of both cars. Race ends with the separation of 100m between the cars. Assume both cars move with constant velocity and velocity of sound is 330 m/s. Find the time (in second) taken by wining car?
A glass lens of refractive index 1.45 disappears when immersed in a liquid. What is the value of refractive index of the liquid?
What percentage of a given mass of a radioactive substance will be left un decayed after four half lives?
Write two important limitations of Rutherford nuclear model of the atom.
Why are amorphous solids isotropic in nature?
How would you expect the damage done to a brick wall to differ in the event of separate collisions with the elephant and cannonball?
Two fast moving particles X and Y are associated with deBroglie wavelengths 1 nm and 4 nm respectively. If mass ofX is nine times the mass of Y, the ratio of kinetic energies ofX and Y would be
Though the five d-orbitals are degenerate, the first four d-orbitals are similar to each other in shape whereas the fifth d-orbital is different from others. What is the designation of the fifth orbital?
In Young's double slit experiment, one of the slit is wider than other, so that amplitude of the light from one slit is double of that from other slit. If Im be the maximum intensity, the resultant intensity I when they interfere at phase difference f is given by
How many P–H and O–H bonds respectively, are present in H4 P2O7 molecule?
A triangular park is enclosed on two sides by a fence and on the third side by a straight river bank. The two sides having fence are of same length x .The maximum area enclosed by the park is?
Coefficient of variation of two distributions are 60 and 70, and their standard deviations are 21 and 16, respectively. Their arithmetic means are?
An arch is in the form of semi-ellipse. It is 8m wide and 2m high at the centre. Then, the height of the arch at a point1.5m from one end is?
What is the Methods of Preparation of Alcohols?
Which of the following pairs show reverse properties on moving along a period from left to right and from up to down in a group :
The helical structure of proteins is stabilized by?
A car, starting from rest, accelerates at the rate f through a distance s, then continues at constant speed for time t and then decelerates at the rate f/2 to come to rest. If the total distance traversed is 15 s, then what will be the value of s?
Consider a car moving on a straight road with a speed of 100 m/s. The distance at which car can be stopped is?
A light string passing over a smooth light pulley connects two blocks of masses m1 and m2 (vertically). If the acceleration of the system is g/8, then the ratio of the masses is?
The minimum velocity (in m/s ) with which a car driver must traverse a flat curve of radius150 m and coefficient of friction 0.6 to avoid skidding is?
A lift is moving down with acceleration a. A man in the lift drops a ball inside the lift. The acceleration of the ball as observed by the man in the lift and a man standing stationary on the ground are respectively?
A boy playing on the roof of a 10 m high building throws a ball with a speed of 10 m/s at an angle of 30° with the horizontal. How far from the throwing point will the ball be at the height of 10 m from the ground ?
What amount of CaO is produced by 1g of calcium?
Calculate the volume of CO2 obtained at STP when 3.5 g of K2CO3 reacts with excess of dil HCl?
Write briefly about genetic diversity.
What type of bonding helps in stabilising the alpha-helix structure of proteins? Explain
What is the force between two small charged spheres having charges of 2*10^-7 and 3*10^-7 placed 30 cm apart in air?
The variation of specific heat capacity (C) of a solid as a function of temperature (T). The temperature is increased continuously from 0 to 500 K at a constant rate. Ignoring any volume change, the following statement(s) is (are) correct to a reasonable approximation.
Let PQ be a focal chord of the parabola
Why should electrostatic filed be zero inside a conductor?
Consider an expanding sphere of instantaneous radius R whose total mass remains constant
Prove that for short magnetic dipol
Mention three modes of propagation used in communication system. Explain with the help of a neat and labelled diagram how long distance communication can be achieved by ionosphere reflection of radio waves
A wire of resistivity is stretched to three times of its original length. How many times does it's the resistance increase?
A car is standing 200 m behind a truck which is also at rest.The two start moving at the same instant but the different forward accelerations.The truck has acceleration 2 m/s^2 and the car has acceleration 4m/s^2. The car will catch up with bus after a time?
A uniform electric field and a uniform magnetic field are acting along the same direction in certain region. If an electron is projected in the region such that its velocity is pointed along direction of fields, then the electron?
In Dumas' method of estimation of nitrogen 0.35 g of an organic compound gave 55 mL of nitrogen collected at 300 K temperature and 715 mm pressure. The percentage composition of nitrogen in the compound would be (Aqueous tension at 300 K = 15 mm) ?
Twenty meters of wire is available for fencing off a flower-bed in the form of a circular sector. Then the maximum area (in sq. m) of the flower-bed, is?
What is paramagnetic?
The sum of the number of lone pairs of electrons on each central atom?
what is newton's first law?
A stationary source emits sound of frequency f0 = 492 Hz. The sound is reflected by a large car approaching the source with a speed of 2 m/s . The reflected signal is received by the soruce and superposed with the original. What will be the beat frequency of the resulting signal in Hz? (Given that the speed of sound in air is 330 m/s and the car reflects the sound at the frequency it has received).
When a current of 5 mA is passed through a galvanometer having a coil of resistance 15Ω, it shows full scale deflection. The value of the resistance to be put in series with the galvanometer to convert it into a voltmeter of range 0 – 10V is?
The formation of which of the following polymers involves hydrolysis reaction?
The most abundant elements by mass in the body of a healthy human adult are: Oxygen (61.4%); Carbon (22.9%), Hydrogen (10.0%); and Nitrogen (2.6%). The weight which a 75 kg person would gain if all H atoms are replaced by 2H atoms is?
In a Young's double slit experiment, slits are separated by 0.5 mm, and the screen is placed 150 cm away. A beam of light consisting of two wavelengths, 650 nm and 520 nm, is used to obtain interference fringes on the screen. The least distance from the common central maximum to the point where the bright fringes due to both the wavelengths coincide is
A copper ball of mass 100 gm is at a temperature T. It is dropped in a copper calorimeter of mass 100 gm, filled with 170 gm of water at room temperature. Subsequently, the temperature of the system is found to be 75 C. T is given by: (Given : room temperature = 30 C, specific heat of copper = 0.1 cal/gm C)
If two different numbers are taken from the set {0, 1, 2, 3, …, 10}; then the probability that their sum as well as absolute difference are both multiple of 4, is:
For three events A, B and C, P(Exactly one of A or B occurs) = P(Exactly one of B or C occurs) = P (Exactly one of C or A occurs) = 1 /4 and P(All the three events occur simultaneously) = 1/ 16 . Then the probability that at least one of the events occurs, is:
Two reactions R1 and R2 have identical pre exponential factors. Activation energy of R1 exceeds that of R2 by 10kj /mol. if k1 and k2 are rate constants R1 and R2 respectively at 300 K, then In (K2/K1) is equal to? Given (R=8.314 J/mol K)
A metal crystallise is a face entered cubic structure. if the edge length of its unit cell is 'a', the closest approach between two atom in metallic crystal will be?
The fallowing observations were taken for determine surface tension T of water by capillary method: diameter of capillary, D = 1.25 * 10^-2 m rise of water, h = 1.45* 10^-2m Using g = 9.80 m/s^2 and the simplified relation T = rhg/2*10^3 N/m, the possible error in surface tension is closest to?
What will be the beat frequency of the resulting signal in Hz if A stationary source emits sound of frequency f = 492 Hz. The sound is reflected by a large car approaching the source with a speed of 2 m/s. The reflected signal is received by the soruce and superposed with the original (Given that the speed of sound in air is 330 m/s and the car reflects the sound at the frequency it has received)?
What will be maximum area (in sq. m) of the flower-bed if Twenty meters of wire is available for fencing off a flower-bed in the form of a circular sector?
A rocket is launched normal to the surface of earth, away from the Sun, along the line joining the Sun and the Earth. The Sun is 3 *10^5 times heavier than the Earth and is at a distance 2.5 *10^4 times larger than the radius of the Earth. The escape velocity from Earth's gravitational field is ve = 11.2 km /s The minimum initial (vs) required for the rocket to be able to leave the Sun-earth system is closest to(Ignore the rotation and revolution of the Earth and the presence of any other planet).
An electron in a hydrogen atom undergoes a transition from an orbit with quantum numebr ni to another with quantum number nf. Vi and Vf are respectively the initial and final potential energies of the electon. If vi/ vf =6.25, Then what is smallest possible nf is
If a chord, which is not a tangent, of the parabola y2 = 16x has the equation 2x + y = p, and midpoint (h, k), then what is(are) possible value(s) of p, h and k ?
Why colour of the X2 molecules of group 17 elements changes gradually from yellow to violet down the group?
A myopic person uses specs of power –0.5 D. What is the distance (in meter) of the far point of his eye?
Find the volume of a pyramid whose base is a square with side lengths of 10 m and height 9 m.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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My name is Gloria Hevener. I am 76 years old with two daughters, a son, four grandchildren and one great grandchild. My last job was a Program Manager in Network Operations at Sprint. I loved my work and luckily, as a result of my job at Sprint, I am very technology savvy and can use my computer and iPad to my advantage. My husband and I did lots of traveling during our first years of retirement – nearly around the world.
Byline: Michelle Ciucci, PhD, CCC-SLP is an Assistant Professor in the Departments of Communication Sciences and Disorders, Surgery-Otolaryngology Head & Neck Surgery, and the Neuroscience Training Program at the University of Wisconsin-Madison. Michelle recently joined the NFOSD as a board member.
Tell me a bit about yourself before your stoke?
I assisted students who were preparing to enter college, helping them select their Major and emphasizing the importance of starting and finishing school. I was known as having impeccable enunciation and pronunciation. I wrote, directed and performed in radio skits for a NY Radio Station and at one time was scheduled to be a TV spokesperson. My written communication skills including: grammar, spelling and punctuation were excellent. At one time I freelanced as a Publicist/Marketing Specialist for community theatre, small business and celebrities. I was published in an anthology and wrote for a couple of magazines, once upon a lifetime ago.


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Alpha-gal syndrome on the rise, all it takes is one tick bite
"I wouldn't wish this on anybody," Tj Bruce said. "I mean it's a life-changing ordeal."
by: Lauren Krakau
BELLA VISTA, Ark. (KNWA/KFTA) — A Benton County couple's world turned upside down after getting bit by a tick.
My life is completely different, it is a total 180.
TJ BRUCE, HAS ALPHA-GAL SYNDROME
About two years ago, Tj Bruce found a tick bite underneath his armpit after sitting on his deck outside of his Bella Vista home.
"About a month later my vision started getting really really blurry," he said.
Bruce's wife, Alannah, was also bitten.
"It's kind of a Catch-22," Bruce said. "As much as I wouldn't want her to have it, it is nice to have extra support when it comes to food and dinner time."
They both have alpha-gal syndrome, a meat allergy that's transmitted by lone star ticks.
"If somebody told me that you could have a mammalian meat allergy from a tick bite, I wouldn't have believed it," Bruce said. "But it is out there and it's increasing every year especially in our area."
Doctor Tina Merritt is an allergist at Allergy & Asthma Clinic of Northwest Arkansas.
She also has the alpha-gal allergy after she was bitten by ticks as a child.
The lone star tick is very prevalent in Arkansas.
DR. TINA MERRITT, ALLERGIST, ALLERGY & ASTHMA CLINIC OF NWA
Dr. Merritt said the only treatment for the allergy is avoiding things that are mammal — that means foods, but it also includes products.
"Makeups have to be vegan," Dr. Merritt said. "Soaps, lotions and even detergents have to be vegan."
"It's not just you get the chicken sandwich instead of the hamburger," Bruce said. "It affects every day of your life — as far as your medication, products that you put on yourself, bath products, food, basically everything is changed."
Dr. Merritt said in her practice alone, she has over 500 patients with alpha-gal.
According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, the best way you can prevent yourself from getting alpha-gal is to cover up when in wooded areas and make sure that your insect repellent has at least 20% DEET in it.
"Once you get bitten, try and remove the tick as quickly as possible," Dr. Merritt said.
I wouldn't wish this on anybody, I mean it's a life-changing ordeal.
Below is more information about alpha-gal, courtesy of Dr. Merritt:
PIIS0091674920301901Download
The University of Arkansas Division of Agriculture Research & Extension has an Arkansas Tickborne Disease Project.
The project includes a Tick Data Map where collection samples were gathered of certain ticks.
Courtesy of the U of A Arkansas Tickborne Disease Project
The red shows the Lone Star Ticks.
The green shows the Gulf Coast Ticks.
The purple shows the American Dog Ticks.
The yellow shows the Black Legged Ticks.
For more information about the project, or to see the interactive Tick Data Map click here.
Tj Bruce also started an alpha-gal syndrome support group on Facebook. It's called "Alpha-Gal Only".
Five charged after alleged armed robbery in Louisiana
All in the family: Twin brothers, daughter serving as district court judges in Baton Rouge's 19th JDC
Uniquely Baton Rouge: South Louisiana's largest zipline adventure park opens in East Feliciana Parish
Free app lets kids read with grandparents on video-call


Published by Galadari Printing and Publishing Co. LLC, Khaleej Times is the UAE's first and the country's longest-running English broadsheet. Four decades after its first edition rolled out on April 16, 1978, KT remains youthful in posture yet mature in perspective, prolific in commendation but measured in condemnation, dynamic in display but diligent in detail, and global in foundation yet hyperlocal in focus.
Khaleej Times is the trusted source to report and present content in the most insightful, powerful and engaging way possible. For over 40 years, readers have relied on us to provide clarity and context in a complicated, confusing world. Be it print, digital or social we fulfil this promise with unparalleled news, comment and opinion delivered by award-winning journalists.
KT remains one of the most popular English language newspapers in the Gulf region. Besides UAE, the paper covers Bahrain, Oman, Kuwait, Qatar and Saudi Arabia through a dedicated distribution network. The broadsheet comprises the general news section, City Times (lifestyle and entertainment), an accomplished Business section and a lively Sport section.
Its WKND Magazine, distributed with the broadsheet on Fridays, discusses a range of topics that are of interest to men, women and children. KT recently relaunched Young Times on January 10, 2018, after a break of over 9 years. The magazine targets 9-14-year-old school kids. A daily classifieds section (KT Buzzon) carries local advertisements about cars, real estate, recruitment, educational services and matrimonial announcements.
Under the KT Spotlight umbrella, the newspaper regularly publishes Special Reports and Supplements, including on the national days of UAE, Pakistan, India and other countries. KT Spotlight is regarded as part of a valuable service to the community allowing for community advertisements and other services.
With KhaleejTimes.com and its various social media platforms, KT has a formidable digital footprint, boasting of the best reach and audience engagement in the UAE. It reaches out to a targeted local and global readership interested in news and information both about the UAE as well as the Middle East in general.


Design of a racing car with a focus on aerodynamics. The winning group saw their car built by NCS on a 1: 4 scale.
Manta X6 has already participated in the virtual reality workshop at the Milan Triennale with a project carried out by Protocube Reply.
Students: Nicholas Luke Cho, Jiabin Dong, Nishank Grover and Prashanth Vantimitta.


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Albuquerque blocks homemade skate ramp made from man's ashes
Posted: Jul 5, 2019 / 12:07 AM UTC / Updated: Jul 7, 2019 / 11:52 PM UTC
ALBUQUERQUE, N.M. (AP) — A homemade skate ramp made in part from ashes of a man shot and killed at an Albuquerque skate park is now blocked off.
KOAT-TV reports the city of Albuquerque this week temporarily blocked off access to the memorial because it was built without permission from officials.
Albuquerque Parks and Recreation director Dave Simon says nothing can be constructed on city property without prior authorization.
City officials say they want to assess the ramp for safety and structural integrity.
Cody Raver was shot and killed at Los Altos skate park in April.
Friends of Raver built the ramp at Los Altos skate park in his honor and mixed some of Raver's ashes in with the cement.
Information from: KOAT-TV, http://www.thenewmexicochannel.com/index.html
Nebraska woman arrested, fined for climbing Mount Rushmore
RAPID CITY, S.D. (AP) — A Nebraska woman has been fined $1,000 for climbing the Mount Rushmore National Memorial in South Dakota.
Authorities say Alexandria Incontro scaled the massive granite sculpture Friday with bare feet and no rope, making it to about 15 feet (4.5 meters) from the top.


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Best CBD Oil for Nausea and Vomiting: Does It Help, Dosage, & How to Use
There are few natural substances that offer the level of nausea support as CBD.
This phytocannabinoid targets the nausea center in the brainstem directly.
Here's how it works & how to use it.
Justin Cooke , last updated on November 13, 2021
Nausea is a common symptom experienced by millions of people every day.
We've all felt it at some point or another — general queasiness, excessive drooling, and the urge to vomit.
Cannabis is one of the most reliable anti-nausea herbs available, even compared to ginger (known for its powerful anti-nausea benefits).
Here's how CBD and cannabis extracts are used to alleviate nausea and vomiting.
Can CBD Oil Help With Nausea?Can CBD Oil Help With Nausea?
Summary: Using CBD Oil For NauseaSummary: Using CBD Oil For Nausea
Nausea 101Nausea 101
What Causes Nausea?What Causes Nausea?
Common Causes of Nausea:Common Causes of Nausea:
Treatment Options for NauseaTreatment Options for Nausea
Treatments for Nausea Include:Treatments for Nausea Include:
CBD vs. THC for NauseaCBD vs. THC for Nausea
Using CBD Oils with THC for NauseaUsing CBD Oils with THC for Nausea
Mixing Cannabis With Other Anti-Nausea HerbsMixing Cannabis With Other Anti-Nausea Herbs
Other Herbs With Anti-Nausea Benefits:Other Herbs With Anti-Nausea Benefits:
What's The Dosage of CBD for Nausea?What's The Dosage of CBD for Nausea?
CBD Dosage CalculatorCBD Dosage Calculator
What Are The Side-Effects of CBD?What Are The Side-Effects of CBD?
Key Takeaways: Can CBD Help With Nausea?Key Takeaways: Can CBD Help With Nausea?
Royal CBD Softgel Capsules 30 Capsules
Total CBD: 750 mg
Potency: 25 mg per Capsule
Cost per mg CBD: $0.11
Can CBD Oil Help With Nausea?
All mammals have an endocannabinoid system — a series of receptors and hormone-like compounds that control homeostasis (balance) throughout the body.
One of the responsibilities of the endocannabinoid system is to regulate a special region in the medulla oblongata that controls the reflexes that trigger nausea and vomiting.
Research involving a new drug that blocks the endocannabinoid system shows that those given the drug often experienced nausea as a side-effect [2]. This is an excellent demonstration of the role the endocannabinoid system plays in regulating nausea in the brain.
Blocking the endocannabinoid system makes us feel nauseous while boosting it eliminates nausea.
Other research involving a synthetic version of THC was shown to alleviate nausea and vomiting, supporting this theory even further [1].
Summary: Using CBD Oil For Nausea
THC offers the most benefits for nausea. Find a full-spectrum extract with at least some THC content to get the most benefits for nausea relief.
Always seek out high-quality CBD products. Poor manufacturing processes often use rancid oils and harmful additives that can lead to nausea.
In order to get the biggest benefits, cannabis extracts need to be used at the first sign of nausea.
For maximum anti-nausea effects, combine your CBD or hemp extracts with a strong ginger tea or other anti-nausea supplements.
Nausea 101
Nausea begins with that queasy feeling in the stomach, accompanied by an urge to vomit. There are many different things that can cause nausea. The best treatment often depends on what triggered the queasiness.
Feelings of nausea originate in the brainstem in a special region known as the medulla oblongata. This region of the brain is responsible for regulating many of our autonomic (involuntary) functions such as breathing, sneezing, and vomiting.
Our automatic functions are regulated by higher regions of the brain that send signals to the medulla oblongata to make adjustments accordingly.
In the case of nausea, the brain activates the urge to vomit in an attempt to rid the digestive tract of toxic compounds (drugs or alcohol), infectious agents (bacteria or viral infections), or by mistake from abnormal neurological activity involved with migraines or brain tumors.
What Causes Nausea?
There are literally hundreds of different causes for nausea. The most common by far is food poisoning and other digestive system infections, accounting for as much as 37% of nausea cases. Roughly 3% of cases are reported to be the result of medication side-effects and pregnancy, while up to 10% of cases have no identifiable cause [3].
Nausea is also more common in young people. Children are the largest group of people who experience regular episodes of nausea, while people over the age of 65 appear to be affected the least [4].
Common Causes of Nausea:
Chemotherapy or radiotherapy
Extreme levels of pain
Infections in the digestive tract
Intake of toxic compounds (drugs or alcohol)
Pregnancy (morning sickness)
Treatment Options for Nausea
There are pharmaceutical, herbal, nutritional, and lifestyle modifications that can be used to treat nausea. Not all of them work, and some are more specific for certain causes of nausea.
Treatments for Nausea Include:
Antiemetic medications (such as Zofran)
Ginger root (Zingiber officinalis)
Cannabis (Cannabis)
Peppermint (Mentha piperita)
Chamomile (Matricaria chamomilla)
Antibiotic medications (such as amoxicillin, doxycycline, cephalexin)
Opioid pain medications (such as oxycodone, morphine, fentanyl)
CBD vs. THC for Nausea
Cannabis is a reliable treatment for nausea and vomiting. It works through a couple of different pathways affecting the nausea center in the brain, as well as through indirect mechanisms that help manage many of the underlying causes of nausea.
The most significant effect of cannabis when it comes to treating nausea is from the effects of THC — the main psychoactive compound in the cannabis plant. THC works by activating the CB1 receptors found in the medulla oblongata, the area responsible for making us feel nauseated [1]. By activating these receptors, we can inhibit nausea.
CBD has also been shown to reduce feelings of nausea, though it's not considered to be as effective as THC.
Most of the benefits from CBD are likely to come from its ability to increase anandamide levels, indirectly activating the CB1 receptors in the medulla through anandamide.
Anandamide and THC are similar structurally and activate the same receptors in the body.
Using CBD Oils with THC for Nausea
THC remains illegal for most of the world — however, times are changing.
Until the laws open up around the use of THC, it's unlikely that you'll be able to find any products with this ingredient in concentrations over the 0.3% threshold.
THC doesn't need to be psychoactive to be effective for nausea. THCA (THC-acid), the raw (unheated) version of the compound is non-psychoactive and has been shown to offer a similar level of anti-nausea benefits as activated THC.
As laws change around THC, it's likely that there will be new companies popping up that sell non-psychoactive THC and THCA-rich cannabis preparations aimed at treating nausea and vomiting.
Until then, we'll have to use the high-CBD hemp extracts. In order to maximize the benefit of these products, it's recommended that you search for a full-spectrum extract that contains the whole gamut of cannabinoids including CBG, CBC, CBN, and indeed, THC (needs to be less than 0.3% to be legal in most places).
To really supercharge the anti-nausea effects, it's recommended that you mix your CBD or hemp extracts with a strong ginger tea. Ginger is one of the best anti-nausea herbs available and uses different mechanisms than cannabis. When combined, the effects of the two herbs compound through a concept known as synergy.
The results of doing this are very impressive.
Mixing Cannabis With Other Anti-Nausea Herbs
For maximum benefits, we recommend mixing your CBD oil with other anti-nausea herbs.
This is useful because different herbs usually offer their anti-nausea benefits through separate mechanisms. These effects combine to produce even stronger effect profiles. This is a common technique used by professional herbalists for treating nausea — which is difficult to treat with single-herb preparations.
Mixing your CBD with herbs on the list below improve nausea relief, and can make the effects appear faster.
Other Herbs With Anti-Nausea Benefits:
Ginger (Zingiber officinalis)
Lemon balm (Melissa officinalis)
You can take these herbs as tinctures, capsules, or as a strong tea. Always follow the directions on the package when using herbal supplements because the dose will vary according to how it's manufactured.
What's The Dosage of CBD for Nausea?
Figuring out the effective dose of CBD oil for nausea can be difficult — this is because the effects of CBD can vary significantly from one person to the next.
There are some general guidelines you can follow to estimate what the most likely dose you'll need might be.
Below, we've outlined the rough weight-to-strength dosages for CBD oils.
When it comes to nausea, some people find relief at the low-strength, others need the high-strength doses to provide any benefit. The only way to find out how this works for you is to try it out. Start with the low dose, and build up gradually to the higher doses until you find relief from symptoms.
CBD Dosage Calculator
What Are The Side-Effects of CBD?
Although CBD has been proven safe many times over, it's important to know about the potential side-effects it may produce. Everybody is different, and what works in one person doesn't always work the same way for another.
Here are some of the most common side-effects of CBD:
Appetite Suppression
Lower heart rate
Key Takeaways: Can CBD Help With Nausea?
The cannabis plant is an excellent anti-nausea herb, comparable to other herbs such as ginger and chamomile. It's even been shown to offer a similar benefit to pharmaceutical anti-nausea medications, with fewer side effects.
Although THC offers the most benefits toward nausea symptoms, CBD is still highly beneficial for nausea through its ability to enhance anandamide levels in the brain. As anandamide levels rise, they activate CB1 endocannabinoid receptors in the medulla oblongata of the brain where nausea and vomiting reflexes are controlled.
Choosing the right dose can be a challenge, as everyone responds to CBD differently. We recommend finding a high-quality, mid to high potency CBD oil and titrating the dose according to how you response. This involves starting with a low dose and building up over time until you find relief from your symptoms.
Hill, A. J., Williams, C. M., Whalley, B. J., & Stephens, G. J. (2012). Phytocannabinoids as novel therapeutic agents in CNS disorders. Pharmacology & therapeutics, 133(1), 79-97.
Després, J. P., Golay, A., & Sjöström, L. (2005). Effects of rimonabant on metabolic risk factors in overweight patients with dyslipidemia. New England Journal of Medicine, 353(20), 2121-2134.
Hebbard, G., & Metz, A. (2007). Nausea and vomiting in adults: A diagnostic approach. Australian family physician, 36(9), 688.
Britt, H., & Fahridin, S. (2007). Presentations of nausea and vomiting. Australian family physician, 36(9), 682-683.


Ted Olsen, Jody Veenker, and Jennifer McGuire's most frequent contribution to Christianity Today is their daily writing, editing, and design of this magazine's Web page (www.christianitytoday.com/ctmag/).
But with this bonus technology issue (which subscribers are receiving in addition to their regular issues), Ted, Jody, and Jennifer are doing something very retro indeed: producing a print magazine (what we sometimes call CT's "dead-tree edition").
The relationship between print and Internet is not as one-way as some pundits first predicted. Print magazines are not going out of existence as Web-based publications are born and (in some cases) thrive. Instead, says Ted, "It is a trend for magazines to launch Web sites and for Web sites to launch magazines." He cited Space.com's launch of Space.com Illustrated and Inside.com's launch of Inside magazine as just two examples.
CT has been in cyberspace since 1995, so we figured it was time to go beyond the occasional technology article and use an entire issue to, in Ted's words, "give special emphasis to this emerging part of the world and to its effects on the way we live our Christian lives."


text:
Afternoon Tea Ladies
Afternoon Tea Review - The Waldorf, London
Afternoon Tea Review - The Waldorf, £26 with a voucher
The Waldorf Hilton is in the heart of London's theatreland, close to Covent Garden. It opened in 1908 and is one of the capital's most glamorous and historic hotels.
The afternoon tea is served in its main restaurant, decorated in gold and black, and in the room next to it, which is decorated in marble with mirrors, and serves as a tea dance area. We were in the second room, which was light and airy, and a lovely setting for our tea. It was surprisingly quiet, we had expected them to be a lot busier, although we were at the last setting for afternoon tea before they changed over to dinner service.
The teas were loose leaf Twinings varieties, although there was a signature Waldorf Blend, which Mo had. Caroline chose the Mighty Assam, and Charlotte had the Jasmine Petals and Pearls. We felt the selection was quite limited for somewhere like the Waldorf, as there were only 12 teas in total. Also, we were surprised they had chosen Twinings, which was fine but not very interesting. We were offered refills though, so had plenty of tea. 22/30
There were five types of sandwich: smoked salmon and cream cheese on brown bread; ham and mustard on onion bread; egg and watercress on basil bread; tomato and cheese on Mediterranean bread; and cheese and cucumber on carrot bread. We weren't told up front that we could have refills but saw another table having them, and asked about it. Refills of all the courses were available if we wanted any. We all enjoyed the sandwiches, they was a good selection and we particularly liked that the breads had been made to complement the fillings. The depth of filling was occasionally a little erratic, but as refills were available, this wasn't really an issue. 27.5/30
We were given two chocolate scones, three plain, and one fruit. They had a nice flavour but were a bit stodgy and chewy, although the chocolate ones were slightly better. It seemed a bit strange that with three types available, we weren't given equal numbers, or offered a choice 24/30
There was a lot of variety in the cakes, and they all looked lovely. We had: chocolate mousse; coffee and walnut cake; Eton mess shortcake; pannacotta with green tea and passionfruit; chocolate and hazelnut éclair; fruit meringue; coconut and pineapple cake; and a layered raspberry cake. It was a very good selection, which covered a large range of patisserie items. There was also a good variety of flavours and a nice balance between fruit flavours and richer, chocolate ones. 28/30
Although the tea is advertised as having a limited session time, we weren't hurried by the staff at any point, and we spent a very leisurely and enjoyable time there. The only downside was that the room we were in was just off the main room, so it was occasionally difficult to find any staff when we needed something. This wasn't helped by the fact that they started setting the main room for dinner towards the end of our session, so the staff were all busy elsewhere. This was our only real quibble, and apart from that, we very much enjoyed ourselves.
This is definitely a special occasion tea, as the grandeur of the setting is impressive and helps to make the tea feel special. The Waldorf also hold regular tea dances in these rooms, though if you can dance after all the tea and cake, we'd be impressed. At the full price of £38.50 for afternoon tea (£47.50 with champagne) we do feel it's value for money, but at £26 it is easily be our preferred tea at this price range, which is why (for the first time, oooooh!) we have given two scores below.
Good quality food Basic Tea selection
Beautiful setting Staff were occasionally hard to find
Score with a voucher/deal:
Score at full price:
Posted by Afternoon Tea Ladies at 11:24
Labels: afternoon tea, afternoon tea for a special occasion, london, tea dance, Twinings tea, Waldorf afternoon tea, Waldorf Hotel
"There are few hours in life more agreeable than the hour dedicated to the ceremony known as afternoon tea." - Henry James
Credit for the invention of afternoon tea goes to the Duchess of Bedford, Lady in Waiting to Queen Victoria, who came up with the idea of a late afternoon meal of tea, thin sandwiches, and small cakes to overcome the 'sinking feeling' she felt and bridge the gap between lunch and dinner. The notion caught on, with Queen Victoria's enthusiastic support.
Follow @PMTeaLadies


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As part of the Torrens Road to River Torrens Project, the T2T Alliance will be continuing works at the South Road intersection with Torrens Road, and along Torrens Road between Wright Street and Ellen Street.
To minimise disturbance to peak hour traffic, and weather permitting, the works will be undertaken from 7pm Friday 9 February to 6am Monday 12 February.
Excavation and installation of stormwater pipes.
Preparation works for reinstating footpaths and driveways.
A vacuum truck, road saw, excavator, compaction equipment, mobile cranes, trucks and light vehicles will be used to perform these works. Lighting towers will also be in operation during night works.