text:
Nicholas Dante
Nicholas Dante (November 22, 1941[1] – May 21, 1991[2]) was an American dancer and writer, best known for having co-written the book of the musical A Chorus Line.
Conrado Morales
(1941-11-22)November 22, 1941
New York, New York, U.S.
May 21, 1991(1991-05-21) (aged 49)
Puerto Rican-American
Notable awards
Pulitzer Prize for Drama (1976)
Tony Award for Best Book of a Musical (1976)
Drama Desk Award for Outstanding Musical (1976)
BiographyEdit
Born Conrado Morales in New York City to Puerto Rican parents,[3] his early career was spent dancing in the chorus of Broadway musicals such as Applause and Ambassador.
In 1974, he was approached by friend Michael Bennett who invited him to the sessions which led to the basis of material for the book of a musical about Broadway "gypsies", the dancers who serve as a backdrop for the leading performers. Eventually, collaborating with James Kirkwood Jr., the result was A Chorus Line, which earned him the 1976 Tony Award and Drama Desk Award for Best Book of a Musical and the Pulitzer Prize for Drama. In particular, the story of Paul, the homosexual Puerto Rican dancer whose early career consisted of working in a drag show, was based primarily on Dante. The actor who originated the role with the famous monologue, Sammy Williams, won a Best Featured Actor in a Musical award in 1976 for the role. Dante played the role himself later on.
He authored a screenplay, Fake Lady, and a stage musical based on the life of entertainer Al Jolson entitled Jolson Tonight, but never again achieved the success he did with A Chorus Line.[4]
DeathEdit
Dante died on May 21, 1991, aged 49, from AIDS-related complications in New York City.[2] References
^ Social Security Death Index Search
^ Nicholas Dante, 49; Dancer and a Writer Of 'A Chorus Line from New York Times, 22 May 1991
^ Schmitt, Natalie Crohn (1990). Actors and Onlookers: Theater and Twentieth-century Scientific Views of Nature. Northwestern University Press. ISBN 9780810108363.
^ "Ovrtur : the musicals of New York, London and beyond". Ovrtur. Retrieved 2017-12-07.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nicholas_Dante&oldid=921019945"


Employing the Superintendent is one of the school board's most important duties. Whether your board is negotiating a contract for a new superintendent or renegotiating a veteran superintendent's contract, ASBA encourages you to seek legal advice in developing the employment contract. Lawyers with expertise in education and who understand the relationships among local school districts, school boards and superintendents are especially helpful.
ASBA has drafted a model contract that can be used as a resource for school boards and superintendents. The footnotes are particularly helpful, and should be read carefully; not every provision in the model contract is a good fit for every district. The Association recommends that a licensed attorney be consulted regarding the drafting and negotiation of any contract between a school district and its superintendent. Click here to view the latest version of ASBA's model contract.


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Music News	— October 5, 2011 at 12:36 am
KORN To Release 'The Path Of Totality' on December 2
KORN TO RELEASE GROUNDBREAKING ALBUM THE PATH OF TOTALITY ON DECEMBER 2
Korn will release their tenth studio album, The Path of Totality on December 2.
But this one is unlike any Korn record. It's even unlike any record released before.
The Path of Totality is an experimental album which finds Korn shifting gears and exploring new territory. That should hardly come as a shock to the band's diehard fans, as Korn exploded onto the scene in the'90s and established themselves as hard rock game changers from that point on.
For The Path of Totality, the band collaborated with some of the leading dubstep and electronic producers in the world, including Skrillex, Excision, Datsik, Noisia, Kill the Noise, and 12th Planet. The result is something completely new, yet utterly and definitively Korn. Leave it to a band like Korn to continue to reinvent itself two decades deep into its career.
"The title The Path of Totality refers to the fact that in order to see the sun in a full solar eclipse, you must be in the exact right place in the exact right time," Korn frontman Jonathan Davis explained. "That's how this album came together. I think all the producers feel the same way. I'm not sure it could ever happen again"
The band's recent (and much lauded) collaboration with dubstep's hottest producer, Skrillex, titled "Get Up!," was the surprise rock hit of the summer, the buzz of which started in Coachella's dance tent in April 2011, when Jonathan and Munky joined Skrillex on stage for a show stealing unannounced performance of the song.
That performance generated the start of a deafening buzz. The track has sold over 150,000 downloads, while the lyric video has generated nearly two million views and counting. The song, a Top 10 rock radio hit, still continues to be one of the best testing songs on the format over 24 weeks after its release.
Adds James "Munky" Shaffer, "Get Up" started as a bit of an experiment, but we had such an amazing response from our fans and had such a great time collaborating that a full album of tracks came together in a couple of months. We couldn't wait to get to the studio every day to finish the next song."
Some of the song titles from The Path of Totality are: "Narcissistic Cannibal", "Burn The Obedient." "Illuminati," "Kill Mercy Within," and "Chaos Lives In Everything."
The album will be released in two configurations: as a standard 11 song CD and a special edition CD that will include bonus tracks as well as a DVD of The Encounter, a full length video concert of Korn's mind-blowing, once in a lifetime performance in the middle of a 900 ft long crop circle in a wheat field in Bakersfield. The complete concert, previously seen last year on TV and online in an abbreviated form, will be offered in its entirety to those who purchase the deluxe version.
Tags dubstep Korn Roadrunner Records

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Category: Informational T. Hiller, P. McCann, H. Shiino, P. Walsh, Lucent
B. Aboba, Microsoft
P. Calhoun, S. Glass, Sun Microsystems, Inc.
G. Zorn, G. Dommety, Cisco Systems, Inc.
C. Perkins, B. Patil, Nokia Telecommunications
D. Mitton, S. Manning, Nortel Networks
M. Beadles, SmartPipes Inc.
X. Chen, Alcatel
S. Sivalingham, Ericsson Wireless Communications
A. Hameed, Fujitsu
M. Munson, GTE Wireless
S. Jacobs, GTE Laboratories
B. Lim, LG Information & Communications, Ltd.
B. Hirschman, Motorola
R. Hsu, Qualcomm, Inc.
H. Koo, Samsung Telecommunications America, Inc.
M. Lipford, Sprint PCS
E. Campbell, 3Com Corporation
Y. Xu, Watercove Networks
S. Baba, Toshiba America Research, Inc.
E. Jaques, Vodaphone Airtouch
Criteria for Evaluating AAA Protocols for Network Access
Copyright © The Internet Society (2000). All Rights Reserved.
This document represents a summary of Authentication, Authorization, Accounting (AAA) protocol requirements for network access. In creating this document, inputs were taken from documents produced by the Network Access Server Requirements Next Generation (NASREQ), Roaming Operations (ROAMOPS), and MOBILEIP working groups, as well as from TIA 45.6.
This document summarizes the requirements collected from those sources, separating requirements for authentication, authorization and accounting. Details on the requirements are available in the original documents.
This document represents a summary of AAA protocol requirements for network access. In creating this documents, inputs were taken from documents produced by the NASREQ [3], ROAMOPS [2], and MOBILEIP [5] working groups, as well as from TIA 45.6 [4]. This document summarizes the requirements collected from those sources, separating requirements for authentication, authorization and accounting. Details on the requirements are available in the original documents.
1.1. Requirements language
In this document, the key words "MAY", "MUST, "MUST NOT", "optional", "recommended", "SHOULD", and "SHOULD NOT", are to be interpreted as described in [1].
Please note that the requirements specified in this document are to be used in evaluating AAA protocol submissions. As such, the requirements language refers to capabilities of these protocols; the protocol documents will specify whether these features are required, recommended, or optional. For example, requiring that a protocol support confidentiality is NOT the same thing as requiring that all protocol traffic be encrypted.
A protocol submission is not compliant if it fails to satisfy one or more of the MUST or MUST NOT requirements for the capabilities that it implements. A protocol submission that satisfies all the MUST, MUST NOT, SHOULD and SHOULD NOT requirements for its capabilities is said to be "unconditionally compliant"; one that satisfies all the MUST and MUST NOT requirements but not all the SHOULD or SHOULD NOT requirements for its protocols is said to be "conditionally compliant."
The act of collecting information on resource usage for the purpose of trend analysis, auditing, billing, or cost allocation.
An internet, or a collection of networks, computers, and databases under a common administration. Computer entities operating in a common administration may be assumed to share administratively created security associations.
Attendant A node designed to provide the service interface between a
client and the local domain.
The act of verifying a claimed identity, in the form of a pre-existing label from a mutually known name space, as the originator of a message (message authentication) or as the end-point of a channel (entity authentication).
The act of determining if a particular right, such as access to some resource, can be granted to the presenter of a particular credential.
Billing   The act of preparing an invoice.
Broker    A Broker is an entity that is in a different administrative
domain from both the home AAA server and the local ISP, and
which provides services, such as facilitating payments
between the local ISP and home administrative entities.
There are two different types of brokers; proxy and
routing.
Client    A node wishing to obtain service from an attendant within
an administrative domain.
End-to-End is the security model that requires that security information be able to traverse, and be validated even when an AAA message is processed by intermediate nodes such as proxies, brokers, etc.
Foreign Domain
An administrative domain, visited by a Mobile IP client, and containing the AAA infrastructure needed to carry out the necessary operations enabling Mobile IP registrations. From the point of view of the foreign agent, the foreign domain is the local domain.
Home Domain
An administrative domain, containing the network whose prefix matches that of a mobile node's home address, and containing the AAA infrastructure needed to carry out the necessary operations enabling Mobile IP registrations. From the point of view of the home agent, the home domain is the local domain.
Hop-by-hop
Hop-by-hop is the security model that requires that each direct set of peers in a proxy network share a security association, and the security information does not traverse a AAA entity.
Inter-domain Accounting
Inter-domain accounting is the collection of information on resource usage of an entity within an administrative domain, for use within another administrative domain. In inter-domain accounting, accounting packets and session records will typically cross administrative boundaries.
Intra-domain Accounting
Intra-domain accounting is the collection of information on resource within an administrative domain, for use within that domain. In intra-domain accounting, accounting packets and session records typically do not cross administrative boundaries.
Local Domain
An administrative domain containing the AAA infrastructure of immediate interest to a Mobile IP client when it is away from home.
Proxy     A AAA proxy is an entity that acts as both a client and a
server.  When a request is received from a client, the
proxy acts as a AAA server.  When the same request needs to
be forwarded to another AAA entity, the proxy acts as a AAA
client.
Local Proxy
A Local Proxy is a AAA server that satisfies the definition of a Proxy, and exists within the same administrative domain as the network device (e.g., NAS) that issued the AAA request. Typically, a local proxy will enforce local policies prior to forwarding responses to the network devices, and are generally used to multiplex AAA messages from a large number of network devices.
Network Access Identifier
The Network Access Identifier (NAI) is the userID submitted by the client during network access authentication. In roaming, the purpose of the NAI is to identify the user as well as to assist in the routing of the authentication request. The NAI may not necessarily be the same as the user's e-mail address or the user-ID submitted in an application layer authentication.
Routing Broker
A Routing Broker is a AAA entity that satisfies the definition of a Broker, but is NOT in the transmission path of AAA messages between the local ISP and the home domain's AAA servers. When a request is received by a Routing Broker, information is returned to the AAA requester that includes the information necessary for it to be able to contact the Home AAA server directly. Certain organizations providing Routing Broker services MAY also act as a Certificate Authority, allowing the Routing Broker to return the certificates necessary for the local ISP and the home AAA servers to communicate securely.
Non-Proxy Broker
A Routing Broker is occasionally referred to as a Non-Proxy Broker.
Proxy Broker
A Proxy Broker is a AAA entity that satisfies the definition of a Broker, and acts as a Transparent Proxy by acting as the forwarding agent for all AAA messages between the local ISP and the home domain's AAA servers.
Real-time Accounting
Real-time accounting involves the processing of information on resource usage within a defined time window. Time constraints are typically imposed in order to limit financial risk.
Roaming Capability
Roaming capability can be loosely defined as the ability to use any one of multiple Internet service providers (ISPs), while maintaining a formal, customer-vendor relationship with only one. Examples of cases where roaming capability might be required include ISP "confederations" and ISP- provided corporate network access support.
Session record
A session record represents a summary of the resource consumption of a user over the entire session. Accounting gateways creating the session record may do so by processing interim accounting events.
Transparent Proxy
A Transparent Proxy is a AAA server that satisfies the definition of a Proxy, but does not enforce any local policies (meaning that it does not add, delete or modify attributes or modify information within messages it forwards).
2. Requirements Summary
The AAA protocol evaluation criteria for network access are summarized below. For details on the requirements, please consult the documents referenced in the footnotes.
2.1. General requirements
These requirements apply to all aspects of AAA and thus are considered general requirements.
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
|                           |         |         |         |
|  General                  | NASREQ  | ROAMOPS | MOBILE  |
|  Reqts.                   |         |         |   IP    |
|   Scalability             |    M    |   M     |    M    |
|      a                    |   12    |   3     |  30 39  |
|   Fail-over               |    M    |         |    M    |
|      b                    |   12    |         |   31    |
|   Mutual auth             |    M    |         |    M    |
|   AAA client/server       |   16    |         |   30    |
|      c                    |         |         |         |
|   Transmission level      |         |   M     |    S    |
|   security                |         |   6     |  31 39  |
|      d                    |         |         |         |
|  Data object              |    M    |   M     |    M    |
|  Confidentiality          |   26    |   6     |   40    |
|      e                    |         |         |         |
|  Integrity                |   16    |   6     |  31 39  |
|      f                    |         |         |         |
|  Certificate transport    |    M    |         |  S/M    |
|      g                    |   42    |         |31,33/46 |
|  Reliable AAA transport   |    M    |         |    M    |
|  mechanism                |   22    |         |  31 32  |
|      h                    |         |         |         |
|   Run Over IPv4           |    M    |   M     |    M    |
|                           |   11    |   1     |   33    |
|   Run Over IPv6           |    M    |         |    S    |
|  Support Proxy and        |    M    |         |    M    |
|  Routing Brokers          |   12    |         |  31 39  |
|      i                    |         |         |         |
|  Auditability             |    S    |         |         |
|      j                    |   25    |         |         |
|   Dual App and Transport  |         |   O     |     M   |
|    Security not required  |         |   6     |    40   |
|      k                    |         |         |         |
|  Ability to carry         |    M    |         |    S    |
|  service-specific attr.   |   43    |         |  31 33  |
|      l                    |         |         |         |
M = MUST
S = SHOULD
O = MAY
N = MUST NOT
B = SHOULD NOT
[a]  The AAA protocol must be capable of supporting millions of users
and tens of thousands of simultaneous requests.  The AAA
architecture and protocol MUST be capable of supporting tens of
thousands of devices, AAA servers, proxies and brokers.
[b]  In the event of failure to communicate with a given server, the
protocol must provide a mechanism to change service to another
backup or secondary server.
[c]  This requirement refers to the ability to support mutual
authentication between the AAA client and server.
[d]  The AAA protocol requires authentication, integrity protection
and confidentiality at the transmission layer.  This security
model is also referred to as hop-by-hop security, whereas the
security is established between two communicating peers.  All of
the security is removed when the AAA message is processed by a
receiving AAA entity.
[e]  The AAA protocol requires confidentiality at the object level,
where an object consists of one or more attributes.  Object
level confidentiality implies that only the target AAA entity
for whom the data is ultimately destined may decrypt the data,
regardless of the fact that the message may traverse one or more
intermediate AAA entities (e.g., proxies, brokers).
[f]  The AAA protocol requires authentication and integrity
protection at the object level, which consists of one or more
attributes.  Object level authentication must be persistent
across one or more intermediate AAA entity (e.g., proxy, broker,
etc), meaning that any AAA entity in a proxy chain may verify
the authentication.  This implies that data that is covered by
object level security CANNOT be modified by intermediate
servers.
[g]  The AAA protocol MUST be capable of transporting certificates.
This requirement is intended as an optimization, in lieu of
requiring that an out-of-band protocol be used to fetch
certificates.
[h]  This requirement refers to resilience against packet loss,
1. Hop-by-hop retransmission and fail-over so that reliability
does not solely depend on single hop transport
retransmission.
2. Control of the retransmission mechanism by the AAA
3. Acknowledgment by the transport that a message was delivered
successfully, separate from message semantics or syntax
evaluation.
5. Piggy-backing of acknowledgments in AAA messages.
6. Timely delivery of AAA responses.
[i]  In the Mobile IP AAA architecture, brokers can be in the
forwarding path, in which case they act as transparent proxies
(proxy brokers).  Alternatively, it is also possible to conceive
of brokers operating as certifying authorities outside of the
forwarding path (routing brokers).
[j]  An auditable process is one in which it is possible to
definitively determine what actions have been performed on AAA
packets as they travel from the home AAA server to the network
device and back.
[k]  The AAA protocol MUST allow communication to be secured.
However, the AAA protocol MUST also allow an underlying security
service (e.g., IP Security) to be used.  When the latter is
used, the former MUST NOT be required.
[l]  The AAA protocol MUST be extensible by third parties (e.g.,
other IETF Working Groups), in order to define attributes that
are specific to the service being defined.  This requirement
simply means that the AAA protocol MUST allow groups other than
the AAA WG to define standard attributes.
2.2. Authentication Requirements
| Authentication            | NASREQ  | ROAMOPS | MOBILE  |
| Reqts.                    |         |         |   IP    |
|   NAI Support             |    M    |   M     |   S/M   |
|      a                    |    9    |   2     |32,34,39/|
|                           |         |         |   40    |
|   CHAP Support            |    M    |   M     |         |
|      b                    |   10    |   3     |         |
|   EAP Support             |    M    |   S     |         |
|      c                    |   10    |   3     |         |
|   PAP/Clear-Text Support  |    M    |   B     |         |
|      d                    |   26    |   3     |         |
|   Re-authentication       |    M    |         |    S    |
|   on demand               |   17    |         |   33    |
|   Authorization Only      |    M    |         |         |
|   without Authentication  |    9    |         |         |
[a]  The AAA protocol MUST allow the use of Network Access
Identifiers (NAI) [8] to identify users and/or devices.
[b]  The AAA protocol MUST allow CHAP [20] authentication information
to be transported.  This is commonly used by Network Access
Servers that request authentication of a PPP user.
[c]  The AAA protocol MUST allow for Extensible Authentication
Protocol (EAP) [14] payload to be transported.  Since some EAP
authentication mechanisms require more than one round trip, the
AAA protocol must allow for such authentication mechanisms to be
used.  The actual EAP authentication mechanism negotiated MUST
be transparent to the AAA protocol.  When EAP is used,
authentication typically occurs between the user being
authenticated and his/her home AAA server.
[d]  While PAP is deprecated, it is still in widespread use for its
original intended purpose, which is support of clear-text
passwords.  As a result, a AAA protocol will need to be able to
securely transport clear-text passwords.  This includes
providing for confidentiality of clear-text passwords traveling
over the wire, as well as protecting against disclosure of
clear-text passwords to proxies in the forwarding path.
[e]  The AAA protocol MUST allow for a user to be re-authenticated
on-demand.  The protocol MUST allow for this event to be
triggered by either the user, access device (AAA client), or the
home or visited AAA server.
[f]  The AAA protocol MUST NOT require that credentials of the user
be provided during authorization.  The AAA protocol supports
authorization by identification or assertion only.
2.3. Authorization Requirements
| Authorization             | NASREQ  | ROAMOPS | MOBILE  |
|   Static and Dynamic      |         |         |         |
|   IPv4/6 Address Assign.  |    M    |   M     |   M     |
|      a                    |   11    |   5     | 32 36   |
|   RADIUS gateway          |    M    |   M     |    M    |
|   capability              |   44    |   3     |    45   |
|      b                    |         |         |         |
|   Reject                  |    M    |   M     |   M     |
|   capability              |   12    |   4     |  39     |
|   Precludes layer 2       |    N    |   N     |         |
|   tunneling               |   11    |   5     |         |
|  Re-Authorization on      |    M    |         |   S     |
|   demand                  |   18    |         | 30 33   |
|  Support for Access Rules,|    M    |         |         |
|  Restrictions, Filters    | 11, 19  |         |         |
|  State Reconciliation     |    M    |         |         |
|      f                    |   20    |         |         |
|  Unsolicited Disconnect   |    M    |         |         |
|      g                    |   18    |         |         |
[a]  The AAA protocol MUST allow a server to provide a static or
dynamic address during the authorization phase of a user and/or
device.  The address assigned MUST be either of type IPv4 or
IPv6.  If both the client AND the server are aware of a pre-
configured address, then it is considered static.  Anything else
is dynamic.
[b]  This requirement refers to the ability of a new AAA protocol be
sufficiently compatible with the large installed base of
attributes for existing approaches (RADIUS), such that a server
implementation could speak both protocols, or translate between
[c]  This requirement refers to the ability of a proxy broker to deny
access without forwarding the access request to the AAA server,
or to deny access after receiving an access accept from the AAA
[d]  This requirement refers to the ability of the AAA client or
server to trigger re-authorization, or to the ability of the
server to send updated authorization information to the device,
such as "stop service."  Authorization can allow for a time
period, then additional authorization can be sought to continue.
A server can initially authorize a user to connect and receive
services, but later decide the user is no longer allowed use of
the service, for example after N minutes.  Authorizations can
have a time limit.  Re-authorization does not necessarily imply
re-authentication.
[e]  This requirement refers to the ability to of the protocol to
describe access operational limitations and authorization
restrictions to usage to the NAS which includes (but is not
limited to):
1. Session expirations and Idle Timeouts
2. Packet filters
3. Static routes
4. QoS parameters
[f]  This requirement refers to the ability of the NAS to use the AAA
server to manage resource allocation state.  This capability can
assist with, but it is not synonymous with, simultaneous user
login control, port usage limitations, or IP address pooling.
The design must provide for recovery from data loss due to a variety of faults, including NAS and AAA server reboots, and NAS/AAA server communication outages, and MUST be independent of the accounting stream. The granularity of the recovery of state information after an outage may be on the order of a fraction of a minute. In order to provide for state recovery, explicit session/resource status and update and disconnect messages will be required.
Because of potential multi-domain issues, only systems that allocate or use a resource should track its state.
[g]  This requirement refers to the ability of the AAA server to
request the NAS to disconnect an active session for
authorization policy reasons.
2.4. Accounting Requirements
| Accounting                | NASREQ  | ROAMOPS | MOBILE  |
|   Real-time accounting    |    M    |    M    |   M     |
|      a                    |   14    |    7    |  31     |
|   Mandatory Compact       |         |    M    |         |
|    Encoding               |         |    7    |         |
|   Accounting Record       |         |    M    |   M     |
|    Extensibility          |         |    7    |  33     |
|   Batch Accounting        |    S    |         |         |
|      c                    |   21    |         |         |
|   Guaranteed Delivery     |    M    |         |    M    |
|      d                    |   22    |         |   31    |
|   Accounting Time Stamps  |    M    |         |    M    |
|      e                    |   23    |         |   40    |
|  Dynamic Accounting       |    M    |         |         |
[a]  This requirement may be loosely defined as reporting
synchronously with events.  Typically the time window is on the
order of seconds, not milliseconds.
[b]  The AAA protocol's Accounting data format MUST NOT be bloated,
imposing a large overhead for one or more accounting data
[c]  This requirement refers to the ability to buffer or store
multiple accounting records, and send them together at some
later time.
[d]  This is an application layer acknowledgment.  This is sent when
the receiving server is willing to take responsibility for the
message data.
[e]  This requirement refers to the ability to reflect the time of
occurrence of events such as log-on, logoff, authentication,
authorization and interim accounting.  It also implies the
ability to provide for unambiguous time-stamps.
[f]  This requirement refers to the ability to account for dynamic
authentication and authorization.  To support this, there can be
multiple accounting records for a single session.
2.5. Unique Mobile IP requirements
In addition to the above requirements, Mobile IP also has the following additional requirements:
|  Encoding of Mobile IP    |         |         |   M     |
|  registration messages    |         |         |   33    |
|  Firewall friendly        |         |         |   M     |
|      a                    |         |         |   35    |
|  Allocation of local Home |         |         |   S/M   |
|  agent                    |         |         |  37/41  |
[a]  A firewall friendly protocol is one which is designed to
accommodate a firewall acting as a proxy.  For example, this
would permit a Home Agent AAA server situated behind a firewall
to be reachable from the Internet for the purposes of providing
AAA services to a Mobile IP Foreign Agent.
[1] Section 4.2.1 of [2]
[2] Section 4.2.2 of [2]. Also see [8].
[3] Section 4.2.3 of [2]. Also see [14].
[4] Section 4.2.4 of [2].
[7] Section 4.3 of [2].
[8] Section 6 of [3].  Also see [6].
[9] Section 8.2.2.2 of [3].  Also see [14].
[10] Section 8.2.2.1 of [3].  Also see [14].
[11] Section 8.3.2.2 of [3].  Also see [7].
[12] Section 8.1.1 of [3].
[13] Section 8.1.4.4 of [3].
[20] Section 8.3.2.3 of [3].  Also see [6], [7].
[29] Refer [15]
[30] Section 3 of [5]
[31] Section 3.1 of [5]
[41] Section 5.2.2 of [4]
[42] Section 8.2.2.2 of [3]
[1]  Bradner, S., "Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate Requirement
Levels", BCP 14, RFC 2119, March 1997.
[2]  Aboba, B. and G. Zorn, "Criteria for Evaluating Roaming
Protocols", RFC 2477, January 1999.
[3]  Beadles, M. and D. Mitton, "Criteria for Evaluating Network
Access Server Protocols", Work in Progress.
[4]  Hiller, T., et al., "Cdma2000 Wireless Data Requirements for
AAA", Work in Progress.
[5]  Glass, S., Hiller, T., Jacobs, S. and C. Perkins, "Mobile IP
Authentication, Authorization, and Accounting Requirements", RFC
2977, October 2000.
[6]  Mitton, D., Beadles, M., "Network Access Server Requirements
Next Generation (NASREQNG) NAS Model", RFC 2881, July 2000.
[7]  Mitton, D., "Network Access Server Requirements: Extended RADIUS
Practices", RFC 2882, July 2000.
[8]  Aboba,  B. and M. Beadles, "The Network Access Identifier", RFC
2486, January 1999.
[9]  Rigney, C., Willens, S., Rubens, A. and W. Simpson, "Remote
Authentication Dial In User Service (RADIUS)", RFC 2865, June
[10] Rigney, C., "RADIUS Accounting", RFC 2866, June 2000.
[11] Simpson, W., Editor, "The Point-to-Point Protocol (PPP)", STD
51, RFC 1661, July 1994.
[12] Sklower, K., Lloyd, B., McGregor, G., Carr, D. and T. Coradetti,
"The PPP Multilink Protocol (MP)", RFC 1990, August 1996.
[13] Simpson, W., Editor, "PPP LCP Extensions", RFC 1570, January
[14] Blunk, L. and J. Vollbrecht, "PPP Extensible Authentication
Protocol (EAP)", RFC 2284, March 1998.
[15] Solomon, J. and S. Glass, "Mobile-IPv4 Configuration Option for
PPP IPCP", RFC 2290, Feb 1998
[16] Calhoun, P. and C. Perkins, "Mobile IP Network Access Identifier
Extension for IPv4", RFC 2794, March 2000.
[17] Perkins, C., "IP Mobility Support", RFC 2002, Oct 1996.
[18] Johnson, D. and C. Perkins, "Mobility Support in IPv6", Work in
[19] Aboba, B. and J. Vollbrecht, "Proxy Chaining and Policy
Implementation in Roaming", RFC 2607, June 1999.
[20] Simpson, W., "PPP Challenge Handshake Authentication Protocol
(CHAP)", RFC 1994, August 1996.
This document, being a requirements document, does not have any security concerns. The security requirements on protocols to be evaluated using this document are described in the referenced documents.
5. IANA Considerations
This memo does not create any new number spaces for IANA administration.
6. Acknowledgments
Thanks to the members of the Mobile IP, AAA, and NASREQ working groups who have discussed and commented on these requirements. We would also like to thank the members of the AAA evaluation team, Mike St. Johns, Barney Wolf, Mark Stevens, David Nelson, Dave Mitton, Basavaraj Patil and Stuart Barkley for their thorough review of this document.
7. Authors' Addresses
Bernard Aboba
One Microsoft Way
Fax:   +1 425-936-7329
EMail: bernarda@microsoft.com
Pat R. Calhoun
Network and Security Research Center, Sun Labs
Sun Microsystems, Inc.
15 Network Circle
EMail: pcalhoun@eng.sun.com
Steven M. Glass
1 Network Drive
EMail: steven.glass@sun.com
Tom Hiller
Wireless Data Standards & Architectures
Lucent Technologies
263 Shuman Drive
Room 1HP2F-218
EMail: tom.hiller@lucent.com
Peter J. McCann
Rm 2Z-305
Naperville, IL  60566
EMail: mccap@lucent.com
Hajime Shiino
Lucent Technologies Japan Ltd.
25 Mori Bldg. 1-4-30 Roppongi,
Minato-ku Tokyo
EMail: hshiino@lucent.com
Glen Zorn
500 108th Avenue N.E., Suite 500
EMail: gwz@cisco.com
Gopal Dommety
IOS Network Protocols
170 West Tasman Drive
EMail: gdommety@cisco.com
Charles E. Perkins
Communications Systems Lab
Nokia Research Center
313 Fairchild Drive
Fax:   +1-650-625-2502
EMail: charliep@iprg.nokia.com
Basavaraj Patil
Nokia Networks
6000 Connection Dr.
EMail: Basavaraj.Patil@nokia.com
David Mitton
Nortel Networks
880 Technology Park Drive
EMail: dmitton@nortelnetworks.com
Serge Manning
Richardson, TX  75082-4399
EMail: smanning@nortelnetworks.com
Mark Anthony Beadles
SmartPipes, Inc.
565 Metro Place South
EMail: mbeadles@smartpipes.com
Pat Walsh
263 Shuman Blvd.
EMail: walshp@lucent.com
Xing Chen
Alcatel USA
EMail: xing.chen@usa.alcatel.com
Sanjeevan Sivalingham
Ericsson Wireless Communications Inc.,
Rm Q-356C
6455 Lusk Blvd
EMail: s.sivalingham@ericsson.com
Alan Hameed
2801 Telecom Parkway
Mark Munson
GTE Wireless
One GTE Place
Alpharetta, GA  30004
EMail: mmunson@mobilnet.gte.com
Stuart Jacobs
Secure Systems Department
GTE Laboratories
40 Sylvan Road,
EMail: sjacobs@gte.com
Byung-Keun Lim
LG Electronics, Ltd.
533, Hogye-dong, Dongan-ku, Anyang-shi,
Kyungki-do,431-080
Phone: +82-31-450-7199
Fax:   +82-31-450-7050
EMail: bklim@lgic.co.kr
Brent Hirschman
1501 Shure Dr.
Arlington Hieghts, IL 60006
EMail: qa4053@email.mot.com
Raymond T. Hsu
Qualcomm Inc.
EMail: rhsu@qualcomm.com
Haeng S. Koo
Samsung Telecommunications America, Inc.
1130 E. Arapaho Road
EMail: hskoo@sta.samsung.com
Mark A. Lipford
Sprint PCS
8001 College Blvd.; Suite 210
Overland Park, KS  66210
EMail: mlipfo01@sprintspectrum.com
Ed Campbell
3Com Corporation
1800 W. Central Rd.
Mount Prospect, IL 60056
EMail: ed_campbell@3com.com
Name: Yingchun Xu
WaterCove Networks
One Century Centre, Suite 550
1750 E. Golf Road
EMail: yxu@watercove.com
Shinichi Baba
Toshiba America Research, Inc.
Convent Station, NJ 07961-0136
EMail: sbaba@tari.toshiba.com
Eric Jaques
Vodafone AirTouch
2999 Oak Road, MS-750
EMail: ejaques@akamail.com
8. Intellectual Property Statement
The IETF takes no position regarding the validity or scope of any intellectual property or other rights that might be claimed to pertain to the implementation or use of the technology described in this document or the extent to which any license under such rights might or might not be available; neither does it represent that it has made any effort to identify any such rights. Information on the IETF's procedures with respect to rights in standards-track and standards-related documentation can be found in BCP-11. Copies of claims of rights made available for publication and any assurances of licenses to be made available, or the result of an attempt made to obtain a general license or permission for the use of such proprietary rights by implementors or users of this specification can be obtained from the IETF Secretariat.
The IETF invites any interested party to bring to its attention any copyrights, patents or patent applications, or other proprietary rights which may cover technology that may be required to practice this standard. Please address the information to the IETF Executive Director.
9. Full Copyright Statement
This document and translations of it may be copied and furnished to others, and derivative works that comment on or otherwise explain it or assist in its implementation may be prepared, copied, published and distributed, in whole or in part, without restriction of any kind, provided that the above copyright notice and this paragraph are included on all such copies and derivative works. However, this document itself may not be modified in any way, such as by removing the copyright notice or references to the Internet Society or other Internet organizations, except as needed for the purpose of developing Internet standards in which case the procedures for copyrights defined in the Internet Standards process must be followed, or as required to translate it into languages other than English.
The limited permissions granted above are perpetual and will not be revoked by the Internet Society or its successors or assigns.
This document and the information contained herein is provided on an "AS IS" basis and THE INTERNET SOCIETY AND THE INTERNET ENGINEERING TASK FORCE DISCLAIMS ALL WARRANTIES, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO ANY WARRANTY THAT THE USE OF THE INFORMATION HEREIN WILL NOT INFRINGE ANY RIGHTS OR ANY IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.


For the rice salad; Put the rice and water in a medium saucepan. Bring to the boil. Reduce heat to low, cover and simmer for 12-15 minutes until small craters in surface of the rice. Remove from heat and stand covered for 10 minutes.
Combine all the dressing ingredients in a large bowl, season and whisk until well combined. Add the warm rice to the dressing, stir with a fork to coat. Cover and set aside until ready to serve. Just before serving add the cherries, cucumber, chilli, parsley and macadamia nuts. Toss to combine. Spoon onto a serving platter, dollop over the cheese.
Combine the spice mix and olive oil together then brush over both sides of the prawns. Thread prawns onto 18 skewers. Preheat a barbecue plate on medium-high heat. Barbecue prawns, for 3-4 minutes, turning often or until just cooked through. Serve with rice salad.
If the cherries are large cut them in half, salad looks great with some cherries whole and some halved.


Evening wear calls for a touch of formality and elegance, and this edit is all about building that classic silhouette through decadent fabrics and luxurious details.
Whether it's a prom, wedding or formal occasion, there are times when it becomes that much more important and meaningful to look our very best. This collection of evening wear is driven by timeless designs refreshed by subtle twists and a sprinkle of modern trends for that ultra-chic look. Full-length elegant dresses, draping gowns, embellished occasion wear, men's designer suits, backless maxis and strapless designs are the body of this selection, ranging from red-carpet glam to simple and understated.
Choose a full-length gown from this evening wear line to really capitalise on that movie star silhouette. Maximise on drama with gem-encrusted details, daring low backs, plunging necklines and high slits, and finish the look with a pair of strappy stilettos and a box clutch from our range of designer handbags. For men, look for tailored fits from leading designers and stick to traditional looks for that timeless appeal.


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My hobbies include saving the world, being Scottish, having adventures and not having enough sleep.
On the corner of Eisenhowerlaan and Statenplein, in The Hague, is a telephone booth which contains a bust of Joseph Stalin, a plastic fish, and a frilly lampshade.
Early morning on Tahrir Square, Cairo.
Egyptians on the march to Tahrir Square (top left of photo).
John Convertino of Calexico at Volkshaus, Basel, 15 November.
Various Alps poking their heads through the clouds at the end of a very long journey home.
African flags in the UN compound in Addis Ababa. Also pictured: my ride home.


The WLS team visited site to understand the vulnerabilities in the CCTV system, assess where coverage needed to be improved and decide which cameras needed to be replaced. Faulty cameras were replaced and new fully-functional HD cameras were installed in strategic locations to ensure complete visual coverage of the entire site, with zoom and directional capabilities.
The client was so pleased with the improvements made that the WLS team has since carried out CCTV upgrades at two additional recycling centre sites.


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text:
Bill Nye Calls on President Obama to Embrace Planetary Exploration for NASA's Future
Pasadena, CA (December 9, 2013) - Bill Nye the Science Guy® and CEO of The Planetary Society sent President Barack Obama an open letter last week, asking him to move the country's space program forward by embracing planetary exploration at NASA. The Planetary Society released a recording of Mr. Nye reading his letter on YouTube where it has been viewed by more than half a million people.
Mr. Nye encourages citizens and members of the Planetary Society to join him in contacting the President and their elected representatives (http://planetary.org/fund-planetary-fall-2013).
"Planetary science deserves special attention, because it is special. It is a remarkable value in which we should maintain or even increase our investment," impassioned Nye. "Right now, what NASA does best is explore the Solar System through the Planetary Science program."
In recent months, NASA's Planetary Science Division has seen continued successes: Cassini, the first spacecraft in history to orbit Saturn, sent back a stunning new portrait of the ringed planet and the Earth and is priming for a dramatic new phase of its mission; the Lunar Atmosphere and Dust Environment Explorer (LADEE) spacecraft demonstrated advanced laser communications from lunar orbit; and the Mars Atmosphere and Volatile Evolution mission (MAVEN) launched successfully for the Red Planet in a quest to understand how Mars lost its atmosphere.
But the White House has proposed deep cuts to the Planetary Science Budget in the past two NASA budget requests. Due to these cuts, in recent months NASA was forced to cancel a promising new way to generate power for spacecraft, reduced research funding for scientists, and is considering the premature termination of active missions like Cassini at Saturn.
Mr. Nye and the Planetary Society believe that the President should request $1.5 billion – less than 10% of NASA's total funding– for the Planetary Science Division in his FY2015 budget. $1.5 billion is the historical average for the program, and would allow NASA to maintain a balance of cutting-edge scientific research, engineering, and new missions, which should include a mission to explore Jupiter's moon Europa and to start a campaign to return a sample of Mars to the Earth.
By embracing a bold vision of exploration, the President can tap into a fundamental national quality and create a unique legacy in his second term.
"With a space program, everyone in our society comes to believe and expect that any problem we face can be solved. It's inherently optimistic. It's part of our national character," concluded Nye.
To learn more about NASA's Planetary Science budget and receive updates, visit: http://planetary.org/SOS
Advocacy Coordinator
Diane Murphy
Bill Nye is available for select telephone interviews on this topic. Please contact Diane Murphy to request 1-1 interviews.
Mr. Nye's letter is reproduced below in full. The recording can be found at: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XkWetbQHWlk
Dear Mr. President:
The space program, NASA, is the best brand the United States has. Everywhere in the world, people respect and admire what NASA does. Right now, what NASA does best is explore the Solar System through the Planetary Science Program.
People around the world shared the seven minutes of terror as we lowered an extraordinary car bristling with extraordinary instruments onto the surface of Mars from a crane held aloft in that alien sky by rockets. Many thought it was impossible because nothing like it had ever been done before. You and your family remember applauding as a replica of that rover rolled by in the inaugural parade.
Over the last few years, Congress has added back funding for the planetary program that the Office of Management and Budget has cut. We all understand it's a push and pull process–a negotiation. But planetary science deserves special attention, because it is special. It is a remarkable value in which we should maintain or even increase our investment. We recommend that planetary science receive $1.5 billion dollars a year. That's less than 10% of NASA's budget, which in turn is less than 0.5% of the federal budget.
The planetary science division of the space program accomplishes extraordinary things, because it is extraordinary. We want to look for signs of life on other worlds, places like Jupiter's moon Europa and Saturn's moon Enceladus. That work is done by our planetary explorers, scientists and engineers who really are seeking signs of life on another world. Such a discovery would be astounding. It would, as so many astronomical discoveries have, change the course of human history.
Planetary exploration not only brings us astonishing discoveries from other worlds, it inherently leads to innovation, because we invest in solving problems that have never been solved before. That in turn creates new businesses and economic growth. But more importantly, supporting a robust space program raises everyone's expectation of what's possible. With a space program, everyone in our society comes to believe and expect that any problem we face can be solved. It's inherently optimistic. It's part of our national character.
So Mr. President: we strongly recommend that you make sure that funding for the planetary science program is at least $1.5 billion dollars per year. It will keep our current missions flying, ensure we create new missions, and it will lead to amazing new innovations, new businesses, and new discoveries for our future. Investing in planetary science changes the world.
Home > Press Room > Press Releases > 2013


On Thursday 25th May Year 1 and 2 will be having a Coasts day to celebrate the end of our topic. This will include lots of fun activities including visiting our own manmade beach on the playground, playing in paddling pools and playing beach games.
To be dressed in beach clothing (shorts and t-shirt/summer dress).
To bring a suitcase/ beach bag (just something you have please do not go out and buy anything!).
Sun hat and sun cream (as it's going to be sunny J!!).
To bring a swimming costume to wear whilst we are playing in the paddling pools.
A towel to dry themselves after playing in the paddling pools.
Please make sure that everything is named. Parents (and younger siblings) are welcome to join us at 2.30pm on this day to create some pebble artwork on the playground. Please collect and sign your child out from their classroom. We look forward to welcoming you on Thursday.
As always if you have any questions please see your child's class teacher.


Welcome New Grad Student, Haley Kodak!
The McLachlan lab is thrilled to welcome Haley Kodak as the newest graduate student member!
Haley graduated from Armstrong State University of Savannah, Georgia with a Bachelor of Science in Biology. During undergrad she took part in plant genomics research in an REU at UC Berkeley where she studied plant development with Dr. Sarah Hake by experimenting with mutant forms of Maize in efforts to determine the genes responsible for certain aspects of development. Following this experience, she partook in ecological epigenetics research at Armstrong State University with Dr. Aaron Schrey where she investigated the variation in DNA methylation patterns in house sparrow populations. Haley joined the lab this June and has jumped right in on our NSF-funded project that examines the evolutionary dimensions of coastal marsh responses to environmental change.
Haley began a project that will investigate the phenotypic diversity of Schoenoplectus americanus in populations across the Chesapeake Bay at the Smithsonian Environmental Research Center (SERC). With the help of undergraduate Luke Onken and graduate student Megan Vahsen, she was able to collect over 100 plant samples from 10 different populations across 4 marshes at the SERC in Edgewater, MD. The populations varied in community composition, elevation, and location. The samples were shipped back to Notre Dame and were propagated in the greenhouse.
Top Left: View of experimental CO2 and heat chambers at Kirkpatrick Marsh. Top Right: Haley and Luke surrounded by towering sedges. Bottom Left: Haley at Sellman Island. Bottom Right: Patch of Spartina within S. americanus populations at Kirkpatrick Marsh.
Just this week Haley moved the plants to ND LEEF to start a common garden experiment where weekly measurements of height and width will be recorded throughout the remainder of the summer. Data on these measurements will be analyzed for differences in phenotypes that may be attributed to community type, elevation, and location. Haley is interested in whether these differences are detectable from plants collected across a relatively small spatial scale at SERC, and if elevation and community type are contributors to the variation in plant traits across SERC marshes.
This project is supported through a fellowship from ND LEEF and from the NSF grant 1655702.
Top Left: S. americanus were propagated in the greenhouse before being transplanted to a common garden experiment at ND LEEF (Top Right and Bottom).
This entry was posted in Climate Change, Field Work, Lab Updates, Marsh. Bookmark the permalink.


Many people have asked what percentage of searches use ads vs non paid ads.
Most search querries are not commercial in nature. To get an accurate indication of organic vs ad usage these non commercial searches are not counted. A recent Piper Jaffray report stated that 35% of search is commercial in nature.
Yesterday Niki Scevak of Jupiter Research stated yesterday that 5 out of 6 commercial search purchases originate from natural unpaid organic search results.
Yesterday at the SES New York conference Dan Boberg (of Overture) stated that Yahoo will be meshing its paid inclusion programs and branding them under the Overture name. He said we would be hearing more about it in the comming days and weeks.
Yesterday Overture also announced the release of Overture Site Match, which allows you to submit sites to Yahoo, AllTheWeb, and AltaVista for a $49 review fee and a category based cost per click of $0.15 or $0.30.
If your site already has great rankings for your primary keywords then there is absolutely no reason to join this program with your main pages.
Sloppy affiliate marketing has added tons of junk to search engine indexes. Overture (and Yahoo) firmly believe that using an incremental fee based inclusion program helps aid the relevance of their index. Affiliate marketing via search has essentially no cost. By introducing incremental cost to clicks, a search engine can improve the user experience. A site which is not properly targeted and smooth will not be hard to afford these fees.
Most affiliate marketers will not be able to afford these fees, and thus the index.
Starting in October, we're introducing "Budget smoothing", another new feature in which the Overture system makes adjustments to the frequency in which your listings are displayed based on the depletion of your specified budget amount. For example, if you have budgeted €100,00 a day, our system will display your listings just enough so that you receive clicks that will total approximately €100,00 for the day. The smoothing feature also regulates the display of your listings so that you receive clicks throughout the day, rather than burning through your budgeted amount in just a few hours.
They now allow a daily spend budget, but I am told your account needs to be on autoreplenish to turn the feature on.
The new console shows what the ads will look like in their short and full versions and also makes some of the bid management stuff a bit quicker. You can update the max bid by category instead of doing it word by word. Overture's console is becoming a bunch more like Google's to where you can intuitively make many changes extremely quick. The additional combination of broad and phrase match makes the system quicker to use.
While still building their highly successful PPC model Overture also considers creating a flat rate pricing model.
Overture's new system will simply allow a choice between exact and broad matching. ...Overture advertisers were to be informed today about the change. ... An exact date for it hasn't been announced, but Overture says it will happen in the next few weeks.
Search Engine Watch has a good article explaining the new Overture broad match move. Basically the change makes gaining greater search volume easier, but more expensive.
What is Overture Search Optimizer?
Define active time frames for their listings.
A tad bit on the expensive side... $249 - $1599, especially when compared with similar tools by companies like KeywordMax (thanks AussieWebmaster type guy).
Jumping on the bid management press release bandwagon iProspect filed for a patent on their proprietary bid management tool.
Some of the advancements for bid management tools will command some value becuase they save money, but most of this software will eventually become a commodity though and I find the current prices to be absurdly high.
Google and third party bid management software vendors will continue to inovate and and lower costs. In about a year the competitive marketplace wil expect similar software to be included as part of the advertising system for free.
note: we merged a few short posts into this one.


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Comprehensive Toxicology
Hrsg. v. Charlene McQueen
Umfassendes, interdisziplinäres Nachschlagewerk mit Beiträgen von führenden internationalen Fachwissenschaftlern zur Toxikologie und den angrenzenden Fachbereichen. Beschrieben werden, aufbauend auf einer auf dem Organsystem gegründeten Gliederung, die schädlichen Wirkungen chemischer Substanzen auf Lebewesen.
Ziel der modernen Toxikologie ist die Aufklärung der Wechselwirkungen zwischen dem chemischen Stoff und den für die toxische Wirkung relevanten biologischen Strukturen auf molekularer Ebene. Der Online-Ausgabe liegt die 2017 erschienene, 14-bändige Printausgabe zugrunde.
Comprehensive Toxicology 3e discusses chemical effects on biological systems, with a focus on understanding the mechanisms by which chemicals induce adverse health effects, in order to develop strategies to evaluate and/or prevent potential toxicity. Organized by organ system, this comprehensive reference work addresses the toxicological effects of chemicals on the immune system, the hematopoietic system, cardiovascular system, respiratory system, hepatic toxicology, renal toxicology, gastrointestinal toxicology, reproductive and endocrine toxicology, neuro and behavioural toxicology, developmental toxicology, carcinogenesis, and includes critical sections covering the general principles of toxicology, cellular and molecular toxicology, biotransformation and toxicology testing and evaluation.
Each section is examined in state-of-the-art chapters written by domain experts, providing key information to support the investigations of researchers across the medical, veterinary, food, environment and chemical research industries, as well as national and international regulatory agencies. Thoroughly revised and expanded to 15 volumes to include the latest advances in research, and uniquely organized by organ system for ease of reference and diagnosis, the new edition of Comprehensive Toxicology is an essential one-stop reference for researchers of toxicology
Organized with a unique organ-system approach that allows readers to easily explore the toxic effects of various substances on each human system, aiding diagnosis - an essential feature in situations where the toxic substance is unknown but ist effects on a system are obvious.
Thoroughly revised to include the latest advances in toxicology, this heavily expanded and updated new edition features additional coverage of toxicology of the hematopoietic system, the endocrine system, endocrine disrupting chemicals, and toxicology of the skin and eyes.
In-depth comprehensive coverage from an international author base of domain experts, this essential reference work provides an authoritative one-stop resource on all aspects of toxicology. - E-version of the work will offer additional multimedia content including interactive features, links, computational modelling and animations to illustrate the effects of toxic substances in various contexts.
As well as providing an invaluable reference for those within the academic research community, Comprehensive Toxicology 3e will also be of interest to those working within medical practices, the chemical industry, food science research, environmental research & consulting, forensic science, regulatory agencies, patent and environmental law, and occupational health & safety.


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Filmmakers Race Against Clock to Document Vanishing Cairo Tradition
Levantine Review
By Jen Reinhardt
Muezzin Voices of the Adhan, Islamic Call to Prayer, Soon to be Silenced
A documentary film and audio archive project, Voices and Faces of the Adhan: Cairo aims to tell the story of the adhan, or the Islamic call to prayer, as it has been recited in Cairo for 1400 years. Supported by the Hartley Film Foundation and National Geographic's All Roads Film Project, the film is being produced by On Look Films and director Miguel Silveira, producer Anna Kipervaser and field producer Jeremy Johnson.
In early 2010, the Egyptian government will permanently alter the ancient tradition of the adhan under the Tawheed al Adhan, or Adhan Unification Project, that plans to synchronize the adhan into a single call transmitted via wireless speakers to the city's 4,000 mosques.
This plan will also affect the economic make-up of the city, as the honored position of muezzin is traditionally the role of the blind, handicapped, aged and others suffering extreme poverty. These muezzins, historically undocumented, will disappear into the general poverty level underbelly of Cairo and become almost impossible to trace.
Cairo's thousands of adhan interpretations remain poorly documented, with little historical record to preserve them for the future. On Look Films is not only filming a documentary about the changing tradition, but will create interactive public showcases of the results and an online digital media library that will give viewers access to live recordings of these Cairene adhans alongside historical and biographical information about each muezzin. Upon completion, On Look Films will donate these archives to educational organizations such as the Library of Congress.
The greatest challenge to the success of the Voices and Faces of the Adhan: Cairo project is funding. Because the documentary film project is meant not only to raise awareness but also to generate revenue for the audio archiving and art installation phases of the project, production and post-production funding is crucial to the completion of the film as an action to realizing these important next steps.
On Look Films has been fortunate to have raised almost $30,000 in the last five months through fundraising events and support, but in order to begin principal photography and to initiate the sound archiving of Cairo's 4,000+ mosques, another $140,000 must be raised before the unification takes place.
The filmmakers seek contributions at any level through their fiscal sponsor, Hartley Film Foundation. All donations are tax deductible. Donations of over $2,000 will receive a donor credit in the film. Donations of $25,000 or more will receive a producer credit in the film.
To make a donation, visit the Hartley Foundation and type in "Voices and Faces of the Adhan: Cairo" or go directly to theOn Look website.
To watch the fundraising short film put together by Director Miguel Silveira, Producer Anna Kipervaser and Field Producer Jeremy Johnson during their 10-day research and development pre-production trip to Cairo in August 2009, visithttp://www.onlookfilms.com/video.html.
Click here for an earlier, more extensive report. See also the BBC report.


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Well I agree with you, I just slept in a extra hour, unheard of for me.
Is there anyone out there who likes daylight savings time?
My dog. She got her breakfast one hour earlier. Of course she will try to work an extra feeding out of the day somehow.


Q: Who can volunteer with the project?
A: Anyone over 18 year of age and physically fit. Work in the field is quite demanding and you need to be able to walk on soft sand 5-10km. If you have health restrictions, please inform us when applying as some conditions may prevent you from participating in the project fully. We will check if we can propose other activities, if regular activities are not suitable. Younger participants can join with parental consent (17 years old) or together with parents.
Q: Is previous experience with sea turtles needed to participate?
A: No. You do not need any previous experience working with sea turtles. You will be provided training to the activities and tasks in the beginning of your project period.
Q: What are the main volunteer activities while in the project?
A: The main activities are monitoring the beach for sea turtle nesting and hatching activity early in the morning, observing sea turtle feeding area in the morning and afternoon, collecting weather data and awareness raising. In addition to these main activities, we may have several different kinds of activities depending of the time period; reef survey, beach and reef cleaning, environmental education, turtle talks or other awareness raising activities, helping with other wildlife monitoring activities, maintaining Community Conservation Center in Lions village etc.
Q: How many hours per day will the volunteers work?
A: Time needed to complete all work depends a lot on how many volunteers we have at the time and which activities are done that day. Usually volunteers work between 3-6 hours in a day. You will have plenty of free time to enjoy the beach and relax.
Q: How do I apply for the project?
A: Send us first a request for the time period you are interested in. Then wait for the reply by e-mail that will confirm availability in the period you have selected. In the e-mail we will be providing you an application form that you need to read carefully and return to us with your signature as skanned copy or photo. Then you need to pay the deposit of 150€ to secure your place in the project. After we have received your deposit, we will confirm your placement in the project. Only after the confirmation, you should start making your travel arrangements.
A: Sea turtle conservation project is located in Koh Phra Thong, on a non-touristy Island about 200km North from Phuket. Nearest village in the main land is Khuraburi.
Phra Thong Island, (about 100 km2; 15 km long by 7 km wide), is located about 5 km from the western coast of Thailand in the Andaman Sea (9.03-9.17°N, 98.25-98.33°E).
Q: How much does it cost to participate in the project?
Q: What is included in the project price?
A: Project price covers 3 meals a day including drinking water, accommodation, boat transportation to/from Phra thong, transportation in the project, training and orientation to the project, volunteer coordination and assistance as well as pre-departure support.
Q: What is not included in the project price?
A: Price does not include your travel to/from Khuraburi (international or local), personal travel insurance, any personal purchases or drinks.
Q:Why do I have to pay to volunteer?
A: Volunteer contributions are the main source for funding of the field project and without them we could not run the project. Your contribution covers direct costs of running the field project: food, accommodation, training and orientation, daily transportation while on the project, salaries of the field staff and in-country support. Running the field project totals about 80% of all the costs.
Additionally part of the volunteer contribution helps to cover costs of coordinating and developing the project: volunteer recruitment and coordination, project development and licenses, community team recruitment, logistical support, medical insurance (not your personal travel insurance) etc. These different administration costs are less than 20% of the total costs.
Q: How do I reach the project base?
A: You can take a bus to Khuraburi. From Phuket to direction of Ranong/Chumpon or from Bangkok/Ranong to direction of Phuket. When you arrive to Khuraburi, you need to take a car or moped transportation to Khuraburi Pier. From Khuraburi Pier the only way reach the project base is by pre-booked boat through the project organization.
We can also organize a car transport for you from Ranong or Phuket. You need to book the car in advance by emailing us at bookings (at) naucrates.org.
Q: Do I need a VISA to Thailand?
A: To visit Thailand you need a valid passport and when you stay more than 30 days a tourist visa is usually required. Please check the Thai embassy in your home country what is required and how you can obtain the necessary documents.
Q: What kind of accommodation volunteers have?
A. Volunteers stay in a room or bungalow typically 2 people shared basis or single if there are not many people in the project. Rooms are basic Thai style bungalows. Bathroom and toilet are western, but water pressure may be low at times and you need to use bucket shower. Bed sheets, mosquito net and towel are provided.You maybe staying few nights in the Lions village homestay where rooms are basic and toilet may be Asian style.
If you want to share room with a friend please let us known when you send the booking form.
Q: Is there vegetarian option for the meals?
A: Yes, there are vegetarian meals available. All other special diets need to be informed beforehand in the application as the project is in remote place and we may not be able to meet all different diet needs. Severe allergies need to be informed also in advance.
Q: Is there Internet access available on the project?
A: As the island is fairly remote, there can be times when connection is not available. Bungalow places offer wifi and it is possible to have a Internet packages on prepaid Thai sims.
Q: How much money do I need to reserve per week for expenses not included in the project price?
Q: Do I have to pay the boat driver or car driver?
A: Boat transportation from/to Khuraburi needs to be organized by Naucrates in advance and it is included in the project price. For car transportation to/from Khuraburi pier, please contact us and we will organize for you and agree how the payment should be handled.
Q: What do I need to bring with me to the Island?
Q: Do I need particular vaccinations for Thailand?
A: Basic vaccinations should be in order and we suggest to consult your doctor for medical advice. Island has not had any cases of malaria that we know of, but if you travel to more remote places in Thailand, anti-malaria pills may be needed.
Q: Does the mobile phone work on the Island?
A: Yes mobile phones work on the Island, but network coverage might be limited and can be different from your country. As long as your phone is not sim-locked, you can purchase a prepaid Thai sim card ("1-2-call" and Dtac have a good coverage) before you get on the island (cost: about 100 baht). You can top-up the card buying credit on the Island.
Q: Can I bring something useful for the people on the Island?
A: If you are able to find (and have space in your luggage) please bring very basic English story/coloring books for children with a conservation theme or teaching assistant/methods/games for teachers (even second hand books are appreciated). The project is conducting environmental education activities.
Q: Are Bank facilities available on the island?
A: On the island there are no banks or ATM's. Khuraburi is the nearest village on the main land that has an ATM. Bring enough Thai baths in cash to cover your expenses for the project period.
Q: How does the community benefit from the project?
A: Community benefits from the project directly by having income from accommodation, transportation, creating and selling handicrafts, providing different activities for volunteers like massage and tours. Community also benefits from environmental education and all our activities to protect the nature.
Q: Are the villagers Muslim?
A: People are mostly Buddhist, but some may follow different religion. Naucrates is non-religious organization.
Q: What can I do in my free time?


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Petition: Suspend Safe Third Country Agreement with the United States
The Broadbent Institute is calling on the Prime Minister of Canada and his Government to Immediately condemn the recent cruel actions of the United States Government against immigrant families and suspend the Safe-Third-Country Agreement.
Please read, sign, and share this petition:
Dear Prime Minister Trudeau and Minister Hussen,
I am calling on you to honour our country's longstanding commitment to human rights by suspending the Safe Third Country Agreement with the United States.
U.S. President Donald Trump and his administration have imposed multiple inhumane and discriminatory changes to its refugee and immigration system. In early 2017, President Trump made an executive order for a travel ban on 7 Muslim-majority countries; leaving many stranded at ports of entry around the world. Then in late 2017, news broke that President Trump would end temporary protected status for thousands of individuals, many of them young people who've been in the United States for the majority of their lives. And now, the world is watching with despair and grave concern as families seeking asylum are being detained and children being forcibly separated from their parents. The photographs of these thousands of children being held in cages have shocked the conscience of Canadians.
The Safe Third Country Agreement holds that both Canada and the U.S are "safe" countries for those seeking asylum. Manifestly, the U.S. no longer meets this standard. Countless refugee advocates including Amnesty International Canada and the Canadian Council for Refugees have called on Canada to recognize the ongoing inhumane treatment of asylum seekers in the U.S. by rescinding the Safe Third Country Agreement.
As a signatory of the 1951 Refugee Convention, Canada has a legal and moral responsibility to provide asylum to those who seek it - including migrants at the Canada/U.S. border. Given the deteriorating situation in the U.S. we need to act immediately. Please do what is right. Uphold and fulfill our international commitments and suspend the Safe Third Country Agreement with the United States now.
Like this to spread the word:
Too much is at stake for immigrant families at the U.S. border. Canada cannot turn a blind eye to this injustice and our backs to people in need.
Please sign this urgent petition.
Broadbent Institute
Station B, PO Box 1273
Ottawa, ON K1P 5R3
info@broadbentinstitute.ca
All material Copyright © 2019 Broadbent Institute
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UKnowledge > College of Nursing > DNP Projects > 250
DNP Projects
The effect of narrative medicine combined with medication assisted treatment on decreasing the desire to use intravenous substances in hospitalized patients with infective endocarditis
Paula WorksFollow
Dr. Karen Stefaniak
Clinical Mentor
Dr. Michael Kindred
Dr. Lacey Buckler
Substance abuse is a significant problem that spans the nation. Of particular concern is the growing population of patients at UK HealthCare who have endocarditis as a complication from IV substance abuse.
PURPOSE: The aims of this study were
To assess the effect of narrative medicine combined with MAT, compared to MAT alone, on desire to use in hospitalized patients with a history of IV substance use
To examine the changes in quality of life before and after the introduction of narrative medicine in hospitalized patients with a history of IV substance abuse using The Quality of Life Scale (QOLS).
METHODS: The study design was a single-blinded, randomized controlled trial of patients aged 18-60 years who were currently admitted with endocarditis due to IV substance abuse. The sample consisted of 22 patients who were hospitalized with infective endocarditis.
RESULTS: It was determined that regardless of time in the hospital, the treatment group had significantly higher QOLS (p=0.02). The overall DTU was lower in the treatment group (p=.002). The subsets of the DTU tool were all higher in the control group. Compulsivity (p=.004), expectancy (p=.003), emotionality (p=.003), and purposefulness (p=.006) were all higher in the control group.
CONCLUSION: The addition of narrative medicine was found to have a positive impact on decreasing desire to use and improving quality of life in hospitalized patients with a history of IV substance abuse and infective endocarditis. The results of this project will be used to standardize future treatment, including the addition of narrative medicine, to meet the medical and mental health needs of this patient population.
Works, Paula, "The effect of narrative medicine combined with medication assisted treatment on decreasing the desire to use intravenous substances in hospitalized patients with infective endocarditis" (2019). DNP Projects. 250.
https://uknowledge.uky.edu/dnp_etds/250
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