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CA. PHYS. SERV. v. AOKI DIABETES RES. INST., 163 Cal.App.4th 1506 (2008)
LexRoll.com > LexRoll (CA) > California Courts of Appeal Opinions > CA. PHYS. SERV. v. AOKI DIABETES RES. INST., 163 Cal.App.4th 1506 (2008)
78 Cal.Rptr.3d 646
CALIFORNIA PHYSICIANS' SERVICE, Plaintiff, Cross-defendant and Appellant, v. AOKI DIABETES RESEARCH INSTITUTE, Defendant, Cross-complainant and Respondent.
No. A118410.Court of Appeal of California, First District.
Appeal from the Superior Court of the City and County of San Francisco, No. CGC-03-419872, Tomar Mason, Judge.
[EDITORS' NOTE: THIS PAGE CONTAINS HEADNOTES. HEADNOTES ARE NOT AN OFFICIAL PRODUCT OF THE COURT, THEREFORE THEY ARE NOT DISPLAYED.]
Manatt, Phelps Phillips, Gregory N. Pimstone and Joanna S. McCallum for Plaintiff, Cross-defendant and Appellant.
deVries Law Firm, Douglas K. deVries; and Robert Kennedy Scott for Defendant, Cross-complainant and Respondent.
SEPULVEDA, J.
A health care provider, Aoki Diabetes Research Institute (ADRI), sued a health care service plan for breach of contract, seeking reimbursement for medical services provided to the plan's members. The health plan, California Physicians' Service, doing business as Blue Shield (Blue Shield), asserts that its contract with the provider is unenforceable because ADRI is illegally organized as a nonprofit corporation instead of a professional medical corporation or partnership. Blue Shield also claims that medical providers like ADRI cannot dispute a health plan's coverage determinations. The trial court rejected Blue Shield's claims in a bench trial. The court also collaterally estopped Blue Shield from asserting that ADRI's services are experimental, and thus not covered, because a prior administrative proceeding held to the contrary. The court entered judgment for ADRI and Blue Shield appealed. We affirm the judgment.
In the United States, health care services are provided predominantly by managed care organizations (MCO's). (Rush Prudential HMO, Inc. v. Moron (2002) 536 U.S. 355, 369 [153 L.Ed.2d 375, 122 S.Ct. 2151]; Croskey et al., Cal. Practice Guide: Insurance Litigation (The Rutter Group 1995) ¶ 6:900 (Insurance Litigation).) MCO's, called health care service plans in California, are defined as "[a]ny person who undertakes to arrange for the provision of health care services to subscribers or enrollees, or to pay for or to reimburse any part of the cost for those services, in return for a prepaid or periodic
charge paid by or on behalf of the subscribers or enrollees." (Health
Saf. Code, § 1345, subd. (f)(1); Insurance Litigation, ¶ 6:901.) "The defining feature of an MCO is receipt of a fixed fee for each patient enrolled under the terms of a contract to provide health care if needed." (Insurance Litigation, ¶ 6:903.)
MCO's are thought to contain costs by applying "utilization management, gatekeeper, and case management techniques." (See Health
Saf. Code, § 444.20, subd. (a) [listing functions of managed care].) They also contain risk by covering health care for a fixed fee among a group of participants: "if a participant never gets sick, the [MCO] keeps the money regardless, and if a participant becomes expensively ill, the [MCO] is responsible for the treatment agreed upon even if its costs exceed the participant's premiums." (Pegram v. Herdrich (2000)530 U.S. 211, 218-219 [147 L.Ed.2d 164, 120 S.Ct. 2143].) "Because many members will utilize services at a cost of less than the fee the subscriber pays to the [MCO] and a significant number will utilize no services at all, and because the [MCO] is able to obtain medical services at lower rates due to its ability to direct volume and control costs through its ability to impose treatment limitations and lower fees on providers, i.e., physicians, [a for-profit MCO] hopes that it can produce a profit after the cost of administering the program." (Patel v. HealthPlus (1996) 112 Md.App. 251 [684 A.2d 904, 909].)
There are several types of MCO's, including health maintenance organizations (HMO's), where patients must access care exclusively through designated physicians, and preferred provider organizations (PPO's), where patients receive the highest benefits when they go to preferred providers who have contracted with the PPO to provide services. (Insurance Litigation, ¶¶ 6:904-6:905, 6:915.) In California, all managed care organizations are licensed and regulated by a state agency under the Knox-Keene Health Care Service Plan of 1975. (Health Saf. Code, § 1340
et seq.; Knox-Keene Act.) The Knox-Keene Act sets strict standards for MCO's, and dictates specific health care services that must be provided. (Health Saf. Code, § 1367.)
MCO's generally have two distinct and separate contractual relationships: one with subscribers and one with providers. (Patel v. HealthPlus, supra, 684 A.2d at p. 909.) Subscribers, either individually or through their employers, pay a fixed fee for health care services that are set out in a subscriber contract (sometimes called evidence of coverage and health service agreement). (Id. at p. 908.) The MCO separately contracts with providers, such as physicians and hospitals, to provide health care services to the MCO's subscribers. (Ibid.)
II. FACTS
Appellant Blue Shield is an MCO or health care service plan. Respondent ADRI is a nonprofit corporation formed in 1986 to conduct medical research, including "clinical investigation into the nature, diagnosis, treatment, and cure for metabolic disorders such as diabetes." ADRI later expanded its corporate objective to include clinical care for individuals with metabolic disorders. The chairman of ADRI is Thomas Aoki, M.D., a licensed physician. Dr. Aoki provides services at ADRI as an independent contractor.
In October 1990, Blue Shield and ADRI executed a physician group agreement. ADRI was listed as a group "duly formed for the practice of medicine" and consisting of members holding valid physicians' certificates. Among other things, ADRI agreed to (1) abide by Blue Shield's rules and policies; (2) "render professional services within the scope of its members' licenses to Blue Shield subscribers"; and (3) accept Blue Shield's direct payment for "covered services" as full and exclusive payment for the health care provided to subscribers (aside from subscriber deductibles and copayments). On this last point, ADRI agreed that it would "not collect or attempt to collect" sums owed by Blue Shield from subscribers, nor make any surcharge against subscribers for covered services.
ADRI provides medical treatment for advanced diabetes. The treatment is "accomplished by intravenous administration of insulin in programmed pulses coinciding with administration of glucose which achieves stimulation of liver and metabolic function." The treatment is known by several names, including hepatic activation or pulsatile intravenous insulin infusion therapy (PIVIT).
From 1990 through most of 1998, Blue Shield paid ADRI for providing PIVIT treatment to Blue Shield subscribers. However, around late September 1998, Blue Shield declared that PIVIT was experimental and stopped paying for ADRI services. Blue Shield's subscriber contracts exclude from coverage services that are "Experimental or Investigational in Nature," defined as "any treatment, therapy, procedure, drug, or drug usage . . . which [is] not recognized in accordance with generally accepted professional medical standards as being safe and effective for use in the treatment of the illness, injury, or condition at issue."
Despite Blue Shield's refusal to pay ADRI for its services, ADRI continued to treat Blue Shield subscribers and submitted reimbursement claims to Blue Shield. ADRI says it continued its treatment "to prevent irreparable physical harm to the subject patients." ADRI also claims its treatment benefited Blue Shield "by preventing serious diabetic complications that would have required [Blue Shield] to pay for such things as emergency room visits, kidney dialysis, kidney transplantations, hospitalizations, surgeries, and the like."
III. PROCEDURAL HISTORY
ADRI notified Blue Shield that it intended to file a lawsuit for reimbursement and Blue Shield responded by filing a complaint for declaratory relief in April 2003. Among other things, Blue Shield sought a judicial declaration that ADRI had no basis to claim payment for PIVIT treatments. In June 2003, ADRI cross-complained for breach of contract. ADRI maintained that Blue Shield was collaterally estopped from asserting that PIVIT is experimental because a prior administrative decision held that PIVIT is not experimental.
A bifurcated bench trial began in November 2005, with the court first considering whether ADRI had a viable claim for breach of contract (against specified defenses) and whether the administrative decision regarding PIVIT barred Blue Shield's claim that PIVIT was experimental, and thus not covered. The court ruled in ADRI's favor in February 2006. Specifically, the court found (1) the provider agreement is enforceable. The court rejected Blue Shield's claim that the contract is illegal because ADRI was organized as a nonprofit corporation, and California generally forbids the corporate practice of medicine. The court concluded that the ban on the corporate practice of medicine was inapplicable because "the contract does not contemplate that ADRI itself would provide medical services, but rather medical services would be provided by physicians and other health providers within the scope of their license[s] as indicated by the terms of the contract"; (2) ADRI has the legal right to challenge Blue Shield's coverage determinations, contrary to the health care service plan's argument that only subscribers can contest a denial of coverage; and (3) collateral estoppel bars Blue Shield from arguing that PIVIT is experimental because an administrative decision found to the contrary. The trial court's rulings in favor of ADRI on the provider contract eliminated any need to address ADRI's alternative claim for payment under an implied-in-fact contract.
Blue Shield petitioned this court for a writ of mandate, which we denied in May 2006. The second part of the bifurcated trial concerning the amount of payment due ADRI was not held. Instead, the parties agreed on an amount of $207,300, and stipulated to entry of judgment in that amount (plus prejudgment interest and costs). The stipulation was executed on May 7, 2007, and was entered to expedite appeal. Judgment was filed on May 22, 2007. Blue Shield promptly appealed.
IV DISCUSSION
Blue Shield renews its arguments from the trial court in contending (1) the provider contract with ADRI is unenforceable because ADRI is illegally organized as a nonprofit corporation instead of a professional medical corporation or partnership; (2) medical providers like ADRI cannot dispute a health
care service plan's coverage determinations; and (3) Blue Shield is not collaterally estopped from litigating whether PIVIT is experimental, and thus not covered, because the issue resolved in the prior administrative hearing is not identical to the issue here and Blue Shield was not in privity with a party to the prior proceeding. We discuss each of these contentions in turn.
A. The provider contract is enforceable, even if illegal
Blue Shield argues that the trial court wrongly enforced Blue Shield's provider contract with ADRI in violation of the ban on the corporate practice of medicine. We conclude that any illegality in ADRI's form of business organization does not negate Blue Shield's contractual obligation to pay for ADRI's services.
"It is an established doctrine that a corporation may not engage in the practice of such professions as law, medicine or dentistry." (People v. Pacific Health Corp. (1938) 12 Cal.2d 156, 158 [82 P.2d 429] (Pacific Health Corp.).) The restriction on the corporate practice of medicine finds statutory expression in California, where the practice of medicine without a license is prohibited and corporations have "no professional rights, privileges, or power." (Bus. Prof. Code, § 2400; see id., § 2052.) The restriction is meant "to protect the professional independence of physicians and to avoid the divided loyalty inherent in the relationship of a physician employee to a lay employer." (California Medical Assn. v. Regents of University of California (2000)79 Cal.App.4th 542, 550 [94 Cal.Rptr.2d 194]; see generally Fichter, Owning a Piece of the Doc: State Law Restraints on Lay Ownership of Healthcare Enterprises (Winter 2006) 39 J. Health L. 1.)
The doctrine against the corporate practice of medicine has many exceptions today. (See Conrad v. Medical Bd. of California (1996)48 Cal.App.4th 1038, 1044 [55 Cal.Rptr.2d 901] ["it is evident that there are chinks in the armor of the corporate practice doctrine"].) Professional medical corporations, in which shareholders are licensed professionals, are permitted. (Bus. Prof. Code, § 2402; Corp. Code, § 13406, subd. (a).) Certain corporate hospitals and clinics are also permitted. (Bus. Prof. Code, §§ 2400, 2401.) A major exception has been made for corporate health care service plans, which "shall not be deemed to be engaged in the practice of a profession" and are free to employ physicians. (Health Saf. Code, § 1395, subd. (b).)
ADRI says this latter exception applies here. ADRI notes that Blue Shield is a health care service plan empowered under the Knox-Keene Act to "contract with . . . any professional licensed . . . to deliver professional [medical] services." (Health Saf. Code, § 1395, subd. (b).) But the disputed
provider contract was not between Blue Shield and individual licensed professionals — it was expressly between Blue Shield and the ADRI corporation. The difficulty here lies not with the relationship between Blue Shield and ADRI, but the internal relationship ADRI had with its physicians. The statute ADRI invokes provides only a narrow exception allowing health care service plans to employ licensed professionals; "[n]othing in its language establishes or suggests that it removes other restrictions on the relationships such professionals may have [with others.]" (People v. Cole (2006) 38 Cal.4th 964, 985 [44 Cal.Rptr.3d 261, 135 P.3d 669].)
It is difficult to credit ADRI's argument that the provider contract was effectively between Blue Shield and individual ADRI physicians. It is true, as the trial court found, that "the contract does not contemplate that ADRI itself would provide medical services, but rather medical services would be provided by physicians and other health providers within the scope of their license[s] as indicated by the terms of the contract." But the fact remains that the contract was expressly between Blue Shield and ADRI, a corporate entity. It was ADRI that agreed to render professional services. Of course ADRI itself would not provide medical services — it is a corporation, an artificial entity, that necessarily acts through the agency of natural persons. (Monteleone v. Southern California Vending Corp. (1968) 264 Cal.App.2d 798, 806 [70 Cal.Rptr. 703].) This fact does not convert the contract into one between Blue Shield and the corporate actors.
Nor are we persuaded by ADRI's claim that the ban on the corporate practice of medicine is inapplicable to nonprofit corporations. The general statutory ban makes no distinction between general corporations and nonprofit corporations: "Corporations and other artificial legal entities shall have no professional rights, privileges, or powers." (Bus. Prof. Code, § 2400.) Moreover, the Legislature has provided a specific exemption for certain charitable organizations. (Bus. Prof. Code, § 2400.) The statutory exemption would be superfluous if nonprofits were categorically outside the ban. The California Attorney General has rendered several opinions about the ban on the corporate practice of medicine and has "consistently expressed the view that a corporation is not exempt from the prohibition against the unlicensed practice of medicine simply because it is organized under the nonprofit corporation law." (83 Ops.Cal.Atty.Gen. 170, 173, fn. 2 (2000).)
ADRI relies upon permissive language about nonprofit medical corporations from cases predating the Knox-Keene Act when courts struggled to accommodate group health plans with the ban on the corporate practice of medicine. ADRI notes, for example, that the California Supreme Court opined that "since the principal evils attendant upon corporate practice of medicine spring from the conflict between the professional standards and
obligations of the doctors and the profit motive of the corporation employer, it may well be concluded that the objections of policy do not apply to nonprofit institutions." (Pacific Health Corp., supra, 12 Cal.2d at p. 160.) While the principal evils of the corporate practice of medicine may arise from the stress the profit motive places on physicians, the courts have also noted the danger of lay control — a danger that attends all types of corporations. (E.g., California Medical Assn. v. Regents of University of California, supra, 79 Cal.App.4th at p. 550.) In any event, the Pacific Health Corp.
observation was dictum, as the court plainly warned. (Pacific Health Corp., at pp. 159-160.) The court's sole concern in that case was with a general corporation MCO, which it disallowed. (Id. at p. 157.) Moreover Pacific Health Corp. and cases like it suggest nothing more than a narrow exception to the ban on the corporate practice of medicine for nonprofit MCO's now regulated by the Knox-Keene Act. (E.g., Complete Serv. Bur. v. San Diego Med. Soc. (1954) 43 Cal.2d 201, 205-206, 210-211 [272 P.2d 497] [nonprofit MCO furnished medical services to subscribers].) ADRI is not a nonprofit MCO and has not cited any case analogous to the situation presented here.
While ADRI fails to persuade us that it has not violated the statutory ban on the corporate practice of medicine, Blue Shield fails to persuade us that a violation makes the provider contract unenforceable. "Generally a contract made in violation of a regulatory statute is void." (MW Erectors, Inc. v. Niederhauser Ornamental Metal Works Co., Inc. (2005)36 Cal.4th 412, 435 [30 Cal.Rptr.3d 755, 115 P.3d 41].) This rule is based on general equitable principles in seeking "to prevent the guilty party from reaping the benefit of his wrongful conduct" and "to protect the public from the future consequences of an illegal contract." (Tri-Q, Inc. v. Sta-Hi Corp. (1965) 63 Cal.2d 199, 218 [45 Cal.Rptr. 878, 404 P.2d 486].) But this rule "is not absolute, and many exceptions have arisen." (MW Erectors, Inc., supra, at p. 436.) "In compelling cases, illegal contracts will be enforced in order to `avoid unjust enrichment to a defendant and a disproportionately harsh penalty upon the plaintiff.' [Citation.] `"In each case, the extent of enforce-ability and the kind of remedy granted depend upon a variety of factors, including the policy of the transgressed law, the kind of illegality and the particular facts."'" (Asdourian v. Araj (1985) 38 Cal.3d 276, 292 [211 Cal.Rptr. 703, 696 P.2d 95] (Asdourian).)
In Asdourian, supra, 38 Cal.3d 276, our Supreme Court enforced oral home improvement contracts, despite a regulatory statute requiring such contracts to be in writing. (Id. at pp. 289-294.) In enforcing the contracts, the court noted that the defendant property owners were not unsophisticated consumers but real estate investors, and thus "are not members of the group primarily in need of the statute's protection." (Id. at pp. 290, 293.) Also, the contracts at issue were not malum in se ("immoral in character, inherently inequitable or designed to further a crime or obstruct justice") but were
malum prohibitum ("only voidable depending on the factual context and the public policies involved"). (Id. at p. 293, italics omitted.) The court also noted that the contracts had been fully performed, and that the defendants would be unjustly enriched if "allowed to retain the value of the benefits bestowed by plaintiff without compensating him." (Ibid.)
These same considerations support our conclusion that ADRI should not be denied relief. The ban on the corporate practice of medicine is meant to protect patients, not health care service plans; a contract for the provision of medical services by licensed professionals is plainly not malum in se; Blue Shield would be unjustly enriched if it were allowed to retain the benefit of services bestowed on its subscribers without compensating ADRI. In Minnesota, where similar equitable concerns are weighed in determining whether to enforce illegal contracts, the high court refused to void a contract in violation of the ban on the corporate practice of medicine. (Isles Wellness v. Progressive (Minn. 2006)725 N.W.2d 90, 92-95.) The court allowed a general corporation to recover payment from its patients' insurers for services provided by licensed chiropractors employed by the corporation. (Ibid.) In so doing, the court noted that "[p]ermitting insurance companies to avoid liability under their insurance contracts does little to protect patients from the `specter of lay control over professional judgment.'" (Id. at p. 95.) We agree, and conclude that the circumstances presented here do not warrant voiding ADRI's provider contract with Blue Shield.
B. ADRI is entitled to dispute Blue Shield's coverage determination
The provider contract requires Blue Shield to pay ADRI for "covered services." Blue Shield's subscriber contracts exclude from coverage services that are "Experimental or Investigational in Nature," defined as "any treatment, therapy, procedure, drug, or drug usage . . . which [is] not recognized in accordance with generally accepted professional medical standards as being safe and effective for use in the treatment of the illness, injury, or condition at issue." Blue Shield denied payment to ADRI on the stated ground that the PIVIT medical treatment ADRI provided was experimental, and thus not covered.
Blue Shield argues that medical providers, like ADRI, have no right under their provider contracts to contest coverage determinations. According to Blue Shield, only subscribers can contest coverage. Blue Shield is mistaken. Nothing in the law precludes providers from seeking direct compensation from a health care service plan, nor from disputing a health plan's determination of the value of covered services. (Bell v. Blue Cross of California (2005) 131 Cal.App.4th 211, 217-218 fn. 6 [31 Cal.Rptr.3d 688].) We likewise see no reason to preclude providers from disputing a health plan's determination that a treatment is not a covered service.
Blue Shield seems to contend that the terms of the provider contract itself preclude ADRI from disputing coverage because the contract entitled ADRI to payment for "`covered services'" and Blue Shield decided that PIVIT is not a covered service. The circularity of this argument is apparent, and nothing in the contract suggests that Blue Shield's unilateral determination of coverage is immune from challenge.
We also reject Blue Shield's claim that "allowing ADRI to challenge the scope of covered services would effectively circumvent express limitations built into the subscriber agreements." ADRI's coverage challenge is not, as Blue Shield asserts, a de facto assignment of the subscribers' nonassignable right to contest coverage. ADRI's right to contest coverage arises under its own provider contract with Blue Shield, not the subscribers' distinct contracts with the health plan. For the same reason, the four-year statute of limitations applicable to ADRI's breach of contract suit does not "clash[]" with the shorter limitations period applicable to a subscriber's action to recover benefits under the subscriber contract. The contracts, and rights, of providers and subscribers are distinct. Likewise, Blue Shield's exposure to potential multiple suits regarding the same health care benefit is a product of its multiple contracts, and does not evidence any circumvention of the subscriber agreements.
Nor do we credit Blue Shield's argument that allowing ADRI to contest the health plan's coverage determination would "circumvent the statutory [independent medical review] procedure by allowing providers to sue plans directly in the first instance, rather than requiring subscribers to seek independent medical review of the determination." IMR (independent medical review) is an optional grievance procedure available to subscribers who are denied coverage for assertedly experimental therapies. (Health Saf. Code, §§ 1370.4, 1374.30.) Contrary to Blue Shield's suggestion, IMR is not the exclusive means available to subscribers denied coverage. (Health Saf. Code, § 1368, subd. (d); Insurance Litigation, ¶ 6:995; see Kotler v. PacifiCare of California
(2005) 126 Cal.App.4th 950, 956 [24 Cal.Rptr.3d 447] [subscriber sued MCO for breach of contract for failure to provide timely treatment].) As Blue Shield's own contract advises its subscribers, IMR "is in addition to any other procedures or remedies available to you and is completely voluntary on your part; you are not obligated to request external review." Allowing ADRI to contest coverage will not circumvent any statutory requirement of IMR because, simply put, there is no such requirement.
C. Blue Shield is collaterally estopped from asserting that PIVIT is experimental
In 2002, an administrative law judge concluded that ADRI's PIVIT treatment is not experimental. The action was an administrative appeal after
MCO's (administered by Blue Shield) denied coverage for PIVIT treatment provided by ADRI. The MCO's are self-funded PPO's (PERS Care and PERS Choice) created by the California Public Employees' Retirement System (CalPERS) for its members. Blue Shield served as third party administrator for approval, processing, and payment of all health care insurance claims for the MCO's. In 1998, Blue Shield decided that PIVIT was experimental and stopped paying for ADRI's treatment. Several MCO subscribers contested Blue Shield's coverage determination through internal, then administrative, proceedings.
An administrative judge, following a two-week testimonial hearing, issued a comprehensive 57-page decision, which stated: "hepatic activation [PIVIT] is now, and has been since at least 1987, in accordance with generally accepted medical professional standards as being safe and effective for use in the treatment of Type 1 and Type 2 diabetes and its complications. There was significant, persuasive, credible proof of this in this record, with respect to respondents [subscribers] and others as well."
The trial court here ruled that this prior administrative determination collaterally estopped Blue Shield from asserting that PIVIT is experimental, and thus not covered by the health plan. Blue Shield disputes the court's ruling upon contentions that the issue resolved in the prior administrative hearing is not identical to the issue here and that Blue Shield was not in privity with the MCO's in the prior proceeding. We affirm the ruling.
1. General principles of collateral estoppel
"`Collateral estoppel is one aspect of the broader doctrine of res judicata. . . . "Where res judicata operates to prevent relitigation of a cause of action once adjudicated, collateral estoppel operates . . . to obviate the need to relitigate issues already adjudicated in the first action. . . . The purposes of the doctrine are said to be `to promote judicial economy by minimizing repetitive litigation, to prevent inconsistent judgments which undermine the integrity of the judicial system, [and] to protect against vexatious litigation.'"' (Gottlieb v. Rest (2006) 141 Cal.App.4th 110, 147-148 [46 Cal.Rptr.3d 7].) The doctrine of collateral estoppel has traditionally "been applied to give conclusive effect in a collateral court action to a final adjudication made by a court in a prior proceeding." (People v. Sims (1982)32 Cal.3d 468, 477 [186 Cal.Rptr. 77, 651 P.2d 321], superseded by statute on another ground as stated in Gikas v. Zolin (1993) 6 Cal.4th 841, 851-852 [25 Cal.Rptr.2d 500, 863 P.2d 745].) But the doctrine may also be applied to administrative decisions possessing a judicial character. (Pacific Lumber Co. v. State Water Resources Control Bd. (2006)37 Cal.4th 921, 944 [38 Cal.Rptr.3d 220, 126 P.3d 1040].)
The California Supreme Court has recently reiterated the guiding principles of collateral estoppel: "`Collateral estoppel precludes relitigation of issues argued and decided in prior proceedings.' [Citation.] The doctrine applies `only if several threshold requirements are fulfilled. First, the issue sought to be precluded from relitigation must be identical to that decided in a former proceeding. Second, this issue must have been actually litigated in the former proceeding. Third, it must have been necessarily decided in the former proceeding. Fourth, the decision in the former proceeding must be final and on the merits. Finally, the party against whom preclusion is sought must be the same as, or in privity with, the party to the former proceeding.'" (Pacific Lumber Co. v. State Water Resources Control Bd., supra, 37 Cal.4th at p. 943.)
2. Identical issues
Blue Shield focuses exclusively upon the first and fifth requirements, and says the trial court erred in finding identity of issues and privity. On identity of issues, the trial court found that the same issue was presented in the administrative proceeding and this lawsuit: is PIVIT experimental? Blue Shield claims this is a "vast oversimplification of the relevant `issue'" and that "[t]here are two key respects in which the issues are not identical: first, different contracts to be interpreted, and second, different time periods in which to evaluate the information underlying the experimental determination."
The factors Blue Shield cites are immaterial. In both the administrative proceeding and this case, the identical October 1990 provider contract is at issue. Only the underlying subscriber contracts differ from the prior proceeding in this case; both contain the exact same definition of experimental treatments. It is also meritless to argue, as does Blue Shield, that the administrative determination concerned a different time period than the period at issue here. As the trial court rightly found, the denial of coverage for PIVIT announced in 1998 under the CalPERS MCO's "was the same, simultaneous decision that Blue Shield made with respect to its own insured members."
We fail to see how, as Blue Shield asserts, "this action depends on Blue Shield's determination that PIVIT was experimental based on its [February 2001] medical policy formulated and implemented after the 1998 determination." Blue Shield's ad hoc medical policy adverse to PIVIT coverage is largely irrelevant to this action as it was to the administrative action. The administrative judge found the medical policy inapplicable to the CalPERS subscribers' claims because the decisions denying them coverage were made and affirmed before the policy was enacted. Similarly, ADRI's reimbursement claim here is founded on the 1998 denial of coverage.
Blue Shield seems to suggest that PIVIT may not have been experimental in 1998 but is experimental now under the current state of medical evidence, which includes its February 2001 medical policy that reviewed and analyzed research and reports on PIVIT. But the record does not show that medical evidence on PIVIT changed with the promulgation of Blue Shield's 2001 policy. The administrative decision, while ruling the 2001 policy inapplicable to antecedent denials of coverage, did not omit the policy's findings when reviewing the state of the evidence on PIVIT — it rejected them. "Even though inapplicable to these claims, application of the Blue Shield Medical Policy on Quality and Technology Assessment Review criteria avails Blue Shield-CalPERS little. [PIVIT] meets the criteria and the tests set forth in the Policy. [Fn. omitted.]" The administrative law judge reached this conclusion after an extensive review of scientific literature, studies, and clinical results. Blue Shield has failed to show any lack of identity of issues precluding estoppel.
3. Privity
Blue Shield was not a party to the prior administrative proceeding in which PIVIT was found not to be experimental. The trial court found that Blue Shield was nevertheless bound by the administrative decision because Blue Shield was in privity with CalPERS, the losing party. The evidence of privity included the fact that Blue Shield was the administrator for the approval, processing, and payment of all health care insurance claims for CalPERS. It was Blue Shield's denial of coverage that was disputed in the administrative proceeding. Blue Shield witnesses testified in the administrative proceeding in defense of Blue Shield's coverage determination, including the health plan's medical director who was responsible for reviewing PIVIT claims. Blue Shield had a single provider contract with ADRI under which ADRI provided services to CalPERS subscribers and Blue Shield's own subscribers. On the record presented, the trial court did not err in finding that Blue Shield was in privity with CalPERS.
"[T]he word `privy' has acquired an expanded meaning. The courts, in the interest of justice and to prevent expensive litigation, are striving to give effect to judgments by extending `privies' beyond the classical description. [Citation.] The emphasis is not on a concept of identity of parties, but on the practical situation." (People ex rel. State of Cal. v. Drinkhouse (1970) 4 Cal.App.3d 931, 937 [84 Cal.Rptr. 773].) "`Privity is essentially a shorthand statement that collateral estoppel is to be applied in a given case; there is no universally applicable definition of privity.' [Citation.] The concept refers `to a relationship between the party to be estopped and the unsuccessful party in the prior litigation which is "sufficiently close" so as to justify application of the doctrine of collateral estoppel.'" (People v. Sims, supra, 32 Cal.3d at pp. 486-487.)
Notions of privity have been expanded to the limits of due process. (Clemmer v. Hartford Insurance Co. (1978) 22 Cal.3d 865, 875 [151 Cal.Rptr. 285, 587 P.2d 1098].) "In the context of collateral estoppel, due process requires that the party to be estopped must have had an identity or community of interest with, and adequate representation by, the losing party in the first action as well as that the circumstances must have been such that the party to be estopped should reasonably have expected to be bound by the prior adjudication." (Ibid.)
Blue Shield had an identity or community of interest with CalPERS. As the trial court noted, "Blue Shield was the health plan administrator for CalPERS and as the administrator, Blue Shield stood in for CalPERS and made coverage decisions which were at issue in the prior proceedings. The denial of coverage for [PIVIT] was the same, simultaneous decision that Blue Shield made with respect to its own insured members. Moreover, the interests of Blue Shield in the present action, and CalPERS in the prior action, were the same community of interests. Both parties' interests were to deny coverage and payment for [PIVIT] to members for services provided by ADRI." The administrative law judge also apparently saw a community of interest between Blue Shield and CalPERS; the decision refers to "[t]he allegations made by Blue Shield and CalPERS, that [PIVIT] is still experimental. . . ." (Italics added.)
On appeal, Blue Shield argues that it had no community of interest with CalPERS because CalPERS's interest was in avoiding retrospective reimbursement of payments for pre-1999 treatment, not future payments. The record is to the contrary. The administrative decision states that CalPERS was defending denial by its third party administrators (Blue Shield, then Blue Cross) of payments "from July 1998 forward." As here, ADRI continued to provide therapy to patients after Blue Shield's July 1998 coverage denial, pending adjudication of the coverage dispute. CalPERS had a manifest interest in avoiding coverage for claims through the date of the administrative decision in January 2002, and beyond. Contrary to Blue Shield's argument on appeal, CalPERS did not have a lesser stake than Blue Shield in the determination that PIVIT is not experimental. The administrative determination impacted both health care service plans equally.
Blue Shield was also adequately represented by CalPERS. Blue Shield denies this conclusion, and argues that it would have utilized better advocacy with more extensive development of the evidence, less reliance on written declarations in lieu of live testimony, and better expert witnesses. The argument reveals a misunderstanding of the adequate representation requirement of collateral estoppel. "The cases do not undertake to measure the adequacy of the representation on the basis of an assessment of the performance of the losing party's counsel." (Aronow v. LaCroix (1990)
219 Cal.App.3d 1039, 1049 [268 Cal.Rptr. 866].) Instead, the cases "typically determine the question of adequate representation by inference, examining whether the losing party in the suit which is asserted to have a preclusive effect had the same interest as the party to be precluded, and whether that losing party had a strong motive to assert that interest. If the interests of the parties in question are likely to have been divergent, one does not infer adequate representation and there is no privity." (Ibid.) As we noted above, the interests of Blue Shield and CalPERS were not divergent but identical, and CalPERS's motive for asserting that interest was strong.
Blue Shield's argument that it would have litigated its interest in the administrative proceeding "differently, and more vigorously" than CalPERS fails to negate a finding of adequacy of representation. Criticisms of counsel's performance in prior proceedings are disregarded when assessing adequacy of representation for purposes of collateral estoppel. (Aronow v. LaCroix, supra, 219 Cal.App.3d at p. 1049.) The criticisms ring hollow anyway, as CalPERS was represented by the California Attorney General, who is commonly considered to zealously and competently litigate cases. (Citizens for Open Access etc. Tide, Inc. v. Seadrift Assn. (1998)60 Cal.App.4th 1053, 1070-1072 [71 Cal.Rptr.2d 77].) Moreover, the administrative proceeding did not present a close case that turned on the vigor of counsel. The administrative law judge stated: "The great weight of the evidence in this matter . . . is that [PIVIT] is not and was not experimental and investigational for respondents at the time it was offered forward. . . . The burden of proof was really not much of a factor, as the evidence in support of these propositions was substantial and persuasive, and the evidence in support of the application of the exclusions and limitations was not."
In its analysis of privity, the trial court also properly found that Blue Shield reasonably should have expected to be bound by the prior adjudication. "`A nonparty should reasonably be expected to be bound if he had in reality contested the prior action even if he did not make a formal appearance. Thus, collateral estoppel has been applied against nonparties who had a proprietary or financial interest in and control of, a prior action. [Citations.]' [Citation.] The doctrine is also applicable where the nonparty has such an interest `in the determination of a question of fact or law with reference to the same subject matter or transaction.'" (Ceresino v. Fire Ins. Exchange (1989) 215 Cal.App.3d 814, 820 [264 Cal.Rptr. 30].) Blue Shield had a strongly shared interest in the determination of whether PIVIT is experimental, and a financial interest in denying coverage.
Blue Shield argues that it did not have control over the prior action, and "[t]he party against whom collateral estoppel is sought must have had the ability to control the prior action." Blue Shield is mistaken. While control
over the prior action is commonly present in applications of collateral estoppel, it is not essential: "preclusion can apply even in the absence of such control." (Aronow v. LaCroix, supra, 219 Cal.App.3d at p. 1050.) The question is whether, under the circumstances as a whole, "the party to be estopped should reasonably have expected to be bound by the prior adjudication." (Clemmer v. Hartford Insurance Co., supra, 22 Cal.3d at p. 875.) Blue Shield, as CalPERS's third party administrator and the one that made the contested coverage determination, should reasonably have expected to be bound by the administrative decision.
Finally, we discern no public policy reason against applying collateral estoppel here. The doctrine of collateral estoppel aims "`"`to promote judicial economy by minimizing repetitive litigation, to prevent inconsistent judgments which undermine the integrity of the judicial system, [and] to protect against vexatious litigation.'"'" (Gottlieb v. Kest, supra, 141 Cal.App.4th at p. 148.) The trial court weighed these interests against the interests of Blue Shield and found that "[t]he balance of these interests tip highly in favor of applying collateral estoppel to bar Blue Shield from relitigating whether [PIVIT] is experimental." The trial court noted, for example, that application of collateral estoppel "prevents the possibility of a dramatically inconsistent judgment — i.e., one disallowing payment to providers for the same treatment that was ordered paid in the proceedings below." In other words, refusing to apply collateral estoppel risked a judgment disallowing PIVIT payments to ADRI for Blue Shield health plans despite a prior administrative decision mandating PIVIT payments to ADRI for CalPERS health plans administered by Blue Shield.
Blue Shield argues that a possible difference in the resolution of subscribers' claims for PIVIT coverage would not be an inconsistent judgment but "an inevitable byproduct of different coverage terms in different subscriber contracts." Not so. The subscriber contracts in the CalPERS administrative proceeding and this action contain the exact same definition of experimental treatments. Application of collateral estoppel here will thus prevent inconsistent judgments and promote judicial economy by minimizing repetitive litigation. As to the remaining public policy interest, Blue Shield is correct in pointing out that collateral estoppel does nothing here to protect against vexatious litigation. Neither Blue Shield nor ADRI was party to the prior proceeding. We also appreciate Blue Shield's desire to litigate the issue of whether PIVIT is experimental in a forum that permits it control over the presentation of evidence and the advocacy of its position. Nevertheless, we agree with the trial court that a balancing of interests favors application of collateral estoppel.
V. DISPOSITION
The judgment is affirmed.
Reardon, Acting P. J., and Rivera, J., concurred.
A petition for a rehearing was denied July 15, 2008, and appellant's petition for review by the Supreme Court was denied September 17, 2008, S165500.


text:
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    $asterisk = new Asterisk;
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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
Q: Bring back previous activity from stack and update it I need to get previous activity from the stack and update it. Currently when I use startActivity() on second activity, opens the first one but will create new one, and by clicking back button, opens the first one (the one which not updated). How can I solve this problem?
Activity A
startActivity(new Intent(this, SecondActivity.class));

Activity B
@Override
    public void onBackPressed() {
        super.onBackPressed();
        startActivity(new Intent(this, FirstActivity.class).putExtra("profile", mProfile));
        finish();
    }

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


Emily McNeil will present her research in June at the American and Canadian Astronomical Societies in Calgary, Alberta.
MIDDLEBURY, VT.- Senior Emily McNeil has loved outer space for as long as she can remember. She thinks nothing can beat the view from the state-of-the-art observatory atop Middlebury College's science facility. Seven stories high and 40 miles from any large city, the building provides the perfect spot for viewing the stars on clear Vermont nights - an opportunity that McNeil, a physics major, has made the heart of her undergraduate experience.
For her research at the Middlebury College Observatory, McNeil utilized ground-based surveys and new X-ray data to identify 16 previously undocumented shells of interstellar material that she has targeted as candidates for official recognition as supernova remnants. McNeil and her advisor, Middlebury College Gamaliel Painter Bicentennial Professor of Physics Frank Winkler, presented their research in April at a conference in Washington, D.C., held by the Council on Undergraduate Research (CUR), and plan to share their findings with the American Astronomical Society in June.
Emily talks with Director of the National Science Foundation Arden Bement, Jr. at "Posters on the Hill" in Washington, D.C., in April.
During her research, McNeil worked with Winkler to study glowing clouds of interstellar gas in a galaxy designated as "M33," which is located approximately three million light years away in the constellation Triangulum. She focused on the remnants that mark the lingering effects of supernovae, which are the cataclysmic explosions that occur at the end of a massive star's life. M33, a large spiral galaxy similar to the Milky Way, is the second closest such galaxy to Earth and the one best positioned for detailed study. "Studying M33 supernova remnants can tell us things we'd like to know about our own galaxy, but can't observe directly," McNeil said.
McNeil determined a formula to convert how bright something appears in a digital image to a measurement of how bright it is in real life. She then compared the flux-calibrated images, which she describes as "fancy digital photographs," taken in light of different wavelengths, and identified supernova-remnant candidates by their light ratios and characteristic shell-like shapes.
At the CUR meeting in Washington, D.C., Emily and Congressman Michael Castle discussed the importance of undergraduate independent research.
According to McNeil, scientists can better understand the density and chemical make-up of galaxies by studying the shockwaves, light and wavelengths that supernovae generate. She believes the study of outer space is vitally relevant to life on Earth. "We are all made of stardust," said McNeil. "Any atoms present in the universe heavier than hydrogen and helium are produced in a supernova, and supernovae can describe the manner in which this matter cycles through the galaxy."
At the CUR conference in April, she and Winkler joined more than 60 other undergraduates and their mentors at a conference in Washington, D.C., hosted by the Council on Undergraduate Research (CUR). They presented her work during CUR's "Posters on the Hill" session, an annual event that brings exceptional students and their research directly to Capitol Hill so that senators and representatives can more fully appreciate the importance of undergraduate independent research.
McNeil first explored astronomy at Middlebury College during her sophomore year, taking two courses with Winkler. She later served as a teaching assistant for Winkler's class, "Introduction to the Universe," and also staffed open house events at the college's observatory to help the Vermont community star gaze with the 24-inch, computer-controlled telescope in the observatory dome, or through several smaller telescopes on the building's rooftop observation deck. With Winkler's help, McNeil landed an internship at the American Museum of Natural History in New York City following her sophomore year. The experience gave her an opportunity to conduct astrophysics research with students from around the country.
McNeil now jokingly refers to the M33 galaxy as "her galaxy" and has picked out a favorite supernova remnant. "She is so enthusiastic about her science, and about her life in general," said Winkler. "She has this magnetic enthusiasm - she is just dynamite."
Compiled during the course of her study, McNeil's long list of possibilities has evolved into 16 strong candidates for M33's supernova remnant catalog. She and Winkler will present their findings at the joint meeting of the American and Canadian Astronomical Societies, to be held in early June in Calgary, Alberta.
McNeil acknowledges that her research has been a remarkable opportunity, particularly for an undergraduate student. "Being able to have my own research project as an undergraduate is a pretty amazing experience that I wouldn't get at most schools - I was really lucky," she said. "It let me see a side of astronomy that most people wouldn't even glimpse until grad school, and it shows that even undergraduate work can make a difference."
From time spent in the college's observatory and on independent research to work as a classroom teaching assistant, McNeil's experiences have realized her passion to help people discover science as a field of study. She hopes particularly to encourage girls to pursue careers in science. "I'm not advocating diversity for diversity's sake. I've seen first-hand that the girls in my physics classes look at problems in a different way and they understand concepts differently than boys. We need women in science because of the diversity of opinion and the completely different backgrounds and experiences they have," she said. "As you move through the levels of science education, girls drop out at every step at an alarming rate. I hope to teach younger generations of women that science is cool for everyone and that everyone can make a contribution."


In May 2008 I had posted about my laser eye surgery. The experience deserves some explanations with a hope that many would benefit and save themselves from a Fraud.
Firstly, It was LASIK and Not IntraLASE as told by Dr. Zarksis Anklesaria at Anklesaria Hospital, Soldier Bazar, Karachi.
I had to put on glasses after only 3 months, and i have been wearing it since after.
I was diagnosed with Keratoconus. Dr. Zarksis had topography results and he must have known this. LASIK is not possible with Keratoconus and may result in total loss of vision. But Dr. Zarksis not only dealt me like a test subject, he even did not mention about the disease ever.
Currently I have been visiting Dr. Shareef Hashmani at Hashmani's Hospital yearly with Topography tests to see if eyes are showing any regressive behavior. Thankfully eyes are safe, and would need 3 more years of topography reading since it probably would not change after i turn 30.
If you are looking for a laser surgery, I highly recommend Dr. Shareef Hashmani and make sure You never ever think about Anklesaria.
As usual, I don't actively write anything here even after promising multiple times. Just to give a glance on what am i doing these days, I just summarized my schedules and on-going activities.
Went through the toughest semester at IU, finished it up with 3.3 GPA at last. New semester has just started yesterday.
I have not been able to go anywhere for past couple of months. Its been a long time since i saw the beach!
Oh, I never mentioned, my latest project is Zaiqa.com, which is passing through a tough emergence period. The site covers daily Pakistani Recipes aired on Geo TV, Masala TV, and ARY Zauq.
For past couple of hours, I have been trying to integrate current user database and login system with vBulletin 4, which is quite a headache, and unexpectedly driving me crazy with little, complicated, Fatal errors.
Since Blockstatus.com is declining, and I don't see any growth opportunity, I'm trying to divert its current visitors to a related, new website, which could at least help me cover server expenses and other projects development and marketing cost.
MBA Exams.. wish me good luck!
Having done with Managerial Communication final last week, I will be appearing in Self Management Skills and Account exams on Thursday, Management is on Saturday, and IT for Managers on Monday!
I would be done with 8 courses in total.. and 2nd Semester at Iqra University (including summer) 🙂 I hope to do good in exam!
I, along with my brother and 2 cousins, Leaving for Murree tonight 🙂 Plan is to go Muzaffarabad, Naran, Kaghan, Nathiagali etc.. through Murree and Islamabad..


If you're looking to help yourself or someone you love struggling with substance addiction issues in Graff, MO, Rehabs.com presents a vast online database of exclusive executive programs, as well as a lot of other options. We can help you discover drug and alcohol abuse care clinics for a range of drug addictions to alcohol, cocaine, Vicodin or other addictive drug. Search for a high-quality rehab program in Graff now, and take off on the road to sober living.
Achieving sobriety from Anexsia, Dexedrine, alcohol or other drugs you or your loved one is addicted to takes an individualized treatment arrangement. Two options of drug or alcohol addiction treatment programs in Graff can help you succeed: either Inpatient or Out-patient Rehabilitation. Inpatient treatment offers continuing benefits with extended residence in a perfect rehabilitation center. Outpatient programs may be "easier", but lack the permanence and resources of ninety-day programs to get over your addiction. Ultimately, the choice is your own, and we are here to help you make the right decision.
Removing yourself from the conditions of the addiction issue can help eliminate diversions and temptations that prevent long-term recovery. When viewing rehab as a therapeutic refuge, addicts will find exclusive executive clinics in cities outside of Graff, Missouri. Offering high-end hotel-like features, excellent centers help achieve a physical, psychological and emotional recovery. However, those looking for treatments from home may find a facility close to home is an easier choice.
A co-occurring disorder refers to a person who is simultaneously dealing with both a substance abuse problem and a behavioral or mental issue. For instance, an addiction to marijuana, narcotics, Suboxone or amphetamine combined with ADHD or video game addiction. For these people, a residential rehab center is often imperative, incorporating quality inpatient treatments with group support, such as one might see in Alcoholics Anonymous. Luxury drug rehabs in Graff, Missouri will provide the latest treatment with upscale amenities for anyone requiring the very best drug rehab experience, just as Graff alcohol rehab centers will help those battling alcohol addiction to attain sobriety.
Note About Insurance for Addiction Treatment: APS Healthcare, HMO Insurance and Great West Insurance usually offer at least partial coverage for your inpatient stay, and you can find out more about your own provider or benefit status here.


text:
Miller Eager to Get That Winning Feeling Back
By Thomas Gerbasi • Jan. 19, 2012
"He's got tons of power on his feet, he's very athletic, but he also has shown those little weaknesses, and it's my job when we step in there to try and exploit those weaknesses." - Jim Miller
Some things take a little time to settle in. For Jim Miller, that thing was his August 2011 loss to Benson Henderson. It was the New Jersey standout's first defeat in over two years, snapping a seven fight winning streak, but at first, he dealt with it with little difficulty.
"It was like okay, I felt like I pretty much gave every ounce of energy that I had," said Miller, who later discovered out that he had fought while less than a hundred percent thanks to a kidney infection that he didn't know he had. "And then as it settled in a little bit more, then I got a little more frustrated with myself and I thought that I should have done things differently, I should have fought smarter, and it bugged me. It still bugs me. It's not so much the losing; it's the not performing to my best. It's not adapting to the way the fight's going and not doing the smartest things or the best things while I'm in there. That really bugged me. I'm pissed when I win sometimes because I still don't have that good of a fight, but still come away with the win, and it's still just unsatisfying."
Five months after the fight, you can hear it in his voice that if there's one fight he wants back, it's the one he lost to Henderson.
"It will always eat at me," he said with a chuckle. "I'm bitter and stubborn."
Of course, there's no shame in losing to the former WEC champion, who challenges for the UFC lightweight title held by Frankie Edgar in February. But as far as Miller is concerned, when he started feeling less than his normal self on fight night, he should have adjusted his plan of attack. But he didn't. And though he had his moments in the fast-paced three rounder, he just couldn't put Henderson away.
"I didn't adapt," he said. "I knew that he was gonna be tougher to put away, but I knew if I had the better technique, I'd be able to put him in danger. But something was wrong going in there, and I knew it in my warm-ups, and stepping into the Octagon I could just feel that I didn't have the energy to fight the way that I normally fought. But I did. I kept attacking, and there were times with a couple of those subs where I'm confident any other night that I finish him. But it was just too late and I didn't have enough energy. In hindsight, I probably should have fought a little bit more conservatively and worked more for dominant position and then used my technique to put him into trouble, instead of just attack, attack, attack the whole fight, and for the first time in my career actually feeling like I was gassed out."
At any other point in his career, Miller probably would have shown up at UFC matchmaker Joe Silva's door and asked to be put back into action as soon as possible. But instead, Miller has been on the sidelines since then, first to heal, next to welcome a son into the family, and then to wait for a big fight that his success in the UFC has earned him. He gets that big fight Friday night in Nashville, when he headlines the UFC's first FX event against Melvin Guillard. But that's not to say he wasn't a little antsy waiting for the opportunity to redeem himself in the Octagon.
"It's tough," he said. "You want to go in and reconcile yourself and avenge a loss and stuff like that and get back to winning ways, but sometimes there are more important things to do. When my son was born, my daughter was only 15 months old, so it's not like they're that far apart and she's a little more independent. It'll be great when they're older and they're really close, but when they're this small, it's a lot of work."
Miller laughs, knowing that it's work that will always beat taking a punch to the face, but he doesn't seem to mind that part of his day job either. In fact, when you're talking about the wild card in his bout with "The Young Assassin," it may be that for all of Guillard's power, there hasn't been much mention of Miller's cast-iron chin. And when asked if that chin has ever been dented in a fight, he can only come up with one example from his past.
"When I fought Frankie (Edgar), he knocked me down," said Miller of the 2006 bout the two had back in Atlantic City, won by the future lightweight champ via decision. "He hit me right on the button and sat me on my butt. I hopped right back up and shot in for a double leg, but that's the only time I've ever been knocked off my feet. I've been lucky enough to get a hard head like my father. (Laughs) I don't want to get hit by him (Guillard) though, that's for sure."
But if he does, and he shakes it off like he's shaken off everything else he's been hit with over the last six years, it could be the catalyst to frustrate Guillard, put some doubt in his head, and leave the door open for Miller to go to work. Hey, it's a tough way to make a point, but Miller's willing to do what it takes to get the win.
"I'm not afraid of getting knocked out, I'm not afraid of getting hit," he said, "But I'd rather be known as good than being known as being tough. Anybody that says 'aw, I like getting hit,' or any of that stuff, I gotta say 'come on, really?' Nobody wants to get hit. But there are some guys that just don't let it bother them. I try not to let it bother me. It's part of the game. You're going to get hit. I've only been in one or two fights that have gone past the first round where I haven't gotten a black eye. It happens. You're gonna make contact. But you just don't worry about it. Getting punched in the face really doesn't hurt that bad. There are things that hurt a lot worse than getting popped in the nose."
Like losing. And Miller doesn't want to go down that road again. On the bright side, after each of his previous two defeats, he went on to put together winning streaks of eight and seven fights, respectively. Guillard won't be a willing participant in Miller's plan though, and the New Jersey native knows it.
"I see a tough fight," he said. "He (Guillard) has proven that he's a very dangerous guy. He's got tons of power on his feet, he's very athletic, but he also has shown those little weaknesses, and it's my job when we step in there to try and exploit those weaknesses and create the opportunities that I can and capitalize on them. But he's an X-Factor; he can beat anybody in the division on any given night. It's just whether he gets off first and controls that momentum, or somebody makes him a little bit flustered, and that's what I try to do, and that's my goal on the 20th – to put the pressure on him and make him make that mistake."
Then, if only for a minute or two, Miller can forget the Henderson fight and move on. After that, it's back to collecting names on the way back to the title picture.
"I want to continue what I had going before August of last year," he said. "That wasn't an accurate demonstration of my abilities, and I wasn't the fighter that always stepped into the Octagon before that. So I'll continue to get better and prove it."

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Pub Crawl for our Newest Beer- Friday, August 3, 2018
July 24th, 2018 in
Research and Foodways News
Please join Master of Historic Foodways on Friday, August 3, 2018 as we celebrate the arrival to our beer family- the Duke of Dilemma. Joining Frank will be Geoff Logan from Alewerks, the producers of our Historic Beers.
The pub crawl begins at Shields Tavern at 7:00 p.m. and will conclude at Chowing's Garden at 7:45 p.m. Along the way you will get to learn about the new seasonal line of beers, as well as tasting the final product.
The beer, apply named Duke of Dilemma, is a pale ale based on a recipe in from the Theory and Practice of Brewing, by Michael Combrune , published in 1762. It is a light refreshing traditional British style pale ale made with traditional malt and hops and a classic West country ale yeast.
Tickets are available for sale on the CW site: www.colonialwilliamsburg.com. Simply type in Pub Crawl to find out more information.
Eggs in Paper Cases
Join us for Ales Through The Ages, October 19-21, 2018


The heart of the popular Universal System 8 hands free car kit. Once this base unit is installed you can instantly change cradles without any tools or set up changes. Cradles available to suit over 200 different models of mobile phones and PDA devices. Features include radio mute, choice of external speaker (incl) or car audio speaker, external antenna connection, full duplex operation.
*Installation into vehicle's speakers should be completed by a professional installer.


In many countries currency symbol is placed after the amount not before it. If would be good to be able to choose it.
I'm just facing this problem with one of my projects and it is difficult to use automated currency formating because of this.
You can use the currency 'Content Format' and set the 'Currency Prefix' to be blank. Then hard-code the currency symbol after the amount input with a text element.


A self-consistent thermodynamic model of the Mg-Mn, Al-Mn, Mn-Zn binary systems as well as the Mg-Al-Mn and Mg-Mn-Zn ternary systems has been developed. The major difference between this work and the already existing assessments of these systems is the application of the modified quasichemical model for the liquid phase in each system while most of the existing descriptions use the random mixing model. Further, this model is also used to describe one intermediate solid solution phase in the Mn-Zn system. In the absence of key experimental data for the Mg-Mn system, the calculated thermodynamic quantities from the model have been found comparable with other similar systems. The critical temperature of the Mg-Mn liquid miscibility gap has been estimated with the available empirical equation and found to be in acceptable agreement with the calculated value. A comparison between the current work and the most recent work on the Al-Mn system that uses the same model for the liquid phase reveals that better agreement with the experimental data with less number of model parameters has been achieved in the current work. The Mn-Zn system has been modeled for the entire compositon range and wide temperature range starting from room temperature. The accepted experimental data are well reproduced with the current description of the Mn-Zn system. Kohler symmetric extrapolation model has been used to calculate both Mg-Al-Mn and Mg-Mn-Zn systems. The thermodynamic description of the Mg-Al-Mn system has been verified by extensive comparison with the available experimental data from numerous independent experiments. However, the calculated Mg-Mn-Zn system could not be thoroughly verified due to the lack of experimental data. The model can satisfactorily reproduce all the invariant points and the key phase diagram and thermodynamic features of the Mg-Al-Mn, Mg-Mn-Zn ternary systems and the binary sub-systems.
xii, 85 leaves : ill. ; 29 cm.


Very useful as you can see, but the real utility of this mixin is unlocked when you combine its usage with the next mixin.
This mixin works in conjunction with @mixin make-row() and is really a group of mixins. One of the mixins allows you to define the size of column you want to use while the others allow you to push, pull, and offset columns.
The parent section creates the row that contains our nested columns. In this case each article will consist of 2 columns. As a result, you can create up to 6 article sections to span the page's 12 columns.
If you have a site where each page has the same layout, you can create the entire layout in Sass. Even if each page is different, you can benefit by using these mixins to layout static parts of the site such as headers and footers.
In this case I chose a percentage for the width (keeping it responsive). Of course you could always just set the width and height manually in plain CSS, but this does the same thing in a single line of code. This mixin also has a companion @mixin square(), which takes a single argument.
One of the knocks most people have with Bootstrap is that most sites created with it look the same. This is because many people take the stock components and use them as is. Although this is perfectly fine, many of us who use Bootstrap customize every component we use.
The panel-variant() mixin helps in that regard by letting you easily style panels. The mixin takes four arguments$border, $heading-text-color, $heading-bg-color, and $heading-border.
This is actually a group of mixins that allow you to quickly create CSS gradients.
Examples include gradient-horizontal(), gradient-vertical(), and gradient-horizontal-three-colors(). Each mixin takes different arguments, so be sure to look at the source to determine which arguments you need.
As you can see there are some powerful mixins built into Bootstrap. These 5 are only scratching the surface. Try digging into the mixins folder in Bootstrap's repository and look around. Find out what arguments are needed and how you can use them, then try them out in your own projects. You will probably find yourself using some of these as your go-to mixins, just like I do.


We have an excellent opportunity for a full-time Urgent Care Physician to join our team at Rochester Regional Health Immediate Care Greece in Greece, New York. We ask that you be experienced in Urgent care, family medicine or emergency medicine, but is not required as well as Board Certified, an active New York state license, and current ACLS and PALS certifications. The ideal candidate will be comfortable with suturing, minor orthopedics, and pediatrics. Our state-of-the-art Urgent Care facilities are located in Rochester New York (Webster, Henrietta, Penfield and Greece) and are affiliated with Rochester Regional Health System. Each Urgent Care Center is staffed by a team of board certified physicians and advanced practice clinicians supported by nurses, medical assistants and radiology technicians. All of our locations feature on-site laboratory, digital x-ray services and ultrasound on call.


Personality wise?... A cat. I have been told I am like a cat as I am unpredictable, shy, and crave love and attention yet I don't let that be known! I am also passive and it takes a lot to make me angry but if I am backed into a corner, my claws do and will come out!
And I can purr and roar like a panther!
I'm going to go with the dog pictured. We share an uncanny resemblance.
An old dog I guess - stubborn and very, very grumpy at times!!
I think I am like a deer. Quiet and unassuming.
I always laughed at those folks who had hair that matched their animals. Then someone said to me... Did you dye your hair to match your horse? Oh my! I have become one of them! Ha ha. But I do love my horse.
Animus - What Animal Best Describes You?
Which Animal Best Describes Your Personality?
Which animal do you think best describes your personality? In what aspect?


text:
Mandy Moore Responds to This Is Us Emmy Snubs
Mandy MooreLet's be real about This Is Us' swan song being snubbed at the 2022 Emmys.
Fans of the show were disappointed to see that the NBC drama—which recently wrapped up its six-season run with an emotional high—was overlooked by Emmy voters when nominations were announced on July 12. Almost completely skipping over the show and its cast members, This Is Us walked away with only one nod for "The Forever Now," an original song written by the Mandy's husband Taylor Goldsmith The composer Siddhartha Khosla.
Mandy then congratulated the musicians for their nods."unendingly proud"), she penned a lengthy note on her Instagram Story reflecting on the cast's let down.
"Do I wish our show was recognized in what I think was its's [sic] finest hour? Sure,"On July 12, she wrote. "And Dan Fogelman's brilliant writing for 6 seasons (hello THE TRAIN)? Ken Olin's impeccable direction? Our insanely, wildly talented cast and crew? Yah…."
Mandy continued, "But nothing can take away what our show meant to SO MANY (us included). That's an incredible legacy to be a part of. I will be grateful forever."
After Roe v. Wade, plans for a Gulf of Mexico Health Clinic are in place
Stewart Rhodes, Wife of Oath Keepers founder, Speaks Out: "Every Day Was Scary with Him"


Women need to know that even if they have never programmed a line of code in their lives, there is a great variety of user-friendly tech solutions to explore and implement.
Back when I was a neuroscientist, I participated in all sorts of "Women in Science and Technology" events and outreach programs. I have been thinking a lot lately about another kind of "woman in tech," namely those who are able create new jobs for themselves thanks to online connectivity and business tools.
This comes about in many ways. As a writer, for example, blogging has clearly revolutionized grassroots journalism. But beyond that, digital technologies have transformed all parts of the publishing world, creating new opportunities for product development, printing, distribution, and publicity outreach.
I got in touch with author/entrepreneurs Sarah Headrick and Sarah Rivera after coming across their site Custom Made for Kids, which has the quality design of a site you would expect from a large company, but operates from a Yahoo Store platform. I was taken by the concept and illustrations for their personalized children's storybook, The First Adventures of Incredible You, and decided to find out more about the partners behind this new venture, suspecting the the internet was the key ingredient powering every level of their startup company.
At the start of our business, it was through the internet that we were able to do our initial market research to confirm that there was a void in the market with respect to highly customizable storybooks. Most only incorporated the name and birthdate of the child into the book whereas we wanted ours to include 20 pieces of personalized information so that the ultimate book was truly a story about the child receiving the book.
In addition, it was through the internet that we were able to research the software we would ultimately need to intake the customized information needed to produce variable text in our book and "magically" turn around and output a personalized book. Moreover, having the the intake process occur via an online order process rather than through a salesperson at a store ensures that the information is spelled properly and taken down in accordance with the customer's wishes, so that the customer receives an error-free book. The internet also made it fairly easy to find a reliable binding method for creating a high-quality hardcover book that could be bound at the last second for one customer at a time.
Women are utilizing technology to fuel different types of entrepreneurial dreams, including many who are forging their own pathways back to work after having their children.
Women owned businesses are growing at a rapid pace in part because of the lack of flexibility in corporate America. The access to sophisticated technology at affordable pricing is a huge enabler for the birth of these businesses. For example, we work with five or six different web-based software companies for key tools that let us run our business efficiently, yet I don't have the costly investment of an I/T department or substantial hardware. Even five years ago, a lot of the technology we use now simply wasn't available.
Women need to know that even if they have never programmed a line of code in their lives, there is a great variety of user-friendly tech solutions to explore and implement, allowing people from all walks of life to reinvent themselves as entrepreneurs.


Uncrate is an online and print magazine that describes itself as "the leading buyer's guide for men". Naturally, Trefecta not being mentioned on it is not a reality we can live with. According to Uncrate "This isn't your average Grand Theft noisemaker of a bike. In fact, the Trefecta DRT Electric Dirt Bike doesn't make any noise at all." A silent beast.


text:
Q: Sockets_Client_Server_communication_Linux_C Hi Today I was trying to learn socket communication in c and Linux ,But my below code not working as expected. I am not able to find the problem though I understand where the error is occuring.
server.c
#include <sys/types.h>
#include <sys/socket.h>
#include <sys/un.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include<string.h>

char data[100];

int main()
{
    int socket_descrp,server_len;
    socket_descrp = socket(AF_UNIX,SOCK_STREAM,0);
    if(socket_descrp<0)
    {
     perror("server Socket failed\n");
     exit(1);
     }

    struct sockaddr_un server,client;
    int clientlen;
    server.sun_family = AF_UNIX;
    strcpy(server.sun_path,"mysocket");
    unlink("mysocket");
    server_len = sizeof(server);

    if(bind(socket_descrp,(struct sockaddr *)&server,server_len)<0){
        printf("bind error\n");
        exit(1);

    }

    if(listen(socket_descrp,1)<0)
    {
        printf("listen error\n");
        exit(1);
    }

    if(accept(socket_descrp,(struct sockaddr*)&client,&clientlen)<0)
    {
        printf("accept error\n");
        exit(1);
    }

    if(read(socket_descrp,data,99)<0)
    {
        perror("Error occured in reading\n");
        exit(1);
    }
    else if(read(socket_descrp,data,99)==0)
    {
        printf("No bytes are read\n");
        exit(1);
    }
    else
        printf("Reading from client\n");

    printf("The read content is: %s\n",data);

    close(socket_descrp);
    return 0;

}

client.c
#include <sys/types.h>
#include <sys/socket.h>
#include <sys/un.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include<string.h>

char data[100]="Hello World!";

int main()
{
    int socket_descrp,client_len;
    socket_descrp = socket(AF_UNIX,SOCK_STREAM,0);
    if(socket_descrp<0)
    {
     perror("client Socket failed\n");
     exit(1);
     }

    struct sockaddr_un client;

    client.sun_family = AF_UNIX;
    strcpy(client.sun_path,"mysocket");
    client_len = sizeof(client);

    if(connect(socket_descrp,(struct sockaddr*)&client,client_len)<0)
    {
     printf("Connection error\n");
     exit(1);
    }

    if(write(socket_descrp,data,strlen(data))<0)
    {
        printf("Error writing to the socket\n");
        exit(1);
    }

    return 0;

}

The error message printed is "Error occured in reading: invalid argument" on the server executable file. I am not able to understand why can't it read.
Client executable is not printing any error message. I spent nearly 2 hours trying to find the problem. :(

A: You cannot read from the server socket. accept returns a socket to communicate through:
    client_sock = accept(socket_descrp, ...);
    read(client_sock, ...);


text:
Home garlic peppers page2
Thai chilli peppers contain capsaicinIn specific cases the claims of synergy[30] and multifunctionality[31] have been supported by science. The open question is how widely both can be generalized. Herbalists would argue that cases of synergy can be widely generalized, on the basis of their interpretation of evolutionary history, not necessarily shared by the pharmaceutical community. Plants are subject to similar selection pressures as humans and therefore they must develop resistance to threats such as radiation, reactive oxygen species and microbial attack in order to survive.[32] Optimal chemical defenses have been selected for and have thus developed over millions of years.[33]Human diseases are multifactorial and may be treated by consuming the chemical defences that they believe to be present in herbs. Bacteria, inflammation, nutrition and ROS (reactive oxygen species) may all play a role in arterial disease.[34] Herbalists claim a single herb may simultaneously address several of these factors. Likewise a factor such as ROS may underly more than one condition.[35] In short herbalists view their field as the study of a web of relationships rather than a quest for single cause and a single cure for a single condition.
The chili pepper, chilli pepper, or chili, is the fruit of the plants from the genus Capsicum, which are members of the nightshade family, Solanaceae. Even though chilis may be thought of as a vegetable, their culinary usage is, generally, a spice, the part of the plant that is usually harvested is the fruit, and botany considers the plant a berry shrub.
The name, which is spelled differently in many regions (chili, chile, or chilli), comes from Nahuatl chīlli via the Spanish word chile. The term chili in most of the world refers exclusively to the smaller, hot types of capsicum. The mild larger types are called bell pepper in the United States, Canada (and sometimes the United Kingdom), sweet pepper in Britain and Ireland, capsicum in Pakistan India and Australasia, and paprika in many European countries. Bell peppers are often named simply by their colour (e.g. green or red pepper).
Chili peppers and their various cultivars originate in the Americas; they are now grown around the world because they are widely used as spices or vegetables in cuisine, and as medicine.
The chilli or chili has a long association with Mexican cuisine as later adapted into Tex-Mex cuisine. Although unknown in Asia until Europeans introduced it there, chilli or chili has also become a part of the Korean, Indian, Indonesian, Szechuan, Thai and other cooking traditions. Its popularity has seen it adopted into many cuisines of the World.
chilli or chilli or chili chilli or chili fruit
The fruit is eaten raw or cooked for its fiery hot flavour which is concentrated along the top of the pod. The stem end of the pod has most of the glands that produce the capsaicin. The white flesh, that surrounds the seeds, contains the highest concentrations of capsaicin. Removing the seeds and inner membranes is thus effective at reducing the heat of a pod.
Fresh Indian Green chilli or chilis sold in HAL market, Bangalorechilli or chili is often sold worldwide as a spice in dried and powdered form. In the United States, it is often made from the Mexican chile ancho variety, but with small amounts of cayenne added for heat. In the Southwest United States, dried ground chilli or chili peppers, cumin, garlic and oregano is often known as chilli or chili powder. Chipotles are dry, smoked red (ripe) jalapeños.
chilli or chili peppers are also often used around the world to make a wide variety of sauces, known as hot sauce, chilli or chili sauce, or pepper sauce. There are countless recipes.
Indian cooking has multiple uses for chilli or chilis, from snacks like bajji where the chilli or chilis are dipped in batter and fried to the notoriously hot vindaloo. chilli or chilis are also dried and roasted and salted for later use as a side dish for rice varieties like vadam (a kind of pappad). In Turkish or Ottoman cuisine, chilli or chilis are widely used where it is known as Kırmızı Biber (Red Pepper) or Acı Biber (Hot Pepper). Sambal is dipping sauce made from chilli or chili peppers with many other ingredients such as garlic, onion, shallots, salt, vinegar and sugar, which is very popular in Indonesia, Malaysia and Singapore. chilli or chili powder is an important spice in Persian cuisine and is used moderately in a variety of dishes.
chilli or chilli or chili chilli or chili leaves
The leaves of the chilli or chili pepper plant, which are mildly bitter, are cooked as greens in Filipino cuisine, where they are called dahon ng sili (literally "chilli or chili leaves"). They are often used in the chicken soup dish known as tinola.
In Korean cuisine, the leaves are also used to produce kimchi
In Japanese cuisine,the leaves are cooked as greens, and also cooked in tsukudani style for preservation.
chilli or chilli or chili Decoration
chilli or chili peppers can also be used decorativelyThere are entire breeds of chilli or chili pepper which are not intended for consumption at all, but are grown only for their decorative qualities, generally referred to as "ornamental peppers". Some of them are too hot for most common cooking techniques, or simply don't taste good. Some are grown for both decoration and food. Either way, they tend to have peppers of unusual shapes or colors. Examples of these include Thai Ornamental, Black Pearl, Marble, Numex Twilight, and the Medusa pepper. is a green plant which produces fruit starting purple, then ripening to yellow, orange, and red. Black Pearl has black leaves and round black fruit that ripen to a bright red. In India, the chilli or chili, along with lime is used to ward off evil spirits and is often seen in vehicles and in homes for that purpose. It is also used to check the evil eye and remove its effects in Hinduism as people will also be asked to spit into a handful of chilli or chilis kept in that plate, which are then thrown into fire. If the chilli or chilis make a noise - as they should - then there is no case of "drishti" (evil eye); if on the other hand they don't make any sound, then the spell of the evil eye is removed in the fire.
In selecting herbal treatments herbalists may use forms of information that are not applicable to pharmacists. Because herbs can moonlight as vegetables, teas or spices they have a huge consumer base and large-scale epidemiological studies become feasible. Ethnobotanical studies are another source of information. [36] For example, when indigenous peoples from geographically dispersed areas use closely related herbs for the same purpose that is taken as supporting evidence for its efficacy.[citation needed] Herbalists contend that historical medical records and herbals are underutilized resources.[37] They favor the use of convergent information in assessing the medical value of plants. An example would be when in-vitro activity is consistent with traditional use.
Certain strains of herbalism rely on sources that would be widely considered unreliable and would not be accepted in a scientifically oriented herbal journal. These include astrology, the Bible, intuition, dreams, "plant spirits", etc.
WIRELESS CCTV CAMERAS INNOVATIONS STORE WIRELESS CCTV CAMERAS INKJET CARTRIDGES WIRELESS CCTV CAMERAS INNOVATIONS STORE AIR RIFLES AND BB GUNS VELOSOLEX CROSSBOWS MAMOD STEAM ENGINES COP CCTV VITAMINS SOFTWARE TONER CARTRIDGES WATCHES PUMPS RADAR DETECTORS HOMECCTV GAMO GUNS NIGHT VISION MAGIC AND GAMES HERBAL HIGHS BULL ELECTRICAL FLYBIRD OPTICAL BIKES & SCOOTERS OPTICAL STORE HYDROPONICS STORE SOFTWARE STORE VACUUM STORE AUCTION SITE PREMIUM BONDS HOLIDAY HOMES PMR RADIOS SPY SHOP STICKY LABELS TINPLATE TOYS SPANISH GOLF VILLA MARC JAMES SHEDS SUNNYCOTT SEEDS STIRLING ENGINES BULLGROUP LOCKPICKS PAINT GUNS GAMO WILESCO STEAM CENTURY LIGHTING VIKING EBIKES FAG PACK VIKING BIKES BIRI BEEDIES BIDI 121VILLAS YELLOWMAPS HERBAL KICK SPAIN FORUM SPAIN-FORUM FORUM SPAIN FRANCE FORUM FORUM FRANCE FRANCE FORUM BLUE SEAL 13A NUTRITION HOLSWAP WEBCAM A1GUNS SOLAR BULLMALL FISHPASTE OPTICS FLOWMISER GISSOWATT MAGNOFUEL PAYMENT PAGE LOCKPICKS PCCORNER PRIZEFINDER PINKJETS RADARGUN RADARGUNS RAGABONE STICKYLABELS TIN PLATE TOYS SEEMANS SEEMENS SCRATCHINGS SICCE SIEMEN SIEMENSSOLAR SLIPS VERONICA-KITS WEB-CAMERA TOYPEN URLSALES SUNNYCOTT EASY-SALES-PRO ALLWINDS BULLMALL FAGPACK A1SOLAR SEEMENS ETILTD


text:
<?php

declare(strict_types=1);

namespace Omnipay\PagSeguro\Support\Customer;

use Omnipay\Common\Helper;
use Symfony\Component\HttpFoundation\ParameterBag;

class Address
{
    /**
     * Internal storage of all of the card parameters.
     *
     * @var ParameterBag
     */
    protected $parameters;

    /**
     * Create a new object using the specified parameters
     *
     * @param array $parameters
     */
    public function __construct(?array $parameters = null)
    {
        $this->initialize($parameters);
    }

    /**
     * Initialize the object with parameters.
     *
     * If any unknown parameters passed, they will be ignored.
     *
     * @param array $parameters An associative array of parameters
     *
     * @return $this
     */
    public function initialize(?array $parameters = null)
    {
        $this->parameters = new ParameterBag();

        Helper::initialize($this, $parameters);

        return $this;
    }

    /**
     * Get all parameters.
     *
     * @return array An associative array of parameters.
     */
    public function getParameters() : array
    {
        return $this->parameters->all();
    }

    /**
     * Get one parameter.
     *
     * @return mixed A single parameter value.
     */
    protected function getParameter($key)
    {
        return $this->parameters->get($key);
    }

    /**
     * Set one parameter.
     *
     * @param string $key   Parameter key
     * @param mixed  $value Parameter value
     *
     * @return $this
     */
    protected function setParameter(string $key, $value)
    {
        $this->parameters->set($key, $value);

        return $this;
    }

    /**
     * Sets country.
     *
     * @return $this.
     */
    public function setCountry(string $value)
    {
        return $this->setParameter('country', $value);
    }

    /**
     * Get country.
     */
    public function getCountry() : string
    {
        return $this->getParameter('country');
    }

    /**
     * Sets state.
     *
     * @return $this.
     */
    public function setState(string $value)
    {
        return $this->setParameter('state', $value);
    }

    /**
     * Get state.
     */
    public function getState() : string
    {
        return $this->getParameter('state');
    }

    /**
     * Sets city.
     *
     * @return $this.
     */
    public function setCity(string $value)
    {
        return $this->setParameter('city', $value);
    }

    /**
     * Get city.
     */
    public function getCity() : string
    {
        return $this->getParameter('city');
    }

    /**
     * Sets postal code.
     *
     * @return $this.
     */
    public function setPostalCode(string $value)
    {
        return $this->setParameter('postalCode', $value);
    }

    /**
     * Get postal code.
     */
    public function getPostalCode() : string
    {
        return $this->getParameter('postalCode');
    }

    /**
     * Sets postal district.
     *
     * @return $this.
     */
    public function setDistrict(string $value)
    {
        return $this->setParameter('district', $value);
    }

    /**
     * Get postal district.
     */
    public function getDistrict() : string
    {
        return $this->getParameter('district');
    }

    /**
     * Sets street.
     *
     * @return $this.
     */
    public function setStreet(string $value)
    {
        return $this->setParameter('street', $value);
    }

    /**
     * Get street.
     */
    public function getStreet() : string
    {
        return $this->getParameter('street');
    }

    /**
     * Sets number.
     *
     * @return $this.
     */
    public function setNumber(string $value)
    {
        return $this->setParameter('number', $value);
    }

    /**
     * Get number.
     */
    public function getNumber() : string
    {
        return $this->getParameter('number');
    }

    /**
     * Sets complement.
     *
     * @return $this.
     */
    public function setComplement(string $value)
    {
        return $this->setParameter('complement', $value);
    }

    /**
     * Get complement.
     */
    public function getComplement() : string
    {
        return $this->getParameter('complement');
    }
}


text:
Fight toxins with healing foods and good-for-you habits.
By Kelle Walsh , Jul 4, 2008
Detox diets are the latest fad in Hollywood, but their popularity's due to more than hype or vanity. According to Mark Hyman, former co-medical director at Canyon Ranch Lenox in Massachusetts and author of Ultrametabolism: The Simple Plan for Automatic Weight Loss, most people are in a state of toxic overload brought on by our environment and lifestyle. "If we were sleeping nine hours a night, eating only wild foods, moving our bodies for two to three hours a day, and not being exposed to any toxins, then our bodies could do what they are meant to do," he says.
Although the body is designed to eliminate toxins, it can become overburdened, Hyman says. The result? Ill health and symptoms ranging from general fatigue, sinus problems, digestion issues, and skin rashes to more serious diseases.
The good news is, you can mitigate the effects of toxins by boosting your body's ability to fend them off. Hyman's health-preserving prescription includes drinking only filtered water; eating organic foods, including 8 to 10 daily servings of fruits and vegetables such as pomegranate, cruciferous vegetables, garlic and onions, and green tea; eliminating white flour and sugar; exercising and sweating regularly; moving your bowels daily; taking high-quality vitamins and minerals; and taking time to relax every day.
Burn it Off: The Ayurvedic Spring Detox
Sole Purpose
Clearing Clutter for a Simpler Life
Movable Feast
How To: Ayurvedic Warm-Oil Massage
Probiotics Are Trending, But Are They Worth it?
The 10-Week Mindful Diet Plan for Healthy Eating
5 Reasons Why You Should Be Eating Wheat


Love chicken parm? Of course you do. Now dig into the Italian favorite with a spoon.
Chicken parm is one of those dishes I never get bored of. But it's kind of difficult to make. For me, too much work for a random weeknight; it's reserved for a special occasion. While brainstorming soup recipes, my coworker and the biggest chicken parm fan I know, suggested turning the beloved Italian dish into a soup. It was one of the those moments when you know you've heard brilliance: there were gasps and a loud "YASSSS." So I got to work.
Chicken parm as a soup is smart not just because it's a mashup, which we love, but it's also a shortcut. When you make real chicken parm you have to bread the chicken, cook the pasta separately, and labor over a sauce. This soup requires none of that.
In one pot, you cook the chicken and create a nice garlicky tomato-based sauce simultaneously, then add the pasta (which the broth cooks), and then, as the name implies, add a boatload of Parm. And mozzarella, which is optional but highly encouraged. I served the soup with garlic bread (we're carb-loading, okay?), but it's hearty enough on its own to dig in without it. Any type of short-cut pasta works—bowtie, shells, rigatoni. Just don't skimp on the parm.