The determination of the uncertainty measures of multidimensional quantum systems is a relevant issue per se and because these measures, which are functionals of the single-particle probability density of the systems, describe numerous fundamental and experimentally accessible physical quantities. However, it is a formidable task (not yet solved, except possibly for the ground and a few lowest-lying energetic states) even for the small bunch of elementary quantum potentials which are used to approximate the mean-field potential of the physical systems. Recently, the dominant term of the Heisenberg and Rényi measures of the multidimensional harmonic system (i.e., a particle moving under the action of a D-dimensional quadratic potential, D > 1) has been analytically calculated in the high-energy (i.e., Rydberg) and the high-dimensional (i.e., pseudoclassical) limits. In this work we determine the exact values of the Rényi uncertainty measures of the D-dimensional harmonic system for all ground and excited quantum states directly in terms of D, the potential strength and the hyperquantum numbers.


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J1.
Met Éireann spoils our potential fun by downplaying the possibility of snow
CONFIRMED: Glorious normality beckons as vast majority of restrictions to be scrapped
Stephen Porzio
Vast majority of pubs "gangbusters ready to go" with trading past 8pm tonight
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Health Minister says online portal for registering antigen tests open to "a bit of play-acting"
Here are all the changes to the Covid rules in Ireland

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
\section{Introduction} \label{sec:intro}
  Although the tremendous growth of peer-to-peer (P2P) streaming applications on the Internet has attracted a great number of users and also made the P2P streaming a heavily investigated field, there are still major obstacles in its adoption as a mainstream and commercialized broadcast services \cite{LiuRLZ-IEEEProc07}. One of the major technique obstacles, as pointed out by \cite{LiuRLZ-IEEEProc07,HeiLR-IEEECOMMAG08,FengLL-INFOCOM09}, is the lack of guarantee on the \textbf{delay} performance.

  There are two mainstream approaches to deploy a P2P streaming system, namely \textit{tree-based push} (e.g., \cite{BanerjeeBK-SIGCOMM02,CastroDKNRS-SOSP03,VenkataramanYF-ICNP06}) and \textit{mesh-based pull} (e.g., \cite{ZhangLLY-INFOCOM05,HeiLR-IEEECOMMAG08,LiXQKLLZ-INFOCOM08}). Both approaches have their pros and cons. While the tree-based push achieves better performance in terms of delay but suffers higher maintenance complexity and data outage upon peer dynamics \cite{MaghareiRG-INFOCOM07}, the mesh-based pull provides a higher robustness against peer dynamics but has to strike a compromise between efficiency and latency \cite{FengLL-INFOCOM09}. Recently, several proposals started to promote a hybrid approach \cite{WangXL-ICDCS07,ZhangZSY-IEEEJSAC07,WangLX-INFOCOM08}; they all aim at reaching a balance between the two approaches above.

  Unfortunately, directly melding a conventional tree overlay with a mesh overlay may not yield the optimal performance. The difficulty stems from a fundamental difference between the push and pull approaches in terms of handling the media streams. More specifically, while a push approach usually treats the streams at the \textit{packet} level, a pull approach organizes the packets of a stream into larger units (sometimes referred to as \textit{chunks}) as pulling individual packets would result in a much higher overhead. A direct consequence of this difference is that a hybrid approach has to take the chunk as its data unit in order to be compatible with its pull components. An immediate question about this chunk-oriented hybrid system is the following: is it proper to use an optimal packet-oriented push tree (e.g., \cite{LiuSJRC-SIGMETRICS08}) as the push component of the hybrid approach? The answer is \textbf{negative}, as we will illustrate in Sec.~\ref{sec:best}. This has motivated us to identify the optimal push tree component for a hybrid P2P streaming system.

  It is well known that the minimum delay to disseminate a \textbf{single} chunk to $N$ peers with homogeneous uploading capacity is $1+\lceil \log_2 N\rceil$ and it can be achieved by a \textit{snow-ball streaming} algorithm \cite{Liu-MM07}. However, only the existence of such a mechanism for \textbf{streaming} has been shown in \cite{Liu-MM07}; the lack of a systematic way to construct a distributed scheduling for this algorithm has significantly confined its applicability. Existing proposals that aim at minimizing delay have to rely on certain approximation mechanisms, either deterministic pull \cite{FengLL-INFOCOM09} or randomized push \cite{BonaldMMPT-SIGMETRICS08}. One of the main targets of our paper is to bring forth a straightforward mapping from the snow-ball algorithm to a multi-tree overlay. This will greatly facilitate the distributed minimum-delay chunk scheduling in a push-pull hybrid streaming system.

  In this paper, we investigate the chunk-oriented hybrid approach for P2P media streaming. We advocate a hierarchical structure where stable peers \cite{WangLX-INFOCOM08,LiuWLZ-INFOCOM09} are organized into a multi-tree backbone while the remaining peers may either pull chunks from the backbone or further organize themselves into sub-trees attached to the backbone. The main contributions of our paper is the following:

  \begin{itemize}
  \item We propose algorithms to construct and maintain a multi-tree overlay. The scheduling policy guided by these trees guarantees a minimum delay for continuous chunk streaming, as promised by the snow-ball streaming algorithm (which only shows the existence of such a policy).

  \item We design a P2P streaming backbone, called \textit{SNowbAll multi-tree Pushing} (SNAP), based on the proposed multi-tree overlay. We also demonstrate how to build a hybrid push-pull streaming system by flexibly combining SNAP with other overlay structures.

  \item We implement a streaming system in \textit{ns}-2 by combining SNAP with PPLive \cite{HeiLLLR-IPTV06}, our simulation results show that SNAP+PPLive outperforms its up-to-date competitor.
  \end{itemize}

   In the next section, we provide detailed explanations on why the snowball streaming algorithm, rather than a traditional tree-based push, has to be used for chunk streaming. We then describe in Section~\ref{sec:snap} the algorithms that construct and maintain SNAP. In Section~\ref{sec:hybpp}, we extend SNAP into a full-fledged P2P streaming system by  welding it with various overlay structures that serve as the second tier of the system. We report the experiment results in Section~\ref{sec:perfevl} and survey the related work in Section~\ref{sec:rw}. Finally, we conclude our paper and discuss our future work in Section~\ref{sec:con}.

\section{What Is The Best Tree Overlay?} \label{sec:best}
  In this section, we investigate the feature of the chunk-oriented streaming. By quantitatively comparing two tree overlays that are claimed to be optimal under different circumstances, we show that common wisdom valid in packet-oriented streaming does not yield the optimal performance under the chunk-oriented system.

  The major difference between a packet-oriented and a chunk-oriented system lies in the concept of delay. For data transmission across the Internet, there are basically two main components of the delay: \textit{transmission delay} $t$ and \textit{queueing}/\textit{propagation delay} $d$. In a packet-oriented system, $t \ll d$ in general, so the delay is dominated by $d$. The same situation does not apply to a chunk-oriented system, as a chunk may aggregate several hundreds of packets and hence $t \approx d$.

  Now let us see how this difference affects on the optimal tree overlay. To this end, we compare two tree overlays: the \textit{optimal packet streaming tree} (OPST) \cite{LiuSJRC-SIGMETRICS08} and the \textit{snowball tree} (SBT) \cite{Liu-MM07}\footnote{The snowball streaming algorithm, as appeared in \cite{Liu-MM07}, does not involve a tree structure, but it can be easily mapped to a tree in terms of disseminating one chunk. What remains challenging is how to map the algorithm to a multi-tree structure for chunk streaming. We will solve the problem in Sec.~\ref{sec:snap}.}. As shown in \cite{LiuSJRC-SIGMETRICS08}, OPST is indeed the optimal tree for packet streaming, so we omit the comparison with other tree overlays (e.g. \cite{CastroDKNRS-SOSP03}). To simply the interpretation, we only compare the two structures in terms of disseminating one packet or chunk. The extension to streaming multiple packets or chunks is described in \cite{LiuSJRC-SIGMETRICS08} (for OPST) and will be introduced in Sec.~\ref{sec:snap} (for SBT). Let \framebox{$\mathcal{N}$} be the set of all peers and $|\mathcal{N}| = N$, $\bar{d}$ be the average queueing/propagation delay, and $t$ be the transmission time of a packet or a chunk. Fig.~\ref{fig:treecomp} illustrates the two tree overlays in a system of $N=16$.

  \begin{figure}[!h]
   \begin{center}
        \includegraphics[width=\columnwidth]{TreeComp}

    \caption{The comparison between the \textit{optimal packet streaming tree} (OPST) \cite{LiuSJRC-SIGMETRICS08} and the \textit{snowball tree} (SBT) \cite{Liu-MM07} in terms of disseminating one packet or chunk in a system of 16 peers. The background color of a peer indicates its delay: the darker the color the longer the delay is. For the SBT, we also illustrate the \textit{peer level set} defined later in the paper.}\label{fig:treecomp}
   \end{center}

  \end{figure}

  Note that, for SBT, we organize peers into levels. We denote the peer that directly receives a chunk from the server as the 0-th level, and peers that are at the $k$-th level are those that receive the chunk in the $k$-th round of the geometric progression\footnote{The snowball streaming algorithm \cite{Liu-MM07} proceeds in a round-by-round manner: a peer that receives a chunk in a round will keep pushing the chunk to others during the later rounds until everyone gets it. Therefore, if we use $x(k)$ to represent the number of peers that have the chunk at the end of the $k$-th round, $x(k) = 2^k$ is a geometric progression with common ratio 2.} of the snowball streaming algorithm.

  For OPST, after one peer (peer 1 in this case) obtains a packet or chunk from the server, it sequentially sends the packet or chunk to the rest of the peers. This leads to the following maximum delay $D_{\mathrm{max}}$ and average delay $\bar{D}$.

  \begin{eqnarray}
  D_{\mathrm{max}}^{\mathrm{OPST}} &=& \bar{d} + Nt \\
  \bar{D}^{\mathrm{OPST}}          &=& \bar{d} + 0.5(N+1)t
  \end{eqnarray}

  Note that, as shown in \cite{Liu-MM07}, parallel sending would lead to the same maximum delay but higher average delay. Also, we deliberately omit the delay of peer 1 downloading from the server, as this is a constant that contributes to the delay of every peer. The reason why $\bar{d}$ only contributes to the delay once is exactly due to the well known \textit{pipelining} effect in the Internet, as also illustrated in Fig.~\ref{fig:treecomp}. Although pipelining traditionally refers to the streaming along the same transmission path, the same effect applies here even though the destinations are different, because the whole system appears like a pipe to the sender (peer 1).

  For SBT, every peer keeps pushing the received packets or chunks to other peers, which results in very different transmission paths as shown in Fig.~\ref{fig:treecomp}. The pipelining effect appears only in certain paths, leading to a very different expressions of the delays.

  \begin{eqnarray}
  D_{\mathrm{max}}^{\mathrm{SBT}} &=& \lceil\log_2 N\rceil \left(\bar{d} + t\right) \label{exp:maxmindelay} \\
  \bar{D}^{\mathrm{SBT}}          &\leq& \frac{\lceil\log_2 N\rceil}{2}\bar{d} + \left(\lceil\log_2 N\rceil - 1\right) t + o(N) \label{exp:avgmindelay}
  \end{eqnarray}

  The maximum delay comes from the path for which there is no pipelining, as illustrated in Fig.~\ref{fig:treecomp} (following the path $1 \rightarrowtail 2 \rightarrowtail 4 \rightarrowtail 8 \rightarrowtail 16$. The derivation of the average delay is a bit tricky and we postpone it to Appendix~\ref{sec:avg}. Note that our derivation differs from the one presented in \cite{Liu-MM07} in that we explicitly separate the two delay components.

  Given all the delay expressions, it is obvious that, when $t \approx \bar{d}$ (or $t > \bar{d}$) and $N$ is relatively large, SBT yields a much smaller delay (both maximum and average) than OPST. In the extreme case where $d\rightarrow0$, we know that SBT is indeed the optimal tree according to \cite{Liu-MM07}.

\section{Snowball Pushing by a Multi-SBT Structure} \label{sec:snap}
  Although SBT is shown to be superior to OPST for single chunk dissemination, the extension of SBT for multi-chunk dissemination (hence media streaming) is far less trivial then the extension of OPST. As shown in \cite{LiuSJRC-SIGMETRICS08}, extending OPST for multi-chunk dissemination can be achieved simply by a multi-OPST structure: it consists of $N$ trees, where the root of the $i$-th tree is peer $i$, and the server simply pushes the packets to these trees in a round-robin fashion. Unfortunately, Such an extension obviously does not apply to SBT, as both the internal and leaf peers in SBT need to be careful rescheduled. Recently, Trellis graphs are used to represent the snowball streaming algorithm \cite{FengLL-INFOCOM09}, but it fails to suggest a distributed chunk scheduling policy. Therefore, we need to find a multi-tree extension for SBT that provides the same delay guarantee for chunk streaming. To this end, we first propose a centralized construction algorithm, then we show how to make it operate in a distributed manner.

\subsection{Multi-Tree Representation of The Snowball Algorithm}
  In the original proposal of the snowball streaming algorithm \cite{Liu-MM07}, the existence of an algorithm for chunk streaming is proven by an induction, which cannot be used to derive a multi-tree structure. We hereby propose a centralized way to construct a multi-tree representing the optimal scheduling policy. More precisely, we have the following design goal:

  \begin{quote} \textit{A set of SBTs such that, if the server takes turn to push chunks to them in a round-robin fashion, the minimum delay is achieved for every chunk.}
  \end{quote}

  For practical purposes, we require the multi-tree structure to consists of a finite number of SBTs; in other words, the chunk dissemination follows a repetitive pattern of trees with a period of \framebox{$P$}. Note that, as each chunk has a corresponding SBT and we know that SBT is delay optimal for single chunk dissemination, the challenge we are facing is to resolve the parallelism among all these $P$ SBTs.

  We refer to the $i$-the SBT in this $P$-tree pattern as \framebox{$T_i$}. We denote by \framebox{$L^p_{k,i}$} the \textit{peer level set} containing the set of peers in the $k$-th level of $T_i$, and by \framebox{$L^e_{k,i}$} the \textit{edge level set} containing the edges whose ends are in $L^p_{k,i}$ .  We illustrate the concept of peer level set in Fig.~\ref{fig:treecomp}, where we only show an arbitrary $T_i$ with $\{L^p_{0,i}, L^p_{2,i}, L^p_{2,i}, L^p_{3,i}, L^p_{4,i}\}$ and with $L^p_{0,i}$ containing the peer that directly receives a chunk from the server. Finally, let $K = \lceil\log_2 N\rceil$ be the maximum depth of every SBT. As the minimum delay can be guaranteed for every SBT only if the maximum parallelism is achieved in terms of the uploading scheduling, we first make the following observations on the concurrent scheduling of the uploading edges of the SBTs.

  \vspace{1ex}
  \begin{prop} \label{prop:feasible}
    The following conditions constrain the possible scheduling of the uploading along the tree edges:

    \begin{enumerate}

    \item Edges in the the same tree can be scheduled at the same time iff they belong to the same level set: If $l_1, l_2 \in T_i$, then $l_1,l_2 \in L^e_{k,i}$ for $1 \leq k \leq K$ $\boldsymbol{\Longleftrightarrow} l_1 \parallel l_2$.

    \item Edges in different trees can be scheduled at the same time iff their do not share the same origin and they belong to two level sets whose level indices differ less than the difference in tree indices: If $l_1, \in T_i$, $l_2 \in T_j$, and $i - j = a~ (\!\!\!\!\mod P)$, then $\left(l_1, \in L^e_{k_1,i}\right) \wedge \left(l_2 \in L^e_{k_2,j}\right) \wedge \left(k_2 - k_1 \leq a\right) \wedge \left(o(l_1) \neq o(l_2)\right) \boldsymbol{\Longleftrightarrow} l_1 \parallel l_2$, where $o(l)$ represents the origin of edge $l$.
    \end{enumerate}

  \end{prop}

  We prove this proposition in Appendix~\ref{sec:tsch}. In the following, we give a sufficient condition for a multi-tree structure to yield the minimum delay for chunk streaming.

  \vspace{1ex}
  \begin{prop} \label{prop:sufficient}
    The following condition guarantees a multi-tree structure to yield the minimum delay: If the edges in $L^e_{1,i}$ is scheduled, then all edges in $L^e_{k,i-k+1}:k\in(2,K)$, as well as the $N-2^{K-1}$ edges in $L^e_{K,i-K+1}$, should be able to be scheduled together.
  \end{prop}
  \vspace{1ex}

  We prove this proposition in Appendix~\ref{sec:mdmtree}.

  To facilitate further discussion, we use the following definition to characterize the \textbf{origins} of the edges involved in the schedule described in \textit{Proposition~\ref{prop:sufficient}}.

  \vspace{1ex}
  \begin{defi}
  A set of peers is an \textit{independent set} (ISet) if they are the origins of all the edges involved in the schedule described in \textit{Proposition~\ref{prop:sufficient}}. In particular, for some integer $K$, a $K$-ISet refers to an ISet in a system of $N=2^K$ peers.
  \end{defi}
  \vspace{1ex}

  According to \textit{Proposition~\ref{prop:feasible}} (condition 2 in particular), an ISet should not contain duplicate peers. In the next section, we will explain how we can construct a Multi-SBT structure that satisfies the requirement set in \textit{Proposition~\ref{prop:sufficient}}. We will also use Fig.~\ref{fig:sptrees} to give a more tangible illustration of the concepts of ISets, as well as the sufficient scheduling required by \textit{Proposition~\ref{prop:sufficient}}.

\subsection{Constructing the Multi-SBT Structure} \label{sec:csbt}
  Given the characteristics of feasible schedules stated in \textit{Proposition~\ref{prop:feasible}} and the sufficient condition to achieve the minimum delay described in \textit{Proposition~\ref{prop:sufficient}}, our design goal is achieved if we could identify a multi-tree structure that satisfies all the conditions demanded in both propositions. We first give, in Fig.~\ref{fig:algomtree}, the algorithm that performs the construction for $N=2^K$, then we show its extension to an arbitrary $N$. Their correctness is proven in Appendix~\ref{sec:algomtree}.

  \begin{figure}[htb]
  \begin{algorithm}{Multi-SBT Construction for $N=2^K$}{
  \label{algo:algostd}}

  $\mathcal{S} \qlet \mathcal{N};~~s_k \qlet \emptyset, k=0,1,\cdots,K;~~k \qlet 0$ \\
  \qrepeat \\
    $s_k \qlet (K-k)2^{(k-1)^+}$ distinct peers in $\mathcal{S}$ \\
    \qdo assign the peers in $s_k$ to the $k$-th level of the SBTs in a periodic fashion. \\
    $\mathcal{S} \qlet \mathcal{S} \backslash s_k;~~k \qlet k + 1$
  \quntil $k = K$ \\
  Fill the $L^p_{K,i}$ with the peers that have not appeared in $T_i$.\\
  \qreturn $P$ distinct SBTs and $\{s_0, s_1, \cdots, s_K\}$.
  \end{algorithm
  \caption{The centralized multi-tree construction algorithm for $N=2^K$}
  \label{fig:algomtree}
  \end{figure}

  Basically, the algorithm starts with empty ``skeleton" of trees whose vertices need to be indexed. The data structure used to represent the trees is $\{s_k\}_{k=0,1,\cdots,K}$, with $s_k = \bigcup_i L^p_{k,i}$ (i.e., $s_k$ includes the peer level sets of all the trees). According to the 3rd and 4th steps of the algorithm, the peers in the $k$-th level of a multi-SBT structure repeat in a  period of $P_k = K-k$, given the number $|s_k|$ of peers to be put in the $k$-th level of the multi-SBT structure and the fact that there are $2^{(k-1)^+}$ peers in $L^p_{k,i}$ of a tree $T_i$. Consequently, the \textbf{maximum} number of SBTs required is the \textit{least common multiple} (LCM) of a set of periods $\{K, K-1, \cdots, 1\}$. Fortunately, the period $P$ of the tree pattern can actually be much smaller than that number. As explained in Appendix~\ref{sec:algomtree}, the total number of peers required to complete the algorithm is $2^K-1=N-1$. Therefore, we can make use of this extra peer to increase the period of the first level to $K$, which has the potential to greatly reduce $P$. We illustrate the outcome of this algorithm for $N=16$ in Fig.~\ref{fig:sptrees}: the ISets (in particular 4-ISets) are shown as the sets of peers that encompassed in the staircase-shaped frames. Although the LCM of the set of periods $\{4,3,2,1\}$ is 12, the actual period is just 4, as we use that extra peer to increase $P_1$ from 3 to 4.

  \begin{figure*}[t]
   \begin{center}
        \includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{SPTrees}
    \caption{The multi-SBT structure, $K$-ISet, and corresponding uploading schedules for $N=16$. The correspondence between an SBT and the scheduled uploadings below it is such that these concurrent uploadings take place exactly when the server pushes a chunk to the root of this tree.}
    \label{fig:sptrees}
   \end{center}
  \end{figure*}

  For an arbitrary $N$ where $2^{K-1} < N < 2^K$, the size of an ISet is between $2^{K-1}$ and $2^K$. Therefore, we simply put $N-2^{K-1}$ peers in arbitrary positions in the relative complement of (K-1)\mbox{-ISet} in K\mbox{-ISet}, which is effectively equivalent to changing the periods at certain levels, as shown by the steps from 4 to 7 of the algorithm in Fig.~\ref{fig:algomtreeplus} (which is an extension of the basic algorithm in Fig.~\ref{fig:algomtree}). These extra peers are then used to further upload chunks to the incomplete $L^p_{K,i}$ (which contains only $N-2^{K-1}$ peers) in every $T_i$.

  \begin{figure}[htb]
  \begin{algorithm}{Multi-SBT Extension for Arbitrary $N$}{
  \label{algo:algoext}}

  Choose arbitrary $\widetilde{\mathcal{N}} \subseteq \mathcal{N}$ s.t. $|\widetilde{\mathcal{N}}| = 2^{\lfloor\log_2 N \rfloor}$ \\
  Run Multi-SBT Construction for $\widetilde{\mathcal{N}}$ \\
  $\mathcal{S} \qlet \mathcal{N} \backslash \widetilde{\mathcal{N}};~~s \qlet \emptyset;~~k \qlet 0$ \\
  Choose an ascendingly ordered set $\mathcal{K} = \{k_1, k_2, \cdots, k_m\}$ s.t. $|\mathcal{S}| = \sum_{k\in\mathcal{K}} 2^{(k-1)^+}$ \\
  \qfor \textbf{all} $k\in\mathcal{K}$ \\
    $s \qlet 2^{(k-1)^+}$ distinct peers in $\mathcal{S};~~s_k \qlet s_k \cup s$ \\
    \qdo assign the peers in $s_k$ to the $k$-th level of the SBTs in a periodic fashion;~~$\mathcal{S} \qlet \mathcal{S} \backslash s$ \qrof\\
  Fill the $L^p_{K,i}$ with the peers that have not appeared in $T_i$.\\
  \qreturn $P$ distinct SBTs and $\{s_0, s_1, \cdots, s_K\}$.
  \end{algorithm}
  \caption{The centralized multi-tree extension algorithm for an arbitrary $N$} \label{fig:algomtreeplus}
  \end{figure}

  For example, given $N=20$, we have many strategies to extend from the case of $N=16$. These may include:

  \begin{enumerate}

  \item Increase $P_0$, $P_1$, and $P_2$ all by 1, i.e., $\mathcal{K} = \{0,1,2\}$.

  \item Increase $P_3$ to 2: i.e., $\mathcal{K} = \{3\}$.

  \item Replace any 4 peers in the fourth level by a repetitive pattern: $\mathcal{K} = \{4\}$.

  \end{enumerate}

  as well as any arbitrary combinations of the above strategies that increase the size of an ISet by 4 peers. The 4 extra peers added to an ISet are then used to further upload chunks to the partial $L^p_{5,i}$ (including only 4 peers) appended to every $T_i$ in the 8th step of the algorithm.

\subsection{Distributed Snowball Pushing}
  The centralized multi-SBT construction algorithms that we have proposed can only be executed by the server. To be practical for P2P media streaming, our \textit{SNowball multi-tree  Pushing} (SNAP) based on the multi-SBT should operate without each peer knowing the global information about all the SBT trees. More precisely, we need to answer the following three questions:

  \begin{itemize}

  \item [Q1:] What information should be contained in the neighbor table of a peer?

  \item [Q2:] How to efficiently reconstruct the SBTs upon peer joining or leaving?

  \item [Q3:] How to deal with bandwidth heterogeneity?
  \end{itemize}

\subsubsection{Sizing the Neighbor Table}
  A complete neighbor table of a peer should contain the children of this peer in different SBTs; it consists of subsets of peers for different trees. For example, as shown in Fig.~\ref{fig:sptrees}, the neighbor table of peer 1, $\{[5,10,16,12]\}$, has only one subset of peers, while that of peer 11 contains two subsets, $\{[13,3],[13,2]\}$. Having such a complete neighbor table at every peer, SNAP can proceed in a distributed way: each peer, upon receiving a new chunk, chooses a subset of peers in a \textbf{round-robin} fashion and pushes the chunk to the children in the subset \textbf{sequentially}. It is straightforward to see that, for a single SBT (as shown in Fig.~\ref{fig:treecomp}), the size of a neighbor table is bounded by $\lceil\log_2 N\rceil$, where the bound is obtained at the root. The periodic rotation of peers in every level of the multi-SBT structure inevitably increases this size, but, as shown by the following proposition, this increase is not drastic.

  \vspace{1ex}
  \begin{prop} \label{prop:nbsizebd}
    The size of the largest neighbor table (owned by the root of each SBT) is $\mathcal{O}\left(\lceil\log_2 N\rceil^2\right)$.
  \end{prop}
  \vspace{1ex}

  We sketch the proof of this proposition in Appendix~\ref{sec:bndntb}. In practice, peers may have a neighbor table of much smaller size. For example, peers in the $(K-2)$-th and $(K-1)$-th levels only have a neighbor table of size bounded by 3.\footnote{The same peer appears in different subsets is only counted once, as the information about this peer only occupies a single memory block, while each subset containing the peer uses a reference to refer to this memory block.} This shows that SNAP runs correctly with a neighbor table much smaller than $\mathcal{N}$. In other words, its scalability is guaranteed.

\subsubsection{Coping with Peer Dynamics} \label{sec:peerdy}
  From the server point of view, peer joining and leaving simply reshape the multi-SBT overlay. For peer join, this reshaping is conducted by an algorithm similar to what is shown in Fig.~\ref{fig:algomtreeplus}; the basic idea is to adapt to the variation in $N$ by adjusting the periods at certain levels. The reshaped multi-SBT is then conveyed to certain peers by updating their neighbor tables.

  If a peer leaves SNAP, its starved children in certain SBTs will alert the server. Upon receiving such alerts, the server will assign a parent for these peers at a lower level and also (locally) update their neighbor tables, which actually reduces the level of the corresponding peers. Let us consider the SNAP shown in Fig.~\ref{fig:sptrees}, if peer 5 leaves, peers 9, 14, 6 in the first SBT will be starved. As a response to the alerts from them, the server will replace 5 by 9 in the first tree and replace 9 by 13 in both first and third trees. Of course, all the edges (uploadings) ending at 5 are removed. It can be easily shown that such local replacements can always maintain the optimality of the multi-SBT structure. It is true that the delay will be increased during this repairing phase, which actually accounts for the fact that the delay obtained in our simulations is not optimal (see Sec.~\ref{sec:perfevl}). However, the same simulation results also show that SNAP performs much better than the most up-to-date competitor \cite{WangLX-INFOCOM08}, due to the use of the optimal pushing tree and the fact that repairing is always needed for a structured streaming overlay. Also, as we will show in Sec.~\ref{sec:hybpp}, SNAP, which severs as the backbone of our hybrid push-pull streaming system, consists of only stable peers. Therefore, we expect the repairing to be rare events. Moreover, the hybrid mechanism involved in the extended system design allows peers to pull lost chunks during the reshaping phases.

\subsubsection{Heterogeneous Cases} \label{sec:hetero}
  The biggest disadvantage of snowball streaming is its limited compatibility with the heterogeneity in peers' uploading bandwidth. As shown in \cite{Liu-MM07}, apart from two very special cases, it is generally impossible to perform scheduling for heterogeneous cases.

  To get around this limitation, we propose to unify the bandwidth by ``slicing" (through time sharing) the uploading capacity of individual peers. More precisely, for a peer $i$ to joint SNAP, it must at least offer a \textit{baseline uploading bandwidth} $B_\mathrm{base}$, i.e., $B_i \geq B_\mathrm{base}$, where $B_i$ is the uploading bandwidth of peer $i$; otherwise the peer has to stay out of the SNAP and be accommodated by a second tier overlay, as will be discussed later. The value of $B_\mathrm{base}$ is usually defined by the feature of the streamed media. For example, $B_\mathrm{base} = 300$Kbps if the streaming rate is 300Kbps. After joining SNAP, $B_\mathrm{base}$ is sliced from $B_i$, while the remaining bandwidth $B_i - B_\mathrm{base}$ (if still non-zero) can be used in several different ways depending on its quantity. Details on making use of this extra bandwidth, as well as on accommodating the non-stable or low-bandwidth peers, will be discussed when we present our extended system design based on SNAP in Sec.~\ref{sec:hybpp}.

  We note that our design entails a hybrid and hierarchical system: as not all peers are able to offer $B_\mathrm{base}$, those whose uploading bandwidth is scarce need to joint the second tier. They may pull chunks from the server, peers in the SNAP backbone, or among each other, or they may join (sub)tree streaming but receive media contents with lower rate. Those peers inevitably suffer the efficiency-latency tradeoff (for mesh pull, due to the reason explained in \cite{FengLL-INFOCOM09}) or lower quality (for tree push, due to the lower bandwidth offered by such peers), but this is the price that a system has to pay for accommodating heterogeneity.

\section{P2P Media Streaming Using SNAP} \label{sec:hybpp}

  \begin{figure*}[ht]
   \begin{center}
       \parbox{\textwidth}{\parbox{.33\textwidth}{\center\includegraphics[width=.295\textwidth]{SpM}}
                           \parbox{.33\textwidth}{\center\includegraphics[width=.3\textwidth]{SiS}}
                           \parbox{.33\textwidth}{\center\includegraphics[width=.3\textwidth]{SpT}}}

       \parbox{\textwidth}{\parbox{.33\textwidth}{\center\scriptsize(a) SNAP plus mesh}
                           \parbox{.33\textwidth}{\center\scriptsize(b) SNAP in SNAP}
                           \parbox{.33\textwidth}{\center\footnotesize(c) OPST in SNAP}}
       \vspace{-2ex}
    \caption{Various ways of applying SNAP in P2P media streaming.}\vspace{-2ex}\label{fig:hybrid}
   \end{center}
  \end{figure*}

  Although SNAP delivers minimum streaming delay and scales well with an increasing number of peers, its high overhead in coping with peer dynamics along with its limited compatibility with bandwidth heterogeneity makes it impossible to build a P2P streaming system based solely on SNAP. This has been explained in Sec.~\ref{sec:peerdy} and \ref{sec:hetero}, where a hybrid system design has been suggested.

  In this section, we propose several extended system designs for P2P media streaming, which make use of SNAP as a component while complementing it with other mechanisms. Our system designs embrace a hybrid and hierarchical structure. In particular, we gather stable peers into SNAP to form a streaming backbone, and other peers simply attach themselves to the backbone in various ways (as we will explain below). A couple of excellent techniques have been proposed recently to identify stable peers \cite{WangLX-INFOCOM08,LiuWLZ-INFOCOM09}; we hence directly assume the availability of stable peers and refer the interested readers to the related literature for more details.

  We assume that a non-empty subset of the peers in SNAP backbone have surplus bandwidth, i.e., $B_i > B_\mathrm{base}$ for $i \in \widetilde{\mathcal{N}}_\mathrm{SNAP} \subseteq \mathcal{N}_\mathrm{SNAP}$, where $\mathcal{N}_\mathrm{SNAP} \subseteq \mathcal{N}$ is the set of all peers in SNAP. This assumption makes sense because, as $B_\mathrm{base}$ is set to the streaming rate, $B_i = B_\mathrm{base},~\forall i \in \mathcal{N}_\mathrm{SNAP}$ would suggest the impossibility to extend the system anymore. We illustrate several system designs in Fig.~\ref{fig:hybrid} and explain each of them separately. To simplify the illustration, we always use one tree to represent a multi-tree overlay in the figures.

\subsection{Hybrid Push-Pull Streaming}
  This a very nature design to coping with peers dynamics and bandwidth heterogeneity. As shown in Fig.~\ref{fig:hybrid}(a), those non-stable or low-bandwidth peers form a mesh to help each other in disseminating media chunks, and they also pull chunks from the backbone (the double-ended arrows indicate the bi-direction communications involved in the pull procedures between non-backbone and backbone peers). Some of the peers might have just joined the streaming system, hence their stability has not been tested yet. If they are later identified as stable and they do provide sufficient bandwidth, they will be added into the SNAP backbone.

  Chunk dissemination in SNAP is put in a higher priority. Therefore, peers in SNAP backbone will first use their bandwidth to meet the need for pushing chunks in the backbone. These peers respond to a pull request from non-backbone peers only if they surely have surplus bandwidth. We refrain from discussing the chunk scheduling strategies for the mesh-based pull mechanism used among the non-backbone peers, as these strategies have been intensively investigated; interested readers are referred to the literature provided in Sec.~\ref{sec:rw}. It is worth noting that this hybrid design may actually coexist with other designs below (which only involve different push schemes in a hierarchical manner), but we will not repeat the description of this hybrid design when discussing other designs.

\subsection{Hierarchical Push Streaming with SNAP in SNAP}
  There are cases where certain peers are stable but they cannot provide sufficient bandwidth because, for example, they are behind NATs or they are residential users having low bandwidth ADSL. For these peers, dragging them into the backbone with those bandwidth abundant and stable peers may only degrade the performance of the whole system; this consequence actually applies not only to SNAP but also to pure mesh-based pull systems.

  In our hierarchical push streaming design, we advocate the use of layered coding (LC) \cite{WienCGHA-TCSVT07} or multiple description coding (MDC) \cite{Goyal-SPMag01} to deliver media with gracefully degraded quality among these peers. More precisely, these peers form sub-SNAPs with a reduced baseline rate $B_\mathrm{base}$ that can be afforded by them. As shown in Fig.~\ref{fig:hybrid}(b), the sub-SNAPs are attached to peers in the backbone SNAP, and these backbone peers actually serve as the ``servers" for the sub-SNAPs. These ``servers" re-encode the chunks they received and push either the base layer of LC or one description of MDC to a sub-SNAP. While the peers in sub-SNAPs may definitely pull chunks from the backbone to improve the media quality, participating in sub-SNAPs at least allow them to enjoy smooth playback (though with lower quality) in a timely fashion.

\subsection{Hierarchical Push Streaming with OPST in SNAP}

  \begin{figure*}[ht]
   \begin{center}
       \parbox{\textwidth}{\parbox{.33\textwidth}{\center\includegraphics[width=.32\textwidth]{SLatency}}
                           \parbox{.33\textwidth}{\center\includegraphics[width=.32\textwidth]{PDelay}}
                           \parbox{.33\textwidth}{\center\includegraphics[width=.32\textwidth]{COverhead}}}
       \vspace{-2mm}
       \parbox{\textwidth}{\parbox{.33\textwidth}{\center\scriptsize(a) CDF of startup  latency.}
                           \parbox{.33\textwidth}{\center\scriptsize(b) CDF of playback delay.}
                           \parbox{.33\textwidth}{\center\footnotesize(c) Control overhead as a function of $p_2$.}}
       \vspace{-2ex}
    \caption{Comparing SNAP+PPLive with LBTree+PPLive and PPLive. We only plot the mean values in (c), as the 95\% confidence interval is very narrow for every point in the figure due to the large amount of data being collected.}\label{fig:comp}
   \end{center}
   \vspace{-2ex}
  \end{figure*}

  As we have shown in Sec.~\ref{sec:best}, the superiority of SBT over OPST stems from the chunked nature of the media to be streamed; OPST could actually perform better if the media is packetized. However, the main obstacle of using OPST to stream packetized media (which we have briefly explained in Sec.~\ref{sec:intro}) is its high maintenance complexity and its incompatibility with a mesh-based pull mechanism. Nevertheless, OPST may still be applied in certain circumstances. For example, if the dissemination has reached the boundary of a LAN (wired or wireless) or a set of peers behind the same NAT, OPST actually becomes the best solution, as the maintenance becomes easy in such stub networks and there is no need to be combined with a mesh-based pull mechanism anymore.

  We illustrate such a design in Fig.~\ref{fig:hybrid}(c). Similar to SNAP in SNAP, the OPST in SNAP design let the localized peers form sub-OPSTs and attach themselves to some backbone peers that serve as ``servers" for these sub-OPSTs. These ``servers", after receiving media chunks, packetize them and stream the packets to the sub-OPSTs. Note that we use OPST simply as a representation for many other tree-based streaming techniques \cite{CastroDKNRS-SOSP03,VenkataramanYF-ICNP06,LiuSJRC-SIGMETRICS08} that equally apply here.

\section{Performance Evaluation} \label{sec:perfevl}
  To evaluation the performance of our proposed algorithms, we have implemented our SNAP in \textit{ns}-2. We have also implemented two other systems, PPLive-like system \cite{HeiLLLR-IPTV06} and LBTree+PPLive \cite{WangLX-INFOCOM08}, to be compared with ours. While PPLive is a typical mesh-based pull system, LBTree+PPLive is a hybrid system that combines a tree-based backbone with PPLive. We use the same parameter settings as those in \cite{WangLX-INFOCOM08}. For our system, we take SNAP+PPLive, i.e., we organize stable peers into SNAP and use PPLive to accommodate the remaining peers. We apply three metrics, \textit{startup latency}, \textit{playback delay}, and \textit{control overhead}, for the comparison. We refer to \cite{WangLX-INFOCOM08} for the definitions of these metrics. Note that, due to the performance limitation of \textit{ns}-2, our simulations are only performed for systems with hundreds of nodes. This is a weakness that will be overcome in our future implementations and experiments.

  The simulation configurations are as follows. The underlying topology is generated by GT-ITM \cite{itm}, where the intra-transit bandwidths are 2Gbps and the transit-stub/intra-stub bandwidths are set to 2Mbps, 5Mbps, and 10Mbps with equal probability. The link delay varies from 50ms to 500ms. Only nodes in stub-domains may participate P2P streaming. The session length is 3600 seconds and each chunk is 300Kb (1-second video), and we run 30 sessions for each system. We let 100 nodes joint the session at the beginning, the rest arrive following a Poisson process at rate 1 peer/second, and the maximum number of peers is 500. To focus more on the streaming performance, we did not implement the algorithm to identify stable peers. We use two probability $p_1=0.3$ and $p_2=0.1$ to characterize the behavior of stable nodes: whereas $p_1$ represents the fact that only 30\% of the arriving peers are identified as stable, $p_2$ captures the false negative of an identification algorithm. We use Pareto distribution (mean 100 seconds, $\alpha=1$) to model the durations of non-stable peers (including stable peers that are falsely identified), whereas a (real) stable peers stays until the end.

  In Fig.~\ref{fig:comp} (a) and (b), we plot the empirical \textit{cumulative distribution function} (CDF) of both startup latency and playback delay of all the three systems: SNAP+PPLive, LBTree+PPLive, and PPLive. It shows that, though LBTree+PPLive has already achieves a great improvement over PPLive (already shown by \cite{WangLX-INFOCOM08}), SNAP+PPLive obtains further improvement over LBTree+PPLive. We attribute this further improvement to the optimality of the SBT trees used by SNAP. As we have explained in Sec.~\ref{sec:best}, SBT performs better than the OPST given $t \approx d$, and the improvement becomes increasingly significant for larger $N$. As LBTrees are constructed by certain heuristics, we are not expecting too much difference between its performance and that of OPST. Note that this improvement does not only help the SNAP peers, the non-SNAP peers also have their delay performance improved accordingly due to the additivity of the delay. One may complain that the actually delay obtained through simulations are worse than the optimistic case where all peers are in the SNAP backbone (which should lead to a maximum delay of only a few seconds). However, there are two exceptions (to the optimistic case) in the simulation. Firstly, only 30\% of the peers are really stable peers, so the remaining peers have to be accommodated by the PPLive overlay, whose delay is significantly larger than that of SNAP. Secondly, as certain SNAP peers are falsely identified, they will leave after a short period and these peer leavings will lead to tree repairing (as explained in Sec.\ref{sec:peerdy}), which can also increase the delay.

  We also evaluate the control overhead for the three systems. Before looking into the simulation results, we first briefly discuss what constitute the control overhead of the three systems. For PPLive, the overhead mostly comes from (i) regular gossiping to maintain the mesh overlay, (ii) regular chunk availability advertisements, and (iii) chunk requests. Both SNAP+PPLive and LBTree+PPLive have the above three components in their control overhead for non-backbone peers. However, those non-backbone peers that interface the two tiers can have their overhead suppressed, thanks to the stability of their upstream peers in the backbone. The alternative overhead brought by SNAP and LBTree is to maintain the backbone. This part of the overhead varies with the stability of the backbone. In our simulation, we vary the value of $p_2$ to emulate the stability changes of the backbone: the smaller the value, the more stable the backbone is. As shown in Fig.~\ref{fig:comp} (c), the control overhead of PPLive remains constant with different values of $p_2$, while that of SNAP+PPLive and LBTree+PPLive naturally increases with $p_2$. Also, LBTree+PPLive performs constantly better than SNAP+PPLive, but the discrepancy in overhead is negligible for small values of $p_2$. This is reasonable as SNAP does entail more efforts to maintain its multi-SBT overlay, compared with the loosely coupled multi-tree structure of LBTree. Note that the large discrepancy takes place only when more than 50\% of the backbone peers are incorrectly identified, which are very pessimistic cases. Therefore, we deem our SNAP an excellent mechanism to trade overhead for better delay performance.

\section{Related Work} \label{sec:rw}
  The algorithms for P2P media streaming can be roughly categorized into two groups: namely \textit{push} and \textit{pull}. Whereas a media transmission is initiated by the sender in a push method, it is the receiver that requests specific media content first in a pull method. We discuss these two methods as well as their combinations in the following. Due to the space limitation, we only focus on algorithm aspects but omit the literature survey on system modeling and analysis.

  \textit{Structured push} is the most direct method for P2P media streaming; it involves either a single source-rooted tree \cite{ChuRZ-SIGMETRICS00,BanerjeeBK-SIGCOMM02} or multiple trees \cite{CastroDKNRS-SOSP03,VenkataramanYF-ICNP06,LiuSJRC-SIGMETRICS08}. This method inherits from the IP multicast \cite{DeeringC-TCS90} but brings the logical structure up to the overlay; the packets of a given media content are streamed along the paths predefined by the overlay structure. If the peers are all stable, a structured push delivers very good (even optimal if properly engineered \cite{LiuSJRC-SIGMETRICS08}) performance. However, its robustness against peer dynamics is limited, and any attempt to improve it may lead to very high complexity \cite{MaghareiRG-INFOCOM07}.

  A complementary method is the \textit{mesh-based pull} \cite{KosticRAV-SOSP03,ZhangLLY-INFOCOM05,MaghareiR-INFOCOM07,HeiLR-IEEECOMMAG08,LiXQKLLZ-INFOCOM08,FengLL-INFOCOM09}. It replaces the structured overlay with a loosely coupled mesh, in which the neighborhood relation is maintained by, for example, gossiping \cite{KosticRAV-SOSP03,ZhangLLY-INFOCOM05}. The benefit is the great improvement in coping with peer dynamics. However, the removal of the structured overlay ``blinds" all the peers in a sense that a peer has no idea which part of a media content needs pushing out and where to push it. Consequently, peers need to exchange buffer maps periodically and they request any missing pieces of a media content from others based on the received buffer maps. In order to make the protocol scalable, the media content has to be represented by a unit much larger than packet, which is usually referred to as chunk and has a size of several hundreds kilobytes. As a new chunk can be requested only upon the exchange of new buffer maps, the pull approach suffers from the inherent tradeoff between protocol efficiency and chunk delay.

  \textit{Randomized push} \cite{MassoulieTGR-INFOCOM07,BonaldMMPT-SIGMETRICS08} attempts to improve the robustness of the structured push by randomizing the peers' view on their neighbors and to suppress the overhead of the pull method by avoiding the receiver requests. Unfortunately, as the buffer map exchange is still necessary, the fundamental tradeoff between efficiency and delay is inevitable.

  The fact that the push and pull methods have different but complementary pros and cons has motivated several recent proposals on combining them into a hybrid system \cite{WangXL-ICDCS07,ZhangZSY-IEEEJSAC07,WangLX-INFOCOM08}. Whereas these existing proposals construct the backbone trees using heuristics, we are the first to come up with a multi-tree backbone that achieves the optimum delay performance. As shown by our simulation results in Sec.\ref{sec:perfevl}, it is definitely beneficial to make use of the optimal overlay construction.

\section{Conclusion} \label{sec:con}
  In this paper, we have investigated the issue of building a hybrid and hierarchical P2P streaming system. We have focused on the design of the streaming backbone that consists of stable peers. Based on the theoretical results of \cite{Liu-MM07} (where the existence of a minimum delay scheduling policy is shown), our SNowbAll multi-tree Pushing (SNAP) applies a distributed chunk scheduling policy guided by a multi-tree overlay we propose, and it guarantees minimum delay of chunk streaming. We use SNAP as a backbone to organize the stable peers, and we also present various way of combining SNAP with other overlay structures at the second tier to accommodate other peers. Using simulations with \textit{ns}-2, we have demonstrated the effectiveness and efficiency of SNAP.

  Inspired by the exciting results from our simulations, we are planning to deploy such a streaming system in NTU campus. In NTU, we have a lot of online teaching programs to allow students learning at home. Currently, these online contents are distributed through a centralized server. As the available time period for each learning program is pretty short, the access to it is very much synchronized. This makes P2P streaming a very attractive way to release the burden of the server, as well as to improve the playback quality. Also, the synchrony implies that, should a P2P streaming system be used, the peers would almost be stable, hence SNAP is a perfect solution to organize the peers. This deployment will help us to further enhance the design of SNAP.

\section{Probl\`emes}}{}
\newtheorem{cas}{Cas}
\def \lisrefang{
        \beginlist
        \bigskip
        \centerline{\bf References}
        \nobreak
        \makecitationlist
        \endlist
}
\def \lisrefranc{
        \bigskip
        \beginlist
        \centerline{\bf Bibliographie}
        \makecitationlist
        \endlist
}
\defandre{andre}
\def\booknames#1/#2/#3/#4{#1:#2:#3:#4}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaArXiv


Make the most of your money, not the least of it.
Your bed may be pretty, but it's not a savings account. Photo: Didriks, Flickr.
Just about all of us need to save money -- for a rainy day, for retirement, for a new car, for Junior's college tuition, for a down payment on a home, or for any number of other needs. Unfortunately, many people who need to save are not doing so. Nearly as troubling, many who are saving are doing it wrong.
Here's some shocking data on the state of retirement savings in the United States: According to the 2014 Retirement Confidence Survey from the Employee Benefits Research Institute, 60% of American workers had less than $25,000 saved for retirement (excluding the value of their home) and 36% of American workers had less than $1,000 saved. Another recent survey, from American Express, offered more cause for concern: While most Americans are saving their money at a bank, fully 29% said they're keeping some of their savings at home, in cash, in hidden places. Among millennials, those aged 18 to 34, a whopping 67% of those saving money in the form of cash are hiding it.
For a variety of reasons, that's just not smart.
Thieves know to look in coffee cans and other places for cash. Photo: Frankieleon, Flickr.
For starters, money left under a mattress, in a sock drawer, in an old coffee can in the back of the pantry, or in the freezer, can be stolen. These are among the many places someone breaking into your home might look for a cache of cash. And if you live with others, even if they're family members, someone might find and take some or all of your money.
Even if the money is not stolen, there's a reasonable chance you might just forget it's there, or where you put it. Hasn't that happened with other important items you put away in "a safe place"? Oh, and what if a fire ignites in your house and your money literally goes up in smoke?
Another downside is that money hidden in your home will lose its purchasing power over time, due to inflation. Inflation has averaged about 3% per year over long periods, so $1,000 socked away in your home might have the purchasing power of just $500 or so two decades down the line.
There's your opportunity cost to consider, too. If you stuff $3,000 in a mattress, you're opting not to find other uses for that cash. For example, you're not depositing it in a savings account where it will at least keep closer to inflation (although the days of 3% interest-per-year savings accounts seem to be behind us). If it's long-term retirement savings money, and not an emergency fund, then it will likely grow most briskly in the stock market, which has averaged 10% growth annually over many decades. So: $3,000 growing at 10% for 20 years will amount to more than $20,000. In a coffee pot for 20 years, it will be just $3,000. Stolen or forgotten, it will be less than that.
Finally, you'll want emergency-fund money to be accessible on relatively short notice, so even a three-year CD might pose a problem, as you don't want to be penalized for accessing the funds early. Thus, consider ultra-safe options such as a savings account. Some might also consider relying on a line of credit, but that's risky, especially if it's secured by your home. It's best to keep three to nine months' worth of living expenses available, or to at least have a plan for how you'll stay afloat for an extended time without losing your home or going deep into debt.
Most of us need to save, and most of us should keep most or all of our savings out of hidden nooks and crannies at home. It's fine to keep some spending cash, but for longer-term savings, don't take unnecessary chances.


Need to find Gas stations in Surf oaks? Here we show you all the gas stations that exist in this place. Useful if you want to perform a search and know where the fuel for your car is cheaper.
Surf oaks is a region of the world with 0 inhabitants, where many people travel by car. In this guide of Gas stations in Surf oaks, you can know exactly how far a gas station is from other nearby.
Do you have a gas station in Surf oaks? Would you like to increase the visibility of your business and get new and loyal customers? We tell you what you have to do: increase your presence on the Internet. Start by registering your business in this directory of Gas stations in Surf oaks.
If a gas station you own has already been included in this Gas stations in Surf oaks directory, can you help us by taking a look at the data that appears here? Sometimes a very simple mistake, like a wrong phone number, can misdirect many potential customers.
4610 nasa road 1, seabrook, tx 77586, united states 77586 Taylor Lake Village ,Harris County ,Texas ,USA .
10990 red bluff rd, pasadena, tx 77507, united states 77507 Brookwood ,Harris County ,Texas ,USA .
4515 tx-146, bacliff, tx 77518, united states 77518 Bacliff ,Galveston County ,Texas ,USA .
1910 nasa road 1, houston, tx 77058, united states 77058 Nassau Bay ,Harris County ,Texas ,USA .
4926 east blvd, la porte, tx 77571, united states 77571 Spenwick Place ,Harris County ,Texas ,USA .
1105 fm517, san leon, tx 77539, united states 77539 San Leon ,Galveston County ,Texas ,USA .
1721 w fm 646, league city, tx 77573, united states 77573 Oaks of Clear Creek ,Galveston County ,Texas ,USA .
6201 gulf fwy, texas city, tx 77591, united states 77591 Dickinson ,Galveston County ,Texas ,USA .
4906 garth rd, baytown, tx 77521, united states 77521 Country Club Gardens ,Harris County ,Texas ,USA .
6500 i-45, la marque, tx 77568, united states 77568 Dickinson ,Galveston County ,Texas ,USA .


Mexico appeals to everyone's imagination. Sun, sombreros, cactuses, you probably see a lot more. Are you also familiar with Mexican food? Both for the culinary connoisseur as the discoverers restaurant Marimba is highly recommended. Mexican cuisine is colorful and varied. Try the popular cactus soup once, followed by the house specialty: Fajitas. These are "flour tortillas" filled with roasted meat and / or chicken. Deglaze with a Corona or Desperados. Hasta la restaurante!
Marimba serves authentic Mexican cuisine. I enjoyed their sopa de nopalitas (cactus creme soup) and their beef fajitas. There is also a lot of Mexican beverages available. Was an enjoyable stay.
Nice cozy restaurant. Service great. Food great. Will certainly come back.
Vriendelijke bediening en snelle service.
Het eten was erg lekker en de ingrediënten waren vers.
Kom hier zeker nog vaker.


Perrier, R; Boscardin, E; Malsure, S; Sergi, C; Maillard, M P; Loffing, J; Loffing-Cueni, D; Sorensen, M V; Koesters, R; Rossier, B C; Frateschi, S; Hummler, E (2016). Severe salt-losing syndrome and hyperkalemia induced by adult nephron-specific knockout of the epithelial sodium channel $\alpha$-subunit. Journal of the American Society of Nephrology (JASN), 27(8):2309-2318.
This list was generated on Fri Apr 26 12:49:02 2019 CEST.


text:
Fantasma de Biblioteca é um objeto utilizado para a demarcação de livros em bibliotecas.

História
É utilizado para marcar o lugar de um livro, estando o mesmo fora ou não da estante. O fantasma auxilia usuários e bibliotecários no que concerne à organização dos escritos.

Possui o formato de uma capa dura de livro. Em seu centro há um corte, o qual se destina para a introdução da ficha do livro.
Bibliotecas

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


Nestled in the valley of the beautiful Sondagskloof of Greater Hermanus, lies a breathtaking farm called Laughing Waters. The organic flower farm is an arresting landscape of beautiful fynbos – the natural shrubland endemic and iconic to South Africa's Western Cape.
Here you have the rare opportunity to not only get away from the hustle & bustle and enjoy the thrills of nature, but to get a glimpse of and experience real farm life living (minus the hard work!). With comfortable accommodation, breathtaking walks, beautiful scenery and abundance of bird life it's the perfect place for a proper retreat.
The farm is owned and run by Kirsten & Gerd, along with their friendly team and accompanied by their two lovely daughters and lovable dogs. As soon as we arrived, it felt like we had come to visit friends. With their warm-hearted welcome and relaxed nature, Kirsten & Gerd immediately made us feel at home. After a few hours of relaxing and exploring the farm I was enchanted by it's beauty and therefore super keen to learn a little more about the owners, and how this wonderous place came about. So in true soonafternoon fashion I asked them to an interview and to share their story with us.
Tell us a little more about your farm and how you got started. What inspired you to farm with Fynbos and how long have you been going at it?
What did you do before you started Laughing Waters?
"I worked for a non-governmental organisation managing a programme called "RAIN", our focus being water provision through rain water harvesting in rural settlements. A burn-out redirected me and motivated me to follow that which gave me energy and joy. I became apprentice to a special man who offered horse assisted therapy and coaching and loved the immediate and powerful benefit this had for people. Here at Laughing Waters, I and my herd of seven horses facilitate workshops and coach for insight and growth.
What were your biggest obstacles when you started out?
Running your own business is a tough endeavour no matter what the business – do you have a philosophy you live by that keeps you going when the going gets tough?
What has been the most rewarding part of running this farm?
Any advice you can give to fellow eager organic farmers out there? Perhaps there's something you wish you had known before you got started.
The cottages are really cozy. You've done a great job at transforming them into the comfortable guest quarters they are today. Do you have any stories to share regarding the renovations? It must have been a huge job!
We loved the little dam on the hill. It's well worth the walk there. Do you have your own favourite spot on the farm?
Do you have future goals for Laughing Waters? What would you like to achieve in the next few years?
Soonafternoon is all about celebrating creativity and supporting those who make, create and fashion. We're affiliated with the platforms that sell these beautiful items, which means you support us by supporting those that we support :).


In this module, we'll discuss the use of the amp meter which is used to test the amperage flowing in a circuit. Everyone needs to understand and respect the potential danger of working with electricity.
Review the use of the amp meter which is used to test the amperage flowing in a circuit.


Route66 Optocore AutoRouter is compatible with Optocore, ProGrid and DiGiCo fiber loops, creating a redundant 'star' out of the ring topology.
Route66 Optocore AutoRouter automatically discovers mobile devices and adds them to the Optocore loop. When mobile device is disconnected or powered down, Route66 automatically closes the loop with the remaining devices. It always discovers and switches the links automatically to establish redundancy, without any user action – there is no need to control or change fiber patching by user.


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Monkeypox vaccine gets emergency approval to increase vaccine supply
Richard Payerchin
Smaller dose given by intradermal injection creates five-fold increase in total supply, FDA says.
The monkeypox vaccine Jynneos has emergency approval for use with adult patients determined to be at high risk for monkeypox infection, now a public health emergency in the United States.
The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) announced an emergency use authorization (EUA) for Jynneos (Modified Vaccinia Ankara vaccine), first approved in 2019 for prevention of smallpox and monkeypox disease in adults aged 18 years and older. The EUA for a fraction of the dose administered by intradermal injection, will increase the total number of doses available by up to five-fold, according to the FDA's Aug. 9 announcement.
The EUA allows the use of the vaccine in patients younger than 18 years and determined to be at high risk of monkeypox infection. They will receive the vaccine by subcutaneous injection.
In both cases, two doses of the vaccine, given 28 days apart, are needed because there is no data to indicate one dose will provide long-lasting protection needed to control the current outbreak, according to FDA.
"In recent weeks the monkeypox virus has continued to spread at a rate that has made it clear our current vaccine supply will not meet the current demand," FDA Commissioner Robert M. Califf, MD, said in the agency's announcement. "The FDA quickly explored other scientifically appropriate options to facilitate access to the vaccine for all impacted individuals. By increasing the number of available doses, more individuals who want to be vaccinated against monkeypox will now have the opportunity to do so."
Two doses needed
A 2015 clinical study of the vaccine evaluated the two-dose series given intradermally compared to subcutaneously. Patients who received it intradermally received 1/5 the volume of those who received it subcutaneously, and both forms produced similar immune responses, according to FDA.
Patients with intradermal injection reported more redness, firmness, itchiness and swelling at the injection site, but less pain, and the side effects were manageable. "The FDA has determined that the known and potential benefits of Jynneos outweigh the known and potential risks for the authorized uses," the agency's announcement said.
The Jynneos vaccine involves 0.5mL for the subcutaneous administration, but 0.1mL for intradermal administration under the EUA, according to the federal Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
Another vaccine available
Another vaccine, ACAM2000, is approved for immunization against smallpox and is available for use against monkeypox under an Expanded Access Investigational New Drug (EA-IND) protocol, according to CDC.
For both vaccines, no data are available on the efficacy or effectiveness in the current outbreak. People who are vaccinated should continue to take steps to protect themselves against infection, including avoiding close, skin-to-skin contact and intimate contact with someone who has monkeypox, according to CDC.
As of Aug. 10, FDA was not recommending vaccination for the general public, but for people who have been exposed to monkeypox. "Currently, a high rate of the known cases in the U.S. are among gay and bisexual men and transgender and non-binary people, but this virus is not limited by sexuality or gender," FDA said.
The United States had 9,492 confirmed monkeypox/orthopoxvirus cases, with 2,104 cases in New York, 1,310 cases in California, and 976 cases in Florida, leading the national count, according to CDC.
This article originally appeared on Medical Economics®.
Image credit: The U.S. Food and Drug Administration published this image of a colorized scanning electron micrograph of monkeypox virus (orange) on the surface of infected VERO E6 cells (green). The image is credited to the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases.


Do you have a Playgrounds case?
Playgrounds and gym equipment are subjected to large dynamic forces and must be designed to support these loads and protect users from unintentional hazards; if playgrounds equipment is not adequate to handle these loads, injuries could result. Falls from equipment or due to surface imperfections are also a common source of injury. Adequate instructions and warnings may be required if the assembly and proper use of toys or equipment are not obvious. There are also issues associated with safety, adequate supervision and maintenance of gyms and playgrounds to assure that they are used properly and do not become dangerous due to either misuse or normal wear and tear. Issues associated with playground accidents require an understanding of biomechanics, human factors, safety, dynamics and structural engineering.
A 5-year old girl was swinging from the monkey bars at a town park when she lost her grip and fell, severely injuring her pelvis. We inspected the play equipment and researched playground accident statistics throughout the US. This led us to determine that the subject equipment contained a number of accident related safety violations such as: an inadequate equipment "use zone", dangerous protrusions and no slip- resistant rungs. Our report convinced the park authorities to rapidly settle this matter.
A basketball game was being played on a court that had walls that were only 2 feet away from the boundaries underneath the baskets. To reduce the possibility of injury, 2" thick, bright colored pads were provided on these walls. An unguarded player who had the ball charged the basket, jumped, and impacted the wall. We argued that the player's injury resulted from his intentionally jumping into the highly visible wall, which had state-of-the-art protection mats, resulting in a reduced settlement.
Was	the gym equipment defective in its design?
Were the instructions on the sports equipment package effective to insure its proper and safe use?


I happened upon this place when I got a bit lost. I enjoyed the view while I got my bearings. I didn't go in the buildings so I can't tell you what they're about; sorry.
Drove here from Sasebo. Easy to access and costal drive. Be sure to stop along the cliffs for a scenic view, also the lighthouse.
Get quick answers from Ikitsuki Ohashi staff and past visitors.


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Albert Donald Matheson (19 March 1885 – 27 October 1934) was an Australian rules footballer who played for the Essendon Football Club in the Victorian Football League (VFL).

See also
 1911 Adelaide Carnival

Notes

References
 Albert Donald Matheson, at New South Wales Australian Football History Society.

External links

1885 births
1934 deaths
Australian rules footballers from Victoria (Australia)
Essendon Football Club players


The ICT trainer is responsible for training staff in the use of software packages and information systems that are used in an organisation.
Training may be provided to up-skill staff in basic word processing and spread sheeting packages, e-mail systems and other basic applications that are used regularly across an organisation. The trainer may also be required to run specialist training in information systems and databases that are unique to the organisation.
The ICT trainer is a resource point for issues regarding use of the software packages and information systems that they are providing training in. The ICT trainer is also responsible for the production of written manuals and user guides. As the software packages and information systems are upgraded the ICT trainer will review and update course content and update written materials to reflect the upgrades.
The ICT trainer evaluates the effectiveness of training programs, using surveys, questionnaires, interviews and observation, in order to plan future courses or to amend existing ones.
An ICT Trainer exhibits capabilities in line with the Skills Framework for the Information Age (SFIA) and the Queensland Public Service Workforce Capability Success Profile.
Within the SFIA profile, the ICT Trainer has level 4 and 5 capabilities, i.e. enables, ensures and advises on the skills outlined below.
Works under general direction within a clear framework of accountability. Exercises substantial personal responsibility and autonomy. Plans own work to meet given objectives and processes.
Influences customers, suppliers and partners at account level. May have some responsibility for the work of others and for the allocation of resources. Participates in external activities related to own specialism. Makes decisions which influence the success of projects and team objectives.
Work includes a broad range of complex technical or professional activities, in a variety of contexts. Investigates, defines and resolves complex issues.
Selects appropriately from applicable standards, methods, tools and applications. Communicates fluently, orally and in writing, and can present complex information to both technical and non-technical audiences. Facilitates collaboration between stakeholders who share common objectives. Plans, schedules and monitors work to meet time and quality targets. Rapidly absorbs new information and applies it effectively. Maintains an awareness of developing technologies and their application and takes some responsibility for driving own development.
Specifies the content and structure of learning and development materials. Takes responsibility for design, creation, packaging and maintenance and manages development to deliver agreed outcomes. Where required, designs, configures and tests learning environments, including population of simulated databases, and replication of external systems, interfaces, and assessment systems. Secures external accreditations as appropriate.
Prepares or customises and delivers learning activities to a variety of audiences.
Queensland Government roles align with the Queensland Public Service Workforce Capability Success Profile.
When developing a Role Description, identify the role type and then focus on the most important attributes and create a balance between SFIA skills and leadership skills.
An ICT trainer is required to have a superior knowledge of the software packages and information systems that they provide training in.
It is generally expected that and ICT trainer will have or be working towards a Certificate IV in Workplace Training and Assessment as a minimum qualification. Bachelor level qualifications in Adult Education and Training are held in the highest regard.
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Licence.


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Q: Getting the File Signature of a File through Lotus Script Is there a way to get the file signature of a file inside a document? I tried checking the Embedded Object Class but it seems that there is no function for getting the file signature. Is there a way to get it just by using lotus script?
If not then I believe I'll need to maybe use a java class agent right? Can you provide a link that is doing this function or maybe can you guide me with some codes for this one. I am familiar with java but when it is being used in lotus notes agents I am not much familiar with the class being used.
Basically what I need to do is check the files in the documents and check if they are a valid file with the valid signature. Just checking the extension name is not enough as it might be renamed but the signature of the file is not valid so I'll need to confirm the file signature in checking. Thanks.

A: You have to write the file to file system and then you can read the file from there. Use a temp directory and delete every file after usage.
Look here for code to write attachments to file system as a starting point. Property EmbeddedObjects is available for documents too in case you want to analyse all attachments of a document.
You can accomplish the same in Java. Just look for Java classes in Language cross-reference in  documentation.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


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Patrick Cassidy Scoring John Michael McDonagh's 'Calvary'
Tags: Calvary, John Michael McDonagh, Patrick Cassidy
Patrick Cassidy is currently recording his score for the Calvary. The film is written and directed by John Michael McDonagh and stars Brendan Gleeson, Kelly Reilly, David Wilmo, Chris O'Dowd, Domhnall Gleeson and Aidan Gillen. The movie follows a priest who is being tormented by his community and is told in the confessional that somebody is going to kill him within a week. The Reprisal Films production is produced by Chris Clark (Johnny English Reborn), Flora Fernandez-Marengo (The Guard) and Elizabeth Eves. The film marks McDonagh's second directorial effort following 2011's Brendan Gleeson-starring The Guard, which featured a score by Calexico. Cassidy is best known for composing the piece Vide Cor Meum for Ridley Scott's Hannibal, which was also used in the director's Kingdom of Heaven. His other film scoring credits include Kill the Irishman and the 2004 TV version of Salem's Lot. The composer's music is being recorded with the RTÉ Concert Orchestra in Dublin, Ireland. Calvary is currently in post-production and is expected to be released later this year.


text:
Donna Simpson may refer to:

Donna Simpson (internet celebrity), an American internet celebrity
Donna Simpson (musician), an Australian musician


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package com.soomla.store.billing.amazon;

import com.soomla.Soomla;
import com.soomla.SoomlaUtils;

import java.util.Currency;
import java.util.Locale;
import java.util.regex.Matcher;
import java.util.regex.Pattern;

public class AmazonIabUtils {

    /**
     * Gets currency code from market place code
     * For example, if marketPlace "US" return "USD"
     *
     * @param marketPlace The market place code.
     * @return Currency code corresponding to marketPlace.
     * If maketPlace is null, empty or not supported, return "NO_CODE"
     *
     */
    public static String getCurrencyCode(String marketPlace){
        if (marketPlace == null || marketPlace.isEmpty()){
            SoomlaUtils.LogDebug(TAG, "(getCurrencyCode) Market place string is null or empty.");
            return DEFAULT_CURRENCY_CODE;
        }

        try{
            Locale locale = new Locale("", marketPlace);
            return Currency.getInstance(locale).getCurrencyCode();
        }catch (IllegalArgumentException ex){
            SoomlaUtils.LogError(TAG, "locale's country: " + marketPlace + " is not a supported ISO 3166 country. ");
        }

        return DEFAULT_CURRENCY_CODE;
    }

    /**
     * Gets the price micros from price,
     * For example, if price is "€7.99", return is "7990000".
     *
     * @param price
     * @return Price micros amount for the given price string.
     * If price is null or empty, or price has an unsupported format, return 0
     */
    public static long getPriceAmountMicros(String price) {
        if (price == null || price.isEmpty()){
            SoomlaUtils.LogDebug(TAG, "(getPriceAmountMicros) Price string is null or empty.");
            return DEFAULT_PRICE_MICROS;
        }

        Pattern regex = Pattern.compile("\\d+(\\.\\d+)?");
        Matcher regexMatcher = regex.matcher(price);

        if (!regexMatcher.find()){
            SoomlaUtils.LogDebug(TAG, "(getPriceAmountMicros) price: " + price + " has an unsupported format");
            return DEFAULT_PRICE_MICROS;
        }

        return (long)(Double.parseDouble(regexMatcher.group(0)) * MICROS_MULTIPLIER);
    }

    private static final long MICROS_MULTIPLIER = 1000000;
    private static final long DEFAULT_PRICE_MICROS = 0;
    private static final String DEFAULT_CURRENCY_CODE = "NO_CODE";
    private static final String TAG = "AmazonIabUtils";
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


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Mia Jaye Talks About Planning Her Wedding With Young Dolph 'They Stole My Future'
courtneyb | January 13, 2022
Young Dolph, whose given name was Adolph Robert Thornton Jr., was shot and killed in Memphis, Tennessee, on Nov. 17 while visiting Makeda's Homemade Butter Cookies, a bakery the rapper was known to frequent. He was 36. Visit streaming.thesource.com for more information Two men were arrested and indicted on first-degree murder charges in connection with […]
[WATCH] Young Dolph's Alleged Killer Drops "Track Hawk" Video After Vowing To Turn Himself In
After the U.S. Marshals and the Tennessee Bureau of Investigation offered up a combined award of $15,000 for information leading to the arrest of 23-year-old Justin Johnson, the alleged killer took to social media to declare his innocence and turn himself in. Now, in an unexpected turn of events, Johnson aka Straight Dropp released a […]
Young Dolph's Killer Says He'll Turn Himself In Tomorrow
Sha Be Allah | January 9, 2022
As previously reported, 23-year-old Justin Johnson is wanted for the shooting death of famed Memphis rapper Young Dolph. Less than a week after the FBi issued a warrant for his arrest and a reward for his capture, Johnson has taken to social media to say that he plans to turn himself in tomorrow(January 10). Visit […]
ICYMI: Photos Show Alleged Shooter of Young Dolph Murder Wearing a "PRE" Pendant
Kim SoMajor | January 9, 2022
Photos have surfaced online showing the man suspected of fatally shooting 37-year-old Memphis artist Young Dolph, wearing a PRE pendant and partying in a club with him. Visit streaming.thesource.com for more information On Wednesday, the Tennessee Bureau of Investigation and the Memphis Police Department announced that they are looking for 23-year-old Justin Johnson in connection […]
ICYMI: U.S. Marshals and Tennessee Authorities Name Suspect in Young Dolph's Murder
Shawn Grant | January 8, 2022
The name of a suspect in the shooting death of Young Dolph has been released by Memphis police and the US Marshals Service. Visit streaming.thesource.com for more information 23-year-old Justin Johnson is wanted for first-degree murder, criminal attempted first-degree murder, and property theft. Johnson is considered armed and dangerous. He is listed as 5-foot-8, 190 […]
Photos Show Shooting Suspect In Young Dolph Murder Wearing "PRE" Pendant
U.S. Marshals and Tennessee Authorities Name Suspect in Young Dolph's Murder
Gucci Mane Shares Young Dolph Tribute Video "Long Live Dolph"
Bryson "Boom" Paul | December 21, 2021
Gucci Mane pays tribute to late friend and Memphis recording artist Young Dolph in the latest visual presentation, titled "Long Live Dolph," from his Christmas-themed album, So Icy Christmas. "I did this one for you love you bro #longlivedolph," Gucci Mane tweet on Monday (Dec. 20) to fans with the music video's trailer. Visit streaming.thesource.com […]
[WATCH] Blac Youngsta Performs Young Dolph Diss During Dallas Performance
Shawn Grant | December 20, 2021
For Blac Youngsta, beef never goes away. While he was performing at a nightclub in Dallas, Blac Youngsta performed "Shake Sum," a diss track that was targeted at former Memphis rival Young Dolph. Visit streaming.thesource.com for more information According to XXL, during his performance Blac Youngsta cut the track he wrapped over to perform the […]
[WATCH] Young Dolph's "Celebration Of Life" Available for Streaming Online
On Thursday, family, friends, loved ones, and fans of Young Dolph poured into Memphis's Fed Ex Forum for a Celebration of his Life. The emotional service highlighted the meaning of Dolph to the Memphis community. Visit streaming.thesource.com for more information During the REVOLT-hosted live stream, fans could see performances from Keke Wyatt, Cam Bethany, and […]
Young Dolph Honored with Street Name in Memphis, Celebration of Life to Stream on Thursday
Young Dolph has been honored with a street in Memphis, TN. A unanimous vote by the Memphis City Council led to the naming of a street in Dolph's honor and memory. Visit streaming.thesource.com for more information Revealed during a street naming ceremony earlier on Wednesday (Dec. 15), a section of street in Dolph's home neighborhood […]
J. Cole, Wiz Khalifa, Kid Cudi and More Highlight Rolling Loud Weekend
Rolling Loud California was a hell of a festival. The weekend was positioned in San Bernadino, 60 miles east of Los Angeles in a picturesque mountain range. In addition to music, Rolling Loud California featured skate culture and art installations. Visit streaming.thesource.com for more information Standout performances by blog era giants dominated the first day […]
Young Dolph to Have Street Named After Him in Memphis
Shawn Grant | December 6, 2021
Already a legend in his city, Young Dolph will be immortalized as a street in Memphis will be named after him. Visit streaming.thesource.com for more information TMZ notes the announcement to change a street name in his honor. The unveiling of Dolph's streets is set for Dec. 15. The event will be at an intersection […]
Memphis Councilman Proposes Road to be Named After Young Dolph
Zoe Zorka | December 5, 2021
As the city of Memphis prepares for a public service for slain rapper Young Dolph, Memphis Councilman JB Smiley announced that he is sponsoring a resolution to name a Memphis road after the late artist. Visit streaming.thesource.com for more information Smiley said the goal of the renaming honor is to celebrate the life and legacy […]
ICYMI: Public Memorial Planned For Young Dolph In Memphis
Kim SoMajor | December 5, 2021
A public memorial service will be held for Young Dolph. Visit streaming.thesource.com for more information Fans of the slain rapper will have the chance to pay respects to Paper Route Empire CEO Young Dolph. The 36-year-old was shot and killed on November 17 at Makeda's Cookies in his hometown of Memphis. Advertisement Family and friends […]
Public Memorial Planned For Young Dolph In Memphis
Funeral Services Held For Young Dolph In Memphis
Sha Be Allah | December 1, 2021
Today (November 30), a private funeral service was held for Adolph "Young Dolph" Thornton Jr. in Memphis at the First Baptist Church on Broad Avenue. Visit streaming.thesource.com for more information Video footage of the services surfaced online, showing Dolph's obituary, filled with pictures of Dolph, his children, and longtime partner Mia. Dolph was shot and […]
Crunchy Black Blasts Soulja Boy Over His Young Dolph Comments
BlackkingKofi | December 1, 2021
The tragic murder of Memphis rapper Young Dolph has shaken the entire Hip-Hop community. Authorities have not shared much about the ongoing investigation. Memphis locals have been popping up on social media with their takes of what has been occurring in the city, from alleged shootings to reports that a comedian's daughter may have been murdered […]
Key Glock Shares Photo of Himself With Young Dolph
BlackkingKofi | November 29, 2021
Key Glock shared a photo of himself with the late rapper Young Dolph, Saturday, on Instagram. Young Dolph was shot and killed in his hometown of Memphis while picking up cookies for his mother at his favorite cookie spot. The post also includes lyrics from Dolph's track, "Talking To My Scale." Visit streaming.thesource.com for more information Glock was related to […]
Memphis Comedian Derrion "DMuney" Childs Killed After Dissing Young Dolph Online
According to a report from SayCheeseTV, comedian Derrion "DMuney" Childs was killed in Memphis after he allegedly was dissing Young Dolph after his murder last week. Visit streaming.thesource.com for more information According to the report, DMuney wrote on Facebook, "MANE CUHH IF YEEN FROM MEMPHIS OR IF YEEN THE POLICE JUST QUIT TRYNA SOLVE YOUNG […]


A pure bean who shouldn't be harmed or leader she must be protected at all costs.
Hey uraraka ochako is the best!
Looking for uraraka ochako meaning? Delighted that you discovered the greatest determine on our web site!


text:
Bearded Geeks Corner
Crazy Jim's Cheap Ass Video Show
Guest Blogs & Columns
Hops & Barley
Wrestling & MMA
Posted on 25th September 2015 by Martijn
Den Of Iniquity Reissue And Humanity Is The Devil: 20th Anniversary Remix + Remaster To See CD And Digital Release
The decadent, wayward psalms of Cleveland's legendary, end-time metallic hardcore entity, INTEGRITY, continue to be reissued onto the masses, as Magic Bullet Records confirms the impending release of two more titles in October, including an official reissue of the Den Of Iniquity rare/early works collection, as well as a remixed and remastered 20th Anniversary edition of the iconic Humanity Is The Devil album.
INTEGRITY's groundbreaking Humanity Is The Devil, has long been regarded as the album that completely turned both hardcore and metal on its head. Originally released in 1995, the recording initially sent a mammoth shockwave through the underground, as the band had crafted a proprietary sound wherein metal and hardcore had simply not been fused before. Phrases like "metallic hardcore" and "metalcore" came into prominence within the popular lexicon only after everyone heard what INTEGRITY was doing on this album in particular. Further, singer Dwid Hellion's foray into much darker, psychological depths lyrically served to raise the bar and open the floodgates for countless others to break away from the trappings of traditional hardcore and metal fodder. To describe Humanity Is The Devil as seminal both in the band's career and the metallic hardcore genre on the whole would only serve to yield a "yeah, no shit" out of anyone who lived through it at the time.
To celebrate the enduring impact and power of the album, a special remixed and remastered 20th anniversary version of Humanity Is The Devil has been created. Painstakingly mixed by Joel Grind, under guidance from INTEGRITY guitarist Aaron Melnick and vocalist Dwid Hellion, and mastered by Brad Boatwright — both at Audiosiege — the 2015 treatment of this epic recording do the album even more sonic justice and fidelity than was remotely possible in 1995. The result is an even wilder and somehow more visceral experience from start to finish, an album that still stands head and shoulders above anything else. The Humanity Is The Devil: 20th Anniversary Remix + Remaster features an updated treatment of Pushead's iconic album cover, a new painting from visual artist Josh Bayer, complete lyrics from Hellion, an updated narration from Hellion himself on the album's final track, and much more.
Humanity Is The Devil: 20th Anniversary Remix + Remaster Track Listing:
1. Vocal Test
2. Hollow
3. Psychological Warfare
4. Trapped Under Silence
5. Abraxas Annihilation
6. Jagged Visions of My True Destiny
7. Narration (Dwid Hellion Version)
Den Of Iniquity is a massive, twenty-three song collection of rare tracks spanning "The Melnick Era" (1988-1998) of INTEGRITY. All material is culled from various demos, split 7″s, 7″ singles, compilation appearances, and EPs. In short, this is all the hard-to-find non-album stuff of that era, fully remastered with modern vibrancy. Clocking in at a whopping sixty-six minutes, the material represented in this historical documentation includes the Grace Of The Unholy single, Harder They Fall demo, Taste Of Every Sin CD, the split 7″ releases with Hatebreed, Mayday, Pale Creation, Kids Of Witney High, Psywarfare and Lockweld, tracks from the Dark Empire Strikes Back and No Exit compilations and live bonus tracks. The physical version of the Den Of Iniquity reissue includes extensive liner notes from guitarist Aaron "A2" Melnick on the recording sessions for each track and exclusive artwork from singer Dwid Hellion.
The Humanity Is The Devil: 20th Anniversary Remix + Remaster and the Den Of Iniquity reissue will see CD and digital release through Magic Bullet Records on October 30th, 2015. Digital preorders for Den Of Iniquity are available HERE and for the Humanity Is The Devil: 20th Anniversary Remix + Remaster HERE. Physical preorders will be posted in the coming days. The recently reissued infamous Palm Sunday live album and more from INTEGRITY are also already available through Magic Bullet.
Den Of Iniquity Track Listing:
1. March Of The Damned (Grace Of The Unholy)
2. Darkness (Grace Of The Unholy)
3. Live It Down (Harder They Fall demo)
4. Bringing It Back (Harder They Fall demo)
5. Dead Wrong (Harder They Fall demo)
6. Jimson Isolation (Dark Empire Strikes Back comp)
7. Dawn Of The New Apocalypse (7″ w/ Pale Creation)
8. ATF Assault (7″ w/ KOWH)
9. All Is Lost (Taste Of Every Sin CD)
10. Sarin (7″ w/ Psywarfare)
11. Divinity In Exile (7″ w/ Lockweld)
12. Evacuate (Dark Empire Strikes Back comp)
13. Learn How To Die (7″ w/ Psywarfare)
14. Fear: The True Name Of Beauty (7″ w/ Lockweld)
15. Die Hard (Live) (No Exit Comp)
16. Hollow (Live) (No Exit Comp)
17. Jagged Visions 96 (7″ w/ KOWH)
18. Eighteen (Live from Studio A) (Den Of Iniquity bonus track)
19. B.A.T.F. Would Be Proud (7″ w/ Hatebreed)
20. Kingdom Of Heaven (7″ w/ Mayday)
21. Rebirth (7″ w/ Mayday)
22. Eighteen (Den Of Iniquity original CD)
23. Silence Ever After (final Taste Of Every Sin CD)
http://www.facebook.com/INTEGRITY.HT
http://www.shirtkiller.com/integrity
http://www.holyterror.com
http://www.magicbulletrecords.com
http://www.facebook.com/magicbulletrecords
http://www.twitter.com/magicbulletrecs
Tagged 20th Anniversary Remix, Den Of Iniquity, Integrity, Magic Bullet Records, Music, The Humanity Is The Devil
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text:
Something for Kate, Sweet Nothing: We need your help!
Something for Kate
Something for Kate »
AustralianSeen liveAlternativeRockAlternative rock
Something for Kate formed in Melbourne, Victoria in 1994. The founding members of the three-piece band were vocalist and guitarist Paul Dempsey, bass player Julian Carroll (later to be replaced by Stephanie Ashworth) and drummer Clint Hyndman.
After recording a 7-track demo in 1995, the band signed to Murmur Records, a subsidiary of Sony. In 1996, they released the 7-track EP The Answer to Both Your Questions, recorded and mixed by Greg Atkinson of Sydney band Big Heavy Stuff. Read Full BioSomething for Kate formed in Melbourne, Victoria in 1994. The founding members of the three-piece band were vocalist and guitarist Paul Dempsey, bass player Julian Carroll (later to be replaced by Stephanie Ashworth) and drummer Clint Hyndman.
After recording a 7-track demo in 1995, the band signed to Murmur Records, a subsidiary of Sony. In 1996, they released the 7-track EP The Answer to Both Your Questions, recorded and mixed by Greg Atkinson of Sydney band Big Heavy Stuff.
In November of 1996, the 3-track single "Dean Martin" was released. Early in 1997, the band released a 5-track EP titled Intermission as they recorded their first album, Elsewhere for Eight Minutes, in New Zealand and mixed and mastered it in New York with U.S. producer Brian Paulson. (Brian had previously produced albums for Wilco, Archers of Loaf, Superchunk and Slint, amongst others.) Something for Kate's first full-length album was released in July of 1997. Bass player Julian Carroll was then replaced by Toby Ralph, who toured with the band for the release of the album.
Four singles were released from Elsewhere for Eight Minutes: "Captain (Million miles an hour)", "Prick", "Working Against Me" and "Roll Credit". Bass player Toby Ralph was replaced by Stephanie Ashworth (of Melbourne outfit Sandpit) in March 1998. The band then wrote their second album, Beautiful Sharks, which was released in April of 1999. Beautiful Sharks was recorded in Melbourne, once again by producer Brian Paulson.
Four singles were released from Beautiful Sharks: "Electricity", "Hallways", "Whatever You Want" and "The Astronaut". When the band went on the road with this album they took on an extra touring musician, Wally Gunn, to play the incidental guitar and keyboard parts.
In 2000, as the band were writing for their third album, Murmur released Q & A With Dean Martin, a re-release of the sold-out first EP and single. Also released in 2000 was Big Screen Television, a video collection of 12 of the band's music videos along with some bonus footage.
In June of 2001, the third album, Echolalia, was released. Produced by the band and Trina Shoemaker (whose other recording credits include Queens of the Stone Age, REM, Whiskeytown and Sheryl Crow), Echolalia was recorded at INXS bass-player Garry Gary Beers' Mangrove studio in the Central Coast of NSW.
Four singles were released from Echolalia: "Monsters", "Three Dimensions", "Twenty Years" and "Say Something". When touring this album, the band took on two touring musicians, Pip Branson (ex Sydney band Sidewinder) and Simon Bourke, again, to play the increasing amount of keyboards and extra guitar parts featured on the album.
In 2002 the band released their first DVD, A Diversion, which is a document of the writing, recording and touring of the Echolalia album.
In 2003 the band recorded and released their fourth album, The Official Fiction. Produced once again by the band and Trina Shoemaker at Mangrove studios, it spawned the singles "Deja Vu", "Song for a Sleepwalker", "Best Weapon" and "Moving Right Along".
After supporting David Bowie on the Australian leg of his Reality Tour, the band toured Europe in 2004, taking in Germany, France, Denmark, Scotland, Ireland and the UK, before returned to Australia to release Phantom Limbs, a double album of the band members' and their fans' favourite b-side tracks from over the years.
On the 30th of June 2006, Something for Kate released their fifth album, Desert Lights. Since then, Something for Kate has released 2 singles, Cigarettes and Suitcases which was released on the 5th of May 2006, just under 2 months before the second EP, Oh Kamikaze which was released on the 1st of September 2006.
01Sweet Nothing
02Monsters
03Cigarettes And Suitcases
04Three Dimensions
05Song For A Sleepwalker
06Oh Kamikaze
07Captain (Million Miles An Hour)
08Hallways
09This Is The Life For Me
10Electricity
11California
12Max Planck
13Beautiful Sharks
14Best Weapon
15Say Something
16Whatever You Want
17Deja Vu
18Twenty Years
19Impossible
20Survival Expert
21Reverse Soundtrack
by Something for Kate
You took my heart and you held it in your mouth and,
With a word, all my love came rushing out and,
Every whisper, it's the worst
Emptied out by a single word
There is a hollow in me now
So I put my faith in something unknown
I'm living on such sweet nothing
But I'm trying to hope with nothing to hold
And it's hard to learn
And it's hard to love
When you're giving me such sweet nothing
Sweet nothing, sweet nothing
You're giving me such sweet nothing
And it ain't easy for me to let it go
'Cause I've swallowed every single word and,
Every whisper, every sigh
Eats away at this heart of mine
And it's not enough to tell me that you care
When we both know the words are empty air
You give me nothing
Woah-oh, woah-oh, woah-oh
Writer(s): Thomas Edward Percy Hull, Florence Leontine Mary Welch, Calvin Harris
Contributed by Eva A. Suggest a correction in the comments below.
Something For Kate - Sweet Nothing, Like a Version, Triple J (Calvin Harris)
Something For Kate - Sweet Nothing live at the Bar On The Hill
Something For Kate - Sweet Nothing (Calvin Harris 'Like A Version' Cover)
Something For Kate - Sweet Nothing (Hobart, TAS 29.06.13)
Moats - Sweet Nothing
Something For Kate - Sweet Nothing (Calvin Harris and Florence Welch cover)
Something for Kate - Sweet Nothing
Something For Kate - Whatever You Want
Sweet Nothing Cover By Something For Kate 063013
Something for Kate LIVE at The Forum 14 June 2013 [6/7]
Paul Dempsey covers Middle Kids 'Edge of Town' for Like A Version
Something For Kate - Twenty Years (live)
Something For Kate - Monsters (Homebake 2003)
Something For Kate - Captain (Live @ The Wireless 1999)
Something For Kate - 'Survival Expert' (live for triple j)
something for kate - rock the casbah
Sweet Nothing - Florence Welch/Calvin Harris Cover by Kate Wand
Something For Kate - Live @ [V]HQ 2001
Something For Kate talks with UTV
Something For Kate - Twenty Years | Live At The Wireless 2001
"Sweet Nothing" | Calvin Harris feat. Florence Welch cover by TI▲NI
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Calvin Harris ft. Florence - Sweet Nothing (Cover)
Something for Kate LIVE at The Corner Hotel 15 June 2013 [7/8]
Sweet Nothing- Florence and the Machine Acoustic Cover (Brianna Conroy and Rebekah Samarin)
Calvin Harris feat. Florence Welch - Sweet Nothing (Drum Remix) Andrew Weber