text:
72. Section 64.-
Section 64 gives protection to a transferee of trust property for consideration from a bona fide purchaser without notice of the trust.
In England the rule as pointed out in Lewin1 is that a purchaser with notice from a purchaser without notice is exempt from the trust and this is by reason of the protection which the bona fide purchaser without notice enjoys. It is also pointed out that if the innocent purchaser is prevented from disposing of the beneficial interests it would result in stagnation of property. The same rule obtains in America and is contained in section 316 of the American Restatement.2
Under section 64, a transferee for consideration from a transferee in good faith for consideration, without notice of the trust, is protected and this protection extends whether such a transferee had or had not notice of the trust, for the section does not say that he should also be a person acting in good faith and without notice. There is no reason, therefore, to introduce into the section any other qualifications. When once we reach the stage of a bona fide transferee without notice, for consideration, of the trust property, the right to follow the trust property comes to an end and enables such a transferee to pass on good title. It is probably on this ground that a transferee for consideration from him is protected whether he had or had not notice of the trust.
But the question for consideration is whether a mere volunteer, that is, a transferee for no consideration with or without notice should also be protected. On principle, when an indefeasible title is vested in a bona fide transferee without notice, there is no reason to exclude the protection to a volunteer and draw a distinction between a person who paid consideration and one who had not, and a person who had notice and one who had not. We think that such volunteers should also be protected.
1. Lewin on Trusts, (15th Edn.), p. 723.
2. Vol. 2, p. 953.
73. There is also another suggestion which may be considered in this connection. If the trustee himself purchases the property from the transferee who fulfils the conditions of clause (a) of section 64, should he be allowed to retain the property in his own right or should it go back to the trust? In England and America, the law is that the property in his hands in that event is subject to the trust.1 The same is the position under section 65 of the Indian Act. We see no reason to alter the law on this point.
1. Lewin on Trusts, (15th Edn.), p. 723; American Restatement on Trusts, Vol. 2, section 317 p. 953.
74. The reference in the section to the Contract Act may be replaced by appropriate references to the Sale of Goods Act.


text:
SportsVideos
Roy Jones Jr. doesn't see Jon Jones' legacy as tainted: 'Steroids does not destroy or eliminate who Jon Jones really was'
Roy Jones Jr. says he thinks Jon Jones is as good as he is because of talent, not because of steroids.
By Oscar Willis - 2 Jan 2019
Roy Jones Jr. believes that while there might always be questions surrounding Jon Jones and his status as a 'clean' athlete after consistent drug controversies, at the end of the day there will be no query's to Jones' ability as a fighter.
"Nothing will taint the true legacy of who Jon Jones is," Jones Jr. said speaking backstage at UFC 232. "People always (ask), 'You think the steroids taint their image?' I don't think it taints their image, because if steroids made that much difference, anybody could be that good if they just used steroids. Everybody that does it don't be that good.
"Even in the fights he passed the tests on, he was still that good."
Jones has now had three run ins with USADA, the UFC's anti-doping partner. While he has consistently maintained his innocence, Jones name — particularly after UFC 232 was moved from Las Vegas to Los Angeles — appears destined to always be linked to the scandals.
Jones Jr. isn't sure that's fair.
"But that does not destroy or eliminate who Jon Jones really was," Jones Jr. said. "I can guarantee you can get 90 percent of them that fight in his weight class and give it to them, and they won't beat them. I don't think that taints his legacy. I don't like it. Nobody wants to see nobody do things that are illegal, but still, he had to be pretty good in order to get the name he got before that even showed up."

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
package event

import (
	"log"

	"github.com/kubernetes/dashboard/src/app/backend/resource/common"
	"github.com/kubernetes/dashboard/src/app/backend/resource/dataselect"
	"k8s.io/kubernetes/pkg/api"
	client "k8s.io/kubernetes/pkg/client/clientset_generated/internalclientset"
	"k8s.io/kubernetes/pkg/fields"
	"k8s.io/kubernetes/pkg/labels"
	"k8s.io/kubernetes/pkg/types"
)

// GetEvents gets events associated to resource with given name.
func GetEvents(client client.Interface, namespace, resourceName string) ([]api.Event, error) {

	fieldSelector, err := fields.ParseSelector("involvedObject.name=" + resourceName)

	if err != nil {
		return nil, err
	}

	channels := &common.ResourceChannels{
		EventList: common.GetEventListChannelWithOptions(
			client,
			common.NewSameNamespaceQuery(namespace),
			api.ListOptions{
				LabelSelector: labels.Everything(),
				FieldSelector: fieldSelector,
			},
			1),
	}

	eventList := <-channels.EventList.List
	if err := <-channels.EventList.Error; err != nil {
		return nil, err
	}

	return eventList.Items, nil
}

// GetPodsEvents gets pods events associated to resource targeted by given resource selector.
func GetPodsEvents(client client.Interface, namespace string, resourceSelector map[string]string) (
	[]api.Event, error) {

	channels := &common.ResourceChannels{
		PodList: common.GetPodListChannelWithOptions(
			client,
			common.NewSameNamespaceQuery(namespace),
			api.ListOptions{
				LabelSelector: labels.SelectorFromSet(resourceSelector),
				FieldSelector: fields.Everything(),
			},
			1),
		EventList: common.GetEventListChannel(client, common.NewSameNamespaceQuery(namespace), 1),
	}

	podList := <-channels.PodList.List
	if err := <-channels.PodList.Error; err != nil {
		return nil, err
	}

	eventList := <-channels.EventList.List
	if err := <-channels.EventList.Error; err != nil {
		return nil, err
	}

	events := filterEventsByPodsUID(eventList.Items, podList.Items)

	return events, nil
}

// GetNodeEvents gets events associated to node with given name.
func GetNodeEvents(client client.Interface, dsQuery *dataselect.DataSelectQuery, nodeName string) (*common.EventList, error) {
	var eventList common.EventList

	mc := client.Core().Nodes()
	node, _ := mc.Get(nodeName)
	if ref, err := api.GetReference(node); err == nil {
		ref.UID = types.UID(ref.Name)
		events, _ := client.Core().Events(api.NamespaceAll).Search(ref)
		eventList = CreateEventList(events.Items, dsQuery)
	} else {
		log.Print(err)
	}

	return &eventList, nil
}

// GetNodeEvents gets events associated to node with given name.
func GetNamespaceEvents(client client.Interface, dsQuery *dataselect.DataSelectQuery, namespace string) (common.EventList, error) {
	events, _ := client.Core().Events(namespace).List(api.ListOptions{
		LabelSelector: labels.Everything(),
		FieldSelector: fields.Everything(),
	})
	return CreateEventList(events.Items, dsQuery), nil
}

// Based on event Reason fills event Type in order to allow correct filtering by Type.
func FillEventsType(events []api.Event) []api.Event {
	for i := range events {
		if isFailedReason(events[i].Reason, FailedReasonPartials...) {
			events[i].Type = api.EventTypeWarning
		} else {
			events[i].Type = api.EventTypeNormal
		}
	}

	return events
}

// IsTypeFilled returns true if all given events type is filled, false otherwise.
// This is needed as some older versions of kubernetes do not have Type property filled.
func IsTypeFilled(events []api.Event) bool {
	if len(events) == 0 {
		return false
	}

	for _, event := range events {
		if len(event.Type) == 0 {
			return false
		}
	}

	return true
}

// ToEvent converts event api Event to Event model object.
func ToEvent(event api.Event) common.Event {
	result := common.Event{
		ObjectMeta:      common.NewObjectMeta(event.ObjectMeta),
		TypeMeta:        common.NewTypeMeta(common.ResourceKindEvent),
		Message:         event.Message,
		SourceComponent: event.Source.Component,
		SourceHost:      event.Source.Host,
		SubObject:       event.InvolvedObject.FieldPath,
		Count:           event.Count,
		FirstSeen:       event.FirstTimestamp,
		LastSeen:        event.LastTimestamp,
		Reason:          event.Reason,
		Type:            event.Type,
	}

	return result
}

// CreateEventList converts array of api events to common EventList structure
func CreateEventList(events []api.Event, dsQuery *dataselect.DataSelectQuery) common.EventList {

	eventList := common.EventList{
		Events:   make([]common.Event, 0),
		ListMeta: common.ListMeta{TotalItems: len(events)},
	}

	events = fromCells(dataselect.GenericDataSelect(toCells(events), dsQuery))

	for _, event := range events {
		eventDetail := ToEvent(event)
		eventList.Events = append(eventList.Events, eventDetail)
	}

	return eventList
}

// The code below allows to perform complex data section on []api.Event

type EventCell api.Event

func (self EventCell) GetProperty(name dataselect.PropertyName) dataselect.ComparableValue {
	switch name {
	case dataselect.NameProperty:
		return dataselect.StdComparableString(self.ObjectMeta.Name)
	case dataselect.CreationTimestampProperty:
		return dataselect.StdComparableTime(self.ObjectMeta.CreationTimestamp.Time)
	case dataselect.NamespaceProperty:
		return dataselect.StdComparableString(self.ObjectMeta.Namespace)
	default:
		// if name is not supported then just return a constant dummy value, sort will have no effect.
		return nil
	}
}

func toCells(std []api.Event) []dataselect.DataCell {
	cells := make([]dataselect.DataCell, len(std))
	for i := range std {
		cells[i] = EventCell(std[i])
	}
	return cells
}

func fromCells(cells []dataselect.DataCell) []api.Event {
	std := make([]api.Event, len(cells))
	for i := range std {
		std[i] = api.Event(cells[i].(EventCell))
	}
	return std
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
party chat Mar. 21, 2012
Who Would Win the Political Version of Hunger Games?
By Jennifer Vineyard
Survivor? Photo: Dimitrios Kambouris/2012 Getty Images
Game Change is the biggest ratings smash that HBO has had in eight years, and The Hunger Games looks set to be the biggest box-office monster this weekend, maybe even a record-breaker. So we wondered: what would happen if you combined these two phenomena? How about Hunger Game Change, a fight to the death to become President of the United States, with all the major players entering the arena, but only one surviving.
At least, that's how it would work if Game Change writer Danny Strong were scripting. "It would be the entire [2008] election, and all the characters," he proposed when Daily Intel bumped into him at The Hunger Games premiere party at the Top of the Standard Tuesday night. In other words, don't limit the scope to Sarah Palin and John McCain — we need all the tributes we can get: "Barack Obama, Hillary Clinton, John Edwards." And of course, Woody Harrelson could be ever-present as the mentor to one of the lead tributes — Steve Schmidt, meet Haymitch. Who would win the match? Strong bets on Edwards campaign killer Rielle Hunter, "because she has special powers that no one can truly comprehend. I'm just saying — special powers." (Plus, her last name is Hunter — come on!)
Still, Rielle might be no match for actor Tony Danza, who's itching to get in the ring: "I'm from New York! Trust me, I'd survive."


text:
clonal diversity of ctx-m-producing, multidrug-resistant escherichia coli from rodents. this territory-wide study investigated the occurrence of faecal carriage of extended-spectrum β-lactamase (esbl)-producing escherichia coli among wild rodents from the 18 districts in hong kong. individual rectal swabs were obtained from the trapped animals and cultured in plain and selective media. a total of 965 wild rodents [148 chestnut spiny rats (niviventer fulvescens), 326 indo-chinese forest rats (rattus andamanensis), 452 brown rats (rattus norvegicus) and 39 black rats (rattus rattus)] ... 2015 25627207
possible role of an animal vector in the sars outbreak at amoy gardens. a mass outbreak of severe acute respiratory syndrome (sars) in the amoy gardens housing complex in hong kong at the end of march, 2003, affected more than 300 residents in less than a month, and has epidemiologists all over the world puzzled about the mode of transmission of this new disease, which until then was thought to be transmitted solely by respiratory droplets. the source of the outbreak was later traced to an individual with sars who spent two nights at amoy gardens. official explanati ... 2003 12932393
frequencies of chromosome polymorphism in pairs no. 1, 9, and 13 in three geographical variants of black rats, rattus rattus. frequencies of the acrocentric and subtelocentric polymorphism in pairs no. 1, 9 and 13 chromosomes have been examined in 358 black rats. rattus rattus, distributed over several countries of asia, austrailia and united states. the black rats are divided into three geographical types by the different chromosome numbers, such as asian (2n=42), ceylon (2n=40) and oceanian types (2n=38). pairs no. 13 polymorphism was found widely in these all types, but the pair no. 1 and 9 polymorphisms were found ... 1977 858265
variation of c-bands in the chromosomes of several subspecies of rattus rattus. all subspecies of black rats (rattus rattus) used in the present study are characterized by having large and clear c-bands at the centromeric region. the appearance of the bands, however, is different in the subspecies. chromosome pair no. 1 in asian type black rats (2n=42), which are characterized by an acrocentric and subtelocentric polymorphism, showed c-band polymorphism. in phillipine rats (r. rattus mindanensis) the pair was subtelocentric with c-bands, but in malayan black rats (r. rattus ... 1975 1149576


text:
Lala Mehmed Pasha
Not to be confused with Sokolluzade Lala Mehmed Pasha, who served as grand vizier between 1604–1606.
Tekeli Mehmed
Grand Vizier of the Ottoman Empire
Mehmed III
Koca Sinan Pasha
Gölmarmara, Ottoman Empire
Istanbul, Ottoman Empire (Modern Turkey)
Halime Hatun Religious Complex in Gölmarmara built by the sultan Mehmed III during his tenure in Manisa (1583-1595) in the name of his wet nurse and future grand vizier Tekeli Lala Mehmed Pasha's mother-in-law Halime Hatun.
Lala Mehmed Pasha (died 28 November 1595) was an Ottoman military commander and grand vizier of the Ottoman Empire under the reign of Mehmed III.[1]
Born in Gölmarmara in western Anatolia, he became a lala (tutor) to the sultan Murad III and then to his son Mehmed III, hence his nickname. After having married the daughter of Mehmed III's daye (wet nurse) Halime Hatun, Mehmed Pasha rose to serve as grand vizier in 1595, the first year of Mehmed III's reign, although only for a matter of few days before he suddenly died,[1][2] his lineage continued for centuries, coming all the way to Huseyin Avni Pasha.
List of Ottoman Grand Viziers
^ a b İsmail Hâmi Danişmend, Osmanlı Devlet Erkânı, Türkiye Yayınevi, İstanbul, 1971 (Turkish)
^ Leslie P. Peirce (1993). The Imperial Harem: Women and Sovereignty in the Ottoman Empire ISBN 978-0-19-508677-5. Oxford University Press, USA. templatestyles stripmarker in |title= at position 66 (help)
Koca Sinan Pasha Grand Vizier of the Ottoman Empire
19 November 1595 – 28 November 1595 Succeeded by
Grand Viziers of the Ottoman Empire
Grand Viziers of the Ottoman Empire – Rise (1299–1453)
Hacıkemaleddinoğlu Alaeddin Pasha (1320–1331)
Mahmudoğlu Nizamüddin Ahmed Pasha (1331–1348)
Hacı Pasha (1348–1349)
Sinanüddin Fakih Yusuf Pasha (1349–1364)
Çandarlı Kara Halil Hayreddin Pasha (1364–1387)
Çandarlızade Ali Pasha (1387–1406)
Osmancıklı Imamzade Halil Pasha (1406–1413)
Amasyalı Bayezid Pasha (1413–1421)
Çandarlı Ibrahim Pasha the Elder (1421–1429)
Osmancıklı Koca Mehmed Nizamüddin Pasha (1429–1439)
Çandarlı Halil Pasha the Younger (1439–1453)
Grand Viziers of the Ottoman Empire – Classical Age (1453–1550)
Zagan Pasha (1453–1456)
Veli Mahmud Pasha (1456–1466)
Rum Mehmed Pasha (1466–1469)
Ishak Pasha (1469–1472)
Gedik Ahmed Pasha (1474–1477)
Karamani Mehmed Pasha (1477–1481)
Koca Davud Pasha (1482–1497)
Hersekzade Ahmed Pasha (1497–1498)
Çandarlı Ibrahim Pasha the Younger (1498–1499)
Yakub Pasha (1499–1501)
Mesih Pasha (1501)
Hadim Ali Pasha (1501–1503)
Koca Mustafa Pasha (1511–1512)
Dukakinzade Ahmed Pasha (1512–1515)
Hadım Sinan Pasha (1516–1517)
Yunus Pasha (1517)
Piri Mehmed Pasha (1517–1523)
Pargalı Ibrahim Pasha (1523–1536)
Ayas Mehmed Pasha (1536–1539)
Lütfi Pasha (1539–1541)
Hadım Suleiman Pasha (1541–1544)
Rüstem Pasha (1544–1553)
Grand Viziers of the Ottoman Empire – Transformation (1550–1700)
Kara Ahmed Pasha (1553–1555)
Semiz Ali Pasha (1561–1565)
Sokollu Mehmed Pasha (1565–1579)
Şemsi Pasha (1579–1580)
Lala Kara Mustafa Pasha (1580)
Koca Sinan Pasha (1580–1582)
Kanijeli Siyavuş Pasha (1582–1584)
Özdemiroğlu Osman Pasha (1584–1585)
Hadim Mesih Pasha (1585–1586)
Serdar Ferhad Pasha (1591–1592)
Serdar Ferhad Pasha (1595)
Lala Mehmed Pasha (1595)
Damat Ibrahim Pasha (1596)
Cigalazade Yusuf Sinan Pasha (1596)
Damat Ibrahim Pasha (1596–1597)
Hadım Hasan Pasha (1597–1598)
Cerrah Mehmed Pasha (1598–1599)
Yemişçi Hasan Pasha (1601–1603)
Yavuz Ali Pasha (1603–1604)
Sokolluzade Lala Mehmed Pasha (1604–1606)
Boşnak Derviş Mehmed Pasha (1606)
Kuyucu Murad Pasha (1606–1611)
Nasuh Pasha (1611–1614)
Öküz Mehmed Pasha (1614–1616)
Damat Halil Pasha (1616–1619)
Güzelce Ali Pasha (1619–1621)
Ohrili Hüseyin Pasha (1621)
Dilaver Pasha (1621–1622)
Kara Davud Pasha (1622)
Mere Hüseyin Pasha (1622)
Lefkeli Mustafa Pasha (1622)
Gürcü Hadım Mehmed Pasha (1622–1623)
Kemankeş Kara Ali Pasha (1623–1624)
Çerkes Mehmed Pasha (1624–1625)
Filibeli Hafız Ahmed Pasha (1625–1626)
Gazi Ekrem Hüsrev Pasha (1628–1631)
Hafiz Ahmed Pasha (1631–1632)
Topal Recep Pasha (1632)
Tabanıyassı Mehmed Pasha (1632–1637)
Bayram Pasha (1637–1638)
Tayyar Mehmed Pasha (1638)
Kemankeş Mustafa Pasha (1638–1644)
Civankapıcıbaşı Sultanzade Semiz Mehmed Pasha (1644–1645)
Nevesinli Salih Pasha (1645–1647)
Kara Musa Pasha (1647)
Hezarpare Ahmed Pasha (1647–1648)
Sofu Mehmed Pasha (1648–1649)
Kara Murat Pasha (1649–1650)
Melek Ahmed Pasha (1650–1651)
Abaza Siyavuş Pasha I (1651)
Gürcü Mehmed Pasha (1651–1652)
Tarhoncu Ahmed Pasha (1652–1653)
Bıyıklı Koca Derviş Mehmed Pasha (1653–1654)
Ibşir Mustafa Pasha (1654–1655)
Kara Dev Murad Pasha (1655)
Ermeni Süleyman Pasha (1655)
Gazi Hüseyin Pasha (1656)
Zurnazen Mustafa Pasha (1656)
Boynuyaralı Mehmed Pasha (1656)
Köprülü Mehmed Pasha (1656–1661)
Köprülü Fazıl Ahmed Pasha (1661–1676)
Merzifonlu Kara Mustafa Pasha (1676–1683)
Bayburtlu Kara Ibrahim Pasha (1683–1685)
Sarı Süleyman Pasha (1685–1687)
Abaza Siyavuş Pasha II (1687–1688)
Ayaşlı Ismail Pasha (1688)
Tekirdağlı Bekri Mustafa Pasha (1688–1689)
Köprülü Fazıl Mustafa Pasha (1689–1691)
Bahadırzade Arabacı Ali Pasha (1691–1692)
Merzifonlu Çalık Hacı Ali Pasha (1692–1693)
Bozoklu (Bıyıklı) Mustafa Pasha (1694)
Sürmeli Ali Pasha (1694–1695)
Elmas Mehmed Pasha (1695–1697)
Köprülü Amcazade Hacı Hüseyin Pasha (1697–1702)
Grand Viziers of the Ottoman Empire – Old Regime (1700–1789)
Daltaban Mustafa Pasha (1702–1703)
Rami Mehmed Pasha (1703)
Sührablı Kavanoz Nişancı Ahmed Pasha (1703)
Damat Hasan Pasha (1703–1704)
Kalaylıkoz Hacı Ahmed Pasha (1704)
Baltaji Mehmet Pasha (1704–1706)
Çorlulu Ali Pasha (1706–1710)
Köprülü Numan Pasha (1710)
Ağa Yusuf Pasha (1711–1712)
Nişancı Süleyman Pasha (1712–1713)
Kel Hoca Ibrahim Pasha (1713)
Silahdar Damat Ali Pasha (1713–1716)
Hacı Halil Pasha (1716–1717)
Tevkii Nişancı Mehmed Pasha (1717–1718)
Nevşehirli Damat Ibrahim Pasha (1718–1730)
Silahdar Damat Mehmet Pasha (1730–1731)
Kabakulak Ibrahim Pasha (1731)
Topal Osman Pasha (1731–1732)
Hekimoğlu Ali Pasha (1732–1735)
Gürcü Ismail Pasha (1735–1736)
Silahdar Seyyid Mehmed Pasha (1736–1737)
Muhsinzade Abdullah Pasha (1737)
Yeğen Mehmed Pasha (1737–1739)
Ivaz Mehmed Pasha (1739–1740)
Nişancı Ahmed Pasha (1740–1742)
Seyyid Hasan Pasha (1743–1746)
Tiryaki Hacı Mehmed Pasha (1746–1747)
Seyyid Abdullah Pasha (1747–1750)
Divitdar Mehmed Emin Pasha (1750–1752)
Çorlulu Köse Bahir Mustafa Pasha (1752–1755)
Hekimoğlu Ali Pasha (1755)
Naili Abdullah Pasha (1755)
Silahdar Bıyıklı Ali Pasha (1755)
Yirmisekizzade Mehmed Said Pasha (1755–1756)
Koca Ragıp Pasha (1757–1763)
Tevkii Hamza Hamid Pasha (1763)
Muhsinzade Mehmed Pasha (1765–1768)
Silahdar Hamza Mahir Pasha (1768)
Yağlıkçızade Nişancı Hacı Mehmed Emin Pasha (1768–1769)
Moldovancı Ali Pasha (1769)
Ivazzade Halil Pasha (1769–1770)
Silahdar Mehmed Pasha (1770–1771)
Izzet Mehmed Pasha (1774–1775)
Moralı Derviş Mehmed Pasha (1775–1777)
Darendeli Cebecizade Mehmed Pasha (1777–1778)
Kalafat Mehmed Pasha (1778–1779)
Silahdar Karavezir Seyyid Mehmed Pasha (1779–1781)
Yeğen Hacı Mehmed Pasha (1782)
Halil Hamid Pasha (1782–1785)
Hazinedar Şahin Ali Pasha (1785–1786)
Koca Yusuf Pasha (1786–1789)
Kethüda Meyyit Hasan Pasha (1789)
Grand Viziers of the Ottoman Empire – Decline and Modernization (1789–1922)
Hassan Pasha of Algiers (1789–1790)
Çelebizade Şerif Hasan Pasha (1790–1791)
Melek Mehmed Pasha (1792–1794)
Safranbolulu Izzet Mehmet Pasha (1794–1798)
Kör Yusuf Ziyaüddin Pasha (1798–1805)
Hafiz Ismail Pasha (1805–1806)
Ibrahim Hilmi Pasha (1806–1807)
Çelebi Mustafa Pasha (1807–1808)
Alemdar Mustafa Pasha (1808)
Çavuşbaşı Memiş Pasha (1808–1809)
Laz Aziz Ahmed Pasha (1811–1812)
Hurshid Pasha (1812–1815)
Mehmed Emin Rauf Pasha (1815–1818)
Dervish Mehmed Pasha (1818–1820)
Seyyid Ali Pasha (1820–1821)
Benderli Ali Pasha (1821)
Hacı Salih Pasha (1821–1822)
Deli Abdullah Pasha (1822–1823)
Silahdar Ali Pasha (1823)
Mehmed Said Galip Pasha (1823–1824)
Mehmed Selim Pasha (1824–1828)
Topal Izzet Mehmed Pasha (1828–1829)
Reşid Mehmed Pasha (1829–1833)
Koca Hüsrev Mehmed Pasha (1839–1840)
Mustafa Reşid Pasha (1846–1848)
Ibrahim Sarim Pasha (1848)
Mehmed Emin Rauf Pasha (1852)
Mustafa Reşid Pasha (1852)
Mehmed Emin Aali Pasha (1852)
Damat Mehmed Ali Pasha (1852–1853)
Mustafa Naili Pasha (1853–1854)
Kıbrıslı Mehmed Emin Pasha (1854)
Mehmed Emin Aali Pasha (1855–1856)
Mustafa Naili Pasha (1857)
Mehmed Rushdi Pasha (1859–1860)
Kıbrıslı Mehmed Emin Pasha (1860–1861)
Mehmed Fuad Pasha (1861–1866)
Yusuf Kamil Pasha (1863)
Mahmud Nedim Pasha (1871–1872)
Midhat Pasha (1872)
Ahmed Esad Pasha (1873)
Şirvanlızade Mehmed Rüşdi Pasha (1873–1874)
Hüseyin Avni Pasha (1874–1875)
Midhat Pasha (1876–1877)
Ibrahim Edhem Pasha (1877–1878)
Ahmed Hamdi Pasha (1878)
Ahmed Vefik Pasha (1878)
Mehmed Sadık Pasha (1878)
Mehmed Rushdi Pasha (1878)
Saffet Pasha (1878)
Hayreddin Pasha (1878–1879)
Ahmed Arifi Pasha (1879)
Mehmed Said Pasha (1879–1880)
Kadri Pasha (1880)
Abdurrahman Nureddin Pasha (1882)
Mehmed Said Pasha (1882)
Kâmil Pasha (1885–1891)
Ahmed Cevad Pasha (1891–1895)
Kâmil Pasha (1895)
Halil Rifat Pasha (1895–1901)
Mehmed Ferid Pasha (1903–1908)
Hüseyin Hilmi Pasha (1909)
Ahmet Tevfik Pasha (1909)
Hüseyin Hilmi Pasha (1909–1910)
Ibrahim Hakki Pasha (1910–1911)
Gazi Ahmed Muhtar Pasha (1912)
Mahmud Shevket Pasha (1913)
Said Halim Pasha (1913–1917)
Mehmed Talat Pasha (1917–1918)
Ahmed Izzet Pasha (1918)
Ahmet Tevfik Pasha (1918–1919)
Damat Ferid Pasha (1919)
Ali Rıza Pasha (1919–1920)
Salih Hulusi Pasha (1920)
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Çandarlızade Ali Pasha
Çandarlızade Ali Pasha was the grand vizier of the Ottoman Empire from 1387 until 1406, under sultan Bayezid I and, during the Ottoman Interregnum, Süleyman Çelebi. As a member of the prominent Çandarlı family, Ali was the son of Grand Vizier Çandarlı Kara Halil Hayreddin Pasha. Like his father, he advanced from kadı to kadıasker, before becoming Grand Vizier immediately after the death of his father in 1387, he served as Grand Vizier to Sultans Murad I, Bayezid I, during the Ottoman Interregnum, of Süleyman Çelebi, until his death in December 1406. As Grand Vizier, he was not only chief minister and head of the administration, but chief army commander. In 1387/8, he accompanied Murad I in his campaign against the Karamanids of central Anatolia; the Karamanid ruler, offered peace, but Çandarlızade Ali advised the Sultan to press on, until securing Aleddin's complete submission. In the next year, 1388/9, he led operations against the Bulgarian tsar Ivan Shisman, his army captured several fortresses, including Provadia and Shumen, the Bulgarian capital of Veliko Tarnovo, forcing Shishman to capitulate to the Ottomans.
Çandarlızade Ali led his troops to join Sultan Murad at the crucial Battle of Kosovo on 20 June 1389 against the Serbian ruler Lazar. The Ottomans won, but the Sultan was killed, was succeeded by his son, Bayezid I.Çandarlızade Ali accompanied Bayezid in his campaigns in Greece and Bosnia, fought in the Battle of Nicopolis in 1396, which resulted in the defeat of the Crusader army under the King of Hungary, Sigismund. In 1391 Bayezid began an on-and-off blockade and intermittent siege of the Byzantine capital, that lasted until 1402. Ali was a proponent of maintaining diplomatic avenues open, in 1391 or 1396 he brokered an agreement that temporarily lifted the siege in exchange for the establishment of a mosque and a Turkish quarter in the city, with its own kadı. On 26 July 1402, in the Battle of Ankara, Bayezid I was captured by Timur; this momentous event overturned the balance of power in the region, as the Ottoman domains in Anatolia were divided by Timur, who restored many of the Anatolian beyliks absorbed by Bayezid.
Timur did not interfere with the Balkans, where the Ottoman conquest was far advanced. Ali helped save Bayezid's oldest son, Süleyman Çelebi, from capture, escorted him to the Ottoman capital Bursa, to the Ottomans' European capital, Adrianople, he continued serving Süleyman Çelebi as Grand Vizier during the early stages of the Ottoman Interregnum civil war, was responsible for the Treaty of Gallipoli with the Christian powers of the region in early 1403, which preserved most of the Ottoman conquests in the Balkans. During Süleyman Çelebi's campaign into Anatolia in 1403–1404, against his younger brother Mehmed Çelebi, Ali is said to have been responsible for the peaceful surrender of Ankara, by forging letters from Mehmed to the city's garrison, he died in Ankara in December 1406. He was buried in the Yeşil Mosque at Iznik, which he completed, his loss deprived Süleyman of a capable minister, helping to bring about his downfall in 1410. As Grand Vizier, Çandarlızade Ali contributed to the gradual development of the Ottoman state's administration.
Notably he codified the responsibilities of the kadıs and arranged for them to charge fees for their services instead of receiving a fixed salary. He founded the corps of palace pages, which would provide the military and administrative elite of the empire, enhanced the prestige of the viziers. Ottoman chroniclers present a negative picture of Çandarlızade Ali, accusing him of being a drunkard and a paedophile, of inducing both Bayezid and Süleyman to follow his debauched lifestyle; the chroniclers claim that he was unpopular both among the administration and the common people. These accusations should be treated with caution, however, as they were circulated by his rivals and enemies the partisans of Mehmed I, who emerged victorious in the civil war. Apart from the Yeşil Mosque in Iznik, Ali founded a small mosque and a tekke in Bursa, where a quarter bore his name. Atçıl, Abdurrahman. "Çandarlızade Ali Paşa". In Fleet, Kate. Encyclopaedia of Islam, THREE. Brill Online. ISSN 1873-9830. Kastritsis, Dimitris.
The Sons of Bayezid: Empire Building and Representation in the Ottoman Civil War of 1402-13. BRILL. ISBN 978-90-04-15836-8. Mantran, R.. "Alī Pas̲h̲a Čāndārli̊̊-Zāde". In Gibb, H. A. R.. The Encyclopaedia of Islam, New Edition, Volume I: A–B. Leiden: E. J. Brill. P. 394
Istanbul known as Byzantium and Constantinople, is the most populous city in Turkey and the country's economic and historic center. Istanbul is a transcontinental city in Eurasia, straddling the Bosporus strait between the Sea of Marmara and the Black Sea, its commercial and historical center lies on the European side and about a third of its population lives in suburbs on the Asian side of the Bosporus. With a total population of around 15 million residents in its metropolitan area, Istanbul is one of the world's most populous cities, ranking as the world's fourth largest city proper and the largest European city; the city is the administrative center of the Istanbul Metropolitan Municipality. Istanbul is viewed as a bridge between the West. Founded under the name of Byzantion on the Sarayburnu promontory around 660 BCE, the city grew in size and influence, becoming one of the most important cities in history. After its reestablishment as Constantinople in 330 CE, it served as an imperial capital for 16 centuries, during the Roman/Byzantine, Palaiologos Byzantine and Ottoman empires.
It was instrumental in the advancement of Christianity during Roman and Byzantine times, before the Ottomans conquered the city in 1453 CE and transformed it into an Islamic stronghold and the seat of the Ottoman Caliphate. The city's strategic position on the historic Silk Road, rail networks to Europe and the Middle East, the only sea route between the Black Sea and the Mediterranean have produced a cosmopolitan populace. While Ankara was chosen instead as the new Turkish capital after the Turkish War of Independence, the city's name was changed to Istanbul, the city has maintained its prominence in geopolitical and cultural affairs; the population of the city has increased tenfold since the 1950s, as migrants from across Anatolia have moved in and city limits have expanded to accommodate them. Arts, music and cultural festivals were established towards the end of the 20th century and continue to be hosted by the city today. Infrastructure improvements have produced a complex transportation network in the city.
12.56 million foreign visitors arrived in Istanbul in 2015, five years after it was named a European Capital of Culture, making the city the world's fifth most popular tourist destination. The city's biggest attraction is its historic center listed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site, its cultural and entertainment hub is across the city's natural harbor, the Golden Horn, in the Beyoğlu district. Considered a global city, Istanbul has one of the fastest-growing metropolitan economies in the world, it hosts the headquarters of many Turkish companies and media outlets and accounts for more than a quarter of the country's gross domestic product. Hoping to capitalize on its revitalization and rapid expansion, Istanbul has bid for the Summer Olympics five times in twenty years; the first known name of the city is Byzantium, the name given to it at its foundation by Megarean colonists around 660 BCE. The name is thought to be derived from Byzas. Ancient Greek tradition refers to a legendary king of that name as the leader of the Greek colonists.
Modern scholars have hypothesized that the name of Byzas was of local Thracian or Illyrian origin and hence predated the Megarean settlement. After Constantine the Great made it the new eastern capital of the Roman Empire in 330 CE, the city became known as Constantinople, which, as the Latinized form of "Κωνσταντινούπολις", means the "City of Constantine", he attempted to promote the name "Nova Roma" and its Greek version "Νέα Ῥώμη" Nea Romē, but this did not enter widespread usage. Constantinople remained the most common name for the city in the West until the establishment of the Turkish Republic, which urged other countries to use Istanbul. Kostantiniyye and Be Makam-e Qonstantiniyyah al-Mahmiyyah and İstanbul were the names used alternatively by the Ottomans during their rule; the use of Constantinople to refer to the city during the Ottoman period is now considered politically incorrect if not inaccurate, by Turks. By the 19th century, the city had acquired other names used by Turks. Europeans used Constantinople to refer to the whole of the city, but used the name Stamboul—as the Turks did—to describe the walled peninsula between the Golden Horn and the Sea of Marmara.
Pera was used to describe the area between the Golden Horn and the Bosphorus, but Turks used the name Beyoğlu. The name İstanbul is held to derive from the Medieval Greek phrase "εἰς τὴν Πόλιν", which means "to the city" and is how Constantinople was referred to by the local Greeks; this reflected its status as the only major city in the vicinity. The importance of Constantinople in the Ottoman world was reflected by its Ottoman name'Der Saadet' meaning the'gate to Prosperity' in Ottoman. An alternative view is that the name evolved directly from the name Constantinople, with the first and third syllables dropped. A Turkish folk etymology traces the name to Islam bol "plenty of Islam" because the city was called Islambol or Islambul as the capital of the Islamic Ottoman Empire, it is first attested shortly after the conquest
Zagan Pasha
Zaganos Pasha was an Ottoman military commander, with the titles and ranks of kapudan pasha and the highest military rank, grand vizier, during the reign of Sultan Mehmed II "the Conqueror". A Christian, conscripted and converted through the devşirme system, he became a Muslim and rose through the ranks of the janissaries, he became one of the prominent military commanders of Mehmed II and a lala – the sultan's advisor, tutor, protector, all at once. He removed his rival, the previous Grand Vizier Çandarlı Halil Pasha the Younger, amid the fall of Constantinople, he served as the governor of Thessaly of Macedonia. Zaganos rose through the ranks of the janissaries, he was Christian. Sources do not mention his descent. E. Goldberg, R. Kasaba and J. S. Migdal say that he was either Serb. Jorga says. D. Nicolle, J. F. Haldon and S. R. Turnbull believes that he was of Albanian origin. M. Philippides believes that he was of either Albanian origin. According to İnalcık he was the son of Vrana Konti, he became a committed Muslim after conversion.
When Mehmed II was exiled in 1446, Zagan accompanied him. Young Mehmed II had after his return and accession confirmed Çandarlı Halil Pasha the Younger as his first Vizier, raised Zaganos Pasha from third to second Vizier. Halil Pasha had been appointed first Vizier after the demotion of Ishak Pasha. Zaganos, younger, was jealous of the position of Halil Pasha. During the Siege of Constantinople, the bulk of the Ottoman army were encamped south of the Golden Horn; the regular European troops, stretched out along the entire length of the walls, were commanded by Karadja Pasha. The regular troops from Anatolia under Ishak Pasha were stationed south of the Lycus down to the Sea of Marmara. Mehmed himself erected his red-and-gold tent near the Mesoteichion, where the guns and the elite regiments, the Janissaries, were positioned; the Bashi-bazouks were spread out behind the front lines. Other troops under Zaganos were employed north of the Golden Horn. Communication was maintained by a road, constructed over the marshy head of the Horn.
After the inconclusive frontal offensives, the Ottomans sought to break through the walls by constructing underground tunnels in an effort to mine them from mid-May to 25 May. Many of the sappers were miners of German origin sent from Novo Brdo by the Serbian Despot, they were placed under the command of Zaganos Pasha. However, the Byzantines employed an engineer named Johannes Grant, who had counter-mines dug, allowing Byzantine troops to enter the mines and kill the Turkish workers; the Byzantines intercepted the first Serbian tunnel on the night of 16 May. Subsequent tunneling efforts were interrupted on 21, 23, 25 May, destroying them with Greek fire and vigorous combat. On 23 May, the Byzantines captured and tortured two Turkish officers, who revealed the location of all the Turkish tunnels, which were destroyed. On 21 May, Mehmed sent an ambassador to Constantinople and offered to lift the siege if they gave him the city. Constantine XI accepted to pay higher tributes to the sultan and recognized the status of all the conquered castles and lands in the hands of the Turks as Ottoman possession.
Around this time, Mehmed had a final council with his senior officers. Here he encountered some resistance. Halil was overruled by Zaganos. Having been accused of bribery, Halil Pasha was put to death that year. Mehmed planned to overpower the walls by sheer force, expecting that the weakened Byzantine defense by the prolonged siege would now be worn out before he ran out of troops and started preparations for a final all-out offensive. After the Ottoman occupation of Constantinople, the Sultan ordered Zaganos to set out with his galleys for Galata, to prevent the Byzantine ships from setting sail; the stories of Halil Pasha's collaboration with the Byzantines were most spread by the faction of Zaganos. Zaganos succeeded Halil Pasha as Grand Vizier. In 1456, Zaganos was made scapegoat after a failed expedition against Hungarian-held Belgrade. Zaganos' daughter was expelled from the Sultan's harem, the two were expelled to Balıkesir, where he had property. In 1459, Zaganos returned and became kapudan pasha of the fast-growing Ottoman navy, the next year he was the governor of Thessaly and Macedonia.
Zaganos was said to be a intelligent man. He has been called the most cruel Ottoman captain of his time, was said to be an enemy of Christians, he was in absolute loyalty to Mehmed II when he was just a prince, knowing that his prospects depended on his master's success. Zaganos was a soldier who believed that the Ottoman Empire must always expand in order to keep the enemies off-balance, he was known for his warlike beliefs and played an important role in the 1453 Fall of Constantinople. He was one of the prominent Ottoman military commanders of Mehmed II and a lala, at once an advisor, tutor and protector, for the sultan. During the final siege of Constantinople, Zagan Pasha's troops were the first to reach the towers. Ulubatlı Hasan was the first soldier. During the siege many of the sappers were placed under the command of Zagan Pasha. Mehmet took Zaganos' advice exclusively. Mehmet II honored him for his loyalty and hon
The Ottoman Empire known in Western Europe as the Turkish Empire or Turkey, was a state that controlled much of Southeast Europe, Western Asia and North Africa between the 14th and early 20th centuries. It was founded at the end of the 13th century in northwestern Anatolia in the town of Söğüt by the Oghuz Turkish tribal leader Osman I. After 1354, the Ottomans crossed into Europe, with the conquest of the Balkans, the Ottoman beylik was transformed into a transcontinental empire; the Ottomans ended the Byzantine Empire with the 1453 conquest of Constantinople by Mehmed the Conqueror. During the 16th and 17th centuries, at the height of its power under the reign of Suleiman the Magnificent, the Ottoman Empire was a multinational, multilingual empire controlling most of Southeast Europe, parts of Central Europe, Western Asia, parts of Eastern Europe and the Caucasus, North Africa and the Horn of Africa. At the beginning of the 17th century, the empire contained numerous vassal states; some of these were absorbed into the Ottoman Empire, while others were granted various types of autonomy during the course of centuries.
With Constantinople as its capital and control of lands around the Mediterranean basin, the Ottoman Empire was at the centre of interactions between the Eastern and Western worlds for six centuries. While the empire was once thought to have entered a period of decline following the death of Suleiman the Magnificent, this view is no longer supported by the majority of academic historians; the empire continued to maintain a flexible and strong economy and military throughout the 17th and much of the 18th century. However, during a long period of peace from 1740 to 1768, the Ottoman military system fell behind that of their European rivals, the Habsburg and Russian empires; the Ottomans suffered severe military defeats in the late 18th and early 19th centuries, which prompted them to initiate a comprehensive process of reform and modernisation known as the Tanzimat. Thus, over the course of the 19th century, the Ottoman state became vastly more powerful and organised, despite suffering further territorial losses in the Balkans, where a number of new states emerged.
The empire allied with Germany in the early 20th century, hoping to escape from the diplomatic isolation which had contributed to its recent territorial losses, thus joined World War I on the side of the Central Powers. While the Empire was able to hold its own during the conflict, it was struggling with internal dissent with the Arab Revolt in its Arabian holdings. During this time, atrocities were committed by the Young Turk government against the Armenians and Pontic Greeks; the Empire's defeat and the occupation of part of its territory by the Allied Powers in the aftermath of World War I resulted in its partitioning and the loss of its Middle Eastern territories, which were divided between the United Kingdom and France. The successful Turkish War of Independence against the occupying Allies led to the emergence of the Republic of Turkey in the Anatolian heartland and the abolition of the Ottoman monarchy; the word Ottoman is a historical anglicisation of the name of Osman I, the founder of the Empire and of the ruling House of Osman.
Osman's name in turn was the Turkish form of the Arabic name ʿUthmān. In Ottoman Turkish, the empire was referred to as Devlet-i ʿAlīye-yi ʿOsmānīye, or alternatively ʿOsmānlı Devleti. In Modern Turkish, it is known as Osmanlı Devleti; the Turkish word for "Ottoman" referred to the tribal followers of Osman in the fourteenth century, subsequently came to be used to refer to the empire's military-administrative elite. In contrast, the term "Turk" was used to refer to the Anatolian peasant and tribal population, was seen as a disparaging term when applied to urban, educated individuals. In the early modern period, an educated urban-dwelling Turkish-speaker, not a member of the military-administrative class would refer to himself neither as an Osmanlı nor as a Türk, but rather as a Rūmī, or "Roman", meaning an inhabitant of the territory of the former Byzantine Empire in the Balkans and Anatolia; the term Rūmī was used to refer to Turkish-speakers by the other Muslim peoples of the empire and beyond.
In Western Europe, the two names "Ottoman Empire" and "Turkey" were used interchangeably, with "Turkey" being favoured both in formal and informal situations. This dichotomy was ended in 1920–23, when the newly established Ankara-based Turkish government chose Turkey as the sole official name. Most scholarly historians avoid the terms "Turkey", "Turks", "Turkish" when referring to the Ottomans, due to the empire's multinational character; as the Seljuk Sultanate of Rum declined in the 13th century, Anatolia was divided into a patchwork of independent Turkish principalities known as the Anatolian Beyliks. One of these beyliks, in the region of Bithynia on the frontier of the Byzantine Empire, was led by the Turkish tribal leader Osman I, a figure of obscure origins from whom the name Ottoman is derived. Osman's early followers consisted both of Turkish tribal groups and Byzantine renegades, many but not all converts to Islam. Osman extended the control of his principality by conquering Byzantine towns along the Sakarya River.
It is not well understood how the early Ottomans came to dominate their
Classical Age of the Ottoman Empire
The Classical Age of the Ottoman Empire concerns the history of the Ottoman Empire from the Conquest of Constantinople in 1453 until the second half of the sixteenth century the end of the reign of Suleiman the Magnificent. During this period a system of patrimonial rule based on the absolute authority of the sultan reached its apex, the empire developed the institutional foundations which it would maintain, in modified form, for several centuries; the territory of the Ottoman Empire expanded, led to what some historians have called the Pax Ottomana. The process of centralization undergone by the empire prior to 1453 was brought to completion in the reign of Mehmed II; the Ottoman Empire of the Classical Age experienced dramatic territorial growth. The period opened with the conquest of Constantinople by Mehmed II in 1453. Mehmed II went on to consolidate the empire's position in the Balkans and Anatolia, conquering Serbia in 1454-5, the Peloponnese in 1458-9, Trebizond in 1461, Bosnia in 1463.
Many Venetian territories in Greece were conquered during the 1463-79 Ottoman-Venetian War. By 1474 the Ottomans had conquered their Anatolian rival the Karamanids, in 1475 conquered Kaffa on the Crimean Peninsula, establishing the Crimean Khanate as a vassal state. In 1480 an invasion of Otranto in Italy was launched, but the death of Mehmed II the following year led to an Ottoman withdrawal; the reign of Bayezid II was one of consolidation after the rapid conquests of the previous era, the empire's territory was expanded only marginally. In 1484 Bayezid led a campaign against Moldavia, subjecting it to vassal status and annexing the strategic ports of Kilia and Akkerman. Major Venetian ports were conquered in Greece and Albania during the 1499-1503 war, most Modon and Durazzo. However, by the end of his reign, Ottoman territory in the east was coming under threat from the newly established Safavid Empire. Rapid expansion resumed under Selim I, who defeated the Safavids in the Battle of Chaldiran in 1514, annexing much of eastern Anatolia and occupying Tabriz.
In 1516 he led a campaign against the Mamluk Sultanate, conquering first Syria and Egypt the following year. This marked a dramatic shift in the orientation of the Ottoman Empire, as it now came to rule over the Muslim heartlands of the Middle East, as well as establishing its protection over the holy cities of Mecca and Medina; this increased the influence of Islamic practices on the government of the empire, facilitated much greater interaction between the Arabic-speaking world and the Ottoman heartlands in Anatolia and the Balkans. Under Selim's reign the empire's territory expanded from 341,100 sq mi to 576,900 sq mi. Expansion continued during the first half of the reign of Suleiman I, who conquered first Belgrade and Rhodes, before invading Hungary in 1526, defeating and killing King Louis II in the Battle of Mohács and occupying Buda. Lacking a king, Hungary descended into civil war over the succession, the Ottomans gave support to John Zápolya as a vassal prince; when their rivals the Habsburgs began to achieve the upper hand, Suleiman directly intervened by again conquering Buda and annexing it to the empire in 1541.
Elsewhere, Suleiman led major campaigns against Safavid Iran, conquering Baghdad in 1534 and annexing Iraq. Ottoman rule was further extended with the incorporation of much of North Africa, the conquest of coastal Yemen in 1538, the subsequent annexation of the interior. After the annexation of Buda in 1541 the pace of Ottoman expansion slowed as the empire attempted to consolidate its vast gains, became engrossed in imperial warfare on three fronts: in Hungary, in Iran, in the Mediterranean. Additional conquests were marginal, served to shore up the Ottoman position. Ottoman control over Hungary was expanded in a series of campaigns, a second Hungarian province was established with the conquests of Temeşvar in 1552. Control over North Africa was increased with the conquest of Tripoli in 1551, while the Ottomans shored up their position in the Red Sea with the annexation of Massawa and the extension of Ottoman rule over much of coastal Eritrea and Djibouti. By the end of Suleiman's reign the empire's territory had expanded to 877,888 sq mi.
The conquest of Constantinople allowed Mehmed II to turn his attention to Anatolia. Mehmed II tried to create a single political entity in Anatolia by capturing Turkish states called Beyliks and the Greek Empire of Trebizond in northeastern Anatolia and allied himself with the Crimean Khanate. Uniting the Anatolian Beyliks was first accomplished by Sultan Bayezid I, more than fifty years earlier than Mehmed II but after the destructive Battle of Ankara back in 1402, the newly formed Anatolian unification was gone. Mehmed II recovered the Ottoman power on other Turkish states; these conquests allowed him to push further into Europe. Another important political entity which shaped the Eastern policy of Mehmed II was the White Sheep Turcomans. With the leadership of Uzun Hasan, this Turcoman kingdom gained power in the East but because of their strong relations with the Christian powers like Empire of Trebizond and the Republic of Venice and the alliance between Turcomans and Karamanid tribe, Mehmed saw them as a threat to his own power.
He led a successful campaign against Uzun Hasan in 1473 which resulted with the decisive victory of the Ottoman Empire in the Battle of Otlukbeli. After the Fall of Constantinople, Mehmed would go on to conquer the Despotate of Morea in the Peloponnese in 1460, the Empire of Trebizond in northeastern Anatolia in 1461; the last two vestiges of Byzantine rule were th
Anatolia known as Asia Minor, Asian Turkey, the Anatolian peninsula or the Anatolian plateau, is the westernmost protrusion of Asia, which makes up the majority of modern-day Turkey. The region is bounded by the Black Sea to the north, the Mediterranean Sea to the south, the Armenian Highlands to the east and the Aegean Sea to the west; the Sea of Marmara forms a connection between the Black and Aegean Seas through the Bosphorus and Dardanelles straits and separates Anatolia from Thrace on the European mainland. The eastern border of Anatolia is traditionally held to be a line between the Gulf of Alexandretta and the Black Sea, bounded by the Armenian Highland to the east and Mesopotamia to the southeast. Thus, traditionally Anatolia is the territory that comprises the western two-thirds of the Asian part of Turkey. Nowadays, Anatolia is often considered to be synonymous with Asian Turkey, which comprises the entire country. By some definitions, the area called the Armenian highlands lies beyond the boundary of the Anatolian plateau.
The official name of this inland region is the Eastern Anatolia Region. The ancient inhabitants of Anatolia spoke the now-extinct Anatolian languages, which were replaced by the Greek language starting from classical antiquity and during the Hellenistic and Byzantine periods. Major Anatolian languages included Hittite and Lydian among other more poorly attested relatives; the Turkification of Anatolia began under the Seljuk Empire in the late 11th century and continued under the Ottoman Empire between the late 13th and early 20th centuries. However, various non-Turkic languages continue to be spoken by minorities in Anatolia today, including Kurdish, Neo-Aramaic, Arabic, Laz and Greek. Other ancient peoples in the region included Galatians, Assyrians, Cimmerians, as well as Ionian and Aeolian Greeks. Traditionally, Anatolia is considered to extend in the east to an indefinite line running from the Gulf of Alexandretta to the Black Sea, coterminous with the Anatolian Plateau; this traditional geographical definition is used, for example, in the latest edition of Merriam-Webster's Geographical Dictionary, Under this definition, Anatolia is bounded to the east by the Armenian Highlands, the Euphrates before that river bends to the southeast to enter Mesopotamia.
To the southeast, it is bounded by the ranges that separate it from the Orontes valley in Syria and the Mesopotamian plain. Following the Armenian genocide, Ottoman Armenia was renamed "Eastern Anatolia" by the newly established Turkish government. Vazken Davidian terms the expanded use of "Anatolia" to apply to territory referred to as Armenia an "ahistorical imposition", notes that a growing body of literature is uncomfortable with referring to the Ottoman East as "Eastern Anatolia". Most archeological sources consider the boundary of Anatolia to be Turkey's eastern border; the highest mountains in "Eastern Anatolia" are Mount Ararat. The Euphrates, Araxes and Murat rivers connect the Armenian plateau to the South Caucasus and the Upper Euphrates Valley. Along with the Çoruh, these rivers are the longest in "Eastern Anatolia"; the oldest known reference to Anatolia – as "Land of the Hatti" – appears on Mesopotamian cuneiform tablets from the period of the Akkadian Empire. The first recorded name the Greeks used for the Anatolian peninsula, Ἀσία echoed the name of the Assuwa league in western Anatolia.
As the name "Asia" broadened its scope to apply to other areas east of the Mediterranean, Greeks in Late Antiquity came to use the name Μικρὰ Ἀσία or Asia Minor, meaning "Lesser Asia" to refer to present-day Anatolia. The English-language name Anatolia itself derives from the Greek ἀνατολή meaning "the East" or more "sunrise"; the precise reference of this term has varied over time originally referring to the Aeolian and Dorian colonies on the west coast of Asia Minor. In the Byzantine Empire, the Anatolic Theme was a theme covering the western and central parts of Turkey's present-day Central Anatolia Region; the term "Anatolia" is Medieval Latin. The modern Turkish form of Anatolia, derives from the Greek name Aνατολή; the Russian male name Anatoly and the French Anatole share the same linguistic origin. The term "Anatolia" referred to a northwestern Byzantine province. By the 12th century Europeans had started referring to Anatolia as Turchia, it has also been called "Asia Minor". In earlier times, it was called" Rûm" by the Seljuqs.
During the era of the Ottoman Empire mapmakers outside the Empire referred to the mountainous plateau in eastern Anatolia as Armenia. Other contemporary sources called the same area Kurdistan. Geographers have variously used the terms east Anatolian plateau and Armenian plateau to refer to the region, although the territory encompassed by each term overlaps with the other. According to archaeologist Lori Khatchadourian this difference in terminology "primarily result from the shifting political fortunes and cultural trajectories of the region since the nineteenth century."Turkey's First Geography Congress in 1941 created two regions to the east of the Gulf of Iskenderun-Black Sea line named the Eastern Anatolia Region and the Southeastern Anatolia Region, the former corresponding to the weste
Manisa is a large city in Turkey's Aegean Region and the administrative seat of Manisa Province. Modern Manisa is a booming center of industry and services, advantaged by its closeness to the international port city and the regional metropolitan center of İzmir and by its fertile hinterland rich in quantity and variety of agricultural production. In fact, İzmir's proximity adds a particular dimension to all aspects of life's pace in Manisa in the form of a dense traffic of daily commuters between the two cities, separated as they are by a half-hour drive served by a fine six-lane highway requiring attention at all times due to its curves and the rapid ascent across Mount Sipylus's mythic scenery; the historic part of Manisa spreads out from a forested valley in the immediate slopes of Sipylus mountainside, along Çaybaşı Stream which flows next to Niobe's "Weeping Rock", an ancient bridge called the "Red Bridge" as well as to several tombs-shrines in the Turkish style dating back to the Saruhan period.
Under Ottoman rule in the centuries that followed, the city had extended into the undulated terrain at the start of the plain. In the last couple of decades, Manisa's width more than tripled in size across its vast plain formed by the alluvial deposits of the River Gediz, a development in which the construction of new block apartments, industrial zones and of Celal Bayar University campus played a key role; the city of Manisa is widely visited during March and September festivals, the former festival being the continuation of a five-hundred-year-old "Mesir Paste Distribution" tradition, for the nearby Mount Spil national park. It is a departure point for other visitor attractions of international acclaim which are located nearby within Manisa's depending region, such as Sardes and Alaşehir inland. There is a Jewish community; the city was called Magnesia, more as Magnesia ad Sipylum to distinguish from Magnesia on the Maeander at a short distance to the south. Traditional view held that the name "Magnesia" derived from the tribe of Magnetes who would have immigrated here from Thessaly at the dawn of the region's recorded history.
A connection with native Anatolian languages has been suggested of recent date on the basis of discoveries made in the Hittite archives treating the Luwian western Anatolia. The name is rendered as Μαγνησία in modern Greek language; the name "Magnesia ad Sipylus" refers to Mount Sipylus that towers over the city and Magnesia became a city of importance starting with the Roman dominion after the 190 BC Battle of Magnesia. The names "Sipylus" or "Sipylum" in reference to a settlement here are encountered in some sources, again in reference to the mountain and as abbreviated forms. Pliny the Elder, supported by other sources, mentions that in the same place was a celebrated city, called "Tantalis" or "the city of Tantalus" whose ruins were still visible around his time. Under Turkish rule, the name attached to the Beys of "Saruhan", who founded the Beylik which preceded the Ottomans in the region, has been used, along with the name Manisa, for the city and the region alternatively and this until the present period of the Republic of Turkey.
The Ottoman Turkish form of the name "Manisa" was as it is still used presently, but a spelling with a longer first syllable, transcribed to modern Turkish as "Mağnisa", was occasionally encountered. During the first centuries of the Ottoman Empire, many of the sons of sultans received their education in Manisa and the city is still known in Turkey as "the city of shahzades", a distinctive title it shares only with Amasya and Trabzon; the English language root word "magnesia", from which the words "magnet" and "magnetism" and numerous other derivations were coined, as well as their equivalents in many other languages, may derive from the city's name. Traces of prehistory in the Manisa region, although few in number include two interesting finds that shed much light on western Anatolia's past; the first are the fossilized footprints, numbering more than fifty and dated to around 20.000-25.000 BC, discovered in 1969 by MTA, Turkey's state body for mineral exploration, in Sindel village near Manisa's depending district of Salihli and referred to under that village's name.
Some of these footprints are on display today in Manisa Museum while their site of origin of Sindel, where there are prehistoric paintings, will become Turkey's first geopark through a joint project with the European Commission. The second finds are tombs contemporaneous with Troy II and found in the village of Yortan near Kırkağaç district center, north of Manisa. Original burial practices observed in these sepulchres led scholars to the definition of a "Yortan culture" in Anatolia's prehistory, many of whose aspects remain yet to be explored. Central and southern parts of western Anatolia entered history with the still obscure Luwian kingdom of Arzawa offshoots, as well as neighbors and, after around 1320 BCE, vassals of the Hittite Empire. Cybele monument located at Akpınar on the northern flank of Mount Sipylus, at a distance of 7 km from Manisa on the road to Turgutlu is, along with the King of Mira rock relief at Mount Nif near Kemalpaşa and a number of cuneiform tablet records are among the principal evidence of extension of Hittite control and influence in western Anatolia based on local principalities.
Cybele monument by itself represents a step of innovation in Hittit
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The Ottoman advance after the Battle of Maritsa
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Fragment of the Athenian Tribute List, 425-424 BC.
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Type 41 radiator cap
Most of the engines intended for the Royale were derated and found their way into a series of high-speed Bugatti railcars.
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The Necklace of the Stars.


text:
/ English / Why was it not succeeded , what is the solution? – V.U.Arslan
Why was it not succeeded , what is the solution? – V.U.Arslan
on 6 Temmuz 2018 - 00:52 Kategori: English
Turkey has gone through many election periods in which the ones who received 51% took everything; the ones who remained at 49% drew a blank. While the government took what he wanted with all the state facilities, his army of proponent media, oppression and his vicious politics way, the opposition has been absolutely defeated by staying under the half in total again.
However, the hopes that the presidential elections would be at least the second round were quite high. Muharrem İnce's populist-center rhetoric and energetic performance had excited millions who were looking for a way out hopefully. In case of an open and massive fraud during the elections, millions were ready to go out on the streets. However, when the counting of the polls in the regions was followed, it was seen that AKP and MHP were showing strong resistance even in places where they are weak. The resistance was so clear that Muharrem İnce fell behind of Erdogan even in his hometwon. Someone from your own village becomes a presidential candidate, and, he is a challenging candidate, but more than half of the village does not vote for him. This is a striking indication of how Erdogan's polarizing tactics, which he has been pursuing for many years, have created solidification. As Erdogan hold on places where he was weak, in additon to the places where Erdogan took massive votes, the result shaped. İnce and CHP administration had to accept the results.
How should the Results be Construed?
In total, the anti-AKP opposition could not pass beyond referendum of 16 April 2017. Even in the referendum, there was a 1% decline in the number of AKP members who did not vote "yes" which is also became visible in this elections.
It has been turned out that the excitement created by Muharrem İnce did not affect the AKP sole. The votes on the NO side of the referendum have shifted to one opponent party to another opponent party. Thus, a decline in the votes of AKP did not happen. The polarization of identity-culture, which has also left its mark on the past elections, continues its effects. Electoral realignments are eminently limited. It became clear that the AKP and the MHP had a very effective manoeuvre in choosing to go on an election before the upcoming crisis hit the the economy. Thanks to this, it has paved the way for AKP and RTE to consolidate the support of its own mass.
The election results are not the final exit before the dark tunnel at all. It is obvious that we must hold firm on this rocky road. On the other hand, we should have enough historical background to know that the fates of the countries are not assigned to the polls. This country presents its resistance sources in spite of stiff chauvinist breeze and mounting pressure. AKP side also clearly sees these dynamics as it is. The question is what we will do.
AKP's Base is the Poor
AKP receives intense support from the large and small employer circles, artisans, peasants, and the urban poor. Among these, the most crowded group is the urban poor. As it is the case in every election, AKP's ballots are reaching the peak as moving towards the poor districts. When you go from Çankaya to Sincan and Altındağ; reach to Tuzla and Pendik from Kadiköy, RTE makes a burst of votes. Nothing is going to change without changing that picture. How will the masses of workers be rescued from AKP? This is the key part of the question. At this point, those who accept in advance that the political attitudes of the urban poor are unchanged, citing the influence of religion and prayer converted social aids, are pumping despair into the air but they are badly mistaken. Millions of young workers among the urban poor are going to undergo a transformation when a political alternative which can touch their lives and activate their class reactions.
In this regard, there are two political alternatives to reach the masses of workers who are AKP base. The first one is the shift to center that Kemak Kılıçdaroğlu and İnce are heading. In other words, being flirtatious with everyone, "I embrace everyone!" style. This is a style taking the cultural codes as a reference and they hope to win votes from the right votes. That is to say, the statements "I also go to mosque every Friday", "I have been to umrah", "My sisters are also turbaned"…etc. combines with the promises starting to flutter around in election time. However, the experience is obvious. The effort to address AKP base by shifting to the centre does not work and it does not soften ossification.
Without sharpening the political discourse and without executing the necessity of that discourse in worker districts and neighbourhoods, a good future cannot be expected. The young and poor labourers in AKP base cannot see a systematic difference between AKP and CHP. They are rightful in this issue, after all. Therefore, the more the class conflict cannot dominate the agenda; the more Afrin, martyrs, Kandil, terror, external outbreaks, TV series like Diriliş Ertuğrul, Muslim world are put in place. In that way, Erdogan's front can keep the poor labourers on their side and strengthen the polarization of identity and culture.
We Need a Worker Spring!
The only thing that will work is a new policy of try to achieve a fundamental change in the political divisions of Turkey. There is no alternative to labour radicalism to dissolve cultural polarisations. I mean, we need much more than "Demirel-like discourse" which repeats "our workers, our peasants". This is discourse and practice of class conflict. For example, with the sayings "TÜPRAŞ which is sold niggardly will be taken back and those who privatized will be judged" or asking for an progressive tax system. The change of trade union laws, the elimination of trade union gangs and the creation of real labour organizations… For this demonds, not only the time of the election in the worker regions but working day and night … Proletarian discourse does not any make sense without remarking the other side, that is, or without putting local and foreign patrons and imperialism on the target board. The class is a relation, a conflicting relationship if we say it even more clearly. In this respect, it is necessary to show an enemy to the labourers. Conflict and contradiction create movement and transform the masses. But it has to be us to determine the agenda of the conflict before the Erdogan. As you remember, Turgut Ozal and ANAP were overthrown with slogans: "The fatin Çankaya is the enemy of the worker ".
It will be possible with such a policy to get rid of the AKP dictatorship. With the election campaigns held in every 4-5 years or with the understanding of parliamentarian centralism… AKP does not come to an end with these. We need a non-systematic politics which is to be determined with class radicalism, and an organized and stubborn work spreading to us all the time is necessary. People transform in action and struggle. They even transform very fast. Flormar workers, whose majority is religious women, showed this truth very clearly. So, we need a Worker Spring. We cannot expect that from the CHP, which is bound to bosses and imperialist capitalism. We cannot expect this from HDP too. Without taking our place in the organized socialist struggle, we will not be able to have a way out.
What a great power it would be sprang if the excitement of young and dynamic people who are enthusiastic about Muharrem İnce were on the right direction. The gate of big changes will be opened if they choose an active and organized struggle far less than this large group of hundreds or even millions. That is why we socialists must work with all our power to be able to present ourselves as an alternative.
eleciton Erdogan
50. Yılında 1968: Türkiye'de 68'in İdeolojik Temelleri-Engin Kara
Türk Telekom Battı Bankalar Kapıya Dayandı


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Wilson Bugby
Deepwater Property on Wadmalaw Island - Wilson Bugby contains approximately 480 acres of land on the north end of Wadmalaw Island. Three of the four subdivided parcels stretch along the quiet waters of Bohicket Creek, overlooking Johns Island. Conservation easements protect all of them from overbuilding, so the area will remain isolated. Wadmalaw Island is one of the few places on the East Coast where one third of the land mass has been protected in perpetuity, where conservation-minded owners have preserved what they love most.
Wilson Bugby allows space for vegetable or flower gardens, for horse stables and trails, for hiking paths and tranquility. Fishing and dove, turkey, and deer hunting opportunities abound. The growing commercial area of Johns Island is just five minutes away, across the Esau Jenkins Bridge. And Charleston, one of the South's most exciting modern cities, can be reached in half an hour.
Parcel 1, the woods tract, has 161.8 acres of mature pine/hardwood forest, including a beautiful hardwood bottom.
Parcels 2, 3, and 4 have over 1,200 feet of marsh and water frontage along Bohicket Creek. Each parcel includes a nice mix of fields with wooded waterfront areas and desirable home sites.
Parcels 3 and 4 each have freshwater ponds. Deepwater docks on Bohicket Creek have been proposed for all three waterfront parcels.
This is truly a special, rare offering that allows one the opportunity to create a family compound or a waterfront or equestrian estate. HFL represented the Seller. The sale occurred in four separate transactions.
Huger Sinkler II
huger@hflcharleston.com
6001 Selkirk Plantation Road


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Hamilton 'surprised' to see Mercedes matching Red Bull and Ferrari
Top in FP1 and third in FP2, Lewis Hamilton began his comeback from the chaotic German Grand Prix in typical form – but the championship leader downplayed Mercedes' speed heading into the Hungarian Grand Prix weekend.
In fact, Hamilton went as far as to express his surprise – not at the unpredictable weather, nor Red Bull's topping of FP2 for the first time this season, but that Mercedes were 'catching up' to their rivals.
"We were surprised to see this morning that we were so close to the Red Bulls and Ferraris, so hopefully that remains the same through the weekend," he said.
It's a multi-championship winning team, they've always had a very good car
To Hamilton, it's no surprise that Red Bull, 192 points behind Mercedes in the constructors' standings, are in a resurgent form given their pedigree of four constructors' and drivers' championships and the genius of Chief Technical Officer Adrian Newey.
"I think what people need to remember is that it's a multi-championship winning team, they've always had a very good car," he added. "You've got Adrian Newey there, one of the best designers there is in the sport, and so they had a slump with I think a little bit less power than they had, a period of time where they had a little bit less downforce than most people."
That "slump" was Red Bull's fourth-place finish in 2015 with Renault, a partnership that ended in 2018 as the team decided to use Honda power for the first time. It was only at the ninth round, the Austrian Grand Prix, when Red Bull won a race this season, which indicates to Hamilton that the team is starting to threaten Mercedes' place at the head of the field.
READ MORE: How drivers tackle Hungary's tricky Turns 8 and 9
"They've definitely crept back up and started to utilise this car more and both drivers are now starting to put in good performances, the second driver [Pierre Gasly] is starting to put in good performances so they're there.
"And it's clearly a very good car and we're in a period of time that suits them [in terms of circuits]. And people need to remember that sometimes a car's better in some places. A car's not always the best through a whole season: In Austria, the Red Bull was the better package at that circuit, it worked well in the temperatures and everything, even compared to us it's a good car and against the Ferraris. It might be the way this weekend.
"I think Singapore will be strong for them. When we get to the longer places like Monza [with longer straight], it could be different this year, let's see now that they have a new power unit. They're not lower than us in power, I think in some places they have got more power than us, so it will be interesting to see how they go in those other races."
FP2 HIGHLIGHTS: 2019 Hungarian Grand Prix
After falling ill in Germany last time out, Hamilton was raring to go, saying he felt "a million times better" on Friday. But the fragmented FP2 session provided little in the way of answers for him.
"This afternoon we got a slight run on the harder tyre, but a couple of laps, and that was about it," he explained. "Whatever we ended up doing, then we obviously stopped because of the weather and there was not really much point going out on the wet.
"If you know Sunday's going to be wet and Saturday's going to be wet, a completely wet weekend, you can make subtle changes to help with the wet balance, but it's kind of irrelevant, especially when you know the race is going to be mostly dry," he said. "Then you just focus on getting the best set-up in the dry and then you deal with it in the wet."
Even then, Hamilton managed 41 laps – more than anyone else on the grid – in FP1, showing just how determined he was to get going in Hungary. After all, a win here could add 26 points to his towering tally of 225 and move him well clear of team mate Valtteri Bottas.
F1 RULES & REGULATIONS: What's new for 2020?
2020 F1 race times confirmed - including Vietnam and Dutch Grands Prix
Hamilton and Mercedes nominated for 2020 Laureus Sport awards


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Home Short Hairstyles
Daniella Wilson - January 10, 2023
The Most Stylish Short Women's Haircuts in 2023
Top Trendy Women's Haircuts in 2023
Short Haircut Ideas for Women over 50 in 2023
Daniella Wilson - January 4, 2023 0
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Modern Shaggy Hairstyles in 2023
Daniella Wilson - December 31, 2022 0
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Short hair length reduces the options for hairstyles for short hair, but despite this limitation, below you see a good number of variants and options to choose from for this 2023. We show you...
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We add the bravest and are not afraid to look extravagant and always be in the spotlight. Women's haircuts with short hair clippers have some limitations. It is recommended to only do this if you: the...
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Trends offer us hair looks that do not need touch-ups. So, if you don't have much time to go to the salon, these low-maintenance haircuts 2023 will make your life easier because they stay great for weeks and...
Elegant Short Haircuts for Men in 2023
Short haircuts for men offer men the elegance, security, and virility that they love to have. Today there is a variety of cuts that give gentlemen style, giving them the confidence and masculinity they need. Choosing a specific trend will depend...


For the beginner quilter, making a crib-size baby quilt can be a rewarding first project. Since the finished product will be a cherished keepsake, the motivation to persevere is built in. The smaller size also makes it manageable — crib quilts are generally about 36 by 54 inches. Making a quilt involves piecing the top; quilting the top, the batting and the backing together, and then binding the edge to finish it.
Prepare the fabric by washing, drying and pressing it. This will preshrink the fabric and keep the dyes from running when the finished quilt is washed.
Cut 40 squares, 6.5 by 6.5 inches.
Sew the squares into eight rows of five. Use a quarter-inch seam allowance. Press each seam toward the darker fabric.
Sew each of the eight rows together. Press these seams all in the same direction.
Cut two strips of fabric, 3.5 by 48.5 inches, for the vertical borders. Sew one to each of the longer sides of the quilt. Press the seams toward the border.
Cut two strips of fabric, 3.5 by 36.5 inches, for the horizontal borders. Sew one to each of the shorter sides of the quilt. Press the seams toward the border.
Cut the fabric for the back of the quilt, 36 by 54 inches.
Make a sandwich by laying the backing right side down, then the batting and then the pieced quilt top right side up. Smooth out each layer as you go so there are no wrinkles or puckers.
Baste the three layers together either with thread or with safety pins. Start in the middle and move out toward the edges to keep the layers from shifting as you quilt.
Quilt the layers by tying them together with yarn or by quilting.
If you tie the quilt, use the needle and yarn to tie all three layers together in the center of each square. Otherwise, proceed to Step 6.
To quilt the layers together, stitch all three layers together with the quilting thread. Use any design, but stitching diagonal lines through the center of each block to make an "X" is one of the easiest designs.
Prepare the quilt for finishing by trimming the edges of the top, batting and back so they are all even and flush with each other.
Cut bias strips of fabric 3 inches wide and sew the strips together to a length of at least 190 inches to make the binding.
Attach the binding to the quilt front on the bottom side starting about 4 inches in from one corner.
Stitch the binding to the entire perimeter of the front of the quilt. Trim the excess binding so there is a 3-inch tail.
Turn the binding over the edge of the quilt and begin stitching it to the quilt back with a whip stitch.
Once you've stitched the entire perimeter to the quilt back, tuck the 3-inch tail into the starting point and sew the opening closed.


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EU decries assassination of Hamas terrorist, neglects to decry terrorist
← return to Water Cooler
By Anath Hartmann The Washington Times - February 23, 2010, 01:58PM
In a statement this week European Union ministers called the January killing of Hamas terrorist and weapons smuggler Mahmoud al-Mabhouh "profoundly disturbing." While they never mentioned Israel by name (and it is unlikely that indisputable proof will ever emerge that Israel's Mossad agency was responsible for the death) they railed against the use by al-Mabhouh's assassins of falsified EU passports, saying it violated EU citizen rights, and they denounced the execution as not being "conducive to peace and stability" in the Middle East.
Also breaking news this week have been reports from Dubai police that the tally of people who used fake passports prior to the killing was up by four, bringing the total to 14.
But both points are red herrings meant to distract the world community from the real issue at hand: that it was a security threat, a hardened terrorist with the blood of innocents on his hands, who was killed. Noticeably absent from any official's statements on the matter has been denunciation of the assassinated, a Muslim Brotherhood member and a co-founder of Izz ad-Din al-Qassam Brigades, the armed branch of Hamas. Al-Mabhouh was behind the 1989 murder of two young Israeli soldiers and had long been involved in the smuggling of rockets from Iran to the Gaza Strip, according to Israeli officials. In fact, he was likely on a terror-related mission in Dubai at the time of his death. (Dubai is a popular meet-up locale for Iranian cash and goods transfers to Hamas.)
Dozens of Israeli civilians have been killed by rocket fire from Gaza, and since the 2005 Israeli troop withdrawal from the area more than 4,500 rockets have been launched at southern Israel. These attacks are a daily threat to residents in the region, thousands of whom have fled in recent years for more northerly towns.
It is shameful that not one EU official has broken rank and pointed out that the death of al-Mabhouh was deserved, likely saved many lives and was therefore a public service. As the Israeli newspaper Yediot Ahronot journalist Eitan Haber wrote on Feb. 18:
"There are two questions we need to ask in this case: Was the objective – assassinating Mabhouh – achieved? The answer is yes. Were the assassins nabbed by the enemy? The answer is no."
We say, mission accomplished.
Anath Hartmann
HARTMANN: Hamas deserves a truth bomb


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Змагання зі стрибків у воду на літніх юнацьких Олімпійських іграх 2010 проходили з суботи 21 по вівторок 24 серпня 2010 року в  та включали триметровий трамплін і десятиметрової вишки для хлопців та дівчат. Усього було розіграно 4 комплекти нагород серед 20 країн.

Графік змагань

Медальний залік

Таблиця

Медалісти

Кваліфікація

Перші дев'ять спортсменів у кожній із чотирьох дисциплін отримують місце в фіналі, але від кожної країни може виступати тільки один спортсмен.

Примітки

Змагання на літніх юнацьких Олімпійських іграх 2010
Стрибки у воду на літніх юнацьких Олімпійських іграх 2010

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