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Mass Mobilization and the Democracy Bias
Marc Morjé Howard and Meir R. Walters
Dr. Howard is professor of Government and Law at Georgetown University. In addition to numerous journal articles, he is the author of The Weakness of Civil Society in Post-Communist Europe and The Politics of Citizenship in Europe, both published by Cambridge University Press. Mr. Walters is a doctoral candidate in the Department of Government at Georgetown University. From 2012-2013, he was a Fulbright fellow in Egypt. His work has been published in Perspectives on Politics and the Journal of North African Studies. The authors are grateful for valuable suggestions and feedback from Charles King, Hesham Sallam, Lucan Way, and the participants at the Arab Uprisings in Comparative Perspective workshop on November 7, 2014 at George Mason University.
In July 2013, the cover of Time magazine announced that Egypt has both the world's "best protesters" and "worst democrats."1 In the same month, the cover of The Economist asked, "Has the Arab Spring failed?"2 The media oscillated between euphoria over the democratic potential of "Facebook revolutions" and dismissal (or even gloating) when they did not seem to pan out. This response to the Arab uprisings is part of a broader trend. Popular accounts of mass uprisings tend to label them neatly by color (orange, green, rose) or season (spring, winter). They give an oversimplified portrait of mass mobilization as teleological: Protests are "successful" if they quickly bring about a stable democracy, and "failed" if they do not. This is often matched by a fascination over whether protesters are "like us" — by their use of social media, rejection of extremism, embrace of Europe and free markets, or hatred of dictatorship. Indeed, debates about the success or failure of mass uprisings often reflect a problematic obsession with the question of whether protesters are "ready for democracy."
Journalists, policy analysts and (sometimes) academics tend to employ this narrative linking mobilization and democracy. However, it risks obscuring the character of uprisings, the (possibly diverse) goals of participants and the potential impact of uprisings on future power dynamics. Analyzing mass mobilization through the lens of democratization or — the reverse side of the regime coin — "authoritarian persistence," minimizes the importance of how power relations can be reconfigured short of regime change, and how people's everyday relationships with the (still authoritarian) state change after uprisings.
Recent events in Egypt and Ukraine illustrate how this tendency to characterize anti-regime mobilization as democratic can lead to misguided analysis. Both Egypt and Ukraine recently experienced two sets of dramatic protest movements. In Egypt, the first uprising led to the ouster of longtime strongman Hosni Mubarak in February 2011; the second took place in the summer of 2013 and ended with the removal of President Mohamed Morsi through a military coup. In Ukraine, the large-scale protests of 2004-05 prevented Viktor Yanukovych from winning the presidency through an allegedly fraudulent election. Nearly a decade later, after Yanukovych had won the presidency in 2010, another wave of mass mobilization in 2013 forced him to flee the country in 2014. Violent identity politics also emerged both in Egypt after Mubarak's ouster and in Ukraine following the removal of Yanukovych in 2014. In Egypt since 2011, the temporary unity of protesters devolved into fierce political (and sometimes physical) clashes between supporters of the Muslim Brotherhood and its diverse opponents. The post-Mubarak period also saw the emergence of increasingly pro-military nationalism and xenophobia, with numerous media outlets labeling oppositional domestic political factions as foreign agents, as had occurred under previous Egyptian administrations. In Ukraine, the non-negotiated ouster of Yanukovych in 2014 paved the way for foreign intervention, violent ethnolinguistic nationalist conflict and the rising prominence of far-right groups.
The cases of Egypt and Ukraine also show how protest movements that unseat incumbents can occur in contexts that are not necessarily auspicious for democratic reform. Governments can be susceptible to popular mobilization even when formal political institutions are rigged, opposition groups suffer from co-optation, and the overall structures of state power are difficult to change. In short, unexpected large-scale protest movements (albeit of different sorts) in Egypt and Ukraine reveal that mobilization against an authoritarian regime or incumbent is not necessarily tied to a process of democratic reform and consolidation, nor hindered by factors that serve as barriers to democratization.
There is no formal consensus that uprisings against authoritarianism are necessarily movements for liberal democracy. Indeed, framing uprisings as pro-democratic works against insights from scholarship on social movements, politics under authoritarianism and even democratic transitions, which tend to look at democratization as a process of strategic bargains among self-interested parties. Yet assumptions about the democratic character of uprisings still cloud journalistic narratives and policy analysis, and sometimes make their way into academic discussions. All of these fields would be better served by separating the analysis of mass mobilization from democratization, and overcoming four key misconceptions about how these two phenomena are supposedly linked.
MISCONCEPTION I
Uprisings Often Lead to Democracy
Over the course of history, democracy has been a rare outcome of mass mobilization. On the one hand, there is a broad correspondence between democratization and protest movements, with protests generally occurring in democratizing states and receding in autocracies. Indeed, democracies are more susceptible to protests than autocracies because their relative political openness makes unofficial political engagement less costly.3 On the other hand, however, it is less clear whether or how protest movements lead to democratization. And the historical record shows that social movements often do not bring about democratization, at least not directly. Moreover, mass mobilization often supports anti-democratic regimes. For example, opposition groups have governed in an authoritarian manner once they took power following national liberation movements (in Algeria and Tunisia), mass mobilization against a dictator (the Iranian revolution), and the breakup of the Soviet Union (Belarus and Armenia in the early 1990s).4
Epochal revolutions (in France, Russia and China) that fundamentally changed global power structures and political norms involved a high level of violence and led to various forms of non-democratic rule. Revolutions usually end by establishing a political structure robust enough to maintain political bargains among competing groups. Democracy is only one means — and a historically rare one, at that — to establish a new political order in the wake of major social conflict.5 For example, Napoleon's empire and the restoration of the Bourbon monarchy followed the French Revolution. And Fascist Italy and Germany, communist China, and national independence movements in the Third World drew upon mass mobilization as a means to form new non-democratic regimes. While some civic revolts over the past decades temporarily resulted in fairer elections and increased freedoms, these democratic advances (as in Ukraine following the Orange Revolution) often eroded with time. Additionally, scholars argue that violence can undermine the prospects for democratization following mass mobilization.6 However, as we illustrate with the case of Ukraine's 2004-05 Orange Revolution (often cited as a case of nonviolent resistance), even relatively peaceful mass mobilization against an autocrat does not necessarily aim towards or achieve lasting democratic reform.
MISCONCEPTION II
Barriers to Democratization Are Barriers to Mobilization
Egypt and Ukraine both share features that scholars cited as likely barriers to both popular mobilization and democratization: foreign support for the maintenance of the status quo, lack of a cohesive oppositional leadership and underlying societal fissures. However, these factors did not prevent popular uprisings from unseating seemingly entrenched incumbents. In both cases, protesters mobilized against authoritarian governments despite the presence of major barriers to institutional democratic reform. Thus, recent events in Egypt and Ukraine illustrate how countries facing significant barriers to democratization are not shielded from mass mobilization. The fact that democratization was not likely in these countries did not prevent protesters from going to the streets.
In both Egypt and Ukraine, uprisings occurred despite international factors weighing against democratic reform. In Egypt, U.S. strategic interests aligned with supporting the Mubarak regime until mass protests made it no longer viable to do so. Even if the Obama administration's decision to finally support Mubarak's ouster influenced outcomes (in contrast to Bahrain, where the United States continued to back the monarchy in the face of government repression of protests), this only occurred after sustained mobilization tied Washington's hands. Around the time of the 2004-05 Orange Revolution, Ukraine did not occupy an international position that made democratization likely. Western pressure did not severely constrain authoritarian behavior, and international incentives for democratization, such as the possibility of European Union membership, were never on the table.7 Putin's support for Yanukovych during the 2013-14 Euromaidan protests, and the likelihood that Russia would continue to interfere, also arguably made the prospects for democratization less likely. Yet, this did not prevent the protests from growing.
Moreover, in both Ukraine and Egypt, collective action occurred despite the lack of a unifying leadership from formal opposition groups and civil society. Such limitations of the opposition did not hinder mobilization, though they do continue to constrain the possibilities for institutional reform.
In Ukraine, the Orange Revolution was largely funded by leading oligarchs, who have long dominated Ukrainian politics and exerted influence through patronage. Elites continued to manipulate purportedly democratic institutions, and many civil-society groups dissolved or were co-opted.8
Similarly, in Egypt mass mobilization occurred in spite of weak and divided formal opposition parties and civil-society organizations. Grassroots oppositional movements became increasingly active over the decade prior to the 2011 uprising, and the number of protests and strikes increased. However, these movements were systematically repressed, marginalized from formal politics or co-opted by the Mubarak regime, as opposition groups generally are in the context of prolonged authoritarian governance.9
Finally, in both Ukraine and Egypt, the protesters' temporary unity masked sectarian, ideological and class differences that resurfaced later. As we discuss in more detail below, the Orange Revolution and 2013-14 protests in Ukraine, like other urban civic revolutions, relied on temporary "negative coalitions" of protesters with various grievances who rapidly mobilized in city centers. In Egypt, as the uprising of June 30, 2013, against Mohamed Morsi dramatically showed, alliances between Islamists and other groups in the 2011 uprising were ephemeral. This was contrary to initially optimistic accounts of the possibility of political cooperation across old ideological boundaries. In both Egypt and Ukraine, in the wake of popular mobilization elites exploited divisions over issues such as religious ideology and national identity in order to bolster their own power.
Overall, while several factors supported continued authoritarian rule, these did not prevent collective action. In Egypt and Ukraine, neither foreign support for authoritarian elites, the absence of cohesive opposition leadership, nor underlying societal divisions prevented large numbers of people from organizing and responding to the call for protests. This suggests that the barriers to institutional democratization and mobilization are distinct from one another.
MISCONCEPTION III
Mobilization Is an Expression of Democratic Norms
Observers of uprisings often imply that when mass movements are against dictators, they are thereby for democracy. This imposes a teleological narrative upon protest movements that risks mischaracterizing protesters' goals, overemphasizing their cohesion, and minimizing the role of non-participants and counterrevolutionaries.
According to a prevalent narrative by early observers of the 2011 uprisings in the Arab world, these events were momentous because they appeared to fall in line with the discourse and symbolism of a global progression towards democratic modernity.10 As President Obama put it after Hosni Mubarak stepped down on February 11, 2011, "Egyptians have made it clear that nothing less than genuine democracy will carry the day."11 Numerous journalistic accounts also portrayed the uprisings in the Arab world as straightforward struggles for liberal democracy. The Egyptian uprising, in particular, received attention in Western media for supposedly reflecting a sea change within the Arab world towards an embrace of democratic values by groups with otherwise diverse ideological stances.
Similarly, some early analyses of the 2004-05 Orange Revolution in Ukraine also viewed mass mobilization as the expression of newfound democratic values, largely driven by increased exposure to the West.12 Moreover, some optimistic accounts of the 2013-14 Euromaidan protests characterize them as fundamentally democratic, boding even more hope than the Orange Revolution, which ultimately succumbed to authoritarian backsliding.13
In short, many observers were quick to frame both the 2011 Arab uprisings and the 2004-05 and 2013-14 protest movements in Ukraine as pro-Western revolts against authoritarianism and for liberal democracy. This narrative may have had more to do with the hopes and normative commitments of the writers than the character of the protest movements themselves.
This is not to say that there is an academic consensus that the Arab uprisings or "Color Revolutions" were about fighting for liberal democracy. Some early observers of the Arab uprisings focused more on protesters' social and economic demands than on an abstract yearning for democracy.14 Also, some of those who penned overly optimistic narratives about these uprisings were not regional specialists; the latter did not always agree with such enthusiastic characterizations. However, the very fact that uprisings tend to draw journalistic and academic "tourists,"15 who parachute into newly sacred spaces such as Cairo's Tahrir Square and Kiev's Maidan, shows how observers can frame the study of mass uprisings more in terms of their own hopes and normative visions than empirical realities.
Of course, no one argues that mobilization against an autocrat automatically leads to liberal democracy. However, the idea that democracy is inherently attractive and destabilizing to autocracies often seeps into journalistic, policy and academic discourse. Even political-science studies that rely on hard-nosed game-theoretic analysis of dictatorships sometimes make assumptions about the democratic ideals of protest movements, though they are not necessarily central to the overall theory. Such accounts of protesters' democratic ideals recur despite arguments that transitions to democracy are based on bargaining among self-interested actors, and the possibility that democratization can occur "without democrats."16
A related problem is that journalists, policy analysts and scholars often assume that in order for protesters to successfully mobilize against a dictator, they must be unified around a pro-democratic ideology articulated by prominent intellectuals. However, prominent intellectuals have historically supported various forms of governance ranging from communism to liberal democracy to fascism. While some intellectuals have played a key role in supporting democratization (for example, Vaclav Havel in post-communist Czechoslovakia), others have embraced non-democratic regimes (for example, Carl Schmitt in Nazi Germany). In short, intellectuals are not inherently democratic, and neither are protesters.
In Ukraine, the assumption that participants in the 2004-05 Orange Revolution and the 2013-14 Euromaidan protests were united under a coherent pro-Western and pro-democratic ideology was both widespread and largely incorrect. There was a lack of ideological unity among protesters, who were brought together in large numbers primarily in response to Yanukovych's violent crackdown. Additionally, while extreme right-wing groups were a minority, they played a disproportionate role in organizing the movement and defending protest camps from the police.
As Mark Beissinger argues in a recent article in the American Political Science Review, surveys conducted around the time of Ukraine's Orange Revolution reveal that most participants in the uprising were not committed to democratic values, even as organizers presented a master narrative of a "democratic" revolution: "[N]ot only did Orange revolutionaries display weak commitment to the democratic values represented in the master narrative of the revolution, but they were a surprisingly diverse group in terms of their opinions on the major issues of the day in Ukraine, forming a negative coalition united primarily by shared symbols and identities, weak ties, and their extreme rejection of the incumbent regime."17
The 2011 Arab Barometer surveys in Egypt and Tunisia reveal that most participants in the uprisings did not identify democratic governance as their primary aim. As in Ukraine, "only a minority of participants in both the Tunisian and Egyptian uprisings prioritized civil and political freedoms as a motivation for revolutionary participation" despite the fact that "these revolts were widely framed when they occurred as struggles for democracy."18 As in Ukraine, people participated in demonstrations in Egypt and Tunisia for a variety of reasons, and it is a misleading oversimplification of both cases to depict mass mobilization in terms of a teleological narrative of "pro-democracy" uprisings.
Likewise, surveys of the 2013-14 Euromaidan protests in Ukraine suggest that analogous trends may be at play, falsifying the notion that protesters were primarily unified around pro-democratic ideals. For example, one survey shows that fewer than 20 percent of protesters were driven to participate because of "violations of democracy or the threat of dictatorship." Additionally, surveys show that slightly less than half the population supported the protests.19 This was largely due to the large Russian-speaking population in the south and east of the country, nearly half of Ukraine's population.
MISCONCEPTION IV
Lack of Democratization Is Best Studied As "Authoritarian Persistence"
Academic debates about mobilization and politics under authoritarianism are often slow to trickle down to journalistic and policy accounts of events. Scholarship on politics under authoritarianism has often served to temper overly optimistic accounts of uprisings as democratic panaceas. Eschewing the "democratizing bias" and the "fallacy of electoralism"20 of earlier work on democratization, scholars of authoritarianism have begun focusing on the adaptability of authoritarian leaders, who often incorporate electoral politics and limited liberalization without making major democratic reforms. Over the past 15 years or so, there has been an increase in work on the internal logic of power maintenance in dictatorships of various stripes, focusing more on the dynamics of political survival than on the barriers to democratization per se.21
However, there is still a tension within the contemporary literature between studying the barriers authoritarian regimes pose to democratization and studying power dynamics under authoritarianism in its own right. Despite its pretentions to have moved beyond the democracy bias of earlier scholarship, studies of "authoritarian persistence" still tend to treat authoritarian regimes as cases of non-democracies. This is problematic, since the barriers to democratization are often overdetermined. Pointing out various broad factors that hinder democratization can serve as an easy alternative to actually studying in detail how mobilization occurs and how it transforms power relations.
Scholarship on "politics under authoritarianism," on the other hand, examines how various types of dictators maintain power, how their elite coalitions change, and how ordinary citizens experience, engage with and debate politics.22 This literature focuses more on the substantive tactics and shifts in power relations under authoritarianism than the reasons for the absence of democracy. Not only can power relations in an autocracy shift in crucial ways without increasing the likelihood of democratization; questions about potential democratization are not always the most interesting or relevant.
The democratizing bias of the authoritarian-persistence paradigm, however, still frequently slips into debates about authoritarian politics. This is perhaps partly due to the continued fascination with democratization (or its absence) within policy debates and journalism. Thus, it seems natural to pose questions about the potential for democratization in the wake of mass mobilization against dictators, as in the so-called Arab Spring, Color Revolutions and Euromaidan protests.
Studying mass mobilization through the lens of regime type — whether democratization or "authoritarian persistence" — risks conflating questions about the broadly construed durability of an authoritarian regime (its resistance to democratization) with the stability of particular leaders, coalitions and institutions. In Egypt, since mass protests led to Hosni Mubarak's ouster in 2011, there have been three presidents in three years, thousands of protesters killed and tens of thousands of activists imprisoned. In Ukraine in 2004, protests prevented Viktor Yanukovych from ascending to power in contested elections. He was voted into the presidency again in 2010 and then fled after another wave of mass mobilization in 2013-14 (followed by Russian intervention and ongoing ethnic conflict). While power relations may not be becoming more democratic, they are certainly shifting in important ways. Observations about broadly conceived "authoritarian persistence" sideline the major transformations that are underway.
First, authoritarian persistence (the absence of institutional democratization) needs to be distinguished from the stability of a regime. Scholars of authoritarianism have correctly identified trends in entrenched regimes that would hamper rapid transitions to democratic governance, even in the face of large-scale public mobilization that could topple an executive. This has led some commentators to express satisfaction that democracy "failed" to take hold following mass mobilization in places such as Egypt, which were long used as case studies of durable authoritarian rule.23
In Ukraine, oligarchs continued to dominate the political arena after the 2004-05 Orange Revolution and remained powerful throughout Viktor Yushchenko's presidency (2005-10). Once elected president in 2005, Yanukovych increased the role of familial clientelism, coupled with overt authoritarian repression. In short, the legacies of authoritarian co-optation, exclusion, and political manipulation of opposition groups left an unequal political playing field in both countries, as they generally do in contexts of sustained authoritarian governance.
This does not mean, however, that dominant parties and coalitions have remained unfazed in the wake of mass mobilization. Even entrenched centers of power must adapt in the face of dramatic political events such as rapid executive turnover, identity conflict and security crackdowns. Regimes can be persistently authoritarian without being stable. Democratization may be highly unlikely in a given country, despite shifting political configurations.
Second, even when a given ruler's attempts to entrench power may have long-term consequences that hinder democratization, this does not mean that the ruler's position is necessarily stable in the face of unexpected shocks. Whether a power holder will step down in the face of mass mobilization is driven by highly iterative and contingent events that are difficult if not impossible to predict, even for those with insider knowledge. This was evident in both Egypt in 2011 and in Ukraine in 2013-14, where protester-regime contestation was driven by the dynamics of government repression and protesters' response to it, as well as by insider bargaining and power plays. Both cases illustrate that leaders do not always respond to protests in ways that outside observers would gauge to be serving their best interests and strengthening their power.
Finally, once mass mobilization has occurred, it is difficult to reestablish public quiescence. In both Egypt and Ukraine, recent experiences may have made future collective action more likely without necessarily increasing the likelihood of democratization. Political elites with vested interests have also attempted to rally supporters around issues like nationalism and against real or trumped up internal threats. Thus, in the wake of popular uprisings, both proponents of democratic reform and reactionary forces can use mobilization as a tool to further secure their power and interests.
In Egypt, following mass mobilization and the ouster of President Mohamed Morsi in a military coup in June-July 2013, the military actively attempted to mobilize the public against the Muslim Brotherhood and in favor of a renewed military-backed security state. This was done partly through massive repression, but also by a media purge that created an environment in which only pro-state media personalities could flourish or even safely work. In Ukraine, following the ouster of Yanukovych in 2014 and the rise of ethno-nationalist conflict between Russian-speaking and Ukrainian-speaking regions, propaganda by various sides has obscured what the facts really are.
In short, the cases of Egypt and Ukraine highlight how elites' attempts to stabilize their power in authoritarian regimes can have unintended consequences. Survival strategies by autocrats can create institutional legacies that make democratization unlikely without necessarily stabilizing a leader, his immediate cadre or party, or state-society relations. In some cases, the unlikelihood of near-term democratization is overdetermined. Focusing on the absence of democracy trivializes uprisings that do not bring about a certain set of institutional reforms. This focus on "authoritarian persistence" is merely an updated version of the "democracy bias."
"PRO-DEMOCRACY" UPRISINGS, A MISNOMER
The concept of "pro-democracy" uprisings implies that protest movements are teleological: "successful" if they bring about democratic reforms, "failed" if they do not. This imputes a shared vision among protesters that may never have existed in the first place or can change dramatically over time. It takes the narrative of some activists, journalists and commentators as definitively reflecting the motivations of the overall movement, or even the hopes and desires of the broader public. This ignores the inherent complexity of mass movements and the latent tensions that often violently arise in their wake. It also tends to ignore the role of non-participants, who are generally the overwhelming majority. Mobilization does not naturally lead to — and often works against — democratization.
Additionally, the barriers to mass mobilization are not always the same as the barriers to democratization. Thus, while longstanding forms of political engineering, co-optation and repression can make democratic reform difficult, they do not necessarily shield a given leader or elite cadre from mass protests. Uprisings do not usually occur because the public is rallying behind a coherent set of democratic political and social ideals, and regimes can be vulnerable to mass protest movements even under conditions in which institutional democratic reform is highly unlikely.
In order to assess the impact of mass mobilization, scholars should eschew the "authoritarian persistence" paradigm and clearly distinguish between the durability of a broadly construed regime type and the stability of a particular ruler, elite coalition or state-society relations. Doing so would underscore the fact that mass mobilization can work for and against the interests of dictators.
Publics often rally behind issues such as nationalism and xenophobia, which establish a new authoritarian status quo as often as they threaten the stability of future executives' power. Thus, while elites often attempt to co-opt protest movements in the wake of mass uprisings, they are not always successful at limiting mobilization that does not serve their interests. The rise of xenophobic nationalism, pro-state propaganda and popular support for security crackdowns do not presage democratic reform. Yet they may signal that the state is in crisis or going through dramatic shifts in power relations, and not simply returning to the status quo prior to mobilization. Focusing on the details of how elites attempt to reestablish power, manipulate their public image and renormalize state-society relations, as well as how publics respond to such political maneuvers, would tell us much more about the impact of mass mobilization under authoritarianism than accounts that primarily seek to explain the absence of democratization.
In sum, questions about regime change tell us little about why protests occur, how they evolve, and how they reshape power relations in autocracies. Scholars and policy analysts should study extraordinary events, such as mass mobilization, on their own terms for the changes they bring about. Decoupling the study of popular uprisings from regime change would emphasize how protest movements can bring about fundamental shifts in power relations without leading to, or even necessarily aiming for, democratization.
1Time, July 22, 2013.
2The Economist, July 13, 2013.
3 Charles Tilly, Social Movements, 1768-2004 (Paradigm Publishers, 2004): 125.
4 Keith Darden and Lucan Way, "Who Are the Protesters in Ukraine?" The Monkey Cage Blog, Washington Post, February 12, 2014, http://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/monkey-cage/wp/2014/02/12/who-are-t….
5 Arthur L. Stinchcombe, "Ending Revolutions and Building New Governments," Annual Review of Political Science 2 (June 1999): 49-73.
6 Several studies argue that nonviolent uprisings are a relatively effective strategy for pushing for democratic reform. See, for example, Barbara Geddes, Joseph Wright and Erica Frantz, "Autocratic Breakdown and Regime Transitions: A New Data Set," Perspectives on Politics 12 (June 2014): 327; Maria J. Stephan and Erica Chenoweth, "Why Civil Resistance Works: The Strategic Logic of Nonviolent Conflict," International Security 33 (Summer 2008): 7-44; Andrea Kendall-Taylor and Erica Frantzm "How Autocracies Fall," Washington Quarterly 37 (Spring 2014): 35-47; and Adrian Karatnycky and Peter Ackerman, How Freedom Is Won: From Civic Resistance to Durable Democracy (Freedom House, 2005).
7 Steven Levitsky and Lucan A. Way, Competitive Authoritarianism: Hybrid Regimes after the Cold War (Cambridge University Press, 2010), 219-220.
8 In his December 2013 assessment of the unlikelihood of the success of the Ukrainian protest movements, Lucan Way listed six reasons to be cautious about optimism for the ability of mass mobilization to impact change, three of which focused on the lack of opposition leadership and cohesion. Lucan Way, "Six Reasons to Be Cautious about Likelihood of Opposition Success in Ukraine," The Monkey Cage Blog, Washington Post, December 17, 2013, http://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/monkey-cage/wp/2013/12/17/six-reaso….
9 On the rise of Egyptian grassroots oppositional movements prior to the 2011 uprisings, see Joel Beinin and Frédéric Vairel, eds., Social Movements, Mobilization, and Contestation in the Middle East and North Africa (Stanford University Press, 2011); Dina Shehata, ed., The Return of Politics: New Protest Movements in Egypt [in Arabic] (Al Ahram Center for Political and Strategic Studies, 2010). On the limitations of Egypt's formal opposition groups, see Thomas Carothers, "Egypt's Dismal Opposition: A Second Look," Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, May 11, 2013, http://carnegieendowment.org/2013/05/14/egypt-s-dismal-opposition-secon…. For an account of the evolution of opposition-government relations in Mubarak's Egypt, see Holger Albrecht, Raging Against the Machine: Political Opposition under Authoritarianism in Egypt (Syracuse University Press, 2013).
10 See, for example, Jeffrey C. Alexander, Performative Revolution in Egypt: An Essay in Cultural Power (Bloomsbury Academic, 2011).
11 The White House, "Remarks by the President on Egypt," February 11, 2011, http://www.whitehouse.gov/the-press-office/2011/02/11/remarks-president….
12 For example, the following claim: "Authentic democratic values were being reinforced by a new generation that had grown up initially under glasnost, and later with a broad awareness of democratic practices around the world." Adrian Karatnycky, "Ukraine's Orange Revolution" Foreign Affairs 84 (March-April 2005): 43.
13 For example, the following claim: "The system incubated on the Maidan promises to be very different and more conducive to democracy than any Ukraine has seen in the past two decades." Nadia Diuk, "Finding Ukraine," Journal of Democracy 25 (July 2014): 86.
14 See, for example, Walter Armbrust, "The Revolution against Neoliberalism," Jadaliyya, February 23, 2011, http://www.jadaliyya.com/pages/index/717/the-revolution-against-neolibe…-.
15 Mona Abaza, "Academic Tourists Sightseeing the Arab Spring," Ahram Online, September 26, 2011, http://english.ahram.org.eg/NewsContentPrint/4/0/22373/Opinion/0/Academ…. For an account of Western-centric narratives about the uprisings in the Arab world, see Rabab El-Mahdi, "Orientalising the Egyptian Uprising," Jadaliyya, April 11, 2011, http://www.jadaliyya.com/pages/index/1214/orientalising-the-egyptian-up….
16 For an example of a recent game-theoretic account that invokes the inherent connection between mass mobilization and democratic ideals, this statement: "Every revolution and every mass movement begins with a promise of democratic reform, of a new government that will lift up the downtrodden and alleviate their suffering. That is an essential ingredient in getting the masses to take to the streets. Of course, it doesn't always work." Bruce Bueno de Mesquita and Alastair Smith, The Dictator's Handbook: Why Bad Behavior Is Almost Always Good Politics (PublicAffairs, 2011), 196. For debates about the role of commitment to democratic values in regime transitions, see, for example, Ghassan Salame, ed., Democracy without Democrats?: The Renewal of Politics in the Muslim World (I.B. Tauris, 1994); and John Waterbury, "Fortuitous Byproducts," in Transitions to Democracy, ed. Lisa Anderson (Columbia University Press, 1999), 261-283.
17 Mark R. Beissinger, "The Semblance of Democratic Revolution: Coalitions in Ukraine's Orange Revolution," American Political Science Review 107 (August 2013): 578.
18 Ibid., 590.
19 Keith Darden and Lucan Way, "Who Are the Protesters in Ukraine?" The Monkey Cage Blog, Washington Post, February 12, 2014, http://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/monkey-cage/wp/2014/02/12/who-are-t….
20 Steven Levitsky and Lucan Way, "The Rise of Competitive Authoritarianism," Journal of Democracy 13 (April 2002): 51; and Terry Lynn Karl, "The Hybrid Regimes of Central America," Journal of Democracy 6 (July 1995): 72-86.
21 This encompasses a large and diverse body of literature. Some of the best examples: Daniel Brumberg, "The Trap of Liberalized Autocracy," Journal of Democracy 13 (October 2002): 56-68; Beatriz Magaloni, Voting for Autocracy (Cambridge University Press, 2006); Steven Heydemann, Upgrading Authoritarianism in the Arab World, Analysis Paper 13 (Saban Center for Middle East Policy at the Brookings Institution, 2007); Jason Brownlee, Authoritarianism in an Age of Democratization (Cambridge University Press, 2007); Jennifer Gandhi, Political Institutions under Dictatorship (Cambridge University Press, 2008); Dan Slater, Ordering Power: Contentious Politics and Authoritarian Leviathans in Southeast Asia (Cambridge University Press, 2010).
22 For work on the politics of leader survival under various forms of dictatorship, see, for example, Milan W. Svolik, The Politics of Authoritarian Rule (Cambridge University Press, 2012); for work on the everyday experience of citizens under autocracy, see, for example, Lisa Wedeen, Ambiguities of Domination: Politics, Rhetoric, and Symbols in Contemporary Syria (University of Chicago Press, 1999); and Lisa Wedeen, Peripheral Visions: Publics, Power, and Performance in Yemen (University of Chicago Press, 2008).
23 For an extended version of our critique, see Marc Morjé Howard and Meir R. Walters, "Explaining the Unexpected: Political Science and the Surprises of 1989 and 2011," Perspectives on Politics 12 (June 2014): 394-408; and Marc Morjé Howard and Meir R. Walters, "Response to Eva Bellin, Ellen Lust, and Marc Lynch," Perspectives on Politics 12 (June 2014): 417-419.


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Bars will constantly look superior and straightforward in almost any purposes. If you need to utilize modern day kitchen with bars, Its also wise to see many of the aspects like colors, distinction, and how you put your bars. For colors, it can be dependant on what you wish and setup the contrast and you may. Although determining the ideal place for your bars, you must Make certain that the area is strategic ample, snug to become operated, and clean. Decorating the modern white kitchen designs is a fascinating thing. The usage of the white coloration could make the kitchen appears to be fashionable and elegant. In addition, choose design that you would like very first. If you select white as the palette, it is likely to make your area looks additional attractive. Nevertheless, white is actually a coloration that is solely connected to magnificence. As a result, when the color is placed on any notion, it is likely to make the kitchen becomes a lot more unique and minimalist.In addition, if you use all-white shade as part of your kitchen, certainly it can make the environment for being ekitchentra significantly modern and remarkable. White could make you less difficult to mikitchen it with other colours into to the decoration. If necessary, insert one robust color in to the wall in addition to emphasizes it towards the item of cookware. With a unique accent, it can provide its personal allure on your kitchen. Also, Its also possible to increase new fruits lay out with a white track record of your respective kitchen. The fruits is as ornamental components.
Hence, it really is time so that you can improve your old decoration due to the fact color affects the mood from the space. Therefore, with the correct range, it can make people ekitchenperience a lot more comfortable from the kitchen. On the other hand, You need to normally pay attention in applying the colour that matches the strategy of the other rooms. It is going to give the impression of comfort and ease while you are there. That is why the subsequent will probably be introduced to provde the recommendations in deciding on he correct shade on your kitchen.To start with, always use a warm colour to the narrow partitions to make wonderful kitchen cabinets pictures. One ekitchenample is, use the pink accent. You should utilize it as hue or supporting accent to avoid the tired ekitchenperience, then mikitchen pink with brown or white to provide the Mild and elegant perception on the kitchen. However, If you do not like pink colour, you could replace it by using yellow and orange as both of those of these also are bundled as heat shade that should provide the effect of cheerful. Meanwhile, for those who like fashionable design and style, you will be suggested to make use of the lighter colours.Nekitchent, to create The attractive kitchen cabinets photos, you will want to use cold accent and touch, which include green and blue. Equally of those shades will By natural means give a feeling of relakitchenation with the homeowners. You may Mikitchen the kitchen products along with timber. Thirdly, make sure you use neutral colors towards your kitchen like white, brown, and gray. Then, Incorporate with shiny hues like pink or yellow. It tends to make the kitchen come to feel a lot more colourful and desirable.
As an alternative to making use of birch Wooden for kitchen cabinet, You should use it for kitchen table or kitchen stool. Wood shelves manufactured away from Wooden with mild shade that can not be carved with floral ornament are a very good option worthy of taking into consideration.Are you searching for some thing unique in your kitchen? Seek to enhance apartment kitchen with retro style and design then. This layout evidently offers substantial influence on kitchen Particularly the small kitchen. It permits the kitchen being functional and comfy at the same time. Retro concept is similar to one of a kind household furniture like antique wood kitchen cabinet, classic kitchen island, ekitchenceptional wrought iron eating table and chairs. Plus the listing just keeps going. You may merely be stunned of how ekitchencellent your condominium kitchen will probably be with this particular topic. To adorn apartment kitchen, pick the proper shades and styles. Retro kitchen is similar to yellow, dazzling ruby or turquoise area to develop the playful styles. But you require to make certain to use only potent colors and designs in more compact proportion. This is crucial so the colour and sample placing doesn't overwhelm the Room.
Very first, it requirements to ascertain the dominant palette in the kitchen. To the tiny one, it's better to paint the wall with white colour. It can boost the space Other than adding the cleanse and obvious glimpse to your decoration. The mikitchen of white and wood accent provides the countless appear. As the look discounts While using the open up shelving, you need to hang some open shelves. For the fabric, wood is your best option. It may possibly develop the warm atmosphere to the decoration. Other than, wood also has substantial charge durability, so it is going to stand firmly for lengthier. Paint the Wooden in accordance Together with the kitchen theme. It is going to incorporate the high ekitchenposure. These open up cabinets have function to Ekitchenhibit any of kitchen things like plates, Eyeglasses, teapot, and the like. Then, it is possible to pick the beadboard kitchen cabinets as other trademark of state cottage kitchens. It adds the stronger characteristic of your decoration. Choose the off-white kitchen cupboards together with picket countertop and white tile sinks. If the space in the center of kitchen continues to be offered, you will be able to increase a beadbord kitchen island with picket major. It really is in identical style with kitchen cabinets. Up coming, incorporate some handmade add-ons like modest hanging picket basket, sea shell framed mirror, and Some others.
Nevertheless, You ca not select the random Concepts for your personal kitchen. You needs to have to consider some matters to pick among the list of Concepts. For the initial thought, its essential to select the suited tile backsplash Tips which match the strategy of your kitchen. One ekitchenample is, In case you have a basic kitchen concept, it is possible to apply the basic tiles model with the backsplash. Classic backsplash can be constructed from the marble or ceramic tiles with vintage sample. Selecting the very same sample with kitchen countertops and kitchen island tiles could make your cooking space looks wonderful. Moreover getting used for your traditional backsplash model, ceramic and marble backsplash is sweet for modern and contemporary design of cooking space in addition.On top of that, Should you have a purely natural or rustic kitchen notion, you will discover ekitchentra issues to choose tile backsplash Concepts. Deciding on marble or ceramic will not match for your kitchen concept. But, picking out wood is not fantastic for backsplash on account of lack of safety and longevity. For the top Resolution, You should utilize organic stone tiles or bricks. These products possess the ekitchenact longevity since the ceramic and marble. Usually do not forget about to take into consideration about the color. Deciding on among the list of stone shades which has 1 tone darker than the color within your kitchen floor tiles and cupboard is recommended.Rustic kitchen is a good principle of kitchen for you who like the pure items. This sort of kitchen thought is manufactured from pure resources for instance wooden and natural stones. In your case who would like to use this concept, applying wooden countertops are going to be the best choice on your countertops thought.
Main supplies useful for French kitchen are Wooden and marble. The Wooden is usually utilised about the kitchen cupboards. The decoration for this kitchen cupboard is usually simple. Straight strains dominate the ornament from the wood cupboards. Sometimes, the cupboards also included glass content. From The within, the glass is roofed with linen. For that reason, it only serves as decoration in lieu of perform. Hardwood ground is the frequent materials utilized for the flooring. Stone or granite flooring is appropriate. Meanwhile, the marble is utilized for kitchen countertops. The ekitchenact same substance can be employed for the area of kitchen desk or possibly a kitchen island. The 2nd attribute of French kitchen with region interior is the color. The dominant color employed for the kitchen is pale. Its not at all only ekitchenecuted around the home furnishings, but also for the decoration at the same time. The wooden cupboards of the kitchen are coated with white paint. White cabinets are popular furniture utilized for it. Meanwhile the marble choice for The cupboard countertops, kitchen table, or maybe the kitchen island is using white type of marble. In order to develop French place kitchen, ensure that you pick white household furniture and decoration manufactured out of both Wooden or marble. Wood kitchen countertop is unbeatable, as a result of its heat and reliable picket character. Wooden is Amongst the best resources for countertop Other than marble. Nevertheless, it ca not be just any Wooden since it needs to be sturdy. It must be sustainable and durable simultaneously.
On the other hand, You ca not choose the random Concepts for your kitchen. You should have to look at some issues to select one of the Concepts. For the initial thing to consider, you should select the acceptable tile backsplash ideas which match the notion of your kitchen. By way of ekitchenample, When you have a typical kitchen idea, you will be able to use the basic tiles fashion with the backsplash. Classic backsplash may be created from the marble or ceramic tiles with vintage pattern. Picking out the very same pattern with kitchen countertops and kitchen island tiles can make your cooking room appears to be like amazing. Moreover being used for your basic backsplash model, ceramic and marble backsplash is sweet for contemporary and up to date style and design of cooking home as well.In addition, In case you have a organic or rustic kitchen principle, you will discover a lot more considerations to decide on tile backsplash Tips. Deciding upon marble or ceramic is not going to match to the kitchen principle. But, picking picket just is not superior for backsplash on account of deficiency of basic safety and toughness. For the best Alternative, You need to use all-natural stone tiles or bricks. These resources hold the same toughness given that the ceramic and marble. Will not ignore to take into consideration about the color. Selecting one of the stone hues that has just one tone darker than the color of the kitchen floor tiles and cupboard is prompt.Rustic kitchen is a superb notion of kitchen for you who adore the natural factors. This kind of kitchen idea is manufactured from organic resources which include picket and pure stones. For yourself who would like to use this idea, employing wooden countertops will probably be the best choice in your countertops plan.
Whats more, with the use of picket flooring, you could feel the sensation of rustic style. Even its worn out; it could make your kitchen seems to be additional purely natural and eccentric.Yet another thing that has to be regarded as in making use of picket kitchen flooring is to pick sound wood. There are plenty of forms of wood which can be selected as the most effective materials for flooring. Opt for good Wooden flooring as one among the finest, sturdy and sturdy substance. For that, you have to get ready A lot revenue to buy good wood as its the highest quality and longevity in comparison to the other Wooden. On the other hand, for individuals who have a reduced spending plan, You will be able to use laminated wood flooring that is a lot more inekitchenpensive. Now, the choice is yours. Be smart in considering each of the issues associated with the inside layout. The kitchen cabinet doorway layouts could be separated on the useful price of the kitchen itself. Fantastic structure should come with the most beneficial preparing, especially for the features stage. Hence, it can be crucial to pay much more notice for a few items to obtain a superior design. It will increase the features on the kitchen and its seem. If you wish to check out the most beneficial idea, adhere to the subsequent recommendations. To start with, preserve the sizes of ones kitchen ahead of time by calculating the area Along with the furnishings that being used.
You need to prepare the paintbrush, sandpaper, steel wool, paint, mineral spirit and okitchenalic acid.Commence your ways by cleansing the soiled doorways. Carefully rub the cabinet doors utilizing the steel wool and mineral spirits. Ensure that you do that outside the house the house or in a region with very good ventilation. The okitchenalic acid can be utilized to remove some dark spots within the surface of ones doors, but you should rinse the acid off when you are finished With all the stains. Another stage is to sand the doors. This phase is important if You merely want to repaint your cupboard doorways with none more actions. If you are finished sanding, prime your doorway 3 times and you will commence to use two coats of paint. You could paint the doors in a basic good colour or merely attract a sample on it. In any event will probably be ekitchencellent to offer a whole new glimpse on your kitchen cupboard doors.Backsplash has the operate to help keep the wall on the kitchen island aspect from your splashes of oil and h2o in the sink and stove. Based on its operate, this Section of kitchen is vital to become found. Other than getting the significant operate, a backsplash design and style can also enhance the appears to be like of your respective kitchen. That may be why you have to prepare tile backsplash Thoughts for yourself who want to make a new kitchen. There are numerous decisions in the ideas available.
Also, with using wooden flooring, you may ekitchenperience the sensation of rustic model. Even it can be worn out; it will make your kitchen appears to be like additional all-natural and eccentric.One more matter that must be deemed in making use of wooden kitchen flooring is to settle on good Wooden. There are numerous varieties of Wooden which can be selected as the best substance for flooring. Pick good Wooden flooring as certainly one of the best, potent and sturdy product. For that, Its important to get ready A lot funds to buy sound wood as its got the best quality and longevity when compared with the other Wooden. Conversely, for individuals who have a low finances, You will be able to use laminated Wooden flooring that is definitely much more cost-effective. Now, the choice is yours. Be clever in contemplating every one of the items linked to the interior style and design. The kitchen cabinet door designs could be separated to the practical value of the kitchen by itself. Superior structure need to come with the best planning, specifically for the functionality place. Consequently, it is important to pay additional consideration to get a handful of issues to secure a very good product. It is going to increase the features of the kitchen and its appear. If you wish to consider the most beneficial idea, comply with the subsequent recommendations. Initially, continue to keep the measurements of ones kitchen ahead of time by calculating the area with the household furniture that being used.
That is certainly why the subsequent will be distributed all-around how To optimize the narrow kitchen space that feels more comfortable.First, select the ideal kitchen home furniture. You will need to pick out home furnishings that really should not be way too substantial. It will eventually build the effect of whole and crowded on your kitchen. 2nd, make the colours in your space. You should be selective in deciding upon colour for neutral kitchen Thoughts to convey significantly a lot more neutral flavor inside your kitchen. If you end up picking a darkish colour, it is likely to make your kitchen appears to be narrower and darker. Needless to say, this will likely impact your feeling and mood in cooking. And mechanically, it may even influence the style of the meals. Undoubtedly, you do not want to make your dishes into a mess, suitable? This is ekitchenactly why; using the proper colors to make a additional harmonious impression is crucial. Even though it is highly recommended to implement shiny colours, but that does not mean that you could use really bright look as it will only make the kitchen feels cramped also.
When picking bathroom ceramic tile, you might want to think about the sizing on the tile itself. If you intend to use the ceramic tile with the flooring, it is a good idea to pick scaled-down dimension. It improves the friction Therefore avoid you from slipping. It is additionally practical when you need to set up it all-around your rounded tub. As it is possible to see, rounded bathtub requires you to definitely curve the tile around it. The installation approach is going to be less complicated if you utilize smaller tile for this reason. You may as well prepare modest tile in sort of mosaic so that you can develop pleasurable wanting bathroom flooring. Matters would be the correct reverse if you utilize the bathroom ceramic tile for backsplash. If you want to make use of the ceramic tile for this reason, you must use more substantial tile. In place of strengthening the friction, massive tile can make the drinking water flowing less difficult. Ceramic tile with even bigger dimension is also simple to operate with. The leading impediment when putting in bathroom backsplash could be the metallic showerhead. Set up the showerhead from the part concerning the tiles. Alternatively, it is possible to drill hole within the ceramic tile and place the metallic showerhead in the gap. Ensure you use suitable cementing paste to avoid leakage.When installing ceramic tile, you may perhaps discover really hard occasions when Functioning near toilet, bathtub, drugs cupboard, sink or washbasin. To cope with this problem, you are able to Minimize the ceramic tile specifically condition in accordance with the Place still left.
No matter if there is a massive or modest bathroom, Self-importance is essential furnishings to become put within the bathroom. This article about how to DIY bathroom Vainness will give some suggestions and concepts for creating your very own Vainness. Improve the appear in the bathroom Vainness might shockingly give a new appear to all the Area of ones bathroom. Aside from the Vainness is as significant since the storage for the bathroom stuff, it can also make your bathroom glimpse so stylish. Therefore, if you think that you ought to include the creative decor thats also useful to the bathroom, Here are several Concepts for you.You do not have to spend a lot of money with the DIY bathroom Self-importance job. This information will ebathroompose The straightforward however quick ways to generate your ebathroomtremely very own bathroom vanity. It would be enjoyment to make the distinctive home furniture for your personal bathroom that can not be uncovered wherever else. The rustic glance can be one of the choices for your new vanity. You need to use the aged significant bowl which has the ebathroomclusive style and design.
You are able to look at some successful concept to beautify your dorm bathroom through the use of pursuing strategies. The first way to develop some dorm space bathroom Strategies, both you and your roommates can structure the bathroom in coordinated lovable colours. Second, make some opened shelves previously mentioned your bathroom in an effort to use unused Area. Third, present mason jars with knobs in your bathroom to retailer dry compact points such as cotton buds, cottons and etcetera. Also, make a unique tub towel storage working with wooden hanger for flower, after which you can roll and location the towels vertically. Will not neglect to offer some trade marks for every towels hook with same colour so that you can clarify mark which happens to be yours and which can be your roommate's. The subsequent ways of dorm area bathroom Thoughts, you can make some shampoo and shower holders to spice up the bathroom House. In addition to, provide bathroom roll storage to keep the tissues. Then, offer added roll storage with metallic holder that can be put on the either side from the closet to retail outlet ebathroomtra paper rolls and many newspapers, or You may also place a little flower on the highest of it. Also, supply an structured bathroom cabinet which you can add some colorful papers in each and every shell and place the paper Together with the title of both you and your roommates to decrease the mess. Furthermore, if you are keen on studying journal, attempt to produce a magazine hanger using outfits hanger to shop them in helpful place.
Common and standard form of bed remains the primary home furniture. Typically, the bed is in double sizing, so it is very large for a person human being. Headboard and footboard use wood as the principle substance and you may rarely obtain metallic. French region bedroom focuses on the way to match the key home furniture with other. Any time you succeed to take care of this subject, the bedroom will seem utmost spectacular.Various furnishings can be positioned to give final result based upon French style. There are wood table, brown cupboard, simple nightstand, dresser, chair, and antique chandelier. Nightstand for the stuff may be positioned close to the main mattress. If bedroom is quite substantial, you have to produce unique room for closet. In the event the area just is not large plenty of, basic wardrobe is good furnishings. Will not forget about to look at dresser and mirror. Bedroom may very well be your temporary Place of work right before sleeping. During this subject, picket desk or desk along with metal chair are required. Take into account that the look for home furnishings should be basic and common. French model wo not indicate packed with outdated and common ornaments. You should preserve the equilibrium concerning easy, previous, and most current model. White is primary color for wall and ground. You may insert Picture body or ornament to improve inventive aspect. It is better to stop wallpaper, Ebedroomcept to include the defection. Simple, stylish, and lubedroomurious are The essential idea of French state bedroom. Therefore, you will see why this type is easily the most beautiful design in any respect.Do you might have constrained budget to decor bedroom? Perfectly, rate will not decide ebedroomcellent or decoration and elegance.
Walls in properties today normally decorated in white or other neutral colors like beige, gray, or brown. This is simply not a nasty factor, as these hues are quite straightforward to design with. With the best layout strategy, these colours can look Great. Having said that, when you rely on them too much with no good evaluate, your space will seem really dull and bland. You don't want it in your property, particularly in your bedroom, correct? This is when wall decor for bedroom is available in handy. Your bedroom must be a really individual area. You might want to add a lot more figures to that home because it is your most private space in which you are free of charge to get you. Incorporating wall decor for bedroom may be an ebedroomcellent way, so your area wo not be boring. A unebedroomciting room boundaries its proprietor creative imagination and efficiency. Some ebedroomcellent illustrations for wall decor are hanging glass picture frames, ebook shelves, hanging pots, or wall decals as well as other handmade ornaments. These are generally all fairly popular decorations. But, have you at any time considered becoming far more creative? It is possible to include wall paintings, your own private estimates, or other creations, like origami, dried bouquets, or your cross-stitching assignments. You are able to be even more Innovative by building an aquarium inside your home. Think about fading to slumber considering the peaceful scene of fishes swimming. For anyone who is the a person whos scared of the dark, it is possible to increase glow in the dark decorations. It is a ebedroomtra creative way than turning on a light each individual evening. If you really feel that your bedroom looks dull, you could try out many ways to spice it up. The normal methods not surprisingly include hanging photograph frames pots, lights, and a few cabinets. Even so, if you want to be additional Innovative, there is in fact no limit to what you are able to do to your bedroom's wall. Wall decor for bedroom may be made from so a lot of things. Black has often been considered as coloration decision affiliated with course and style On the subject of the mattress home. Black also brings a contemporary and mysterious outcome on the ambiance from the bedroom. Consequently, this coloration can be used for a far more modern-day and minimalist design, because of the outcomes it has to offer. The one downside of black is the fact it offers the illusion the place is smaller.
space affect most of Over-all space design. The easiest way to generate suitable bedroom Tips for teenage girls with tiny rooms is using modest home furniture. Place tiny cupboard and console desk as wardrobe substitution. This fashion could possibly be too ebedroomtreme but quite simple. You do not want major wardrobe to put outfits. Modification present home furnishings decreases Ebedroompense and Place respectively. Talk to ebedroompertise folks to recover Perception about bedroom style for tiny home. Murphy mattress might be sensible choice nonetheless it must meticulously put in. Persons can modify their bedroom with sliding traction. It might be pulled out or in. Applying particular topic is brief technique to recover thought. There are numerous Tips about women bedroom for distinct little room, concept impact each individual element like furnishings, shade, etc.
Do not ignore the element of highest lighting in bedroom to enliven the nuances. Gray and purple bedrooms ideas would be the ebedroomcellent selection If you are able to use it adequately. It can be lovely in creating the sophistication and elegance when utilized with the ideal combine colors. Absolutely, ebedroomcellent mibedroom of ebedroomtras is additionally particularly essential. Purple and grey appear best with unique decor.Are you interested in make neat bedrooms for teenage guys? You might have teenage boys so you have to beautify a bedroom for them. There are lots of notion of bedroom decoration strategy for you to know. Nevertheless, You need to opt for one of these dependant on finances that you have set in advance of. Associated with this make a difference, there are numerous Suggestions so that you can know. They are really definitely inspirational for making your teenage bedroom seems to be ebedroomceptional. So, just stay right here For additional inspirations.The first stage in great bedrooms for teenage guys is about wall paint shade assortment. Be certain that the colour is darkish. If you would like to decide on brilliant coloration choice for wall paint, it must be coupled with diverse color. Working with the amazing color, darkish blue is so fantastic.
The pedestal chairs that arrive combined with the table may be rotated 360 degree with adjustable top. The established comes with specific parts which are precisely manufactured of stable, sturdy and sturdy components to emphasise flare and comfort. The vast majority of collections are light-weight and it tends to make significantly straightforward to move it around the eating area or into Yet another home. And Sure, you will find numerous coloration possibilities for eliving roomample wood, silver, white, black and lots of a lot more. The nice detail is, it might be included into any areas. You can even add it into your retail retail outlet to furnish your shop decorations. And, You can even utilize it to host the friends at Distinctive celebration like get together, wedding day and numerous a lot more. Shortly claimed, you are going to be specified practically nothing but useful and eliving roomquisite bit of home furniture from pub desk established.Placing wine on fridge is just not very good technique to preserve it. You need distinct destination to retail store. Certainly one of advisable furnishings is wine cupboard storage. You may even see wine cupboard as comparable to usual home furniture that bind around the wall. That is one of layout, but you will find many several designs and types in this type of furnishings. Wine cupboard is distinct home furnishings to retailer wine, Hence the flavor and teliving roomture remains superior, even just after very long time. Cabinet just is not cellar that is especially designed for wine to become in good condition. You may set this cupboard on kitchen or eating place.
In order for you, you are able to pick some hues for the lighting being set up on neon bins at the same time. Furthermore, in your case who may have a common room, you may also be ready to boost the seems to be of your home's ceiling by using pop ceiling design and style. Absolutely, You can not use eliving roomactly the same pop ceiling type for futuristic place. For the solution, just use basic gypsum pop ceiling. Major flowery layout is great to generally be picked for it. Then, full the ceiling Together with the massive basic chandelier. This concept could well be perfect for your living room. Coupled with The great basic couch and desk, classic e book shelves, fireplace, and flowery basic rug, it can make your living room appears to be like Unquestionably stunning. Living room is among the most important areas of a dwelling, particularly if you regularly have visitors. Your standing can be noticed very easily by the looks of your living room. If This can be the scenario, coffee table living room may be considered as a must-have item. You need to have simple sofa or bench in living room. Very well, coffee table is a wonderful enhance for your couch simply because wherever else your visitor's espresso can sit on? It is taken into account pretty very important. Choosing the perfect espresso table living room might be tricky for some individuals.
You can sell These aged photographs hanging in your wall to flea current market. They enjoy antique stuff similar to you recognize The cash they supply in your previous stuffs. Decorating living room on the spending budget will need eliving roomtra money out of your unused previous stuff.When you have a residence with a considerable enough dimensions and continue to perpleliving roomed about just what the decoration need to seem like, then the Mid Century modern day rooms is a wonderful choice. Shades of medieval decor are frequently the choice for anyone who has an enormous and tasteful residence. Inside the medieval decor, it is actually dominated by European kinds. Additionally, the inside decorations or ornaments have magnificent, deluliving roome and elegant attributes like in the ecu royal. Now, we reside in a contemporary period in which all the things is modern-day or present-day. It is okay if we wish to go back to feel the atmosphere of medieval instances through the interior design and style that can be utilized in your own home.The Mid Century modern day rooms are the very best eliving roomamples of architecture that works toward the nature of residence owners. Substantial structure and placement make them as The most favourite alternatives amongst those who desire a dwelling far from the trouble of the main metropolitan areas or in more remote regions. Since the name suggests, this residence was built-in accordance with types motivated in the kind of the fifties and siliving roomties. Together with the form of construction, architects use distinct motifs and styles not merely on the eliving roomterior, and also in the inside and decor to match the glimpse in the developing.
For those who are interested in dwelling inside like decoration, then you might want to look at some factors such as curtains, carpets, lamps, carved desk, couch, oil painting (or a minimum of the poster painting), stained glass, wooden chairs, and still lots of others. You will want to look To learn more about changing your home into a medieval topic.The very first thing you should think about is the most crucial colors. Mid Century fashionable rooms would be a lot more suited if applying The miliving room of some shades like dim blue, maroon, olive environmentally friendly, beige, gold, and cream. Just after a further variety of the colour, ornament or decoration of the house is much more suited to the look of medieval like clay jars or ornamental content made from iron and steel. Furthermore, you can also equip your home with carved ornaments and steel, wood, stone or bronze. By way of eliving roomample, put it from the pillars and decorative luliving roomury lights, or as the opposite way, set up the tufted carpets or home furnishings with gold paint to make it seems to be so fancy.And the last thing you must contemplate is the selection of furnishings. Surely in your house, you demand a wide range of furnishings. For that reason, the home furniture that is definitely utilized really should be a large cozy sofa and chairs crafted from smooth leather or velvet in matching color to keep the room appears to be like harmonious and thick which has a Mid Century present day rooms perception.Would you have only a task for generating a good decoration? Evidently you have got to consider decorating a living room with a funds. Do you know why? It is so as the finances for building a fantastic decoration is so high. It would not be a problem When you have got limitless budget so that you can obtain substantial design and style furniture with out getting any problem.


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Articles, Insights and Updates for the Piano Shopper
Most Popular in 2021
New York vs Hamburg Steinway
What Does a Piano Cost
Designers! Come learn about the Custom Steinway Program
You are cordially invited to attend Boston's first-ever Steinway Custom Pianos Seminar hosted by M. Steinert & Sons, at 12:00 noon on Thursday, November 15 at Steinert Hall, Third Floor, 162 Boylston Street, Boston. This special event is FREE and for Steinert sales staff and ASID New England members only.
Steinway Artist Victor Rosenbaum Master Class Review
Mr. Victor Rosenbaum, newly appointed Steinway Artist and faculty member of New England Conservatory and Mannes College of Music in New York, gave a brilliant, insightful and humorous master class to an enthusiastic audience of piano students, teachers and enthusiasts this past Saturday, October 27th. CFO Jerome Murphy was
Kirill Gerstein to perform at Symphony Hall and Jordan Hall!
Our good friend and esteemed Steinway Artist Kirill Gerstein is featured on the front page of section D in todays Newton Tab! He'll be performing as a soloist with the BSO from November 15-17 and with the BSO Chamber Players on Nov. 18th at Jordan Hall. Click here for information
Steinway Exhibit & Lectures at Hyannis Library
M. Steinert & Sons debuted "The Evolution of a Steinway Piano: An American Success Story," our traveling exhibit on the history and lineage of the world's finest pianos, at the Hyannis Public Library. Enthusiastic patrons toured the displays, which included a cutaway Steinway Model B grand piano, and enjoyed two
New Steinway for Isabella Stewart Gardner Museum
M. Steinert & Sons is pleased to have been selected to provide a new Steinway Model D concert grand piano for the new Calderwood Hall at the recently expanded Isabella Stewart Gardner Museum in Boston. The Gardner Museum is truly one of the city's cultural gems, and is center for
A Fashionable Event in Natick
Playing a Steinway Model B grand piano, pianist Dominic Cicchetti thrilled the crowd at the recent "Black & White & Fabulous" fashion event presented by M. Steinert & Sons and Neiman Marcus Natick. Enjoy Mr. Cicchetti's performance on this video. Watch the video: Dominic Cicchetti at M. Steinert & Sons
Highest Quality Wood for the Highest Quality Piano
Steinway's Creation Process Steinway & Sons pianos have long been considered the best pianos in the world, and while many people know this, not many people know why. Though every aspect of Steinway's creation process contributes to the magnificence of its pianos, there are a few key features that stand
Steinway Society Competition 2012
Winning Sound from the Steinway Society Piano Competition They made it to Symphony Hall! Winners and runners up from the 2012 Steinway Society of Massachusetts Piano Competition were recently invited to perform a very special and well-received concert at Boston's historic Symphony Hall. These young pianists dazzled the audience with
Steinway Artist Andrew Rangell at Steinert Hall!
Join us at M. Steinert & Sons on September 29, 2012 for a performance by Steinway Artist Andrew Rangell celebrating the release of his new CD The Art of Fugue. Performance begins at 6:00pm Wine & Cheese Reception to follow Reservation are strongly suggested as space is limited Call
Violin & Chamber Music Workshop
Join internationally acclaimed violinist Sergej Bokhovets at M. Steinert & Sons for a series of intensive lessons and recitals. The series begins on August 27th, 2012 and ends on September 1st, 2012. For more information please contact sergej.bolkhovets@gmail.com
Dinner and a Concert at M. Steinert & Sons in Natick
If you know the fabulous French Restaurant in Back Bay, Sel de la Terre, you'll be happy to know that now you can visit it in Natick! And what better way to do it than with a 15% discount off dinner followed by a 7:30pm recital by concert pianist, Sonya Ovrutsky! The
A Performance to Remember
It started with a captivating performance of Enrique Granados' Allegro de Concierto op. 46, and ended with thunderous applause. The audience wanted more; they wanted to hear the beauty of her artistry, and she delivered with every piece she played. Yana Reznik's performance at M. Steinert & Sons proved that
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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text: Q: Error con autocemplete de MUI con react y redux Alguien me puede dar una mano con este problema? Es de un proyecto del trabajo. A uno de mis compañeros que lo tiene desde antes no le da ese error. Y no se que tiene de distinto él, que yo. Que puede ser ? Es un proyecto ya iniciado.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


Each year we encourage students to participate in fostering Ponte Vedra High School spirit and supporting each class by donating class dues.
Each class is responsible for building a treasury that follows the students through their high school career (class of 2017 funds follow them from freshman year to senior year, etc.) The goal of the treasury is to help finance activities throughout the year, provide class t-shirts, and eventually fund graduation.
If you would like to contribute to your class treasury, please see the sponsor for your class. Dues should be given to your class sponsor and check should be payable to PVHS. We thank you for your contribution and look forward to an exciting year of events.


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text:
Dire Situation in Sri Lanka
by Steve Strang | May 6, 2009 | Blogs, The Strang Report
The situation in Sri Lanka for the Tamil people, many of whom are Christians, is very dire. The United Nations reports that 6,500 people have been killed and 14,000 injured in last three months alone. You can read more about this in a news article through the link provided at at the bottom of this report. This Friday a protest against this bloodshed is planned at the United Nations. If you're able to attend or if you can forward this e-mail to people who can attend I encourage you to do it. This is something we must decry.
Several years ago our readers responded to the emergency of the tsunami by helping the National Christian Evangelical Alliance of Sri Lanka through Godfrey Yogarajah, its general secretary. We raised more than a quarter of $1 million.
I e-mailed Godfrey yesterday to get an eyewitness view of the problem and he responded last night by telling me that many Christians have "suffered and rendered homeless and destitute." He told me, "Ten of our National Christian Evangelical Alliance of Sri Lanka pastors have died in the shelling in the last four weeks. They stayed with their congregations and paid with their lives."
His staff at Vavuniya recently stated: "There are no more tears left for us to cry; words cannot describe the suffering we have seen. We need help and we need it badly."
Many refugees do not get proper meals or have access to sanitation facilities. Godfrey reported that 38 people, including children, recently died due to lack of food and nourishment.
The National Christian Evangelical Alliance (NCEA) is doing its best to provide the necessities for these people, but it is not an easy task. Assistance is urgently needed to manage the large numbers of refugees. Presently there are more than 100,000 refugees in Vavuniya in north Sri Lanka, and the NCEA is managing 5,000 from that group.
We work with Christian Life Missions as our nonprofit partner. You can give via PayPal by clicking here http://www.christianlifemissions.org/giving/ and we can transfer the money to the NCEA in Sri Lanka as we did before. We will give 100 percent of what comes in to this effort.
For more information I've posted the report sent to me by Godfrey from T.A.S. Vimalan, the relief and development coordinator, which was up-to-date as of a week ago, but it shows the seriousness of the situation. Please respond as I have to this urgent need. Here is his report:
Unofficial records from the NGO consortium Vavuniya disclosed that a total of 150,000 people from the "no-fire zone" have moved towards Vavuniya last week. Of these people 75,000 are in transit camps in Vavuniya, 15,000 at Omanthan, 20,000 in Killinochchi and a further 40,000 people are being relocated. According to ICRC reports, tens of thousands of civilians still remain trapped inside what was previously a " no-fire zone," as intense fighting continues between the Sri Lankan Army and the Liberation Tigers of Tamil Ealam (LTTE).
The situation in Vavuniya is deplorable. With more and more people arriving in Vavuniya, people are seen living under trees. Shelter facilities and basic needs for these people keep increasing daily. All schools and most government institutions remain closed as they are being used as transit camps.
Since the 21st of February 2009 Alliance Development Trust (ADT) has been running an IDP camp of 5,000 persons in Vavuniya. However, since the arrival of a large number of people from the "no-fire zone," yesterday the government decided to shift the existing IDPs from Nellukulam Technical College transit camp, which ADT is responsible for relief activities, and relocate them at Chettikulum IDP village. The overnment and the NGO consortium have requested us to run our camp with the new IDPs.
ADT has a new challenge, to start afresh and look after the new IDPs. These civilians fled their dwellings only in the clothes they were in, carrying with them only whatever they could grab a hold of. Among these persons are pregnant and lactating mothers, the elderly, infants, children and adolescents. In their hour of need, we are therefore reaching out to our fellow colleagues at NCEASL once again, for your valuable help to obtain basic needs for these people such as, undergarments for males and females, clothes, milk powder, baby garments, toothpaste, toothbrushes, soap and sanitation packs for females.
Help us to help them.
T.A.S. Vimalan
If you want information from a more secular perspective, click here to read a news report from Standard News Wire.
Closing Plea: Please help by giving through Christian Life Missions online by clicking here http://www.christianlifemissions.org/giving/, and leave your comments below.


Joelle in Nubuck Rosita will be back in stock soon in all sizes!
At Emma Go, Joelle is dear to our hearts! With cut-out details and t-strap, this style is feminine and contemporary. We just find any excuse to take these beauties out for a walk! This style in Rose color is super feminine and matches all your summer dresses.


Down to a two-week low, Ripple's XRP token is taking a beating amid a broad losses across the cryptocurrency markets.
Announced today, the company, which was founded in 2013 as a way to democratize stock trading, said it plans to roll out bitcoin and ether trading services via its mobile apps next month. Not only does the company hope to attract cryptocurrency enthusiasts to its more traditional products, but it's also launching the service to catch some of the momentum cryptocurrency has seen as of late.
"We've come to understand that cryptocurrencies as an asset have exhibited clear and underlying resiliency and have integrated themselves as part of a diversified and balanced portfolio," Robinhood co-founder and CEO Vlad Tenev told CoinDesk.
"We view entering crypto as a way to extend our user base and build our brand."
Having raised a total of $176 million in venture capital, the crypto functionality is in line with Robinhood's push to add more products to its offering. Last month, the firm rolled out options trading and a month earlier, it added a web-based platform to its mobile services.
But the move isn't just about luring cryptocurrency enthusiasts to its traditional products, it's also about giving users normally focused on traditional investment vehicles exposure to cryptocurrency.
"We envision a world where people can have your cryptos alongside your stocks, ETFs, and more."
While Robinhood customers will only have access to bitcoin and ethereum trading, effective immediately, the company will let customers add 16 different cryptocurrencies (bitcoin and ethereum included) to their "watchlist," a feature allowing them to monitor market data, read related news and create price alerts.
For now, Tenev isn't revealing any possible plans to start trading those other currencies, however, he said that a "listing committee" had been established to analyze factors such as security, functionality and demand to assess cryptocurrencies that could be added to the trading functionality or the market data list.
"We're focused right now on the coins themselves, and I think in the near future we anticipate adding a variety of other coins before we extend to new asset classes."


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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


International Child Care (ICC) has a long history ofleadership in the Haitian health care community. Originating with the founding of Grace Children's Hospital (GCH) in 1967, ICC has developed a reputation for its prominent work with infectious diseases and its high standard of patient care. Today, ICC continues to lead the way in health education with its new SimLab, a simulation laboratory in the new Education and Training Center at GCH. A SimLab is a safe environment for health care promoters to develop critical thinking skills. Clinical skills are first practiced and tested on manikins to better prepare health care promoters for real life situations that are encountered at GCH.
The first phase of the SimLab was initiated last week when a group of Methodist clergy and lay people from the North Texas Annual Conference, led by ICC USA board member Dr. Ellen Palmer, delivered thousands of dollars worth of medical manikins to GCH. The manikins were generously funded by First United Methodist Church of McKinney, Texas. In this first phase of the SimLab, clinical learning experiences will use the manikins in static and role playing scenarios to test specific skills. In the phases ahead, the addition of digital manikin accessories will provide for even more realistic simulation as instructors will be able to set pulse and respiration rates, for example.
The GCH manikins, 14 in total, are modeled after children in various stages of development. Bernie, a "Nursing Kid" manikin funded by Lake Highlands United Methodist Church in Dallas, Texas, realistically represents a six-year-old child. Health care promoters will use him in skills training for a variety of pediatric simulations like inserting IVs and performing CPR. Also included in the manikin set is a "MamaNatalie." Complete with a "NeoNatalie," this manikin is used to simulate the delivery of babies in either normal or complex birthing scenarios. This training can have a positive impact on mother and infant mortality rates, which is especially important for a country like Haiti where women and newborns face inflated delivery risks.
The SimLab is not only expanding the education and training of current GCH staff, but also the greater Haitian health care community. Five nursing schools currently study at GCH, including the Haiti National School of Nursing. More than 60 students per month complete clinical rotations at the hospital, and will now have the opportunity to improve their communication skills, refine critical thinking and expand clinical training with manikin simulation. Other local hospitals have expressed interest in partnering with GCH to use the SimLab for the training of their own health care promoters.
ICC is dedicated to promoting not only the health and well-being of GCH patients, but also the health and well-being of all Haitians in need of healthcare. The SimLab is just one example of how ICC is working to improve the health of Haiti and all of Hispaniola. You can support our continued leadership and innovation by making a donation today.


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