text:
Q: How to avoid "-0" as double.ToString() result after porting from .NET Framework 4.7.2 to .NET5.0? I am porting a .NET Framework 4.7.2 Visual Studio project to .NET5.0 and I am experiencing a different behaviour of double.ToString when the value is negative and close to zero.
For example, the double value -7.1054273576010019E-15 when converted to string returns "-0" even if I round it before the conversion while with the .NET Framework 4.7.2 its result was "0" (same code).
This difference is discussed here https://devblogs.microsoft.com/dotnet/floating-point-parsing-and-formatting-improvements-in-net-core-3-0/ but I don't really agree that this is an improvement as the title states, I believe 0 should not have a sign, it is neither a positive number nor a negative number.
I know I can create a custom IFormatProvider or an extension method and convert the double as I want but this requires a change in every conversion in the code and also any developers working on the project will need to use it in the future. In my opionion this solution is not very intuitive and it's likely to be source of errors.
Is there a way to restore the previous behaviour with less effort?
Is Microsoft willing to change this in the future versions of the .NET?
EDIT:
I asked the same thing in a discussion here https://github.com/dotnet/runtime/discussions/54537
If it could be helpful to someone else.

A: From the linked post, it sounds like the change was made in order to be more compliant with IEEE 754, which is the behavior all languages try to be compliant with to minimize confusion - or at least standardize a particular form of confusion.
It's always possible that they will revert such changes if it becomes too backwards-incompatible and breaks people's programs en masse, but if it hasn't been done by this point (it's already in .NET Core 3.1, which is an LTS release, and in .NET 5) I don't think it will be. But asking here whether "Microsoft is willing to change this" is the wrong place - file an issue in dotnet/runtime and ask Microsoft directly.
The workaround needs to go everywhere but is also simple: replace the exact string "-0" with "0" (replacing the substring "-0" could lead to inverting the sign of -0.5, for example).

A: Math.Abs will map both negative zero (which you may get from rounding, or in other ways) and positive zero into positive zero.
So instead of replacing "-0" with "0" as strings, you could use Abs.
But maybe you can also just do:
if (rounded == 0.0) {
    rounded = 0.0;  // POSITIVE zero
}

That should map both types of zero into the positive zero.
Inside an expression, that might be written as rounded == 0.0 ? 0.0 : rounded.
It is clear how you could write an extension method to double which will unite the two types of zeros (and leave all other double values unchanged).
Related questions here:
-0.1.ToString("0") is "-0" in .NET Core and "0" in .NET Framework
which is marked as a duplicate of:
.net core 3 yields different floating point results from version 2.2


Welcome to Fletcher Studio — a landscape architecture and urban design collaborative, based in San Francisco.
WE ARE AN AGILE, CLOSE-KNIT TEAM WORKING TO CREATE SATISFYING, SUSTAINABLE LANDSCAPES, URBAN SPACES AND LIVING INFRASTRUCTURES.
You wake up in a dark circular cave and walk up to a door. With a series of simple gestures, you solve a puzzle and gain access to the Witness Island. Your avatar is now free to explore the island, in an open world environment. The world is familiar, but a bit off kilter. It is rendered in bright hues, dappled and almost pointillist.


text:
AI and Faith Contributing Fellow Levi Checketts' 'Theology and Technology' Book Published
Today, we're highlighting the work of Levi Checketts, an Assistant Professor of Religion and Philosophy at Hong Kong Baptist University and a Contributing Fellow of AI and Faith. Levi has recently republished a collection of essays entitled Theology and Technology, Volume I and Volume II. It is tempting to think theology before 2015 is irrelevant for addressing AI, or that only an analogous application of major theologians—like Thomas Aquinas, Martin Luther, St Augustine—can help us think about new technologies. The essays in these two volumes, including original essays from the 1984 publication and contemporary reflections, provide foundational theological engagements with the broad category of modern technology. Readers will disagree with some of the essays—they are designed to present an array of attitudes, after all—but will find useful grounding for future reflection on the place of technology, including AI, within the life of the believer.
Mitcham_TheologyandTechnology_multititle (PDF)
A Day to Honor Our Machines
Review of Harris Bor's Staying Human

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
using System;
using System.Collections.Generic;
using System.Text;
using System.IO;

namespace Orvid.Graphics.ImageFormats
{
    /// <summary>
    /// This class represents any Image format,
    /// and should be the base type for all drivers.
    /// </summary>
    public abstract class ImageFormat
    {
        /// <summary>
        /// Save an image to the specified stream.
        /// </summary>
        /// <param name="i">The image to save.</param>
        /// <param name="dest">The Stream to write to.</param>
        public abstract void Save(Image i, Stream dest);
        /// <summary>
        /// Load an image from the specified stream.
        /// </summary>
        /// <param name="s">The Stream to load from.</param>
        /// <returns>The loaded Image.</returns>
        public abstract Image Load(Stream s);
    }
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
Q: Running logstash under SELinux I want to run logstash as root to allow it to read all logs (granting it access to every log is very tiresome). However, I don't want it running amok on my server, I thought about constraining it under SELinux.
The options I see are:

*

*Create an entire new label for logstash. This also means creating labels for logstash config files, logstash executables and libraries, etc.

*Run logstash using a label designed for another process. I put my eye on clogd_t since it has log in its name and I couldn't find any suspicious write permissions using sudo sesearch --allow -s clogd_t | grep clogd_t | less -p write

*Give up and run it as an unconstrained root process

Is either a normal thing to do?
In case it matters, I'm using CentOS 6.7

A: I would rather make a custom policy because it's cleaner and makes you in control of what is happening.
Custom policy
As I understand it is a java-based daemon which you will be running so probably is sensible to make it run as system_u:system_r:logstash_t. Then you will need to give (read only?) access to all the log files to the logstash_t domain and finally grant any additional permissions logstash may require to run.
Using the refpolicy interfaces we have something like:
policy_module(logstash, 1.0)

# define the entry point and the domain
type logstash_exec_t
init_daemon_domain(logstash_t, logstash_exec_t)

Then the logstash daemon need to be able to read log files:
logging_search_all_logs(logstash_t)
logging_getattr_all_logs(logstash_t)
logging_read_all_logs(logstash_t)

This should do most of the job, then you'll need to add the rest.
Reused policy
For what is concerning the second point I am not sure why you are not getting any write permission reported by sesearch but if you look at the sources:
# clogd.te
storage_raw_read_fixed_disk(clogd_t)
storage_raw_write_fixed_disk(clogd_t)

# storage.te
########################################
## <summary>
##      Allow the caller to directly write to a fixed disk.
##      This is extremely dangerous as it can bypass the
##      SELinux protections for filesystem objects, and
##      should only be used by trusted domains.
## </summary>
## <param name="domain">
##      <summary>
##      Domain allowed access.
##      </summary>
## </param>
#
interface(`storage_raw_write_fixed_disk',`
# and the rest of the stuff here...

Not really what one would want from a logging monitoring tool.
You may find something suitable to be used with the second solution, just make really sure that you are not getting extra unneeded permissions as this defeats the whole purpose of running the process inside selinux.
Hope it helps.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
Cylindropuntia caribaea är en kaktusväxtart som först beskrevs av Nathaniel Lord Britton och Joseph Nelson Rose, och fick sitt nu gällande namn av F.M. Knuth. Cylindropuntia caribaea ingår i släktet Cylindropuntia, och familjen kaktusväxter. Inga underarter finns listade i Catalogue of Life.

Bildgalleri

Källor

Externa länkar

Kaktusväxter
caribaea

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


Rhiannon Boland is an interior designer at Page. She is a graduate at the University of Arkansas Fay Jones School of Architecture and Design where she received a Bachelor of Interior Design. She is currently residing in Dallas, Texas, and is passionate about design. Rhiannon notes that she has always had a vivid imagination and strong creative ability. She appreciates that the design profession allows her to promote and encourage change.


text:
Girls Varsity Swimming, Varsity Swimming · Apr 4 TBCS Swim at Oakbrook Invitational
9/23/17 – The Titan Swim Team travelled to Spartanburg on Saturday morning to compete against 12 other SCISA schools in the Oakbrook Invitational. Several members of the team set new personal records and many made State qualifying cuts. For the girls, these were Grace Cleveland (200y free & 100y back) and Cate Phipps (100y back).
Boys Varsity Cross Country, Varsity Cross Country · Apr 4 Cross Country Comes in 2nd at Wilson Hall
9/20/19 – The Trinity-Byrnes Cross Country teams competed this afternoon in Sumter in a meet hosted by Wilson Hall. It was a big night for Coach Godfrey's runners, as both teams came in second! For the Boys team, Joseph Desser had the low time at 17:37, which was good for first overall (his third in
Girls Junior Varsity Volleyball, Girls Varsity Volleyball · Apr 4 TBCS Volleyball vs Kings
9/19/17 – The Trinity-Byrnes Volleyball teams played a region match tonight against the Lions of Kings Academy. The JV team fought hard, but ultimately fell in 2 sets. The Varsity turned the tide in the second match and defeated the Lions in three straight, 3-0. Stat leaders tonight were Taylor Cunningham (4 Aces) Emma Johnston
Boys Varsity Cross Country, Varsity Cross Country · Apr 4 Darlington Meet
9/14/17 – Trinity-Byrnes Cross Country teams were in action tonight in Darlington against multiple teams from around the area. For the Girls team, Caroline Tatum had the top time (22:23) followed by Eliza Gregg Saleeby (24:56). Joseph Desser paced the Boys at (18:17) followed closely behind by Jack Banner at (19:00). Overall Meet results were
Boys Junior Varsity Football · Apr 4 TBCS Beats Thomas Sumter
9/14/17 – The JV Titan football team travelled to Thomas Sumter tonight to take on the Generals. The Titans came out on top 38-6 in their second outing. The JV squad was paced by Spencer Scott and Matthew Warren, who both had 2 touchdowns and a 2 Point conversion each. Cameron Jordan also added a
Girls Junior Varsity Volleyball, Girls Varsity Volleyball · Apr 4 Varsity Volleyball Remains Undefeated
9/13/17 – The Titan Volleyball teams were in action again tonight against the Laurence Manning Swampcats. The JV team won their first meeting earlier this season, but fell in the rematch, 0-2 (24-26, 21-25). Katy Sivula led her team with 7 aces. The Varsity stayed unbeaten by winning in straight sets, 3-0 (25-11, 25-9, 25-20).
Girls Junior Varsity Volleyball, Girls Varsity Volleyball · Apr 4 Titan Volleyball vs Eagles
9/12/17 – The Titan Volleyball teams were in action tonight in a key crosstown matchup against the Eagles of Florence Christian. The JV team continues to improve, but dropped the opener 0-2 to FCS. The Varsity started slowly and dropped the first game in a tight contest. Coach Morris' squad rallied in the noisy opposing
Girls Varsity Swimming, Varsity Swimming · Apr 4 Battle of the Midlands
9/9/17 – The Titan Varsity Swim team competed today in the Battle of the Midlands against 10 other squads from around the state. Several Titan swimmers set personal records and qualified for the State Finals. Zach Carey had an impressive 500 yard freestyle win and Ruth Player was the top finisher in the 100 yard
Girls Junior Varsity Volleyball, Girls Varsity Volleyball · Apr 4 TBCS Volleyball vs Dillon Christian
9/7/17 – The JV and Varsity Volleyball teams hosted the Warriors of Dillon Christian tonight at Sonoco Gymnasium. The JV dropped their third game of the season, 0-2. The Varsity maintained their undefeated season by a score of 3-1. Cameron Morris led the team with 4 aces and 22 assists, with Shea Gregg and Emma
Boys Junior Varsity Football · Apr 4 JV Football vs Robert E. Lee
9/7/17 – The JV Titan football team kicked off their season tonight with a tough opener against the R.E.Lee Cavaliers. The team fought hard, but ended up falling short by the score of 22-12. Leading the Titans in scoring was Spencer Scott and Matthew Warren, each with a touchdown. The Titans will next travel to


text:
"Surprise!" everyone shouted, as Mary DiNunzio opened the door to the conference room. The office was throwing her a baby… - Lisa Scottoline, Feared: A Rosato & DiNunzio Novel.
The Indie Bestsellers List
Published Wednesday, August 22, 2018 (for the sales week ended Sunday, August 19, 2018). Based on reporting from many hundreds of independent bookstores across the United States.
Debuts for the week:
#11-Cherry, by Nico Walker (9780525520139)
#15-Texas Ranger, by James Patterson (9780316556668)
#3-Unhinged, by Omarosa Manigault Newman (9781982109707)
#9-House of Trump, House of Putin, by Craig Unger (9781524743505)
#11-Fly Girls, by Keith O'Brien (9781328876645)
#14-The Tangled Tree, by David Quammen (9781476776620)
#15-Girl, Wash Your Face, by Rachel Hollis (9781400201655)
#12-China Rich Girlfriend, by Kevin Kwan (9780804172066)
#14-The Child Finder, by Rene Denfeld (9780062659064)
#7-Into the Water, by Paula Hawkins (9780525537199)
1. There There (An Indies Introduce Title)
Tommy Orange, Knopf, $25.95, 9780525520375
2. A Gentleman in Moscow
Amor Towles, Viking, $27, 9780670026197
3. Circe
Madeline Miller, Little Brown, $27, 9780316556347
4. The President Is Missing
Bill Clinton, James Patterson, Little Brown, $30, 9780316412698
5. Little Fires Everywhere
Celeste Ng, Penguin Press, $27, 9780735224292
6. The Other Woman
Daniel Silva, Harper, $28.99, 9780062834829
7. The Outsider
Stephen King, Scribner, $30, 9781501180989
8. When Life Gives You Lululemons
Lauren Weisberger, S&S, $26.99, 9781476778440
9. Clock Dance
Anne Tyler, Knopf, $26.95, 9780525521228
10. Warlight
Michael Ondaatje, Knopf, $26.95, 9780525521198
11. Cherry- Debut
Nico Walker, Knopf, $26.95, 9780525520139
12. My Year of Rest and Relaxation
Ottessa Moshfegh, Penguin Press, $26, 9780525522119
13. Ghosted
Rosie Walsh, Pamela Dorman Books, $26, 9780525522775
14. Before We Were Yours
Lisa Wingate, Ballantine, $26, 9780425284681
15. Texas Ranger- Debut
James Patterson, Little Brown, $28, 9780316556668
1. Calypso
David Sedaris, Little Brown, $28, 9780316392389
2. The Subtle Art of Not Giving A F*ck
Mark Manson, Harper, $24.99, 9780062457714
3. Unhinged: An Insider's Account of the Trump White House- Debut
Omarosa Manigault Newman, Gallery, $28, 9781982109707
4. Astrophysics for People in a Hurry
Neil deGrasse Tyson, Norton, $18.95, 9780393609394
5. Educated (An Indies Introduce Title)
Tara Westover, Random House, $28, 9780399590504
6. How to Change Your Mind
Michael Pollan, Penguin Press, $28, 9781594204227
7. The Soul of America
Jon Meacham, Random House, $30, 9780399589812
8. Unfu*k Yourself
Gary John Bishop, HarperOne, $19.99, 9780062803832
9. House of Trump, House of Putin: The Untold Story of Donald Trump and the Russian Mafia- Debut
Craig Unger, Dutton, $30, 9781524743505
10. Born a Crime
Trevor Noah, Spiegel & Grau, $28, 9780399588174
11. Fly Girls: How Five Daring Women Defied All Odds and Made Aviation History- Debut
Keith O'Brien, Eamon Dolan/Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, $28, 9781328876645
12. Barracoon
Zora Neale Hurston, Amistad, $24.99, 9780062748201
13. The Hidden Life of Trees
Peter Wohlleben, Greystone Books, $24.95, 9781771642484
14. The Tangled Tree: A Radical New History of Life- Debut
David Quammen, S&S, $30, 9781476776620
15. Girl, Wash Your Face: Stop Believing the Lies about Who You Are So You Can Become Who You Were Meant to Be- Debut
Rachel Hollis, Thomas Nelson, $22.99, 9781400201655
TRADE PAPERBACK FICTION
1. Crazy Rich Asians
Kevin Kwan, Anchor, $16, 9780525563761
2. Less
Andrew Sean Greer, Back Bay, $15.99, 9780316316132
3. Eleanor Oliphant Is Completely Fine
Gail Honeyman, Penguin, $16, 9780735220690
4. Pachinko
Min Jin Lee, Grand Central, $15.99, 9781455563920
5. Manhattan Beach
Jennifer Egan, Scribner, $17, 9781476716749
Dan Brown, Anchor, $16.95, 9780525563693
7. The Handmaid's Tale
Margaret Atwood, Anchor, $15.95, 9780525435006
8. Hope Never Dies
Andrew Shaffer, Quirk Books, $14.99, 9781683690399
9. The Woman in Cabin 10
Ruth Ware, Gallery/Scout Press, $16, 9781501132957
10. Artemis
Andy Weir, Broadway, $16, 9780553448146
11. All the Light We Cannot See
Anthony Doerr, Scribner, $17, 9781501173219
12. China Rich Girlfriend- Debut
13. The Rooster Bar
John Grisham, Bantam, $17, 9781101967690
14. The Child Finder- Debut
Rene Denfeld, Harper Perennial, $15.99, 9780062659064
15. Sing, Unburied, Sing
Jesmyn Ward, Scribner, $17, 9781501126079
TRADE PAPERBACK NONFICTION
1. Sapiens
Yuval Noah Harari, Harper Perennial, $22.99, 9780062316110
2. Kitchen Confidential
Anthony Bourdain, Ecco, $16.99, 9780060899226
3. Black Klansman
Ron Stallworth, Flatiron, $17.99, 9781250299055
4. Killers of the Flower Moon
David Grann, Vintage, $16.95, 9780307742483
5. You Are a Badass
Jen Sincero, Running Press, $16, 9780762447695
6. Hillbilly Elegy
J.D. Vance, Harper, $16.99, 9780062300553
7. Shoe Dog
Phil Knight, Scribner, $20, 9781501135927
8. HBR's 10 Must Reads on Mental Toughness
Harvard Business School Press, $24.95, 9781633694361
9. American Wolf
Nate Blakeslee, Broadway, $16, 9781101902806
10. My Own Words
Ruth Bader Ginsburg, S&S, $18, 9781501145254
11. Prairie Fires
Caroline Fraser, Picador, $22, 9781250182487
12. HBR's 10 Must Reads on Managing Yourself
13. Why We Sleep
Matthew Walker, Scribner, $17, 9781501144325
14. Theft by Finding
David Sedaris, Back Bay, $17.99, 9780316154734
15. Being Mortal
Atul Gawande, Picador USA, $16, 9781250076229
Dan Brown, Anchor, $9.99, 9780525563709
2. Sharp Objects
Gillian Flynn, Broadway, $9.99, 9780525575757
3. The Rooster Bar
John Grisham, Dell, $9.99, 9781101967706
4. The Couple Next Door
Shari Lapena, Penguin, $9.99, 9780525505310
5. The Late Show
Michael Connelly, Grand Central, $9.99, 9781455524228
6. The Midnight Line
Lee Child, Dell, $9.99, 9780399593505
7. Into the Water- Debut
Paula Hawkins, Riverhead, $9.99, 9780525537199
8. Camino Island
9. End Game
David Baldacci, Vision, $9.99, 9781455586615
George Orwell, Signet, $9.99, 9780451524935
EARLY & MIDDLE GRADE READERS
Vera Brosgol, First Second, $12.99, 9781626724457
2. A Wrinkle in Time
Madeleine L'Engle, Farrar Straus Giroux, $8.99, 9781250153272
R.J. Palacio, Knopf Books for Young Readers, $16.99, 9781524720193
4. Positively Izzy
Terri Libenson, Balzer + Bray, $10.99, 9780062484963
5. Drama
Raina Telgemeier, Graphix, $10.99, 9780545326995
6. Smile
8. The Girl Who Drank the Moon
Kelly Barnhill, Algonquin Young Readers, $16.95, 9781616205676
9. Making Friends
Kristen Gudsnuk, Graphix, $12.99, 9781338139211
10. Real Friends
Shannon Hale, Leuyen Pham (Illus.), First Second, $12.99, 9781626727854
11. Sisters
12. The One and Only Ivan
Katherine Applegate, Patricia Castelao (Illus.), Harper, $7.99, 9780061992278
13. Hatchet
Gary Paulsen, Drew Willis (Illus.), Simon & Schuster Books for Young Readers, $9.99, 9781481486293
14. Where the Red Fern Grows
Wilson Rawls, Yearling, $7.99, 9780440412670
15. The War That Saved My Life
Kimberly Brubaker Bradley, Puffin, $8.99, 9780147510488
1. The Hate U Give
Angie Thomas, Balzer + Bray, $18.99, 9780062498533
2. Children of Blood and Bone
Tomi Adeyemi, Henry Holt and Co. (BYR), $18.99, 9781250170972
3. The Book Thief
Markus Zusak, Knopf Books for Young Readers, $12.99, 9780385754729
4. Salt to the Sea
Ruta Sepetys, Penguin, $10.99, 9780142423622
5. Simon vs. the Homo Sapiens Agenda
Becky Albertalli, Balzer + Bray, $10.99, 9780062792167
6. One of Us Is Lying
Karen M. McManus, Delacorte Press, $17.99, 9781524714680
7. Warcross
Marie Lu, Speak, $10.99, 9780399547973
8. The Giver
Lois Lowry, HMH Books for Young Readers, $9.99, 9780544340688
9. Turtles All the Way Down
John Green, Dutton Books for Young Readers, $19.99, 9780525555360
10. Everything, Everything (An Indies Introduce Title)
Nicola Yoon, Ember, $10.99, 9781524769604
11. The Outsiders
S.E. Hinton, Speak, $10, 9780142407332
12. The Fault in Our Stars
John Green, Penguin, $12.99, 9780142424179
13. Holding Up the Universe
Jennifer Niven, Ember, $10.99, 9780385755955
14. The Prince and the Dressmaker
Jen Wang, First Second, $16.99, 9781626723634
15. We Were Liars
E. Lockhart, Ember, $10.99, 9780385741279
CHILDREN'S ILLUSTRATED
1. We Don't Eat Our Classmates
Ryan T. Higgins, Disney/Hyperion, $17.99, 9781368003551
2. Goodnight Moon
Margaret Wise Brown, Clement Hurd (Illus.), Harper, $8.99, 9780694003617
3. The Very Hungry Caterpillar
Eric Carle, Putnam, $10.99, 9780399226908
4. Dragons Love Tacos
Adam Rubin, Daniel Salmieri (Illus.), Dial, $16.99, 9780803736801
5. Last Week Tonight with John Oliver Presents A Day in the Life of Marlon Bundo
Jill Twiss, EG Keller, Chronicle Books, $18.99, 9781452173801
6. Little Blue Truck
Alice Schertle, Jill McElmurry (Illus.), HMH Books for Young Readers, $7.99, 9780544568037
7. All Are Welcome
Alexandra Penfold, Suzanne Kaufman (Illus.), Knopf Books for Young Readers, $17.99, 9780525579649
8. Here We Are: Notes for Living on Planet Earth
Oliver Jeffers, Philomel, $19.99, 9780399167898
9. Blueberries for Sal
Robert McCloskey, Puffin, $7.99, 9780140501698
10. Where the Wild Things Are
Maurice Sendak, Harper, $18.95, 9780060254926
11. Good Night, Gorilla
Peggy Rathmann, Putnam, $7.99, 9780399230035
12. Ada Twist, Scientist
Andrea Beaty, David Roberts (Illus.), Abrams, $17.95, 9781419721373
13. Not Quite Narwhal
Jessie Sima, Simon & Schuster Books for Young Readers, $17.99, 9781481469098
14. Make Way for Ducklings
15. Where's Waldo? 30th Anniversary Edition
Martin Handford, Candlewick, $7.99, 9780763695798
1. Harry Potter (hardcover and paperback)
J.K. Rowling, Scholastic/Arthur A. Levine Books
2. Who Was/Is…? (paperback)
Ann Waldron, et al., Penguin Workshop
3. Elephant & Piggie (hardcover)
Mo Willems, Hyperion
4. Dog Man (hardcover)
Dav Pilkey, Graphix
5. Diary of a Wimpy Kid (hardcover)
Jeff Kinney, Amulet
6. Wings of Fire (hardcover and paperback)
Tui T. Sutherland, Scholastic
7. Magic Tree House (hardcover and paperback)
Mary Pope Osborne, Sal Murdocca (Illus.), Random House
8. The Land of Stories (hardcover and paperback)
Chris Colfer, Little Brown
9. Captain Underpants (hardcover and paperback)
Dav Pilkey, Scholastic
10. The Princess in Black (hardcover and paperback)
Shannon Hale, Dean Hale, Candlewick
Tags: Cherry, indie bestseller list, Into the Water, James Patterson, Little Brown, Nico Walker, Paula Hawkins, Penguin Press
Categorised in: Indie Bestseller List


Echo Echo Ensemble will perform a reworking of "Hemmed In", a performance piece directed by Kelly Quigley, on Tuesday 24th May at Echo Echo Studios.
The Lunchtime Performance will be at 1pm (for a 1:15pm performance) on Tuesday 24th May and lasts around 20 minutes.
Free entry but donations are always welcome.


Brass, I; Tanczer, L; Carr, M; Elsden, M; Blackstock, J; (2018) Standardising a moving target: The development and evolution of IoT security standards. In: Proceedings of Living in the Internet of Things: Cybersecurity of the IoT - 2018. IET: London, UK.
The standards landscape for IoT security is currently developing in a fragmented manner. This paper provides a review of the main IoT security standards and guidelines that have been developed by formal standardisation organisations and transnational industry associations and interest alliances to date. The review makes three main contributions to the study of current IoT standards-development processes. First, governments and regulatory agencies in the EU and the US are increasingly considering the promotion of baseline IoT security requirements, achieved through public procurement obligations and cybersecurity certification schemes. Second, the analysis reveals that the IoT security standards landscape is dominated by de facto standards initiated by a diverse range of industry associations across the IoT ecosystem. Third, the paper identifies a number of key challenges for IoT security standardisation, most notably: a) the difficulty of setting a baseline for IoT security across all IoT applications and domains; and b) the difficulty of monitoring the adoption, implementation and effectiveness of IoT security standards and best practices. The paper consequently contributes to a better understanding of the evolution of IoT security standards and proposes a more coherent standards development and deployment approach.


text:
Celtic Woman at St. George Theatre
Bandsintown uploaded this event on September 10, 2021
St. George Theatre
Sun, March 13, 2022
Grammy nominated global music sensation Celtic Woman is thrilled to return in 2022 with a brand new show Postcards from Ireland. Postcards from Ireland celebrates the rich musical and cultural heritage of Ireland; taking audiences on a journey of story and song from across the Emerald Isle. Embrace an evening of angelic voices, breath taking harmonies and instrumental virtuosity, transporting you from your theatre seat to the lush landscapes of Ireland. Celtic Womans fresh fusion of traditional Irish music and contemporary songcraft celebrates Ireland's ancient heritage while reflecting the vibrant spirit of modern Ireland...
Grammy nominated global music sensation Celtic Woman is thrilled to return in 2022 with a brand new show Postcards from Ireland. Postcards from Ireland celebrates the rich musical and cultural heritage of Ireland; taking audiences on a journey of story and song from across the Emerald Isle. Embrace an evening of angelic voices, breath taking harmonies and instrumental virtuosity, transporting you from your theatre seat to the lush landscapes of Ireland. Celtic Womans fresh fusion of traditional Irish music and contemporary songcraft celebrates Ireland's ancient heritage while reflecting the vibrant spirit of modern Ireland. With Irish dancers, bagpipers and an array of traditional Irish instruments, including the bodhran, tin whistle and uilleann pipes, this dynamic and multi talented group has captivated audiences all around the world. Join us for this very special show Postcards from Ireland, and experience the beauty of Ireland brought to life by Celtic Woman.
Celtic Woman Concerts
Von Braun Center Arena
Mar 1 Tue
Mar 5 Sat
Charles F. Dodge City Center
The Bell Auditorium
Mar 10 Thu
Mar 11 Fri
Sandler Center For The Performing Arts
Mar 13 Sun
About Celtic Woman


Meng Fei on his Sydney restaurant venture and new show Chinese Dating with the Parents – Hello Asia!
On a Wednesday morning in a shopping centre in Sydney's Chinatown, as businesses on the lower levels are just opening for the day, a crowd is flooding into the third level. The occasion is the official launch of Mr Meng Chongqing Gourmet, the Sydney outlet of the noodle shop chain started by Meng Fei, the host of the Chinese dating show If You Are the One, watched by 36 million Chinese at home, and an enthusiastic audience in Australia.
Meng opened his first Australian restaurant with comedian Guo Degang in Melbourne last year, and both of them were at the launch. A second noodle shop in Melbourne, in Glen Waverley is also opening today but, as Meng notes, "I can't be in two places at once", so here he is, in this cavernous, and as yet-to- be-finished dining precinct, called 1909 in Market City.
Also here are hundreds of fans of the affable host. A stage is set up next to the restaurant for speeches, and the crowd is held back by a velvet rope and one tall, reedy security guard.
As Meng appears, the enthusiastic fans, arms holding cameras aloft, surge towards their target, overwhelming both. Their mission: photograph Meng at all costs. Meng stands to the side, aware, but not bothered by the attention, watching what must be the umpteenth lion dance opening ceremony. He listens to speeches then addresses the crowd, before sitting at a table and joining some lucky VIPs in a meal.
The menu is identical to what's on offer at the Melbourne city outlet, except for two dishes, which are specific to Sydney. One of these is cold noodles with shredded chicken. Like most of the noodles on the menu, it's meant to be spicy, but the kitchen makes it without chilli for me and it's delicious. Noodles are layered with strips of chicken, cucumber and mung bean sprouts in a subtle, more-ish sauce. Before I know it, I'm staring at an empty plate and wondering where it has all gone. The other Sydney-only dish is a bowl of skewered morsels balanced over a spicy translucent sauce: quails' eggs, beef and beef tongue, tripe and fungus. The eggs are the star of that dish for me.
This seems to extend to the decor, which has a similar low-fi meets high-tech sensibility, with exposed bulbs and neon lights, and wooden trays and utensils, which are common to the Melbourne CBD and Market city restaurants, although expressed in different ways.
Meng himself usually orders the same thing when he visits because, he says, "I don't like to try new things." When suggested that a restaurant owner should probably possess a more adventurous palate, he replies, "That's why this is a traditional restaurant." Touché.
He says he started the online venture because, "I often don't go to my own noodle shops, I just make my own packet noodles at home" and he thought others might feel the same. So does he cook at home – apart from opening a packet? "Hardly ever. But I can cook. My specialty is a kind of smoked fish which is quite difficult to do. It's time consuming. I have specialised in some other high-level dishes but usually I don't do them; if I do, I do it more for performance," he says with a laugh.
This is the kind of self-deprecating joke that is often on display as host of If You Are The One and has won him so many fans throughout China and the diaspora. He is always keen to play down his fame and popularity, but today is the third time I have witnessed the incredible enthusiasm of his fans in Australia and I wonder how he can possibly walk around in China if it's anywhere near the same level.
Chinese audiences were critical at first, too. But things seems to have settled down: the show is doing well in the ratings and he has become comfortable enough to focus on a new project.
The Sunday before he arrived the pilot of his new show aired and topped the ratings: it's his version of another dating show called Chinese Dating. Airing here now on SBS as Chinese Dating with the Parents, the twist, as the name suggests, is that the candidates must endear themselves to the parents (and sometimes vice versa). Season one was hosted by the charming Jin Xing. Meng will take over for season three: he says his pilot topped the ratings in China and that a season of 13 episodes has been ordered.
Mr Meng Chongqing Gourmet is at the 1909 Dining Precinct, 3rd floor, Market City, Sydney. If You are the One airs on SBS Viceland weekdays at 4.45pm and Sundays at 7.15pm.
Many thanks to Jing Han for translating.


Take a look at the videos above (one of which features me, in esteemed IT company!) for a truly global view of trends for 2019.
The main point I made relates to rising complexity. As our operating models become more complex, in terms of a greater number of suppliers, services and customers, we must ensure that our organisations meet the demands of these complex operating models.
Enjoy the videos, and don't forget to get in touch should you wish to discuss your particular challenges in more detail.
Next PostShould we still be optimising ITIL for today's digital services?


text:
Smurfs: The Lost Village is a 2017 American 3D computer-animated fantasy adventure comedy film, produced by Columbia Pictures, Sony Pictures Animation and The Kerner Entertainment Company, and distributed by Sony Pictures Releasing. It is based on The Smurfs comic book series created by Belgian comics artist Peyo and is a reboot of Sony's previous live-action/animated films. It was written by Stacey Harman and Pamela Ribon and directed by Kelly Asbury, and stars the voices of Demi Lovato, Rainn Wilson, Joe Manganiello, Mandy Patinkin, Jack McBrayer, Danny Pudi, Michelle Rodriguez, Ellie Kemper, Ariel Winter, Meghan Trainor, and Julia Roberts. In the film, a mysterious map prompts Smurfette, Brainy, Clumsy and Hefty to find a lost village before Gargamel does. The film is dedicated to Anton Yelchin who voiced Clumsy Smurf in The Smurfs and its sequel and died on June 19, 2016.
Smurfs The Lost Village ¦ 2017 ¦ Best Moments HD Bluray
Smurfs: The Lost Village Official Trailer 1 (2017) - Animated Movie
Smurfs: The Lost Village (2017) - The Power of Smurfette Scene (8/10) | Movieclips
Smurfs: The Lost Village (2017) - Can't Escape Your Evil Destiny Scene (7/10) | Movieclips
SMURFS: THE LOST VILLAGE All Trailer + Movie Clips (2017)
Movie cast


text:
Name: Fantagraphics Books (American comics corporation).
Personal dates: Founded in 1976 by Gary Groth (1954-) and Michael 'Mike' Catron (1954-). Ongoing.
Other creations: Too numerous to mention here. Please look under Fantagraphics in the Creators section.
Comments: The corporation specializes in alternative adult comic books such as classic and erotic series as well as graphic novels.
The logo presented to the left is one of several.
The series premiered in 2003. Stopped in 2004 after 8 issues, but continued until 2005 titled Sex Warrior Isane XXX (additional 9 issues).
The title character in this sadomasochistic manga series is a male agent working to stop sexual perversions, but, as it turns out, he has an agenda of his own.
Isane


Sabastian V. Niles is counsel in the Corporate Department at Wachtell, Lipton, Rosen & Katz, where he focuses on rapid response shareholder activism, takeover defense and corporate governance. This post is based on a Wachtell Lipton firm memorandum by Mr. Niles, Trevor Norwitz, Andrew R. Brownstein, and David C. Karp.
As we have previously written, special compensation arrangements between public company directors and third parties, such as activist hedge funds or other nominating shareholders, pose serious threats to the integrity of boardroom decision-making and have been sharply criticized by commentators and many institutional shareholders. The Council of Institutional Investors (CII), which has previously declared that third-party director incentive schemes "blatantly contradict" CII policies on director compensation, has now taken the additional step of encouraging the SEC to act to ensure investors are fully informed about such arrangements between nominating shareholders and their director candidates.
any other material features of the compensation arrangements.
CII has identified a troubling inconsistency between the extensive proxy disclosures and analysis required of publicly traded companies concerning compensation, including director pay, and the minimal disclosures required of shareholders waging a proxy contest. While disclosure is not a fully adequate response to the corrupting influence of dissident investor compensation schemes (also known as "golden leashes"), given ISS' objections to board-adopted bylaws that go beyond disclosure and establish a default rule against such inappropriate schemes, full transparency would at least enable shareholders to be fully informed when considering a dissident slate.


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Difference between revisions of "How did the Bubonic Plague make the Italian Renaissance possible?"
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[[File:Blackdeath,_tourmai.jpg|thumbnail|left|Contemporary Image of Black Death]]
The Black Death (1347-1350) was a pandemic that devastated the populations of Europe and Asia. The plague was an unprecedented human tragedy in Italy. It not only shook Italian society, but transformed it. The Black Death marked an end of an era in Italy, its impact was profound and it resulted in wide-ranging social, economic, cultural and religious changes.<ref> Burckhardt, Jacob (1878), ''[https://www.amazon.com/gp/product/014044534X/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1789&creative=9325&creativeASIN=014044534X&linkCode=as2&tag=dailyh0c-20&linkId=c69db648577e5fea459a41232bb349e6 The Civilization of the Renaissance in Italy]'', trans. S.G.C Middlemore, p. 14.</ref> These changes, directly and indirectly, led to the emergence of the Renaissance, one of the greatest epochs for art, architecture, and literature in human history.
The Black Death (1347-1350) was a pandemic that devastated the populations of Europe and Asia. The plague was an unprecedented human tragedy in Italy. It not only shook Italian society but transformed it. The Black Death marked an end of an era in Italy, its impact was profound, and it resulted in wide-ranging social, economic, cultural and religious changes.<ref> Burckhardt, Jacob (1878), ''[https://www.amazon.com/gp/product/014044534X/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1789&creative=9325&creativeASIN=014044534X&linkCode=as2&tag=dailyh0c-20&linkId=c69db648577e5fea459a41232bb349e6 The Civilization of the Renaissance in Italy]'', trans. S.G.C Middlemore, p. 14.</ref> These changes, directly and indirectly, led to the emergence of the Renaissance, one of the greatest epochs for art, architecture, and literature in human history.
===The Impact of the Plague of Italy===
====The Impact of the Plague of Italy====
To Black Death spread to Italy from modern-day Russia. It was spread by Genoese merchants fleeing a Mongol attack on their trading post in Crimea. The plague was carried and spread by the fleas that lived on the Black Rat and brought to Italy on the Genoese ships.<ref>Pullan, Brian S. ''[https://www.amazon.com/gp/product/B00CMHGO4K/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1789&creative=9325&creativeASIN=B00CMHGO4K&linkCode=as2&tag=dailyh0c-20&linkId=15e48ba82dfc5f5eeee14a1e5eca5898 History of early Renaissance Italy: From the mid-thirteenth to the mid-fifteenth century]'' (London: Allen Lane, 1973), p. 76 </ref> The population of Italy was ill prepared for the spread of the disease. There had been a series of famine and food shortages in the region and the population was weak and vulnerable to disease and furthermore, the population did not have any natural resistance to the disease. Italy was the most urbanised society in Europe, Milan, Rome, Florence and other Italian centres among the largest on the continent.<ref> Pullan, 1973, p. 89</ref> The majority of the urban population in cities such as Naples were impoverished and lived in squalid and dirty conditions. These factors ensured that the diseases spread quickly and that there was a high level of mortality, among the poor, although even the rich could not escape the plague.<ref>Andrew B. Appleby's "Epidemics and Famine in the Little Ice Age." ''Journal of Interdisciplinary History''. Vol. 10 No. 4., p. 56</ref> From the cities,the plague spread like wildfire to the small towns and villages of the peninsula.
To Black Death spread to Italy from modern-day Russia. Genoese merchants spread the plague while fleeing a Mongol attack on their trading post in Crimea. The plague was carried and spread by the fleas that lived on the Black Rat and brought to Italy on the Genoese ships.<ref>Pullan, Brian S. ''[https://www.amazon.com/gp/product/B00CMHGO4K/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1789&creative=9325&creativeASIN=B00CMHGO4K&linkCode=as2&tag=dailyh0c-20&linkId=15e48ba82dfc5f5eeee14a1e5eca5898 History of early Renaissance Italy: From the mid-thirteenth to the mid-fifteenth century]'' (London: Allen Lane, 1973), p. 76 </ref> The population of Italy was ill prepared for the spread of the disease. There had been a series of famine and food shortages in the region, and the population was weak and vulnerable to disease, and furthermore, the population did not have any natural resistance to the disease. Italy was the most urbanized society in Europe, Milan, Rome, Florence, and other Italian centers among the largest on the continent.<ref> Pullan, 1973, p. 89</ref>
[[File:Danse_macabre_by_Michael_Wolgemut.png|thumbnail|left| Dance of Death image from 15th century woodcut]]
There is no firm data on the impact of the plague on the population of Italy. However, some examples show the full extent of the disease on Italy. It has been estimated that the population of Florence was halved, it fell from approximately 100,000 to 50,000. This was not unusual and all the major cities of Italy experienced a similar drastic decline. The death rate in rural Italy may not have been as great, but nevertheless, there was a significant loss of life. In general, the population of Italy may have dropped by as much as a third.<ref>Pullan, 1973, p. 156.</ref>
The Black Death was also an economic crisis as trade ceased because of fear of the spread of plague. As trade stagnated, businesses failed and unemployment rose. The plague caused a complete social breakdown in many areas and crime and violence became more common. Boccaccio in the Decameron, describes people abandoning their occupations, ignoring the sick and living lives of wild excess, as everyone expected to die. 'Thus, doing exactly as they prescribed, they spent day and night moving from one tavern to the next, drinking without mode or measure, or doing the same thing in other people's homes, engaging only in those activities that gave them pleasure….. And they combined this bestial behavior with as complete an avoidance of the sick as they could manage.'<ref> Boccaccio, Giovanni. ''[https://www.amazon.com/gp/product/0140449302/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1789&creative=9325&creativeASIN=0140449302&linkCode=as2&tag=dailyh0c-20&linkId=199bd9b0ec199319d106dc174065bb99 The Decameron].'' (Penguin Classics, Hammondsworth, 1987) trans Mark Musa, p. 6</ref>
The majority of the urban population in cities such as Naples were impoverished and lived in squalid and dirty conditions. These factors ensured that the diseases spread quickly and that there was a high level of mortality, among the poor, although even the rich could not escape the plague.<ref>Andrew B. Appleby's "Epidemics and Famine in the Little Ice Age." ''Journal of Interdisciplinary History''. Vol. 10 No. 4., p. 56</ref> From the cities, the plague spread like wildfire to the small towns and villages of the peninsula.
[[File:Danse_macabre_by_Michael_Wolgemut.png|thumbnail|left| Dance of Death image from 15th-century woodcut]]
There is no firm data on the impact of the plague on the population of Italy. However, some examples show the full extent of the disease in Italy. The plague halved the population of Florence. The population crashed and fell from approximately 100,000 to 50,000. The experience of Florence was replicated across all the major cities of Italy which also experienced similar drastic declines. The death rate in rural Italy was not nearly as high, but there was a significant loss of life. In general, the total population of Italy may have dropped by as much as a third.<ref>Pullan, 1973, p. 156.</ref>
==Socio-Economic Consequences==
The Black Death was also an economic crisis as trade ceased because of fear of the spread of plague. As trade stagnated, businesses failed, and unemployment rose. The plague caused a complete social breakdown in many areas. Boccaccio in the Decameron, describes people abandoning their occupations, ignoring the sick and living lives of wild excess, as everyone expected to die.
The social consequences of the plague on society came to be profound. The high mortality rate resulted in a drastic decline in the labour force.<ref> Hay, Denys. ''[https://www.amazon.com/gp/product/0521291046/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1789&creative=9325&creativeASIN=0521291046&linkCode=as2&tag=dailyh0c-20&linkId=20ec38bb2892fda8011774d1b91c7f5b The Italian Renaissance in Its Historical Background]''. (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press,1997) p. 19</ref>. Wages rose for both agricultural and urban workers. The survivors of the Black Death generally had a higher standard of living than before the plague.<ref> Hays, 1997, p. 78 </ref> This was a phenomenon that occurred in both urban and rural areas. The crisis caused by the Black Death led to many changes in the economy, in response to the fall in the population. Because of the labour shortages there was a move from labour intensive farming such as cereal to livestock and increasingly both in industry and agriculture more labour saving devices employed.<ref> Pullan, 1997, p 145 </ref> The impact of the Black Death was contrary on feudalism in Italy. Feudalism was a system whereby peasants and farm labourers bound, as serfs, to serve a local lord. In the north of Italy, good farmland was plentiful and wages increased and the last vestiges of feudalism disappeared as serfs increasingly could purchase their freedom.
<blockquote>'Thus, doing exactly as they prescribed, they spent day and night moving from one tavern to the next, drinking without mode or measure, or doing the same thing in other people's homes, engaging only in those activities that gave them pleasure….. And they combined this bestial behavior with as complete an avoidance of the sick as they could manage.'</blockquote><ref> Boccaccio, Giovanni. ''[https://www.amazon.com/gp/product/0140449302/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1789&creative=9325&creativeASIN=0140449302&linkCode=as2&tag=dailyh0c-20&linkId=199bd9b0ec199319d106dc174065bb99 The Decameron].'' (Penguin Classics, Hammondsworth, 1987) trans Mark Musa, p. 6</ref>
In the south of Italy the opposite occurred, here, since the Norman kings, the aristocracy had been consolidating feudalism. After the Black Death, the elite responded to the labour shortages by strengthening the restrictions on the peasants and thereby strengthened feudalism in southern Italy. The consequences of the plague resulted in a growing divide between the North and South of Italy that persists to this day.<ref>Benedictow, Ole Jørgen ''[https://www.amazon.com/gp/product/1843832143/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1789&creative=9325&creativeASIN=1843832143&linkCode=as2&tag=dailyh0c-20&linkId=449097edacea911d1f7384a876564988 Black Death 1346–1353: The Complete History]'' (Cambridge, Cambridge University Press,2004) p. 234</ref> In general, after a period of recovery, much of Italy became very wealthy as a more sophisticated economy emerged, especially in the North of Italy. This was crucial, as the increased wealth of Italy allowed the elite, such as the De Medici's in Florence to become the patrons of great artists such as Michelangelo and Leonardo da Vinci.<ref> Frederick Hartt, and David G. Wilkins, ''[https://www.amazon.com/gp/product/0131882473/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1789&creative=9325&creativeASIN=0131882473&linkCode=as2&tag=dailyh0c-20&linkId=6cfea7bdf46c76a3b637cf054ebc4f63 History of Italian Art: Painting, Sculpture, Architecture]'' (Oxford University Press, Oxford, 2003), p 67</ref>
====Socio-Economic Consequences====
The social consequences of the plague on society came to be profound. The high mortality rate resulted in a drastic decline in the labor force.<ref> Hay, Denys. ''[https://www.amazon.com/gp/product/0521291046/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1789&creative=9325&creativeASIN=0521291046&linkCode=as2&tag=dailyh0c-20&linkId=20ec38bb2892fda8011774d1b91c7f5b The Italian Renaissance in Its Historical Background]''. (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press,1997) p. 19</ref>. Wages rose for both agricultural and urban workers. The survivors of the Black Death generally had a higher standard of living than before the plague.<ref> Hays, 1997, p. 78 </ref> This was a phenomenon that occurred in both urban and rural areas. The crisis caused by the Black Death led to many changes in the economy, in response to the fall in the population. Because of the labor shortages, there was a move from labor-intensive farming such as cereal to livestock and increase both in industry and agriculture more labor-saving devices employed.<ref> Pullan, 1997, p 145 </ref> The impact of the Black Death was contrary on feudalism in Italy. Feudalism was a system whereby peasants and farm laborers bound, as serfs, to serve a local lord. In the north of Italy, good farmland was plentiful, and wages increased, and the last vestiges of feudalism disappeared as serfs increasingly could purchase their freedom.
===Religious Consequences===
In the south of Italy the opposite occurred, here, since the Norman kings, the aristocracy had been consolidating feudalism. After the Black Death, the elite responded to the labor shortages by strengthening the restrictions on the peasants and thereby strengthened feudalism in southern Italy. The consequences of the plague resulted in a growing divide between the North and South of Italy that persists to this day.<ref>Benedictow, Ole Jørgen ''[https://www.amazon.com/gp/product/1843832143/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1789&creative=9325&creativeASIN=1843832143&linkCode=as2&tag=dailyh0c-20&linkId=449097edacea911d1f7384a876564988 Black Death 1346–1353: The Complete History]'' (Cambridge, Cambridge University Press,2004) p. 234</ref> In general, after a period of recovery, much of Italy became very wealthy as a more sophisticated economy emerged, especially in the North of Italy. This was crucial, as the increased wealth of Italy allowed the elite, such as the De Medici's in Florence to become the patrons of great artists such as Michelangelo and Leonardo da Vinci.<ref> Frederick Hartt, and David G. Wilkins, ''[https://www.amazon.com/gp/product/0131882473/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1789&creative=9325&creativeASIN=0131882473&linkCode=as2&tag=dailyh0c-20&linkId=6cfea7bdf46c76a3b637cf054ebc4f63 History of Italian Art: Painting, Sculpture, Architecture]'' (Oxford University Press, Oxford, 2003), p 67</ref>
Initially in Italy the plague led to a revival in religion among many. The middle ages was a time when people believed that events are a result of God's will. Many viewed the plague as a punishment for God for the wickedness and immorality of the people. There was an upsurge in religious observance and many sections of the public became swept by a religious fervour, as many sincerely believed that the Black Death was a sign that the end of the world was coming.<ref>Benedictow, 2004, p. 234</ref> Religious fanaticism spread throughout the peninsula and many men and women performed in extreme religious practices, such as the flagellants. The flagellants whipped themselves into a frenzy to atone for their sins. The Church suffered greatly during the plague, many priests and especially monks died. The monasteries proved ideal breeding grounds for the plague while many priests contracted the sickness as they gave the last rites to the dying. <ref>Benedictow, 2004, p. 234</ref>
The result was a shortage of trained monks and priests. To deal with this the Church hastily trained new monks and priests to serve the spiritual needs of the community, still coming to terms with the trauma of the Black Death. This meant that many unsuitable individuals became clerics and this led to a drop in standards among parish priests, in particular.<ref>Hays, 1997, p. 178 </ref> The Church became corrupt and gradually over time lost the respect of many believers. In the short term the Black Death strengthened the Catholic Church in Italy but in the long run, an increasingly corrupt institution meant that many people lost their faith. This led to the increasing secularisation of Italian society as many increasingly turned away from the church in disgust as the worldliness of prelates and priests. The contempt that many felt is evident in the stories of Boccaccio of venal and depraved priests, monks and nuns.<ref>Boccaccio, 1987, p 67, 113</ref> The church had traditionally monopolised education but after the Black Death, there was more secular education, especially in the cities. This was decisive in the emergence of the Renaissance, with its emphasis on human values and experiences rather than religion.<ref> Benedictow, 2004, p. 134 </ref>
====Religious Consequences====
Initially, in Italy, the plague led to a revival in religion among many. The middle ages was a time when people believed that events are a result of God's will. Many viewed the plague as punishment for God for the wickedness and immorality of the people. There was an upsurge in religious observance, and many sections of the public became swept by religious fervor, as many sincerely believed that the Black Death was a sign that the end of the world was coming.<ref>Benedictow, 2004, p. 234</ref> Religious fanaticism spread throughout the peninsula and many men and women performed in extreme religious practices, such as the flagellants. The flagellants whipped themselves into a frenzy to atone for their sins. The Church suffered greatly during the plague, many priests and especially monks died. The monasteries proved ideal breeding grounds for the plague while many priests contracted the sickness as they gave the last rites to the dying. <ref>Benedictow, 2004, p. 234</ref>
The result was a shortage of trained monks and priests. To deal with this, the Church hastily trained new monks and priests to serve the spiritual needs of the community, still coming to terms with the trauma of the Black Death. This meant that many unsuitable individuals became clerics and this led to a drop in standards among parish priests, in particular.<ref>Hays, 1997, p. 178 </ref> The Church became corrupt and gradually over time lost the respect of many believers. In the short term the Black Death strengthened the Catholic Church in Italy, but in the long run, an increasingly corrupt institution meant that many people lost their faith. This led to the increasing secularisation of Italian society as many increasingly turned away from the church in disgust as the worldliness of prelates and priests. The contempt that many felt is evident in the stories of Boccaccio of venal and depraved priests, monks and nuns.<ref>Boccaccio, 1987, p 67, 113</ref> The church had traditionally monopolized education, but after the Black Death, there was more secular education, especially in the cities. This was decisive in the emergence of the Renaissance, with its emphasis on human values and experiences rather than religion.<ref> Benedictow, 2004, p. 134 </ref>
==Questioning of authority==
====Questioning of authority====
[[File:Petrarch_by_Bargilla.jpg|thumbnail|175px|Petrarch- poet and scholar]]
The world was turned upside down by the Black Death. The mental outlook of people changed dramatically. Previously, people assumed that the world was fixed and God-ordained. The Black Death overturned old certainties. As we have seen religious orthodoxy and beliefs were undermined by the plague and its devastation. People at the time were no longer willing to accept the status quo. This is best seen in the political revolts of the time.<ref>Benedictow, 2004, p. 174</ref> The most famous of these, that of poor workers and weavers called popularly the Ciompi, that took place in Florence in 1378. For four years, the poor formed the government of the city. The revolt was one of several in Italy at the time. No longer are people as willing to question the old ways of doing things and no longer accepted things because they were sanctioned by tradition.
The world was turned upside down by the Black Death. The mental outlook of people changed dramatically. Previously, people assumed that the world was fixed and God-ordained. The Black Death overturned old certainties. As we have seen the plague and its devastation undermined religious orthodoxy and beliefs. People at the time were no longer willing to accept the status quo. This change manifested in the numerous political revolts of the time.<ref>Benedictow, 2004, p. 174</ref> The most famous of these, led by the poor workers and weavers called popularly the Ciompi, that took place in Florence in 1378. For four years, the poor formed the government of the city. The revolt was one of several in Italy at the time. No longer are people as willing to question the old ways of doing things and no longer accepted things because they were sanctioned by tradition.
The Black Death led to a great questioning of the old certainties. This led many, especially among the urban elite to use reason to understand the world. They also increasingly turned to the classics to find answers to the problems of life. The new spirit of inquiry helped to ignite the Renaissance, especially in politics and philosophy.<ref> Ruggiero, Guido. ''[https://www.amazon.com/gp/product/0521719380/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1789&creative=9325&creativeASIN=0521719380&linkCode=as2&tag=dailyh0c-20&linkId=a042e34611daa82f83ef52dd3ac08b6c The Renaissance in Italy: A Social and Cultural History of the Rinascimento]'' (Cambridge University Press, 2015), p 648</ref> However, that is not to say, that Italy rejected all traditions, it was still a very conservative society in many ways. However, those who questioned authority and the received wisdom, such as the Poet and Scholar Petrarch inspired the Humanist movement, which valued reason and critical thinking. The Humanist are essential in the development and progress of the Renaissance.<ref>Burkhardt, 1878, p. 67</ref>
===Cultural Change===
====Cultural Change====
[[File:Botticelli-primavera.jpg|thumbnail|left|Primevera by Botticelli]]
Initially, the Black Death led to a fascination with death among many Italians. The loss of life and the suffering led many to become obsessed with death.<ref> Herlihy, D., ''[https://www.amazon.com/gp/product/0674076133/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1789&creative=9325&creativeASIN=0674076133&linkCode=as2&tag=dailyh0c-20&linkId=ed19d965a5f4e3c1389be15f87195a5d The Black Death and the Transformation of the West]'' (Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press, 1997) p. 116</ref> The Dance of Death was a popular motif in art and architecture at this time. The general mood was one of pessimism and indeed many expected that sooner or later that the world would end. Alongside this fear of death and the general mood of pessimism, there was a desire to experience the pleasures of life and to seize any happiness that was on offer. This contradictory impact of the Black Death on the culture of the time can be seen in the writings of two of the greatest figures in European literature, Petrarch and Boccaccio.<ref>Benedictow, 2004, p. 173 </ref> These two writers at times wrote in despair about the human condition yet they also wrote about the joys of life and the beauties of nature.
Initially, the Black Death led to a fascination with death among many Italians. The loss of life and the suffering led many to become obsessed with death.<ref> Herlihy, D., ''[https://www.amazon.com/gp/product/0674076133/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1789&creative=9325&creativeASIN=0674076133&linkCode=as2&tag=dailyh0c-20&linkId=ed19d965a5f4e3c1389be15f87195a5d The Black Death and the Transformation of the West]'' (Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press, 1997) p. 116</ref> The Dance of Death was a popular motif in art and architecture at this time. The general mood was one of pessimism, and indeed many expected that sooner or later that the world would end. Alongside this fear of death and the general mood of pessimism, there was a desire to experience the pleasures of life and to seize any happiness that was on offer. This contradictory impact of the Black Death on the culture of the time can be seen in the writings of two of the greatest figures in European literature, Petrarch and Boccaccio.<ref>Benedictow, 2004, p. 173 </ref> These two writers at times wrote in despair about the human condition yet they also wrote about the joys of life and the beauties of nature.
This sense that life was fleeting and that every happiness should be seized, led many Italians to seek solace in art and literature and this was one of the factors in the development of the Renaissance. Many of the elite were eager to enjoy the pleasures of life and this led them to patronize artists. It also resulted in a shift in the themes of artists.<ref> Pullan, 1973, p. 173 </ref> Religious topics remained popular, however, there was also a fascination with secular themes, especially from the classical world. The new interest in secular subjects can be seen in a comparison between Giotto and Botticelli. Giotto painted almost exclusively religious paintings. While Giotto, painted both secular and religious themes, indeed he is best known for his secular works as in masterpieces such as Primavera.<ref>Hayden B. J. Maginnis, ''[https://www.amazon.com/gp/product/0271020911/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1789&creative=9325&creativeASIN=0271020911&linkCode=as2&tag=dailyh0c-20&linkId=390ba05b8bf7168c013a8c5bf3d77d84 Painting in the Age of Giotto: A Historical Reevaluation]''(Princeton, Princeton University Press, 1997), p. 78 </ref>
This sense that life was fleeting and that every happiness should be seized, led many Italians to seek solace in art and literature and this was one of the factors in the development of the Renaissance. Many of the elite were eager to enjoy the pleasures of life, and this led them to patronize artists. It also resulted in a shift in the themes of artists.<ref> Pullan, 1973, p. 173 </ref> Religious topics remained popular, however, there was also a fascination with secular themes, especially from the classical world. The new interest in secular subjects can be seen in a comparison between Giotto and Botticelli. Giotto painted almost exclusively religious paintings. While Giotto, painted both secular and religious themes, indeed he is best known for his secular works as in masterpieces such as Primavera.<ref>Hayden B. J. Maginnis, ''[https://www.amazon.com/gp/product/0271020911/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1789&creative=9325&creativeASIN=0271020911&linkCode=as2&tag=dailyh0c-20&linkId=390ba05b8bf7168c013a8c5bf3d77d84 Painting in the Age of Giotto: A Historical Reevaluation]''(Princeton, Princeton University Press, 1997), p. 78 </ref>
===Social Mobility===
====Social Mobility====
The plague disrupted society to an unprecedented state. It overturned the existing social structure. Previous, to the outbreak of the plague, Italy was a rigid and stratified society. The Black Death changed everything. Increasingly, because of the demographic disaster caused by the plague were able to take advantage of the opportunities caused by the high death rate. In the period after the Black Death, an unprecedented amount of social mobility took place. Labourers became merchants and merchants become members of the nobility. No longer was a person's destiny to be fixed by their birth. Previously, people assumed that one's station was fixed at one's birth and that one had to remain a member of the class you were born into.<ref> Benedictow, 2004, p. 73 </ref> People believed that a peasant would always be a peasant, an aristocrat, and aristocrat. Italians, like other peoples, in Europe, believed that one's birth determined one's future and that this was determined by God.<ref>Pullan, 1973, p. 123 </ref> However, as social mobility became more widespread because of the Black Death, many people, came to believe that a person's merits or abilities were what mattered and not one's birth.<ref>Benedictow, 2004, p. 174 </ref> This led to a growing individualism in Italian society. This, in turn, encouraged people to strive and to develop their talents and achieve excellence or virtue.<ref>Burkhardt, 1878, p. 78</ref> The belief in the individual was central to the Renaissance and it inspired many of the greatest artists, architects, sculptures and writers, the world have ever seen to create peerless works.
The plague disrupted society to an unprecedented state. It overturned the existing social structure. Previous, to the outbreak of the plague, Italy was a rigid and stratified society. The Black Death changed everything. Increasingly, because of the demographic disaster caused by the plague were able to take advantage of the opportunities caused by the high death rate. In the period after the Black Death, an unprecedented amount of social mobility took place. Laborers became merchants and merchants become members of the nobility. No longer was a person's destiny to be fixed by their birth. Previously, people assumed that one's station was fixed at one's birth and that one had to remain a member of the class you were born into.<ref> Benedictow, 2004, p. 73 </ref> People believed that a peasant would always be a peasant, an aristocrat, and aristocrat. Italians, like other peoples, in Europe, believed that one's birth determined one's future and that this was determined by God.<ref>Pullan, 1973, p. 123 </ref> However, as social mobility became more widespread because of the Black Death, many people, came to believe that a person's merits or abilities were what mattered and not one's birth.<ref>Benedictow, 2004, p. 174 </ref> This led to a growing individualism in Italian society. This, in turn, encouraged people to strive and to develop their talents and achieve excellence or virtue.<ref>Burkhardt, 1878, p. 78</ref> The belief in the individual was central to the Renaissance and it inspired many of the greatest artists, architects, sculptures and writers, the world have ever seen to create peerless works.
==Decline of the Nobility==
One group that was adversely impacted by the Black Death was the nobility. This was also the case in many other European regions and kingdoms. The nobility suffered as greatly as many others classes as a result of the plague and many families died out during the period. In the aftermath of the plague, they found themselves in serious financial difficulties. The loss of population meant that there was no longer a great demand for their land and rents fell.<ref>Pullan, 1973, p. 123 </ref> Many of their labourers simply left the land and they were no replaced. Many of the nobility found themselves obliged to sell their serfs their freedom or to sell land to merchants from the cities. At this time, many wealthy merchants purchased new estates. The demise of the traditional elite meant that a new elite came to the fore, composed of merchants and self-made men. This new elite often keen to patronize arts. They were very conscious of their lack of birth and humble origins.<ref>Pullan, 1973, p. 23 </ref> They were keen to use art and to patronize men of letters in order to compensate. In order to appear the equal of the old aristocracy, they sought to sponsor artists who would win the esteem of the public.<ref> Burkhardt, 1878, p. 78</ref> This was one of the reasons for the lavish patronage of the de Medici's in Florence. They were keen patrons of the arts, in order to justify their status in society and to impress the general population. This meant that the great artists had many patrons, who often competed for their talents and this allowed them to concentrate on their art and to produce some of the greatest art, ever known.<ref>Hayden B. J. Maginnis, 1997, p. 167 </ref>
One group that was adversely impacted by the Black Death was the nobility. This was also the case in many other European regions and kingdoms. The nobility suffered as much as many others classes as a result of the plague and many families died out during the period. In the aftermath of the epidemic, they found themselves in serious financial difficulties. The loss of population meant that there was no longer a high demand for their land and rents fell.<ref>Pullan, 1973, p. 123 </ref>
Many of their laborers simply left the land, and they were not replaced. Many of the nobility found themselves obliged to sell their serfs their freedom or to sell land to merchants from the cities. At this time, many wealthy merchants purchased new estates. The demise of the traditional elite meant that a new elite came to the fore, composed of merchants and self-made men. This new elite often keen to patronize arts. They were very conscious of their lack of birth and humble origins.<ref>Pullan, 1973, p. 23 </ref>
They were keen to use art and to patronize men of letters to compensate for lack of traditional authority. In order to appear the equal of the old aristocracy, they sought to sponsor artists who would win the esteem of the public.<ref> Burkhardt, 1878, p. 78</ref> This was one of the reasons for the lavish patronage of the de Medici's in Florence. They were keen patrons of the arts, to justify their status in society and to impress the general population. This meant that the great artists had many patrons, who often competed for their talents and this allowed them to concentrate on their art and to produce some of the greatest art, ever known.<ref>Hayden B. J. Maginnis, 1997, p. 167 </ref>
===Conclusion===
The Black Death devastated Italian society in the middle of the 14th century. It led to great socio-economic, cultural and religious changes. After the initial horrors of the plague, Italian society, staged a spectacular recovery. It became richer, the influence of the Catholic Church was weakened and the culture became more secular. The social mobility made possible by the loss of life meant that individualism came to be respected. The Black Death was to unleash the forces in Italian society that made the Renaissance possible.
The Black Death devastated Italian society in the middle of the 14th century. It led to great socio-economic, cultural and religious changes. After the initial horrors of the plague, Italian society, staged a spectacular recovery. Italy became richer than before. The impact of the plague reduced the influence of the Catholic Church as diminished, and the culture became more secular. The new social mobility meant that individualism came to be respected. The Black Death unleashed the forces in Italian society that made the Renaissance possible.
<div class="portal" style="width:85%;">
===Related DailyHistory.org Articles===
====Related DailyHistory.org Articles====
*[[Top 10 Books on the origins of the Italian Renaissance]]
*[[Did the Sack of Rome in 1527 end the Renaissance in Italy?]]
===References===
[[Category:Wikis]][[Category:Italian History]][[Category:Medical History]][[Category:European History]] [[Category:Renaissance History]]
{{Contributors}}
Contemporary Image of Black Death
The Black Death (1347-1350) was a pandemic that devastated the populations of Europe and Asia. The plague was an unprecedented human tragedy in Italy. It not only shook Italian society but transformed it. The Black Death marked an end of an era in Italy, its impact was profound, and it resulted in wide-ranging social, economic, cultural and religious changes.[1] These changes, directly and indirectly, led to the emergence of the Renaissance, one of the greatest epochs for art, architecture, and literature in human history.
The Impact of the Plague of Italy
To Black Death spread to Italy from modern-day Russia. Genoese merchants spread the plague while fleeing a Mongol attack on their trading post in Crimea. The plague was carried and spread by the fleas that lived on the Black Rat and brought to Italy on the Genoese ships.[2] The population of Italy was ill prepared for the spread of the disease. There had been a series of famine and food shortages in the region, and the population was weak and vulnerable to disease, and furthermore, the population did not have any natural resistance to the disease. Italy was the most urbanized society in Europe, Milan, Rome, Florence, and other Italian centers among the largest on the continent.[3]
The majority of the urban population in cities such as Naples were impoverished and lived in squalid and dirty conditions. These factors ensured that the diseases spread quickly and that there was a high level of mortality, among the poor, although even the rich could not escape the plague.[4] From the cities, the plague spread like wildfire to the small towns and villages of the peninsula.
Dance of Death image from 15th-century woodcut
There is no firm data on the impact of the plague on the population of Italy. However, some examples show the full extent of the disease in Italy. The plague halved the population of Florence. The population crashed and fell from approximately 100,000 to 50,000. The experience of Florence was replicated across all the major cities of Italy which also experienced similar drastic declines. The death rate in rural Italy was not nearly as high, but there was a significant loss of life. In general, the total population of Italy may have dropped by as much as a third.[5]
'Thus, doing exactly as they prescribed, they spent day and night moving from one tavern to the next, drinking without mode or measure, or doing the same thing in other people's homes, engaging only in those activities that gave them pleasure….. And they combined this bestial behavior with as complete an avoidance of the sick as they could manage.'
Socio-Economic Consequences
The social consequences of the plague on society came to be profound. The high mortality rate resulted in a drastic decline in the labor force.[7]. Wages rose for both agricultural and urban workers. The survivors of the Black Death generally had a higher standard of living than before the plague.[8] This was a phenomenon that occurred in both urban and rural areas. The crisis caused by the Black Death led to many changes in the economy, in response to the fall in the population. Because of the labor shortages, there was a move from labor-intensive farming such as cereal to livestock and increase both in industry and agriculture more labor-saving devices employed.[9] The impact of the Black Death was contrary on feudalism in Italy. Feudalism was a system whereby peasants and farm laborers bound, as serfs, to serve a local lord. In the north of Italy, good farmland was plentiful, and wages increased, and the last vestiges of feudalism disappeared as serfs increasingly could purchase their freedom.
In the south of Italy the opposite occurred, here, since the Norman kings, the aristocracy had been consolidating feudalism. After the Black Death, the elite responded to the labor shortages by strengthening the restrictions on the peasants and thereby strengthened feudalism in southern Italy. The consequences of the plague resulted in a growing divide between the North and South of Italy that persists to this day.[10] In general, after a period of recovery, much of Italy became very wealthy as a more sophisticated economy emerged, especially in the North of Italy. This was crucial, as the increased wealth of Italy allowed the elite, such as the De Medici's in Florence to become the patrons of great artists such as Michelangelo and Leonardo da Vinci.[11]
Religious Consequences
Initially, in Italy, the plague led to a revival in religion among many. The middle ages was a time when people believed that events are a result of God's will. Many viewed the plague as punishment for God for the wickedness and immorality of the people. There was an upsurge in religious observance, and many sections of the public became swept by religious fervor, as many sincerely believed that the Black Death was a sign that the end of the world was coming.[12] Religious fanaticism spread throughout the peninsula and many men and women performed in extreme religious practices, such as the flagellants. The flagellants whipped themselves into a frenzy to atone for their sins. The Church suffered greatly during the plague, many priests and especially monks died. The monasteries proved ideal breeding grounds for the plague while many priests contracted the sickness as they gave the last rites to the dying. [13]
The result was a shortage of trained monks and priests. To deal with this, the Church hastily trained new monks and priests to serve the spiritual needs of the community, still coming to terms with the trauma of the Black Death. This meant that many unsuitable individuals became clerics and this led to a drop in standards among parish priests, in particular.[14] The Church became corrupt and gradually over time lost the respect of many believers. In the short term the Black Death strengthened the Catholic Church in Italy, but in the long run, an increasingly corrupt institution meant that many people lost their faith. This led to the increasing secularisation of Italian society as many increasingly turned away from the church in disgust as the worldliness of prelates and priests. The contempt that many felt is evident in the stories of Boccaccio of venal and depraved priests, monks and nuns.[15] The church had traditionally monopolized education, but after the Black Death, there was more secular education, especially in the cities. This was decisive in the emergence of the Renaissance, with its emphasis on human values and experiences rather than religion.[16]
Questioning of authority
Petrarch- poet and scholar
The world was turned upside down by the Black Death. The mental outlook of people changed dramatically. Previously, people assumed that the world was fixed and God-ordained. The Black Death overturned old certainties. As we have seen the plague and its devastation undermined religious orthodoxy and beliefs. People at the time were no longer willing to accept the status quo. This change manifested in the numerous political revolts of the time.[17] The most famous of these, led by the poor workers and weavers called popularly the Ciompi, that took place in Florence in 1378. For four years, the poor formed the government of the city. The revolt was one of several in Italy at the time. No longer are people as willing to question the old ways of doing things and no longer accepted things because they were sanctioned by tradition.
The Black Death led to a great questioning of the old certainties. This led many, especially among the urban elite to use reason to understand the world. They also increasingly turned to the classics to find answers to the problems of life. The new spirit of inquiry helped to ignite the Renaissance, especially in politics and philosophy.[18] However, that is not to say, that Italy rejected all traditions, it was still a very conservative society in many ways. However, those who questioned authority and the received wisdom, such as the Poet and Scholar Petrarch inspired the Humanist movement, which valued reason and critical thinking. The Humanist are essential in the development and progress of the Renaissance.[19]
Primevera by Botticelli
Initially, the Black Death led to a fascination with death among many Italians. The loss of life and the suffering led many to become obsessed with death.[20] The Dance of Death was a popular motif in art and architecture at this time. The general mood was one of pessimism, and indeed many expected that sooner or later that the world would end. Alongside this fear of death and the general mood of pessimism, there was a desire to experience the pleasures of life and to seize any happiness that was on offer. This contradictory impact of the Black Death on the culture of the time can be seen in the writings of two of the greatest figures in European literature, Petrarch and Boccaccio.[21] These two writers at times wrote in despair about the human condition yet they also wrote about the joys of life and the beauties of nature.
This sense that life was fleeting and that every happiness should be seized, led many Italians to seek solace in art and literature and this was one of the factors in the development of the Renaissance. Many of the elite were eager to enjoy the pleasures of life, and this led them to patronize artists. It also resulted in a shift in the themes of artists.[22] Religious topics remained popular, however, there was also a fascination with secular themes, especially from the classical world. The new interest in secular subjects can be seen in a comparison between Giotto and Botticelli. Giotto painted almost exclusively religious paintings. While Giotto, painted both secular and religious themes, indeed he is best known for his secular works as in masterpieces such as Primavera.[23]
The plague disrupted society to an unprecedented state. It overturned the existing social structure. Previous, to the outbreak of the plague, Italy was a rigid and stratified society. The Black Death changed everything. Increasingly, because of the demographic disaster caused by the plague were able to take advantage of the opportunities caused by the high death rate. In the period after the Black Death, an unprecedented amount of social mobility took place. Laborers became merchants and merchants become members of the nobility. No longer was a person's destiny to be fixed by their birth. Previously, people assumed that one's station was fixed at one's birth and that one had to remain a member of the class you were born into.[24] People believed that a peasant would always be a peasant, an aristocrat, and aristocrat. Italians, like other peoples, in Europe, believed that one's birth determined one's future and that this was determined by God.[25] However, as social mobility became more widespread because of the Black Death, many people, came to believe that a person's merits or abilities were what mattered and not one's birth.[26] This led to a growing individualism in Italian society. This, in turn, encouraged people to strive and to develop their talents and achieve excellence or virtue.[27] The belief in the individual was central to the Renaissance and it inspired many of the greatest artists, architects, sculptures and writers, the world have ever seen to create peerless works.
Decline of the Nobility
One group that was adversely impacted by the Black Death was the nobility. This was also the case in many other European regions and kingdoms. The nobility suffered as much as many others classes as a result of the plague and many families died out during the period. In the aftermath of the epidemic, they found themselves in serious financial difficulties. The loss of population meant that there was no longer a high demand for their land and rents fell.[28]
Many of their laborers simply left the land, and they were not replaced. Many of the nobility found themselves obliged to sell their serfs their freedom or to sell land to merchants from the cities. At this time, many wealthy merchants purchased new estates. The demise of the traditional elite meant that a new elite came to the fore, composed of merchants and self-made men. This new elite often keen to patronize arts. They were very conscious of their lack of birth and humble origins.[29]
They were keen to use art and to patronize men of letters to compensate for lack of traditional authority. In order to appear the equal of the old aristocracy, they sought to sponsor artists who would win the esteem of the public.[30] This was one of the reasons for the lavish patronage of the de Medici's in Florence. They were keen patrons of the arts, to justify their status in society and to impress the general population. This meant that the great artists had many patrons, who often competed for their talents and this allowed them to concentrate on their art and to produce some of the greatest art, ever known.[31]
Related DailyHistory.org Articles
Top 10 Books on the origins of the Italian Renaissance
Did the Sack of Rome in 1527 end the Renaissance in Italy?
What were the social factors that led to the Renaissance in Italy?
Why did the Italian Renaissance End?
What was the impact of Charles VIIIs invasion of Italy (1494) on the Renaissance?
How did the de Medici contribute to the Renaissance?
↑ Burckhardt, Jacob (1878), The Civilization of the Renaissance in Italy, trans. S.G.C Middlemore, p. 14.
↑ Pullan, Brian S. History of early Renaissance Italy: From the mid-thirteenth to the mid-fifteenth century (London: Allen Lane, 1973), p. 76
↑ Pullan, 1973, p. 89
↑ Andrew B. Appleby's "Epidemics and Famine in the Little Ice Age." Journal of Interdisciplinary History. Vol. 10 No. 4., p. 56
↑ Pullan, 1973, p. 156.
↑ Boccaccio, Giovanni. The Decameron. (Penguin Classics, Hammondsworth, 1987) trans Mark Musa, p. 6
↑ Hay, Denys. The Italian Renaissance in Its Historical Background. (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press,1997) p. 19
↑ Hays, 1997, p. 78
↑ Pullan, 1997, p 145
↑ Benedictow, Ole Jørgen Black Death 1346–1353: The Complete History (Cambridge, Cambridge University Press,2004) p. 234
↑ Frederick Hartt, and David G. Wilkins, History of Italian Art: Painting, Sculpture, Architecture (Oxford University Press, Oxford, 2003), p 67
↑ Benedictow, 2004, p. 234
↑ Hays, 1997, p. 178
↑ Boccaccio, 1987, p 67, 113
↑ Ruggiero, Guido. The Renaissance in Italy: A Social and Cultural History of the Rinascimento (Cambridge University Press, 2015), p 648
↑ Burkhardt, 1878, p. 67
↑ Herlihy, D., The Black Death and the Transformation of the West (Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press, 1997) p. 116
↑ Pullan, 1973, p. 173
↑ Hayden B. J. Maginnis, Painting in the Age of Giotto: A Historical Reevaluation(Princeton, Princeton University Press, 1997), p. 78
↑ Benedictow, 2004, p. 73
↑ Hayden B. J. Maginnis, 1997, p. 167
Updated January 12, 2019 Admin and EricLambrecht
Retrieved from "https://dailyhistory.org/index.php?title=How_did_the_Bubonic_Plague_make_the_Italian_Renaissance_possible%3F&oldid=14585"


text:
Большо́е () — бессточное горько-солёное озеро в Бородулихинском районе Абайской области Казахстана. Площадь — 12,3 км², длина — 11,8 км, ширина — до 2,4 км, длина береговой линии — 27 км. Высота над уровнем моря — 308,8 м. Наибольшая глубина — 2,5 м. Годовой объём воды — 18 млн м³. Площадь водосбора — 310 км².

Питание в основном снеговое и за счёт грунтовых вод. Замерзает в ноябре, освобождается ото льда в апреле. На южном берегу озера расположено село Бородулиха.

Примечания

Бессточные озёра Казахстана
Озёра Восточно-Казахстанской области
Солёные озёра Казахстана


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text:
Curb commercial development in Fishkill: Letters
Poughkeepsie Journal
The Fishkill Historical Society and all Hudson Valley historical societies need to take a stand for preservation of endangered acres of the American Revolution Fishkill Supply Depot. These acres are currently under review by the town of Fishkill for a sprawling commercial development project known as Continental Commons.
What indeed is the purpose of an historical society if it does not fight with all its might for heritage, history and preservation? To be silent is to be complicit in the destruction of sacred land and cultural resources. (Same goes for Dutchess Tourism, as its endorsement for destruction of this cultural heritage site remains deeply troubling.)
The project area and site of the Van Wyck Homestead lie within the Hudson Highlands ecosystem. The deeply forested 10-acre project site for Continental Commons will be completely clear-cut if approvals move forward.
Think about the consequences. No forest buffer will exist to enhance the views of the Van Wyck Homestead, headquarters for the Fishkill Historical Society. It will be a stark and uninviting view shed – with I-84 to the north and parking lots, sprawling retail space and a hotel to the south – no shade, and no mature trees. In addition to tragic destruction of a cultural heritage site, construction will further destroy cultural resources, native species and the biodiversity that exists there.
It remains tragic that Fishkill can't seem to turn a corner here. Bear in mind, that the Dutchess Mall, also on sacred lands belonging to the Fishkill Supply Depot, was bankrupt after five years.
Mara Farrell