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SAF Sustainable Aviation Fuel
There are basically three kinds of SAF, it suits the airlines wanting to pursue business as usual to lump them together.
SAFw is made from waste, relies on large amounts of waste being available to make aviation fuel. It still puts greenhouse gases into the atmosphere.
SAFb is biofuels - these inevitably compete with agriculture, pasture or fish production. This strategy prioritises aviation fuel over food and protein
SAFe power-to-liquid fuels (PtL) use of synfuels derived from hydrogen and captured carbon emissions could become a scalable option. Such synfuels require water, renewable electricity to produce hydrogen, and CO2. Hydrogen can be used in fuel cells to produce electricity or combusted in engines
The problem is that the pursuit of SAFw and SAFb delays the transition to decarbonised aviation -without large government research grants or taxation on aviation fuel there is insufficient incentive to transition to decarbonised aviation
The problem is that the pursuit of SAFw and SAFb delays the transition to decarbonised aviation -without large government research grants or taxation on aviation fuel, there is insufficient incentive to transition to decarbonised aviation. more
As Bloomberg reported on 10th November: "SAF is typically three to four times more expensive than kerosene, so airlines aren't buying it in bulk. As a result, very little is being produced. If Delta Air Lines Inc. filled all its planes for one day, the carrier would soak up a year's worth of U.S. SAF supply, said CEO Ed Bastian." Current production is estimated to be 0.1% of global jet fuel consumption.
The Blomberg report points out that SAF spews carbon dioxide and other pollutants into the atmosphere. "The reductions claimed by biofuels rely on a lot of complicated math and the idea that the materials being burned don't come from extracting fossil fuels sequestered thousands of years." In March, a working paper published by the International Council on Clean Transportation suggested that "fuel derived from municipal solid waste with high plastic content can produce as much as almost twice the amount of CO₂ as burning regular jet fuel." Jozsef Varadi, Chief Executive Officer of low-budget carrier Wizz Air Holdings Plc. has suggested that money spent on SAF would be better invested in hydrogen and electric propulsion.
January 2021 The Fuelling Flight Project
This group has pointed to "the risk of massive capital investments in things that increase emissions compared to fossil fuels and/or that become stranded assets" and called for "future proof sustainability requirements" higher than the ones in the European Commission's Renewable Energy Directive including "clear exclusions of unsustainable feedstocks and pathways such as biofuels from dedicated cropland and PFAD." [Palm Fatty Acid Distillate] The group has called for higher sustainability standards before SAF is prioritised and ramped up. They further suggest that "only EU-sourced feedstocks, electrofuels and other renewable fuels of non-biological origin" should be included. They assert that: "Competition for limited resources, particularly in relation to international transport, will not solve the global climate challenge."
"Meeting long-term decarbonization targets and deeper deployment rates will require the use of fuels with greater availability than bio-based wastes and residues. Electrofuels offer substantial long-term potential for supplying SAF, as there are fewer constraints to their production volumes. However, the high cost of supplying additional renewable electricity makes this one of the most expensive options for reducing aviation emissions. Despite initial high costs, policy support for electrofuels over the next decade can help to bring down the capital costs for electrolyzers and introduce the policy framework that would link transportation energy demand to new, additional renewable electricity from the power sector."
Climate change: Jet fuel from waste 'dramatically lowers' emissions more
Authors of a new study say the fuel cuts greenhouse gas emissions by 165% compared to fossil energy. This figure comes from the reduction in carbon emitted from aeroplanes plus the emissions that are avoided when food waste is diverted from landfill.
As WTM London's Senior Exhibition Director Simon Press has said
"Aviation's contribution to the climate crisis is a problem that needs a solution. It is not just the aviation sector's problem – travel and tourism as a whole need to recognise the problem. We currently stand at an important crossroads in travel and tourism, where the direction we take will make an enormous difference to our destination."
The Symposium can be viewed here.
The white paper is available for download at Decarbonising aviation: The route to net zero for the travel and tourism industry, concludes with a call to action.
"The tourism sector calls on everyone with an interest in travel and tourism – governments, international organisations, airlines, aircraft manufacturers, airports, alternative fuel producers, academics and travellers themselves – to do their part. Without it, we may be forced into unsavoury choices on who is allowed to fly
Tourism is at an important crossroads and a choice on direction must now be made. Leaving the decision for only a few more years will make the solutions far more radical and undesirable. What can be done now to make decarbonising aviation a reality?
• Tour operators and destinations must insist that airlines adopt e-fuel mixtures and accept the higher cost for tickets associated with e-fuel use;
• Governments and international bodies must legislate for e-fuel mixtures;
• Airlines to make greater use of drop-in e-fuels, at least for the short- to mid-term, and explore other sustainable fuel options such as hydrogen for the longer-term;
• Aircraft manufacturers must invest more in the development of zero-emission aircraft and speed up the pace of fleet replacement;
• Governments to withdraw support for the development of existing aircraft technology in favour of e-fuels and hydrogen fuel cells;
• International commitments to adopt carbon-friendly flight procedures, such as Single European Sky and avoiding parts of the atmosphere where contrails develop;
• More offsetting, using approved schemes, in the short term;
• Travellers must vote with their feet, forcing airlines to make the changes or switching to other modes of transport.
The Report can be downloaded here
As the Economist cautioned back in November 2018
"A report by America's National Academy of Sciences says that even the cheapest negative-emissions technologies such as biomass with carbon capture and storage are still too limited in scale to make a big dent in atmospheric CO2. A study by Britain's Royal Society and Royal Academy of Engineering said a carbon price of $100 a tonne may be needed to make most negative-emissions projects feasible. The danger is that policymakers will delay curbing emissions now in the hope of being able to remove large amounts of greenhouse gases from the air in the future. In fact, both are needed on a massive scale."
When burned SAF produces the same amount of CO2 emissions as conventional jet fuel. SAF is preferred because its production process absorbs CO2, leading to a reduction in CO2 emissions of 70 to 100 per cent on a life-cycle basis.
SAF has the advantage of being a drop-in fuel, compatible with fuelling infrastructure and engines.
The technical feasibility of SAF from vegetable or waste oils is now proven, the product is certified, and some airlines use the fuel regularly as part of the mix ion the tanks. The feedstock, supply chain and the production and refining are costly. The biggest problem is the competition for land use - "food versus fuel". Cathay Pacific and United Airlines have invested in producing fuel frim household waste and the fermentation of wood waste is a possibility.
Used cooking oil and other non-palm waste oils from animals or plants.
Other sources including forestry waste (such as waste wood), energy crops (fast growing plants) and algae.
Biofuels Digest
Solid waste from homes and businesses, such as packaging, paper, textiles, and food scraps that would otherwise go to landfill or incineration.
British Airways is working with Velocys to manufacture jet fuel from household and office waste at the Altalto facility in North East Lincolnshire. IAG has commited to investing $400m in alternative sustainable fuel development over the next 20 years. The Altalto plant could produce enough fuel for more than 1,000 London to New York flights each year using SAF in an A350 aircraft, reducing greenhouse gas emissions by 70 per cent for every tonne of sustainable jet fuel that replaces a tonne of conventional fossil fuel
In 2019, less than 200,000 metric tonnes of SAF were produced globally – a tiny fraction of the 300 million tonnes of jet fuel used by commercial airlines. So, despite the potential fulfilment of aviation's fuel needs using SAF by the end of this decade, the reality is that planned production capacity investments will only yield just one per cent of global jet fuel demand for 2030. Mandates are required to raise demand, as airlines are required to use SAF . Neville Hargreaves, VP Waste to Fuel, Velocys argues that in the longer term, fossil-based aviation fuel will rise, "As the price of carbon goes up, and the cost of SAF comes down, the price(s) of jet fuel and SAF will equalise – but it's a long process to reach that equalisation point." source
19 January 2021 Shell has pulled out of the Altalto Velocys project. Shell announced plans earlier this month to take a 40% interest in the Varennes Carbon Recycling project, the first waste-to-low-carbon-fuels plant in Quebec, which will use Montreal-based cleantech company Enerkem's proprietary technology. more
Synfuels: power-to-liquid fuels (PtL)
The use of synfuels derived from hydrogen and captured carbon emissions could become a scalable option. Such synfuels require water, renewable electricity to produce hydrogen, and CO2. The efficacy of synfuels to reduce greenhouse gas emissions requires that the Hydrogen is produced using green electricity and the CO2 needs to be extracted from the carbon cycle (taken from the air with direct air capture). McKinsey's analysis suggests that while current SAF costs are high in relation to kerosene cost, they will come down over time and could reach breakeven between 2030 and 2035, in an optimistic scenario. more
PtL uses renewable electricity, carbon dioxide captured from air and water to form a sustainable fuel that chemically resembles conventional jet fuel. Despite more R&D work being required and high implementation cost, PtL has advantages over other SAFs. It is "drop-in" capable, uses renewable feedstock and does not require as much land compared to other types of SAF.
A research institution supported by Airbus and other companies.
PtL-based fuel production comprises three main steps:
1) Hydrogen generation from renewable electricity through electrolysis of water;
2) Provision of renewable CO2 and its conversion along with the produced hydrogen;
3) Synthesis of liquid hydrocarbons with subsequent upgrading and refining. PtL fuels can be produced using established industrial-scale processes.
However, full system integration of the individual process steps is subject to ongoing work and still requires further R&D efforts.
2016 background study on PtL fuels can be downloaded from the German Environment Agency website: Power-to-Liquids – Potentials and Perspectives for the Future Supply of Renewable Aviation Fuel
The SAF+ Consortium, based in Canada, signed a first sustainable aviation fuel (SAF) offtake agreement with an Canadian airline (Air Transat), an important step in the process towards full-scale production. SAF+ Consortium partners include CCG, Air Transat, Aéroports de Montréal, Parachem, École Polytechnique de Montréal, CIRAIG and Valorisation Carbone Québec Project. This is an important circular economy solution towards zero-emissions aviation.
The lifecycle emissions of the process show at least an 80% reduction in CO2 emissions. SAF+ will, in the near future, use CO2, emitted from existing industrial plants, as the main feedstock. This is an important step towards the production of the synthetic fuel with CO2 captured directly from large emitters, which would close the carbon-cycle in a circular economy.
Direct Air Capture
Direct Air Capture can be used to pump CO2 underground and store it permanently underground. It is also possible that captured CO2 can be used to create aviation fuel.
June 2o20 the International Energy Agency reviewed progress on DAC.
The CO2 can be permanently stored in deep geological formations or used in the production of fuels, chemicals, building materials and other products containing CO2. When CO2 is geologically stored, it is permanently removed from the atmosphere, resulting in negative emissions. There are currently 15 direct air capture plants operating worldwide, capturing more than 9 000 tCO2/year, with a 1 MtCO2/year capture plant in advanced development in the United States. In the SDS, direct air capture is scaled up to capture almost 10 MtCO2/year by 2030. This is within reach but will require several more large-scale demonstrations to refine the technology and reduce capture costs. more
Dec 10, 2020 United Airlines announced that they plan to be 100% green by reducing its greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions by 100% by 2050. They plan to advance towards carbon neutrality by committing to a multimillion-dollar investment in revolutionary atmospheric carbon capture technology known as Direct Air Capture. Scott Kirby, United's chief executive officer. said "These game-changing technologies will significantly reduce our emissions, and measurably reduce the speed of climate change – because buying carbon offsets alone is just not enough. Perhaps most importantly, we're not just doing it to meet our own sustainability goal; we're doing it to drive the positive change our entire industry requires so that every airline can eventually join us and do the same." Rather than simply taking a conventional approach to decarbonization by relying solely on the purchase of carbon offsets, United intends to make a multimillion-dollar investment in 1PointFive, Inc., a partnership between Oxy Low Carbon Ventures, a subsidiary of Occidental (NYSE:OXY), and Rusheen Capital Management. 1PointFive's mission is to curb the rise in global temperatures by physically removing carbon dioxide (CO2) from the air using Direct Air Capture technology licensed from Carbon Engineering. more
Heart Aerospace's first electric airliner to be operational by 2026. all-electric aircraft ES-19 will sport a range of 400km with 215 knots of top speed. The airliner is also claimed to be capable of operating from shorter runways that are just 750 meters long. The new electric drivetrain, coupled with the new battery technology, will be able to push the aircraft to achieve a reasonable range, claims the company. They claim "Electrification changes the equation for regional air travel. Electric aircraft are affordable to buy, operate and maintain. Simple, reliable electric motors reduce maintenance costs by 90% compared to turboprops, and intelligent electronic monitoring reduces inspection needs. Most importantly, fuel costs go down by 50-75%."
Israeli firm Eviation has developed Alicewhich they say will carry nine passengers for up to 650 miles (1,040km) at 10,000ft (3,000m) at 276mph (440km/h). It is expected to enter service in 2022. It is powered by three rear-facing pusher-propellers, one in the tail and two counter-rotating props at the wingtips to counter the effects of drag. It also has a flat lower fuselage to aid lift. Eviation has already received its first orders. US regional airline Cape Air, which operates a fleet of 90 aircraft, has agreed to buy a "double-digit" number of the aircraft. source
In 2017 Airbus, Rolls-Royce and Siemens teamed up to develop a hybrid-electric engine plane technology as part of a push towards cleaner aviation. In the E-Fan X programme, they planned to put an electric engine with three jet engines on a BAe 146 aircraft. This was abandoned in 2020
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A Guide to Sustainable Aviation Fuels


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text:
All orders with Sharon Lee Ltd. are subject to the following terms and conditions;
Definitions. In these Conditions, the following definitions apply:
Business Day: a day (other than a Saturday, Sunday or public holiday) when banks in London are open for business.
Conditions: the terms and conditions set out in this document as amended from time to time.
Contract: the contract between the Supplier and the Customer for the sale and purchase of the Goods in accordance with these Conditions.
Customer: the person or firm who purchases the Goods from the Supplier.
Force Majeure Event: has the meaning given in clause 11
Goods: the goods (or any part of them) set out in the Order Acknowledgement Form.
Order: the Customer's order for the Goods.
Order Acknowledgement Form: the form setting out the Customer's order including details of the description of the Goods, quantity, and unit price.
Specification: any specification for the Goods, including any related plans and drawings, that is supplied to the Supplier by the Customer, or produced by the Supplier and agreed in writing by the Customer.
Supplier: Sharon Lee Limited whose registered office is Arlington Houser, West Station Business Park, Spital Road, Maldon, Essex CM9 6FF (registered in England and Wales with company number 5477673).
Supplier's Tolerance Allowances: any variation, change, non-uniformity or non-material amendment to the design, colour, construction or detail of the Goods, including dropped, skewed or missed stitches, or change in placement of any design, stitch or print within a 20 mm radius. Further detail of the Supplier's tolerances will be supplied upon request.
In these Conditions, the following rules apply:
A person includes a natural person, corporate or unincorporated body (whether or not having separate legal personality).
A reference to a party includes its personal representatives, successors or permitted assigns.
A reference to a statute or statutory provision is a reference to such statute or provision as amended or re-enacted. A reference to a statute or statutory provision includes any subordinate legislation made under that statute or statutory provision, as amended or re-enacted.
Any phrase introduced by the terms "including", "include", "in particular" or any similar expression shall be construed as illustrative and shall not limit the sense of the words preceding those terms.
A reference to "writing" or "written" includes faxes and e-mails.
BASIS OF CONTRACT
These Conditions apply to the Contract to the exclusion of any other terms that the Customer seeks to impose or incorporate, or which are implied by trade, custom, practice or course of dealing.
The Order constitutes an offer by the Customer to purchase the Goods in accordance with these Conditions. The Customer shall ensure that the terms of the Order and any relevant Specification as set out in the Order Acknowledgement Form are complete and accurate.
The Order shall only be deemed to be accepted when the Supplier issues an Order Acknowledgement Form, at which point the Contract shall come into existence.
The Contract constitutes the entire agreement between the parties. The Customer acknowledges that it has not relied on any statement, promise or representation made or given by or on behalf of the Supplier which is not set out in the Contract. Any samples, drawings, descriptive matter, or advertising issued by the Supplier and any descriptions or illustrations contained in the Supplier's catalogues or brochures are issued or published for the sole purpose of giving an approximate idea of the Goods described in them. They shall not form part of the Contract or any other contract between the Supplier and the Customer for the sale of the Goods.
A quotation for the Goods given by the Supplier shall not constitute an offer. A quotation shall only be valid for a period of 14 days from its date of issue.
Once issued these Conditions will form the basis of the work conducted by the Supplier and goods produced and any instructions received from the Customer after issue of these Conditions will constitute acceptance of and agreement with these Conditions.
The Supplier shall ensure that each delivery of the Goods is accompanied by a delivery note which shows all relevant Customer and Supplier reference numbers, the type and quantity of the Goods (including the code number of the Goods, where applicable), special storage instructions (if any) and, if the Order is being delivered by instalments, the outstanding balance of Goods remaining to be delivered.
The Supplier shall deliver the Goods to the location set out in the Order Acknowledgment Form or such other location as the parties may agree ("Delivery Location") at any time after the Supplier notifies the Customer that the Goods are ready or such time as the parties may agree in writing.
Delivery of the Goods shall be completed on the Goods' arrival at the Delivery Location.
Any dates quoted for delivery are approximate only, and the time of delivery is not of the essence. The Supplier shall not be liable for any delay in delivery of the Goods that is caused by a Force Majeure Event or the Customer's failure to provide the Supplier with adequate delivery instructions or any other instructions that are relevant to the supply of the Goods.
The Supplier will not be liable to the Customer for any delay or failure of any third party contractor to deliver the Goods on time or at all, but the Supplier will assist the Customer in recovering any Goods from a third party should they fail to be delivered, where the price is paid in full in advance.
If the Supplier fails to deliver the Goods, its liability shall be limited to the costs and expenses incurred by the Customer in obtaining replacement goods of similar description and quality in the cheapest market available, less the price of the Goods. The Supplier shall have no liability for any failure to deliver the Goods to the extent that such failure is caused by a Force Majeure Event or the Customer's failure to provide the Supplier with adequate delivery instructions or any other instructions that are relevant to the supply of the Goods.
If the Customer fails to accept delivery of the Goods within 3 Business Days of the Supplier notifying the Customer that the Goods are ready, then, except where such failure or delay is caused by a Force Majeure Event or the Supplier's failure to comply with its obligations under the Contract:
delivery of the Goods shall be deemed to have been completed at 9.00 am on the third Business Day following the day on which the Supplier notified the Customer that the Goods were ready; and
the Supplier shall store the Goods until delivery takes place, and charge the Customer for all related costs and expenses (including insurance).
If 10 Business Days after the Supplier notified the Customer that the Goods were ready for delivery the Customer has not accepted delivery of them, the Supplier may resell or otherwise dispose of part or all of the Goods at the Supplier's sole discretion and, where the Price has already been paid by the Customer the Supplier shall refund the Price to the Customer.
The Customer shall not be entitled to reject the Goods if the Supplier delivers the Goods in a quantity which is 5% more or less than the number specified within the Order but a pro rata adjustment shall be made to the Order invoice provided that the Customer provides notice to the Supplier that the wrong quantity of Goods was delivered within 3 Business Days of delivery.
The Supplier may deliver the Goods by instalments, which shall be invoiced and paid for separately. Each instalment shall constitute a separate Contract. Any delay in delivery or defect in an instalment shall not entitle the Customer to cancel any other instalment. The Supplier and Customer will agree delivery by instalments in writing prior to completion of the first instalment of the Goods.
The Supplier warrants that on delivery and for a period of 14 days from the date of delivery ("Warranty Period"), the Goods shall:
conform in all material respects with the description of the Goods provided by the Supplier;
materially meet the Specification subject to the Supplier's Tolerance Allowances;
be produced in accordance with the approved design, but the product itself and all features, branding, colours and accessories are subject to the Supplier's Tolerance Allowances.
The Customer acknowledges that the Goods may not be identical in size, colour, stitch or print detail throughout the Order, subject to the Supplier's Tolerance Allowances, and may vary from the one-off sample provided to the Customer.
Subject to clause 4.4, if:
the Customer gives notice in writing to the Supplier during the Warranty Period that some or all of the Goods do not comply with the warranty set out in clause 4.1;
the Supplier is given opportunity to examine the Goods; and
the Customer (if asked to do so by the Supplier) returns such Goods to the Supplier's place of business at the Customer's cost;
the Supplier shall, at its sole discretion, repair or replace the defective Goods, or refund the price of the defective Goods in full strictly subject to the Supplier's assessment of the quality of the Goods.
The Supplier shall not be liable for Goods' failure to comply with the warranty set out in clause 4.1 if:
the Customer makes any further use of such Goods after giving notice in accordance with clause 4.2;
the defect arises because the Customer failed to follow the Supplier's oral or written instructions as to the storage, commissioning, installation, use and maintenance of the Goods or (if there are none) good trade practice;
the overall finish of the Goods or any design or feature of the Goods deteriorates, fades, or warps over time as the goods are stored;
the defect arises as a result of the Supplier following any drawing, design or specification supplied by the Customer;
there is variation between the one-off production sample provided and the Goods delivered to the Customer;
the Customer alters or repairs such Goods without the written consent of the Supplier; or
the defect arises as a result of fair wear and tear, wilful damage, negligence, or abnormal storage or working conditions.
Except as provided in clause 4, the Supplier shall have no liability to the Customer in respect of the Goods' failure to comply with the warranty set out in clause 4.1.
Except as set out in these Conditions, all warranties, conditions and other terms implied by statute or common law are, to the fullest extent permitted by law, excluded from the Contract.
These Conditions shall apply to any repaired or replacement Goods supplied by the Supplier.
All aspects relating to the goods are subject to clause 4.4.
The Supplier reserves all rights to change, alter or discontinue the production of any style of product at any time, subject to fulfilment of any Order already placed at the time of the change or discontinuance.
TITLE AND RISK
The risk in the Goods shall pass to the Customer on completion of delivery.
Title to the Goods shall not pass to the Customer until the Supplier has received payment in full (in cash or cleared funds) for:
the Goods; and
all other sums which are or which become due to the Supplier for sale of the Goods or any other products to the Customer.
Until title to the Goods has passed to the Customer, the Customer shall:
hold the Goods on a fiduciary basis as the Supplier's bailee;
store the Goods separately from all other goods held by the Customer so that they remain readily and easily identifiable as the Supplier's property;
not remove, deface or obscure any identifying mark or packaging on or relating to the Goods;
maintain the Goods in reasonable condition and keep them insured against all risks for their full price from the date of delivery;
notify the Supplier immediately if it becomes subject to any of the events listed in clause 7.2; and
give the Supplier such information relating to the Goods as the Supplier may require from time to time.
If the Customer does not pay the Supplier in full, they may only resell or use the Goods in the ordinary course of its business with the Supplier's prior written consent.
If before title to the Goods passes to the Customer the Customer becomes subject to any of the events listed in clause 7.2, or the Supplier reasonably believes that any such event is about to happen and notifies the Customer accordingly, then, provided that the Goods have not been resold, or irrevocably incorporated into another product, and without limiting any other right or remedy the Supplier may have, the Supplier may at any time require the Customer to deliver up the Goods and, if the Customer fails to do so promptly, the Supplier may enter any premises of the Customer or of any third party where the Goods are stored in order to recover them.
Where the Goods have been irrevocably incorporated into another product, the Customer will remain liable in full for the price of the Goods.
The price of the Goods shall be the price set out in the Order Acknowledgement Form, or, if no price is quoted, the price set out in the Supplier's published price list in force as at the date of delivery.
The Supplier may, by giving notice to the Customer at any time before delivery, increase the price of the Goods to reflect any increase in the cost of the Goods that is due to:
any factor beyond the Supplier's control (including foreign exchange fluctuations, increases in taxes and duties, and increases in labour, materials and other manufacturing costs);
any request by the Customer to change the delivery date(s), quantities or types of Goods ordered, or the Specification; or
any delay caused by any instructions of the Customer or failure of the Customer to give the Supplier adequate or accurate information or instructions.
Subject to clause 6.4 the price of the Goods is exclusive of the costs and charges of delivery and insurance of the Goods which shall be paid for by the Customer when it pays for the Goods.
Clause 6.3 does not apply where the price of the Goods is £500 or greater in which case the price will include costs and charges of delivery, save where the Goods are delivered outside of the UK mainland or to the highlands of Scotland.
The price of the Goods is exclusive of amounts in respect of value added tax (VAT). The Customer shall, on receipt of a valid VAT invoice from the Supplier, pay to the Supplier such additional amounts in respect of VAT as are chargeable on the supply of the Goods.
If at any time HM Revenue and Customs shall determine that VAT is payable upon a supply which was previously considered or treated as VAT exempt, the Customer will account to the Supplier for the VAT sum within 5 Business Days of receipt of notice from the Supplier as to the VAT determination.
The Supplier may invoice the Customer for the Goods on or at any time after the completion of delivery.
Where credit references of the Customer have not been approved by the Supplier, payment for the Goods must be made in advance of delivery to the bank account nominated in writing by the Supplier.
Subject to clause 6.7, the Customer shall pay the invoice in full and in cleared funds within 14 days of the date of the invoice, unless the Customer and Supplier agree alternative payment terms upon acceptance of the Order. Payment shall be made to the bank account nominated in writing by the Supplier, or if agreed, by cheque.
Time of payment is of the essence.
If the Customer fails to make any payment due to the Supplier under the Contract by the due date for payment (due date), then the Customer shall pay interest on the overdue amount at the rate of 2% per annum above Barclay's Bank PLC base lending rate from time to time. Such interest shall accrue on a daily basis from the due date until the date of actual payment of the overdue amount, whether before or after judgment. The Customer shall pay the interest together with the overdue amount.
The Customer shall pay all amounts due under the Contract in full without any deduction or withholding except as required by law and the Customer shall not be entitled to assert any credit, set-off or counterclaim against the Supplier in order to justify withholding payment of any such amount in whole or in part. The Supplier may at any time, without limiting any other rights or remedies it may have, set off any amount owing to it by the Customer against any amount payable by the Supplier to the Customer.
If the Customer cancels an Order during the course of production, the Customer will remain liable to the Supplier for the purchase price in full.
CUSTOMER'S INSOLVENCY OR INCAPACITY
If the Customer becomes subject to any of the events listed in clause 7.2, or the Supplier reasonably believes that the Customer is about to become subject to any of them and notifies the Customer accordingly, then, without limiting any other right or remedy available to the Supplier, the Supplier may cancel or suspend all further deliveries under the Contract or under any other contract between the Customer and the Supplier without incurring any liability to the Customer, and all outstanding sums in respect of Goods delivered to the Customer shall become immediately due.
For the purposes of clause 7.1, the relevant events are:
the Customer suspends, or threatens to suspend, payment of its debts or is unable to pay its debts as they fall due or admits inability to pay its debts or (being a company) is deemed unable to pay its debts within the meaning of section 123 of the Insolvency Act 1986, or (being an individual) is deemed either unable to pay its debts or as having no reasonable prospect of so doing, in either case, within the meaning of section 268 of the Insolvency Act 1986, or (being a partnership) has any partner to whom any of the foregoing apply;
the Customer commences negotiations with all or any class of its creditors with a view to rescheduling any of its debts, or makes a proposal for or enters into any compromise or arrangement with its creditors other than (where the Customer is a company) these events take place for the sole purpose of a scheme for a solvent amalgamation of the Customer with one or more other companies or the solvent reconstruction of the Customer;
(being an individual) the Customer is the subject of a bankruptcy petition or order;
a creditor or encumbrancer of the Customer attaches or takes possession of, or a distress, execution, sequestration or other such process is levied or enforced on or sued against, the whole or any part of its assets and such attachment or process is not discharged within 7 days;
(being a company) an application is made to court, or an order is made, for the appointment of an administrator or if a notice of intention to appoint an administrator is given or if an administrator is appointed over the Customer;
(being a company) a floating charge holder over the assets of the Customer has become entitled to appoint or has appointed an administrative receiver;
a person becomes entitled to appoint a receiver over the assets of the Customer or a receiver is appointed over the assets of the Customer;
any event occurs, or proceeding is taken, with respect to the Customer in any jurisdiction to which it is subject that has an effect equivalent or similar to any of the events mentioned in clause 7.2(a) to clause 7.2(g) (inclusive);
the Customer suspends, threatens to suspends, ceases or threatens to cease to carry on all or substantially the whole of its business; or
the financial position of the Supplier deteriorates to such an extent that in the opinion of the Customer the capability of the Seller adequately to fulfil its obligations under the Contract has been placed in jeopardy.
(being an individual) the Customer dies or, by reason of illness or incapacity (whether mental or physical), is incapable of managing his or her own affairs or becomes a patient under any mental health legislation.
Nothing in these Conditions shall limit or exclude the Supplier's liability for:
death or personal injury caused by its negligence, or the negligence of its employees, agents or subcontractors (as applicable);
fraud or fraudulent misrepresentation; or
breach of the terms implied by section 12 of the Sale of Goods Act 1979; or
defective products under the Consumer Protection Act 1987; or
any matter in respect of which it would be unlawful for the Supplier to exclude or restrict liability.
Subject to clause 8.1:
the Supplier shall not be liable to the Customer, whether in contract, tort (including negligence), breach of statutory duty, or otherwise, for any loss of profit or indirect or consequential loss arising under or in connection with the Contract (including any losses that may result from a deliberate breach of the Contract by the Supplier, its employees, agents or subcontractors);
the Supplier's total liability to the Customer in respect of all other losses arising under or in connection with the Contract, whether in contract, tort (including negligence), breach of statutory duty, or otherwise, including losses caused by a deliberate breach of the Contract by the Supplier, its employees, agents or subcontractors shall not exceed 100% of the price of the Goods as set out in the Order Acknowledgement Form.
WARRANTIES AND INDEMNITY
The Customer warrants that the use of any design provided by the Customer to be included on any cap or garment will not infringe the intellectual property rights of any third party.
If the Customer is using a design produced, created or designed by a third party the Customer warrants to the Supplier that they have every permission, licence or agreement necessary to use and recreate the design.
The Customer shall indemnify and keep indemnified the Supplier in full and on demand from and against all and any losses, costs, claims, liabilities, damages, demands and expenses suffered or incurred by the Supplier or for which the Supplier may become liable, with respect of any intellectual property infringement claim as set out in clause 9.1.
Any samples provided to the Customer by the Supplier are not returnable.
The Customer shall pay for any sample provided to it by the Supplier in accordance with the provisions of clause 6.
The samples provided to the Customer may vary from the actual Goods delivered in accordance with the Supplier's Tolerance Allowances and are intended as an example only.
Neither party shall be liable for any failure or delay in performing its obligations under the Contract to the extent that such failure or delay is caused by a Force Majeure Event. A Force Majeure Event means any event beyond a party's reasonable control, which by its nature could not have been foreseen, or, if it could have been foreseen, was unavoidable, including strikes, lock-outs or other industrial disputes (whether involving its own workforce or a third party's), failure of energy sources or transport network, acts of God, war, terrorism, riot, civil commotion, interference by civil or military authorities, national or international calamity, armed conflict, malicious damage, breakdown of plant or machinery, nuclear, chemical or biological contamination, sonic boom, explosions, collapse of building structures, fires, floods, storms, earthquakes, loss at sea, epidemics or similar events, natural disasters or extreme adverse weather conditions, or default of suppliers or subcontractors.
By submitting files, artworks, designs and imagery, the customer warrants that they are in possession of all required licences and permissions, to recreate the elements submitted. The customer is responsible for obtaining all required permissions for use of their submitted material and its application to the product(s) which are being purchased from the supplier. The customer will meet all claims, expenses, damages and all legal fees arising from goods which are produced without prior permissions.
Assignment and subcontracting.
The Supplier may at any time assign, transfer, charge, subcontract or deal in any other manner with all or any of its rights or obligations under the Contract.
The Customer may not assign, transfer, charge, subcontract or deal in any other manner with all or any of its rights or obligations under the Contract without the prior written consent of the Supplier.
Any notice or other communication given to a party under or in connection with the Contract shall be in writing, addressed to that party at its registered office (if it is a company) or its principal place of business (in any other case) or such other address as that party may have specified to the other party in writing in accordance with this clause, and shall be delivered personally, sent by pre-paid first-class post, recorded delivery, commercial courier, fax or e-mail.
A notice or other communication shall be deemed to have been received: if delivered personally to the Customer, when left at the address referred to in clause 12.2(a); if sent by pre-paid first-class post or recorded delivery to the Customer, at 9.00 am on the second Business Day after posting; if delivered by commercial courier to the Customer, on the date and at the time that the courier's delivery receipt is signed; or, if sent by fax or e-mail, one Business Day after transmission.
Service of any notice to the Supplier will only occur upon actual receipt.
The provisions of this clause shall not apply to the service of any proceedings or other documents in any legal action.
If any court or competent authority finds that any provision of the Contract (or part of any provision) is invalid, illegal or unenforceable, that provision or part-provision shall, to the extent required, be deemed to be deleted, and the validity and enforceability of the other provisions of the Contract shall not be affected.
If any invalid, unenforceable or illegal provision of the Contract would be valid, enforceable and legal if some part of it were deleted, the provision shall apply with the minimum modification necessary to make it legal, valid and enforceable.
A waiver of any right or remedy under the Contract is only effective if given in writing and shall not be deemed a waiver of any subsequent breach or default. No failure or delay by a party to exercise any right or remedy provided under the Contract or by law shall constitute a waiver of that or any other right or remedy, nor shall it preclude or restrict the further exercise of that or any other right or remedy. No single or partial exercise of such right or remedy shall preclude or restrict the further exercise of that or any other right or remedy.
Third party rights.
A person who is not a party to the Contract shall not have any rights under or in connection with it.
Any variation to the Contract, including the introduction of any additional terms and conditions, shall only be binding when agreed in writing and signed by the Customer.
Governing law and jurisdiction.
The Contract, and any dispute or claim arising out of or in connection with it or its subject matter or formation (including non-contractual disputes or claims), shall be governed by, and construed in accordance with, English law, and the parties irrevocably submit to the exclusive jurisdiction of the courts of England and Wales.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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Thu 26 November 2015

Detect touch gestures with Cycle.js and Hammer.js

Fri 09 October 2015

Release: molecule-input version 6.3.1

Tue 06 October 2015

Release: molecule-input version 6.3.0

Wed 30 September 2015

Release: molecule-input version 6.2.1

Wed 30 September 2015

Release: molecule-input version 6.2.0

Mon 28 September 2015

Release: molecule-input version 6.1.1

Sat 26 September 2015

Release: molecule-input version 6.1.0

Fri 25 September 2015

Release: molecule-input version 6.0.2

Fri 25 September 2015

Release: molecule-input version 6.0.1

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Fixed Bridge CNC Machining Center - Scarlett Machinery Inc.
These machines are best suited for applications that require faster feed speeds and higher accuracy.
This style machine can be configured with multiple tables moving in the long or short direction. The bridge can be configured with different Z clearances and stokes depending on the application. This design also employs moving less mass to give us increased acceleration and deceleration allowing for improved cycle times. Please contact Scarlett, Inc to find out which fixed bridge machine is best for you!


text:
Susie Orman Schnall
Susie Orman Schnall is the author of four novels: WE CAME HERE TO SHINE, THE SUBWAY GIRLS, THE BALANCE PROJECT, and ON GRACE. She grew up in Los Angeles and graduated from the University of Pennsylvania. Her writing has appeared in publications including The New York Times, HuffPo, PopSugar, Writer's Digest, and Glamour and she lives in New York with her husband and their three sons.
In this episode, we talk about Susie's latest novel "We Came Here to Shine". Susie discusses the inspiration for her characters as well as why she chose to write about the New York World's Fair. Susie's characters are strong and resilient women who fight against the constraints that society puts on them. We talk about how women are evolving and slowly changing the status quo.
Additionally, Susie shares the reason she started The Balance Project where she has interviewed over 175 women on how they manage family, careers, friendships etc. Susie found that there is no "secret sauce" to juggling it all and it really comes down to prioritizing one's time and values.
Quote: " What is is you plan to do with your one wild and precious life?" – Marie Oliver
"If you want to sing out, sing out." – Cat Stevens
Book: Becoming by Michelle Obama
Untamed by Glennan Doyle
Role model: Michelle Obama
You can find Susie here
You can purchase her latest novel here
Jill Sharfman NC Chani Frankel and Freidel Levin of Mimulo
Book Club Edition: Lauren Fox
Book Club edition: Elyssa Friedland
Esty Perman
© BOSS MAIDEL 2022


After breakfast we will go to the airport to take the flight to Cusco. Upon arrival, pick up from the airport and transfer to the hotel. In the afternoon at approximately 13 hours the City Tour will begin.
Tour through the towns of Pisac, Urubamba, Chincheros and Ollantaytambo.
Canoeing for two hours in the Rio Vilcanota.
Duration: 5 to 6 hours of trekking.
Duration: 6 – 7 hours of trekking.
Duration: 5 – 6 hours of hiking.
Duration: 4 to 5 hours of hiking.
After the visit to Machu Picchu, return to Cusco. Accommodation at the hotel.
In the morning transfer from the passenger to the airport to take the flight to Puerto Maldonado. Arriving at Puerto Maldonado, reception at the airport, we will board the bus and here we start the tour of the city on our bus. Then we will go to the port to embark on the boat through the Madre de Dios River. Upon arrival at the lodge, we will welcome you with an exquisite drink. Installation in the bungalows and lunch.
In the morning after breakfast we will start an adventure through the virgin jungle, accompanied by a local guide, we will carry out an internment walk to reach the Lost Cocha.
After breakfast, at the indicated time, we will start the excursion through the magical jungle where we will sail along the Madre de Dios River until we reach the beginning of a walk towards Rio Gamitana / Briolo; which is born from the bowels of the virgin forest. Its impressive snaking form extensive navigable channels where we will return in canoes, appreciating of very near animals like turtles, caimans, insects and a great variety of birds.
Breakfast. At the agreed time, transfer from the lodge to Puerto Maldonado airport to leave for the city of Lima and embark on the international connection flight.


Decorative Paneling. Add a natural look with easy to install decorative paneling. ..... Urban Cowboy Engineered Wood Interior Accent Wall Panel (8-Box). Model# 129200 ... White Vinyl Reversible Interior/Exterior Paneling (3-Piece Per Pack).
Company specialized in the manufacture of natural wood veneer coatings for ... Natural wood for exterior cladding ... Natural wood exterior fa?ades ... If you would like to keep informed of our updates, simply subscribe to our Newsletter.
Max Compact Exterior ... Anyone looking for a material for exterior wall cladding, rainscreen facades, or balcony terraces no doubt ... m.look Exterior | A2-Quality.
Jan 26, 2016 ... Even painted, these shakes still have the look and feel of real wood. 4. ... This home contrasts smooth fiber cement panels with a natural-looking wood grain ... and board and batten siding as it moves over the house's exterior.


text:
Oxford City Stars prepared for new season
10th September 2019 News
Oxford City Stars Head Coach Simon Anderson said he has taken plenty of positives out of the weekend's challenge games.
The Stars played London Raiders home and away and while both games saw reverse score-lines the matches were always designed to prepare for the league campaign.
Simon said: "They weren't the results we wanted over the weekend but considering we had only practiced together three times this season I thought that the performance levels were acceptable.
"We have a lot of new players trying to get to know one another off the ice as well as on it and that is going to take time."
The challenge matches have Simon the opportunity to develop the team's lines and systems and get the players vital match fitness.
"Primarily my focus for the games were for exactly that and the fitness side of things," said Simon.
"I was pleasantly surprised with how quickly the players executed the systems put in place."
"We obviously need to work as hard as we can every week to perfect our game, but with the work this group of players put in it will not take long to come together."
The Stars' eagerly awaited league campaign back in Division One starts on Sunday at Oxpens against the Bracknell Hornets.
Get your tickets now here!


text:
namespace AgileObjects.AgileMapper.ObjectPopulation.Enumerables.Dictionaries.Looping
{
    using System.Collections.Generic;
#if NET35
    using Microsoft.Scripting.Ast;
#else
    using System.Linq.Expressions;
#endif
    using Enumerables.Looping;
    using Members.Dictionaries;

    internal class DictionaryToDictionaryPopulationLoopData : EnumerableSourcePopulationLoopData
    {
        public DictionaryToDictionaryPopulationLoopData(
            DictionarySourceMember sourceMember,
            ObjectMapperData mapperData)
            : base(
                mapperData.EnumerablePopulationBuilder,
                typeof(KeyValuePair<,>).MakeGenericType(sourceMember.KeyType, sourceMember.ValueType),
                mapperData.SourceObject)
        {
        }

        public override Expression GetSourceElementValue() => Expression.Property(SourceElement, "Value");
    }
}


Can design reclaim public space?	Ecosistema Urbano & Interboro share their stories about how they shaped a practice around public space.
32 | Slum Networking, Explained.
Can we design a slum-friendly city?	Himanshu Parikh discusses the evolution of cities and slums, and how a historicist read can lead us to new engineering innovations.
What happens when gravity replaces modern technology as a tool to design urban infrastructure?	Himanshu Parikh is an Indian engineer who developed of the concept of 'slum networking,' which stems from how the traditional organization of cities was based on natural features such as topography and gravity.
How can designers create a more inclusive space?	Interboro is an architecture, urban design, and planning firm based in Brooklyn, New York. Interboro works across scales and take a participatory, place-specific approach that builds consensus around complex projects.


text:
Province sinks $1.12 million into anti-gang program
by admin|Published July 3, 2018
Solicitor General Mike Farnworth
To help educate youth and to fight the lure of gangs and gang violence in British Columbia's communities, the province is providing $1.12 million in additional funding to expand the Expect Respect and a Safe Education (ERASE) anti-bullying program.
With gang and gun violence occurring in communities throughout British Columbia, the province is committed to helping put an end to gang life. While enforcement measures have been successful, enforcement on its own is not enough. This is why government is taking action to better equip youth to resist getting involved in gang-related activity.
"Programs that address the circumstances that lead to gang involvement help to create positive community connections, and a better way of life," said Mike Farnworth, Minister of Public Safety and Solicitor General, in a news release. "We're ensuring we provide the resources necessary for our youth, by partnering with the Ministry of Education to expand on their very successful province-wide ERASE program, to include new training modules focused on gang and gun violence prevention."
B.C.'s ERASE Strategy is designed to help prevent, identify and stop harmful behaviours, whether they occur in school or online. The new training modules will be provided to school and district staff, law enforcement and community partners. The expanded program will also provide specific training for communities where gang-affiliated behaviours have been identified and for youth who would benefit from additional support. The program will be available to a culturally diverse audience.
To ensure supports are there for those seeking to leave the gang lifestyle, the province is providing an additional grant of $239,000 to the End Gang Life Exiting and Outreach Pilot Program. The program, currently being evaluated to identify best practices and lessons learned, supports young gang-entrenched adults who are serious about making a change. The additional funding provided will support the pilot through to the end of its evaluation phase.
These actions are another step in the province's effort to bring attention to gun and gang violence, and to stimulate discussion, which eliminate misperceptions about gangs and gang lifestyle.
Combined with the work of the provincial anti-gang unit, the Combined Special Forces Enforcement Unit (CFSEU-BC), the province continues to target and disrupt gun and gang violence head-on with a multi-pronged approach, and keep citizens throughout British Columbia safer.
According to the Preventing Youth Involvement in Gangs report, the average age when youth begin to associate with gangs is 13 years old.
More than 18,000 educators, law-enforcement members, probation officers, child and youth mental-health workers, and other community partners, have received training through B.C.'s ERASE program.
The expanded ERASE program aims to train over 14,000 school/district staff, law enforcement members and community partners to prevent and respond to safety issues involving gang-related behaviour, guns and illicit drug use.
The expanded ERASE program also aims to provide all 60 safe-school teams in the province with tools to identify, and respond to, youth on the pathway to gang and gun violence.
To date, the End Gang Life Exiting and Outreach Pilot Program has helped 40 individuals successfully leave the gang lifestyle, and has reached over 425,000 community members through community engagement initiatives.
For more information on the ERASE program, visit: https://www.erasebullying.ca
The Combined Forces Special Enforcement Unit BC also has anti-gang resources for parents: http://www.endganglife.ca


text:
PHILOSOPHY on this theme with reference to the legal
by EL OUARRAK Iman
Presented to Professor VAN DER WALT Johan
Willem Gous
Chosen Language: English
"The people is the source of law and law is
the expression of the will of the people"
Write an essay on this theme with reference to the
legal theories of Carl Schmitt and Hans Kelsen
Western societies, democracy as a form of government has become a stable
notion. Democracy was born in Greece, and as known, its meaning is « the rule of the
people » and it is a system in which the
sovereignty is exercised, indirectly or directly, by the people.
As time went
by, the idea of democracy got restricted and absolute monarchs took power. The
year 1789, however, changed the course of historical events: the French
Revolution happened. This revolutionary riot allowed the French, and later on,
Europeans to erase the concept of "absolutism" and dive in the idea of
"freedom", "sovereignty of the people" by suffocating the idea of "L'état c'est
moi". The "moi", who was Louis XIV in France, became "l'état c'est le peuple".
History, however, is a cycle and democracy,
as a human creation, in a certain historical moment, was meant to be demolished
as the totalitarianism of the 20th century approached. It is in this
historic and political scenario, that two of the most important protagonists of
juridical-political thinking can be situated: Kelsen and Carl Schmitt. Their
theories are essential in order to categorize the importance of the
Constitution and of democracy and they can be advantageous to resonate on this
statement: "The people is the source of law and law
is the expression of the will of the people."
Philosophers in this political scenario, who
witnessed the downfall of the Weimarer
Republik followed by the well-known devastating epilogue, had the
possibility of meditating on serious themes, such as, for instance, democracy.
Kelsen and Schmitt reflected on the concept of democracy, and both were able to
advance two different conceptions, that, although matured in the same
historical and political period, came to different conclusions that are anywise,
opposite. It is in this opposition, anyhow, that a certain irreconcilable
unilaterality might be observed.
Democracy certainly flourished during the 20th.
It is in this time that the ideas of political and economic liberalism began
playing a major role, but it is also in this time, that democracy witness its
notorious wilting due to the establishment of communist and Nazi regimes. The
democratic form of government, being compared to the totalitarianisms of the 20th
century, presents already a clear-cut differentiation between the theory of
Kelsen and of Schmitt. For the former, visualizing the constructive elements of
the democratic ideas, is a tool able to render concrete a doctrinal answer to
the representative crisis of the parliamentary modalities, that are indicated
as being the most indicated for the functioning of democracy1.
For the latter, the task is visualizing and taking into account the limits
present inside of parliamentary system, the forms of consent and the expression
of political participation in order to define a concept of democracy that can
remain standing even without the previous aspects stated, also by including the
idea of an authoritarian turn.
Both philosophers, nevertheless, share a common
problem: founding a theoretical basis of the political form of democracy as an
abstract doctrinal model able to have a conceptual and realistic elaboration.
Kelsen explains
what democracy deals with and also articulates its weaknesses. He criticizes
the ideology by putting in place two different concepts: ideal democracy and
real democracy2.
The Austrian author strongly recognizes the differences between these two ideas
and consider that one must not be confused with the other and that ideal
thinking and real thinking do not coincide. He visualizes the organic moments
of a possible idea of democracy, freedom and formal equality by also
illustrating the process of modification needed in order to go from an ideal
understating of democracy, to a real understanding of democracy. It is clearly
a cogent analysis aimed to reflect on democracy. He bears in mind the notion of
"people" and "popular government", the
contraposition between forms of direct and indirect democracy, the relative
problem of political representation, the characterization of the parliament and
the relation between majority and minority, the role of political parties, the
form of production of law and the expression of consensus and political
participation.
Synthetically,
Kelsen considers that there is no common agreement among the people, but only a
plurality of values in conflict. "The rule of the majority, so characteristic
of democracy, is distinguished from ever sort of rule in that is not only –
according to its innermost essence—conceptually requires an opposition, the
minority, but also recognizes and protects it politically through basic rights
and the principle of proportionality"3.
these means, a democratic model is visualized and as a form of government, it
includes particular political contents indifferently by their specificity. A form of government with rules and
procedures that establish how decisions must be taken, more than wanting to
establish which decisions have to be taken and what decisions do not have to be
taken, and that anyways considers of being able to include its own dialectic
political form, as well as sustaining itself as a form of democracy, and
entrusting to the function and to the procedural mechanism.
aim is not to constitute a limit to the political form that needs to represent
the political dimension and its Weltaschauung4:
political relativism and gnoseological relativism of modern thinking unite.
Schmitt, also, the bitterness of his time took him to define a renovated model
of democracy that is able to create a dialogue with new social assortment. He
agrees that there cannot be common good in a reality of heterogeneous masses,
in which values transform in instruments to political battles.
Kelsen, he analyzes the democratic form and traces out its characterizing
elements. He points out the problem of its foundation and its consequences: he
sets the mechanisms through which democracy lives and manifests itself, the
political subjectivity that it embodies by finally claiming that there is a way
to conjugate the authentic form of democracy, with the state of the 20th
century, yet in a different way from Kelsen.
Kelsen
clearly underlines the importance of freedom and equality in a democratic
system, for for Schmitt it is only substantial equality that is essential. The
idea of democracy, in this schmittian case, is substantial. Schmitt gives an
essential role to politics, and he reveals that it is crucial the choice of a precise political
content that animates the democratic form and identifies the collective
appartenance, excluding at the same time anyone who does not identify with this
entity. Kelsen underlines that there is this relation of majority and minority,
but for Schmitt, that minority might be the enemy, and therefore must be
destroyed. In "Concept of the Political", Schmitt creates
a distinction between friend and enemy. The political represents an antagonist,
an extreme one. The enemy is not an entity that is fought against on an
economic elevel, for instance, or somebody that we deeply hate. The enemy is
public. The political enemy is the "other", the foreign, with whom there can be
conflicts, but this does not mean that the political sphere coincides with war:
in many case, this eneminity can be solved by the political. The State is a decisive
entity because the "jus belli" belongs to it: it is only this factor that can
determine the enemy, promote war etc. The State is, therefore, superior to any
other political or social entity, so that classes or social groups that pray
the role of the antagonists can exist until they become a threat to established
the legal order. The primary function of the State, is not to express in waging
war or controlling people's private life, but more in establishing peace, order
and security. In extreme cases, it is also this State entity that decides which
is the enemy and declare that a determined phenomenon or group is the threat to
the existence of the State. However, interestingly, Schmitt considers that when
the conflict friend-enemy becomes an armed conflict, the State is not a
decisive political entity anymore, and a civil war follows up and it is in this
scenario that each group makes its enemy-friend distinction stronger. In some
kind of way, it is more or less what Hegel thinks. He also gives this importance
to the State and considers it the expression of God's will put on Earth. The
State in Hegel's philosophy determines everything, however, Hegel gives a major
importance to war, as he considers it to be that one element that saves
humanity from putrefaction. Schmitt, also, considers that it is essential to
have one political entity that embodies the State and is able to keep peace and
order. Of course, this is a conception developed in the scenario of the Weimar
Republic, but it is thanks to this aspect, that Schmitt sees as inevitable to
have a person that establishes order, order that did not exist in the Weimar
Republic. Kelsen, therefore,
alienates himself from the idea of identification with a principle and a
relative subjectivity, whereas, Schmitt identify a form of government that
works in function of a political unity, expressed by a sovereign power.
Austrian author creates a procedural democracy that aims at realizing its
principles, such as freedom and equality, and the concrete modalities for their
realization, due also to the dialectic minority-majority. He concludes that the
democratic structure can only articulate itself when there is general consent.
Schmitt,
anyhow, does not consider the idea of freedom, and equality, because, maybe, too
idealistic. He is more radical, but at the same time, more concrete. His model
of democracy finds the basis in the principle of substantial equality, which
becomes its only constitutive moment,
and which, at the the same time, can live without the principle of freedom and
recognizes the individual, only as a part of a political collective identity.
the idea of democracy constitution is associated. Jurists and constitutional
studies considered that the top of every democratic jurisdictional order there
is the constitution.
and Schmitt definitely register the association present between constitution
and democratic government, and in this case, once more, a development of
different opposed conceptions is present.
reckons the existence of two different kinds of constitutions5
: the first one is linked to the principles that regulate the system and the
legislative procedures, whereas the second is referred to the fundamental
rights of individuals.
constitution has a double soul in this case: procedural soul and and
substantial soul. The result of this constitution is a modifiable constitution
that can be adjusted under precise procedures foreseen by the constitution
reflects on the elaboration of the concept of constitution, more precisely, by
the positive concept of constitution and
he does so by criticizing the new modern state and its representative
modalities. In consequence, he ends up highlighting the political elements
present in every constitution and finds it inevitable to find a link between
constitution intended as "form of the forms", which is the original form of the legal system and
the substantial dimension, political of the State and therefore, to the extent
that a democratic constitution will never be able to base itself on a political
determination. The democracy of substantial identity is firmly established in
its constitution and the political choice of the sovereign people undermines
the entire legal order of the democratic state, starting from its fundamental
kind of perspective that distinguished the reading of the democratic form, with
its relative consequence, seems to be proposed once again: Kelsen, when
analyzing the democratic form, privileges the procedural dimension rather than
the substantial one and he designs a constitutional model that prefers its
abstract purity in regards to the politicity of democracy. However, it is
remarkable that there is no "choice of democracy" at
manifests itself in the full assumption of its own democratic political
content, in the lack of awareness that the form dies without a minimum of consubstantial
content. On the other hand, the Schmittian model, expresses a more radical
conscience on the link between formal and material and he comprehends the
necessary substantial declination that the constitution needs to have, if
democratic, but on the other side the focus on the political linked to the
constitution seems to be excessive. In kelsen there is a lack of a choice of
identity, but on the other hand, in Schmitt this excessive identity between
politics and constitution gives no space to the autonomy of the constitution. In
the case of the democratic principle, the constitution is firmly bound to that
model of democracy of identity, of substantial homogeneity, which in the end
entails a significant compression of the role of mediation of law between
differentiated instances, with the lack of individual recognition. dual
participation in politics also in terms of dissent, in an authoritarian drift
that will come to contradict the same principle of democratic identity.
has been talk of a "guarantee constitution" and also of a
"tolerant constitution" regarding Kelsen, and of "order
constitution" and
constitution". For Schmitt In the contrast between the characterization of
guarantee and that of order seems to express the difficulties of the
post-liberal constitutional state to continue to represent and allow the unity
of civil society and, at the same time, the internal dialectic of the
confrontation of the instances and different social subjects, in the face of
the profound changes resulting from the advent of mass society.
the splitting of these two elements Kelsen and Schmitt operate: the former is
the bearer of an idea of ??constitution that
essentially guarantees the free play of the social and political parties, which
shuns any material definition of the common good and takes care to define the
logic of the rules and the consequent rational normative structure; the second as a witness to an inexhaustible need for a
common collective project, which allows us to go beyond the simple
acknowledgment of social and political differentiation, which is more and more
irrelevant, but seeks to overcome it in the unity of a new political order. And
it is always in this split that the limit of both models is consumed. The
constitution of guarantee is not able, given its characterization, to contain
and overcome the increasingly pressing impetus of the internal conflicts within
society and indeed, precisely because it is a formal framework, welcomes and
tolerates, with equal possibilities of expression, even those political
subjects declared to be enemies, ending up by disintegrating from within and
failing, therefore, precisely in the fulfillment of its priority task of
guaranteeing freedom and pluralism. The order constitution, on the other hand,
is at the service of the project of political recomposition of society,
favoring identification with a certain political content and tending to exclude
the rest, in a process of ever more accentuated political totalization that
solves the problem of pluralism and heterogeneity simply because it denies
explained, for Schmitt, the constitution is more than an ensemble of laws,
because it determines the political order, and it is that element that
determines the specific form of the political order, which can be communist,
monarchic or democratic. No constitution, as a matter of fact, can be neutral
to the principles and values it represents. The constitution, therefore, does
not derive from a legal normativity, but from the political decision of those
who have the power. The constitution is not something we can violate: not even
a legal majority has the authority to transform it in another type of political
order. There must be a neutral force that garantees a certain equilibrium,
above the enemy-friend conflict, that represents the totality of the German
people and that is the protector of the constitution. This is the political
authority of the president of the Republic, nominated by the people, and so
independent from the parliamentarian majorities. Kelsen, however, considers that there should
be "a theory
of the law",
but Schmitt rejects this, because the "Norm" is not something original because normativism expects
the existence of already put-in-place norms by an authority, who imposes the
norms by imposing its own will under decision.
conclusion, Kelsen considers that there is a gap that needs to be filled when
it comes to Law, and this opening cannot be filled. Schmitt tried to fill it by
stating that the people is the source of
law and by assuming the real existence of the people as parts of social
life. Kelsen disapproved of this idea, and considers that the people is not the
source of law, but it is the law that is
the source of the people, because we cannot think the people as a united
entity. We must assume that the law assumed by a country as its law, is not the
product of the people, but is the source of the people because only once that
law is applied, we will be able to understand who are the people. The rule that
reveals who are the people, does not exist, but if Law is a real "construction de l'esprit", then it is allowed to
suppose the existence of a norm, although it does not exist materially. This is
the Grundnorm, and it is thanks to this norm that all other rules are valided.
The Grundnorm is not validated by something, because it is not real and it is
the highest form of norm. Therefore, since Kelsen rejects sociology, we can
also state that society, or people are just the product of an assumption. It is
the product of an assumption of a rule that tells us who we are.
Hans Kelsen, "On the essence and value of democracy" , page 108
There the highest form of political authority; it is
The Article 9 in the new Constitution particularly outlines
Under monitoring and targeting terrorist and militant groups (Bergen
LEGAL arena withthe introduction of legal subjects in the
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In the wake of the Supreme Court ruling in mid-May enabling each state to legalize sports betting, Massachusetts Gov. Charlie Baker said his state should "look into" the possibility. Baker said that Massachusetts would need to create a "framework" for the new casino offering.
If Massachusetts casinos want it (and they do), the Bay State will allow sports betting.
The following month, State Rep. Joseph Wagner, chairman of the Committee on Economic Development and Emerging Technologies, said the state will tackle the issue in 2019.
According to a 2017 Oxford Economics study, commissioned by the U.S. casino industry, a Bay State sports betting market could be worth about $120 million annually, based on projected handle of nearly $2 billion.
However, some hurdles remain on the horizon.
A series of alleged scandals surrounding the licensing of Wynn Resorts for a casino outside Boston, which includes a $3 billion RICO lawsuit from a Boston racetrack, put the Massachusetts Gaming Commission in the crosshairs of public scrutiny. Chairman Stephen Crosby resigned in late September after the lawsuit.
The dust still hasn't settled.
Last week, the Commission took the highly unusual step of engaging in a public spat over a Boston Magazine article on the licensing of Wynn Resorts, which is building a $2.5 billion casino in Everett.
"The story is remarkable for its exclusions, misrepresentations, and innuendo," MGC's Director of Communications Elaine Driscoll claimed in a statement.
Bay State legislators can — and will — move toward sports betting approval despite the chaos at the regulatory body assigned to oversee the nascent casino industry.
The Commission ended its lengthy statement on the Boston Magazine article (to which the magazine issued a rebuttal) by saying it remains committed to its job, which likely includes implementing sports betting next year. A launch prior to the 2019-'20 NFL and NBA seasons is a likely scenario.
"While we will continue to defend against those baseless claims, they will not distract us from the important work ahead, including the determination via appropriate due process of Wynn's suitability to maintain its license, and our unfailing commitment to conduct our work in a manner that is fair, thoughtful, and transparent," Driscoll said.
The Commission is currently investigating Wynn Resorts' suitability with regard to sexual misconduct allegations against former casino mogul Steve Wynn. Those allegations surfaced in January.
Regulators will hold hearings in early December to decide what to do about the casino, currently slated to open in mid-2019. A worst-case scenario for Wynn Resorts would be the state determining that it has to sell the casino and leave the market. The best-case scenario for the casino giant is that the Commission does nothing at all. A fine for a public relations boost appears to be a likely outcome.
Despite its license for a flagship East Coast casino being up in the air, Wynn Resorts earlier this month threw its hat into the ring for sports betting outside of Nevada. Encore Boston Harbor would be its only U.S. casino outside of Las Vegas.
In other words, a collapse of its Encore Boston Harbor project would be devastating news to its sports betting plans while its competitors gain sports betting footholds elsewhere.
The casino operator entered into a strategic partnership with BetBull Limited, a European digital sports betting operator. The firms plan to "capitalize on the developing U.S. opportunity by combining Wynn Resorts' nationally recognized brand with BetBull's digital sports betting operations capabilities and technology," said a press release.
How good is that brand these days? It's worth noting that in the wake of the scandal against Steve Wynn, the casino operator removed the Wynn brand name from the Everett property.
Wynn Resorts is already eyeing mobile, despite the fact that some states are launching sport betting without mobile yet. The partnership indicates Wynn's confidence that the Bay State won't make the mistake of leaving online betting out of the initial sports betting rollout.
Just how wise Massachusetts will be remains to be seen, as allowing remote registration for mobile sports betting accounts is a crucial part of implementing the new industry. However, given the relatively small size of the Bay State (it's the seventh smallest state by land area), an in-person registration requirement wouldn't be as cumbersome as it would be in larger jurisdictions. The 2011 casino law called for casinos to be sprinkled around the state.
Well before the Supreme Court struck down the sports betting ban, Massachusetts officials were eyeing online casino gaming. In 2016, lawmakers began studying the potential impact of internet betting, thanks in part to the growing daily fantasy sports market.
The state formed a "Special Commission on Online Gaming, Fantasy Sports Gaming and Daily Fantasy Sports" to begin digesting the potential regulatory changes.
The Gaming Commission around that time said that it supported an omnibus online betting bill.
In 2014, the Massachusetts Lottery began looking at online gambling. To this day, the lottery is still eyeing online sales and services, according to a report from the Boston Herald.
Massachusetts Treasurer Deborah Goldberg said that online sports betting for the casinos should finally give the lottery its opportunity to go online.
"If they [policymakers] put sports betting online, they have to put the lottery online," she said.
Boston-based DraftKings, a top player in New Jersey's state-of-the-art legal sports betting space, is lobbying for online wagering. "There's no reason Massachusetts shouldn't be the country's sports tech hub," the company told the Boston Herald.
It also helps that Boston has a huge sports culture.
In early August, MGM Resorts made U.S. casino industry history by inking a deal with the National Basketball Association. The partnership involves exclusivity on NBA logos and data, both for brick-and-mortar sportbooks and mobile betting apps.
On August 24, MGM opened its highly anticipated casino in Springfield, Massachusetts. Despite the buzz around the opening and the fact that it's the only Las Vegas-style casino in the Bay State right now, the casino is already under-performing, generating just $27 million in gross gaming revenue during its first full month.
MGM told the Bay State that it projected $418 million in gaming win over its first 12 months, or an average of $34.8 million per month. Still, $27 million in gross gaming revenue would have ranked it fourth of 12 in the nearby Pennsylvania casino market last month, so MGM Springfield's first month was solid in that respect.
But with gaming revenues already in question, lawmakers will likely be even more motivated in 2019 to pull the trigger on sports betting. All signs point to them doing so in a manner (allowing mobile) that is most beneficial to the industry.


As the baby boomer generation ages, the impacts of alcohol and drug use among this generation will become an increasingly important public health issue. This 5-week course will provide primary care givers and health care providers with an overview of this looming issue and provide strategies for the prevention and reduction of substance use associated harm.
The proportion of the population that is over the age of 65 is growing globally. Those in the baby boomer cohort will soon all be age 50 or older. Along with the increasing numbers in this older age cohort, there is a parallel upward trend of alcohol use and other drug use in older adults. As we age alcohol and other drug use places us at greater health related harm. This course provides the learner with an overview of the growing prevalence of at-risk substance use in older adults and strategies for the prevention and reduction of substance use associated harm. These strategies include an evidenced based approach called screening brief intervention and referral to treatment (SBIRT). The course will provide information relevant to improving health and reducing substance use related harm for those who are older, their primary care givers and health care providers.
This material is appropriate for anyone interested in the issue of substance use and health as we age. Material is relevant to health professionals, students in the health professions, or families and loved ones of older adults whose substance use may be placing them at risk. No special background is required other than knowledge of English.


text:
Pedro Lucas Urribarrí es una de las parroquias en las que se divide el Municipio Santa Rita del estado venezolano de Zulia. Toma su nombre del prócer de la independencia Pedro Lucas Urribarrí.

Ubicación

La parroquia Pedro Lucas Urribarrí se encuentra ubicada entre el Municipio Miranda al norte y al este, el Municipio Cabimas al sur y las parroquias José Cenobio Urribarrí, Santa Rita y El Mene al oeste.

Geografía

La parroquia Pedro Lucas Urribarrí es la parte rural del municipio y es la parroquia más grande del Municipio Santa Rita. Está constituida por una sabana con colinas bajas y afloramientos rocosos de la formación Misoa de la época geológica del Eoceno.

Poblaciones

Dentro de la parroquia Santa Rita se encuentran las poblaciones de:

 El Guanábano: Capital de la parroquia.
 El Zamuro: (hay varias poblaciones con el nombre El Zamuro en la Costa Oriental.
 Tolosa: (justo en el límite con la parroquia El Mene).

Economía

La agricultura es la principal actividad de la zona, estando constituida por varias haciendas y caseríos.

Zona residencial

La parroquia está ocupada por pueblos y caseríos dedicados a la agricultura.

Vialidad y transporte

La parroquia es atravesada por varías vías rurales siendo la principal la carretera Williams, que pasa por El Guanábano. Otras vías conducen a los caseríos que forman la parroquia.

La línea Cabimas – El Guanábano (logotipo blanco, letras verdes) comunica la zona por medio de autos por puesto.

Referencias
 Emilio Strauss, William Fuenmayor, José Romero. Atlas del Estado Zulia. (2000)
 Urdaneta, Humberto Ochoa. Memoria Geográfica de la Costa Oriental del Lago de Maracaibo. (1994). Edic. Centro Histórico de Cabimas, Maracaibo.

Pedro Lucas Urribarrí
El Guanábano

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


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text:
Яросла́в Андрі́йович Христю́к — молодший сержант Збройних сил України, учасник російсько-української війни.

Життєпис
В мирний час проживав у Браїлові. Перед початком війни Ярославу виповнилося 26 років. Служив у 36-й окремій бригаді морської піхоти, брав участь в обороні Маріуполя 2022 року.

Був близьким другом відомої військової парамедикині Катерини Поліщук (Пташки зі сталі) і хотів з нею одружитися. Ярослав приходив до місця де перебувала Пташка двічі, але її не було бо вона рятувала свого побратима Віталія Бердюгіна і тому не встигла сказати Ярославу, що згодна вийти за нього заміж .

Загинув рятуючи пораненим свого побратима "Грішу" при обороні Маріуполя 17 березня 2022 . Отримав два кульові поранення в груди і одне в шию.

Нагороди та вшанування
 Указом Президента України № 567/2016 від 21 грудня 2016 року за «особисту мужність і самовідданість, виявлені у захисті державного суверенітету та територіальної цілісності України, вірність військовій присязі» медаллю «Захиснику Вітчизни»
 Указом Президента України № 29/2019 від 31 січня 2019 року за «особисту мужність і самовіддані дії, виявлені у захисті державного суверенітету та територіальної цілісності України» орденом «За мужність» III ступеня
 Указом Президента України № 741/2019 від 10 жовтня 2019 року за «особисту мужність і самовіддані дії, виявлені у захисті державного суверенітету та територіальної цілісності України» орденом «За мужність» II ступеня

Примітки

Персоналії:Браїлів


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