1 Max Planck Institute for Brain Research, 60528 Frankfurt/M., Germany.
2 Department of Biology, Technical University of Darmstadt, 64283 Darmstadt, Germany.
Functional imaging methods monitor neural activity by measuring hemodynamic signals. These are more closely related to local field potentials (LFPs) than to action potentials. We simultaneously recorded electrical and hemodynamic responses in the cat visual cortex. Increasing stimulus strength enhanced spiking activity, high-frequency LFP oscillations, and hemodynamic responses. With constant stimulus intensity, the hemodynamic response fluctuated; these fluctuations were only loosely related to action potential frequency but tightly correlated to the power of LFP oscillations in the gamma range. These oscillations increase with the synchrony of synaptic events, which suggests a close correlation between hemodynamic responses and neuronal synchronization.
Blood oxygenation level–dependent (BOLD) imaging methods are powerful tools to investigate brain function, and they are particularly well suited for studies on the human brain (1, 2). However, there is still debate about which aspects of neuronal activity are reflected by the amplitude of hemodynamic responses. BOLD responses are positively correlated with action potentials (3, 4) and the amplitude of evoked potentials (5–7). The latter depends not only on the number and discharge rates of activated neurons but also on the temporal coherence of action potentials and synaptic activity (8). The BOLD-response may thus not only be influenced by the amplitude but also by the temporal structure of neuronal discharges. This possibility is supported by recent studies, which have shown that LFP oscillations correlate better with BOLD signals than with discharge rates (9, 10) and that synaptic activity elevates BOLD signals even in the absence of action potentials (11).
LFP-oscillations and, thus, the temporal coherence of synaptic activity vary substantially in amplitude and frequency as a function of stimulus configurations and central states. During sleep and relaxed wakefulness, oscillations occur at low frequencies (12), whereas high-frequency oscillations prevail during states of arousal and focused attention (13, 14). We studied the relations between hemodynamic signals, action potentials, and LFP oscillations in different frequency bands. Anesthetized adult cats were visually stimulated with moving whole-field gratings of different orientation, and electrical and hemodynamic activity in primary visual cortex was monitored simultaneously with the use of implanted microelectrodes and optical imaging of intrinsic signals at 570 and 610 nm (1). Variations in the amplitude of cortical responses were induced by presenting visual stimuli at two contrast levels (27 and 97% for low contrast and high contrast, respectively). In a parallel approach, spontaneous response changes were examined while stimulus contrast was kept constant at 97% and the variability of oscillatory patterns of cortical activity was enhanced by electrical activation of the mesencephalic reticular formation (MRF). Stimulation of this structure has been shown to enhance oscillatory activity in the gamma range by means of activation of cholinergic afferents from the basal forebrain (15, 16). As a measure of the magnitude of hemodynamic responses, we used the signal amplitude in differential orientation maps calculated by subtraction of orientation maps from their orthogonal counterpart. The amplitude of electrical responses was assessed from the discharge frequency of multiunit activity (MUA) and the oscillatory patterning of responses from the power spectra of LFPs that were recorded from the same electrodes as the MUA (17).
Differential orientation maps resulting from stimulation with high-contrast gratings at 610 nm exhibited a markedly stronger signal amplitude than those obtained at low contrast. This is indicated by the enhanced contrast in the differential maps and the steeper gradients between regions responding to different orientations leading to a sharper delineation of orientation domains at high-contrast stimulation (Fig. 1A). Even though the time course of the hemodynamic responses was similar for both contrast levels, the peak amplitudes at low-contrast stimulation were on average ∼31% lower (P < 0.005, Mann-Whitney U test) than at high-contrast stimulation (Fig. 1B). Simultaneously recorded MUA showed the typical phasic-tonic response pattern (Fig. 1C) and firing rates (averaged over the whole stimulus duration) were 28% lower with the low-contrast than with the high-contrast gratings (P < 0.0001, Mann-Whitney U test). The oscillatory LFP responses to both stimulus contrasts are shown in Fig. 1D. In these plots, power spectra from blocks of eight individual trials were averaged and then sorted in an ascending order according to the strength of the corresponding hemodynamic response. At both contrast levels oscillations occurred over a broad range of frequencies. However, on average, low-contrast stimuli evoked oscillatory responses at lower frequencies than did the high-contrast stimuli, which included predominantly oscillations in the upper gamma frequency range between 50 and 90 Hz (Fig. 1D). Interestingly, this relation also holds for responses evoked by stimuli of equal contrast. Neuronal responses in trial blocks associated with strong optical signals tended to oscillate at higher frequencies (Fig. 1D). Correlation analysis between hemodynamic signals and neuronal responses calculated across all trials and both contrast levels revealed a moderate correlation with spike rate (r = 0.53, Fig. 1E) and a somewhat stronger relation (r = 0.6, Fig. 1F) with the relative power of oscillations in the upper gamma band.
Hemodynamic and electrophysiological responses to different stimulus contrasts. (A) Differential orientation maps representing responses to vertical (dark regions) and horizontal gratings (bright regions) at low-contrast (left) and high-contrast (right) stimulation recorded at 610 nm. For these maps, data were averaged over five recording blocks. In both maps, gray levels correspond to the same activity levels. The rightmost image depicts the recorded area. Black and white arrowheads in the activity maps indicate corresponding regions. In the recorded area, lateral (lat) is toward the top and anterior (ant) is toward the right. Scale bar, 1 mm. (B) Time course of the hemodynamic responses at 610 nm averaged over 26 recording blocks for each contrast level. (C) Peristimulus time histograms calculated from the normalized spike rate averaged over all recording blocks and sites (26 blocks, four recording sites). Error bars in (B) and (C) show means ± SD. (D) Power spectra of all trials (n = 26 recording blocks) sorted in an ascending order according to the hemodynamic response strength at 610 nm for each contrast level. The power of each frequency bin was renormalized to the range between the maximum and minimum power observed throughout all trials and over both contrast levels in the respective frequency bin. A low-pass filter was applied on every single frequency bin of the resulting plot (kernel size includes 10 trials). (E and F) Correlation analysis between hemodynamic responses and spike rates (E) and hemodynamic responses and gamma power in the upper frequency range (F), calculated on the basis of individual data blocks of eight stimulus presentations summarizing data from both contrast levels. Each point reflects the averaged response over eight repetitions of the presentation of the eight different stimuli. Therefore, each point reflects the average of 64 responses measured over a period of about 19 min.
We also found a marked variability of hemodynamic responses even when contrast levels were kept constant. This variability occurred in a statelike manner in which phases of strong hemodynamic responses alternated with phases of weaker hemodynamic responsiveness. Thus, we kept the stimulus contrast constant at 97% and recorded electrophysiological and optical responses at 610 nm over several hours. For quantitative analysis, blocks of averaged results from eight repetitions of the eight different stimuli (17), which had been used for calculation of the hemodynamic responses, were grouped in three classes according to the strength of the respective optical response, and both optical and electrophysiological response variables were averaged within these groups. The peak amplitudes of the averaged hemodynamic responses differed significantly between the three groups. There were also marked differences in response duration; the larger responses decayed more slowly and lasted longer (Fig. 2A). Interestingly, the range of variability of hemodynamic response strength was as large as the range covered by responses evoked at different stimulus intensities (compare Figs. 1D and 2C). Neuronal firing rates also varied considerably between trials and these variations were related to the fluctuations of the hemodynamic responses (Fig. 2B). However, averaged firing rates differed only between the group with strong hemodynamic responses and the groups of medium and low response strength but not between the latter two. By contrast, a clear difference between all three groups of hemodynamic responses existed with respect to the frequency distribution of the respective oscillatory responses in the LFPs. Low-frequency oscillations in the delta-, theta- and the alpha-frequency band (Fig. 2C) were most prominent in trial fraction 1, containing the trials with the weakest optical signal. The weakest high-frequency oscillations were observed in this fraction. With increasing hemodynamic response strength (trial fraction 2) oscillation frequency shifted from the theta and alpha band to the beta and lower gamma frequency band, and the strongest hemodynamic responses (trial fraction 3) were associated with the most prominent oscillations in the lower and upper gamma frequency band.
Spontaneous variations of hemodynamic and electrophysiological response under conditions of constant stimulus intensity. (A) Time course of hemodynamic signals at 610 nm averaged over therespective33.3%of trials with strong (red line), medium (blue line), and weak (green line) hemodynamic responses (n = 26 recording blocks for each curve). (B) PSTHs of the spike rates for the same trials as depicted by (A). Error bars in (A) and (B) show means ± SD. (C) Power spectra of all trials (n = 78 recording blocks) sorted in an ascending order according to hemodynamic response strength at 610 nm. The observed minimum and maximum activity is coded by black and yellow, respectively. A low-pass filter was applied on each single frequency bin of the resulting plot (kernel size includes 10 trials).
Figure 3A summarizes the relations between the strength of hemodynamic responses at 610 nm and the oscillation power in different LFP frequency bands for the entire data set. Low frequency activity in the delta band showed a strong negative relation with hemodynamic signal strength (rdelta = –0.44), whereas theta, alpha, and beta activities were more or less uncorrelated with this signal (rtheta = –0.23, ralpha = –0.03, rbeta = 0.18). A weak positive relation existed for activity in the lower gamma band (rgamma1 = 0.33), and a strong positive correlation for oscillations in the upper gamma band (rgamma2 = 0.64). These relations were similar for trials without (Fig. 3A, black dots) and with MRF activation (Fig. 3A, gray dots). Optical signals measured at 570 nm exhibited a significant positive relationship exclusively with oscillations in the upper gamma band (Fig. 3B, rgamma2 = 0.5). In contrast, the correlation between firing rates and the optical signal at 610 nm was very low (r = 0.19) (Fig. 3C and fig. S2). At individual recording sites, firing rates usually varied with variations of the corresponding hemodynamic responses, but these correlations could be both positive and negative (r values ranging from –0.49 to 0.74). A consistent positive correlation was found for only 25% of the recording sites (r > 0.35). We also correlated firing rates with the power of gamma oscillations on a trial-by-trial basis and did not find a consistent relation (fig. S3).
Correlation analysis between hemodynamic and electrophysiological responses under constant stimulus conditions. (A and B) Scatter plots showing the relationship between hemodynamic responses obtained at 610 nm (A) and 570 nm (B) and the power in different frequency bands. (C) Regression plot of hemodynamic responses at 610 nm with the spike rates averaged over all normalized MUA channels.
The experiments with gratings of different contrast confirm the previous view that hemodynamic responses are positively correlated with stimulus intensity (18) and neuronal discharge rate (4, 9). Moreover, the analysis of LFP oscillations revealed that stronger stimuli shifted the frequency of LFP oscillations to higher values and that there is a particularly tight correlation between hemodynamic responses and LFP oscillations in the high gamma frequency range. The present findings closely link hemodynamic responses to the processes leading to LFP oscillations in the gamma frequency range. Both aspects that contribute to the BOLD signal, blood volume changes (19) and changes in the deoxygenation status of hemoglobin (20), are positively correlated to the occurrence of gamma oscillations. Thus, our results are compatible with the finding that BOLD responses correlate better with the amplitude of LFP oscillations than with the discharge rate of cortical neurons (9, 10). Because LFPs predominantly reflect transmembrane currents associated with synaptic activity (8), it had been proposed that BOLD responses reflected input rather than output activity (9, 11), a conclusion which has also been reached on the basis of theoretical assumptions on the neuronal energy budget (21). Our data go beyond this interpretation and suggest that the precision of synchronous firing of neurons within a cortical volume critically contributes to the magnitude of the hemodynamic response. The amplitude of LFPs depends not only on the number of active synapses within a cortical volume but to a crucial extent on the synchronicity of the synaptic events (8). Because of the short duration of synaptic currents, they summate most effectively if synchronized with a precision in the millisecond range. The precision of synchronous firing is in turn positively correlated with the frequency at which synchronized groups of neurons oscillate (15, 22) and reaches a maximum when cells engage in high-frequency gamma oscillations.
How do changes in the temporal patterning of responses influence hemodynamic responses? There is evidence that synchronization in the gamma frequency range is associated with oscillatory, tightly synchronized discharges of inhibitory interneurons (23) leading to periodic inhibition of pyramidal cells. These inhibitory postsynaptic potentials, in turn, synchronize pyramidal cells by confining their discharges to the depolarizing peaks of the membrane potential oscillations (24). Thus, when cortical networks engage in gamma oscillations, inhibitory interneurons are highly active, and as their discharges are phase-locked to the oscillations (23), their activity increases with oscillation frequency. Therefore, we propose that the hemodynamic responses associated with gamma oscillations are mainly initiated by the firing of inhibitory interneurons.
Although inhibitory interneurons constitute only about 20% of the cortical neurons, it is likely that they substantially contribute to local energy consumption. They fire at very high frequencies and distribute their numerous synapses exclusively within adjacent cortical volumes. The hypothesis that interneuron activity is a major cause of the hemodynamic response (25) is well compatible with the fact that interneurons contain enzymes for the synthesis of vasoactive compounds such as NO and vasoactive peptides (26, 27). In this cascade, the elevated calcium concentration is suggested to play a major role (25).
This interpretation resolves some of the discrepancies between BOLD studies and unit recordings. Deficits in visual processing in amblyopia are well reflected by evoked potentials and hemodynamic responses, although they are undetectable in discharge rates (7). Attentional shifts in the absence of sensory stimulation (28) and mental imagery (29) are associated with BOLD responses, and these cognitive processes are associated with increased oscillatory activity in the gamma frequency band (14, 30). Other cognitive and executive functions such as figure-ground segmentation, expectancy, sensory-motor coordination, short-term memory, and movement preparation are associated with enhanced oscillatory activity in the beta and gamma frequency range (31, 32). Hemodynamic responses may thus be ideally suited to visualize neural processes associated with higher cognitive and executive functions.
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We thank H. Klon-Lipok and E. Scheibinger for technical assistance and M. Wibral, M. Lutzenburg, and G. Pipa for helpful comments and suggestions on the project.
A region at the base of the brain functions as the body's glucose monitor, instructing the liver to shut down glucose production when blood glucose levels get too high.


Our experience was awful. We had prepaid for car parking and of course expected to find a place somewhere on arrival. But there were no spaces. We circled the car parking area three times without success. We noted that other customers had parked their cars on grass verges. In the end we were forced to park outside a designated space on a corner where buses were passing. This was very stressful. We feared the car would be damaged.
The car park was good enough, but overcrowded, the section I was directed to had a single space available and it would have been impossible to open my car doors, so I ended up parking in an unmarked gravel covered verge, as many others already were. Small cars would be fine, but larger saloons/4x4's struggle to fit in the standard spaces and I would be worried about damage occurring. Shuttle bus to terminals was fast and frequent - perfect marks there. Staff were friendly and efficient. I would consider parking there again, but I intend to look elsewhere too.
Car park was easy to find, well signposted. Shuttle service was quick and convenient. Good value for money.
on leaving carpark,requested to insert c/card.. then charged £80.00 no mention of pre paid account. rang manchester c/parks who have cancelled the transaction and informed me on entry DO NOT TAKE CARD but insert c/card to prove pre payment !! very confusing ?/??
Car park was very convienient and good value.
Very convenient, huge carpark that seemed very full- we were very lucky to get the first space as you go in!
Very convenient parking at the best price..
Excellent value and service.Will use you again and will recommend to family and friends.
Best parking service I've used in Manchester. Being so close to the terminals is really handy. One bad point was the frosting on the bus window, which made it difficult to see the zones in the dark and the driving rain of Manchester! But managed to find the car anyway!
The outgoing experience was great, we parked quickly, hopped on a bus and were at our terminal within minutes. Our journey back was a different story. We just missed a bus; but were not too worried as the publicity stated that they run every 10 minutes. A number of buses for the other car parks came and went until another 'terminal 1& 3' bus arrived after probably 20 minutes. This bus had 'out of service' on it and dropped off passengers but did not collect. We had to wait AT LEAST half an hour before another bus arrived. My husband mildly complained, the driver grumpily replied..'well what do you expect there's only one of me!' This is not good enough. We paid extra in order to be able to get home quickly. We would have been far better off going to one of the further car parks which had far more frequent buses. Ironically it was near enough to walk, however we were unsure of the route and the possibility of having to cross dual carriageways. This experience did spoil what had otherwise been a very smooth journey. They should not be allowed to say that the buses run every 10 minutes when it is clearly not true. This was on a Saturday afternoon by the way.
Very easy to use, near to the airport and easy facility to exit. Would use again.
I found the parking service exceptional very easy to use could walk from the terminal as we arrived very late last night but did not have to wait for a bus. Will be using again in two weeks time.
Excellent,simple and efficient. Will definately use you again.
Great value, quick easy transfer. Loved it!
First time I have used an airport car park and found the experience easy and functional. Terminal bus transfer was simple and efficiant. On return simple reverse process and a few seconds only at the barrier. A good tip is to take a phone photo of your parking bay so you do not misplace your parking position. I will use this service again.
Parking at Long Stay Terminal 1 was easy to find and very accessible for the airport. Some bus stops are only available for both Terminal 1 & 3 and the signs are not easily read. Exit was very easy and went just as explained.
Hassle free, I parked and collected my car without any issues and will definately use this service again.
First time I have used this service, it worked well and I will be using this service in future for all my travel arrangements.
When you are rushing to catch your flight and on your return when you are tired and scratchy you want something to be easy and go to plan. This airport parking does that. Only comment is: when you return from a warmer climate a warmer shelter would shorten the 10 minute wait for the bus.
Parking on site at the airport was a good idea for us. It was obviously more convenient than being off site. And it was competitively priced. The only problem was the bas on the return took about 15 minutes which left us freezing in the bus shelter.


Experienced bassist looking for vocals, drums, guitar, maybe keys for new group to play the NW Florida area. Looking to do energetic alternative/rock covers as well as original material. This will be mostly a listening experience more so than "dance music". You don't need to be Eddie Van Halen or John Bonham, just have a desire to be a part of a successful band. If interested, reply to this post and I will get back to you asap. Thanks.


From Academy Award®-winning filmmakers Rob Epstein, Jeffrey Friedman, Barbara Kopple, Alan and Susan Raymond, and Sundance Award-winning director Jesse Moss, KILLING THE COLORADO is a glimpse into the serious manmade water shortage that threatens the American West. Presented in association with ProPublica and based on reporter Abrahm Lustgarten's award-winning series of the same name, the film investigates the causes behind the drought, the potentially grim outcome if no changes are made, and the innovative experiments in the works to preserve this precious resource for future generations. KILLING THE COLORADO features compelling insights from senior research scientists, water resource experts, federal government officials, industrial and family farmers, and state leaders at the forefront of the water crisis, including Gov. John Hickenlooper (CO-D), Sen. Jeff Flake (AZ-R), and Mike O'Connor, U.S Deputy Secretary of the Interior.
Premiering as part of DISCOVERY IMPACT, KILLING THE COLORADO premieres Thursday, August 4 at 9PM, exclusively on Discovery Channel. The film will also be available on Discovery.com, Discovery Go, and Discovery On Demand on August 5.
View a preview of the film on Indiewire.
Read more about the film here.


text:
<?php
namespace AppBundle\Instagram;

use AppBundle\Utils\Cache\SessionCacheInterface;
use AppBundle\Utils\Cache\SessionCacheTrait;
use Guzzle\Service\Client;

class UserRetriever implements SessionCacheInterface
{
    use SessionCacheTrait;

    public function getUserId($username)
    {
        $userApiData = $this->retrieveUser($username);

        return $userApiData['id'];
    }

    private function retrieveUser($username)
    {
        if (false === ($userApiData = $this->getFromCache($username))) {
            $client = new Client();

            $request = $client->get('https://api.instagram.com/v1/users/search');
            $request->getQuery()
                ->set('q', $username)
                ->set('count', 10);

            if ($this->container->get('session')->get('is_logged')) {
                $request->getQuery()->set(
                    'access_token',
                    $this->container->get('session')->get('instagram')['access_token']
                );
            } else {
                $request->getQuery()->set('client_id', $this->container->getParameter('instagram.client_id'));
            }

            try {
                $response = $request->send();

                $responseApiArray = json_decode($response->getBody(true), true);

                $filteredUsers = array_filter(
                    $responseApiArray['data'],
                    function ($user) use ($username) {
                        return $user['username'] === $username;
                    }
                );

                if (count($filteredUsers) == 1) {
                    $userApiData = current($filteredUsers);

                    $this->addToCache($username, $userApiData);
                } else {
                    throw new UserNotFoundException("User '{$username}' not found");
                }
            } catch (\Exception $e) {
                throw $e;
            }
        }

        return $userApiData;
    }

    public function getUserData($username)
    {
        return $this->retrieveUser($username);
    }
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


1.Each button in the game has its special function. Don't overlook it!
2.'Palace', 'Town', and 'Underground Palace' are added! Hope you will appreciate these splendid architectures in your journey.
3.Violin, piano, and flute are added as the instruments of background music. Bet you will experience the specialty of the game with every move you take.
1. Chapter 3 reset while no page activated tutorial issue.
2. Chapter 4 reset while page activated tutorial and reset issue.
3. Chapter 6 level 6 Rotation Platform issue.
4. Chapter 7 level 11 UI missing issue.
5. Chapter 7 last level:Uri stuck issue.
1. Now you can start this fantastic and marvellous journey of salvation on your iPhone X.
2. More unknown mysteries are waiting for you to uncover.


A clean and well-maintained furnace can keep you and your family safe and therefore save you money on your monthly bill. Failure to perform annual maintenance on your gas furnace may result in ineffective operation, and consequently, in some cases, dangerous exposure to carbon monoxide. Absolute Comfort uses the newest high tech equipment to check the operation of your furnace, additionally, when furnace repairs are needed Absolute Comfort can repair your furnace and ensure safety within your home.


text:
Shipping needs a ringside seat at international debates, says InterManager
Shipping needs a "King Arthur-style" round table of many relevant bodies to fully represent its views at international level and "do it justice", InterManager's President Mark O'Neil said during the association's Annual General Meeting this week.
Highlighting the shipping industry's distant position in relation to important global events such as the recent COP26 environmental discussions, Mark O'Neil, InterManager President and CEO of Columbia Shipmanagement, said shipping's arena seat is 'in the gods' and we need to be ringside. "We need to control the narrative and be involved. InterManager is crucial to that voice."
One year into his term of office, Mr O'Neil reported an increase in membership but stressed InterManager plans to grow even more. This year InterManager – which is celebrating its 30th anniversary – has "shouted more loudly as an association and gained much more recognition," he informed the well-attended meeting which took place in-person in Cyprus with other InterManager members around the globe joining online.
He stated that third party ship and crew managers, who today employ 90% of the world's seafarers, are well-placed to "drive the debate". "I'm fed up with others taking the lead. We need to have opinions on important issues to serve our members and our respective crews," he said.
During his President's Address, Mr O'Neil, who will serve until autumn 2022 in his first term of office, outlined InterManager's ongoing activities, highlighting the association's crucial membership of the industry Covid-19 vaccination taskforce, it's pivotal role in ensuring that seafarers around the world are recognised as keyworkers, and it's life-saving campaign to improve the onboard provision of medical oxygen on ships.
Mr O'Neil also updated the meeting on the progress of InterManager's new Shipmanagement Standard which aims to ensure and enhance quality standards across the sector.
He said it was important for ship managers to demonstrate to the world "that we are a highly professional group of companies". Members are considering a first draft of the new Standard which will be implemented throughout the InterManager membership. It looks set to give members a competitive edge by demonstrating verifiable standards across a range of areas of operation, while setting out a recognised path to success.
The meeting concluded with a dynamic debate on environmental concerns and shipping's role in meeting climate change targets. Speakers included Alastair Evitt of V.Ships, who is a former InterManager President; Sunil Kapoor of Fleet Management; David Furnival of BSM; Capt Eugen Adami of Mastermind; Capt John Albrecht of SCF Management Services; Sotiris Raptis of ECSA; as well as Captain Kuba Szymanski, InterManager Secretary General, and Mark O'Neil.
Mr O'Neil enthused: "Managers are at the heart of this debate because we interact with all aspects of the shipping industry."
The UK P&I Club and training innovator OneLearn Global collaborate to provide learning content to seafarers
Head of Greek Shipping Cooperation Committee blasts uncertainty over future fuels
Cold reception for reefers in China sees volumes and rates slip on main Europe to Far East trade
From paper to pixels: embracing the digital logbook revolution
Veson Nautical demonstrates continued commitment to cloud security
Pontus Berg joins Purus Marine as Chief Operating Officer
ABS to support PCL and PaxOcean decarbonization journey

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


A favorite for couples who love traditional styles, this 8mm wide Diamond Wedding Band set is finished with round cut diamonds in burnish setting. Band is satin finish all around.
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text:
Who Did The "Friends" Actors End Up With In Real Life?
The first season of "Friends" was released over 26 years ago. In case you missed it, the plot revolved around a group of six friends who couldn't live a single day without each other. We loved watching them hunt for jobs in NY, build relationships, get married, and in Ross's case, get divorced a few times too many. Back then, the actors were already in their late 20's, but the time doesn't stand still. Over the last 20-something years, much has changed in their lives. Some got married while others couldn't find their significant others. But what about now? Are they happy now? Let's find out!
1 Cole Sprouse – Baby Ben
It is so strange to see the 90s child actors all grown up today, no matter how often they appear in our social feeds. Cole was just 8 years old when the showrunners tossed him into the mix, and during the next four years, he probably had the best time of his life. Then came the teen years and the inevitable crushes. When Disney got a hold of Cole, they put him on Zack and Cody, which was a big deal back then. This was the start of his dating phase. The early 2000s were rich in new experiences for Sprouse, as he dated quite a few lovely Nick and Disney girls. But it wasn't until he met Lili Reinhart on Riverdale's set that he'd fallen in love. Sadly, after being in a relationship for three years, they went their separate ways in March 2020. There's plenty of fish in the sea, Cole!
2 Courteney Cox-Arquette – Monica
Courteney played a serious and responsible Monica Geller. She always took care of her friends and tried to help everyone. That is, unless you moved her stuff, refuse to use a coaster, or, god forbid, used fancy soap. Two-three seasons into the show, we saw her name in the title credits change from Cox to Cox-Arquette, at least that's how I remember it. So yeah, Courteney was married to David Arquette for about ten years, but they broke up in 2010. Since 2013, she has been dating and then got engaged with Johnny McDade, a famous musician. Or he used to be. Does anyone listen to Snow Patrol in 2020? The actress is already 55 years old, but she's still a knockout.
3 Matt LeBlanc – Joey
Who doesn't love Joey Tribbiani? His character is a little silly but incredibly charming. He dreamed of becoming a big-time actor, but all he could do were soap operas and herpes commercials. In real life, Matt continued to pop up in various TV series after the finale of Friends. In 2003, he married the lovely Melissa McKnight, and they had a daughter together. After six years, the couple filed for divorce for unexplained reasons. Who are we to stick our nose into their business? Soon after, LeBlanc started dating actress Andrea Anders, whom he met on the set of "Joey." Unfortunately, the couple broke up in 2015. But Matt doesn't like being alone and has been in a relationship with Aurora Mulligan from Top Gear.
4 Jennifer Aniston – Rachel
Jenn has built a great career in the film industry, but as for her personal life, she wasn't so lucky. In her early years, Aniston was in a relationship with musician Adam Duritz and then she met Tate Donovan. A few "moments" later, she married Brad Pitt, but divorced five years later because Jenn didn't want to have kids just yet. Being a busy bee, Aniston tried to start a family with Vince Vaughn, and then with John Mayer. Later that day (I'm joking, relax), the actress married Justin Theroux but got bored soon after. As far as we know, Jenn is single right now.
5 Matthew Perry – Chandler
"Friends" brought Matthew fame, fortune, and crippling depression. That last one was due to the first two. Anyway, did you know that he used to date Julia Roberts when he was younger? That certainly adds a tiny bit of context to that one episode about panties, doesn't it? He also had an affair with Lizzie Kaplan. In 2012, the couple broke up, and since then, nothing was known about Perry's personal life… until 2018, when he started dating Molly Hurwitz. That relationship lasted for two whole years!
6 Lisa Kudrow – Phoebe
Much like her on-screen alter ego, Lisa did not have any serious relationships until she was 31. In 1995, she married Michel Stern, and three years later gave birth to a son, Julian. The birth had completely changed her life. Lisa once said that she regrets not giving birth to a second child. Kudrow's marriage is as strong as they come because she has been with her hubby for over 20 years!
7 David Schwimmer – Ross
And finally, we got Ross, I mean David. For a long time, David did not talk about his personal life, although everyone knew that he was constantly dating new girls. It all changed after he met Zoe Buckman in 2007, who back then was a waitress. He immediately fell in love with a girl but kept their affair private. In 2010, they got married and a year later had a daughter, Cleo. Now the actor rarely goes to social events and prefers to spend time with his family. From time to time, photos of his family get posted on the web, but judging from those pictures, the Schwimmers seemed to be doing great until they announced that they were on a break. I hope he doesn't do anything stupid like in the show!
Cole Sprouse, Courteney Cox-Arquette, David Schwimmer, Friends, Jennifer Aniston, Lisa Kudrow, Matt LeBlan, Matthew Perry


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Life Of Tami
Tami Gorodetzer
Chicago – Tami Gorodetzer, 29, of Rogers Park, Chicago, died of COVID-19-related heart failure on Friday, May 13th, 2022. She is survived by her mother, Sue Gorodetzer, father, Mark Gorodetzer, sister, Stacey Gorodetzer, nieces Marlee and Michelle, Grandmothers Ann Koss and Marilyn Gorodetzer as well as many aunts, uncles and cousins.
Tami was a fierce and dedicated daughter and friend—an unwavering companion in hard times and an exuberant cheerleader of milestones big and small. She not only made connections, she fostered them, joining people across her careers and hobbies to cultivate a rich community of love and care. She was a bright, gravitational star in the world, pulling those she cherished ever-closer into her magical orbit. To know her was to know true friendship.
Throughout her life, Tami reckoned with the reality of an autoimmune disorder. While in some seasons, she was restrained by her diagnosis, in many, many others, she flourished and thrived. Her greatest moments in life include training for and running the Chicago Marathon twice, visiting Israel for birthright, seeing Ariana Grande in concert, and presenting to standing-room-only audiences at several Out and Equal conferences.
One of Tami's many passions was advocating for the wellbeing of LGBTQ+ people. She knew the importance of being seen and embraced for exactly who you are, and worked relentlessly to educate others on the needs of the LGBTQ+ community. In lieu of flowers, donations can be made in Tami's name to the Brave Space Alliance, an organization that helps marginalized LGBTQ+ people on the south and west sides of Chicago: https://www.bravespacealliance.org/
Tami's Community Involvement
Out and Equal
Tami loved being involved in every community she was a part of. After her passing, we learned so much about her volunteering to Brave Space Alliance, Girls on the run and supporting Rabbit by wearing their garments while running & racing.
She was well known as the girl who ran in flannel.
We would like to continue the work she has started and have been working with different non for profit organizations and for profit to bring awareness to the different amazing organizations Tami was working with.
To donate to a LGBTQIA+ entity in your local area or nationally, contact Mark at mgarod1959@gmail.com.
Created by Savoir-Faire Consulting
reQ therapy bbq


A massive recall of toys made in two Mattel factories in the Chinese province of Guangdong has raised much concern over both the dangers that the defective toys could have on children and the overall safety of goods imported from China. The recall was made for Mattel's Fisher-Price unit and included approximately 1.5 million products that featured characters such as Elmo and Big Bird. The recall was made as a result of the use of nonapproved paint containing high levels of lead. These high levels of lead have the potential of causing brain damage along with other serious health problems in children.


Listicles have received some bad press over the past couple of years, being accused of lacking in substance and being overly subjective. Listicle 2.0, the video listicle, is just as bad in the eyes of many, serving only as a mobile version of an otherwise boring and baseless article.
Unfortunately for these naysayers, video listicles and listicles in general are as popular as ever. As explained in this Three Girls Media blog post, the listicle is a content marketing format that works and doesn't show signs of going out of style anytime soon. The masses love this easily digestible format and marketers will have to pry it from their cold-digitally-dead-short-attention-span hands before they give it up.
What Are Listicles and How Do They Relate to Marketing?
Listicle is a term used for articles made up of a bulleted or numbered list, often organized around a central theme. The term combines the words "list" and "article." Video listicles are videos that display the list in a slideshow-esque format, usually with fun music playing in the background. Here is an example of one of Three Girls' video listicles.
While listicle-based videos and articles may be getting old for writers and marketers to create, they are still an effective marketing tool, especially for social media. Using them as part of your business' digital marketing strategy is a strong move.
The good news is, while all listicles for many creators are considered cliche, video listicles can in fact breathe new life into this tried and true marketing tactic. Consider using video listicles to give yourself some variety while still providing your audience with the organized content they desire.
Why Do People Like Video Listicles?
Why include listicles in your marketing strategy? People like them!
There are several very strong reasons why audiences are attached to the listicle format, made only better by translating it into a video platform. Because it wouldn't be an article about listicles without a list. Here are 8 reasons why video listicles are loved among readers, and therefore a strong marketing tactic.
Listicles provide a clear expectation for the consumer in both content and format. When a viewer sees a listicle video they know that it will progress in a numerical fashion and provide short succinct pieces of information. This means they do not need to waste energy trying to mentally digest something unexpected.
Every person that goes online encounters massive amounts of information within minutes. Video listicles are a fun way to help consumers quickly sort through the onslaught of information encountered online daily and promote your marketing messages amongst the noise.
As explained in this article by Forbes, our brains like organization. Video listicles provide viewers a way to intake knowledge in the most organized format possible: the list.
Video listicles are nicer to read than the everyday article as they provide a clear beginning and end of the content. A viewer can even look to see how many minutes and seconds the video will take to complete. If the video is short, then they know their time investment will be minimal, encouraging them to click on the video.
Video listicle titles give viewers a clear idea as to what the topic is, allowing them to choose whether they will take the time to watch it.
List-based content helps our memory and information retention. This article by CopyPress explains how listicles help us remember information compared to alternative formats.
One-third of online activity is spent consuming video. Video listicles combine video, which is becoming a more popular marketing platform every year, and the already-loved listicle format.
Video listicles are easy to share across platforms such as Facebook, Twitter, Instagram and YouTube, making it more likely that viewers will quickly hit share to pass the information on to their peers.
In other words, there are many reasons why video listicles are the perfect way to deliver content to your readership. Ignoring this format because it seems easy and silly is a short sighted tactic when it comes to your marketing strategy.
Follow these steps to create a video listicle for your marketing campaign.
Video listicles are a combination of two formats: a video and a list. Thus, planning for a video listicle involves two sets of steps. The first is to plan your content. This can be done in four steps.
For the best marketing results, pick an appealing topic that will provide useful content for your audience.
Pick the topic of your listicle to align with your marketing messages, and use that as your keyword in your title. Even though you aren't writing long-form content, you still want to apply SEO rules to your title. A strong keyword will also make it clear to your audience what they are watching which, as you may remember, is one of the reasons viewers like listicle videos so much. Do not trick your audience by misleading them with a poorly chosen keyword.
Research your topic for accuracy and also study your competition. Make sure your list is truly unique and that you have enough relevant content to include. Don't forget to attribute your sources.
Make your list! If there is a natural progression to your list, put it in that order. Remember not to make it too long, too. A video listicle that runs six minutes will attract no one; instead, aim for one minute or less. Keep the sentences short and succinct. Remember that this list, unlike written listicles, will be moving. Sentences that are too long will make the reader miss content or quit the video out of frustration.
Okay, you have your title and your list that has helpful content with a unique angle. The first step is now complete. Next, you will need to create the graphic portion of the video listicle.
You can use various marketing elements in your video listicle, such as high quality stock photos.
If you decide to film footage for your listicle then ensure it is of high quality. Many people just use their iPhone or Android to do this, as cell phone cameras have come a long way, but don't skip the tripod! Jittery hands make for uneven footage.
You don't have to show any live footage at all if you do not want to. Video listicles can be just as effective with stock images. Choose photos that are high-quality, relevant and visually appealing. Vibrant pictures are nice, but do not make them too busy with conflicting colors.
Ensure that your audience is able to follow along with your points by embedding subtitles. Make sure they are easy to read, concise and a sizeable font. This will also help your viewers retain the information provided by reinforcing your marketing messages, plus it's friendly to those who are hearing and visually impaired.
You have the option to narrate your marketing video; hearing someone speaking to them can add a personal touch for your audience. If you choose to do this, be sure that the audio is clear and that you are annunciating your dialogue. Mumbling your way through your message will only frustrate your viewers. Write out your dialogue before hand, and try not to read the list points word for word, instead expanding a little on each point.
Sometimes visuals aren't enough; music can help the viewer feel like the video is moving forward. If you are using narration, make sure the music isn't so loud that it overpowers the voice speaking. Pick something that matches the tone you want your marketing video to convey.
To actually create the video listicle, there are a few simple and cost-effective platforms you can use. Hootsuite suggests using Adobe Creative Cloud, specifically After Effects for motion graphics, and Audition for voice overs and music. However, these two programs require some training and can be complicated for beginners. Three Girls Media uses Canva to design slides for our videos and Adobe Spark to create the slideshow in the video. Both programs are easy to use and free! Remember, your video listicle doesn't need to be too complicated. As with all your marketing, keep it simple!
In conclusion, you may never win a Pulitzer Prize for a video listicle, but they are an important element of a digital marketing strategy because viewers respond well to them. There are a lot of added benefits for audiences, making them more than just a silly list of arbitrary items; they can provide quick, relevant and easily digestible content. As the creator, you can choose whether to make them baseless or not. Therefore, do yourself a favor and choose relevant and strong content for your audience, then, put it in a video listicle.
What Are Google Posts and Are They Worth the Hype?
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'Everything' includes some 70 years of cleaning toilets, sweeping, washing and scrubbing multiple homes in Mumbai's Khar West suburb, for a pittance. As late as in the 1980s and early 1990s, Bhateri Sarabjeet Lohat was getting Rs. 50 a month for cleaning all 15-16 homes in an entire building. That, and leftovers or throwaways from their kitchens.
It's been decades, but as she narrates this, the pain still comes through. Bhateri Devi, is breathing heavily. She lives in Valmiki Nagar, Bandra East, Mumbai. Her Aadhaar card gives her birth year as 1932, which would make her 86 years old. But her lined and wrinkled face suggests Bhateri is over 90 – which she asserts she is. Her son Harish died on June 30 this year, well into his 70s. Bhateri got married when she was merely 12 or 13, after which she came to Mumbai with her husband Sarabjeet Lohat.
Her entire family (and most relatives from her husband's side) were in Mumbai, having migrated from Haryana. Almost all of them were sanitation workers in private jobs. Most of the people living in this locality are, like Bhateri, Dalits from the Valmiki community who migrated to Mumbai from Haryana at different times, in search of work. Like Bhateri, they all speak Haryanvi at home. Several of Mumbai's Valmiki settlements comprise of people from Haryana. That is particularly so in Bhandup Tank Road, Dombivli, Matunga Labour Camp, Vikhroli and Chembur.
The patterns of migration of people from these particular caste groups, and the ghetto-like settlements they live in, are similar across the country. So is the caste-based menial work and its hold on generations within the community – in Mumbai, as everywhere else. These patterns are unseen and hidden from the surface shine of city life.
Bhateri, whose back is bent from years of gruelling work ('kaam karte karte'), doesn't seem too bothered about her own condition in life. She began narrating her story, in fact, with great enthusiasm when we met at her Mumbai home. Everyone else in that home was puzzled. They had never seen her talking so freely about herself to anyone. That's when Bhateri told them nobody had ever interviewed her – and that she wanted to speak.
She then began talking. About her husband's death: "It was the most difficult time of my life. My elder and younger brothers-in-law also lived in the same home. I was earning at that time. I would get beaten up quite a lot by my in-laws. They pressured me to get married to one of my brothers-in-law. I said no. I have a son, I will pass my time with him. I knew nobody would have respected me if I had married one of them. I earned for myself, I raised my son, and kept my honour with myself. I am very happy with my life." (In some caste groups or communities, a widow is expected to marry her husband's older or younger brother).
"I worked in Khar all my life. In those days [early decades], there were fewer buildings. Mumbai was quite open and empty." Bhateri does not recall how much she earned when she was working. Nor does she remember the price of onions or potatoes or clothes when she first came to the city. Her mother-in-law controlled everything, from buying provisions to her earnings. Bhateri would not get any money in her hands.
Sanjay worked at cleaning gutters for some time, but stopped after he contracted liver disease. When this writer met Bhateri, Sanjay had just been discharged from hospital after treatment. Within two months, though, he died of liver failure at the age of 40. Sanjay was a cheerful person and just some days before he died, had told us: "I have seen my dadi [grandmother] sweeping and cleaning gutters since my childhood. We are all living today because of her. She brought us up and tried to keep us away from this filth. She was hardworking from the very beginning."
"My father used to drive an auto-rickshaw. Later, he left that work and he was at home. After that he got a job in the Sachivalaya [state secretariat] as a cleaner, but a problem cropped up due to caste. Somebody made a provocative remark, there was a fight, and then he was thrown out. Since then, till his death, he stayed at home.
This has been a year of tragedy for Bhateri. Sanjay's death was followed by that of his father, her son. The shock to Bhateri has been very great.
She seems happier to talk about her years of labour. "My mind was set on working. All of us who worked would go together, chat, share our problems and joys with each other. Away from the strife at home. The work was such that there was no leave, because of which I could never go back to my village. But all my life I wore only those clothes which I had brought with me from there." Even now, in her speech and attire, she is completely a woman from Haryana.
After doing the same menial work through her lifetime, it is not clear to Bhateri who is to be blamed. Nor does she display any anger at anybody. "This is a thread of destiny. This work is the only work for our community, everybody does it." And this dehumanising drudgery becomes the livelihood of lakhs of women like Bhateri. Caste, like an invisible wall, crushes them all the time.
So why do people of her caste remain trapped in this obnoxious occupation? Bhateri replies innocently: "I don't know the answer to that. All my people do this, so I too do it. My wrist is twisted with constant gripping of the broom, but I don't even get a pension. We don't have the garibonwala [BPL] ration card, meant for the poor.
She laughs, and that toothless smile seems to drive away all her sorrows.


You can also use your french press to make a Toddy low acid, high caffeine, cold brewed coffee . First, pour in cold, filtered water to press..A cylindrical pot with a plunger and built in filter screen that presses water through ground coffee that's the simple beauty of the French press, method of choice for many the world over, creating an earthy, rich taste in the cup..Water for French press coffee should be heated to F. This is below boiling, which is F at sea level. If you want to make extra sure it's the right temperature, use a thermometer to check. Or, if you have a fancy newer kettle with custom temperature settings, choose "coffee." Add the water to the French press..Pour the remaining half of your water over the coffee. Place the lid on your French press with the plunger pulled all the way up. Let the coffee steep until your timer reads ..
Making french press coffee is probably the simplest way to brew a great cup of coffee. The French Press method takes around minutes, doesn't require a filter, and is great for bringing out the full body of the coffee..Place the coffee grounds in the bottom of your French press, and pour about a third of the water over top. Let everything sit for about seconds, then give it a gentle stir, Hetzel says..


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The Angiuli Group, LLC
Investing, Developing & Managing Various Business / Real Estate Ventures
Category Archives: In The News
Category "In The News"
The Staten Island Chamber of Commerce
In The News, In The News HomepageBy nick December 28, 2020
The new executive committee members are as follows: Chairman Michael Assenza, Stat Land Security Service; Vice Chairman Frank Scarangello, SCARAN; Treasurer Ed Wiseman, Moving Pictures Inc.; Secretary Carol Decina, National Grid. Linda Baron serves as President and CEO of the chamber, and Bruce G. Behrins, The Behrins Law Firm as legal counsel. Glen V. Cutrona,…
STAY CALM! How a Crisis Can Strengthen Your Business!
Each chapter tells a story of a crisis and a recovery, and the lessons learned along the way. Whether it's a weather event, a terrorist or cyber-attack, or a pandemic, this book will be a must-read for business owners and managers who want to be ready to pivot when a crisis occurs. Released on November…
Staten Island's 'Restaurant Row' Battles for Survival
In January, the business was up 25% from last year at Greg Fosdal's DaddyO's BBQ and Sports Bar. Two months later, he had to decide which five of his 12 staffers would be least affected by a layoff. That stark reality set in for the Staten Island business owner after authorities ordered bars and eateries…
New co-working space open on Minthorne Street
STATEN ISLAND, N.Y. — More than six years ago, Kevin Lawrie opened a premiere co-working space called LaunchPads in St. George. Back then, the concept wasn't too popular on Staten Island. But, in time, the idea of shared office space — especially for businesses with fewer than five employees — caught on in the borough. That's when…
Inspiration Plaza now open on Staten Island's Minthorne Street
STATEN ISLAND, N.Y. — The late Saverio "Sam" Angiuli would likely be proud of Minthorne Street and its Inspiration Plaza if he could see how his son, Gary C. Angiuli, transformed the auto dealership he owned for 40 years into what it is today. Angiuli, along with his son, Sam, created a restaurant row inside…
Minthorne Street open dining to start Saturday
STATEN ISLAND, N.Y. — Starting this weekend, Minthorne Street, which houses a trendy, converted 33,000-square-foot warehouse with a row of restaurants in Tompkinsville, will be closed on weekends to vehicle traffic so patrons can dine out. Father-and-son team Gary and Sam Angiuli — who own the building that is named after the street on which it sits — said that while…
Downtown Staten Island Weekend Walk held in Tompkinsville
STATEN ISLAND, N.Y. — Hundreds of borough residents descended on Minthorne Street in Tompkinsville on Sunday for the second-annual Downtown Staten Island Weekend Walk. The event, which turned the street into a public plaza for the day, featured live music, an NYPD rock-climbing wall, animals from the Staten Island Zoo, outdoor dining and more. The…
See inside Enrichment on Minthorne Street
The space — which has long tables equipped with charging stations — is colored with splashes of green and includes a black and white mural, art deco lighting fixtures and greenery. The former owner of Goalmine hired an artist known as Senz to create a mural on the wall that would be specific to Staten…
A look at 17 proposed projects that could help revitalize the North Shore with state funding
STATEN ISLAND, N.Y. — After a months-long delay related to COVID-19, Staten Island is one step closer to utilizing state funding to help revitalize the North Shore. Announced last November, the $10 million in funding is part of Gov. Andrew Cuomo's "Downtown Revitalization Initiative" aimed at helping downtown areas across New York. In Staten Island,…
Award Winning Tekie Geek's Newest Book "Stay Calm" Hits Amazon Best Seller List
Dec 10, 2020 (AB Digital via COMTEX) — "Stay Calm" was written during the Covid-19 pandemic and features 12 Staten Island entrepreneurs whose businesses have not only survived crises but have been able to come out the other side stronger, and wiser. The entrepreneurs featured and co-authors of this book are: Mike Bloomfield of Tekie…
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Maybe your boss allows you to telecommute. Maybe you're your own boss. Or perhaps you work after hours from home or just take care of a lot of personal business on your PC. Whatever your scenario may be, here are ten programs to keep your home office humming. These gems will help you manage your money, your email, your notes, and your time. And they'll also help you present a good image of yourself on screen and on paper. With one exception, all programs work in Windows 98 through Windows XP.
I'll skip the really common programs. After all, you don't need to know about Windows, office suites, or a good email program. And you've already heard enough about antivirus software, personal firewalls, and tools to back up your data--even if you haven't actually gone out and bought them (yet).
What's your financial worth? What do you owe on your credit cards? How much do your clients owe you, and when do you expect to receive their payments? What are your biggest expenses? If you're looking for a tool to manage all aspects of your financial life, Intuit 's Quicken 2004 Premier Home & Business will do the job. And its US$90 price is one expense worth making.
You can record transactions, balance your checking account, and track investments (if that isn't too depressing). You can also pay bills online and keep an inventory of the items in your home. If you've got a business, you might also track accounts payable and receivable. Speaking of accounts receivable, Quicken can become your invoicing system: Use its template to print out your bills or email them to clients.
Got any files or folders you must protect from prying eyes? The best tool I've found for the job is Steganos Safe 5. Create a "safe" with this $23 program, and you have a virtual drive you can fill with files and access with any program. Once you close the safe, all you've got is a large file filled with incomprehensible gobbledygook, and nothing but the password will reopen it again. The safe uses a combination of 128-bit AES and 128-bit Blowfish encryption--two widely accepted standards that are as hack-proof as anything you're likely to encounter.
If you want more security tools, you can spring for Steganos Security Suite 5, which costs $56. In addition to the regular safe, the Suite lets you use a portable safe: You can create an encrypted drive with your confidential files, save this drive onto a CD, for example, and then access the drive on any PC, when yours isn't available. The portable safe comes with a read-only version of the encryption engine, so you can open files with no problem when you're on the road--but you won't be able to encrypt new files (unless you have the suite installed on your notebook, say). The Suite also provides email encryption, a tool that hides encrypted files in image or sound files, a password manager, a program for cleaning up your browser and other histories, and a shredder.
Jasc Software 's $100 Paint Shop Pro 8 is a great tool for nonbusiness chores like touching up family photos. But if pictures are a part of your business--whether it's posting real estate photos on your Web site or displaying artwork--Paint Shop Pro is a valid business tool as well.
You can do all sorts of things to your photos with Paint Shop Pro. You can correct for barrel and pin cushion distortion--that is, when images appear to curve outward or look pinched. You can remove the dreaded red-eye effect. You can add arrows, circles, and text. And if you're looking for something unusual, you can make a photo look like an oil painting.
If you're the artistic type, you can forget about photos and make your own drawings in Paint Shop Pro. Or capture images from your computer screen--an important business chore in my profession; I used Paint Shop Pro for the screen shots in this article.
Microsoft designed its $120 Publisher to be easy to use, and by and large, the company succeeded. It comes with a wide variety of document templates to help you get a project started. These include newsletters, catalogs, business cards, Web sites, greeting cards, and even paper airplanes (like Paint Shop Pro, this doesn't have to be an all-work program).
Once you select a template--or go with a blank page--you can arrange things as you please with plenty of drawing tools, text formatting, and clip art. And it's still user-friendly: Suggestions pop up from time to time about easier ways to do things.
So now you've got your brochure or newsletter looking absolutely great. In addition to printing it, you want to email it to clients and maybe post it on your Web site. If you're thinking about formatting to HTML, forget it. HTML--the format used for Web pages and formatted e-mail--isn't capable of handling real precision formatting.
However, Adobe didn't provide a free way to create PDFs. Neither has a company called eHelp, but it has created a cheap and easy way: the $50 1-Step RoboPDF 3. If the file is printable, RoboPDF offers several ways to convert it to PDF. You can right-click the file for the program's options, load it into its native application and select RoboPDF from the list of printers, or drag and drop the file onto the RoboPDF icon on your desktop. And if that application is Word, Excel, or PowerPoint, you can use the RoboPDF toolbar, one of the program's handy features, to make the conversion happen. It works like a charm.
Sometimes you have to forego email or the Web and use a more arcane method of delivering information--you have to fax it. If you do a lot of faxing, and handling all those incoming and outgoing faxes has become a major hassle, consider investing $100 in Symantec 's WinFax Pro 10.02.
Not all of WinFax's special features are really useful, though. The photo-quality faxes don't look noticeably different from the regular ones. Plus, WinFax hogs memory on some systems. But for heavy-duty PC faxing, WinFax is a good investment.
Why can't I find Edna's email about the Entropy Project? Wait a minute--maybe Edwina sent that? Okay, where is it?
Since NEO doesn't store the mail separately, but works with mail already stored in Outlook, there's no problem with the two programs getting out of sync. No, it doesn't work with Outlook Express.
Creo 's Microsoft Outlook add-on, the $100 Six Degrees 1.5, helps you organise a whole lot more than email. In addition to requiring Outlook, Six Degrees works only in Windows 2000 or XP.
Six Degrees watches what you do in Outlook, then it finds relationships between different items, which it displays in its own window. Click an email message or an appointment in Outlook (but not, alas, a task or a note), and Six Degrees will list anything it thinks might be related to it. And it doesn't just watch Outlook. If you click a file in Windows Explorer--say, your notes for an upcoming presentation--the resulting list may include emails about the presentation, the appointment itself, and other files containing similar keywords.
Of course, it's all guesswork, and Six Degrees doesn't always guess right. But it guesses right often enough to be useful if you have trouble keeping track of all your data relating to specific projects.
Now that I've shown you some better ways to organise your Outlook data, how about something to replace Outlook altogether?
Micro Logic 's $150 personal information manager, Info Select Version 7, is laid out in an outline format. You enter bits of information under headers like Reports and References. You can create your own headers and subheaders, as well. Under some of these headers, you'll find forms for entering structured information such as contact databases. In others, you can just enter unstructured notes, then impose a structure based on where you place them in the outline. There's also an appointment calendar and email client to make it a full PIM.
It's also handy for Web research. Highlight text in your browser (or any other program), click a system tray icon, and that text becomes a note beneath the highlighted topic in InfoSelect.
If you've got a Palm-based PDA, you can buy a separate $70 version, Info Select for Palm. The two sync up, letting you enter and organise data while sitting at your PC or on the run. The program isn't offered for Pocket PC-based PDAs.
Info Select is a bit intimidating at first--you should start at either the Easy or Basic level. But if you have to manage a wide range of disparate data types, it's a big help. Especially useful is its very fast search engine, which brings together your organised and disorganized info.
If you've got multiple clients and charge by the hour, you need a way to track what you do, how long you spend doing it, and for whom you're doing it. That's where Iambic 's $150 TimeReporter 4.0 comes in.
Setting up TimeReporter can be time-consuming and a bit of a challenge. It uses either an SQL or Access database, and if you have neither you may have to download Microsoft Data Access Components (or MDAC) first.
To get started, you need to log on by name to set up TimeReporter. Then you have to enter some basic information--clients, tasks, categories, rates, and so on. But once your key information is entered, the program is pretty easy to use. You just click selections and enter a bit of text to record what you did and when. Or use the Start and Stop buttons at the beginning and end of a chore.


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Standard Bank $30 Million fine – the issues by Babatunde Akinyanju
by Legalnaija | Dec 16, 2015 | Uncategorized | 0 comments
On Monday 30th November 2015, in a crowded courtroom at the High Court in London, legal history was made when a senior judge ordered ICBC Standard Bank Plc to pay US$30 million to avoid a criminal conviction following a US$600 million bribery scandal in Tanzania.
Chinese-owed bank
The Rt. Hon.Sir Brian Leveson, President of Queen's Bench Division made a ruling under a negotiated agreement between the prosecutor, The Serious Fraud Office (SFO) and the UK arm of the South African and Chinese bank. (On 1st February 2015, the Industrial & Commercial Bank of China Ltd (ICBC) acquired a 60% controlling stake of Standard Bank in the UK). The declaration known as a 'Deferred Prosecution Agreement' (DPA) suspends any criminal prosecution against the bank provided the sum of $30 million is paid by Monday, 7th December 2015, and it complies with other conditions within the next three years.
Stanbic Bank, Tanzania
Standard Bank, a UK regulated bank (SBUK), at the relevant time was a subsidiary of Standard Bank Group Ltd, a publicly-owned company registered in South Africa. Another subsidiary of the Standard Bank Group was Stanbic Bank Tanzania Ltd (Stanbic) located in Dar es Salam.
In 2012, the Tanzanian Government needed to raise public funds to support its ongoing "five-year development plan" for infrastructure development. Significantly, Stanbic was not licensed to deal with non-local foreign investors in the capital markets. It therefore teamed up with SBUK to perform that role. SBUK and Stanbic submitted a joint proposal for the mandate to raise funds for the Tanzanian Govt. by way of a sovereign note placement. The transaction was significant, US$600 million, and offered future business opportunities in Tanzania for SBUK and Stanbic.
Tanzanian Government Officials
Negotiations began in February 2012 when both banks quoted a combined fee of 1.4% of gross fees raised. In September 2012, Stanbic increased the proposed fee to be paid by the Tanzanian Govt to 2.4%. It transpired that the extra one percent fee would be paid to a "local partner", a Tanzanian-registered company known as Enterprise Growth Market Advisors Ltd (EGMA). EMGA's chairman and one of its three shareholders was Mr Harry Kitilya. Mr Kitilya also happened to be Commissioner of the Tanzania Revenue Authority, therefore, a serving member of the Tanzanian Govt. The Managing Director of EMGA was Dr Fraten Mboya (CEO of the Tanzanian Capital Markets & Securities Authority from 1995-2011). Stanbic did not address this conflict of interest.
SBUK was unaware of the proposed involvement of EMGA as a local partner in this transaction (along with the 1% increase in the fee) until after the proposal had been submitted to the Tanzanian Govt. When subsequent investigations were carried out no documentation could be found to explain what role if any EMGA had played in securing the deal.
Lack of Due Diligence
By the end of September 2012, EMGA opened a bank account with Stanbic, which obliged the bank to carry out regulatory checks ("Know Your Customer"). The checklist acknowledged that the account was "high risk", but failed to specify reasons for this conclusion. The regulatory check also failed to mention the role of Mr Kitilya in government and that both he and Mr Mboya were "politically exposed persons". SBUK failed to carry out its own due diligence checks on the two individuals, relying instead on the information provided by Stanbic.
False Mandate for US$6m Bribe
In November 2012, the mandate and fee letters were signed. The mandate was between SBUK, Stanbic and the Tanzanian Federal Ministry of Finance. This mandate made no mention of EMGA and referred to the "total facilitation" fee of 2.4%, constituting "total advisory, arranging co-ordinator participation and book runner fees". It also included "disbursement costs and agency costs". The fee letter referred to SBUK and Stanbic agreeing to act as lead managers "in collaboration with its partner." The deal made provision for a 1% fee to be paid from Tanzanian public funds to EMGA via Stanbic, without the payment coming through normal government channels.
Stanbic Senior Executives
The mandate was formally granted to SBUK and Stanbic in November 2012. When the financing was completed by March 2013, the amount raised was US$ 600 million. Stanbic paid EMGA the 1% fee (US$ 6 million) into an additional Stanbic collection account. Within 10 days of payment the MD of EMGA Mr Mboya withdrew majority of the $6m in cash. This was with the consent and assistance of two Stanbic senior executives Bashir Awale, CEO and Shose Sinare, Head of Corporate & Investment Banking. Mr Sinare authorised the transfer of the outstanding balance to EMGA's account.
Standard Bank raises the dust
Other staff at Stanbic queried the cash withdrawals from EMGA and reported the matter to the head office, Standard Bank Group in South Africa and to SBUK. Internal investigations were carried out. SBUK instructed lawyers in London (Jones Day) who reported the matter to the prosecuting agency in the UK, the Serious Fraud Office (SFO).
Prosecution and Defence negotiate
SBUK co-operated fully with the SFO and after negotiations and an agreement on the circumstances that transpired in Tanzania. The SFO accepted that SBUK had not been directly involved in the offence of bribery. Nevertheless, by not carrying out necessary checks SBUK had committed an offence. The SFO, in accordance with its Codes of Practice decided that rather than proceed with prosecution it would seek a Deferred Prosecution Agreement (DPA).
Interests of Justice Test (Para 8, Sch 15, Crime & Courts Act 2013)
1.The Director of the SFO concluded that: there was sufficient evidence that the organisation SBUK had committed an offence of failing to prevent bribery, contrary to s7 of the Bribery Act 2010; secondly, that it was in the public interest for the matter to be dealt with by a DPA (in accordance with the DPA Code of Practice).
2. Thereafter the SFO and SBUK agreed a provisional agreement as to the terms of the DPA.
3. The matter was considered by Justice Leveson on 4th November 2015, in private, when he heard submissions from Queen's Counsel instructed by both parties. The SFO was seeking a Declaration that entering into a DPA with the organisation (SBUK) was likely to be in the interests of justice, and the proposed terms of the DPA were fair, reasonable and proportionate.
4. In applying the 'Interests of justice test' under Rule 11.3(3)(i) Criminal Procedure Rules 2015 Sir Brian considered the following:
Seriousness of the conduct: the alleged bribery committed by two senior executives of Stanbic with the intention to bribe a public official, using public funds for the bribe payment, such as could compromise the integrity of the financial market. He noted that SBUK was not involved in the bribery.
SBUK's potential criminality arising out of its own compliance procedures and failure to recognise the risks inherent in the proposal.
SBUK immediately reported itself to the authorities and adopted a genuinely proactive approach to the matter- a factor recognised in the DPA Code of Practice.
SBUK conducted a detailed internal investigation that had been sanctioned by the SFO and reported its findings. The statement of facts presented to the judge by the SFO was substantially reliant on the evidence voluntarily disclosed by SBUK.
SBUK employees responded promptly to requests by the SFO for information and material.
SBUK had no previous criminal investigations or convictions save for a civil sanction imposed in 2011, by the Financial Conduct Authority for lax anti-money laundering procedures.
SBUK had enhanced its compliance policies, procedures and processes since 2011
There was now a new board of directors at SBUK following its acquisition by ICBC in Feb 2015.
On 30th November 2015 the court declared the DPA in the following terms:
Compensation to the Tanzanian Govt. of US$6m, plus interest of US$ 1,153,125;
Disgorgement of fee income of US$ 8.4m (the sum paid to SBUK and Stanbic as Lead Managers)
Financial penalty in the sum of US$ 16.8m;
Costs of the SFO £330,000
In addition, (not part of the DPA, but taken into account by the judge) SBUK agreed a civil settlement of US$4.2m, to the US Securities and Exchange Commission, for violation of US Securities Law as a result of this transaction.
The bank must also continue to co-operate with the SFO and show evidence of improvement in its compliance procedures over the three-year period of the DPA. The Bribery Act charge of Failing to Prevent Bribery is suspended for the duration of the order.
High Standards of Banking required for Business
In his concluding remarks the judge noted that the UK registered bank acquiesced, albeit unwittingly in large scale bribery, which was preventable had the proper procedures being followed. He went on to say that: "Standard Bank has far better served its shareholders, its customers and its employees (as well as those with whom it deals) by demonstrating its recognition of its serious failings and its determination in the future to adhere to the highest standards of banking. Such an approach can itself go a long way to repairing and, ultimately enhance its reputation and in consequence its business."
Babatunde Akinyanju is a lawyer and training consultant based in the UK and Nigeria
bakinyanju@femodajuris.com @bakinyanju
4th December 2015 © Copyright Babatunde Akinyanju. All rights reserved.
The History and Sources of the Nigerian Criminal Laws: How we ended up with Two Codes | Inioluwa Ola...
Civic Engagement Series - Petitions
SENATE AND PAY SLASH


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FinTech company Duecourse goes into Administration: use single invoice finance
Fintech company, Duecourse Ltd - which was engaged in single invoice finance - went into administration on 14 July 2017 according to a filing at Companies House.
They raised millions and planned to raise even more with aims of a global expansion. It has some well known backers such as Zoopla, LoveFilm, TransferWise and LinkedIn, yet it has ended up on the scrap heap after just a few years.
Paul Haydock (a founder) said: "We have decided to close one of the companies in the group as part of a planned restructure.", a remark that could be a contender for the greatest understatement of the year. Its website is still up and running and has no announcement of the demise.


text:
Acts Passed at the First Session of the 1st Congress - 3d Session of the ...
Հեղինակ՝ United States
Creeks.
gation of the So
For holding a treaty with the Creeks for the purpose of ad- 1838. justing their claims for property and improvements abandoned Treaty with the or lost in consequence of their emigration West of the Missis. Cree sippi, two thousand dollars;
For payment of the amount of depredations committed by Depredations the Osage and Camanche Indians on the property of the Choc-camauche Ladi. taw Indians eight hundred and twenty-five dollars ;
For expenses of holding a treaty with the Wyandot Indians Treaty with the of the State of Ohio, one thousand five hundred dollars;
Wyandous of For payment of the expense of a delegation from the Seneca Visit of a dele.
gation from the Indians who visited Washington, to protest against the ratifica- Seneca Ind tion of a late treaty entered into with them by a commissioner acting under the authority of the United States, seven hundred eighty-nine dollars and twenty-three cents;
For the expenses of the delegation of the Senecas, who vi- Visit of a dele sited Washington to urge the ratification of the late treaty with necas. them and the other New York Indians, and the expenses of negotiating that Treaty with the Senecas and the other hands of New York Indians, including all the expenses incident thereto, nine thousand five hundred dollars. For the expenses of submitting again to those Indians the Resubmitting to
those Indians the Treaty as amended and ratified by the Senate for the purpose treaty as amende of obtaining their assent to the amended Treaty, four thousand ed. dollars.
For holding a treaty with the Osages for the extinguishment Treaty with the ľ of their title to reservations in lands within other tribes and for sa other purposes two thousand dollars.
For defraying the expenses of fourteen Sac and Fox Indians, Visit of Sac and who were induced to visit Washington by the false representa- Washington. tions of their conductor, two hundred and twenty-one dollars and fifty cents. For the purposes of defraying expenses of negotiations with Negotiations
, with the Miathe Miami Indians, eight hundred and sixty dollars to be paid mies.
to the following persons in the following proportions, to wit: i To William Marshall for forty-two days' service as Commis- W. Marshall fur sioner, three hundred and thirty-six dollars.
To Henry L. Ellsworth for fifty-four days' service as Com- H. L. Ellsworth | missioner, four hundred and thirty dollars, and to Allen Hamil- "A. Hamilton fur i ton for seventeen days' service as Secretary, one hundred and servi two dollars. To defray the expenses of an exploring party of Miamies Exploring party
of Miamies. Indians, the sum of nineteen hundred and ninety dollars.
For affording temporary subsistence to such Indians west of Temporary subthe Mississippi, who, by reason of their recent emigration or ta in Indians west
of the Mississipthe territorial arrangements incident to the policy of setting pi. apart a portion of the public domain west of the Mississippi, for the residence of all the tribes residing east of that river, as are unable to subsist themselves, and for the expenses attending the distribution of the same, one hundred and fifty thousand dollars, to be expended under the direction of the Secretary of War.
Approved, July 7th, 1838.
Fox Indians to
for service.
A. Hamilton for
sistence to cer.
1838. CHAP. 187. An ACT to repeal, in part, the act entitled " An act to provide for the
safe keeping of the acts, records, and seal of the United States, and for other purposes.
[Sec. 1.] Be it enacted, by the Senate and House of Repre
sentatives of the United States of America in Congress asSo much of acı sembled, That so much of the act entitled "An act to provide Sept. 15, 1789 as requires the Sec.
eas for the sase keeping of the acts, records, and seal of the United of State to have States, and for other purposes," approved fifteenth of Septemthe laws record. ed, repealed. ber, one thousand seven hundred and eighty-nine, as directs the
Secretary of State to cause to be recorded, in his office, the acts and resolutions of Congress, be, and the same is hereby, repealed.
Preamble.
CHAP. 188. An ACT to encourage the introduction and promote the cultivation
of tropical plants in the United States. Whereas in obedience to the Treasury circular of the sixth of September, eighteen hundred and twenty-seven, Doctor Henry Perrine, late American Consul at Campeachy, has distinguished himself by his persevering exertions to introduce tropical plants into the United States : and whereas he has demonstrated the existence of a tropical climate in southern Florida, and has shown the consequent certainty of the intermediate domestication of tropical plants in tropical Florida, and the great probability of their gradual acclimation throughout all our southern and southwestern States, especially of such profitable plants as propagate themselves on the poorest soils; and whereas, if the enterprise should be successful, it will render valuable our hitherto worthless soils, by covering them with a dense population of small cultivators and family manufacturers, and will thus promote the peace, prosperity, and permanency of the Union : Therefore,
(Sec. 1.] Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Repre
sentatives of the United States of America in Congress asA township of sembled, That a township of land is hereby granted to Docior rida granted to Henry Perrine and his associates, in the southern extremity of
it. the peninsula of East Florida, to be located in one body of six
miles square, upon any portion of the public lands below twenty
six degrees north latitude. To he located Sec. 2. And be it further enacted, That the said tract of within two years land shall be located within two years from this date, by said the surveyor of Henry Perrine, and shall be surveyed under his direction, by
the surveyor of Florida, Provided, That it shall not embrace any land having sufficient quantities of naval timber to be reserved to the United States, nor any sites for maritime ports
or cities. When a patent' Sec. 3. And be it further enacted, That whenever any sec
Histion of land in said tract, shall be really occupied by a bona fide
settler, actually engaged in the propagation or cultivation of valuable tropical plants, and upon proof thereof being made to
land in East Flo
Dr. H. Perrine and his associales.
Proviso.
Bhail ingue to H. Perrine and list associates.
the Commissioner of the General Land Office, a patent shall 1838. issue to the said Henry Perrine and his associates.
Sec. 4. And be it further enacted, That every section of How and when land in the tract aforesaid, which shall not be occupied by an feited W the U'S: actual settler, positively engaged in the propagation or cultivation of useful tropical plants within eight years from the location of said tract, or when the adjacent, territory shall be surveyed and offered for sale, shall be forfeited to the United States.
of officers and soldiers who
dows have since
CHAP. 189. An ACT granting half pay and pensions to certain widows. [Sec. 1.] Be it enacted, by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States of America in Congress assembled, That if any person who served in the war of the Five years pen
1. sion granted to Revolution, in the manner specified in the act passed the seventh certain widows day of June, eighteen hundred and thirty-two, entitled "An act : supplementary to the act for the relief of certain surviving offi- were entitled to cers and soldiers of the Revolution," have died, leaving a widow, the act of June whose marriage took place after the expiration of the last period though salu wi of his service, and before the first day of January, seventeen married. hundred and ninety-four, such widow shall be entitled to receive, for and during the term of five years from the fourth day of March, eighteen hundred and thirty-six, the annuity or pension which might have been allowed to her husband in virtue of said act, if living at the time it was passed : Provided, That Proviso. in the event of the marriage of such widow, said annuity or pension shall be discontinued.
Sec. 2. And be it further enacted, That no pledge, mort- No pledge, mortgage, sale, assignment, or transfer of any right, claim, or inte-ha rest, in any annuity, half pay, or pension, granted by this act, sion to be valid, shall be valid, nor shall the half pay, annuity, or pension, granted by this act, or any former act of Congress, be liable to Not liable to be attachment, levy, or seizure, by any process in law, or equity, ed by any probut shall enure wholly to the personal benefit of the pensioner or annuitant entitled to the same; and that before a warrant shall be delivered to any person acting for or in behalf of any one entitled to money under this act, such person shall take and subscribe an oath or affirmation, to be administered by the Oath to be taken proper accounting officer, and put on file, that he has no interest before tho deli. in said money, by any pledge, mortgage, transfer, agreement, ranco understanding, or arrangement, and that he does not know or believe that the same has been so disposed of to any other person.
Sec. 3. And be it further enacted, That the Secretary of Regulations and War shall adopt such regulations and forms of evidence, in re-ed by the Sec. of lation to applications and payments under this act as the President of the United States may prescribe.
Approved, July 7th, 1838. .
by an attorney
very of the war.
forms to be adopl
War, under the direction of the President
ard to the Northern boundaryline of Illinois.
kee to the Mississippi.
sissippi.
1838. CHAP. 190. An ACT making appropriations for certain roads in the Territory of
Wisconsin. [Sec. 1.] Be it enacted, by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States of America in Congress assembled, That the following sums of money be, and the same are hereby appropriated for the construction of roads in the
Territory of Wisconsin, to wit: For the construction of a road From Fort How. from Fort Howard at Green Bay, by Milwaukee and Racine,
pline to the Northern boundary line of the State of Illinois, in the
direction of Chicago in that State, to be expended in the Terrie
tory of Wisconsin, fifteen thousand dollars. For the construcFrom Milwau- tion of a road from the town of Milwaukee on Lake Michigan,
by way of Madison, the permanent seat of Government of the said Territory, to a point opposite the town of Dubuque on the Mississippi river, ten thousand dollars. For the construction
of the necessary bridges and removing obstructions in the mail From the northroad from the northern line of Missouri, through the original ern line of Mis counties of Des Moines and Dubuque, to some suitable point
on the Mississippi River between Prairie du Chien and Dubu
que, ten thousand dollars. For the completion of the military Fort Crawford road from Fort Crawford, by Winnebago, to Fort Howard at 10 Fort Howard. Green Bay, five thousand dollars. The said roads shall be To be construce. constructed under the direction of the Secretary of War, pured under direc: suant to contracts to be made by him : Provided always, That
nothing contained in this act shall be so construed as to imply that the United States are pledged or in any manner bound to
make any appropriation in future, to make, or construct, said Survey for im- roads, or any part or portion of them. For the survey, with provement of na, the view to the improvement of the navigation of Rock river,
from the Illinois line, as far up the same as the contemplated point of intersection with the Milwaukee and Rock river canal, and also of the Haven of the said river, next below Lake Kushkenong to Madison, the seat of Government of the Terri
tory of Wisconsin, a sum not exceeding one thousand dollars. Survey of Des For the survey of the Des Moines and lowa rivers, with a view Moines and Iowa
dlowa to the improvement of their navigation, a sum not exceeding Survey and eg- one thousand dollars. For a survey and estimate of the cost of a railroad from of a railroad from Milwaukee to Dubuque, a sum not exceedMilwaukee ting two thousand dollars. Dubuque.
tion of the Sec. of War.
rivers.
timate of the cost
CHAP. 191. An ACT to provide for the better security of the lives of passengers
on board of vessels propelled in whole or in part by steam. (Sec. 1.] Be it enacted, by the Senate and House of Repre
sentatives of the United States of America in Congress asOwners of steam- sembled, That it shall be the duty of all owners of steamboats, new enrolmeni or vessels propelled in whole or in part by steam, on or before new license the first day of October, one thousand eight hundred and thirty.
eight, to make a new enrolment of the same, under the existing laws of the United States, and take out from the collector of
boals to make a
and take out a
or merchandise,
lation of this sec.
owners shall for
ers and machi.
surveyor of the port, as the case may be, where such vessel is 1839. enrolled, a new licence, under such conditions as are now imposed by law, and as shall be imposed by this act.
Sec. 2. And be it further enacted, That it shall not be law- Shall not trang. ful for the owner, master, or captain of any steamboat or vessel port goods, wares, propelled in whole or in part by steam, to transport any goods, or passengers
without a new li wares, and merchandise, or passengers, in or upon the bays, cense. lakes, rivers, or other navigable waters of the United States, from and after the said first day of October, one thousand eight hundred and thirty-eight ; without having first obtained, from the proper officer, a license under the existing laws, and without having complied with the conditions imposed by this act; and for each and every violation of this section, the owner or owners. For every vioof said vessel shall forfeit and pay to the United States the sum tion the owner or of five hundred dollars, one-half for the use of the informer; and felt $500. for which sum or sums the steamboat or vessel so engaged shall How recover. be liable, and may be seized and proceeded against summarily, by way of libel, in any district court of the United States haying jurisdiction of the offence. Sec. 3. And be it further enacted, That it shall be the duty District judge to
y appoint persons to of the district judge of the United States, within whose district inspect the boilany ports of entry or delivery may be, on the navigable waters, nery. bays, lakes, and rivers of the United States, upon the application of the master or owner of any steamboat or vessel propelled in whole or in part by steam, to appoint, from time to time, one or more persons skilled and competent to make in- Their qualifica.
entions and duties. spections of such boats and vessels, and of the boilers and machinery employed in the same, who shall not be interested in the manufacture of steam engines, steamboat boilers, or other machinery belonging to steam vessels, whose duty it shall be to make such inspection when called upon for that purpose, and to give to the owner or master of such boat or vessel duplicate certificates of such inspection ; such persons, before entering upon the duties enjoined by this act, shall make and subscribe an oath or affirmation before said district judge, or other officer duly authorized to administer oaths, well, faithfully, and impartially to execute and perform the services herein required of them. Sec. 4. And be it further enacted, That the person or per- Inspectors of the
hulls, to give the sons who shall be called upon to inspect the hull of any steam-owners or masters boat or vessel, under the provisions of this act, shall, after a ing the age of the thorough examination of the same, give to the owner or master, boat as the case may be, a certificate, in which shall be stated the age of the said boat or vessel, when and where originally built, and the length of time the same has been running. And he or they shall also state whether, in his or their opinion, the said caidas o the boat or vessel is sound, and in all respects seaworthy, and fit to soundness of the be used for the transportation of freight or passengers ; for which service, so performed upon each and every boat or vessel, the inspectors shall each be paid and allowed by said master or owner or master
For which the owner applying for such inspection, the sum of five dollars.
a certificate, stal
Also a
certifi
vessel.
each inspecwr.
shall pay $5 to


Holt SAC hosts the 4th North Norfolk Bass Festival which will again include UK Ladies Championships, Juniors Tournament and a NEW Team event The Shannock Quads.
During the summer of 2015 Holt SAC will be running its annual series of four matches on the Gt. Ouse Estuary at Kings Lynn. The matches will be open to both club members and the general public.
Holt SAC hosts the 3rd running of the prestigious North Norfolk Bass Festival which will also include Inaugural UK Ladies Championships and Juniors Tournament.