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Can CBD Help with General Anxiety Disorder
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by Indigo Naturals May 08, 2019
When perimenopause decided to visit one of our partners, a crushing 24/7 anxiety came along for the ride.
That story is here.
It's not just a question of "Hey, cheer up. You're going to be okay".
It's as if your filter of the world is through an anxiety lens and any feel-good wishes are pointless.
It's very chemical.
We've gone through many aspects of anxiety.
Comparison of anxiety medications
We even looked at the basic pathways of anxiety here.
Everyone feels anxiety at some point in their life.
What if that's all a person feels?
General Anxiety Disorder.
A constant state of worry and anxiety not tied to specific cues.
Let's try to unravel what research is showing there.
We'll then look at how CBD might help with this crushing health issue.
We need to go systemic for this.
Yes, stress, inflammation, hormones, and gut bacteria can have an impact but clearly something is occurring long term.
See the article on CBD and neuroinflammation.
Chronic anxiety.
6.8 million Americans are clawing against and fighting this.
We already have a comprehensive look at how CBD affects the specific pathways of anxiety here.
We want to look at longer-term, structural effects for generalized anxiety disorder.
New research is exciting along these lines.
We'll look at the following:
How is Generalized Anxiety Disorder different from anxiety
What is happening in the brain with generalized anxiety disorder
Long term effects of CBD on generalized anxiety disorder
Comparing CBD versus medications for generalized anxiety disorder
Best supplements, herbs, and CBD for generalized anxiety disorder
How much CBD for generalized anxiety disorder (very important)
How is Generalized Anxiety Disorder different from anxiety?
The real difference is internal versus external causes.
The loss of a family member, a traumatic event, hostile work or home environments can all lead to anxiety.
Gut microbiome imbalances (from antibiotics, pesticides, additives, etc) can also come into play.
Histamine response and infection can also cause anxiety.
These are external causes of anxiety.
Generalized Anxiety Disorder generally deals with an internal system issue in the anxiety pathway.
Women are twice as likely to be affected which may be a clue!
For internal drivers of GAD, we need to look at the following:
Brain function and GAD
Neurotransmitters and GAD
Genetics and GAD
Hormones and GAD
Brain mass loss due to infection, inflammation, or developmental history
See the article on tryptophan connection between inflammation and anxiety.
These are long term, systemic causes of anxiety.
It speaks to the persistent nature of GAD versus anxiety from a test or public speaking.
Let's look at each of these separately.
What is happening in the brain and body with generalized anxiety disorder?
We've explored the anxiety pathway in-depth at our CBD and anxiety article.
A quick recap.
The key players:
Prefrontal cortex
Think of it as having two separate brains that both work together and oppose each other.
Your Amygdala is a member of our old "reptilian" brain.
Reptiles literally have this same brain area and the same basic function.
It's tasked with processing emotional signals such as fear and anxiety.
When processing fear, it acts first to keep us safe.
That signal then gets sent to the prefrontal cortex.
Our prefrontal cortex (just behind your forehead) is a much newer part of the brain-specific to humans.
To some extent, it's what makes us human.
This is our rational brain and it takes that initial signal from the amygdala (run, panic, scream!) and determines if that reaction is justified.
Hmmm...it's not a tiger in the bush but a bird. All safe. Stand down Amygdala!
This "circuit" happens all day long in the background to keep you safe.
In generalized anxiety disorder, it's not working correctly.
The amygdala has the upper hand and is running amok.
For the more intrepid souls, a full scientific explanation is here:
This can be because of genetics, structure, or damage.
What about brain structure and pathways specific to General Anxiety Disorder?
Two interesting studies have looked at brain scans to tease out what is going.
First, people with GAD may not have correct signaling between the fear center (Amygdala) and a part of the brain used to determine the importance of stimuli:
This could mean that people with the disorder have a harder time discerning truly worrisome situations from mild annoyances.
https://med.stanford.edu/news/all-news/2009/12/brain-scans-show-distinctive-patterns-in-people-with-generalized-anxiety-disorder-in-stanford-study.html
This study and others also found too much connection with the prefrontal cortex and too much activity there:
At the same time, the amygdala was more connected to a cortical executive-control network previously found to exert cognitive control over emotion.
Something in this circuit between the two areas is off-balance.
Another study found:
The results show that worry in normal subjects and in subjects with GAD is based on activation of the medial prefrontal and anterior cingulate regions, known to be involved in mentalization and introspective thinking. A dysregulation of the activity of this region and its circuitry may underpin the inability of GAD patients to stop worrying
Research is here.
This misrouting may be due to a weak connection at one key chokepoint in this whole fear-rational circuit:
In this case, two types of scans showed the amygdala, which alerts us to threat in our surroundings and initiates the "fight-or-flight" response, seems to have weaker "white matter" connections to the prefrontal and anterior cingulate cortex (ACC), the center of emotional regulation.
https://news.wisc.edu/reduced-brain-connections-seen-in-people-with-generalized-anxiety-disorder/
Hmmm...the ACC connection.
The bottle jam may come down to one little track of white matter:
the imaging showed the brains of people with GAD had reduced connections between the prefrontal and anterior cingulate cortex and the amygdala via the uncinate fasciculus, a primary "white matter" tract that connects these brain regions.
More importantly…
This reduced connectivity was not found in other white matter tracts elsewhere in their brains.
We discussed the anterior cingulate cortex in our CBD for anxiety article.
The uncinate fasciculus is a new actor though.
The plot thickens.
Research is showing this communication tract between our Amygdala and the prefrontal cortex is critical to anxiety:
The UF-amygdala complex may be pivotal for the control of trait anxiety.
https://bmcneurosci.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1471-2202-13-4
The keyword there is "trait anxiety".
Not the result of an experience or stressor.
A personality trait. General Anxiety Disorder.
Further evidence is found in children with anxiety:
Tract-based results demonstrated that children with anxiety disorders have significant reductions in uncinate fasciculus FA.
Interestingly, this childhood trait was found for boys only.
What about differences between volume between men and women?
The ICV was significantly larger in males compared to females
Could this partially be at the heart of the different 2.5x increase in general anxiety for women over men?
Remember that the prior study showed this area was (and not others) had reduced signaling in people with General Anxiety Disorder.
This may all be overwhelming but pay off is coming below when we get to CBD.
NO ONE is going this deep into this to get answers than us!
Like we said, this is personal!
We'll stop there but what about the worker bees that do all this signaling between and within brain areas...neurotransmitters.
Neurotransmitters and General Anxiety Disorder
The main players here are the following:
Histamine (both neurotransmitter and hormone)
The first two are easily implicated in the anxiety pathway but certain genetic susceptibilities might rest heavy on the bottom two as root issues.
We've written all about CBD and GABA or CBD and Serotonin here.
Basically, GABA is the main lever for anxiety.
It's critical to the condition in any form including general anxiety disorder.
GABA is our brain's main inhibitory chemical. It's the brake pedal!
See the article on NAC and mental health.
Quite simply put...too little GABA and you'll have anxiety (plus insomnia and a host of issues).
Serotonin is trickier and it's more an accomplice to anxiety.
Serotonin is a workhorse of signaling throughout the brain between different areas, within neurons, and between neurons.
It's the little engine that could.
SSRI's, which boost serotonin, are used for anxiety but less effective and with very serious side effects.
See comparison of CBD and anxiety medications here.
There are situations though where serotonin signaling is not working correctly and anxiety can result from this depending on where it's occurring.
Where it gets tricky is this...boost serotonin in an area tied to fear processing such as the CFR, and you'll actually get more anxiety!
That's why there's an increase in anxiety and depression in the first few weeks of using SSRI's.
Learn more about that here.
What about Glutamate and Histamine?
If GABA is the break we're trying to boost, Glutamate and Histamine are the gas pedal.
Glutamate is the brain's key excitatory chemical (opposite of GABA) and histamine is excitatory in the brain and part of our immune response.
We know its effects when we have allergic responses.
In the brain, it works against the GABA for the sleep/wake cycle.
We'll let you guess which does what. (hint hint - GABA for sleep; Histamine for wake).
See the research on how CBD and NAC to balance glutamate levels.
These are the most prominent actors of ALL anxiety.
Now let's look at why it might be chronic or ongoing.
We'll start with genes since that's where all these pathways get their beginning.
Some genes definitely are at play with general anxiety disorder.
We'll save the best one for last.
The current list of suspects (growing all the time) are:
5HT and 5HT1A (serotonin pathway)
MAO (breaks down neurotransmitters)
COMT - degrades norepinephrine (panic response mediator)
BDNF - helps maintain neuron growth and mass
CRHR1 - releases stress hormone corticotropin
Interestingly, a study of GABA genes did not show a connection to anxiety:
We're only at the beginning of the genetic discovery phase.
The good news is that with CRISPR, there's a time in the not too distant future where we can sub faulty genes out.
MAO mutations can be brutal for mental health (as are the others).
Genes are also not destiny.
It's 50% genes and 50% environment. We turn genes on and off all the time based on what we do.
For example, I have an MTHFR mutation (as does about 40% of Americans) which means I don't process B9 very well.
A very bad mutation of this gene can be devastating.
We can supplement this pathway with methylated B9 easily to boost its processing.
Same is true for MTRR (B12) and many of the gene pathways above.
First, you have to know what genes you may have mutations on.
23andme used to do a pretty good job but they went away from health-related genes last we checked.
That's unfortunate.
Check out the book Dirty Genes by Dr. Ben Lynch. That's a good start.
Stratagene is probably the best way to test now.
You can google any gene and "selfhacked" for a good look at what might support it's function once you know where you have issues.
There are also genes tied to stress response which are very interesting as they pertain to our endocannabinoid system (where CBD works).
We'll get into that below.
Again, this is early days in the gene world for anxiety but it's growing exponentially (please hurry!).
We have a full article on a very particular gene directly tied to "trait" anxiety.
It's FAAH.
Guess what it does? It's an endocannabinoid and CBD has a direct and positive impact on its pathway.
We'll link here when that article is online.
Hormones are equally powerful for general anxiety disorder.
We discussed how GABA is our calming neurotransmitter.
Progesterone shares some of the heavy lifting here:
Whereas estrogen seems to suppress GABA inhibitory input (Murphy et al., 1998a), progesterone and its neuroactive metabolites (allopregnanolone, pregnanolone) seem to facilitate GABAergic transmission through their action at GABAA receptors
Notice how estrogen actually worked against GABA.
This is huge for anxiety during the cycle, pregnancy, and perimenopause/menopause.
Interestingly, it has been shown that SSRIs boost levels of allopregnanolone which might speak to the part of their effects.
Learn about CBD versus SSRI's here.
Basically, by boosting serotonin, more of the progesterone is turned into allopregnanolone:
SSRIs' ability to enhance formation of allopregnanolone from progesterone by increasing the levels of 5alpha-reductase in the brain
https://www.zrtlab.com/blog/archive/hormones-neurotransmitters-at-that-time-of-month
There's also the hormone orexin.
Probably haven't heard of that one!
It's called the "vigilance" hormone and it tied to panic attacks.
We covered it in detail at our CBD and panic attacks article.
Of course, there are the adrenal hormones such as cortisol.
Again, progesterone's effect on GABA is probably the most pronounced and may speak to why women are 2x's more likely than men to have general anxiety disorder.
Let's now dive into the new research on anxiety...the result of an inflamed brain.
Judging by the sections above, lots has to go right in our nervous system to NOT have anxiety.
Many things can structurally affect these pathways in the brain which have long term effects such as general anxiety disorder (outside of genetic predisposition):
Injury to the brain
Infection or inflammation during key developmental stages or chronically
Chemical effects on brain mass and circuitry (such as THC!!!)
When you get a chance, check out the book, The Inflamed Mind.
It's very interesting!
Basically, it goes through how inflammation may be at the root of depression and other mental health issues.
Ten years ago, that sounded far fetch but no much with new research.
Let's start with injury:
increased frequency of anxiety disorders after TBI may reflect an overlap between brain regions vulnerable to traumatic brain injury, and the neural circuitry of these disorders.
https://content.iospress.com/articles/neurorehabilitation/nre00167
We've talked about some of the circuits at work (amygdala/prefrontal cortex, the uncinate fasciculus, etc).
What about infection and inflammation?
This is where there's really exciting new research.
The tell-tale signs of both (immune response) is all over general anxiety disorder:
analyses revealed significant differences in serum levels of IL-10, TNF-α, and IFN-γ between GAD and control groups after adjusting for age, gender, body mass index, smoking and alcohol consumption: these group differences were independent of the presence or degree of depression.
GAD is general anxiety disorder of course. Those strange chemicals are all inflammatory immune responders.
Did you notice that last little piece…"independent of the presence or degree of depression".
See how SSRIs really work on brain repair.
That's really important.
They found these various immune agents elevated for anxiety by itself!
There are dozens are studies like this all pointing in the same direction.
Immune response (which governs how our body deals with both infection and inflammation) is higher in people with general anxiety disorder!
Put a checkmark next to that for when we get to CBD. Very exciting.
One last stop...the gut!
This is the new Wild West of health...the trillions of bacteria in our gut.
How does this affect general anxiety disorder?
When they compared healthy people's guts versus those with general anxiety disorder, there were marked differences:
Compared with the HCs, we found markedly decreased microbial richness and diversity, distinct metagenomic composition with reduced short-chain fatty acid (SCFA)-producing bacteria (associated with a healthy status) and overgrowth of bacteria, such as Escherichia-Shigella, Fusobacterium and Ruminococcus gnavus
There's a great review of the "gut-brain" axis here:
Keep in mind that serotonin and even GABA are synthesized in our gut!
See how CBD helps with the gut barrier.
One final note on THC, the other endocannabinoid in cannabis that gets so much attention for its psychoactive properties.
Remember that all-important communication link between our Amygdala (fear processing) and our Frontal Cortex (rational brain)?
It was the only area showing reduced activity in the brain scans of people with GAD.
People who use cannabis showed reductions in volume for that very important communication link:
Compared to non-users, CU had worse memory performance, decreased fiber bundle length in the UF, and decreased cortical thickness of brain regions along the UF such as the entorhinal cortex and fusiform gyrus.
CU is short for cannabis users. UF is the uncinate fasciculus (the link between two brains).
This is not good!
General anxiety is not the only result of a poorly functioning UF. Again, it connects our "two brains".
Check out "Thinking Fast and Slow" book by Dr. Kahneman. Very fascinating!
Okay...so everything here in enlightening but a bit depressing.
We can't switch out genes yet. What are we have poor circuitry in the brain as a result of injury, illness, or inflammation?
What can we do now!
We've covered the wide array of effects that CBD has on anxiety pathways including GABA and serotonin in linked articles but we want to focus on the long-term effects for general anxiety disorder.
So-called "trait anxiety".
Can CBD help with "structural" issues related to GAD?
The first clues came from studies on schizophrenia.
There's a powerful study where pre-psychotic people were given CBD and brain scans showed that abnormal signaling in brain circuitry "normalized":
Cannabidiol may partially normalize alterations in parahippocampal, striatal, and midbrain function associated with the CHR state.
https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamapsychiatry/article-abstract/2697762
See research on how CBD helps with long term anxiety.
This is profound. The participants basically had their psychotic states normalized to where a vast majority of them were no longer deemed as pre-psychotic by their doctors.
Learn all about CBD and schizophrenia or psychosis here.
It shows that the underlying endocannabinoid system is governed with "balancing" brain signaling for CBD to have this effect.
Remember that the net result of brain injury, inflammation or genetic variations with general anxiety disorder is irregular signaling (not enough GABA, not enough serotonin in specific areas, etc).
The ability of CBD to boost this balancing mechanism is fascinating.
What about the actual brain structure? That's a long term consideration with GAD.
Remember how we noted that THC has been shown to adversely affect brain areas?
Most of the research on CBD on brain structure results from its protective role against these changes from THC.
THC's effects are here:
Across the 31 studies selected for inclusion in this review, neuroanatomic alterations emerged across regions that are high in cannabinoid receptors (i.e., hippocampus, prefrontal cortex, amygdala, cerebellum).
And CBD's effects in the studies?
Preliminary evidence shows that THC exacerbates, whereas CBD protects from, such harmful effects.
Can we reverse brain loss?
The keyword there is neurogenesis (building new brain essentially).
This may be our favorite aspect of CBD and the one most important for general anxiety.
CBD induced a substantial increase in net neurogenesis by a CB1 receptor-dependent mechanism
What's the net effect of this reversal of brain loss?
increases hippocampal NPC proliferation via CB1 receptors, which may underlie the anxiolytic effect of CBD
What does anxiolytic mean?
Anti-anxiety.
Bear with us here. They are saying that a big part of CBD's effects on anxiety may result from spurring new brain growth in the hippocampus.
Remember that we said brain tissue and pathway loss is showing in new research as a key driver of both anxiety and depression.
All those inflammatory agents we noted above in the brain destroy brain tissue.
Chronic stress literally destroys neurons and their connections.
Both have been directly tied to general anxiety disorder.
Whether it's infection and stress, our body responds with an army and there's collateral damage.
The net effect...general anxiety disorder.
Why do some people react to stress with GAD while others don't?
Let's look at an interesting study that sheds light on this.
There are genes that affect how we will respond to stress.
Some of these are endocannabinoid genes such as FAAH.
In fact, faulty versions of FAAH can affect the very wiring of the circuitry of the brain:
Individual differences in frontolimbic circuitry and anxiety emerge with adolescent changes in endocannabinoid signaling across species
https://www.pnas.org/content/113/16/4500
we show effects of the FAAH genotype-specific to frontolimbic connectivity that emerge by ∼12 y of age and are paralleled by changes in anxiety-related behavior.
This is really important for GAD as opposed to just anxiety.
There are brain changes as a result of this endocannabinoid gene that occur just when anxiety becomes present.
It gets more interesting.
We'll have to translate a bit since it gets very technical.
They found that the FAAH gene variant had a specific effect on the development of a particular piece of gray matter in the brain.
Can you guess what it is!
Ding ding ding. The uncinate fasciculus!! That bridge which showed up on the brain scans solely for people with general anxiety disorder.
Even more fascinating, the effect of this FAAH gene variant caused anxiety behavior (across species) in adolescence and adulthood...but not childhood.
It was tied to the development of general anxiety as a result of brain development!
What does the FAAH gene do?
It breaks down Anandamide, our "bliss" molecule (also an endocannabinoid).
Too much FAAH (from gene variant) and you don't have enough Anandamide.
What's the net effect of FAAH on anxiety?
Reduced anxiety-like behavior induced by genetic and pharmacological inhibition of the endocannabinoid-degrading enzyme fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH) is mediated by CB1 receptors
They block FAAH and anxiety goes down!
What does CBD have to do with this?
(we geek out on these reveals by the way)...
cannabidiol may enhance endogenous anandamide signaling indirectly, by inhibiting the intracellular degradation of anandamide catalyzed by the enzyme fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH)
It blocks FAAH!
It partially speaks to its anti-anxiety effects but we're curious to see if the combination of reducing FAAH and neurogenesis can repair or strengthen the uncinate fasciculus.
Researchers, Please!!
FAAH and Anandamide aren't the only endocannabinoids at play.
Let's introduce 2-AG, the most common endocannabinoid in the brain.
A great deal of our risk for GAD deals with our response to stress.
The endocannabinoid system naturally in our bodies is directly in charge of this response.
2-AG is a key player in this system:
The researchers found that augmenting the supply of 2-AG correlates with a stress-resilient phenotype and increases stress resilience in mice that were previously vulnerable to stress
https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/316682.php
Phenotype is a critical word.
It speaks to the engrained, structural nature of a personality trait.
This isn't anxiety in reaction to finals!
This is a persistent anxiety type of response.
It's the intersection of genes and the environment for anxiety. Aka General Anxiety Disorder.
When they blocked 2-AG, participants were less able to handle stress and more anxiety.
What does CBD do with 2-AG?
CBD has been shown to boost 2-AG signaling by blocking its breaking down.
Again, we go through lots of pathways for anxiety and CBD here.
One final stop...does CBD protect against neuroinflammation?
Remember that infection, auto-immune, and inflammation (all in the immune system's wheelhouse) are directly tied to general anxiety disorder.
Can CBD help there?
Starting generally…
Cannabidiol reduces neuroinflammation and promotes neuroplasticity and functional recovery after brain ischemia
A great deal of this research came from CBD's protective effects after brain hemorrhages or strokes (ischemia).
Now let's get specific.
Remember the specific inflammatory markers that were elevated for people with general anxiety disorder?
IL-10, TNF-α, and IFN-γ
It's not Klingon...but our immune responders.
The levels of IL-4, IL-5, IL-13, IL-6, IL-10, and TNF-α were determinate in the serum. CBD treatment was able to decrease the serum levels of all analyzed cytokines except for IL-10 levels.
Interestingly, CBD will boost or lower levels of IL-10 depending on the immune response need.
This is the exciting new world of immunopsychiatry (a new field really).
Since we want long term changes for general anxiety disorder, let look a great combination.
CBD and Meditation (or Yoga)
Stay with us here.
See the article on how CBD, medication, and exercise help with neurogenesis for anxiety.
CBD has been shown to be neuroprotection and promote neurogenesis (new brain mass and connections).
Now combine this with new research on mindful meditation:
MBSR participants showed a significant increase in fractional anisotropy in the UNC, while controls did not (group by time interaction missed significance).
The UNC is none other than the uncinate fasciculus we discussed above for general anxiety disorder.
Basically, mindful medication was shown to increase volume in this connection between our fear center (amygdala) and our rational brain (prefrontal cortex).
All the usual anxiety suspects were affected in the brain:
Studies that have examined mindfulness meditation-induced structural and functional changes in the brain have identified a number of implicated brain areas (Hölzel et al., 2011b; Fox et al., 2014; Tang et al., 2015), including limbic regions (e.g., Hölzel et al., 2010, 2011a), and regions in the orbitofrontal cortex (e.g., Hölzel et al., 2008).
The orbitofrontal cortex is studied in our CBD and anxiety article.
The limbic regions include the Amygdala!
All the players are at this party!
These are two very powerful actors for neuroprotection and neurogenesis.
Combine them!
The usual suspects come up with generalized anxiety disorder:
Benzodiazepines (Xanax, Ativan, Valium, Klonopin, and others)
SSRI's and SNRI's (Lexapro, Effexor, Zoloft, and others)
We have a complete comparison of CBD to anxiety meds and even breakouts here for CBD versus Benzos and CBD versus SSRIs with even more analysis.
We don't mess around (because we personally had to get off of them for anxiety!)
We'll leave the heavy lifting to those articles but let's look at the long term use of those meds since we're talking about general anxiety disorder versus an episodic flare-up.
There is no long term usage!
Benzos are highly addictive and recommended for short durations.
SSRI's will normalize as the brain/nervous system adjusts to this boost in serotonin by reducing its own levels.
See how I got off of benzos with CBD.
This is why people eventually have to be changed to other SSRI's and the whole game starts again.
Those are the two main classes that are prescribed for generalized anxiety disorder.
Not great options.
As for safety, it's no comparison.
This truly is the part that we find so frustrating.
Check out CBD's safety profile but compared to severe addiction and withdrawal (benzos) or a host potential nasty side effects (SSRI's), CBD Isolate has a strong safety profile.
Some caveats there.
It can't have THC.
It should be Isolate (not full-spectrum which everyone is selling).
We'll discuss those two items below but first, what about dosage for general anxiety disorder.
Here's where we arm you with research on anxiety specifically!
Research is pointing to both a short term and long term dosage consideration for anxiety.
You can learn all about the process at our how many mgs of CBD for anxiety article.
Start slowly (generally 20-30mg) to test your body.
An NIH study showed tested CBD at 150 mg, 300 mg, and 600 mg.
They found a significant anti-anxiety effect at the 300 and 600 mg level.
The neurogenesis (building new brain connections and neurons) peaked around 300 mg and dropped as we went up to 600 mg.
For general anxiety disorder, we really want this long term effect.
Remember that GAD has systemic roots...damage, poor connections, genetic variances.
Our best approach is to try to correct these structural issues with the neurogenesis effect.
That lies on a bell curve according to the study and starts to decrease above 300 mg.
For that reason, a dosage between 50-300 mg would be ideal depending on the severity of your anxiety.
One more key point for general anxiety disorder.
Best CBD for general anxiety disorder
We discussed how GABA does all the heavy lifting for calming not only our brain activity but also our mood!
It's key to sleep and calm.
Stress, inflammation, excess glutamate will eat it up!
So will histamine!
Histamine and GABA are in a tug of war for sleep/wake cycle as well as calm/alert cycles.
The bulk of the CBD makers are pushing "full-spectrum" CBD.
This is basically the full plant material included.
Here's the issue (as our partner found out the hard way)...
40-60% of people have histamine issues and their response to all that plant material may cause histamine responses!
This is especially true for women and people over age 40.
If you have allergies, full-spectrum is going in the wrong direction.
One other small factor...all the research is based on CBD Isolate by itself!
Learn all about the full spectrum versus CBD Isolate for anxiety argument here.
IndigoNaturals was partially created as a reaction to 3-4 of the biggest CBD brands on the market.
Bad reactions due to histamines!
We base everything on research here.
We take the product for our families after all.
Check out my story for more supplements I found which affect the anxiety pathway.
One final note for people who are truly suffering from general anxiety disorder.
Don't assume tomorrow is like today. The CRISPR technology looks to totally revolutionize medicine and it's coming sooner than the naysayers tell.
Learn about the woman here to cannot feel pain or anxiety due to a FAAH gene mutation.
We'll take just a slice of that, please!
Genetics is at the root of this issue and we'll use CBD to get us there!
Be well and be hopeful even when it's the hardest thing to do.
We've been there!
Master overview of CBD and anxiety pathways to look at various aspects we can directly affect.
Links to CBD and anxiety research with dozens of anxiety-specific topics.
Always work with a doctor or naturopath with any supplement!
The information provided here is not intended to treat an illness or substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment from a qualified healthcare provider.
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text:
Global Media Forum 2020
DW Transtel
DW website blocked in Russia: Letter from Director General to users
Following the blocking of DW website dw.com in Russia in all broadcast languages, DW's Director General Peter Limbourg has issued a letter addressing DW users in Russia.
Dear Russian friends of DW,
Following the forced closure of our Moscow bureau in early February, the situation for free journalism in your country has grown more difficult by the day. Since the early morning of March 5, our website dw.com in Russia has been blocked in all broadcast languages. This is confirmed by manual and automatic tests. Other foreign broadcasters, including the BBC, had also been blocked.
I deeply regret this, and therefore ask you, if possible, to use internet block bypass tools to access our channels. You can find all the necessary instructions on the links below.
We are an independent international broadcaster from Germany. We are not a government broadcaster!
We are, however, committed to democracy, tolerance, intercultural dialogue, and peace. We want to provide you, dear citizens of Russia, with independent information in these difficult times of confrontation. This includes stating clearly that the heavy fighting in Ukraine is the result of a war of aggression ordered by President Putin and for which he is responsible.
This is not a "special operation" against alleged Nazis, but it is an invasion that will result in endless suffering, destruction, death, and flight. As of now, far too many soldiers on both sides as well as Ukrainian civilians had been killed. DW's Russian programming has a long tradition. We have always sought to portray a complete picture of Russia. Its wonderful people and great culture are a great part of it. However, and unfortunately, a completely unrestrained government is also a part of this picture. Our mission is to maintain a dialogue with the people of Russia. A dialogue sometimes also includes unpleasant truths. Russia is the largest territorial state in the world. It certainly does not need more land; rather, more prosperity and rights for its citizens, and future opportunities for its children. A future without war and threats in Europe. Let us all work together to ensure that the ties between us do not sever altogether. DW is committed to contributing to this effort – by providing free information to our Russian friends.
Peter Limbourg
Director General Deutsche Welle
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Government censorship of the internet is a persistent threat to freedom of expression. Since 2012, DW has been utilizing the bypass tool Psiphon to allow access to blocked content from DW and other platforms.
Tor, Psiphon, Signal and co.: How to move unrecognized on the internet
Dictatorships and online services collect all kinds of data. Many users have no access at all to the free network. Here are a few tips on how to navigate the internet safely and anonymously and how to avoid censorship.
Bypassing censorship with VPNs ― is that really safe?
Virtual Private Networks are a quick emergency solution when regimes block critical websites. With VPNs, you can still access the free internet through a tunnel. But can you trust the provider?
Feedback: Send us your feedback.
Permalink https://p.dw.com/p/47zs4

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Helps people become self-sufficient through temporary financial assistance and employment programs.
Promotes access to high quality early learning, child care and support for families.
Provides land ambulance services and administers the supply and use of Public Access Defibrillators.


To whomever is reading this: I don't know where you may be or what you may be doing, but if you take twenty minutes to watch this TedTalk, by Jill Bolte Taylor, you will feel something inside of you wake up. You will be filled with an enormous amount of gratitude, love, and peace. You will feel spirit inside of you.
I cannot get enough of this woman! Martha Beck is amazingly brilliant and so inspiring. She is someone who each and every one of us can relate to. She has experienced many things in her life, from good to bad. She has the ability to give her experiences profound meaning, which can be both eye-opening and transformative.
This Ted Talk just shows another glimpse of her brilliance. She invites us to take another step into ourselves and to find that inner self that we have been slightly ignoring. We each possess the magic within to transform our lives and our world. Get inspired and live your best life! Take twenty minutes to watch this video and I promise you, you will walk away feeling more awake then ever.
Here is some inspiration for your day!
Deepak Chopra along with his daughter, Mallika Chopra, have created a program called The 30 Days of Intent. The 30 Days of Intent is to help individuals become more aware of their authentic selves by living with intention. They follow two individuals, YouTube star, Iman Crosson and professional athlete and entrepreneur, Natalie Spilger for 30 days, capturing their personal progress and marking their journey.
The episode I chose to share with you focuses on living with an open heart. This episode was very touching because they demonstrated how the relationship between a human and a horse can reflect the present state of ones heart . Horses can feel your emotional, spiritual, and physical state. They are able to sense your energy and when they do they respond accordingly. It is magical!
The message which I am trying to convey through this blog post is to live open heartedly. As you will see, after watching this video, living with an open heart enables you to live your life to its fullest potential, while living with a closed heart only holds you back from life's infinite possibilities.
My boyfriend, Evan Garcia, has an unbeatable passion for whitewater kayaking! Paddling ever since he was a young boy, it has now become his life, passion, and love. He travels the world searching for class five white water. He has an unmeasurable liberty while pursuing his passion. It is humbling to witness, as Evan embarks on kayaking 100 foot waterfalls, paddles rivers most of us will never see, and ventures to the most remarkable and beautiful sights of nature.
Now that Evan has made a name for his self in the sport of whitewater kayaking, he utilizes his unique filming abilities to share with the world his adventures of kayaking and the explorations he finds while doing so.
He put together this five-minute video to show everyone a glimpse of what he does and how he captures his footage while on the river. All of this video is captured on a small Go Pro camera. It is amazing that we are able to see his explorations and days on the river through this tiny camera he can attach to his helmet and kayak!


text:
Computer-Aided Diagnosis of Soft-Tissue Tumors Using Sonographic Morphologic and Texture Features
Chih Yen Chen, Hong Jen Chiou, Szu-Yuan Chou, See Ying Chiou, Hsin Kai Wang, Yi Hong Chou, Huihua Kenny Chiang
Taipei Municipal Wanfang Hospital
Rationale and Objectives: The aim of this study was to develop a computer-aided diagnosis (CAD) system in assessing the sonographic morphologic and texture features of soft-tissue tumors. Materials and Methods: The retrospective study involved 114 pathology proven cases including 73 benign and 41 malignant soft-tissue tumors. The tumor regions were delineated by an experienced radiologist who was unknown to the pathologic result. Then, we applied 10 morphologic features and 6 gray-level co-occurrence matrix texture features to analyze the tumor regions. To classify the tumors as benign or malignant, we used two methods, a linear discriminant analysis with stepwise feature selection and a multilayer neural network with the back-propagation algorithm as classifiers. The classification performances are evaluated by the area Az under the receiver operating characteristic. Furthermore, four radiologists provided malignancy grades for all tumors in the comparison of the CAD system. Results: In this analysis, the CAD system based on the combination of morphologic and texture feature sets can give the optimal CAD result by LDA with an accuracy of 89.5%, a sensitivity of 90.2%, a specificity of 89.0%, a positive predictive value (PPV) of 82.2%, negative predictive value (NPV) of 94.2%, and Az value of 0.96, and by the multilayer perception with an accuracy of 88.6%, a sensitivity of 90.2%, a specificity of 87.5%, a positive predictive value of 80.4%, negative predictive value of 94.2%, and Az value of 0.95. The Az values of the four radiologists were ranged between 0.74 and 0.86, and the optimal CAD results were shown the highest Az values than the four radiologists' rankings. Conclusions: This study has shown that performing the CAD system with both morphologic and texture features on sonography, can successfully distinguish between benign and malignant soft-tissue tumors. Moreover, it can also provide a second opinion for the tumor diagnosis and avert unnecessary biopsy.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.acra.2009.07.024
computer-aided diagnosis (CAD)
linear discriminant analysis (LDA)
morphologic feature
multilayer perception (MLP)
soft-tissue tumors
texture feature
Chen, C. Y., Chiou, H. J., Chou, S-Y., Chiou, S. Y., Wang, H. K., Chou, Y. H., & Chiang, H. K. (2009). Computer-Aided Diagnosis of Soft-Tissue Tumors Using Sonographic Morphologic and Texture Features. Academic Radiology, 16(12), 1531-1538. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.acra.2009.07.024
Computer-Aided Diagnosis of Soft-Tissue Tumors Using Sonographic Morphologic and Texture Features. / Chen, Chih Yen; Chiou, Hong Jen; Chou, Szu-Yuan; Chiou, See Ying; Wang, Hsin Kai; Chou, Yi Hong; Chiang, Huihua Kenny.
In: Academic Radiology, Vol. 16, No. 12, 12.2009, p. 1531-1538.
Chen, CY, Chiou, HJ, Chou, S-Y, Chiou, SY, Wang, HK, Chou, YH & Chiang, HK 2009, 'Computer-Aided Diagnosis of Soft-Tissue Tumors Using Sonographic Morphologic and Texture Features', Academic Radiology, vol. 16, no. 12, pp. 1531-1538. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.acra.2009.07.024
Chen CY, Chiou HJ, Chou S-Y, Chiou SY, Wang HK, Chou YH et al. Computer-Aided Diagnosis of Soft-Tissue Tumors Using Sonographic Morphologic and Texture Features. Academic Radiology. 2009 Dec;16(12):1531-1538. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.acra.2009.07.024
Chen, Chih Yen ; Chiou, Hong Jen ; Chou, Szu-Yuan ; Chiou, See Ying ; Wang, Hsin Kai ; Chou, Yi Hong ; Chiang, Huihua Kenny. / Computer-Aided Diagnosis of Soft-Tissue Tumors Using Sonographic Morphologic and Texture Features. In: Academic Radiology. 2009 ; Vol. 16, No. 12. pp. 1531-1538.
@article{abdec297524344898fa4293d53b1d62f,
title = "Computer-Aided Diagnosis of Soft-Tissue Tumors Using Sonographic Morphologic and Texture Features",
abstract = "Rationale and Objectives: The aim of this study was to develop a computer-aided diagnosis (CAD) system in assessing the sonographic morphologic and texture features of soft-tissue tumors. Materials and Methods: The retrospective study involved 114 pathology proven cases including 73 benign and 41 malignant soft-tissue tumors. The tumor regions were delineated by an experienced radiologist who was unknown to the pathologic result. Then, we applied 10 morphologic features and 6 gray-level co-occurrence matrix texture features to analyze the tumor regions. To classify the tumors as benign or malignant, we used two methods, a linear discriminant analysis with stepwise feature selection and a multilayer neural network with the back-propagation algorithm as classifiers. The classification performances are evaluated by the area Az under the receiver operating characteristic. Furthermore, four radiologists provided malignancy grades for all tumors in the comparison of the CAD system. Results: In this analysis, the CAD system based on the combination of morphologic and texture feature sets can give the optimal CAD result by LDA with an accuracy of 89.5{\%}, a sensitivity of 90.2{\%}, a specificity of 89.0{\%}, a positive predictive value (PPV) of 82.2{\%}, negative predictive value (NPV) of 94.2{\%}, and Az value of 0.96, and by the multilayer perception with an accuracy of 88.6{\%}, a sensitivity of 90.2{\%}, a specificity of 87.5{\%}, a positive predictive value of 80.4{\%}, negative predictive value of 94.2{\%}, and Az value of 0.95. The Az values of the four radiologists were ranged between 0.74 and 0.86, and the optimal CAD results were shown the highest Az values than the four radiologists' rankings. Conclusions: This study has shown that performing the CAD system with both morphologic and texture features on sonography, can successfully distinguish between benign and malignant soft-tissue tumors. Moreover, it can also provide a second opinion for the tumor diagnosis and avert unnecessary biopsy.",
keywords = "computer-aided diagnosis (CAD), linear discriminant analysis (LDA), morphologic feature, multilayer perception (MLP), soft-tissue tumors, texture feature",
author = "Chen, {Chih Yen} and Chiou, {Hong Jen} and Szu-Yuan Chou and Chiou, {See Ying} and Wang, {Hsin Kai} and Chou, {Yi Hong} and Chiang, {Huihua Kenny}",
doi = "10.1016/j.acra.2009.07.024",
journal = "Academic Radiology",
T1 - Computer-Aided Diagnosis of Soft-Tissue Tumors Using Sonographic Morphologic and Texture Features
AU - Chen, Chih Yen
AU - Chiou, Hong Jen
AU - Chou, Szu-Yuan
AU - Chiou, See Ying
AU - Wang, Hsin Kai
AU - Chou, Yi Hong
AU - Chiang, Huihua Kenny
N2 - Rationale and Objectives: The aim of this study was to develop a computer-aided diagnosis (CAD) system in assessing the sonographic morphologic and texture features of soft-tissue tumors. Materials and Methods: The retrospective study involved 114 pathology proven cases including 73 benign and 41 malignant soft-tissue tumors. The tumor regions were delineated by an experienced radiologist who was unknown to the pathologic result. Then, we applied 10 morphologic features and 6 gray-level co-occurrence matrix texture features to analyze the tumor regions. To classify the tumors as benign or malignant, we used two methods, a linear discriminant analysis with stepwise feature selection and a multilayer neural network with the back-propagation algorithm as classifiers. The classification performances are evaluated by the area Az under the receiver operating characteristic. Furthermore, four radiologists provided malignancy grades for all tumors in the comparison of the CAD system. Results: In this analysis, the CAD system based on the combination of morphologic and texture feature sets can give the optimal CAD result by LDA with an accuracy of 89.5%, a sensitivity of 90.2%, a specificity of 89.0%, a positive predictive value (PPV) of 82.2%, negative predictive value (NPV) of 94.2%, and Az value of 0.96, and by the multilayer perception with an accuracy of 88.6%, a sensitivity of 90.2%, a specificity of 87.5%, a positive predictive value of 80.4%, negative predictive value of 94.2%, and Az value of 0.95. The Az values of the four radiologists were ranged between 0.74 and 0.86, and the optimal CAD results were shown the highest Az values than the four radiologists' rankings. Conclusions: This study has shown that performing the CAD system with both morphologic and texture features on sonography, can successfully distinguish between benign and malignant soft-tissue tumors. Moreover, it can also provide a second opinion for the tumor diagnosis and avert unnecessary biopsy.
AB - Rationale and Objectives: The aim of this study was to develop a computer-aided diagnosis (CAD) system in assessing the sonographic morphologic and texture features of soft-tissue tumors. Materials and Methods: The retrospective study involved 114 pathology proven cases including 73 benign and 41 malignant soft-tissue tumors. The tumor regions were delineated by an experienced radiologist who was unknown to the pathologic result. Then, we applied 10 morphologic features and 6 gray-level co-occurrence matrix texture features to analyze the tumor regions. To classify the tumors as benign or malignant, we used two methods, a linear discriminant analysis with stepwise feature selection and a multilayer neural network with the back-propagation algorithm as classifiers. The classification performances are evaluated by the area Az under the receiver operating characteristic. Furthermore, four radiologists provided malignancy grades for all tumors in the comparison of the CAD system. Results: In this analysis, the CAD system based on the combination of morphologic and texture feature sets can give the optimal CAD result by LDA with an accuracy of 89.5%, a sensitivity of 90.2%, a specificity of 89.0%, a positive predictive value (PPV) of 82.2%, negative predictive value (NPV) of 94.2%, and Az value of 0.96, and by the multilayer perception with an accuracy of 88.6%, a sensitivity of 90.2%, a specificity of 87.5%, a positive predictive value of 80.4%, negative predictive value of 94.2%, and Az value of 0.95. The Az values of the four radiologists were ranged between 0.74 and 0.86, and the optimal CAD results were shown the highest Az values than the four radiologists' rankings. Conclusions: This study has shown that performing the CAD system with both morphologic and texture features on sonography, can successfully distinguish between benign and malignant soft-tissue tumors. Moreover, it can also provide a second opinion for the tumor diagnosis and avert unnecessary biopsy.
KW - computer-aided diagnosis (CAD)
KW - linear discriminant analysis (LDA)
KW - morphologic feature
KW - multilayer perception (MLP)
KW - soft-tissue tumors
KW - texture feature
U2 - 10.1016/j.acra.2009.07.024
DO - 10.1016/j.acra.2009.07.024
JO - Academic Radiology
JF - Academic Radiology


text:
Dramatic Difference
New Era for Alley Theatre opens doors to playwrights and unlimited theatrical possibilities
by Sandra Cook | Dec 1 2015
For theater patrons and downtowners alike, the Alley Theatre's recent $46.5 million building renovation offers much more to audiences than any series of before-and-after photos can convey. Beyond the easy-to-spot design updates in the lobby, grand stairway and reception area, beyond the power-washed exterior, the driving force of the renovation plan was always to enhance the Alley's – that is, the theater building's and company's – capacity to deliver a wider range of performance experiences at the highest caliber.
The building improvements were envisioned to facilitate the production of new plays by contemporary playwrights, and thus foster enduring relationships with up-and-coming playwrights who will consider the Alley their artistic home.
"The emphasis on new work was behind the whole idea of the renovation of the theater," says Gregory Boyd, artistic director of the Alley Theater since 1989.
In addition to the aesthetic updates, the theater building boasts a dramatically upgraded technical capacity, allowing for nearly unlimited options for set changes, lighting effects and audio elements.
A major focus of the renovation was the Hubbard Stage, the Alley's main performance space. Upon entering the space, patrons will notice the extended stage, accomplished by reducing the number of seats from 824 to 774. Another stat worth noting: the stage extension allows for 62 percent of the audience to be seated within the first 11 rows from the stage.
"This creates a whole new level of intimacy in the Hubbard for our patrons; one that we feel is unmatched in the City of Houston," Alley Managing Director Dean R. Gladden said upon the theater's reopening in September.
The theater's capacity for set changes is now among the most dynamic in the country, with its all-new fly loft containing 28 full-stage automated line sets. Another remarkable improvement is the now fully trapped stage floor, which allows for endless options for actor and scenery entrances and exits, as well as functioning as an optional orchestra pit.
Additional technical upgrades include the installation of a fiber optic network throughout the theater to support projections and audio content.
A new Induction Loop Hearing System allows Telecoil-equipped hearing aids and cochlear implants to function as personalized listening devices that connect directly to the theater's sound system. Of course, most patrons will notice the interior touches, such as new seats, carpeting, and LED lighting, and will appreciate the buildings new air conditioning/heating system with multi-zoned control to ensure comfort in all areas.
A Haven for Playwrights
In its quest to cultivate lasting relationships with playwrights, the Alley Theatre hired Elizabeth Frankel during the spring of 2015 as its first director of new work.
Frankel joins the Alley Theatre after nine years at New York's Public Theater, where she was the Literary Manager. She also helped to start the Emerging Writers Group in 2008 and has run the program since its inception, launching the careers of 53 writers in the process.
Having worked in New York for 14 years, Frankel began exploring career options in Houston after making several trips to Houston to visit her husband, who has taught at the University of Houston Law School for past two years. "Each time I visited Houston I thought, 'I like this city and if I could find the right job I would move here,'" says Frankel. Well aware of the Alley's status as one of the country's top-ranked theaters, Frankel reached out to Gregory Boyd last winter.
"That turned out to be very fortuitous timing," says Frankel. To her delight, Gregory Boyd informed her that the Alley had just begun its search for a director of new work. She flew down for an interview and was hired soon after. Frankel began working for the Alley Theatre several weeks before moving from New York, and then settled into her Houston professional home in July. Frankel happily admits the opportunity worked out very well for her both personally and professionally.
"One of my first projects was to post a job listing for a literary manager," says Frankel. That candidate turned out to be Skyler Gray, who has developed new work with many theaters including the Williamstown Theatre Festival, South Coast Repertory, and prior to joining the Alley, worked at literary talent agency William Morris Endeavor.
Gray, who was also familiar with the Alley's reputation, was looking to get back to working for a theater when he found the job posting for literary manager at the Alley. "After seeing the business from both sides, it's so nice to be back at a theater," says Gray. "At the agency, I was sending the emails that I'm now receiving and receiving the phone calls that I'm now making, so it's nice to be back on the other side of the table."
"It's really exciting to be able to start a program that's focused on new work at a theater that is as established and as equipped to do this as the Alley is," says Frankel. "When I started thinking about other jobs, they were mostly as director of new work at theaters that already had new work programs in place. This is a unique opportunity to start up a program at a well-established theater. That's exiting to have an established theater that's in start-up mode. Most of those opportunities are usually at a much smaller theater that is just getting off the ground. Here at the Alley we can go big."
"And we're not having to build off of what someone else did before us, we're not having to fill in the Excel documents that someone else built 10 years ago," says Gray. "Everything is from the ground up, which is also rare and very exciting."
Nurturing New Plays
In their first season with the Alley, Frankel and Gray have been focused on the theater's inaugural festival of new work, called Alley All New. But it's not just a festival; it's an artistic approach that will drive the theater going forward. "Alley All New is umbrella term for the theater's initiative of developing new plays and engaging with working, living playwrights and producing plays for their first time ever," explains Frankel.
Alley All New, the festival, will be an annual event, featuring several plays presented in workshops and read throughs, but not fully produced. "Our hope is to be able to commission writers and bring them in to workshop their plays at the Alley."
"This is very exciting not only for the playwrights, the directors, the Alley, but also Houston audiences that will have a chance to be a part of the process," says Gray. "Audiences may get to see plays go from a reading, to a workshop, to a possible production. They will get to track the life of the plays over the course of a couple of years and see what has been added or altered."
As Gregory Boyd puts it: "Everybody likes to see how things are put together. Alley All New gives us all a chance to look behind the curtain to see how plays are made."
Frankel explains that Boyd's intent is to have the writers feel like they are part of the company in the same way that the actors who live here and are in every show are part of the company.
"Our goal is to bring 15 American writers into the company," says Boyd. "That was the foundation of why the theater was renovated. We thought about how best to go about producing new plays and, considering that not all plays are created equal, we needed more flexibility to produce different types of plays."
With the added emphasis on new work, Frankel explains that her approach is not so much about choosing an amazing play, but more about developing relationships with writers. She cites playwrights who have already had multiple plays premiere at the Alley, such as Kenneth Lin, whose plays Intelligence-Slave and Warrior Class debuted at the Alley; and Rejiv Joseph, whose plays The Monster at the Door and Gruesome Playground Injuries were first performed by the Alley Theatre.
"We are looking to have more writers like that who will feel like the Alley can be their creative, artistic home," says Frankel. "The idea is for the writers to write with the Alley company actors in mind and even the theater space in mind," says Frankel.
"The Alley has long sought to cultivate its resident company and foster new work, as well as reinvent older work. Now the Alley will be able to make the writers part of the company," says Boyd. "Writing is an isolating act, with much of the work happening before anyone else gets a glimpse of it. The idea is for the Alley to become the artistic home for writers, not just an artistic halfway house that harbors them on a short-term basis." [great for pull quote]
Frankel explains that the ability to work with a resident company will appeal to writers and benefit audiences as well. "One thing that's unique about Alley is the resident acting company – not all theaters have a resident company. The reality for a writer in New York is that writer may write a play with a certain actor in mind, with that actor's voice in their head," says Frankel. "And maybe that actor gets to do the first read through, but then by the time the play is actually produced, that actor might be in a TV show or working is some other production, so they're not available. Here at the Alley, the same actors can do the read through, the workshop and then the full production, so the play, the actors, the whole process gets the benefit of that continuity."
"Audiences get to watch the plays grow, as well as the playwrights," says Gray. When Ken Lin's first play premiered here, he was strictly a playwright, but now he's also writing for House of Cards, the Neflix series. So audiences can watch the writers' careers grow while watching their work grow."
"The festival will be a great first step," says Frankel. "Audiences will get to see how a play goes from the script on the page to a living, breathing theatrical experience, as well as develop awareness and understanding of the audience's role in a play." [great for pull quote]
The Alley's artistic team hopes to see many industry types come from other cities attend the festival. "In addition to Houston audiences, we hope to host writers, directors and production teams, which should in turn allow each of the plays to have a fruitful life," says Frankel.
Energized by Support
Boyd expresses his gratitude to Houston audiences and the theater's supporters. "Houston has been extraordinarily supportive," says Boyd. "The commitment of the Alley's board to the renovations has been truly astounding. From the repairs after Tropical Storm Allison in 2003 and plans that were delayed in 2008 with the economic downturn, we had time to really think about what we wanted to do. It was a tremendous collaboration between the board, the resident company artists and the administration."
Boyd is also grateful for the diversity and depth of Alley Theatre audiences. "Our audiences range from high school students to patrons of more than 35 years," says Boyd. "They are lively and interesting and seem to have a sense of ownership of each performance."
Seeing the renovated Alley up and running is invigorating for Boyd, even after his 25 years as artistic director. "A building is a building, and theaters make up an odd branch of architecture. The building is built to last, but what's inside is evanescent, it's perpetually changing. And today, all of the building can be performance space. So much feels new – there is a lot of excitement of learning what the Alley can do. We are learning every day, with no ceiling or limit for a quite a while. We are breathing the heady air, and it's really wonderful."


text:
msbell@umn.edu
1378 Social Sciences Building
Mark Bell is an Associate Professor of Political Science at the University of Minnesota. His research examines issues relating to nuclear weapons and proliferation, international relations theory, and US and British foreign policy.
His first book, Nuclear Reactions: How Nuclear-Armed States Behave, examines how states change their foreign policies when they acquire nuclear weapons, was published in 2021 by Cornell University Press as part of the Cornell Studies in Security Affairs series. Other work has been published in journals including International Organization, International Security, International Studies Quarterly, Journal of Conflict Resolution, Journal of Strategic Studies, Texas National Security Review, and Defence Studies, and has been funded by organizations including the Stanton Foundation, the US Air Force Academy and Defense Threat Reduction Agency, the Smith Richardson Foundation, the Charles Koch Foundation, and the Tobin Project.
He holds a Ph.D in Political Science from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, a Masters in Public Policy from Harvard Kennedy School, where he was a Frank Knox Memorial Fellow, and a B.A. in Politics, Philosophy, and Economics from St. Anne's College, Oxford University.
Ph.D: Political Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2016
M.P.P.: Public Policy, Harvard Kennedy School, 2010
B.A.: Politics, Philosophy, and Economics, St. Anne's College, Oxford University, 2006
International security, nuclear weapons, US foreign policy
Noel Anderson, Mark S. Bell (forthcoming). The Limits of Regional Power: South Africa's Security Strategy, 1975–1989. Journal of Strategic Studies.
Mark S. Bell, Nicholas L. Miller (2023). "The Limits of Nuclear Learning in the New Nuclear Era." In Vipin Narang and Scott D. Sagan (eds), The Delicate Balance of Terror: Deterrence in a New Nuclear Age, Cornell University Press.
Mark S. Bell (2021). Nuclear Reactions: How Nuclear-Armed States Behave. Cornell University Press.
Mark S. Bell (2019). Nuclear Opportunism: A Theory of How States Use Nuclear Weapons In International Politics. Journal of Strategic Studies, 42 (1), 3-28.
Mark S. Bell (2019). Defending the "Acquisition-Use Presumption" in Assessing the Likelihood of Nuclear Terrorism. International Studies Quarterly, 63 (3), 774-778.
Mark S. Bell, Julia Macdonald (2019). How to Think About Nuclear Crises. Texas National Security Review, 2 (2), 40-64.
Mark S. Bell, Kai Quek (2018). Authoritarian Public Opinion and the Democratic Peace. International Organization, 72 (1), 227-242.
Mark S. Bell (2016). Examining Explanations for Nuclear Proliferation. International Studies Quarterly, 60 (3), 520-529.
Mark S. Bell (2015). Beyond Emboldenment: How Acquiring Nuclear Weapons Can Change Foreign Policy. International Security, 40 (1), 87-119.
Mark S. Bell, Nicholas L. Miller (2015). Questioning the Effect of Nuclear Weapons on Conflict. Journal of Conflict Resolution, 59 (1), 74-92.
Mark S. Bell (2012). Can Britain Defend the Falklands?. Defence Studies, 12 (2), 283-301.
US Foreign Policy (undergraduate)
Technology and War (undergraduate)
Comparative Foreign Policy (graduate)
The Politics of Nuclear Weapons (undergraduate)
Quantitative Methods in International Relations Research (graduate)
International Security (graduate)
polisci@umn.edu
Find information on ways to give to the Department of Political Science


The role of songs in motion-picture theater programs was both transformed and revitalized by the advent of sound. During the early silent era, audience singalongs to illustrated song slides had been a mainstay of exhibition practice, dwindling around 1913/1914 as a result of programming changes wrought by feature films. With the advent of sound, however, song returned once more, albeit now primarily in the form of recorded short-subject performances to be watched and listened to, not for audience participation.
Operatic song was a first port of call – if only briefly – in keeping with ideals of cultural uplift with which sound technology was initially associated. For its debut program on August 6, 1926, for example, Vitaphone included a short of Giovanni Martinelli singing the aria from I Pagliacci, and would go on to produce some sixty-five opera shorts between 1926 and 1932. Overall, though, the trend was weighted more toward popular songs, for which short-subject rendition could serve the additional promotional goal of "song plugging" – a not insignificant consideration given the consolidation of motion-picture, radio, and music industries that occurred during this period.
Song short subjects were additionally important in securing regional appeal outside the nation's major cities, particularly so for smaller, independent producers/distributors. Cases in point are Educational's Song Hit Stories and Song and Comedy Hits lines, produced by Al Christie at Educational's Eastern Service Studios in Astoria. The most enduring and consistently popular of Educational's musical series (lasting from the 1933 to 1938), the Song Hit Stories and Song and Comedy Hits were song-filled sketches running the gamut of musical idioms, but with a particular emphasis on the vernacular styles of hillbilly and country music.
It deserves to be added, finally, that audience singalongs were not entirely absent in the sound era: in 1929, the Fleischer brothers relaunched their "follow-the-bouncing-ball" Song Car-Tunes singalong series (originally 1924-1927) under the new title, Paramount Screen Songs, which ran until 1938.


The Underwood Briarwood Twelve Module Watch Winder Unit is handmade with 12 reliable winders housed in an elegant wood tower case. Powered by Maxon motors from Switzerland, this beautiful watch winder unit is excellent for larger collections of automatic watches. The Underwood Twelve Module Watch Winder commands attention as a work of beauty. The Underwood Briarwood Twelve Module Watch Winder Unit for luxury automatics offers a protective glass door and reliable Swiss Maxon motors. It includes a luxury leather cover for travel with any of the removable watch winder modules. Alternatively, the individual modules can be programmed by a system developed by Underwood Tool (available in the shop) in accordance with individual customer. By means of this tool can distinguish between a rotation to the left, right or be elected alternately. The number of turns per day is between 600 and 3600 revolutions. The winder is connected to a USB programming easy with the tool.


text:
Birdsall Holly Broadbent Jr. (September 27, 1928 in Cleveland, Ohio - July 9, 2009 in East Hampton, New York) was an American orthodontist known for this contributions to the field of orthodontics. He co-developed the Bolton Standards along with his grandfather Birdsall Holly II. The work is based on the Broadbent-Bolton Growth study, which the American Association of Orthodontists Foundation has called "the most complete human craniofacial growth study in the world".

Life
Broadbent was born in Cleveland, Ohio. He was son of Ebert B. Broadbent Sr. and great-grandson of Birdsall Holly, a leading inventor in the nineteenth century. He attended St. Andrew's School (Delaware) after which he received his Bachelor's from Princeton University and Dental Degree from the Yale School of Medicine.   He married his wife Jacqueline Harriman Fisk (1937-), the granddaughter of W. Averell Harriman, in 1957 and they had two daughters, Meredith Broadbent (who become commissioner at the US International Trade Commission in 2012) and Elizabeth Parsons Broadbent (Becke).  After graduation from dental school, Broadbent joined his grandfather's practice as an apprentice in a downtown Cleveland office located in the Keith Building.  He was the member of the Case Western Reserve faculty for around 50 years. With him and his father's collaboration, the Bolton-Brush Growth Study Center was established at the Case Western Reserve University School of Dental Medicine whom he served as the director of until his death.

Broadbent is credited with creating the Bolton Standards in 1975 (with William Golden) based on X-rays of 16 boys and 16 girls from ages 1 to 18. His other contributions to the understanding of craniofacial growth include contributing factors to sleep apnea and the development of the oropharynx.   In 1999, the American Association of Orthodontists Foundation issued the GAC International Corporate Center Award to Broadbent to index and preserve records from the Bolton-Brush and Broadbent-Bolton growth studies. He was the 2005 Distinguished Alumnus of the Year for the Case School of Dental Medicine.

Broadbent died in 2009 at the age of 80 in East Hampton, New York.

Positions held
 Cleveland's Health Museum, President
 Cleveland Dental Society, President
 Great Lakes Society of Orthodontists, President
 American Association of Orthodontists, Vice-President

External links

 Bolton-Brush Growth Study Center

References

American dentists
Case Western Reserve University faculty
1928 births
2009 deaths
20th-century dentists
Princeton University alumni
Yale School of Medicine alumni
American orthodontists

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
NOTE: This website is obsolete. Nakahara Informatics, Inc. is no longer operational. This website has been preserved for historical interest, essentially as it appeared at the time of the last update (October 22, 2008), and the software available on this website may be used for free. However, there is no warranty of any kind, and these apps no longer work on modern OS X systems. Therefore, this may not be useful, except to historians and tinkerers resurrecting legacy systems.
Nakahara Informatics, Inc.
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Nakahara Informatics Home > iGet Mobile > Support
iGet Mobile support
This page is the starting point for iGet Mobile support. If you have a problem, or a question about using iGet Mobile, we want to help.
• The iGet Mobile Support Forum is a great place to search, because somebody may have discussed a similar issue in the past.
• The Frequently Asked Questions list below has quick answers for common questions.
• Although not written specifically for iGet Mobile, the iGet Tutorials section of this site contains several articles which provide step-by-step help with more complex issues, such as networking, setting up dynamic DNS, and more. If the "automagic" network configuration features of iGet Mobile don't work in your networking environment, or if you simply wish to manually specify everything for greater control, these articles may be useful.
• When those options are not sufficient, you can contact our support staff, who will be happy to try to help you with your question. You don't need to be a registered user, as we do make every effort to provide pre-sales support (although we do prioritize responding to existing users, of course). Normally, we will get back to you within one business day.
Network setup issues?
Using iGet Mobile is easy, but setting up your network can sometimes be complicated.
Differences in Internet service providers, routers or other network equipment, and whether your IP address is dynamic or static can all add up to a lot of variables.
iGet Mobile does include advanced automatic network configuration features, but there will inevitably be cases where these features don't apply, and a bit of manual setup is required.
If you have a network-related question, please do check out our detailed tutorials.
iGet Frequently Asked Questions Short Answer #
What OS version does iGet Mobile require? 10.5 or later. 1
What devices can I use to access my Mac running iGet Mobile? iPhones, PCs, and more. 2
Do I need to be logged in to run iGet Mobile? Yes (unlike iGet). 3
How can I leave my iGet Mobile server running if another user wants to log into their account on the Mac? Enable Fast User Switching. 4
What if I do not want to allow access to ALL my files, but just some subset of them? It's possible... 5
What are the differences between iGet and iGet Mobile? Many... 6
Will the Raiders win the Super Bowl this year? Could be. 7
Q: What OS version does iGet Mobile require?
A: iGet Mobile requires you have Mac OS X 10.5 or later on your machine to use it. 1
Q: What devices can I use to access my Mac running iGet Mobile?
A: iGet Mobile was created in response to the outpouring of interest from iGet users after the release of the iPhone. It was designed with the iPhone in mind, but also works with Windows PCs, and iPod Touch models. Since iGet Mobile gives you a lightweight web interface, it should work with any device which has a decent web browser. 2
Q: Do I need to be logged in to run iGet Mobile?
A: Unlike iGet, which does not require that any application be running on the remote Mac, or that the user account be active at all, iGet Mobile does require that you leave it running on the Mac to which you want to connect. This means, you must be logged in. It is likely that a future version of iGet Mobile will make this optional. We encourage you to contact us if this is a big issue for you, so that we can gauge interest in this feature to help us schedule it. 3
Q: How can I leave my iGet Mobile server running if another user wants to log into their account on the Mac?
A: For now, the workaround is to enabled Fast User Switching in System Preferences. With this feature, you can leave iGet Mobile running, but still allow another user to log in. 4
Q: What if I do not want to allow access to ALL my files, but just some subset of them?
A: iGetMobile is designed to be a personal server, and as such you have the access to all of your files. That is, you can remotely access all of the files on the Mac that you would be able to access while sitting in front of the machine. It is possible to use iGet Mobile to allow access to a different set of files, but not your files, but in the current version that requires running iGet Mobile from a different user account. 5
Q: What are the differences between iGet and iGet Mobile?
A: While iGet and iGet Mobile share some of the same technology, and they both allow you to access your Macs remotely, the way they work is totally different. iGet is a more powerful, full-features remote file management tool that you use when you are on a Mac. It is a Mac-to-Mac tool, which doesn't need a web interface to communicate, and which does not need to leave a server running on the Mac you're connecting to.
On the other hand, iGet Mobile is how you access your Mac when you are not on a Mac. It uses a web interface to allow non-Mac devices to access your Mac. Web interfaces are never as powerful as a properly designed native software interface, of course, but the upside is that they can be compatible with a broader range of devices.
Basically, if you are connecting from a Mac to another Mac, iGet is the best way (although iGet Mobile's web interface does of course work with Macs, too). If you want to connect from some other device(s) to your Mac, iGet Mobil fits the bill. 6
Q: Will the Raiders win the Super Bowl this year?
A: That admittedly does seem highly unlikely, but we're remaining optimistic. 7
Contents copyright © 1997-2008, Nakahara Informatics, Inc. Problems with this web site? Tell us.


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IVECCS MDR 2017: Adverse Effects of Fluids
Deborah Silverstein, BA, BS, DVM, DACVECC
on behalf of Veterinary Emergency and Critical Care Society
$FREE $ FREE $ FREE
$ FREE $ FREE $ FREE
Normal Price: $40.00 FREE
See all 23 comments (newest first)
Ms Holly Killian CVT (8 Nov 2018)
A lot of information in 1 hour. The speaker started to talk faster as the hour progressed, making it more difficult to follow.
(8 Jun 2019)
To technical
Dr Dawn Metzger DVM (7 Dec 2018)
Poorly presented, not more than 10% clinically useful. Do not recommend.
Intravenous fluids are drugs. Like any medication, the potential benefits should always be weighed in light of the possible adverse effects. It is important to realize that the clinical context of a given fluid therapy plan is key to its success or failure. A given fluid strategy that has been proven to benefit one clinical population may lead to increased morbidity in another. Subsequently, recommendations for fluid therapy should be tailored to a tightly defined clinical groups of patients and the stage of their disease process. It is for this reason that fluid prescription must be varied with regards to indications, contraindications and dose ranges based on the individual patient in order to decrease the associated adverse effects. This lecture will review the following:
1.	Normal body fluid physiology
2.	Critical illness and fluid homeostasis
3.	Three major adverse effects of fluids
a.	Acid-base derangements.
b.	Acute kidney injury
c.	Interstitial edema
Although there are many more potential adverse effects of fluid therapy, including thrombophlebitis, hypothermia, coagulopathy and embolism, these will not be discussed in detail in order to focus on the pathophysiology of the aforementioned effects.
Understand normal body fluid physiology
Understand the compartmentalization of fluids in the body and the movement of fluids, electrolytes and macromolecules between compartments. Learn the modified Starling equation and the significance of the endothelial glycocalyx layer.
Understand the derangements in fluid homeostasis in critical illness
Learn the changes in fluid homeostasis secondary to many types of critical illness. Understand both the causes as well as the sequelae of these derangements.
Learn the link between fluid therapy and acute kidney injury
Understand how intravenous fluids can cause acute kidney injury and the causative mechanisms. Both unbalanced crystalloids and synthetic colloids will be the focus.
Understand the mechanism of acid-base derangements
Learn the potential acid-base derangements that can occur secondary to fluid therapy and how they might affect critically ill patients.
Learn how interstitial edema may result from fluid therapy
Understand how fluid therapy can precipitate interstitial edema and its significance in the pathophysiology of organ dysfunction in critically ill animals.
Associate Professor of Critical Care BA, BS, DVM (Univ of Georgia), DACVECC (Univ of CA, Davis) Interests: shock, SIRS/sepsis, fluid therapy, vasopressor therapy, microcirculatory blood flow and perfusion, resuscitation
User Reviews (23)
The examination on this is a little obtuse. I hate answer any/all. So arbitrary.
Dr Robert Clipsham DVM, PhD (6 Apr 2019)
Great information but far beyond integration in 60 minutes. This is a semester course.
Ms Courtney Olson (5 Dec 2018)
It was a lot of information in a short amount of time. It became very over whelming and the test questions felt impossible. It was very advanced for an informational presentation. I feel that it could use condensed content to get the information across better.
Dr Mary Cho (31 May 2019)
It was very good that this presentation conveys important new information for patients but it was too challenging to follow due to some factors. The speaker can simplify many biochemistry level of vocabularies into one like EG agents and allow the audience to read the words later as needed. Pronouncing those terminology do not helpful for attention but distract as hypnotic technique does. Also, this lecture requires intense concentration now that any kind of distraction, such as joking, was so disturbing. It was like somebody does gag in the middle of discussion about serious crime scene. Anyway I had to watch this video 4 times to complete my learning.
bryan hall (27 Sep 2018)
If multiple people that the course is intended for can not pass the exam, it is a reflection of the either the presenter not teaching what they wanted to be tested or the exam not testing what was intended to be taught. Very frustrating. We are brighter than this. I did learn despite the test.
Dr James O'Bryan DVM (26 Apr 2019)
I thought this was going to be a revamp of the same old. A lot of new information presented. I have been able to rethink and modify my treatment approaches.
Mary Giles (24 Nov 2018)
Very very technical, which is good in a way, but it would be better if clinical relevance was emphasized more.
chris olortegui (24 Apr 2018)
very in depth lecture
Merrin Hicks (23 May 2019)
liz stewart (22 Oct 2018)
good information but presented way to fast
(22 Apr 2019)
Good presentation but needs prior background knowledge on ABI, glycocalyx and revised Starling's law to understand the material.
Naomi Hansen (21 Jun 2018)
The course was quite informative but I found the questions at the end difficult to answer despite reviewing the course material on three occasions
Mary Ramirez (2 May 2018)
More technical than practical. Exam was extremely challenging. I watched the presentation 3 times and still couldn't pass the exam with a 70%
Dr Jacqueline Myers DVM (2 Dec 2018)
Wayyy too much detail for a GP.
(2 Dec 2018)
This course was really tough to follow. A lot of info presented very rapidly and the test was made more difficult by having multiple facts within each question.
Dr Kathryn Downie DVM (19 Jun 2018)
This course was a little over-technical in a biochem way. It was not as practical as I was hoping.
(18 Dec 2018)
The speaker spoke so fast it was hard to keep up with the lecture and the use of many acronyms made it difficult to follow.
Dr Jessica Kowaleski DVM (14 Apr 2019)
Great speaking skills but the content was extremely technical and I didn't feel like I gained much I could use in day-to-day clinical practice other than a newfound dislike for chloride's presence in most of my fluid choices. The exam was also a bit ridiculously difficult.
Dr Nancy Matthews DVM (12 May 2019)
Important material
Dr Era Jo Moorer (1 Jun 2018)
Good information.


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Pan Atlantic Review the True Face of the American Dream
Home / Pan Atlantic Review the True Face of the American Dream
People across the world know about the American Dream, but in fact the phrase was only coined in a 1931 book by James Truslow Adams. The terminology may be relatively new, but the idea behind it is much older. Ever since the United States began its remarkable story, people from across the world have flocked there for a better life, and one where anything is possible if a person puts in the hard work needed. A recent article in Entrepreneur magazine gave five quotes that sum up the American Dream. Here, Pan Atlantic review the article, and reveal how today's entrepreneurs can make their own dreams come true.
"The United States has the world's biggest economy, and it's beginning to show real signs of recovery and growth again", said Justin Cobb, director of Pan Atlantic. "In a large part that's down to the resilience and entrepreneurial spirit of its people. Americans really do love business and they love success, which is why I'm proud to live and work in the greatest country in the world."
The original quote by James Truslow Adams, quoted within the article, defines the American Dream as a dream of "a land in which life should be better and richer and fuller for everyone." This definition says that people achieve success based upon their ability, not upon where they are from or who they know. This is still the defining truth behind entrepreneurism today. Anyone can succeed if they have a great and innovative idea, and the work ethic that will see it brought to fruition. Dan Rather expanded on this when he said that it means, "opening doors of opportunities to everyone and recognizing that the American Dream excludes no one."
A warning is given by Azar Nafisi, who says that, "the negative side of the American Dream comes when people pursue success at any cost". This attitude, Nafisi says, destroys the true meaning of the dream. This is true of entrepreneurism as well. The most successful entrepreneurs start their business not as a pursuit of wealth for its own sake, but because they have a dream of a product that can make a real difference to people's lives. Through running their own company, they're not only enriching their own lives, but that of the society around them.
"As can be seen, there are many definitions and quotes about the American Dream, but at its heart is the promise that people really can achieve great things", said Justin Cobb. "The success that the dream brings doesn't just fall into our laps, however, it has to be worked for. That's why I advise all people who dream of running a business to take the first steps to making it a reality today."
When starting and running a business, it's important to have a marketing campaign that attracts customers and brings growth. That's what Pan Atlantic deliver to their clients across the United States.


Those first teeth have popped through and they are SOOO ADORABLE! So let's keep them looking that way by brushing. When DO you start brushing baby teeth? As soon as there is a tooth you can brush a tooth, but let's dive into it a little more!
It's pretty easy to brush the first tooth, grab a baby toothbrush, add a little water and give it a gentle scrub. Voila! You can use the toothbrush to rub the gums a bit as well. The sooner you can get baby used to brushing the better. It will make brushing teeth later on so much easier. Make sure you get a good first toothbrush. I don't mean good as in super expensive, I mean good for baby. You need extra soft bristles, a silicone handle is great too because baby is inevitably going to grab and chew on the brush so it is nicer on their gums if the handle isn't the HARD plastic (unless your baby is into that, then by all means hard plastic it is!).
Pro Tip: Invest in a vibrating toothbrush. I'm pretty sure it is a magic cure all for teething. I elaborate on it here.
When should you introduce toothpaste? ALWAYS START WITH A FLUORIDE FREE TOOTHPASTE!!! Unless otherwise instructed by your pediatrician or dentist, fluoride should not be used on children under the age of two because of the risk of ingestion (since babies aren't the best at spitting things out on command). However, introducing infant toothpaste, which tends to be more natural and is fluoride free, is a great stepping stone to full-blown toothpaste. Infant toothpaste can be used starting at 6 months, but personally I would wait until you reach the 12-month mark.
Pro Tip: Some brands offer 100% natural toothpastes. I LOVE this one from Tom's of Maine, check it out here.
Babies got teeth, you've been brushing, you have introduced toothpaste, now when do we see a dentist? Dentists recommend making a visit before or near baby's first birthday… pediatricians recommend seeing the dentist before baby's third birthday. So here I say make an educated decision about what is right for your babe and family. Once they start seeing the dentist you can expect recommended checkups every 6 months for a cleaning and look over of all the baby teeth coming in. You can of course take your baby to any dentist but there are many pediatric dentists that specialize in baby teeth, but also gentle techniques and keeping children calm during the procedures.
Pro Tip: Many pediatric dentists offer free first visits for babies under a certain age (some baby has to be under one, some under 18 months). This is a great, cost effective way to test out a dentist to see if you and your kiddos are comfortable with the office and dentist and get your first visit done and over with!
You're doing great with your kids dental health but how to you keep it up? Make sure that brushing is part of your routine. Brushing twice a day is best, in the morning and before bed. Making teeth brushing part of the routine will make it a good habit for your children and once again, hopefully make brushing in the future easier. If your babe really doesn't seem to be into it, try to make it a family affair! Seeing big brother, Mom, Dad, Grandma, etc. all brush their teeth can be a very powerful motivator for baby to get brushing!
So there you have it! Easy peasy. Follow these simple guidelines and baby's smile will be well on its way to perfect, healthy teeth. Sooner or later your little one will be taking over the duty of brushing and then eventually losing those baby teeth for adult teeth! But let's not get ahead of ourselves. Comment below if you have any great teeth brushing hacks!


Dig a little deeper and you will find an city abundant with edible goodness. On this journey around the patchwork of food growing locally across our city you will discover how our community gardens are contributing to a thriving food economy.
The easy 10km ride suitable for all skill levels kicks off from Action Bicycle Club and heads south-east along cycleways and quiet streets to Opawa, Philipstown and Woolston looping back to finish at ABC. For those who don't have a bike, rentals will be available on the day.


"Salon," a medical male circumcision (MMC) campaign developed as part of the Brothers for Life programme in South Africa, featured women in a hair salon discussing the benefits of the procedure. Running from February 2015 to July 2016, the campaign used television, radio, billboards, and posters to promote discussions between men and women about MMC, as well as the use of condoms by men after circumcision. The results of an evaluation of the impact of the campaign and its recommendations are described in this report.


Monthly Gathering? What's in a name?
Management Committee has a desire to "rebrand" the existing rather bland name of Monthly Meeting to better reflect the social and friendly environment we are currently experiencing.
For the moment we have come up with Monthly Gathering as a description, you might have a better suggestion.... and there will be a prize for whoever comes up with the best name! Use the Contact tab on the website to tell us your suggestion.