text:
British rule in Burma
Historical time period
1942–1945: Government-in-exile
Top: Flag (1824–1939)
Bottom: Flag (1939–1948)
Anthem: God Save the King (1824–1837; 1901–1948)
God Save the Queen (1837–1901)
British Burma during World War II
Dark green: Japanese occupation of Burma
Light silver: Remainder of British Burma
Light green: Occupied and annexed by Thailand
Province of British India and
Colony of the United Kingdom
Moulmein
Capital-in-exile
Shimla, British India
Buddhism, Christianity, Hinduism, Islam
• 1862–1901
• 1923–1927 (first)
Harcourt Butler
• 1946–1948 (last)
Hubert Rance
Chief Commissioner
Arthur Purves Phayre
F.W.R. Fryer
Legislative Council of Burma (1897–1936)
Legislature of Burma (1936–1947)
• First Anglo-Burmese War
• Anglo-Burmese Wars
1824–1826, 1852, 1885
• Separation from British India
• Japanese and Thai occupation
• Independence from the United Kingdom
Burmese rupee, Indian rupee, Pound sterling
ISO 3166 code
British Raj
Konbaung Dynasty
State of Burma
Japanese occupation
Thai occupation
Union of Burma
Today part of
British rule in Burma lasted from 1824 to 1948, from the successive three Anglo-Burmese wars through the creation of Burma as a Province of British India to the establishment of an independently administered colony, and finally independence. The region under British control was known as British Burma. Various portions of Burmese territories, including Arakan (Rakhine State) or Tenasserim were annexed by the British after their victory in the First Anglo-Burmese War; Lower Burma was annexed in 1852 after the Second Anglo-Burmese War. The annexed territories were designated the minor province (a Chief Commissionership), British Burma, of British India in 1862.[1]
After the Third Anglo-Burmese War in 1885, Upper Burma was annexed, and the following year, the province of Burma in British India was created, becoming a major province (a Lieutenant-Governorship) in 1897.[1] This arrangement lasted until 1937, when Burma began to be administered separately by the Burma Office under the Secretary of State for India and Burma. British rule was disrupted during the Japanese occupation of much of the country during the World War II. Burma achieved independence from British rule on 4 January 1948.
Burma is sometimes referred to as "the Scottish Colony" owing to the heavy role played by Scotsmen in colonising and running the country, one of the most notable being Sir James Scott, and the Irrawaddy Flotilla Company.
History of Myanmar
Prehistory of Myanmar 11,000–200 BCE
Pyu city-states 200 BCE – 1050 CE
(Sri Ksetra Kingdom, Tagaung Kingdom)
Mon kingdoms 825?–1057
Arakanese kingdoms 788?–1406
Pagan Kingdom 849–1297
Early Pagan Kingdom 849–1044
Warring states period
Upper Burma 1297–1555
Myinsaing and Pinya Kingdoms 1297–1364
Sagaing Kingdom 1315–1364
Kingdom of Ava 1364–1555
Prome Kingdom 1482–1542
Hanthawaddy Kingdom 1287–1539, 1550–1552
Shan States 1215–1563
Kingdom of Mrauk U 1429–1785
Toungoo dynasty 1510–1752
First Toungoo Empire 1510–1599
Nyaungyan Restoration 1599–1752
Restored Hanthawaddy 1740–1757
Konbaung dynasty 1752–1885
British colonial period 1824–1948
Anglo-Burmese Wars 1824–1885
Nationalist movement 1900–1948
Japanese occupation 1942–1945
Modern era 1948–present
Union of Burma 1948–1962
Socialist Republic 1962–1988
Union of Myanmar 1988–2010
Political reforms 2011–2015
List of capitals
Royal chronicles
1 Burma before the British conquest
2 Arrival of the British in Burma
3 Early British rule
3.1 Administration
4 Divisions of British Burma
4.1 Colonial economy
5 Nationalist movement
6 Burma separated from India
7 World War II
8 From the Japanese surrender to Aung San's assassination
10.1 Citations
Burma before the British conquest[edit]
Because of its location, trade routes between China and India passed straight through the country, keeping Burma wealthy through trade, although self-sufficient agriculture was still the basis of the economy. Indian merchants traveled along the coasts and rivers (especially the Irrawaddy River) throughout the regions where the majority of Burmese lived, bringing Indian cultural influences into the country that still exist there today.[citation needed] As Burma had been one of the first Southeast Asian countries to adopt Buddhism on a large scale, it continued under the British as the officially patronised religion of most of the population.[2]
Before the British conquest and colonisation, the ruling Konbaung Dynasty practiced a tightly centralized form of government. The king was the chief executive with the final say on all matters, but he could not make new laws and could only issue administrative edicts. The country had two codes of law, the Rajathat and Dammathat, and the Hluttaw, the center of government, was divided into three branches—fiscal, executive, and judicial. In theory, the king was in charge of all of the Hluttaw, but none of his orders got put into place, until the Hluttaw approved them, thus checking his power. Further dividing the country, provinces were ruled by governors, who were appointed by the Hluttaw, and villages were ruled by hereditary headmen approved by the king.[3]
Arrival of the British in Burma[edit]
British naval forces entering the harbour of Rangoon in May 1824
Conflict began between Burma and the British when the Konbaung Dynasty decided to expand into Arakan in the state of Assam, close to British-held Chittagong in India. After Burma's defeat of the Kingdom of Arakan in 1784–1785, in 1823, Burmese forces again crossed the frontier. This led to the First Anglo-Burmese War (1824–26). The British dispatched a large seaborne expedition that took Rangoon without a fight in 1824. In Danuphyu, south of Ava, the Burmese general Maha Bandula was killed and his armies routed. Burma was forced to cede Assam and other northern provinces.[4] The 1826 Treaty of Yandabo formally ended the First Anglo-Burmese War, the longest and the most expensive war in the history of British India. Fifteen thousand European and Indian soldiers died, together with an unknown number of Burmese army and civilian casualties.[5] The campaign cost the British five million pounds sterling to 13 million pounds sterling (roughly $18.5 billion to $48 billion in 2006 US dollars)[6] or (5 million pounds = 24 million dollars; 1 pound was worth 76 dollars in 2006 = 1,825 billion dollars; 13 million pounds = 62.4 million dollars = 4.75 billion dollars[7] that led to a severe economic crisis in British India in 1833.[8]
In 1852, the Second Anglo-Burmese War was provoked by the British, who sought the teak forests in Lower Burma as well as a port between Calcutta and Singapore. After 25 years of peace, British and Burmese fighting started afresh and continued until the British occupied all of Lower Burma. The British were victorious in this war and as a result obtained access to the teak, oil, and rubies of their newly conquered territories.
In Upper Burma, the still unoccupied part of the country, King Mindon had tried to adjust to the thrust of imperialism. He enacted administrative reforms and made Burma more receptive to foreign interests. But the British initiated the Third Anglo-Burmese War, which lasted less than two weeks during November 1885. The British government justified their actions by claiming that the last independent king of Burma, Thibaw Min, was a tyrant and that he was conspiring to give France more influence in the country. British troops entered Mandalay on 28 November 1885. Thus, after three wars gaining various parts of the country, the British finally occupied all the area of present-day Myanmar, making the territory a Province of British India on 1 January 1886.[3]
The British decided to annex all of Upper Burma as a colony and to make the whole country a province of British India. The new colony of Upper Burma was attached to the Burma Province on 26 February 1886.[9]
Photograph of the arrival of British forces in Mandalay on 28 November 1885 at the end of the Third Anglo-Burmese War. Photographer: Hooper, Willoughby Wallace (1837–1912)
Early British rule[edit]
Colonial India
Imperial entities of India
Dutch India
Danish India
Casa da Índia
Portuguese East India Company
Company rule in India
Princely states
Partition of India
District Courts and Public Offices, Strand Road, Rangoon, 1868. Photographer J. Jackson
In this rendering, British officers take King Thibaw onto a steamship en route to exile in India. He would never see Burma again.
Burmese armed resistance continued sporadically for several years and the British commander had to coerce the High Court of Justice to continue to function. Though war officially ended after only a couple of weeks, resistance continued in northern Burma until 1890, with the British finally resorting to systematic destruction of villages and appointment of new officials to finally halt all guerrilla activity.
Traditional Burmese society was drastically altered by the demise of the monarchy and the separation of religion and state. Intermarriage between Europeans and Burmese gave birth to an indigenous Eurasian community known as the Anglo-Burmese who would come to dominate the colonial society, hovering above the Burmese but below the British.
After Britain took over all of Burma, they continued to send tribute to China to avoid offending them but this unknowingly lowered the status they held in Chinese minds.[10] It was agreed at the Burmah convention in 1886 that China would recognise Britain's occupation of Upper Burmah while Britain continued the Burmese payment of tribute every ten years to Beijing.[11]
Administration[edit]
The British controlled their new province through direct rule, making many changes to the previous governmental structure. The monarchy was abolished, King Thibaw sent into exile, and religion and state separated. This was particularly harmful, because the Buddhist monks, collectively known as the Sangha, were strongly dependent on the sponsorship of the monarchy. At the same time, the monarchy was given legitimacy by the Sangha, and monks as representatives of Buddhism gave the public the opportunity to understand national politics to a greater degree.[3]
Another way, in which the British controlled their new colony directly, was through their implementation of a secular education system. The colonial Government of India, which was given control of the new colony, founded secular schools, teaching in both English and Burmese, while also encouraging Christian missionaries to visit and found schools. In both of these types of schools, Buddhism and traditional Burmese culture was frowned upon in an attempt to rid the Burmese people of a cultural unity separate from the British.[3]
To control the country on the village level, the British implemented a "strategic hamlet" strategy,the in which they burned villages and uprooted families who had supplied villages with their headmen, sending them to lower Burma. Once these troublesome or unloyal Burmese were forced out, the British replaced them with approved appointees.[3]
Divisions of British Burma[edit]
The province of Burma, after 1885 was administered as follows:
Ministerial Burma (Burma proper)
Tenasserim Division (Toungoo, Thaton, Amherst, Salween, Tavoy, and Mergui Districts)
Arakan Division (Akyab, Northern Arakan or Arakan Hill Tracts, Kyaukpyu and Sandoway Districts)
Pegu Division (Rangoon City, Hanthawaddy, Pegu, Tharrawaddy and Prome Districts)
Irrawaddy Division (Bassein, Henzada, Thayetmyo, Maubin, Myaungmya and Pyapon Districts)
Scheduled Areas (Frontier Areas)
Shan States
Chin Hills
Kachin tracts
The "Frontier Areas", also known as the "Excluded Areas" or the "Scheduled Areas", compose the majority of states within Burma today. They were administered separately by the British with a Burma Frontier Service and later united with Burma proper to form Myanmar's geographic composition today. The Frontier Areas were inhabited by ethnic minorities such as the Chin, the Shan, the Kachin and the Karenni.
By 1931 Burma had 8 divisions, split into a number of districts.[12]
Arakan Division (Akyab, Arakan Hill, Kyaukpyu and Sandoway Districts)
Magwe Division (Chin Hills, Magway, Minbu, Pakokku and Thayetmyo Districts)
Mandalay Division (Kyaukse, Mandalay, Meiktila and Myingyan Districts)
Irrawaddy Division (Bassein, Henzada, Maubin, Myaungmya and Pyapon Districts)
Sagaing Division (Bhamo, Lower Chindwin, Upper Chindwin, Katha, Myitkyina, Sagaing Districts, the Hukawng Valley and The Triangle Native areas)
Federated Shan States (Northern, Eastern, Central, Myelat, Karenni, Kengtung and Yawnghwe)
Administrative map of the Burma Province, 1931
Colonial economy[edit]
Vegetable stall on the roadside at the Madras Lancer Lines, Mandalay, January 1886. Photographer: Hooper, Willoughby Wallace (1837–1912)
The traditional Burmese economy was one of redistribution with the prices of the most important commodities set by the state. For the majority of the population, trade itself was not as important as self-sufficient agriculture, but the country's position on major trade routes from India to China meant that it did gain a significant amount of money from facilitating foreign trade. With the arrival of the British, the Burmese economy became tied to global market forces and was forced to become a part of the colonial export economy.[3]
Burma's annexation ushered in a new period of economic growth. The economic nature of society also changed dramatically. The British began exploiting the rich soil of the land around the Irrawaddy delta and cleared away the dense mangrove forests. Rice, which was in high demand in Europe, especially after the building of the Suez Canal in 1869, was the main crop grown in and exported out of Burma. To increase the production of rice, many Burmese migrated from the northern heartland to the delta, shifting the population concentration and changing the basis of wealth and power.[3]
However, to prepare the new land for cultivation, farmers borrowed money from Indian moneylenders called chettiars at high-interest rates, as British banks would not grant mortgages. The Indian moneylenders offered mortgage loans, but foreclosed on them quickly, if the borrowers defaulted.
At the same time, thousands of Indian laborers migrated to Burma (Burmese Indians) and, because of their willingness to work for less money, quickly displaced Burmese farmers. As the Encyclopedia Britannica stated: "Burmese villagers, unemployed and lost in a disintegrating society, sometimes took to petty theft and robbery and were soon characterized by the British as lazy and undisciplined. The level of dysfunction in Burmese society was revealed by the dramatic rise in homicides."[13]
With this quickly growing economy came industrialisation to a certain degree, with a railway being built throughout the valley of the Irrawaddy, and hundreds of steamboats traveling along the river. All of these modes of transportation were owned by the British, however. Thus, although the balance of trade was in favour of British Burma, the society was changed so fundamentally that many people did not gain from the rapidly growing economy.[3]
While the economy in Burma grew, most of the power and wealth remained in the hands of several British firms and migrants from India.[citation needed] The civil service was largely staffed by Anglo-Burmese and Indians, and the ethnic Burmese were excluded almost entirely from military service, which was staffed primarily with Indians, Anglo-Burmese, Karens and other Burmese minority groups. A British General Hospital Burmah was set up in Rangoon, under the direction in early 1887 of Surg. Patrick O'Sullivan.[citation needed] Though the country prospered, the Burmese people largely failed to reap the rewards. (See George Orwell's novel Burmese Days for a fictional account of the British in Burma.)
An account by a British official describing the conditions of the Burmese people's livelihoods in 1941 describes the Burmese hardships:
"Foreign landlordism and the operations of foreign moneylenders had led to increasing exportation of a considerable proportion of the country's resources and to the progressive impoverishment of the agriculturist and of the country as a whole…. The peasant had grown factually poorer and unemployment had increased….The collapse of the Burmese social system led to a decay of the social conscience which, in the circumstances of poverty and unemployment caused a great increase in crime."[14]
Nationalist movement[edit]
Map of Rangoon and Environ, 1911
By the turn of the century, a nationalist movement began to take shape in the form of the Young Men's Buddhist Association (YMBA), modelled after the YMCA, as religious associations were allowed by the colonial authorities. They were later superseded by the General Council of Burmese Associations (GCBA) which was linked with Wunthanu athin or National Associations that sprang up in villages throughout Burma Proper.[15] Between 1900 and 1911 the "Irish Buddhist" U Dhammaloka publicly challenged Christianity and imperial power, leading to two trials for sedition.
A new generation of Burmese leaders arose in the early twentieth century from amongst the educated classes, some of whom were permitted to go to London to study law. They returned with the belief that the Burmese situation could be improved through reform. Progressive constitutional reform in the early 1920s led to a legislature with limited powers, a university and more autonomy for Burma within the administration of India. Efforts were also undertaken to increase the representation of Burmese in the civil service. Some people began to feel that the rate of change was not fast enough and the reforms not extensive enough.
In 1920 the first university students' strike in history[citation needed] broke out in protest against the new University Act which the students believed would only benefit the elite and perpetuate colonial rule. 'National Schools' sprang up across the country in protest against the colonial education system, and the strike came to be commemorated as 'National Day'.[15] There were further strikes and anti-tax protests in the later 1920s led by the Wunthanu athins. Prominent among the political activists were Buddhist monks (hpongyi), such as U Ottama and U Seinda in the Arakan who subsequently led an armed rebellion against the British and later the nationalist government after independence, and U Wisara, the first martyr of the movement to die after a protracted hunger strike in prison.[15]
In December 1930, a local tax protest by Saya San in Tharrawaddy quickly grew into first a regional and then a national insurrection against the government. Lasting for two years, the Galon rebellion, named after the mythical bird Garuda – enemy of the Nagas i.e. the British – emblazoned on the pennants the rebels carried, required thousands of British troops to suppress along with promises of further political reform. The eventual trial of Saya San, who was executed, allowed several future national leaders, including Dr Ba Maw and U Saw, who participated in his defense, to rise to prominence.[15]
May 1930 saw the founding of the Dobama Asiayone (We Burmans Association) whose members called themselves Thakin (an ironic name as thakin means "master" in the Burmese language – rather like the Indian 'sahib' – proclaiming that they were the true masters of the country entitled to the term usurped by the colonial masters).[15] The second university students strike in 1936 was triggered by the expulsion of Aung San and Ko Nu, leaders of the Rangoon University Students Union (RUSU), for refusing to reveal the name of the author who had written an article in their university magazine, making a scathing attack on one of the senior university officials. It spread to Mandalay leading to the formation of the All Burma Students Union (ABSU). Aung San and Nu subsequently joined the Thakin movement progressing from student to national politics.[15]
Burma separated from India[edit]
Photograph of Royal Lake in Dalhousie Park, Rangoon, 1895. Photographer Philip Adolphe Klier (c.1845–1911)
The British separated Burma Province from British India in 1937[16] and granted the colony a new constitution calling for a fully elected assembly, with many powers given to the Burmese, but this proved to be a divisive issue as some Burmese felt that this was a ploy to exclude them from any further Indian reforms. Ba Maw served as the first prime minister of Burma, but he was forced out by U Saw in 1939, who served as prime minister from 1940 until he was arrested on 19 January 1942 by the British for communicating with the Japanese.
A wave of strikes and protests that started from the oilfields of central Burma in 1938 became a general strike with far-reaching consequences. In Rangoon student protesters, after successfully picketing the Secretariat, the seat of the colonial government, were charged by the British mounted police wielding batons and killing a Rangoon University student called Aung Kyaw. In Mandalay, the police shot into a crowd of protesters led by Buddhist monks killing 17 people. The movement became known as Htaung thoun ya byei ayeidawbon (the '1300 Revolution' named after the Burmese calendar year),[15] and 20 December, the day the first martyr Aung Kyaw fell, commemorated by students as 'Bo Aung Kyaw Day'.[17]
World War II[edit]
Main article: Japanese occupation of Burma
See also: Japanese invasion of Burma, Burma Campaign, and Saharat Thai Doem
The British Army in Burma 1944
The Empire of Japan invaded Burma in 1942; this continued through 1943 when the State of Burma was proclaimed in Rangoon. Japan never succeeded in fully conquering all of the colony, however, and insurgent activity was pervasive, though not as much of an issue as it was in other former colonies. By 1945, British-led troops, mainly from the British Indian Army, had regained control over most of the colony.
From the Japanese surrender to Aung San's assassination[edit]
The surrender of the Japanese brought a military administration to Burma. British administration sought to try Aung San and other members of BIA for treason and collaboration with the Japanese.[18] Lord Mountbatten realised that a trial was an impossibility considering Aung San's popular appeal.[15] After the war ended, the British Governor, Colonel Sir Reginald Dorman-Smith, returned. The restored government established a political programme that focused on the physical reconstruction of the country and delayed discussion of independence. The AFPFL opposed the government leading to political instability in the country. A rift had also developed in the AFPFL between the Communists and Aung San together with the Socialists over strategy, which led to Than Tun being forced to resign as general secretary in July 1946 and the expulsion of the CPB from the AFPFL the following October.[15]
Dorman-Smith was replaced by Major-General Sir Hubert Rance as the new Governor, and almost immediately after his appointment, the Rangoon Police went on strike. The strike, starting in September 1946, then spread from the police to government employees and came close to becoming a general strike. Rance calmed the situation by meeting with Aung San and convincing him to join the Governor's Executive Council along with other members of the AFPFL.[15] The new executive council, which now had increased credibility in the country, began negotiations for Burmese independence, which were concluded successfully in London as the Aung San-Attlee Agreement on 27 January 1947.[15]
The agreement left parts of the communist and conservative branches of the AFPFL dissatisfied, sending the Red Flag Communists led by Thakin Soe underground and the conservatives into opposition. Aung San also succeeded in concluding an agreement with ethnic minorities for a unified Burma at the Panglong Conference on 12 February, celebrated since as 'Union Day'.[15][19] Shortly after, rebellion broke out in the Arakan led by the veteran monk U Seinda, and it began to spread to other districts.[15] The popularity of the AFPFL, now dominated by Aung San and the Socialists, was eventually confirmed when it won an overwhelming victory in the April 1947 constituent assembly elections.[15]
Then a momentous event stunned the nation on 19 July 1947. U Saw, a conservative pre-war Prime Minister of Burma, engineered the assassination of Aung San and several members of his cabinet including his eldest brother Ba Win, the father of today's National League for Democracy exile-government leader Dr Sein Win, while meeting in the Secretariat.[15][20] Since then 19 July has been commemorated since as Martyrs' Day in Burma. Thakin Nu, the Socialist leader, was now asked to form a new cabinet, and he presided over Burmese independence instituted under the Burma Independence Act 1947 on 4 January 1948. Burma chose to become a fully independent republic, and not a British Dominion upon independence. This was in contrast to the independence of India and Pakistan which both resulted in the attainment of dominion status. This may have been on account of anti-British popular sentiment being strong in Burma at the time.[15]
List of colonial heads of Burma
^ a b Imperial Gazetteer of India vol. IV 1908, p. 29
^ For the history of all major religious groups in Burma and modern Myanmar, see the article on Religion in Myanmar.
^ a b c d e f g h Encyclopædia Britannica
^ World Book Encyclopedia
^ Thant Myint-U (2001). The Making of Modern Burma. Cambridge University Press. p. 18. ISBN 0-521-79914-7.
^ Thant Myint-U (2006). The River of Lost Footsteps—Histories of Burma. Farrar, Straus and Giroux. pp. 113, 125–127. ISBN 978-0-374-16342-6.
^ UK Historical Inflation Calculator; Pound Sterling to Dollars: Historical Calculator
^ Webster, Anthony (1998). Gentlemen Capitalists: British Imperialism in South East Asia, 1770–1890. I.B.Tauris. pp. 142–145. ISBN 978-1-86064-171-8.
^ Dictionary of Indian Biography. Ardent Media. 1906. p. 82. GGKEY:BDL52T227UN.
^ Alfred Stead (1901). China and her mysteries. LONDON: Hood, Douglas, & Howard. p. 100. Retrieved 19 February 2011. burma was a tributary state of china british forward tribute peking. (Original from the University of California)
^ William Woodville Rockhill (1905). China's intercourse with Korea from the XVth century to 1895. LONDON: Luzac & Co. p. 5. Retrieved 19 February 2011. tribute china. (Colonial period Korea ; WWC-5)(Original from the University of California)
^ Imperial Gazetteer of India vol. XXVI 1931
^ "Myanmar - The initial impact of colonialism". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 17 December 2019.
^ Chew, Ernest (1969). "The Withdrawal of the Last British Residency from Upper Burma in 1879". Journal of Southeast Asian History. 10 (2): 253–278. doi:10.1017/S0217781100004403. JSTOR 20067745.
^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p Martin Smith (1991). Burma – Insurgency and the Politics of Ethnicity. London and New Jersey: Zed Books. pp. 49, 91, 50, 53, 54, 56, 57, 58–59, 60, 61, 60, 66, 65, 68, 69, 77, 78, 64, 70, 103, 92, 120, 176, 168–169, 177, 178, 180, 186, 195–197, 193, 202, 204, 199, 200, 270, 269, 275–276, 292–3, 318–320, 25, 24, 1, 4–16, 365, 375–377, 414.
^ Sword For Pen, TIME Magazine, 12 April 1937
^ "The Statement on the Commemoration of Bo Aung Kyaw". All Burma Students League. 19 December 1999. Retrieved 23 October 2006.
^ Stephen Mccarthy (2006). The Political Theory of Tyranny in Singapore and Burma. Routledge. p. 153. ISBN 0-415-70186-4.
^ "The Panglong Agreement, 1947". Online Burma/Myanmar Library.
^ "Who Killed Aung San? – an interview with Gen. Kyaw Zaw". The Irrawaddy. August 1997. Archived from the original on 19 August 2006. Retrieved 30 October 2006.
Chew, Ernest. "The Withdrawal of the Last British Residency from Upper Burma in 1879." Journal of Southeast Asian History 10.2 (1969): 253–78. Jstor. Web. 1 March 2010. http://jstor.org/stable/20067745
"CIA – The World Factbook." Welcome to the CIA Web Site Central Intelligence Agency. 18 February 2010. Web. 4 March 2010. https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-[permanent dead link]
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Furnivall, J. S. "Burma, Past and Present." Far Eastern Survey: American Institute of Pacific Relations 25 February 1953, XXII ed., No. 3 sec.: 21–26. JStor. Web. 1 March 2010. http://jstor.org/stable/3024126
Guyot, James F. "Myanmar." The World Book Encyclopedia; Vol. 13. Chicago: World Book, 2004. 970-70e. Print.
Marshall, Andrew. The Trouser People: A Story of Burma in the Shadow of the Empire. Washington D.C.: Counterpoint, 2002. Print.
"Myanmar (Burma) – Charles' George Orwell Links." Charles' George Orwell Links – Biographies, Essays, Novels, Reviews, Images. Web. 4 March 2010. https://web.archive.org/web/20110923185216/http://www.netcharles.com/orwell/articles/col-burma.htm
"Myanmar." Encyclopædia Britannica. 15th ed. 2005. Print.
Tucker, Shelby. Burma: The Curse of Independence. London: Pluto, 2001. Print.
This article incorporates text from China and her mysteries, by Alfred Stead, a publication from 1901 now in the public domain in the United States.
This article incorporates text from China's intercourse with Korea from the XVth century to 1895, by William Woodville Rockhill, a publication from 1905 now in the public domain in the United States.
Baird-Murray, Maureen [1998]. A World Overturned: a Burmese Childhood 1933–47. London: Constable. ISBN 0094789207 Memoirs of the Anglo-Irish-Burmese daughter of a Burma Frontier Service officer, including her stay in an Italian convent during the Japanese occupation.
Charney, Michael (2009). A History of Modern Burma. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Desai, Walter Sadgun (1968). History of the British Residency in Burma. London: Gregg International. ISBN 0-576-03152-6.
Fryer, Frederick William Richards (1905). "Burma" . The Empire and the century. London: John Murray. pp. 716–727.
Harvey, Godfrey (1992). British Rule in Burma 1824–1942. London: AMS Pr. ISBN 0-404-54834-2.
Imperial Gazetteer of India vol. IV (1908), The Indian Empire, Administrative, Published under the authority of His Majesty's Secretary of State for India in Council, Oxford at the Clarendon Press, pp. xxx, 1 map, 552
Naono, Atsuko (2009). State of Vaccination: The Fight Against Smallpox in Colonial Burma. Hyderabad: Orient Blackswan. p. 238. ISBN 978-81-250-3546-6. ( http://catalogue.nla.gov.au/Record/4729301/Cite)
Richell, Judith L. (2006). Disease and Demography in Colonial Burma. Singapore: NUS Press. p. 238.
Myint-U, Thant (2008). The River of Lost Footsteps: a Personal History of Burma. London: Farrar, Straus and Giroux.
J. S. Furnivall, "Burma, Past and Present", Far Eastern Survey, Vol. 22, No. 3 (25 February 1953), pp. 21–26, Institute of Pacific Relations. <http://jstor.org/stable/3024126>
Ernest Chew, "The Withdrawal of the Last British Residency from Upper Burma in 1879", Journal of Southeast Asian History, Vol. 10, No. 2 (Sep. 1969), pp. 253–278, Cambridge University Press. <http://jstor.org/stable/20067745>
Michael W. Charney: Burma, in: 1914-1918-online. International Encyclopedia of the First World War.
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1807–1890 Heligoland
1809–1864 Ionian Islands
1878–1960 Cyprus
1921–1937 Irish Free State
17th century and before 18th century 19th and 20th century
1579 New Albion
16th c.–1880 British Arctic Territories
1583–1907 Newfoundland
1605–1979 *Saint Lucia
1607–1776 Virginia
Since 1619 Bermuda
1620–1691 Plymouth
1623–1883 Saint Kitts
1624–1966 *Barbados
1625–1650 Saint Croix
1627–1979 *Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
1628–1883 Nevis
1629–1691 Massachusetts-Bay
1632–1776 Maryland
since 1632 Montserrat
1632–1860 Antigua
1635–1644 Saybrook
1636–1776 Connecticut
1636–1776 Rhode Island
1637–1662 New Haven
1643–1860 Bay Islands
Since 1650 Anguilla
1655–1850 Mosquito Coast
1655–1962 *Jamaica
1663–1712 Carolina
1664–1776 New-York
1665–1674 and 1702–1776 New-Jersey
Since 1666 Virgin Islands
Since 1670 Cayman Islands
1670–1973 *Bahamas
1670–1870 Rupert's Land
1671–1816 Leeward Islands
1674–1702 East Jersey
1674–1702 West Jersey
1680–1776 New Hampshire
1681–1776 Pennsylvania
1686–1689 New England
1701–1776 Delaware
1712–1776 North-Carolina
1712–1776 South-Carolina
1713–1867 Nova-Scotia
1733–1776 Georgia
1754–1820 Cape Breton Island
1762–1974 *Grenada
1763–1978 Dominica
1763–1873 Prince Edward Island
1763–1791 Quebec
1763–1783 East Florida
1763–1783 West Florida
1784–1867 New Brunswick
1791–1841 Lower Canada
1791–1841 Upper Canada
Since 1799 Turks and Caicos Islands
1818–1846 Columbia District/Oregon Country1
1833–1960 Windward Islands
1841–1867 Canada
1843 Paulet affair
1849–1866 Vancouver Island
1853–1863 Queen Charlotte Islands
1858–1866 British Columbia
1859–1870 North-Western Territory
1860–1981 *British Antigua and Barbuda
1862–1863 Stickeen
1867–1931 *Dominion of Canada2
1871–1964 Honduras
1882–1983 *Saint Kitts and Nevis
1889–1962 Trinidad and Tobago
1907–1949 Newfoundland3
1958–1962 West Indies Federation
1967–1983 West Indies Associated States
1. Occupied jointly with the United States.
2. In 1931, Canada and other British dominions obtained self-government through the Statute of Westminster. See Name of Canada.
3. Gave up self-rule in 1934, but remained a de jure Dominion until it joined Canada in 1949.
1631–1641 Providence Island
1651–1667 Willoughbyland
1670–1688 Saint Andrew and Providence Islands4
1831–1966 Guiana
Since 1833 Falkland Islands5
Since 1908 South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands5
4. Now a department of Colombia.
5. Occupied by Argentina during the Falklands War of April–June 1982.
17th and 18th centuries 19th century 20th century
Since 1658 Saint Helena14
1792–1961 Sierra Leone
1795–1803 Cape Colony
Since 1815 Ascension Island14
Since 1816 Tristan da Cunha14
1806–1910 Cape of Good Hope
1807–1808 Madeira
1810–1968 Mauritius
1816–1965 The Gambia
1856–1910 Natal
1862–1906 Lagos
1868–1966 Basutoland
1874–1957 Gold Coast
1882–1922 Egypt
1884–1900 Niger Coast
1884–1966 Bechuanaland
1884–1960 Somaliland
1887–1897 Zululand
1890–1962 Uganda
1890–1963 Zanzibar
1891–1964 Nyasaland
1891–1907 Central Africa
1893–1968 Swaziland
1895–1920 East Africa
1899–1956 Sudan
1900–1914 Northern Nigeria
1900–1914 Southern Nigeria
1900–1910 Orange River
1900–1910 Transvaal
1903–1976 Seychelles
1910–1931 South Africa
1914–1960 Nigeria
1915–1931 South-West Africa
1919–1961 Cameroons6
1920–1963 Kenya
1922–1961 Tanganyika6
1923–1965 and 1979–1980 Southern Rhodesia7
1924–1964 Northern Rhodesia
6. League of Nations mandate.
7. Self-governing Southern Rhodesia unilaterally declared independence in 1965 (as Rhodesia) and continued as an unrecognised state until the 1979 Lancaster House Agreement. After recognised independence in 1980, Zimbabwe was a member of the Commonwealth until it withdrew in 2003.
17th and 18th century 19th century 20th century
1685–1824 Bencoolen
1702–1705 Pulo Condore
1757–1947 Bengal
1762–1764 Manila and Cavite
1781–1784 and 1795–1819 Padang
1786–1946 Penang
1795–1948 Ceylon
1796–1965 Maldives
1811–1816 Java
1812–1824 Banka and Billiton
1819–1826 Malaya
1824–1948 Burma
1826–1946 Straits Settlements
1839–1967 Aden
1839–1842 Afghanistan
1841–1997 Hong Kong
1841–1946 Sarawak
1848–1946 Labuan
1858–1947 India
1874–1963 Borneo
1879–1919 Afghanistan (protectorate)
1882–1963 North Borneo
1885–1946 Unfederated Malay States
1888–1984 Brunei
1891–1971 Muscat and Oman
1892–1971 Trucial States
1895–1946 Federated Malay States
1898–1930 Weihai
1907–1949 Bhutan (protectorate)
1918–1961 Kuwait
1920–1932 Mesopotamia8
1921–1946 Transjordan8
1923–1948 Palestine8
1945–1946 South Vietnam
1946–1963 Singapore
1946–1948 Malayan Union
1948–1957 Federation of Malaya
Since 1960 Akrotiri and Dhekelia (before as part of Cyprus)
Since 1965 British Indian Ocean Territory (before as part of Mauritius and the Seychelles)
8 League of Nations mandate. Iraq's mandate was not enacted and replaced by the Anglo-Iraqi Treaty
18th and 19th centuries 20th century
1788–1901 New South Wales
1803–1901 Van Diemen's Land/Tasmania
1807–1863 Auckland Islands9
1824–1980 New Hebrides
1824–1901 Queensland
1829–1901 Swan River/Western Australia
1836–1901 South Australia
since 1838 Pitcairn Islands
1841–1907 New Zealand
1846-1847 North Australia
1851–1901 Victoria
1874–1970 Fiji
1877–1976 Western Pacific Territories
1884–1949 Papua
1888–1901 Rarotonga/Cook Islands9
1889–1948 Union Islands9
1892–1979 Gilbert and Ellice Islands11
1893–1978 Solomon Islands12
1900–1970 Tonga
1900–1974 Niue9
1901–1942 *Australia
1907–1947 *New Zealand
1914–1962 Samoa
1919–1942 and 1945–1968 Nauru
1919–1949 New Guinea
1949–1975 Papua and New Guinea13
9. Now part of the *Realm of New Zealand.
10. Suspended member.
11. Now Kiribati and *Tuvalu.
12. Now the *Solomon Islands.
13. Now *Papua New Guinea.
Antarctica and South Atlantic
Since 1908 British Antarctic Territory15
1841–1933 Australian Antarctic Territory (transferred to the Commonwealth of Australia)
1841–1947 Ross Dependency (transferred to the Realm of New Zealand)
14. Since 2009 part of Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha; Ascension Island (1922–) and Tristan da Cunha (1938–) were previously dependencies of Saint Helena.
15. Both claimed in 1908; territories formed in 1962 (British Antarctic Territory) and 1985 (South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands).
Historical flags of the British Empire


text:
import { Component, OnInit, Input } from '@angular/core';

@Component({
  moduleId: module.id,
  selector: 'app-piece-minion',
  templateUrl: '../shared/pieceTemplate.html',
  styleUrls: ['../shared/pieceStyle.css', 'piece-minion.component.css']
})
export class PieceMinionComponent implements OnInit {

  public coordinate = [];
  public role: string;
  public selected: boolean = false;
  public destroyed: boolean = false;

  content:string = '卒';

  constructor() {}

  ngOnInit() {

  }

  setCoordinate(coordinate) {
    this.coordinate = coordinate;
  }

  setRole(role) {
    this.role = role;
  }

  validateMove(coord) {
    var currentX = this.coordinate[0];
    var currentY = this.coordinate[1];
    var targetX = coord[0];
    var targetY = coord[1];

    if(this.role === 'red') {
      //minion can only move forward or left right
      if(targetY <= currentY) {
        //if minion has crossed the river
        if(currentY <= 4) {
          //minion can move forward 1 tile or move left right 1 tile
          return ((currentY - targetY) === 1 && currentX === targetX)
            || (Math.abs(currentX - targetX) === 1 && currentY === targetY);
        }
        //if minion not cross river
        else {
          //minion can only move forward 1 tile
          return (currentY - targetY) === 1 && currentX === targetX;
        }
      }
    }
    else {
      //minion can only move forward or left right
      if(targetY >= currentY) {
        //if minion has crossed the river
        if(currentY >= 5) {
          //minion can move forward 1 tile or move left right 1 tile
          return ((targetY - currentY) === 1 && currentX === targetX)
            || (Math.abs(currentX - targetX) === 1 && currentY === targetY);
        }
        //if minion not cross river
        else {
          //minion can only move forward 1 tile
          return (targetY - currentY) === 1 && currentX === targetX;
        }
      }
    }

    return false;
  }

}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
Trump Pressures Georgia Secy. of State to Help Him Cheat
Terrance Turner	Uncategorized	 January 3, 2021 January 17, 2021 5 Minutes
Tasos Katopodis/Getty Images
The President of the United States is still trying to overturn the election.
The Washington Post has released audio of a phone call yesterday between President Donald Trump and Georgia Secretary of State Brad Raffensperger (R). In the call, Trump repeatedly pressures Raffensperger to recalculate the vote totals in Georgia so that Trump can win the state's 16 electoral votes. "Trump alternately berated Raffensperger, tried to flatter him, begged him to act and threatened him with vague criminal consequences if the secretary of state refused to pursue his false claims," the Post reports.
"During their conversation, Trump issued a vague threat to both Raffensperger and Ryan Germany, the secretary of state's general counsel, suggesting that if they don't find that thousands of ballots in Fulton County have been illegally destroyed to block investigators — an allegation for which there is no evidence — they would be subject to criminal liability."
On the call, Trump says: "You know what you did, and you're not reporting it. You know, that's a criminal — that's a criminal offense. And you know, you can't let that happen. That's a big risk to you and to Ryan, your lawyer. But they are shredding ballots, in my opinion — based on what I've heard — and they are removing machinery, and they're moving it as fast as they can. Both of which are criminal finds. And you can't let it happen, and you are letting it happen."
Trump also implies that if Raffensperger doesn't help him invalidate the election results (which have been audited three times), it could affect the crucial Senate runoff elections on Tuesday. David Perdue and Kelly Loeffler, Georgia's two Republican senators, are up for re-election in those runoffs — which will determine control of the U.S. Senate. Trump suggested that failure to help him "find" votes would affect turnout.
"You have a big election coming up and because of what you've done to the president — you know, the people of Georgia know that this was a scam," Trump said. "Because of what you've done to the president, a lot of people aren't going out to vote, and a lot of Republicans are going to vote negative, because they hate what you did to the president. Okay? They hate it. And they're going to vote. And you would be respected, really respected, if this can be straightened out before the election."
The president refuses to accept that he lost the state — and the 2020 election. "There's no way I lost Georgia," Trump said, a phrase he repeated again and again on the call. "There's no way. We won by hundreds of thousands of votes." In fact, President-Elect Joe Biden won the state of Georgia by 11,779 votes. Trump needs one vote more than that to win. "So look," Trump says on the recording. "All I want to do is this. I just want to find 11,780 votes, which is one more than we have. Because we won the state."
FOLKS: Full audio published here. Please retweet far and wide. https://t.co/QqIsaNw5pA
— Amy Gardner (@AmyEGardner) January 3, 2021
Trump repeatedly made baseless allegations of voter fraud on the call –which have been debunked by several news outlets. Associated Press reporters Hope Yen, Jeff Amy, and Michael Balsamo fact-checked several of Trump's claims. "We have a number of things. We have at least 2 or 3 — anywhere from 250-300,000 ballots — were dropped mysteriously into the rolls," Trump said on the call. "Much of that had to do with Fulton County, which hasn't been checked."
"There's nothing mysterious or suspect about it," write Yen, Amy, and Balsamo. "He is describing a legitimate vote-counting process, not a suden surge of malfeasance […] Trump appears to be referring to large numbers of voters that were tabulated in the early hours of Wednesday morning after Election Day and later." Georgia had large stacks of mail-in ballots that had to be counted after polls closed and after in-person votes were counted.
"We think that if you check the signatures — a real check of the signatures going back in Fulton County — you'll find at least a couple of hundred thousand of forged signatures," Trump says on the call. The AP writers push back: "That has no basis in reality. It would be impossible for anyone to have forged hundreds of thousands of signatures on mail-in ballots in Fulton County because there were only about 147,000 mail-ballots," they state.
But it wasn't just his doing: the Post adds that advisers were supporting Trump in this fact-free charge of fraud. "It was clear from the call that Trump has surrounded himself with aides who have fed his false perceptions that the election was stolen," writes Washington Post reporter Amy Gardner. "When he claimed that more than 5,000 ballots were cast in Georgia in the name of dead people, Raffensperger responded forcefully: 'The actual number was two. Two. Two people that were dead that voted.' But White House Chief of Staff Mark Meadows replied, "I can promise you there are more than that."
Another Trump lawyer on the call, Kurt Hilbert, accused Raffensperger's office of refusing to turn over data to assess evidence of fraud. He also claimed to know of at least 24,000 illegally cast ballots that would flip the result to Trump. There is no proof of that.
In fact, an audit in Georgia's Cobb County was conducted just four days ago. The audit found no evidence of fraud: The Hill quoted Raffensperger as saying that there was "a 99.99% accuracy rate in performing correct signature verification procedures." That audit is the THIRD review of the vote total in Georgia. Previously, statewide votes were recounted by hand and then by a machine. Both tallies reaffirmed the original vote count, according to Raffensperger. On the call, he repeatedly rebuffed Trump's calls for further action and reaffirmed that the election results were legitimate.
Unfortunately, some Republican senators have chosen to disagree. A group of at least 12 GOP Senate members, led by Texas Sen. Ted Cruz, have pledged to challenge the presidential election results when Joe Biden is certified on Tuesday, January 6. Cruz and 11 others — Ron Johnson (R-Wis.), James Lankford (R-Okla.), Steve Daines (R-Mont.), John Kennedy (R-La.), Marsha Blackburn (R-Tenn.), and Mike Braun (R-Ind.), and Senators-Elect Cynthia Lummis (R-Wyo.), Roger Marshall (R-Kan.), Bill Hagerty (R-Tenn.), and Tommy Tuberville (R-Ala.) — will object. Cruz told Fox News this morning that he and his colleagues "will, together, object to certification in order to force the appointment of an emergency electoral commission to perform an emergency audit of the election results to assess these claims of fraud." Yesterday, the 12 issued a statement that reads, in part:
"Congress should immediately appoint an Electoral Commission, with full investigatory and fact-finding authority, to conduct an emergency 10-day audit of the election returns in the disputed states. Once completed, individual states would evaluate the Commission's findings and could convene a special legislative session to certify a change in their vote, if needed.
"Accordingly, we intend to vote on January 6 to reject the electors from disputed states as not 'regularly given' and 'lawfully certified' (the statutory requisite), unless and until that emergency 10-day audit is completed.
"We are not naïve. We fully expect most if not all Democrats, and perhaps more than a few Republicans, to vote otherwise. But support of election integrity should not be a partisan issue. A fair and credible audit-conducted expeditiously and completed well before January 20-would dramatically improve Americans' faith in our electoral process and would significantly enhance the legitimacy of whoever becomes our next President. We owe that to the People."
Published January 3, 2021 January 17, 2021
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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Explore the attractions well worth visiting while you are staying at our hotel.
Lok Baintan Floating Market or Floating Market Martapura River is a traditional floating market located in Lok Baintan village, Sungai Tabuk sub-district, Banjar. In general, the Lok Baintan Floating Market is no different from the Floating Market at the Kuin River / Barito River estuary.
Bukit Matang Kaladan is located in Tiwingan Lama Village, Aranio District, Banjar District, South Kalimantan Province. Bukit Matang Kaladan is exactly at the dam of the Riam Kanan Dam which is about 25 kilometers from Banjarbaru City. Bukit Matang kaladan offers panoramic views of nature. Filled with a hilly green hills, making it a cool sight.
Grand Mosque of Sabilal Muhtadin is the largest mosque in Banjarmasin, South Kalimantan, Indonesia, in terms of capacity to accommodate people. The name chosen for this Banjarmasin Sultan Mosque is a tribute and appreciation to the late Grand Scholars, Sheikh Muhammad al-Banjary Arsyad (1710 – 1812 AD), who had developed Islam in the kingdom of Banjar or South Kalimantan region now.
One of the latest addition to travel destinations in Banjarmasin, is a 21-meters high and four levels building of the observation tower located in the heart of Banjarmasin city. From the top of the observation deck, you can see the Martapura River coursing around the city, as well as the big statue of a Bekantan proboscis monkey. It is a well-designed masterpiece, where safety has always been of top priority, including for children and family.


Sometimes you read a poem or hear a song or experience something so profound that you have to drop everything you're doing (in this case, homework) and share it. Ironically enough, I wrote a blog last week about how Pat Robertson was missing the point about marriage. Today I saw this song on my Facebook wall. It's called "Dancing In The Mine Fields" by Andrew Peterson. When it comes to marriage, Andrew Peterson gets it.
This is the beauty of marriage: Marriage is death. It's death to self. It's death to the letter I. Our culture has turned individualism into a virtue and that model just doesn't work with the model of marriage. This death is hard and it takes a lot of work. But the reality is that two people that give themselves completely to each other, are completely vulnerable to each other; that die to each other will have the most joyous and unbreakable relationship on the face of this planet. This is counter-cultural. It's a paradox to logic. In the book of Ephesians, Paul calls it a "mystery". What he means is this is something that we wouldn't have figured out with our human logic. This is a model that was given by God.
But I'll stop talking now. Listen to the song – then go hug your spouse.


Ultra Glossy Lip provides extreme shine with a cushion-like comfortable feel. Absolutely NO stickiness or tackiness! This lip gloss smoothes and conditions the lips with emollient ingredients leaving your lips looking fuller, healthier, and super kissable.
The doe foot applicator will give you easy and precise application. Apply lip gloss by itself, or with a lip pencil and/or lipstick.


This day last year, we were in Dubai, having stopped off on our way back from Australia. I wish I could say I loved Dubai. It's just not my kind of place. In fact, it reminded me strongly of my least favourite place in the whole world, Las Vegas. I did quite like this sculpture of diving figures in the otherwise overwhelming temple of excess that is the Dubai Mall.
We thought it might be interesting to take a tour into the desert, but the more than 3 hours round trip just to get to a scrubby bit of dirty sand and some very smelly camels inside a wire fence did rather take the gloss off the experience. Still, I liked these strange little bushes with their roots exposed. They looked as if, at night, they might secretly tiptoe across the sand.
This entry was posted in photography, travel and tagged 365/2, black and white photography, Dubai, photography, project 365 by Rachael. Bookmark the permalink.
Great blog! Never. Been to Dubai, have a relative working over there..
I like that there are echoes of your previous day's shot in here too. But in completely different locales.
I've only ever been to Dubai airport on the multiple stops on the way to Bahrain. Even though it's only an hour flight away from me, I have no urges to go there.


, Rental Deals Punta Gorda Airport Photos – 7 Pricey Car Rental Mistakes to Avoid – AS AMERICANS hit the highway this summer, many will drive rental cars in other parts of the country or the world. Whereas rental cars may be handy, the related costs are often confusing. Right here's a have a look at car rental errors that would cost you cash – and learn how to avoid them.
However, if you don't have your personal auto policy or you're concerned about potential premium will increase ought to it is advisable to file a claim along with your auto policy, the car rental firm's insurance may make sense.
3. Not shopping round – Automobile rental charges can differ depending on the corporate or the amount of lead time, so it pays to buy round as a substitute of taking a "one-and-done" strategy. Web sites equivalent to CarRentalSavers.com and AutoSlash.com will let you comparison shop between rental corporations and look for coupons. AutoSlash will even track your rental rates and rebook for you if the rate drops.
If you're planning to drive lengthy distances, test for mileage caps. "Many rental companies offer unlimited miles for the car rental interval, allowing you to drive the automobile as much as you want without facing further charges," says Angie Hicks, founder of AngiesList.com. "But others could assess additional fees for surpassing a every day mileage maximum. For those who rent a car, particularly for a interval quite a lot of days, be sure to have limitless miles or sufficient miles to cowl your travels." When selecting between a rental with unlimited miles and a cheaper rental with a mileage cap, you might come out ahead with the former.
4. Prepaying for gasoline – Prepaying for fuel could seem handy (who needs to plan further time for a pit stop on the best way to an early morning flight?) but it surely means you'll pay for a full tank of gas, even in case you return with the tank half full. "It's better to replenish yourself since you may often find cheaper fuel costs at a nearby station anyway," says client and money-saving skilled Andrea Woroch. "But don't overlook to fill it up as a result of the cost to do so after drop-off can be a complete rip-off." Remember to top off the gasoline, as a result of some corporations will cost you even when the fuel gauge is only a hair away from where it should be.
5. Paying further for GPS or a automotive seat – Automotive rental corporations are joyful to cost you extra for accessories like a GPS or baby car seat. However as Woroch points out, a GPS can value a further $10 per day or extra. "Use your smartphone when doable, or print instructions utilizing your hotel's free enterprise heart," she says. In case you have a conveyable GPS you may pack in your suitcase and use in your trip, keep in mind to take away it from the rental automobile in your return.
In response to Sarah Schlichter, senior editor of IndependentTraveler.com, many airlines will mean you can check a automobile seat or apply it to the plane for free, so you don't need to pay further to use one out of your rental automobile company.
6. Speeding through the inspection – Completely inspect your rental automobile earlier than you drive away. In any other case, you is likely to be charged for harm you didn't trigger. "Most rental automobile fleets are maintained meticulously, however damages like scratches or dents in the body or spills, stains or tears in the inside can go unnoticed," Hicks says. "When you see any wear, damage or defect through the inspection, make sure you instantly make the corporate conscious – otherwise you might find yourself paying for it." By no means assume that a ding is just too small to warrant noting or that the automotive company already is aware of about harm. If it's not listed on the car situation kind, converse up.
7. Returning a car late. Most car rental firms charge each day rates based on 24-hour intervals. "While some might give a 29-minute grace interval, chances are you'll be charged late fees – or for a full further day – should you return the car previous that time window," Schlichter says. Enable plenty of time on the day you're returning your automobile to avoid this extra price.
6 car rental suggestions that will prevent money and frustration – Renting a automotive will be costly, however it's typically a obligatory part of a trip. Like airfare or lodge rates, automotive rental rates could be relatively opaque, and it may be exhausting to determine rules like timing and methods to save cash.
Whereas figuring out and predicting automotive rental charges may be difficult, there are still a few simple methods to save money without having to make main changes to your journey plans.
Nearly everyone is aware of the massive brands — Hertz, Avis, Enterprise, and so on — however there are a variety of much less obvious manufacturers which will provide higher charges. Funds, Sixt, Thrifty, and Fox are only a few of the accessible ones. To cowl all of your bases, you'll be able to guide via an online journey company website — like Hotwire or Priceline — to compare a few different rentals.
Hotwire affords steep discounts by means of "opaque reserving," a follow the place you make and prepay a booking with out knowing precisely which agency you are booking with — it will nonetheless be a major agency, though.
Whereas it may sound risky, it is truly completely superb — you will know precisely how a lot you're paying, where you'll be selecting up and dropping off, what class of car it's (and typically the specific mannequin), and any phrases. Unless you're lifeless set on a sure company, it is a nice approach to save a fortune.
Likelihood is excellent that your home auto insurance coverage covers rentals that you simply drive. Whereas the rental agent may try to stress you into purchasing extra protection, that is usually pointless and redundant to your existing coverage. Simply ensure that to verify your policy before assuming that you simply're coated.
In the event you don't own a automobile, or if your house coverage does not cover rentals, you may still have protection.
Various in style bank cards, including the Chase Sapphire Preferred and the Sapphire Reserve, include free primary auto rental insurance. "Main" implies that it kicks in before some other coverage that you've. In the event you get into an accident and have main coverage separate from your house coverage, which means the accident will not must be reported to your private insurance coverage, so you won't see a charge spike.
With a view to activate the insurance coverage that comes with a credit card, you will have to make use of that card to pay for the rental, and decline the general rental insurance, also referred to as a "collision injury waiver (CDW)" or "loss injury waiver (LDW)" offered by the rental company. If you don't have your personal automotive insurance, you should still wish to contemplate adding liability insurance.
This isn't a hard-and-fast rule, but on the whole, rental rates at airports are dearer than charges somewhat bit further away. Try looking for charges from pick-up spots closer to your resort, or even within the metropolis heart.
Make certain to at all times evaluate those to charges from airport companies, though — sometimes, the worth difference will probably be negligible, or the airport would possibly even be cheaper. Also remember that you will need to rearrange transportation to the rental agency, whether you possibly can take a resort shuttle, or it's important to pay for mass transit or a taxi into town.
GPS navigation. Satellite tv for pc radio. Speaker phone. Automotive rental businesses may supply these features while you decide up your automobile, however beware — all of them come with further charges that can add up quickly. Today, there's no have to pay further when you've got a smartphone that can do all of that and extra.
6. Check weekly rates — even if you solely want the car for a number of days.
It could appear paradoxical, but it may be cheaper to hire a automotive for longer.That is because the bulk of people that lease a car for just a few days at a time are business travelers, who're less cost-conscious because their places of work are paying or the journey is last minute and pressing. Conversely, many week-long renters try to avoid wasting, since they are typically leisure travelers. Because of that, the weekly rate is often cheaper than the speed for just three or four days.
Related Post "14 Cheapest Weekly Car Rental , Rental Deals Punta Gorda Airport Photos"


What are your favorite places to eat and drink in London, day or night.
My all time most favourite restaurant is Grillshack. Yes, you've all heard me waffle about it before.
For me, there are no burgers in London, that I've tried, that are as good with such great value for money! I was smitten the moment I took my first bite! I always have cheese and bacon in my burger but recently they've added pulled pork to the toppings so I need a visit ASAP!
The have a very small menu but it's all so perfect! Chicken, steak and burgers, it's literally heaven. The chips are cooked just how I like them and the buttermilk chicken nuggets are just too good for words!
If you've not been, GO NOW!
This is one to add on my must eat places.


Trends on business gifts and promotional products field are constantly changing. The perfect time for business gifts used to be around Christmas and New-year. In today's era, more and more companies decide to reward their business partners during the year as they are discovering it has great benefits.
Than you probably know how important choosing the right promotional gift is.
How much are your business partners worth to your company? Probably a lot.
With a small investment like a business gift you can strengthen your relationships with partners.
With the right gift you will let them know you respect and appreciate them, while providing them with something useful.
With gifts or promotional products you show your partners you care about them, moreover business gifts are the reflection of you and your company.
Business gifts or promotional products should express your activities, values and properties. Recipient will subconsciously associate features of the gift with your company. Quality gifts will reflect your quality products, »eco« gift will show, that you are responsible towards nature, useful gift will show that your products are really useful too.
In your plan on giving don't forget your buyers. Buyers or potential buyers, that will get your promotional gift, will buy more and will more likely return back for more.
Before they buy and with that you motivate them to become your buyers.
Really profitable can be gifts with purchase. Gifts can be more attractive than other actions - like discounts.
After purchase. If you are in the web or catalogue sales, you can send them gift with their package.
Do you know when your costumers celebrate their birthday? If you are collecting this information as well you can send them something small on their birthday. Most of them will save the gift and use it and consequently will be in touch with your brand regularly.
Regardless of the opportunity you money spend on business gift will be refunded.
Gifting is really good for your sales. Mr. Robert Cialdini is a worldwide known professor of psychology and marketing guru. He exposes the 6 Principles of Persuasion and one of them is the Reciprocity Principle that says: In many social situations, we pay back what we received from others. When you give something first, people will feel a sense of indebtedness, which will make them more likely to comply with your subsequent requests. We're deeply wired to be reciprocal.
Think about it, how many times you buy the product that you tasted on degustation in your local market? Or you just feel like you should?
The right chosen gift will make your company more recognizable and more profitable. Therefore choosing business gift for your company should not be left as a coincidence. Gift should reflect your values, field of work and activities. Your business gift should also be good quality and useful to the audience you are targeting.
Moreover experts from PPAI organization who regularly performs researches in the field of promotional products proved that usability of the gift is the most important thing. 87% of recipients retain the gift for themselves and use it for more than a year.
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If you're not sure which gift to choose - with quality summer hats or short polo and T-shirts you can't miss.
Both gifts are extremely useful. No one can have enough of them.
Promotional T-shirts are perfect business gifts because of the large surface area that you have available to present your company logo and message.
T-shirts and caps will be often used therefore they will significantly expand the visibility of your business.
Everyone need T-shirts and caps, regardless of gender or age.
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Click here to choose summer caps. Our favourite brands are Roly, Orlando Kariban and Action.
Caps and T-shirts can be custom printed.
If you are a company and frequently buy promotional gifts we have a good news for you. You can enroll in our VIP Club for free. You will receive extras like: personal guardian, discounted prices, priority treatment, access to stock of goods, special payment conditions, basic graphic design for free… For more information, click here.


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Alonzo Keyes of Marshfield served less than a year in jail after he shot his wife, Maria, in the head in October 1883.
It was October 1883 when word was sent for city physicians to go to the Willis Graves residence where Maria Keyes was thought to be critically wounded. She had been shot in the head. For reasons of jealousy and domestic issues, Alonzo Keyes, a restaurateur from Marshfield, had shot his wife and took to the woods.
The .22 bullet was found to have struck about the center of the eyebrow and gone through the scalp, but it was deflected by the skill and glanced along the left of the head over the left ear. The wound was not serious.
The Eau Claire Daily Leader reported the couple had lived unhappily for years, separating repeatedly, and when caught, Keyes was likely to be lynched.
Evidently, their marital trials were common knowledge since 10 years earlier the Marshfield Times reported, "Alonzo Keyes went up on the Lake Shore R.R. a day or two ago to find a good location for a restaurant. He returned home on Thursday to find that his wife and daughter had left for parts unknown. He howleth."
The Keyes had two children in 1883 — George, 25, and Addie, 15.
With no sympathy for Keyes, the Manitowoc Lake Shore Times said, "As soon as they have him bound hand and foot, let them telegraph for our Hostler who will be sure to over-awe him with his horse pistol every time."
The day of the shooting, Keyes had been drinking, making statements at one saloon that it was the last glass of liquor he would ever drink. At another saloon he remarked on a dream he had where he spit out his teeth, taking that as a sign of a death in the family.
Right after that dream comment, he headed to the Graves house, where his wife was, and sat down and gave her and his daughter each a handful of candy containing two revolver cartridges. The Times stated his wife said, "Here are your cartridges. I heard you were going to blow out my brains." Keyes stood and said, "It's not too late now," and drew his gun and fired twice. The first shot missed, but the next one hit her.
Keyes then left the house and was found at 11 o'clock in front of the butcher shop on North Depot Street, where he was arrested and jailed.
Keyes was arraigned and charged with assault to kill. District Attorney Williams of Grand Rapids appeared for the state. Keyes waived examination and bail was fixed at $3,000.
Sentenced to jail for the assault, he was released in August 1884.
Not much had changed, I guess, since the Times stated, "From his talk since he arrived (back) here, we must conclude that he is either crazy or else full of benzine (sic)."
I would go with crazy.


MRIDANGA CINTAMANIH LEVEL 3 UMAYALPURAM Dr.K.SIVARAMAN. GAIN EXPERTISE FOR SOLO RENDITIONS - ADI & KANDA CHAPU TALAS. Tracks: 1.Introduction of the Series 2.Sequences for Level 3 3.Exercises for Level 3 4.Applying Rava, Pecking, Gumki and Arai Chapu 5.Adi Tala - Level 3 6.Extra Morai and Korvai for Adi Tala 7.Khanda Chapu Tala - Level 3 8.Extra Mora and Korvai for Khanda Chapu Tala 9.Sankeerna Gathi 10.Tuning of Mridangam 11.Laya Nadha Pravaham (English) 12.Laya Nadha Pravaham (Tamil) 13.Laya Nadha Pravaham (Hindi) Synopsis: A comprehensive, in depth encyclopedia on the art of Mridangam, encompassing the entire gamut of playing techniques from the basic lessons to the art of accompaniment to Vocal & Instrumental Music in Carnatic Music has been meticulously designed for aspiring students of percussion by the greatest exponent of Mridangam, Umayalpuram Sri.K. Sivaraman. Rhythmic lessons have been explained through vocal renditions (Sollukattu or percussive phrases) and translated into Mridangam playing. The components which go to make the very edifice of the Mridangam art is brought out, unraveling a holistic panorama of percussive art. The whole benefit of the Gurukula system is made available by the use of meaningful technology. This magnificent set of products is a happy wedlock of tradition, creativity and novelty. Level 3 aims to bring about proficiency and perfection for solo renditions or Taniavarthanams. More complicated rhythmic patterns, designs and lessons and the introduction of Sankeerna Gathi form the core of this level. Sangita Kalanidhi Umayalpuram Sri K. Sivaraman (Padmasri & Padmabhushan awardee) a virtuoso, a trendsetter, an icon and a maestro par excellence has created this monumental work, his Magnum Opus. The quintessence of the art of Mridangam and his scholarship of over 6 decades find their expression in the magic fingers of this legend. At the altar of percussive art he offers this rare work to posterity with all the reverence and respect it deserves, not only to students of percussion, but also to the global Music fraternity, patrons of art, Music Institutions and connoisseurs of art. Connect with Kalakendra/SanskritiSeries Online: Visit Kalakendra for more products WEBSITE: bit.ly/Kalakendra Like Kalakendra on FACEBOOK: bit.ly/KalakendraFacebook For Carnatic Music & Bharatanatyam, Subscribe: bit.ly/SanskritiSeries For more devotional videos, Subscribe: http://bit.ly/SanskritiDevotional For more Humour in life, Subscribe: http://bit.ly/HumourClubTriplicanceChapter For Tamil Plays and Serial, Subscribe: http://bit.ly/KalaKendraChannel For Pregnancy Care and Child Care, Subscribe http://bit.ly/PregnancyChildCare For Crazy Mohan Plays, Subscribe: http://bit.ly/CrazyMohan About Kalakendra/SanskritiSeries: Kalakendra is presented by Swathi Soft Solutions, a Chennai based IT company that has distinguished itself for its slick interpretations of the Arts and Sciences of ancient India using innovative technologies. Kalakendra is a small but significant effort to expose the hitherto un-projected facets of India's vibrant tradition and enable the world to appreciate the civilizational greatness of the country. As a portal, it will showcase all that is India is synonymous with - Yoga, Vedas, Bharathanatyam and Other forms of Indian Dance, Carnatic Music or the South Indian Classical Music, Hindustani or the Musical Traditions of Northern India - or simply any Indian art.


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The First Total Solar Eclipse in Two Years Is Coming in July
If you saved your protective glasses from 2017's solar eclipse, now's the time to dig them out of storage. A total solar eclipse, the first one visible from Earth in nearly two years, will occur over parts of South America and the South Pacific on July 2, 2019.
What is a solar eclipse?
There are several different types of eclipses, including lunar (when the Moon passes beneath our planet's shadow) and annular (when the Sun's edges are visible as a ring around the Moon). A total eclipse is the best-known and most anticipated of such phenomena: When the Moon is in the right position in the sky, it perfectly aligns with the Earth and the Sun, appearing to totally block out the Sun from certain vantage points. While partial solar eclipses, in which the Moon only covers part of the Sun, can happen a few times a year, total solar eclipses are much rarer.
Where to Watch the Total Solar Eclipse of 2019
Unlike the last total solar eclipse in 2017, this next one doesn't fall over the United States. Most of it will be obscured above the Pacific Ocean, but a small section of the path of totality will be visible from South America. On Tuesday, July 2 around sunset, people in parts of Chile and Argentina can look to the horizon and see the Moon cross the Sun. The event may be worth the trip for eclipse chasers: the Andean region where the eclipse will take place is known for its low humidity and clear skies at high altitudes.
This particular total eclipse is also notable for its duration. At its peak, totality will last four minutes and 33 seconds—which exceeds the peak totality of the total solar eclipse in 2017. But to see the Moon block the Sun for that long, sky-gazers will need to take a boat into the middle of the South Pacific.
moon News Space
8 Facts About David Bowie's 'Space Oddity'
Express/Express/Getty Images
Fifty years ago, on July 24, 1969, astronauts walked on the Moon for the first time. Just a few weeks earlier, another space-age event had rocked the world: David Bowie's single "Space Oddity" hit airwaves. The song, whose lyrics tell the story of an astronaut's doomed journey into space, helped propel the artist to icon status, and five decades later, it's still one of his most popular works. In honor of its 50th anniversary, here are some facts about the stellar track.
1. "Space Oddity" was inspired by 2001: A Space Odyssey.
Many listeners assumed that "Space Oddity" was riffing on the Apollo 11 Moon landing of 1969, but it was actually inspired by a Stanley Kubrick film released a year earlier. Bowie watched 2001: A Space Odyssey multiple times when it premiered in theaters in 1968. "It was the sense of isolation I related to," Bowie told Classic Rock in 2012. "I found the whole thing amazing. I was out of my gourd, very stoned when I went to see it—several times—and it was really a revelation to me. It got the song flowing."
2. "Space Oddity" was also inspired by heartbreak.
The track was also partly inspired by the more universal experience of heartbreak. Bowie wrote the song after ending his relationship with actress Hermione Farthingale. The break inspired several songs, including "Letter to Hermione" and "Life on Mars," and in "Space Oddity," Bowie's post-breakup loneliness and melancholy is especially apparent.
3. "Space Oddity" helped him sign a record deal.
In 1969, a few years into David Bowie's career, the musician recorded a demo tape with plans to use it to land a deal with Mercury Records. That tape featured an early iteration of "Space Oddity," and based on the demo, Mercury signed him for a one-album deal. But the song failed to win over one producer. Tony Visconti, who produced Bowie's self-titled 1969 album, thought the song was a cheap attempt to cash in on the Apollo 11 mission, and he tapped someone else to produce that particular single.
4. The BBC played "Space Oddity" during the Moon landing.
"Space Oddity" was released on July 11, 1969—just five days before NASA launched Apollo 11. The song doesn't exactly sound like promotional material for the mission. It ends on a somber note, with Major Tom "floating in a tin can" through space. But the timing and general subject matter were too perfect for the BBC to resist. The network played the track over footage of the Moon landing. Bowie later remarked upon the situation, saying, "Obviously, some BBC official said, 'Oh, right then, that space song, Major Tom, blah blah blah, that'll be great. 'Um, but he gets stranded in space, sir.' Nobody had the heart to tell the producer that."
5. David Bowie recorded an Italian version of "Space Oddity."
The same year "Space Oddity" was released, a different version David Bowie recorded with Italian lyrics was played by radio stations in Italy. Instead of directly translating the English words, the Italian songwriter Mogul was hired to write new lyrics practically from scratch. "Ragazzo Solo, Ragazza Sola" ("Lonely Boy, Lonely Girl") is a straightforward love song, and Major Tom is never mentioned.
6. Major Tom appeared in future songs.
Major Tom, the fictional astronaut at the center of "Space Oddity," is one of the most iconic characters invented for a pop song. It took a decade for him to resurface in David Bowie's discography. In his 1980 single "Ashes to Ashes," the artists presents a different version of the character, singing: "We know Major Tom's a junkie/Strung out in heaven's high/Hitting an all-time low." Bowie also references Major Tom in "Hallo Spaceboy" from the 1995 album Outside.
7. "Space Oddity" is featured in Chris Hadfield's ISS music video.
When choosing a song for the first music filmed in space, Canadian astronaut Chris Hadfield naturally went with David Bowie's out-of-this-world anthem. The video above was recorded on the International Space Station in 2013, with Hadfield playing guitar and singing from space and other performers providing musical accompaniment from Earth. Some lyrics were tweaked for the cover. Hadfield mentions the "Soyuz hatch" of the capsule that would eventually shuttle him to Earth.
8. "Space Oddity" played on the Tesla that Elon Musk sent to space.
SpaceX via Getty Images
In 2018, Elon Musk used SpaceX's Falcon Heavy rocket to launch his Tesla Roadster into space. The car was decked out with pop culture Easter eggs—according to Musk, "Space Oddity" was playing over the car's radio system during the historic journey. The dummy's name, Starman, is the name of another space-themed song on Bowie's 1972 masterpiece The Rise and Fall of Ziggy Stardust and the Spiders from Mars.
The Washington Monument Is Transforming Into a Full-Scale Saturn V Rocket for the 50th Anniversary of the Apollo 11 Moon Landing
The Saturn V rocket takes off on July 16, 1969.
NASA, Wikimedia Commons // CC BY-SA 4.0
Where better to celebrate the 50th anniversary of the first Moon landing than in front of a revered national monument that also happens to resemble a giant rocket?
Next week, DCist reports, the Smithsonian National Air and Space Museum will project an image of the 363-foot-tall Saturn V rocket that launched Buzz Aldrin, Neil Armstrong, and Michael Collins into space on July 16, 1969, onto the 555-foot-tall Washington Monument. Underneath the monument, flanked by screens playing a 17-minute program about the Moon landing, will be a 40-foot-wide replica of the iconic Kennedy Space Center countdown clock that NASA has called "one of the most-watched timepieces in the world."
An illustration of what the Saturn V projection will look like on the Washington Monument.
Smithsonian National Air and Space Museum
Projecting an image onto an irregular object is a little more complicated than doing so on a run-of-the-mill, rectangular movie screen. The process is called projection mapping, which uses augmented reality to conform the projection to the object, making it seem like the projection is actually just part of the object. 59 Productions, the company behind this program, also created the video design for London's 2012 Olympic Games opening ceremony and won a 2015 Tony Award for the video design of Christopher Wheeldon's stage revival of An American in Paris.
So who exactly has to approve transforming one of our nation's most famous monuments into a really tall, skinny optical illusion? In this case, the House of Representatives, the Senate, the secretary of the interior, and the president himself. Both houses of Congress unanimously passed the bipartisan resolution, H.J. Res. 60 [PDF], in mid-June, and the president signed it on July 5.
According to Ellen Stofan, director of the Smithsonian National Air and Space Museum, the larger-than-life nature of the setting befits the occasion. "The Washington Monument is a symbol of our collective national achievements and what we can and will achieve in the future," she told DCist. "It took 400,000 people from across the 50 states to make Apollo a reality. This program celebrates them, and we hope it inspires generations too young to have experienced Apollo firsthand to define their own moonshot."
You can see the Saturn V projection from 9:30 p.m. to 11:30 p.m. on July 16, 17, and 18. The best view is on the National Mall in front of the Smithsonian Institution Building (also known as the "Castle") between 9th and 12th streets. The entire program, titled "Apollo 50: Go for the Moon," will run at 9:30 p.m., 10:30 p.m., and 11:30 p.m. on Friday, July 19, and Saturday, July 20.
[h/t DCist]
History moon NASA Space


Are you planning a vacation to Disney World? Wouldn't it be cool to just pick up and go right now? In my mind, I'm there already with nothing to do to but have fun. Unfortunately, a reality check reminds me that we all have jobs, many need to consider school schedules, and finances and budgets need to be in order. Given all of these considerations, how can you possibly make an informed decision about the best time for your Disney World trip?
Well, today is your lucky day because this article focuses on TouringPlans.com's Disney World Crowd Calendar, a powerful tool designed to help you make a decision about when to go so that you spend the least amount of time in line. Plus, see a handy summary of how specific holidays and Disney World special events affect how much time you'll be in line.
How will the crowds be during your Disney World visit? Use TouringPlans.com's Crowd Calendar to pick the best week for your vacation.
First and foremost, as with any trip, there are two basic factors that are crucial to deciding when to go to Disney World and that provide the context for using the TouringPlans Crowd Calendar. These are: (1) when you can afford to go and (2) when your schedule allows you to go.
In terms of when you can afford to go, maybe your goal is to save up first, or you are expecting a work bonus to put toward vacation, or your budget will be a bit more flexible once that car loan is paid off. As for schedule, you likely need to work around school vacations, a project at work, or family obligations.
Another potential factor is Disney World's schedule. Is there a special event or time of year you would like to visit? Is it a must-do or just a bonus if it lines up with your other best times for vacation? Also keep in mind that peak crowds bring peak prices at Disney World resorts.
Considering these factors is bound to narrow down the time when you will take your vacation, and this is when TouringPlans' Crowd Calendar can become an integral part of deciding when to go. Matching up all of these factors—budget, schedule, and what you'd like to experience at Disney World—with the Crowd Calendar is an excellent way to pick the best week for your vacation.
By using TouringPlans' day-by-day Crowd Calendar, you can see what crowd levels will be like during any potential trip up to a year in advance. Here's how it works: TouringPlans predicts crowd levels for every day of the year based on a scale of 1 to 10, with 1 being the lowest crowds and 10 the highest. For each day, there is a level for the overall resort, plus one for each park (Magic Kingdom, Epcot, Disney's Hollywood Studios, and Disney's Animal Kingdom).
These crowd levels are based on years of attraction wait time data, with each crowd level associated with specific wait times for each attraction. See here for information on how TouringPlans defines a crowd; plus, you can view average peak wait times for each attraction in each park.
How can you use this information to decide on the time for your Disney World trip? TouringPlans.com subscribers can view crowd levels for every day up to a year in advance by clicking on the "Jump to Date" link on the Crowd Calendar page. For example, here's a link to the Crowd Calendar for Monday, February 15. The page also shows park hours and times for shows such as parades and fireworks. From that date, you can click forward or backward to the surrounding days to see what crowds will be like for your entire trip.
Go ahead and look at crowd levels during spring break versus Thanksgiving week. What would it be like to go in May versus during July or August? Would it be less crowded to plan a trip around Mickey's Not-So-Scary Halloween Party or Mickey's Very Merry Christmas Party?
Once you've matched up potential dates with crowd level predictions, your decision about when to go may be obvious, especially if your main objective is simply to find the week with the lowest crowds. If there is a special event that happens to be occurring during your week, it's a bonus. Or maybe a special event or holiday is driving the time of your vacation. In either case, read on to find out what to expect in terms of crowds for each event and holiday throughout the year. You can then use the Crowd Calendar to see daily crowd level ratings at these times.
Are you planning to attend a certain Disney World event? Is an increase in crowd levels worth the opportunity to experience one of the yearly festivals or holiday parties? Maybe you want to find the least crowded time to visit during a busy seasonal event. Or maybe your goal is to completely avoid events or holidays that are expected to lead to a surge in crowds. Here's a table that shows how special events and holidays affect attraction wait times throughout the year.
At this point, I hope you have enough information to at least start deciding on a time for your visit. And once you've done that, revisiting the Crowd Calendar's park-by-park breakdown is an excellent way to determine the best park to visit on each day of your trip. In turn, it provides a framework for planning out advance dining and FastPass+ reservations. For questions to consider when using the Crowd Calendar to pick which park to visit each day, see here.
For those of you looking to indulge in even more information on how the Crowd Calendar works, we provide detailed historical Crowd Calendar data here.
An article by Fred Hazelton previews the 2016 Disney World Crowd Calendar by month and includes a fantastic graphic, reproduced here, showing how monthly crowds have evolved since 2010.
If you would like a visual of how different crowd levels actually look, Len Testa presents a series of videos showing walkthroughs of Magic Kingdom at specific crowd levels.
As mentioned before, the good news is that if you are planning a trip to Disneyland or Universal Orlando—TouringPlans provides Crowd Calendars for these destinations too.
I'd like to see weather adjusted touring plans for the summer. There's no use planning to spend all day in a park if you'll melt by noon.
We're going Aug 20th to Sept 5th this year, and are planning to stay at the Paddock Pool at SSR (or a water park) until the afternoon rain, then go to the parks after dinner. It's our first time going in the intense heat and humidity.
I am wondering if the CC says a day is a 4. Is that 4 comparable to 3 or 4 years ago or have things gotten so crowded that a 4 now would have been an 8 back then?
Dave H – (I don't work for touring plans but I'll try to answer your question). I think the overall number of people in WDW has increased since MyMagic+ showed up, but that's because WDW capacity has increased – essentially, now they have become more efficient at moving people through the park at peak times (due to improvements in FastPass+, the dining reservations system, increased number of attractions, etc.), so wait times should essentially be level. You probably will see more people in the open spaces of the park (especially during fireworks/parades) but you still get to do/see/experience the same amount of stuff while you're there. Disney knows they couldn't pack more people in the park (and in turn, make more money) unless they make the attractions equally more efficient – people will stop buying tickets to Disney World if they can't see the same number of attractions in one day, and that's why they created MyMagic+.
The short answer is 'yes', historical days use the same scale and are therefore comparable between years. However, every few years we need to adjust the scale that we use to represent the 10 crowd levels. So if you visited in 2009 on a day that was listed as a '5' at the time (in 2009) you may notice that our historical database labels that day as something different, likely a '4' or a '3'. The reason we must do that is because Disney World is more crowded on an average day now compared to years past – if we didn't adjust the scale, every day in 2016 would be at least an '8'.
Do you know if the accuracy of the crowd calendar is affected by how far out you look? I looked up our dates for next May, and the crowd prediction was low. When I went back and looked at the historical (actual) crowds for the same dates the year before, the number was much higher.
When planning to go during Food&Wine, keep in mind that ride wait times have absolutely no correlation with how crowded Epcot will be. Most of the people there are not there to ride, but to go to Food&Wine booths. This can make it almost impossible to move around the park. We were there for the first two Saturdays of Food&Wine in 2015. The Crowd Calendar numbers looked good, but the crowds were pretty much unbearable. Yes, there is a disclaimer that the Crowd Calendar numbers don't factor in the F&W crowds, but I don't think most people realize this. We realized it, but were still shocked at the crowds. The table above that tries to show the effect of events on the Crowd Calendar is wildly off on the low side for Food&Wine, based on our experiences.
Thanks for the great information. I've been researching different websites and joined TouringPlans for my first and upcoming trip in April to Disney world (8- 12th). Whilst I've worked out my touring plans I have found it more difficult and confusing to work out what days to tour which parks as the different websites have differing crowd levels / park recommendations, with majority of them advising to avoid the EMH parks, whilst TP park crowd tracker shows Hollywood Studios on EMH day as low crowd "green" park on 10th Apr. Any advice for an excited but perplexed first time?
Hi Beck. How exciting that you are prepping for you first trip! I think visiting DHS on a day with a relatively low crowd level of 4 on an EMH day would work very well as long as you are a resort guest and willing to get up early that day.
The trick is to get there before the 8 AM opening and immediately ride Toy Story and then Rock n Roller Coaster. Then see the rest of the attractions. You should be able to do this all without FastPass before crowds peak with non-resort guests.
At that point, you could stick around for a few shows, take an afternoon break, and hop to another park where you can make good use of FastPass.
If you don't have a park hopper, you could use FastPass to reserve a second go on some of the DHS rides. And then it would be a good night to visit Disney Springs. I hope that helps! With the planning you are doing in advance, you're going to have a great time.
I want to know when that first picture (in Frontierland) was taken!! Does that kind of crowd (or non-crowed) even still exist??
I want to know when that first picture (in Frontierland) was taken!! Does that kind of crowd (or non-crowd) even still exist??
In regards to planning what dates would work, I would find it handy to have a calendar that gave a view somewhere in between the "zoomed in" view of 1 day at a time and the "wheel of death" that shows 6 years worth of data. Perhaps a month level view with a simple bar graph of crowd levels by day? Even better, allow the user to customize the date range. This would help if, for instance, you thought you wanted to go sometime in April or May. You could view the crowd data for those two months to get an overall picture of what weeks might be best for you.
You know, I had read that post when it came out and then forgot about it. It's a neat view, but not exactly what I had in mind. I was picturing more of a simple Excel-like chart with Resort crowd level on the Y axis and date on the X. And you could customize the date range to see the overall resort trends for a given time period. The heat map is really neat (and I'll probably use it for my upcoming trip) but still a little too low level for answering the initial "what week of the year/month should I go?" question.


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