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The Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic (, ; ), abbreviated as the Ukrainian SSR, UkrSSR, or UkSSR, and also known as Soviet Ukraine, was one of the constituent republics of the Soviet Union from 1922 until 1991. In the anthem of the Ukrainian SSR, it was referred to simply as Ukraine. Under the Soviet one-party model, the Ukrainian SSR was governed by the Communist Party of the Soviet Union through its republican branch, the Communist Party of Ukraine.

The first iterations of the Ukrainian SSR were established during the Russian Revolution, particularly after the Bolshevik Revolution. The outbreak of the Ukrainian–Soviet War in the former Russian Empire saw the Bolsheviks defeat the independent Ukrainian People's Republic, after which they founded the Ukrainian People's Republic of Soviets as a republic of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic in December 1917; it was later succeeded by the Ukrainian Soviet Republic in 1918, also under the Russian SFSR. Simultaneously with the Russian Civil War, the Ukrainian War of Independence was being fought among the different Ukrainian republics founded by Ukrainian nationalists, Ukrainian anarchists, and Ukrainian Bolsheviks—with either help or opposition from neighbouring states. As a Soviet quasi-state, the newly-established Ukrainian SSR became a founding member of the United Nations alongside the Byelorussian SSR, in spite of the fact that they were legally represented by the All-Union in foreign affairs. In 1922, it was one of four Soviet republics (with the Russian SFSR, the Byelorussian SSR, and the Transcaucasian SFSR) that signed the Treaty on the Creation of the Soviet Union. Upon the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991, the Ukrainian SSR emerged as the present-day independent state of Ukraine, although the Soviet constitution remained in use throughout the country until the adoption of the Ukrainian constitution in June 1996.

Throughout its 72-year history, the republic's borders changed many times, with a significant portion of what is now western Ukraine having been annexed from eastern Poland in 1939, with significant portions of Romania in 1940, alongside another addition of territory in 1945 from Carpathian Ruthenia in Czechoslovakia. From the 1919 establishment of the Ukrainian SSR until 1934, the city of Kharkov served as its capital; however, the republic's seat of government was subsequently relocated in 1934 to the city of Kiev, the historic Ukrainian capital, and remained at Kiev for the remainder of its existence.

Geographically, the Ukrainian SSR was situated in Eastern Europe, to the north of the Black Sea, and was bordered by the Soviet republics of Moldavia, Byelorussia, and Russia, and the countries of Romania, Hungary, Czechoslovakia, and Poland. The republic's border with Czechoslovakia formed the Soviet Union's westernmost border point. According to the 1989 Soviet census, the republic of Ukraine had a population of 51,706,746, which fell sharply after the Soviet Union's dissolution in 1991.

Name

Its original name in 1919 was Ukrainian Socialist Soviet Republic (, abbreviated ). After the ratification of the 1936 Soviet Constitution, the names of all Soviet republics were changed, transposing the second (socialist) and third (sovietskaya in Russian or radianska in Ukrainian) words. In accordance, on 5 December 1936, the 8th Extraordinary Congress Soviets in Soviet Union changed the name of the republic to the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic, which was ratified by the 14th Extraordinary Congress of Soviets in Ukrainian SSR on 31 January 1937.

The name Ukraine () is a subject of debate. It is often perceived as being derived from the Slavic word "okraina", meaning "border land". It was first used to define part of the territory of Kievan Rus' (Ruthenia) in the 12th century, at which point Kiev was the capital of Rus'. The name has been used in a variety of ways since the twelfth century. For example, Zaporozhian Cossacks called their hetmanate "Ukraine".

Within the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, the name carried unofficial status for larger part of Kiev Voivodeship.

"The Ukraine" used to be the usual form in English, despite Ukrainian not having a definite article. Since the Declaration of Independence of Ukraine, this form has become less common in the English-speaking world, and style-guides warn against its use in professional writing. According to U.S. ambassador William Taylor, "The Ukraine" now implies disregard for the country's sovereignty. The Ukrainian position is that the usage of "'The Ukraine' is incorrect both grammatically and politically."

History

After the abdication of the tsar and the start of the process of destruction of the Russian Empire many people in Ukraine wished to establish a Ukrainian Republic. During a period of civil war from 1917 to 1923 many factions claiming themselves governments of the newly born republic were formed, each with supporters and opponents. The two most prominent of them were a government in Kiev called the Ukrainian People's Republic (UNR) and a government in Kharkov called the Ukrainian Soviet Republic (USR). The Kiev-based UNR was internationally recognized and supported by the Central powers following the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk, whereas the Kharkov-based USR was solely supported by the Soviet Russian forces, while neither the UNR nor the USR were supported by the White Russian forces that remained.

The conflict between the two competing governments, known as the Ukrainian–Soviet War, was part of the ongoing Russian Civil War, as well as a struggle for national independence, which ended with the territory of pro-independence Ukrainian People's Republic being annexed into a new Ukrainian Socialist Soviet Republic, western Ukraine being annexed into the Second Polish Republic, and the newly stable Ukraine becoming a founding member of the Soviet Union.

The government of the Ukrainian Soviet Republic was founded on 24–25 December 1917. In its publications, it named itself either the Republic of Soviets of Workers', Soldiers' and Peasants' Deputies or the Ukrainian People's Republic of Soviets. The 1917 republic was only recognised by another non-recognised country, the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic. With the signing of the Brest-Litovsk Treaty, it was ultimately defeated by mid-1918 and eventually dissolved. The last session of the government took place in the city of Taganrog.

In July 1918, the former members of the government formed the Communist Party (Bolsheviks) of Ukraine, the constituent assembly of which took place in Moscow. With the defeat of the Central Powers in World War I, Bolshevik Russia resumed its hostilities towards the Ukrainian People's Republic fighting for Ukrainian independence and organised another Soviet government in Kursk, Russia. On 10 March 1919, according to the 3rd Congress of Soviets in Ukraine (conducted 6–10 March 1919) the name of the state was changed to the Ukrainian Socialist Soviet Republic.

Founding: 1917–1922
After the Russian Revolution of 1917, several factions sought to create an independent Ukrainian state, alternately cooperating and struggling against each other. Numerous more or less socialist-oriented factions participated in the formation of the Ukrainian People's Republic among which were Bolsheviks, Mensheviks, Socialists-Revolutionaries, and many others. The most popular faction was initially the local Socialist Revolutionary Party that composed the local government together with Federalists and Mensheviks.

Immediately after the October Revolution in Petrograd, Bolsheviks instigated the Kiev Bolshevik Uprising to support the Revolution and secure Kiev. Due to a lack of adequate support from the local population and anti-revolutionary Central Rada, however, the Kiev Bolshevik group split. Most moved to Kharkov and received the support of the eastern Ukrainian cities and industrial centers. Later, this move was regarded as a mistake by some of the People's Commissars (Yevgenia Bosch). They issued an ultimatum to the Central Rada on 17 December to recognise the Soviet government of which the Rada was very critical. The Bolsheviks convened a separate congress and declared the first Soviet Republic of Ukraine on 24 December 1917 claiming the Central Rada and its supporters outlaws that need to be eradicated. Warfare ensued against the Ukrainian People's Republic for the installation of the Soviet regime in the country and with the direct support from Soviet Russia the Ukrainian National forces were practically overrun. The government of Ukraine appealed to foreign capitalists, finding support in the face of the Central Powers as the others refused to recognise it. After the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk, the Russian SFSR yielded all the captured Ukrainian territory as the Bolsheviks were forced out of Ukraine. The government of Soviet Ukraine was dissolved after its last session on 20 November 1918.

After re-taking Kharkov in February 1919, a second Soviet Ukrainian government was formed. The government enforced Russian policies that did not adhere to local needs. A group of three thousand workers were dispatched from Russia to take grain from local farms to feed Russian cities and were met with resistance. The Ukrainian language was also censured from administrative and educational use. Eventually fighting both White forces in the east and republic forces in the west, Lenin ordered the liquidation of the second Soviet Ukrainian government in August 1919.

Eventually, after the creation of the Communist Party (Bolshevik) of Ukraine in Moscow, a third Ukrainian Soviet government was formed on 21 December 1919 that initiated new hostilities against Ukrainian nationalists as they lost their military support from the defeated Central Powers. Eventually, the Red Army ended up controlling much of the Ukrainian territory after the Polish-Soviet Peace of Riga. On 30 December 1922, along with the Russian, Byelorussian, and Transcaucasian republics, the Ukrainian SSR was one of the founding members of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR).

Interwar years: 1922–1939

During the 1920s, a policy of so-called Ukrainization was pursued in the Ukrainian SSR, as part of the general Soviet korenization policy; this involved promoting the use and the social status of the Ukrainian language and the elevation of ethnic Ukrainians to leadership positions (see Ukrainization - early years of Soviet Ukraine for more details).

In 1932, the aggressive agricultural policies of Joseph Stalin's regime resulted in one of the largest national catastrophes in the modern history for the Ukrainian nation. A famine known as the Holodomor caused a direct loss of human life estimated between 2.6 million to 10 million. Some scholars and the World Congress of Free Ukrainians assert that this was an act of genocide. The International Commission of Inquiry Into the 1932–1933 Famine in Ukraine found no evidence that the famine was part of a preconceived plan to starve Ukrainians, and concluded in 1990 that the famine was caused by a combination of factors, including Soviet policies of compulsory grain requisitions, forced collectivization, dekulakization, and Russification. The General Assembly of the UN has stopped shy of recognizing the Holodomor as genocide, calling it a "great tragedy" as a compromise between tense positions of United Kingdom, United States, Russia, and Ukraine on the matter, while many nations went on individually to accepted it as such.

World War II: 1939–1945

In September 1939, the Soviet Union invaded Poland and occupied Galician lands inhabited by Ukrainians, Poles and Jews adding it to the territory of the Ukrainian SSR. In 1940, the Soviet Union occupied Bessarabia, Northern Bukovina and the Hertsa region, lands inhabited by Romanians, Ukrainians, Russians, Jews, Bulgarians and Gagauz, adding them to the territory of the Ukrainian SSR and the newly formed Moldavian SSR. In 1945, these lands were permanently annexed, and the Transcarpathia region was added as well, by treaty with the post-war administration of Czechoslovakia. Following eastward Soviet retreat in 1941, Ufa became the wartime seat of the Soviet Ukrainian government.

Post-war years: 1945–1953
While World War II (called the Great Patriotic War by the Soviet government) did not end before May 1945, the Germans were driven out of Ukraine between February 1943 and October 1944. The first task of the Soviet authorities was to reestablish political control over the republic which had been entirely lost during the war. This was an immense task, considering the widespread human and material losses. During World War II the Soviet Union lost about 8.6 million combatants and around 18 million civilians, of these, 6.8 million were Ukrainian civilians and military personnel. Also, an estimated 3.9 million Ukrainians were evacuated to the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic during the war, and 2.2 million Ukrainians were sent to forced labour camps by the Germans.

The material devastation was huge; Adolf Hitler's orders to create "a zone of annihilation" in 1943, coupled with the Soviet military's scorched-earth policy in 1941, meant Ukraine lay in ruins. These two policies led to the destruction of 28 thousand villages and 714 cities and towns. 85 percent of Kiev's city centre was destroyed, as was 70 percent of the city centre of the second-largest city in Ukraine, Kharkov. Because of this, 19 million people were left homeless after the war. The republic's industrial base, as so much else, was destroyed. The Soviet government had managed to evacuate 544 industrial enterprises between July and November 1941, but the rapid German advance led to the destruction or the partial destruction of 16,150 enterprises. 27,910 thousand collective farms, 1,300 machine tractor stations and 872 state farms were destroyed by the Germans.

While the war brought to Ukraine an enormous physical destruction, victory also led to territorial expansion. As a victor, the Soviet Union gained new prestige and more land. The Ukrainian border was expanded to the Curzon Line. Ukraine was also expanded southwards, near the area Izmail, previously part of Romania. An agreement was signed by the Soviet Union and Czechoslovakia whereby Carpathian Ruthenia was handed over to Ukraine. The territory of Ukraine expanded by  and increased its population by an estimated 11 million.

After World War II, amendments to the Constitution of the Ukrainian SSR were accepted, which allowed it to act as a separate subject of international law in some cases and to a certain extent, remaining a part of the Soviet Union at the same time. In particular, these amendments allowed the Ukrainian SSR to become one of the founding members of the United Nations (UN) together with the Soviet Union and the Byelorussian SSR. This was part of a deal with the United States to ensure a degree of balance in the General Assembly, which, the USSR opined, was unbalanced in favor of the Western Bloc. In its capacity as a member of the UN, the Ukrainian SSR was an elected member of the United Nations Security Council in 1948–1949 and 1984–1985.

Khrushchev and Brezhnev: 1953–1985

When Stalin died on 5 March 1953 the collective leadership of Khrushchev, Georgy Malenkov, Vyacheslav Molotov and Lavrentiy Beria took power and a period of de-Stalinization began. Change came as early as 1953, when officials were allowed to criticise Stalin's policy of russification. The Central Committee of the Communist Party of Ukraine (CPU) openly criticised Stalin's russification policies in a meeting in June 1953. On 4 June 1953, Aleksey Kirichenko succeeded Leonid Melnikov as First Secretary of the CPU; this was significant since Kyrychenko was the first ethnic Ukrainian to lead the CPU since the 1920s. The policy of de-Stalinization took two main features, that of centralisation and decentralisation from the centre. In February 1954 the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic (RSFSR) transferred Crimea to Ukraine from the Russians; even if only 22 percent of the Crimean population were ethnic Ukrainian. 1954 also witnessed the massive state-organised celebration of the 300th anniversary of the Union Russia and Ukraine also known as the Pereyaslav Council (); the treaty which brought Ukraine under Russian rule three centuries before. The event was celebrated to prove the old and brotherly love between Ukrainians and Russians, and proof of the Soviet Union as a "family of nations"; it was also another way of legitimising Marxism–Leninism. On 23 June 1954, the civilian oil tanker Tuapse of the Black Sea Shipping Company based in Odessa was hijacked by a fleet of Republic of China Navy in the high sea of 19°35′N, 120°39′E, west of Balintang Channel near Philippines, whereas the 49 Ukrainian, Russian and Moldovan crew were detained by the Kuomintang regime in various terms up to 34 years in captivity with 3 deaths.

The "Thaw"the policy of deliberate liberalisationwas characterised by four points: amnesty for all those convicted of state crime during the war or the immediate post-war years; amnesties for one-third of those convicted of state crime during Stalin's rule; the establishment of the first Ukrainian mission to the United Nations in 1958; and the steady increase of Ukrainians in the rank of the CPU and government of the Ukrainian SSR. Not only were the majority of CPU Central Committee and Politburo members ethnic Ukrainians, three-quarters of the highest ranking party and state officials were ethnic Ukrainians too. The policy of partial Ukrainisation also led to a cultural thaw within Ukraine.

In October 1964, Khrushchev was deposed by a joint Central Committee and Politburo plenum and succeeded by another collective leadership, this time led by Leonid Brezhnev, born in Ukraine, as First Secretary and Alexei Kosygin as Chairman of the Council of Ministers. Brezhnev's rule would be marked by social and economic stagnation, a period often referred to as the Era of Stagnation. The new regime introduced the policy of rastsvet, sblizhenie and sliianie ("flowering", "drawing together" and "merging"/"fusion"), which was the policy of uniting the different Soviet nationalities into one Soviet nationality by merging the best elements of each nationality into the new one. This policy turned out to be, in fact, the reintroduction of the russification policy. The reintroduction of this policy can be explained by Khrushchev's promise of communism in 20 years; the unification of Soviet nationalities would take place, according to Vladimir Lenin, when the Soviet Union reached the final stage of communism, also the final stage of human development. Some all-Union Soviet officials were calling for the abolition of the "pseudosovereign" Soviet republics, and the establishment of one nationality. Instead of introducing the ideologic concept of the Soviet Nation, Brezhnev at the 24th Party Congress talked about "a new historical community of people – the Soviet people", and introduced the ideological tenant of Developed socialism, which postponed communism. When Brezhnev died in 1982, his position of General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union was succeeded by Yuri Andropov, who died quickly after taking power. Andropov was succeeded by Konstantin Chernenko, who ruled for little more than a year. Chernenko was succeeded by Mikhail Gorbachev in 1985.

Gorbachev and dissolution: 1985–1991

Gorbachev's policies of perestroika and glasnost (English: restructuring and openness) failed to reach Ukraine as early as other Soviet republics because of Volodymyr Shcherbytsky, a conservative communist appointed by Brezhnev and the First Secretary of the Ukrainian Communist Party, who resigned from his post in 1989. The Chernobyl disaster of 1986, the russification policies, and the apparent social and economic stagnation led several Ukrainians to oppose Soviet rule. Gorbachev's policy of perestroika was also never introduced into practice, 95 percent of industry and agriculture was still owned by the Soviet state in 1990. The talk of reform, but the lack of introducing reform into practice, led to confusion which in turn evolved into opposition to the Soviet state itself. The policy of glasnost, which ended state censorship, led the Ukrainian diaspora to reconnect with their compatriots in Ukraine, the revitalisation of religious practices by destroying the monopoly of the Russian Orthodox Church and led to the establishment of several opposition pamphlets, journals and newspapers.

Following the failed August Coup in Moscow on 19–21 August 1991, the Supreme Soviet of Ukraine declared independence on 24 August 1991, which renamed the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic to Ukraine. The result of the 1991 independence referendum held on 1 December 1991 proved to be a surprise. An overwhelming majority, 92.3%, voted for independence. The referendum carried in the majority of all oblasts. Notably, the Crimea, which had originally been a territory of the RSFSR until 1954, supported the referendum by a 54 percent majority. Over 80 percent of the population of Eastern Ukraine voted for independence. Ukraine's independence was almost immediately recognized by the international community. Ukraine's new-found independence was the first time in the 20th century that Ukrainian independence had been attempted without either foreign intervention or civil war. In the 1991 Ukrainian presidential election 62 percent of Ukrainians voted for Leonid Kravchuk, who had been vested with presidential powers since the Supreme Soviet's declaration of independence. The secession of the second most powerful republic in the Soviet Union ended any realistic chance of the Soviet Union staying together even on a limited scale.

A week after Kravchuk's victory, on 8 December, he and his Russian and Belarusian counterparts signed the Belovezh Accords, which declared that the Soviet Union had effectively ceased to exist and forming the Commonwealth of Independent States as a replacement. They were joined by eight of the remaining 12 republics (all except Georgia) on 21 December in signing the Alma-Ata Protocol, which reiterated that the Soviet Union had ceased to exist. The Soviet Union formally dissolved on 26 December.

Politics and government

The Ukrainian SSR's system of government was based on a one-party communist system ruled by the Communist Party of Ukraine, a branch of the Communist Party of Soviet Union (KPSS). The republic was one of 15 constituent republics composing the Soviet Union from its entry into the union in 1922 until its dissolution in 1991. All of the political power and authority in the USSR was in the hands of Communist Party authorities, with little real power being concentrated in official government bodies and organs. In such a system, lower-level authorities directly reported to higher level authorities and so on, with the bulk of the power being held at the highest echelons of the Communist Party.

Originally, the legislative authority was vested in the Congress of Soviets of Ukraine, whose Central Executive Committee was for many years headed by Grigory Petrovsky. Soon after publishing a Stalinist constitution, the Congress of Soviets was transformed into the Supreme Soviet (and the Central Executive Committee into its Presidium), which consisted of 450 deputies. The Supreme Soviet had the authority to enact legislation, amend the constitution, adopt new administrative and territorial boundaries, adopt the budget, and establish political and economic development plans. In addition, parliament also had to authority to elect the republic's executive branch, the Council of Ministers as well as the power to appoint judges to the Supreme Court. Legislative sessions were short and were conducted for only a few weeks out of the year. In spite of this, the Supreme Soviet elected the Presidium, the Chairman, 3 deputy chairmen, a secretary, and couple of other government members to carry out the official functions and duties in between legislative sessions. Chairman of the Presidium was a powerful position in the republic's higher echelons of power, and could nominally be considered the equivalent of head of state, although most executive authority would be concentrated in the Communist Party's politburo and its First Secretary.

Full universal suffrage was granted for all eligible citizens aged 18 and over, excluding prisoners and those deprived of freedom. Although they could not be considered free and were of a symbolic nature, elections to the Supreme Soviet were contested every five years. Nominees from electoral districts from around the republic, typically consisting of an average of 110,000 inhabitants, were directly chosen by party authorities, providing little opportunity for political change, since all political authority was directly subordinate to the higher level above it.

With the beginning of Soviet General Secretary Mikhail Gorbachev's perestroika reforms towards the mid-late 1980s, electoral reform laws were passed in 1989, liberalising the nominating procedures and allowing multiple candidates to stand for election in a district. Accordingly, the first relatively free elections in the Ukrainian SSR were contested in March 1990. 111 deputies from the Democratic Bloc, a loose association of small pro-Ukrainian and pro-sovereignty parties and the instrumental People's Movement of Ukraine (colloquially known as Rukh in Ukrainian) were elected to the parliament. Although the Communist Party retained its majority with 331 deputies, large support for the Democratic Bloc demonstrated the people's distrust of the Communist authorities, which would eventually boil down to Ukrainian independence in 1991.

Ukraine is the legal successor of the Ukrainian SSR and it stated to fulfill "those rights and duties pursuant to international agreements of Union SSR which do not contradict the Constitution of Ukraine and interests of the Republic" on 5 October 1991. After Ukrainian independence the Ukrainian SSR's parliament was changed from Supreme Soviet to its current name Verkhovna Rada, the Verkhovna Rada is still Ukraine's parliament. Ukraine also has refused to recognize exclusive Russian claims to succession of the Soviet Union and claimed such status for Ukraine as well, which was stated in Articles 7 and 8 of On Legal Succession of Ukraine, issued in 1991. Following independence, Ukraine has continued to pursue claims against the Russian Federation in foreign courts, seeking to recover its share of the foreign property that was owned by the Soviet Union. It also retained its seat in the United Nations, held since 1945.

Foreign relations

On the international front, the Ukrainian SSR, along with the rest of the 15 republics, had virtually no say in their own foreign affairs. It is, however, important to note that in 1944 the Ukrainian SSR was permitted to establish bilateral relations with countries and maintain its own standing army. This clause was used to permit the republic's membership in the United Nations, alongside the Belorussian SSR. Accordingly, representatives from the "Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic" and 50 other nations founded the UN on 24 October 1945. In effect, this provided the Soviet Union (a permanent Security Council member with veto powers) with another two votes in the General Assembly. The latter aspect of the 1944 clauses, however, was never fulfilled and the republic's defense matters were managed by the Soviet Armed Forces and the Defense Ministry. Another right that was granted but never used until 1991 was the right of the Soviet republics to secede from the union, which was codified in each of the Soviet constitutions. Accordingly, Article 69 of the Constitution of the Ukrainian SSR stated: "The Ukrainian SSR retains the right to willfully secede from the USSR." However, a republic's theoretical secession from the union was virtually impossible and unrealistic in many ways until after Gorbachev's perestroika reforms.

The Ukrainian SSR was a member of the UN Economic and Social Council, UNICEF, International Labour Organization, Universal Postal Union, World Health Organization, UNESCO, International Telecommunication Union, United Nations Economic Commission for Europe, World Intellectual Property Organization and the International Atomic Energy Agency. It was not separately a member of the Warsaw Pact, Comecon, the World Federation of Trade Unions and the World Federation of Democratic Youth, and since 1949, the International Olympic Committee.

Administrative divisions

Legally, the Soviet Union and its fifteen union republics constituted a federal system, but the country was functionally a highly centralised state, with all major decision-making taking place in the Kremlin, the capital and seat of government of the country. The constituent republics were essentially unitary states, with lower levels of power being directly subordinate to higher ones. Throughout its 72-year existence, the administrative divisions of the Ukrainian SSR changed numerous times, often incorporating regional reorganisation and annexation on the part of Soviet authorities during World War II.

The most common administrative division was the oblast (province), of which there were 25 upon the republic's independence from the Soviet Union in 1991. Provinces were further subdivided into raions (districts) which numbered 490. The rest of the administrative division within the provinces consisted of cities, urban-type settlements, and villages. Cities in the Ukrainian SSR were a separate exception, which could either be subordinate to either the provincial authorities themselves or the district authorities of which they were the administrative center. Two cities, the capital Kiev, and Sevastopol in Crimea, treated separately because it housed an underground nuclear submarine base, were designated "cities with special status." This meant that they were directly subordinate to the central Ukrainian SSR authorities and not the provincial authorities surrounding them.

Historical formation

However, the history of administrative divisions in the republic was not so clear cut. At the end of World War I in 1918, Ukraine was invaded by Soviet Russia as the Russian puppet government of the Ukrainian SSR and without official declaration it ignited the Ukrainian–Soviet War. Government of the Ukrainian SSR from very start was managed by the Communist Party of Ukraine that was created in Moscow and was originally formed out of the Bolshevik organisational centers in Ukraine. Occupying the eastern city of Kharkov, the Soviet forces chose it as the republic's seat of government, colloquially named in the media as "Kharkov – Pervaya Stolitsa (the first capital)" with implication to the era of Soviet regime. Kharkov was also the city where the first Soviet Ukrainian government was created in 1917 with strong support from Russian SFSR authorities. However, in 1934, the capital was moved from Kharkov to Kiev, which remains the capital of Ukraine today.

During the 1930s, there were significant numbers of ethnic minorities living within the Ukrainian SSR. National Districts were formed as separate territorial-administrative units within higher-level provincial authorities. Districts were established for the republic's three largest minority groups, which were the Jews, Russians, and Poles. Other ethnic groups, however, were allowed to petition the government for their own national autonomy. In 1924 on the territory of Ukrainian SSR was formed the Moldavian Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic. Upon the 1940 conquest of Bessarabia and Bukovina by Soviet troops the Moldavian ASSR was passed to the newly formed Moldavian Soviet Socialist Republic, while Budzhak and Bukovina were secured by the Ukrainian SSR. Following the creation of the Ukrainian SSR significant numbers of ethnic Ukrainians found themselves living outside the Ukrainian SSR. In 1920s the Ukrainian SSR was forced to cede several territories to Russia in Severia, Sloboda Ukraine and Azov littoral including such cities like Belgorod, Taganrog and Starodub. In the 1920s the administration of the Ukrainian SSR insisted in vain on reviewing the border between the Ukrainian Soviet Republics and the Russian Soviet Republic based on the 1926 First All-Union Census of the Soviet Union that showed that 4.5 millions of Ukrainians were living on Russian territories bordering Ukraine. A forced end to Ukrainisation in southern Russian Soviet Republic led to a massive decline of reported Ukrainians in these regions in the 1937 Soviet Census.

Upon signing of the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact, Nazi Germany and Soviet Union partitioned Poland and its Eastern Borderlands were secured by the Soviet buffer republics with Ukraine securing the territory of Eastern Galicia. The Soviet September Polish campaign in Soviet propaganda was portrayed as the Golden September for Ukrainians, given the unification of Ukrainian lands on both banks of Zbruch River, until then the border between the Soviet Union and the Polish communities inhabited by Ukrainian speaking families.

Economy

Before 1945

After 1945

Agriculture
In 1945, agricultural production stood at only 40 percent of the 1940 level, even though the republic's territorial expansion had "increased the amount of arable land". In contrast to the remarkable growth in the industrial sector, agriculture continued in Ukraine, as in the rest of the Soviet Union, to function as the economy's Achilles heel. Despite the human toll of Collectivisation of agriculture in the Soviet Union, especially in Ukraine, Soviet planners still believed in the effectiveness of collective farming. The old system was reestablished; the numbers of collective farms in Ukraine increased from 28 thousand in 1940 to 33 thousand in 1949, comprising 45 million hectares; the numbers of state farms barely increased, standing at 935 in 1950, comprising 12.1 million hectares. By the end of the Fourth Five-Year Plan (in 1950) and the Fifth Five-Year Plan (in 1955), agricultural output still stood far lower than the 1940 level. The slow changes in agriculture can be explained by the low productivity in collective farms, and by bad weather-conditions, which the Soviet planning system could not effectively respond to. Grain for human consumption in the post-war years decreased, this in turn led to frequent and severe food shortages.

The increase of Soviet agricultural production was tremendous, however, the Soviet-Ukrainians still experienced food shortages due to the inefficiencies of a highly centralised economy. During the peak of Soviet-Ukrainian agriculture output in the 1950s and early-to-mid-1960s, human consumption in Ukraine, and in the rest of the Soviet Union, actually experienced short intervals of decrease. There are many reasons for this inefficiency, but its origins can be traced back to the single-purchaser and -producer market system set up by Joseph Stalin. Khrushchev tried to improve the agricultural situation in the Soviet Union by expanding the total crop size – for instance, in the Ukrainian SSR alone "the amount of land planted with corn grew by 600 percent". At the height of this policy, between 1959 and 1963, one-third of Ukrainian arable land grew this crop. This policy decreased the total production of wheat and rye; Khrushchev had anticipated this, and the production of wheat and rye moved to Soviet Central Asia as part of the Virgin Lands Campaign. Khrushchev's agricultural policy failed, and in 1963 the Soviet Union had to import food from abroad. The total level of agricultural productivity in Ukraine decreased sharply during this period, but recovered in the 1970s and 1980s during Leonid Brezhnev's rule.

Industry
During the post-war years, Ukraine's industrial productivity doubled its pre-war level. In 1945 industrial output totalled only 26 percent of the 1940 level. The Soviet Union introduced the Fourth Five-Year Plan in 1946. The Fourth Five-Year Plan would prove to be a remarkable success, and can be likened to the "wonders of West German and Japanese reconstruction", but without foreign capital; the Soviet reconstruction is historically an impressive achievement. In 1950 industrial gross output had already surpassed 1940-levels. While the Soviet régime still emphasised heavy industry over light industry, the light-industry sector also grew. The increase in capital investment and the expansion of the labour force also benefited Ukraine's economic recovery. In the prewar years, 15.9 percent of the Soviet budget went to Ukraine, in 1950, during the Fourth Five-Year Plan this had increased to 19.3 percent. The workforce had increased from 1.2 million in 1945 to 2.9 million in 1955; an increase of 33.2 percent over the 1940-level. The result of this remarkable growth was that by 1955 Ukraine was producing 2.2 times more than in 1940, and the republic had become one of the leading producers of certain commodities in Europe. Ukraine was the largest per-capita producer in Europe of pig iron and sugar, and the second-largest per-capita producer of steel and of iron ore, and was the third largest per-capita producer of coal in Europe.

From 1965 until the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991, industrial growth in Ukraine decreased, and by the 1970s it started to stagnate. Significant economic decline did not become apparent before the 1970s. During the Fifth Five-Year Plan (1951–1955), industrial development in Ukraine grew by 13.5 percent, while during the Eleventh Five-Year Plan (1981–1985) industry grew by a relatively modest 3.5 percent. The double-digit growth seen in all branches of the economy in the post-war years had disappeared by the 1980s, entirely replaced by low growth-figures. An ongoing problem throughout the republic's existence was the planners' emphasis on heavy industry over consumer goods.

The urbanisation of Ukrainian society in the post-war years led to an increase in energy consumption. Between 1956 and 1972, to meet this increasing demand, the government built five water reservoirs along the Dnieper River. Aside from improving Soviet-Ukrainian water transport, the reservoirs became the sites for new power stations, and hydroelectric energy flourished in Ukraine in consequence. The natural-gas industry flourished as well, and Ukraine became the site of the first post-war production of gas in the Soviet Union; by the 1960s Ukraine's biggest gas field was producing 30 percent of the USSR's total gas production. The government was not able to meet the people's ever-increasing demand for energy consumption, but by the 1970s, the Soviet government had conceived an intensive nuclear power program. According to the Eleventh Five-Year Plan, the Soviet government would build 8 nuclear power plants in Ukraine by 1989. As a result of these efforts, Ukraine became highly diversified in energy consumption.

Religion

Many churches and synagogues were destroyed during the existence of the Ukrainian SSR.

Urbanization

Urbanisation in post-Stalin Ukraine grew quickly; in 1959 only 25 cities in Ukraine had populations over one hundred thousand, by 1979 the number had grown to 49. During the same period, the growth of cities with a population over one million increased from one to five; Kiev alone nearly doubled its population, from 1.1 million in 1959 to 2.1 million in 1979. This proved a turning point in Ukrainian society: for the first time in Ukraine's history, the majority of ethnic Ukrainians lived in urban areas; 53 percent of the ethnic Ukrainian population did so in 1979. The majority worked in the non-agricultural sector, in 1970 31 percent of Ukrainians engaged in agriculture, in contrast, 63 percent of Ukrainians were industrial workers and white-collar staff. In 1959, 37 percent of Ukrainians lived in urban areas, in 1989 the proportion had increased to 60 percent.

Notes

References

Citations

Sources

 Adams, Arthur E. Bolsheviks in the Ukraine: The Second Campaign, 1918–1919 (New Haven & London: Yale University Press, 1963).
 Armstrong, John A. The Soviet Bureaucratic Elite: A Case Study of the Ukrainian Apparatus (New York: Praeger, 1959).
 Dmytryshyn, Basil. Moscow and the Ukraine, 1918–1953: A Study of Russian Bolshevik Nationality Policy (New York: Bookman Associates, 1956).

 Manning, Clarence A. Ukraine under the Soviets (New York: Bookman Associates, 1953).

 Sullivant, Robert S. Soviet Politics and the Ukraine, 1917–1957 (New York: Columbia University Press, 1962).

Further reading

External links

Republics of the Soviet Union
Communism in Ukraine
Former socialist republics

Modern history of Ukraine

Post–Russian Empire states
Russian Revolution in Ukraine
Russian-speaking countries and territories

States and territories established in 1919
States and territories disestablished in 1991
20th century in Ukraine
Soviet Union–Ukraine relations
Former member states of the United Nations


text:
Title: Retail Sales Leader - Apparel
Location: Seattle, WA (USA)
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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Q: mysql 5.6 fix replication I've just created a mysql 5.6 master/slave relationship automatically through my provider's API, meaning I didn't have a root user. So after the slave was setup, I enabled the root user on the slave, which of course broke replication. I need to skip that GTID, but I'm having difficulty understanding the howtos.
STOP SLAVE;
SET GTID_NEXT="5b182ac6-8a79-11e4-8f28-001851cf5e10:10";
BEGIN; COMMIT;
SET GTID_NEXT="AUTOMATIC";
START SLAVE

results in the same error. What's the right GTID to select?
*************************** 1. row ***************************
               Slave_IO_State: Waiting for the slave SQL thread to free enough relay log space
                  Master_Host: 10.188.52.218
                  Master_User: slave_6b72a386
              Master_Port: 3306
            Connect_Retry: 60
          Master_Log_File: replica-1007782573-bin.000006
      Read_Master_Log_Pos: 1071986205
           Relay_Log_File: replica-1130155763-relay.000003
            Relay_Log_Pos: 5880
    Relay_Master_Log_File: replica-1007782573-bin.000002
         Slave_IO_Running: Yes
        Slave_SQL_Running: No
          Replicate_Do_DB:
      Replicate_Ignore_DB:
       Replicate_Do_Table:
   Replicate_Ignore_Table:
  Replicate_Wild_Do_Table:
Replicate_Wild_Ignore_Table:
               Last_Errno: 1396
               Last_Error: Error 'Operation CREATE USER failed for 'root'@'%'' on query. Default database: ''. Query: 'CREATE USER 'root'@'%''
             Skip_Counter: 0
      Exec_Master_Log_Pos: 5644
          Relay_Log_Space: 5370067417
          Until_Condition: None
           Until_Log_File:
            Until_Log_Pos: 0
       Master_SSL_Allowed: No
       Master_SSL_CA_File:
       Master_SSL_CA_Path:
          Master_SSL_Cert:
        Master_SSL_Cipher:
           Master_SSL_Key:
    Seconds_Behind_Master: NULL
Master_SSL_Verify_Server_Cert: No
            Last_IO_Errno: 0
            Last_IO_Error:
           Last_SQL_Errno: 1396
           Last_SQL_Error: Error 'Operation CREATE USER failed for 'root'@'%'' on query. Default database: ''. Query: 'CREATE USER 'root'@'%''
Replicate_Ignore_Server_Ids:
         Master_Server_Id: 1007782573
              Master_UUID: 5b182ac6-8a79-11e4-8f28-001851cf5e10
         Master_Info_File: /var/lib/mysql/master.info
                SQL_Delay: 0
      SQL_Remaining_Delay: NULL
  Slave_SQL_Running_State:
       Master_Retry_Count: 86400
              Master_Bind:
  Last_IO_Error_Timestamp:
 Last_SQL_Error_Timestamp: 141223 15:14:12
           Master_SSL_Crl:
       Master_SSL_Crlpath:
       Retrieved_Gtid_Set: 5b182ac6-8a79-11e4-8f28-001851cf5e10:9-5851
        Executed_Gtid_Set: 08bc8aa0-8a7a-11e4-8f2d-001851502460:1-41,
5b182ac6-8a79-11e4-8f28-001851cf5e10:9-69
            Auto_Position: 0

A: Look at the executed GTID set.
Executed_Gtid_Set: 08bc8aa0-8a7a-11e4-8f2d-001851502460:1-41,
                   5b182ac6-8a79-11e4-8f28-001851cf5e10:9-69

08bc8aa0-8a7a-11e4-8f2d-001851502460 is probably your slave, your master is
Master_UUID: 5b182ac6-8a79-11e4-8f28-001851cf5e10

as you can see some lines above. From the master you have therefore executed transactions 9 - 69. So the next GTID is 70.
Also note, that you should set Auto_Position: 1 with a CHANGE MASTER TO statement. Read more about it here.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


Iconic moments, some of our all-time favorite looks, and the cuts that elevated women to new heights of celebrity.
Just like her style, a star's hair is constantly evolving. Here, we chronicle iconic moments, some of our all-time favorite looks, and the cuts that elevated women to new heights of celebrity.Get more ideas for gorgeous celebrity haircuts!
Supermodel Gisele Bündchen started a long-hair revolution with her perfect, tousled waves.
Golden highlights and tons of body make Jennifer Lopez's mane one of the most enviable on the block.
She's been a hair icon since "The Rachel," but Jennifer Aniston looks better than ever with long, sun-kissed layers and the occasional side-braided style.
Toned down from her Pretty Woman days, Julia Roberts wears her hair with a soft wave and a hint of strawberry to her blonde.
In 2007, Michelle Williams emerged as a style icon with an ingenue-appropriate pixie cut.
Julianne Moore is a ravishing redhead who knows how to play up her hair color — she wears jewel tones and opts for a classic red lip.
In 2010, Renée Zellweger revealed a sophisticated short cut, a true departure from Bridget Jones.
Sienna Miller at the 2007 Golden Globes with a Grecian braided style. The look is easy to replicate with long hair, bobby pins, and patience.


text:
Míchigan puede referirse a:

Lugares
 Míchigan, uno de los cincuenta estados de los Estados Unidos de América.
 Lago Míchigan, uno de los cinco Grandes Lagos de Norteamérica.
 Michigan City (Dakota del Norte), ciudad en el condado de Nelson, Dakota del Norte.
 Michigan City (Indiana), ciudad en el condado de LaPorte, Indiana.
 Avenida Michigan, una de las principales calles norte-sur en Chicago.
 Municipio de Michigan , varios municipios en Estados Unidos.

Deporte
Equipos deportivos
 Michigan Wolverines, equipo deportivo de la Universidad de Míchigan.
 Michigan State Spartans, equipo deportivo de la Universidad Estatal de Míchigan.

Escenarios deportivos
 Michigan International Speedway, óvalo de 2 millas (3.218 metros) de extensión situado en Brooklyn, estado de Míchigan.
 Michigan Stadium, estadio de fútbol americano de la Universidad de Míchigan.

Educación
 Universidad de Míchigan, universidad pública en Ann Arbor, Míchigan.
 Universidad Estatal de Míchigan, universidad pública en East Lansing, Míchigan.

Música
 Michigan (álbum), álbum conceptual de Sufjan Stevens, con canciones referidas a lugares y gente del estado de Míchigan.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
Remy Lewis has just started working as a marketing research analyst for Commercial Casting Company in New York City. He is relocating his family to New York from North Carolina, but they haven't moved yet. Twice a month, the company pays for Lewis to travel to North Carolina to visit his family and help with the move. During the month of September, Lewis only visited his family once; however, he submitted expense reports for mileage for two separate trips to North Carolina and back. What type of scheme is this?
Remy Lewis has just started working as a marketing research analyst
for Commercial Casting Company in New York City. He is relocating his family
to New York from North Carolina, but they haven't moved yet. Twice a month,
the company pays for Lewis to travel to North Carolina to visit his family and
help with the move. During the month of September, Lewis only visited his
family once; however, he submitted expense reports for mileage for two
separate trips to North Carolina and back. What type of scheme is this?
Fictitious expense reimbursement


It's been a while since I've reviewed anything from Pixi, you can see my last post here. This month's focus is on achieving that Spring Time glow with the Hello Rose Kit that's newly launched from Pixi Beauty.
My favorite product would have to me the Glow Booster - it gives a beautiful golden pink sheen to your skin. You can either mix it into your foundation to give a dewy finish, or you can pat it on your cheekbones for the highlighted look. If you want to make an even bigger impact, you can add some extra powder highlight over the Glow Booster on your cheekbones.
The lip plumping gloss, though a plumping gloss, does not burn your lips and tingle like a lot on the market that I know of. It is however a little tacky so your hair will get caught in it :) I really liked the mauvey tone of this gloss it allowed for the look to be like a "my lips but better" feel.
The blush in the duo pan in my honest opinion is a bit disappointing to me personally (even though I believe you get a full size product), as you can see in the swatches above, it is VERY faint in color so it didn't show up on me. That is with a few swipes too. I know I do have a tan since I came back from vacation, so it might work for the paler skin girls. The highlight side of the duo pan though is GORGEOUS and that is really pigmented! I swatched the highlight first, then the blush, and then the blush and highlight together on the bottom. You can see that the blush does end up washing out the color of the highlight a bit when blended together so I think the true beauty is to just use the highlight on its own.
I do believe that this kit allows you the chance to try out a variety of products offered from Pixi Beauty at about $10 cad for each product.


text:
Q: How to reset tree without wasting memory? I have a Python code which constructs a quadtree from the root node up, introducing new nodes as necessary.
This quadtree needs to be continually reconstructed What I have done thus far is, each time the quadtree needs to be reconstructed, I reset the list of children of the root node to an empty list, and build the tree starting from the root.
My worry is that, all the nodes of the previous tree (besides the root node) will still exist in memory. The tree is reconstructed perhaps tens of thousands of times over the course of the program and contains perhaps 5000 nodes on average, so I wouldn't be suprised if the memory gets overloaded.
In order to not exceed memory limitations, wouldn't I have to delete all the previous nodes somehow? How might I do this?

A: Use del, like this:
del children

which ensures that the list's memory will be released if the list children isn't referenced anywhere else.
You have to traverse through the whole tree though to delete every node, which could easily be done recursively.
Read more in how to release used memory immediately in python list?


Abstract: A linear circuit measures temperature and controls the speed of a cooling fan by generating a variable supply voltage for the fan.
Fan noise is becoming a larger issue as more electronic equipment enters the office and the home. A variable speed fan permits slower, and quieter, fan speed when temperature conditions allow.
Fan-control circuits range from simple switches that boost the fan speed at a certain temperature, to digitally controlled fans with continuously-variable speed. High-speed/low-speed switches are inexpensive, but the sound of sudden speed changes can be annoying. Digitally controlled fans perform well, but those circuits are more costly, and the system must include a serial bus. This application note presents a low cost, self-contained analog circuit for fan-speed control (Figure 1), which is easily adjusted for any desired linear relationship between the fan voltage and temperature (Figure 2, Curves B and C). Actual data points are plotted against the desired voltage in Figure 2.
Figure 1. This circuit delivers a continuous and linear fan-control voltage that is proportional to temperature.
Figure 2. As described in the text, these curves illustrate voltage outputs vs. temperature for the circuit in Figure 1.
Vsensor = 0.0119V/°C × Temp + 0.744V.
Vfan = 0.114V/°C × Temp + 6.86V.
The floor voltage ensures fan rotation at low temperatures, and above 10°C, the voltage increases with a slope of 0.114V/°C until it reaches full value at 45°C. Simply amplifying the MAX6605 output does not provide the 8V floor voltage, and the gain (9.58 = 0.114/0.0119) needed to obtain the fan-voltage slope is not the same gain (9.22 = 6.86V/0.744V) needed to obtain the y-intercept point.
Vref = 3.0V is the reference voltage.
Thus, choosing R1 = 301kΩ lets you calculate R2 = 3.158kΩ and R3 = 27.09kΩ. The closest 1% values are 3.16kΩ and 27.0kΩ, respectively.
Vfloor = 8V is the desired minimum output voltage.
Thus, choosing R6 = 100kΩ lets you calculate R5 = 169kΩ.
where Vy-intC = 8.5V is the intersection of the desired temperature curve with the y axis. For R1 = 301kΩ, the closest available 1% value for R4 is 20.5kΩ.
A similar version of this article appeared in the March 21, 2002 issue of EDN magazine.
© Jun 26, 2002, Maxim Integrated Products, Inc.


Paying on your Unity One Credit Union loan just got easier. Make your loan payment using a debit card or e-check online with our hassle-free service that credits your account immediately.
Payments can only be made to Unity One Credit Union.
A non-refundable convenience fee of $10 will be charged for the debit option.
Electronic checks (e-checks) are free.
Know your member number and the last four digits of your social security number.
Complete your biographical information. Don't forget your mobile number for possible alerts.
Select your payment option (which can be remembered).


Please don't forget about the cannabis patients who need this medicine.
Adult-use cannabis laws are sweeping the country. After the dust settled from the 2016 Election there were eight states and Washington D.C. that had adult-use cannabis laws on the books.
2017 is likely to see one or more states legalize cannabis for adult use via legislative action, and 2018 could see more voters going to the polls on Election Day to vote on legalization initiatives.
Unfortunately the rise of legalization has resulted in medical cannabis programs being rolled back. That has certainly been the case in Washington and Oregon, and is likely to happen in other states that voted to legalize in 2016.
The reasoning that some elected officials have offered up is that if cannabis is legal for all adults, why is medical cannabis still needed?
I often get asked if it's even worth still being a patient in a legal state. I live in Oregon, and despite cannabis being legal here, I am still a registered medical cannabis patient.
I know from first-hand experience that medical programs are still needed, and the Green Flower team feels the same. Below are some reasons why we feel the way we do.
Young people have endocannabinoid systems, too.
In every state (and Washington D.C.) where cannabis is legal for adult use, the legal age is 21. For patients over 21, legalization may be a great thing for safe access. However, for patients under 21, legalization does not increase safe access.
To be fair, legalization helps patients who suffer from a condition that is not covered by a state's medical cannabis program because it creates an avenue for them to legally access medicine, provided that they are over 21 years old.
Many patients across America under the age of 21 still need medical cannabis programs in their home state so that they can continue to treat their condition with cannabis.
If you want to learn about cannabis growing, check out Green Flower's latest online grow class.
A very big reason why I became a medical cannabis patient in post-legalization Oregon was so I could cultivate more cannabis plants in my personal garden.
In Oregon, the cultivation of 4 plants is legal for adult-use purposes per household, but having a medical card provides for an additional 6 flowering plants. It also provides for the cultivation of an unlimited amount of non-flowering plants.
Not every state has as high of plant limits as Oregon, but it's still a big benefit to having a medical cannabis program in a legal state. Every state should have similar provisions as Oregon does that allow for additional plant limits.
In Washington State, being a medical cannabis grower is the only way that a person can cultivate at home due to the provisions of the cannabis legalization initiative that passed there in 2012.
Many medical cannabis patients require a great deal more cannabis than others.
Just as a patient can cultivate more cannabis (minus Washington State's adult-use side), they also can possess additional cannabis.
A person that consumes cannabis for adult use can easily get by just possessing an ounce of cannabis flower or some edibles.
Most patients don't have that luxury, especially if they are using the cannabis to make infused edibles. It takes a quite a bit of cannabis to make strong edibles that patients need, with most recipes for strong butters or oils taking more than an ounce of cannabis.
In Oregon I am allowed to possess 24 ounces at my home, in addition to the 8 ounces that the adult-use law affords. As one patient, that is plenty of room to work with as long as I'm mindful of my harvesting schedule.
Cannabis products are often heavily taxed. Should patients be subject to this tax, too?
In Oregon and Washington, adult-use cannabis sales are taxed, but medical cannabis sales are not. That was very important for patients who should not be taxed for purchasing their medicine. Taxing adult-use consumers is one thing, but taxing suffering patients is a completely different matter and should be avoided at all costs.
Initial rule-making discussions in California have that same concept being pushed, which is good news for patients.
It is no secret that the cost of medicine in America is expensive, and increasing every year. The industry has a real chance right now to create one of the most stably priced medicines in the country, with tax exempt status being a big part of that.
A clear public policy distinction needs to always be made between adult use and medical use if for this very reason alone. Otherwise patients will get lumped in with adult-use users and many will be priced out to the point that they won't be able to afford their medicine any longer.
It is becoming less common, but there are still some events and venues that are exclusively for medical cannabis patients and their caretakers and growers.
These establishments and events are among some of the oldest in the country, and are where the best medicine and knowledge is handed down.
If people stopped getting medical cards, or if medical programs were to go away, entirely, so too would these types of events and venues go the way of the dinosaur, which would be a huge loss.
In addition to signing up to become a medical cannabis patient, or maintaining current patient status, people need to also fight for patients' rights, which is something that less and less people are doing. It really makes me sad.
Contact your legislators and let them know that suffering patients shouldn't be treated like recreational consumers.
If you live in a state that has already legalized cannabis for adult use, chances are protections have been rolled back. Urge your elected officials to restore old protections and limits.
If you live in a state that has recently voted to legalize cannabis, realize that attempts to change medical cannabis laws are already underway. So your part and speak out in support of patients and safe access. Stand up and be heard!
Are you a medical cannabis patient in your home state?


text:
North Tahoe crime logs: Woman suspects supermodel is stealing her checks
Matthew Renda
TAHOE CITY, Calif. and#8212; The following are incident reports submitted by the Placer County Sheriff's Office Tahoe substation during the time period of July 13-31:
Saturday, July 13:
and#8226; At 8 a.m., an unknown suspect removed a secured three-person float tube from a residence in the 100 block of West Lake Boulevard in Tahoe City.
and#8226; At 8:30 a.m., an unknown suspect removed a camera from the picnic area in Kings Beach State Park.
and#8226; A male subject was arrested for a felony Placer County warrant in the 5000 block of North Lake Boulevard in Carnelian Bay. The incident occurred at 10:45 a.m.
and#8226; An unknown suspect stole earrings from the spa portion of a North Shore ski resort. The incident occurred at 5:15 p.m.
and#8226; At 5:15 p.m., a woman left her purse in a public restroom at Kings Beach State Park. When she later returned, the purse was gone. The are no known suspects.
and#8226; At 7 p.m., a male subject was arrested for possession of marijuana and holding several types of narcotic with the intent to sell. The arrest was made on the 8700 block of Minnow Avenue.
Monday, July 15:
and#8226; At noon, a report of vandalism to the reporting partyand#8217;s outside fence and outside lights was taken. The incident occurred sometime since May.
and#8226; At 4 p.m., a report was taken at a neighborhood near a North Shore ski resort with the reporting party claiming an unknown suspect put an unknown substance in his gas tank, causing $2,500 worth of damage.
Tuesday, July 16:
and#8226; At 1 a.m., a subject was arrested for public intoxication after officers attempted to enter a residence not belonging to the subject and then briefly pursued him before subduing and arresting him.
and#8226; The front windshield of a reporting partyand#8217;s car was broken by an unknown object sometime overnight in Kings Beach.
Wednesday, July 17:
and#8226; A female subject was arrested for possession of a controlled substance at 12:30 a.m. in downtown Tahoe City.
and#8226; A male subject was found by officers highly intoxicated and sitting in the middle of the Fiberboard Freeway at 10:30 a.m. The subject was arrested for violation of probation and drunk in public.
Thursday, July 18:
and#8226; A report was taken at 5 p.m. at the Tahoe City post office, where the reporting party claimed a supermodel was stealing checks from her post office box.
and#8226; An intoxicated female removed a tip jar from a Tahoe City establishment at around 9 p.m. Several days later, the female paid back the owner and no prosecution was desired.
Friday, July 19:
and#8226; At 6 p.m., an assault between two females occurred in Kings Beach. The victim did not wish to prosecute.
and#8226; A male subject was arrested for public intoxication on Beaver Street in Kings Beach. The incident occurred at 2 a.m.
and#8226; At 3 p.m., an unknown suspect scratched the reporting partyand#8217;s vehicle in Kings Beach.
and#8226; At 5 p.m., an unknown suspect stole the victimand#8217;s Seadoo from a lakefront residence at the 4000 block in Homewood.


text:
Is This Yankees GM Brian Cashman's Finest Season?
By Jesse Bartolis Sep 29, 2011, 11:03am EDT
Share All sharing options for: Is This Yankees GM Brian Cashman's Finest Season?
The biggest off-season move the Yankees made this offseason was Rafael Soriano. Yet they ran away with the division few thought they would really compete in this year. (Photo by Jim McIsaac/Getty Images)
Since Brian Cashman became general manager of the New York Yankees the team has won four World Series championships and been to the World Series six times. But this year might be one of the finest of Cashman's career with the Yankees even if they don't do anything special in the playoffs.
This rag-tag bunch of aging veterans and a pitching staff made up of mostly duct tape won 97 games this season. 97 games!
How did Cashman pull this together? Was he just lucky?
It was an offseason of big swings and misses: Cashman aggressively pursued Cliff Lee, to no avail. Cashman also flirted with Carl Crawford, again to no avail. It was a quiet offseason for the headlines, but much got accomplished. What happened this offseason?
First, Cashman took care of the Yankees own by re-signing Derek Jeter (through a much too public "negotiation"), and Mariano Rivera.
Cashman took a lot of flak for the hefty contract that Jeter received ($51 million over three years), but Jeter has gone on to have a better season than anyone could have expected since July. Jeter has 94 hits in 281 at-bats, a .335 average over that time span. His speed, power, and defense are not what they once were, but Jeter has again shown why he is Derek Jeter.
Old Man Rivera had 44 saves this season in 49 opportunities and a 1.91 ERA. His eight walks allowed on the season is the second-lowest figure of his career.
The Yankees' biggest offseason signing was reliever Rafael Soriano, who has had an up-and-down season, but has been much better in the second half of the year. Cashman, remember, was against this move. But the point is not the signings like Soriano, it's the fact that there were not a ton of high-priced free agents this offseason.
Cashman also made a bunch of very "Theo/Red-Sox" like moves by taking on veteran comeback projects like Bartolo Colon, Eric Chavez, Freddy Garcia and Russell Martin.
Colon responded by going 8-10 with a 4.00 ERA. Not overly impressive, but his season was excellent until August, before which he was 8-4 and had no months with an ERA even as high as 4.00.
Freddy Garcia went 12-8 with a 3.62 RA. Another fine season.
Martin was sort of ousted by the Dodgers after a couple of disappointing seasons. He's significantly improved the Yankees defense from the catching position this year. His .237 average is nothing to write home about, but his 18 home runs were a nice surprise.
Chavez has flashed the ability that made him a perennial all-star early in his career with the Oakland Athletics, though he will never play every day and it's on a much larger scale. His presence on the Yankees has helped this team.
What other big moves did Cashman make? None,really. And that's the point.
I often define a season's value based upon how well the team plays above my expectations. I did not expect the 2011 Yankees to run away with the division. It was enough for them to make the playoffs, but through all of the injuries to Phil Hughes and Alex Rodriguez, the craziness of A.J. Burnett and complete decline of Jorge Posada this team has shown that its depth is much greater than we expected.
What might ultimately make this Cashman's finest season are the moves he didn't make. He believed in his much-maligned outfield of Curtis Granderson, Brett Gardner, and Nick Swisher. All have turned in good seasons. He pieced together a pitching staff that was able to accumulate 97 wins.
When Yankees fans look back in he future while watching Jesus Montero launch balls into right field, they should appreciate the patience and faith Cashman had in the 2011 Yankees roster. He swung and missed on Lee, but every other move he's made seems to have rolled aces. This team has greatly exceeded my expectations and I commend Cashman and Girardi for another division title and a fine season of Yankees baseball.
MLB Playoffs 2011: Yankees Set Playoff Roster, Will Use Three Starting Pitchers
Yankees Vs. Tigers ALDS 2011 Preview: Five Difference-Makers For Detroit
MLB Playoffs 2011: Yankees Vs. Tigers In ALDS


text:
UMass battles hacker attack
Since the University of Massachusetts announced a breach of its computer system earlier this month, there have been a few inquiries but no evidence that hackers actually stole information, according to UMass spokesman Edward F. Blaguszewski.
By law UMass had to post a notice on its Web site reporting "a breach of security regarding personal information of students attending the university during the period 1982-2002 and a few students prior to 1982 occurred from Sept. 15, 2008 to Oct. 27, 2008."
According to a statement from John F. Dubach, chief information officer, analysis by an independent computer forensics company concluded that the intruders' attack was not specifically designed to look for personally identifiable information.
He also said records do not show large amounts of data being extracted from the server, but that the potential for a loss of data did exist for a short period of time. Dubach said records show the principle vulnerability occurred Sept. 15 and 16, 2008.
Read more in The Republican.
Original Source: http://www.databreaches.net/?p=6748
How Do You Change to a Culture of Compliance?
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Categories: General Breaches
Industries: Higher Education
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Q: Image button on the normal button Screenshot

I want to place the image button with the icon(in my Screenshot icon is not set. It's only for the demonstration) corner of a button as a part of the button.(Please see the Screenshot). But Always Image button place under the button. I want to place it on the button. I can't bring it to front using bringToFront() method. That does not work as expected. Is there any way to place image button as in my screenshot?
<RelativeLayout
    android:layout_width="105dp"
    android:layout_height="105dp">

    <Button
        android:id="@+id/btn"
        android:layout_width="100dp"
        android:layout_height="100dp"
        android:layout_marginRight="5dp"
        android:layout_marginBottom="5dp"
        android:text="Btn" />

    <ImageButton
        android:layout_width="20dp"
        android:layout_height="20dp"
        android:layout_alignParentRight="true"
        android:layout_alignParentBottom="true"
        android:background="@drawable/btn_round" />
</RelativeLayout>

A: Just you need to add some elevation to the image button. After elevation, it will be displayed as posted in your screenshot.
Please refer below code for the same:
<RelativeLayout
        android:layout_width="105dp"
        android:layout_height="105dp">

    <Button
            android:id="@+id/btn"
            android:layout_width="100dp"
            android:layout_height="100dp"
            android:layout_marginRight="5dp"
            android:layout_marginBottom="5dp"
            android:text="Btn" />

    <ImageButton
            android:elevation="10dp"
            android:layout_width="20dp"
            android:layout_height="20dp"
            android:layout_alignParentRight="true"
            android:layout_alignParentBottom="true"
            android:background="@drawable/btn_round" />
</RelativeLayout>

A: Use FrameLayout
<FrameLayout
    android:layout_width="wrap_content"
    android:layout_height="wrap_content">

    <Button
        android:id="@+id/btn"
        android:layout_width="100dp"
        android:layout_height="100dp"
        android:layout_marginRight="5dp"
        android:layout_marginBottom="5dp"
        android:text="Btn" />

    <ImageButton
        android:layout_width="20dp"
        android:layout_height="20dp"
        android:layout_gravity="bottom|end"
        android:background="@drawable/btn_round" />
</FrameLayout>

A: Everything looks fine in your code. Just use an elevation in your ImageButton. That's it.
<RelativeLayout android:layout_width="105dp"
android:layout_height="105dp">

<Button
    android:id="@+id/btn"
    android:layout_width="100dp"
    android:layout_height="100dp"
    android:layout_marginRight="5dp"
    android:layout_marginBottom="5dp"
    android:text="Btn" />

<ImageButton
    android:layout_width="20dp"
    android:layout_height="20dp"
    android:elevation="10dp"
    android:layout_alignParentRight="true"
    android:layout_alignParentBottom="true"
    android:background="@drawable/btn_round" />


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/ Celebrity News
14 Photos | Celebrities
Ivanka Trump's cutest moments with her children caught on camera…
Nicole Kidman and Keith Urban's unique living situation with daughters revealed
February 28, 2019 - 09:28 GMT Chloe Ash Ivanka Trump is a proud mother to three children, often posing for photographs with Arabella, Joseph and Theodore, here are the cutest moments with her children...
Photo: © Instagram
Ivanka Trump, 37, is an American business woman, fashion designer, author and reality television personality, but above all else she is a mother. The daughter of the 45th president of the United States has three children with Jared Kushner; Arabella Rose Kushner (born 2011), Joseph Frederick Kushner (born 2013) and Theodore James Kushner (born 2016). Ivanka shares a multitude of adorable photos on Instagram of her children and enjoys posing with them for photographs in public. HELLO! have gathered some of the sweetest family moments that have been captured on camera…
Theodore's first birthday
The business woman and mother uploaded this milestone picture to Instagram on 31 March 2017 just days after her youngest child, Theodore's first birthday. The caption next to the adorable photo read: "Theodore caught contemplating if he'll be able to eat his body weight in birthday cake. (Postscript: he came insanely close) #babymath #1stbirthday #cousindate. "
Photo: © Getty Images
The day Donald Trump became the president of the United States
This picture of the mother-of-three alongside her husband Jared Kushner and children came moments after her father Donald Trump was formally sworn in as the president of the United States in January 2017.
The doting mother proudly shared this photo of Joseph, 5, on Instagram, showing him reading a book that was titled A day in the life of the Vice President. The 37-year-old explained that this was the choice of bedtime story and shared her excitement about starting the book.
Evening cuddles
A day before Ivanka headed to Japan to speak about women empowerment in Tokyo in November 2017, the business woman shared this snap of her alongside her children. Captioning the adorable picture: "I'm looking forward to visiting Japan, but sure will miss these three!"
READ MORE: Ivanka Trump to close her fashion brand-all the details
With Arabella striking a pose behind her mother, it seems the daughter is taking centre stage amongst her brothers. The photograph, which was shared on Instagram, was taken at the Congressional Picnic at the White House in June 2017 whilst the family soaked up the summer sun.
Games with mum
At the same picnic in 2017, a loving photograph of Ivanka swinging Arabella around the beautiful White House garden was taken. The daughter of Donald Trump has a huge smile on her face whilst enjoying a warm summer evening in the Rose Garden of the White House.
Birthday traditions
Alongside a photo of herself and her son enjoying a Lady And The Tramp spaghetti moment, the first daughter wrote: "Birthday traditions are the best!" The picture was posted in October 2017 on Joseph's 4th birthday. The food snap followed a picture in July of daughter Arabella and herself sharing a spaghetti meal in a similar pose. On this previous photo Ivanka explained that noodles lead to a long life, a Chinese belief that the family appreciate and the tradition carried out on birthdays of eating noodles happens every year.
In 2016, Ivanka Trump shared a snap from the Met Gala which showerd her walking alongside her son Joseph. In the caption, the mother-of-three stated: "Joseph has become quite the little gentleman. It's become a family tradition for him to escort me to the car and see us off." Possibly one of the cutest pictures…
This picture posted to Instagram on December 2016 showed both the business woman and her son posing, staring straight at the camera. The photo was captioned "date night" with a winky face emoji. This adorable picture of son and mum sent followers into overdrive with many complementing the first daughter for her glamorous appearance.
READ MORE: Ivanka Trump reveals her struggles with postnatal depression
The White House advisor wore a stunning monochrome number to attend the 133rd Gidiron Club and Foundation dinner with her husband and Donald Trump in 2018. Her daughter Arabella was amongst the netting of the dress for the photo.
We love this candid snap of Joseph smiling on the swing as big sister Arabella, aged 7, pushes him!
This adorable picture featuring Ivanka's husband, daughter, eldest son and a penguin prop was posted in December 2017. Alongside the picture, the comment: "Sunday morning with this crew!"
Donald Trump's grandchildren and their loving mother are caught sharing a hug upon the return of the business woman from a business trip to North Carolina where she spoke to local female business leaders in 2016.
White House Arrival
This family photo was taken on the South Lawn of the White House upon the return of Donald Trump from a weekend trip to Camp David.
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Savvy Businesses Are Using Tech To Improve Customer Service: Is Yours?
People have always been at the heart of excellent customer service – and always will be. But the rise of tech in the customer service field is making it much easier for businesses to deliver better experiences to clients. We've put together a few ways technology is changing the customer service world. Take a look, have a think, and ask yourself – is your business doing all it can to keep up?
The vast improvement in quality of modern websites is welcome by us all. In the early days of the Internet, few businesses could appreciate how important the web would turn out to be. Page load times were excruciating, graphics were poor, and user experience was barely considered. But we are in a much better place now. Superfast broadband means consumers can access all kinds of media and services in a matter of seconds. Web design is now an integral part of delivering excellent customer service. And, of course, the user experience is now one of the most important factors in providing a successful business website.
The web also gives businesses access to a lot of information that they were not privy to in the past. 'Big data' is opening up new worlds for companies and organizations. It gives them a unique look at their customer's priorities and preferences. It is allowing them to focus in on the right customers, at the right time, with the right offer. In the past, marketing departments would often have to throw money at delivering a message to people that just weren't interested. These days, however, data technology is being used for relevance to save money and avoid wasted opportunities.
With all this new knowledge about their customers, businesses have lots of opportunities. They can forge deeper relationships. It's the chance to provide extra value – via a blog, or even social media, for example. Brands can build communities which can be the source of inspiration, improvement, and problem-solving. It gives the impression that businesses are listening to their customers, and it's a chance to show off excellent customer service. These new outlets for businesses are a great way to introduce a little personality into proceedings, too.
Another area of the Internet that people are more aware of these days is security. They understand that their data is valuable to nefarious types. They know that entering credit card details onto an unsecured website is asking for trouble. But they also know how to spot the signs of good and robust protection. Take a look around at any successful shopping site and you will see they all boast about their secure portals. It gives customers a level of trust and comfort when it comes to making buying decisions.
It's not just marketing departments that are enjoying all this customer data. Forward-thinking firms are using this wealth of information to create products based on their customer's needs. It's never been easier to approach a custom software development company to make your product ideas a reality. There are desktop apps, mobile apps, and simple software solutions for almost any given scenario. And because businesses understand their customer's pain points, they can all be tailor-made to suit.
A great product is the key to delivering exceptional service, of course. But it takes a lot more than a sale to please the modern customer. And technology is allowing businesses to offer their customers a lot more than they could even a decade ago. Pre-Internet, the general public could only contact most businesses during normal working hours. These days, there is a vast difference in the access and support that business customers will receive. You can shop online at any time you want. Websites are always open – and technology such as Live Chat gives you direct access to businesses. Also, companies are using blogs to deliver deeper, richer information to their customers. Often, if you have a problem with a product you can find how to fix it yourself in a few clicks on the seller's website.
Most businesses have yet to grasp the power of geolocation services. But ask most industry experts and they will tell you it is going to play a big part in the landscape in the future. And the truth is, we are all using geolocation services already – how many times do you access your map application to find something to do? It might be especially important for struggling industries such as retail. Stores are finding it harder to entice people through their doors as more people shop online. But geolocation gives them an opportunity to offer customers special offers or discounts if they pass close by. Customers get a good deal and a great experience. Retailers can target likely clients who are in the area – and get more people through the door.
While we're on the subject of retail, what's the longest you have spent in a queue for the cash register? It can be so frustrating – and it's a big reason why many more people shop online these days. Changes are happening now, however, thanks to the introduction of various new payment methods. Self-service checkouts are an obvious example. Handheld terminals are becoming increasingly common, too. It means customers can be in and out of stores in no time at all. And, particularly with handhelds, retailers get to walk customers through the entire buying experience. Not only does the customer get better, quicker service, but there is also the opportunity to provide added value or upsell.
As you can see, technology is paving the way for a much better customer experience. If you are a business and are not making these new developments work for you, it's clear you are missing out. Technology is at the heart of many areas of business – and always has been. But if you aren't embracing it for customer service, you can guarantee that your competitors are. Let us know your thoughts in the comments section below.


The new CH 801-SD has a longer wing span, more tail surface and a greatly increased useful load!
The STOL CH 801 is a robust, utility kit aircraft with a useful load of 1000 pounds! It is not just another pretty plane, yet like the earlier (and much lighter) STOL CH 701, it was developed to provide maximum short-field performance while remaining easy to assemble and maintain; designed for much more than occasional leisure flights and weekend outings, the CH 801 is optimized for getting in and out of short fields and at full loads.
First came the 2-seat STOL CH 701 (1986): Absolutely awesome performances, but too small for many, with minimal useful load and limited engine choices - an excellent ultralight!
Then, for sport pilots, the Light Sport STOL CH 750 was introduced (2007): "Sky Jeep" performances with a roomy cabin; two-seat economy and lots of engine choices!
In recent years, in addition to recreational pilots, the utility potential and versatility of the STOL CH 801 has attracted an entirely new group of users: foreign operators more interested in specialized missions and/or in "commercial" applications such as crop spraying. Following extensive field testing and based on the feedback received from these harsh users (who habitually push their loaded aircraft to the limits), Zenair developed the "Heavy Duty" package to meet the needs of "agricultural" users. The "HD" version was thus introduced a decade after the classic STOL CH 801 was first offered; it became the new standard in 2012.
Today, for those that want still more carrying capability in an even larger aircraft than the "HD", a new SUPER-DUTY STOL model is now available with a Gross weight of 2,700 pounds! This all-new extended-wing aircraft is the STOL CH 801-SD!
Differences between the original CH 801 and the newer CH 801-HD and CH 801-SD models include more ribs in the wings, thicker fuselage skins, heavier streamlined struts, beefier landing gear fittings, beefier cabin frame, more gussets and larger rivets in key areas. The HD modifications do not enhance the performance or specification of the original design, rather, they make it tougher, more resistant to abuse and rough handling. The rational for these changes is to give the aircraft a heavier, more utilitarian look and feel. Now more than ever, the CH 801-HD lives up to its reputation as a "Sky Jeep"... The SD model does more of the the same, but with additional power and for a Gross Weight of 2.700 lbs.
THE CH 801-HD and SD: When you need a workhorse!
Built of durable all-metal construction, the STOL CH 801-HD and SD models are designed to provide the durability and ruggedness required of an "off-airport" bushplane, while still being quick and easy to build and maintain. Developed as true utility kit aircraft, the STOL CH 801-HD and the STOL CH 801-SD offer modern features in two truly versatile and utilitarian aircraft.
The STOL CH 801-HD and SD aircraft are at home on off-airport fields as well as on city airports, providing both the versatility of a four-seat aircraft and the capability of a cargo-hauling bush plane. Developed as utility aircraft, high speed performance has been traded for outstanding high lift features to offer true short take-off and landing performance and spectacular slow flight characteristics, with a huge cabin and payload. While many other aircraft designs may be faster than the Zenair STOL series, none offer more payload and short-field capability in an aircraft that is both affordable and simple to own.
Simple systems maximize the reliability of the STOL CH 801. Its slow stall speed makes the aircraft easy to fly and give it spectacular short-field performance as well as overall versatility. Contact Zenair Ltd. for more details.
Designer Chris Heintz, a veteran aeronautical engineer, summarizes Zenair's STOL series: "The much-copied two-seat STOL CH 701 first came out in 1986 and soon set the standard for all new all-metal off-airport light aircraft. When recreational pilots asked for a larger version, the four-seat CH 801 was introduced (1999). When the Light Sport Aircraft (LSA) category was announced, Zenair developed yet a new STOL design, the CH 750, optimized for light Sport rules. After receiving numerous requests for a larger, tougher and more "industrial-grade" STOL design based on the CH 801, the heavy-duty CH 801-HD was developed; the CH 801-SD introduced in 2017. Today, this full line of STOL designs is operated around the world by recreational pilots who enjoy the short and rough field capabilities of the design; we also have specialized groups using the "HD" in agricultural (spraying) and other commercial/specialized settings..."


Bonjour and welcome to Three Pines Tours!
My name is Danielle. I am delighted that you are considering visiting Three Pines.
I invite you to discover the charming villages and beautiful sights of the Eastern Townships that have inspired Louise Penny to write such great novels for us.
"Put it in your packsack."
Famous quote from… my father.
Let us take you on this journey through fabled Three Pines and follow what inspired Louise to write The Brutal Telling, How The Light Gets In, Dead Cold, The Cruelest Month, Still Life and The Murder Stone…etc. Unearth the canvas where Armand, Clara, Myrna, Ruth, Gabri, Olivier, and Reine-Marie come to life in the printed word.
The tour comprises a mélange of locations that have triggered Louise's imagination and will captivate yours too. This tour is presented in five Chapters.
A picturesque village on Lake Memphremagog is the inspiration for The Cruellest Month and the site of the 'Old Hadley House' featured in several books. Mr. Beliveau's General Store will also be part of your discovery. Coffee and a delicious homebaked tasty titbit will keep you going.
The inspiration for A Beautiful Mystery, the Saint-Gilbert-entre-les-Loups Monastery is a beautiful site, overlooking a grand lake, surrounded by gorgeous mountains and a apple orchard. Your visit will include time to hear their famous Gregorian chants and browse the gift shop which showcases their award winning cheeses.
Manoir Bellechasse, featured in The Murder Stone and where Armand and Reine-Marie go each year for their anniversary. Soak in the grandeur of this beautiful historical Relais & Châteaux property on the shores of a lake originally named by the first nation. This could be a lunch stop as well.
Jane's painting from Still Life, and featured in the movie Fair Day, awaits us, amongst other unique artifacts in the historical museum. We continue onward to meet Lucy and Dany who are ready to welcome us with their big smiles (and shelves full of Louise's books) at the Book Store made famous in How The Light Gets In. Our discovery continues to the oldest library in the Eastern Townships. A unique collaboration makes it possible for you to view a collection of curios sent to Louise by you, her worldwide fans.
In a nearby village, nestled in gorgeous scenery, we stop at the small white chapel the inspiration for St-Thomas Church, mentioned in so many books. For a moment, time stands still. A stop at Sarah's boulangerie is a must with their mouthwatering delicacies. Then, let's relax as Armand, Clara, Myrna Ruth and Reine-Marie do regularly, and have a little wine and cheese.
This exclusive experience follows Louise Penny's inspiration for Three Pines and in Gamache's footsteps. Includes your raconteur, transportation, all admissions and a number of tasty titbits.
We stop for lunch either at 'Manoir Bellechasse' or in the heart of Three Pines, the cost for lunch is not included.
The tours are conducted in either a premium SUV, mini-van or mini-coach and take from 1 to 10 pp.
The itinerary may also be tailored to your choice of Chapters.
Chapters 4 & 5 $ 170 cdn per person, half day in the afternoon.
Chapter 4 $ 95 cdn per person, two hours. Walking tour.
A single supplement will apply.
Prices are subject to local taxes.
Montreal departures can be arranged at an extra cost.
Choose your visit date. Choose your Chapters.
Contact us and we will create a bespoke itinerary for you.
We invite you to the Great British Tea Parthé. You will be transported to the Victorian era. A period decor with flowers and lace, tasty scones and sandwiches, delicate tea cups contribute to the 'posh' atmosphere of that time. Pearls, gloves and hats are, of course, a must! You will be entertained by the infamous Lady Agatha Bumblebuttom who shares the intricacies of this tradition... in her own particular way!
A carefully crafted walking tour highlighting Knowlton, the hearth of Three Pines, a village with a rich and fascinating heritage, colourful Victorian architecture, quaint shops and restaurants. A canvas of inspiration and of murder-solving for Armand. Your local raconteur will greet you and reveal the village's heritage molded by both French immigrants and British Loyalists. Jane's painting from Still Life, and featured in the movie Fair Day, awaits us, amongst other unique artifacts in the historical museum. We continue onward to meet Lucy and Danny who are ready to welcome us with their big smiles (and shelves full of Louise's books) at the Book Store. Our discovery continues to the oldest library in the Eastern Townships, where a unique collaboration makes it possible for you to view a collection of curios sent to Louise by you, her worldwide fans. At our next stop, a delicious homemade surprise will be served.
The region of Three Pines is the birthplace of Quebec's viticulture. It features 22 vineyards that offer delicious rosés to strong reds and let's not forget ice cider made from Quebec apples. Walk through the grapevines and soak in the great scenery. Tastings and tours are offered by most wineries.
Cruise magnificent Lake Memphremagog aboard a luxury yacht and be seduced by the scenery. Enjoy a delicious lunch and be delighted with your outing to the village whom inspired Louise for The Cruellest Month and the site of the 'Old Hadley House'. Three hours from beginning to end.
If you intend to visit Québec City you may want to do the Bury Your Dead, two and a half hour walking tour. The tour follows the trail of Chief Inspector Armand Gamache as he investigates the murder of a local amateur archeologist, whose body was found in the cellar of the Québec Literary and Historical Society. Explore Old Québec City's narrow streets with your guide and see with your own eyes the places where life and work bring Armand Gamache.
For those of you who come from further afield, local aubergistes are looking forward to welcoming you. Here is a list of options ranging from quaint B&B's, small auberge, hotels perfect for groups to Relais & Chateaux. We can make the arrangements for you.
Why not make a difference while you visit by donating a children's book; English or French. Your books will be shared between the Pettes Library and the Tales for Tots program, a grassroots organization bringing early literacy to families in the Town of Brome-Lake.
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