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Getting on the Same Page About Reading by Third Grade in Michigan
By Nell K. Duke
| Apr 28, 2016
There is considerable interest across the United States in increasing the number of children who are reading at grade level by the end of third grade (e.g., Rose, 2012). Some responses to this interest, such as mandatory retention policies, are not supported by the weight of research evidence (e.g., Reschly & Christenson, 2013). In contrast, research offers substantial support for the impact of professional development, coaching, and specific instructional practices on literacy growth (e.g., Carlisle & Berebitsky, 2011; Purcell-Gates, Duke, & Stouffer, in press; Yoon, Duncan, Lee, Scarloss, & Shapley, 2007).
In Michigan, an Early Literacy Task Force has been formed to support professional development, coaching, and the use of research-supported instructional practices statewide. This is no small task. Michigan has 540 Local Education Agencies (LEAs) and 56 Intermediate School Districts charged with providing various kinds of support to those LEAs, as well as a variety of nonprofit and other organizations that interact with literacy education.
To provide leadership in this context, Michigan's Association of Intermediate School Administrators (MAISA), through its General Educational Leadership Network (GELN), formed the Early Literacy Task Force. The Task Force comprises representatives from a number of relevant organizations in Michigan, including not only Intermediate School Districts, but also the Michigan Reading Association, the Michigan Department of Education, the Michigan Association for Computer Users in Learning, the Michigan Elementary and Middle School Principals Association, the University of Michigan, Michigan State University, and many others.
In our first meeting, we agreed there is an enormous need in Michigan to get on the same page about effective early literacy instruction—on the same page about the content of early literacy professional development for Michigan teachers, the focus of literacy coaching, and the literacy instructional practices we want children to experience. Toward that end, we developed two documents, which you can access at the following links:
Essential Instructional Practices in Early Literacy: Prekindergarten
Essential Instructional Practices in Early Literacy: Grades K to 3
In developing the documents, we relied heavily on research and focused on high-utility instructional practices (for further information about the purposes and use of the documents, please see their introductory sections). Given the effectiveness and range of these practices, we believe that focusing professional development and coaching on them could make a measurable difference in reading-by-third-grade outcomes. We are pleased that the documents have already received considerable attention—not only in Michigan but elsewhere in the United States and beyond. Plans are underway to create professional development offerings and materials, including an extensive library of video clips, to support learning about the practices.
Additional documents, such as Essential Practices in Literacy Coaching and Literacy Essentials School-Level Companion Document are also in the works. Task Force leaders Joanne Hopper (MAISA GELN Director), Naomi Norman (Interim Assistant Superintendent, Achievement & Student Services at the Washtenaw Intermediate School District and the Livingston Education Agency), and Susan Townsend (Director of Instruction & Learning Services at the Jackson Intermediate School District), report a degree of collaboration and unity among education stakeholders that is unprecedented in Michigan. We are now in the same book and, with continued effort, we will be on the same page as well.
Nell K. Duke is a professor of Literacy, Language, and Culture at the University of Michigan, a member of the ILA Literacy Research Panel, and author of Inside Information: Developing Powerful Readers and Writers of Informational Text Through Project-Based Instruction.
The ILA Literacy Research Panel uses this blog to connect ILA members around the world with research relevant to policy and practice. Reader response is welcomed via e-mail.
Carlisle, J.F., & Berebitsky, D. (2011). Literacy coaching as a component of professional development. Reading and Writing Quarterly, 24(7), 773–800.
Michigan Association of Intermediate School Administrators General Education Leadership Network Early Literacy Task Force (2016). Essential instructional practices in early literacy: Prekindergarten. Lansing, MI: Authors.
Michigan Association of Intermediate School Administrators General Education Leadership Network Early Literacy Task Force (2016). Essential instructional practices in early literacy: K to 3. Lansing, MI: Authors.
Purcell-Gates, V., Duke, N.K., & Stouffer, J. (in press). Teaching literacy: Reading. In D.H. Gitomer & C.A. Bell (Eds.), The AERA handbook of research on teaching (5th ed.). Washington, DC: American Educational Research Association.
Reschly, A.L., & Christenson, S.L. (2013). Grade retention: Historical perspectives and new research. Journal of School Psychology, 51(3), 319–322. Retrieved from http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jsp.2013.05.002
Rose, S. (2012). Third grade reading policies. Denver, CO: Education Commission of the States. Retrieved from www.ecs.org/clearinghouse/01/03/47/10347.pdf
Yoon, K.S., Duncan, T., Lee, S.W.-Y., Scarloss, B., & Shapley, K.L. (2007). Reviewing the evidence on how teacher professional development affects student achievement (Issues & Answers Report, REL 2007–No. 033). Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Education, Institute of Education Sciences, National Center for Education Evaluation and Regional Assistance, Regional Educational Laboratory Southwest. Retrieved from http://ies.ed.gov/ncee/edlabs/projects/project.asp?ProjectID=70
Getting Over the Third Grade Threshold
Deterring Shame in Reading Instruction
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Zez Ale | Jun 19, 2016
http://www.literacyworldwide.org/blog/literacy-daily/2016/04/28/getting-on-the-same-page-about-reading-by-third-grade-in-michigan
J. Richard Gentry | May 22, 2016
Dear Nell, Your response perfectly underscores my point. The General Education Leadership Network (GELN) document entitled "Essential Instructional Practices in Early Literacy" for K through 3 gives explicit spelling instruction short shrift. As you have plainly pointed out, the GELN document has relegated explicit spelling instruction to page 2 and footnote #20. A school principal or administrator who is using this document to guide them in recommending daily essential instructional classroom practices will not think that explicit spelling instruction is important. My humble message is that based on the last decade of 21st century research from education, cognitive psychology, and neuroscience, EXPLICIT SPELLING INSTRUCTION, leading to ENCODING KNOWLEDGE for children in grades one through three, SHOULD BE INCLUDED AS ONE TO THE TOP TEN PRACTICES that can have a positive impact on literacy development. It's not enough to have it mentioned on page 2 and in footnote #20. Children who cannot retrieve English spelling from the word form area of their brains will not read with proficiency (Willingham, 2015). Educators in Michigan, and all across America, need to understand that 21st century research is sending us a new important message. We are short changing explicit spelling instruction. Explicit spelling instruction in every classroom every day will likely make a measurable positive difference in any state's literacy achievement. This is especially true for children at risk for dyslexia, struggling readers, English language learners and the bottom 30%'ers. The brain circuitry we are hoping to activate in beginning and elementary school readers is activated by spelling knowledge. Of course they have to have vocabulary and background knowledge for comprehension and motivation is desirable. But spelling retrieval in the brain is ESSENTIAL for reading. It's not a footnote. We have to teach it. Nell, you are correct. I misspoke when I wrote, "Your recommendation to bury spelling in writing workshop is not research based." That comment certainly shouldn't have been directed to "you." I do apologize. What I should have said is that in my opinion, GELN document item number 6 which includes the extra bullet that mentions "spelling strategies" might likely be interpreted by many readers to suggest that spelling can casually be taught as mini-lessons in the context of writing (or in writing workshop). That might be true for exemplary teachers in kindergarten, but there needs to be a safety net of explicit spelling instruction and progress monitoring in Grades 1-3 and beyond. To that point, it seems that explicit spelling/encoding is being given short shrift in the document. I do understand the importance of interactive writing and spelling for kindergarten and first grade. In fact, I'm co-authoring a soon to be released book with Dr. Eileen Feldgus and master teacher Isabell Cardonick entitled Kid Writing in the 21st Century that not only highlights interactive writing but aligns with all of the items listed in the GNLN document. I think you and your colleagues will love it. And you need not refer me to Dr. Steve Graham's wonderful work. Steve and I co-authored a SPELLING SERIES. We have co-authored research synthesis papers on spelling and handwriting. Steve certainly agrees with me that explicit spelling instruction is an essential practice in elementary classrooms. He understands the spelling-reading connection. All this being said, I can say no one deserves more respect and admiration than Dr. Nell Duke in Michigan for your outstanding work in literacy and for this current effort to lead the state down the best path for essential literacy instruction. I have always admired your work. I thank you for giving folks like me a forum for sharing and for inviting comments. I'm only hoping that as you Michiganders move forward with this fine work, your group will understand that explicit spelling instruction is essential. It's not just a footnote.
Nell K. Duke | May 21, 2016
Dear Dr. Gentry,
I encourage you to take another look at the document. Spelling is listed as a productive target of instruction on page 2. Spelling to develop phonological awareness is recommended in Practice #3. Practice #5 was written to address instruction for spelling as well as decoding. You can see that in the fact that, for example, footnote #20 refers readers not only to Foundational Skills Standard #3 but also to Language Standard #2 which, as you know, is a spelling, not a decoding, standard. If Practice #5 were intended to only address decoding, there would have been no reason to refer readers to Language Standard #2. You can also see it in the recommendation that instruction be "informed by careful observation of children's . . . writing."
You write, "Your recommendation to bury spelling in writing workshop is not research based." The term "writing workshop" does not even appear in our document. Practice #6, which focuses on writing, comes almost directly from the four recommendations of the Federal Institute of Education Sciences What Works Clearinghouse Practice Guide for Teaching Elementary School Students to be Effective Writers (we have five bullets, rather than four, because we added the recommendation to employ interactive writing in grades K and 1; that has been shown to improve spelling: e.g., Craig, 2003). Should you want to contact that panel, it was chaired by Professor Steve Graham of Arizona State University.
Craig, S. A. (2003). The effects of an adapted interactive writing intervention on kindergarten children's phonological awareness, spelling, and early reading development. Reading Research Quarterly, 38, 438-440.
Graham, S., Bollinger, A., Booth Olson, C., D'Aoust, C., MacArthur, C., McCutchen, D., & Olinghouse, N. (2012). Teaching elementary school students to be effective writers: A practice guide (NCEE 2012- 4058). Washington, DC: National Center for Education Evaluation and Regional Assistance, Institute of Education Sciences, U.S. Department of Education. Retrieved from http://ies.ed.gov/ncee/wwc/PracticeGuide.aspx?sid=17.
Richard Gentry | May 20, 2016
Twenty-first-century research in cognitive psychology and neuroscience, as well as technology such as brain imaging, provide the best evidence ever that spelling knowledge is at the core of the reading brain (Willingham, 2015). If students don't have deep knowledge of spelling (encoding) in their brain, they can't read proficiently. It's really that simple. Yet explicit spelling instruction in first grade through grade 3 classrooms is glaringly missing from GELN's list of ten essential practices. You need to put explicit spelling instruction way up on the list! Regardless of which reading or writing curriculum is being used, brain science shows that spelling is essential for reading proficiency (Willingham, 2015). Moats recommends about 15 minutes of explicit and systematic grade-level spelling instruction each day, each year in elementary school (Moats, 2005/2006). Your recommendation to bury spelling in writing workshop is not research based. The GELN document makes a common mistake. It treats decoding and encoding as if they are the same thing. Or more specifically, it addresses decoding but skips over spelling. Spelling, or encoding, requires deeper learning than simply using phonics for decoding. All of us read or decode many more words than we can spell correctly and this is certainly true in early literacy. Your GELN essential practice number 5, "Explicit instruction in letter-sound relationships" addresses decoding but it totally leaves out classroom instruction for encoding (spelling). This flies in the face of growing evidence that spelling, or encoding, requires a deeper level of phonics knowledge and more precision than using phonics for reading (Carreker, 2011; Forman & Francis, 1994, Willingham, 2015). Every first grade through grade 3 classroom should be assessing and teaching spelling explicitly to get spellings in the word form area of the brain so that children can retrieve a growing corpus of words automatically for both reading and writing. Teaching spelling explicitly is one of the Top 5 Essential Practices needed. I agree with Grace above, a spelling curriculum and explicit spelling instruction makes early detection and intervention of dyslexia more likely. It is a safety net for children at risk for dyslexia, struggling readers, English language learners and the bottom 30%'ers. These are the kids who most need explicit spelling instruction. In fact, a well-trained eye can "see" the characteristics of dyslexia in children's spelling (Texas Education Agency, 2014). Noticing an abnormality in a child's spelling development is one of the best indicators for early intervention, which is a key for overcoming dyslexia (Gentry, 2006; Texas Education Agency, 2014). If spelling is not deemed important, and it's certainly not deemed important in the GELN document, teachers will not notice these abnormalities and principals will say "Oh don't worry about spelling it's not on the state test." Spelling, a foundational brain-based reading skill, is too important to be relegated as a bullet under the essential literacy item number 6, "Research- and standards-aligned writing instruction." This bullet lists explicit instruction in letter formation, "spelling strategies," capitalization, punctuation, sentence construction, and keyboarding as if spelling can be picked up in writing workshop along with using capital letters and commas. "Just do a couple of 'spelling strategy' mini-lessons, right?" Wrong! A decade of "focus on writing and teach spelling in use" failed. Short changing spelling is a major reason third grade reading test scores in America are stagnant or declining and dyslexia is on the rise despite demands for rigor. Spelling should get equal billing to phonemic awareness, phonics (decoding), reading, writing, vocabulary, and background knowledge—all are essential brain-based knowledge and skills for literacy. So please put explicit spelling instruction in the list because spelling knowledge literally activates the reading brain. To learn more about why spelling is important for reading check out Mark Weakland's short article entitled "Spelling Is at the Heart of the Reading Process." http://www.markweaklandliteracy.com/blog/spelling-is-at-the-heart-of-the-reading-process References Carreker, S. (2011). Teaching spelling, In J.R. Birsh (Ed.) Multisensory teaching of basic language skills, (pp. 251-291). Baltimore, MD: Paul Brookes Publishing Co. Foorman, B. & Francis, D. J. (1994). Exploring connections among reading, spelling, and phonemic segmentation during first grade. Reading and Writing, 6, 65-91. Gentry, J.R. (2006). Breaking the code: The new science of beginning reading and writing. Portsmouth, NH: Heinemann. Moats, L.D. (2005/2006). How spelling supports reading: And why it is more regular and predictable than you may think. American Educator, 29(4), 12,14-22, 42-43. Texas Education Agency (2014). Dyslexia Handbook. Austin, Texas:http://www.region10.org/r10website/assets/File/DHBwithtabs10214.pdf Willingham, D.T. (2015). Raising kids who read. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass. J. Richard Gentry, PhD Researcher, Author, Educational Consultant
Kathleen Callahan | May 04, 2016
These articles were very informative,I am
working on my doctorate and found these very informative!
Nell Duke | May 03, 2016
These are not standards documents. They are documents about specific research-supported instructional practices that we believe should be seen in every preK and K to 3 classroom in Michigan.
As indicated in the introduction to each document, "The focus of the document is on classroom practices, rather than on school- or systems-level practices (which will be addressed in a future document)." The allocation of additional tiers of support is addressed in a separate document that has not yet been finalized.
Sewa Mobil Surabaya | Apr 30, 2016
Its give us lots of interest education and pleasure. Its opportunity are so fantastic and studing style so speedy. thank you what you did is important for next generation. Appreciate this post. i'm interested in your article
custom writings | Apr 30, 2016
It is really a nice blog. I really liked this post. I hope you will come up with more posts. Knowledge is a very important thing in the life without knowledge we are nothing. So every children should learn more and more. Through these posts you are also exploring the knowledge.
Grace | Apr 28, 2016
While I am in support of a Literacy Task Force, I am greatly dismayed at the lack of leadership presence on this task force in the area of dyslexia. Dyslexia's prevelance in our struggling readers, writers and poor spellers warrants the inclusion of organizations such as Michigan International Dyslexia Organization (MIDA).
I've looked over both papers included in this article and do not see best-practice standards included such as IDA's Knowledge and Practice Standards. All the best teaching and training advised in your papers will fall-short for our struggling readers without specific, structured literacy instruction for our bottom 30%'ers.
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The Playday 2014 Play is… campaign spread the word about why play is crucial for children's health, wellbeing and happiness.
Play is beneficial in itself but is also crucial for children's health, wellbeing and happiness.
When children don't have time, opportunity and space to play, their physical activity naturally decreases, there is an impact on their emotional and mental wellbeing and, importantly, they are deprived of a fundamental part of childhood.
Thousands of children took part in Playday events across the UK.


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Google car becomes standalone business
Tags: autonomous cars, driverless cars, google car
Google's self-driving car is graduating from a research project into a stand alone business, which is being seen as a major step towards it becoming a commercial operation.
The Wall Street Journal reports that parent company Alphabet is completing a series of corporate and legal moves to become its own business,
It quotes an interview with boss Astro Teller who says that, as its own stand-alone business under Alphabet, the car group would likely be expected to soon begin generating revenue, though not necessarily a profit at first. It adds that Teller declined to disclose the car project's planned business model.
"The world is going to have cars that are sold to individuals and cars that are shared by individuals, and which one Alphabet does, we have our thinking on it," it quotes him as saying. "But right now we're very focused on safety."
It adds that Teller said Alphabet will likely roll out its self-driving cars incrementally over the next several years as they improve with more time on the road. For example, the group could choose to launch the cars commercially in just a handful of cities with favorable roads and weather, before expanding to more challenging roadways and climates.
A 'massive effort' is needed to achieve '99.9...
Luminar raises $100M to scale LiDAR for auton...
Thatcham Research's take on connected car cyb...
Volvo and Nvidia to develop autonomous techno...
Analysis shows speed cameras save lives
Driverless cars could generate billions in ad revenue

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Goodluck & Dj Ganyani Release Highly Anticipated Music Video for Second Hit Collaboration, 'Waiting for You'
Cape Town, Entertainment, Music, News, Social Media
GoodLuck & DJ Ganyani's video peaks global interest with African Dance Music video releasing on top Dutch record Label Armada Music.
by Kreg
Behind the scenes on the music video shoot with Jules Harding of GOODLUCK
SA's top live electronic act, GoodLuck and king of afro-house Music, DJ Ganyani have just released their second highly anticipated music video for their chart-topping track, 'Waiting For You' as the new single climbs the charts nationwide. The video is to be released on Top Dutch label, Armada Music's YouTube channel on Friday 14th of June with a focus on the strongest Dance talent out of Africa.
The music video, which was filmed in the downtown, heart of Joburg city, features lead vocalist Jules from GoodLuck, DJ Ganyani and an array of extremely talented dancers. The music video is a colourful and high energy visual interpretation of the song. It follows the story of a man who has only one leg but visions and dreams of becoming something much bigger than his disability. He wants to dance and be accepted within a crew of some of the best dancers in his city. We watch as his fluid and unique style and original moves create a space in which he can truly express his creativity amongst this group of talented African dancers.
The highly anticipated music video for the hit single, which is currently topping charts across the country, celebrates Mzansi's best, with a marriage of afro-house and electronic pop production and performance. The message is inspiring and up-lifting, like the music! There is also an interesting 'Boomerang' visual theme throughout the video that enhances the strong Afro-house rhythms in the song.
The music video was conceptualised, directed and filmed by Run Jump Fly Productions, who are a young and exciting creative company based out of Johannesburg making waves in the industry. It was directed and produced by Tristan Coetzee & Lourens Smith. This top record partnered with a visually strong video is set to be a global favourite for 2019.
GoodLuck and DJ Ganyani are two of the most successful electronic music projects coming out of Africa and there is a synergised drive and passion to want to connect the rest of the world with the music coming out of Africa.
The new single and video, 'Waiting For You' was released globally and has been signed internationally to Dutch mega-label Armada Records, inviting the world to experience this story of acceptance when you least expect it.
Download 'Waiting for you' now: https://sonymusicafrica.lnk.to/glfgwfy
DJ Ganyani, Goodluck, Music, new release, Waiting for you
Posted by Kreg
Rumoured to have the blue-prints for Krang's TechnoDrome, stolen straight from Dimension X, he's the type of guy who exudes so much coolness that he adds whole countries on Facebook at one time instead of just people. Always up for a party and a Tequila shot or two this is the guy who we always call first, both before and after a night out…
Cape Town, Events, NewsCape Town, Charity, Events, Music, News
It's 'Christmas in July' this Thursday as Ace & Spades gear up for Mandela Day
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Cape Town, Music, South AfricaAmbious Records, Music, new release
Ambious Records presents the Cadenza Remix EP out this Friday
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A retired farmer likes to play for the big Missouri Lottery jackpots, and it paid off on April 20. Gerald Adams of Jackson used to run a dairy farm, but now he substitute teaches a few days a week. He also buys a few Powerball tickets, especially when the jackpot is big. He was playing for the $227 million jackpot on April 20 and ended up with a $50,000 prize.
"I don't play every week, but I do play several times a month. Powerball," stated Adams, 64. "I use the birthdays of my family and the ages."
Adams picked his winning numbers. The winning Powerball numbers for April 20 were: 12, 25, 30, 52, 62; and the Powerball number was 8. Adams matched four white-ball numbers and the Powerball number on a ticket he purchased at Jackson Mart, 1402 Old Cape Road, in Jackson.
"I have changed the one that I won with," he explained. "I'll probably never hit on that one again, so I changed that one."
Adams said he plans to pay off his house, pay some bills and keep playing.
"Matter of fact, I'm playing today," he said.


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Pbs.org latest fashion trends
fashion PBS NewsHour
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André Leon Talley, a fashion virtuoso, dies at 73 PBS
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Remembering André Leon Talley and his unique …
Details: 1 day ago · André Leon Talley, the towering former creative director and editor-at-large of Vogue magazine, has died. He had a front row seat to fashion …
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Tim Gunn on why the fashion industry needs a makeover
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Working Women's Wardrobe: How the 1970s Opened Feminist
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What a fashion line made from food will teach you about
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Mercy Street Fashion Flashback Season 2 PBS
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Fashion & Personal Accessories for Britmania at Shop.PBS.org
Details: Fashion & Personal Accessories for Britmania at Shop.PBS.org. Sign up for E-Mail and receive 10% off your first order. Every purchase at ShopPBS supports public television. Sign up for E-Mail and receive 10% Off your first order.
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Today I'm focusing on eating and drinking because a couple days ago I finally had a break through. Woohoo! To briefly explain – in Jan. we (my hubby and I) started working out 3x a wk at Snap Fitness. To date, I've not lost an inch or a pound. UGH!! I kept asking the Lord what I was doing wrong!!! I don't snack at night after 8 pm, we're eating our main meal at noon with light snacks whenever I'm hungry.
Then I read a bk called "Out Smarting the Female Fat Cell". It took the last two chaps to point out my error – I'm still eating too many fats – even though I seldom eat fried foods. Now, I know my plan of action – and believe me it isn't easy!!! 🙂 But, I'm praising the Lord and ready for the challenge.
By the way, do you know that we women need to workout 2x more than men for the same results?! Oh well, God had to make us special in order to bear children, so I'm really not complaining – just trying how to get control of this wayward body of mine! Plus, this is a lifestyle change for me not a diet. I will never diet again. I truly believe it was on again/off again diets that messed my metabolism up in the first place.
Inspirational Author Pamela Bush is excited to announce!
Inspirational Author Pamela Bush in the news!
Inspirational Author Pamela Bush releases new novel!
Inspirational Author Pamela Bush has exciting news!


Maybe she's angry that her mother married your father and stayed awake just to screw with you in an attempt to make everyones lives harder? I only suggest this because I've never heard of sleep scratching and you'd think the sound of nails on a chalk board would wake any one up.
Maybe it's a good time for a vacation. Sorry OP, good luck.
Sleeping with music would be really annoying especially if op is not used to having uncomfortable headphones in all night. Ear plugs would be a better solution.
Cats and arms. Doesn't take much for you to have a good time, #38.
Maybe let your step mom know and try to get your own room. From what I read, she moved in, so you can probably find room in your current house/apartment. If not, best of luck.
I doubt they'd be sharing if there was an own-room option.
Tell them you're a "sleep karateist". Then hit her in the head if she's loud and pretend to be asleep.
I concur. Off with her head!!
Do you have to take it that far?
42, too much. Lol. I know it was sarcasm but yeah, easy killer. Haha.
Sleep scratches? How does this happen?
It happens like this: when nails make contact with a surface a sound occurs! Omg!
26 you're better then the wikipedia itself!
A veritable encyclopedia of information!


Using the reverse engineered open source nouveau driver for nvidia cards.
Update to the latest, and install the driver.
# this will emove your proprietary nvidia driver, in case you have that installed.
This driver does not support 3D. If you need 3D support you still have to install the nvidia proprietary driver.
Ubuntu Jaunty 9.10 alpha3 with the latest updates as of 2 AugUG 2009.
compiz, emerald and cairo-dock are enabled.
The demo was recorded with gtk-recordmydesktop and uploaded to you-tube without changes.
The video was recorded at 1440x900 15fps with the apps running at same time, it looks a bit sloppy, but on the screen of the t400s it looked very fluid and smooth.
I think gtk-recordmydesktop was not able to grab all the video glory from the video card.


You are here: Home / Blog / Bishop Keith Elford / Which Seekers are you Seeking?
Which Seekers are you Seeking?
These men want to talk about spiritual things. They are seekers; perhaps a different breed of seekers, but seekers none the less. We won't find them in the local church. They need to be sought out on their own turf as Jesus did the Samaritan woman at the well (John 4) or Zacchaeus in his home (Luke 19). They need someone like a Philip who is willing to leave a successful ministry to go out to a desert road in the middle of nowhere and minister to one Ethiopian seeker. They need people who will reach out to them as Paul did to Lydia at the river or the prison guard in Acts 16.
It might be we need to broaden our understanding of when and where ministry takes place. These people need to see the normal yet radical Christian life demonstrated under their noses on their turf juxtaposed against their lives. Then, maybe, these people will seek answers from us, not within the four walls of our church buildings but in a coffee shop or over a meal or on the golf course. These seekers want to talk about spiritual things. They will even discuss Jesus. But we need to be where they are if we are going to answer their questions.


text:
'''An alternative way to draw parallels and meridians with basemap.

Basemap is a toolkit of matplotlib used to plot geographic maps.

With this function you can:

* Draw the latitude/longitude grid easily in one line of code, specifying the
  lat/lon intervals.
* Use rcParams, so all your figures will look more consistent.
* Specify the label pad in points (instead of projection units).
* Place the labels indicating which margins will be used.

'''

import numpy as np

def latlon_grid(bmap, lon_int, lat_int, labels='lb', **kwargs):
    '''Draws a lat-lon grid in an easy way.

    Some default values are taken from rcParams instead of 'black' (color) and
    1.0 (linewidth) which is the default in Basemap.

    In Basemap, the label pad is computed in projection units. Now you can use
    the keyword argument 'labelpad' to control this separation in points. If
    not specified then this value is taken from rcParams.

    Arguments:

    bmap -- Basemap object.
    lon_int, lat_int -- Difference in degrees from one longitude or latitude to
                        the next.
    labels -- String specifying which margins will be used to write the labels.
              If None, no label will be shown.
              It is assummed that left/right margins (i.e. Y axes) correspond
              to latitudes and top/bottom (X axes) to longitudes. It is valid
              every combination of the characters 't' | 'b' | 'l' | 'r'
              (top|bottom|left|right).
              Ex: 'lrb' means that the longitude values will appear in bottom
              margin and latitudes in left and right.
    **kwargs -- Other arguments to drawparallels, drawmeridians and plt.text.
                labelpad has units of points.
    '''
    # Proccesses arguments and rcParams for defult values
    if 'color' not in kwargs:
        kwargs['color'] = plt.rcParams['grid.color']
    if 'linewidth' not in kwargs:
        kwargs['linewidth'] = plt.rcParams['grid.linewidth']
    if 'labelpad' in kwargs:
        padx = pady = kwargs['labelpad']
        del kwargs['labelpad']
    else:
        pady = plt.rcParams['xtick.major.pad']
        padx = plt.rcParams['ytick.major.pad']
    if 'size' in kwargs:
        xfontsize = yfontsize = kwargs['size']
        del kwargs['size']
    elif 'fontsize' in kwargs:
        xfontsize = yfontsize = kwargs['fontsize']
        del kwargs['fontsize']
    else:
        xfontsize = plt.rcParams['xtick.labelsize']
        yfontsize = plt.rcParams['ytick.labelsize']
    # Vectors of coordinates
    lon0 = bmap.lonmin // lon_int * lon_int
    lat0 = bmap.latmin // lat_int * lat_int
    lon1 = bmap.lonmax // lon_int * lon_int
    lat1 = bmap.latmax // lat_int * lat_int
    nlons = (lon1 - lon0) / lon_int + 1
    nlats = (lat1 - lat0) / lat_int + 1
    assert nlons / int(nlons) == 1, nlons
    assert nlats / int(nlats) == 1, nlats
    lons = np.linspace(lon0, lon1, int(nlons))
    lats = np.linspace(lat0, lat1, int(nlats))
    # If not specified then computes de label offset by 'labelpad'
    xos = yos = None
    if 'xoffset' in kwargs:
        xos = kwargs['xoffset']
    if 'yoffset' in kwargs:
        yos = kwargs['yoffset']
    if xos is None and yos is None:
        # Page size in inches and axes limits
        fig_w, fig_h = plt.gcf().get_size_inches()
        points = plt.gca().get_position().get_points()
        x1, y1 = tuple(points[0])
        x2, y2 = tuple(points[1])
        # Width and height of axes in points
        w = (x2 - x1) * fig_w * 72
        h = (y2 - y1) * fig_h * 72
        # If the aspect relation is fixed then compute the real values
        if bmap.fix_aspect:
            aspect = bmap.aspect * w / h
            if aspect > 1:
                w = h / bmap.aspect
            elif aspect < 1:
                h = w * bmap.aspect
        # Offset in projection units (meters or degrees)
        xos = padx * (bmap.urcrnrx - bmap.llcrnrx) / w
        yos = pady * (bmap.urcrnry - bmap.llcrnry) / h
    # Set the labels
    latlabels = [False] * 4
    lonlabels = [False] * 4
    if labels is not None:
        pst = {'l': 0, 'r': 1, 't': 2, 'b': 3}
        lst = {'l': latlabels, 'r': latlabels, 't': lonlabels, 'b': lonlabels}
        for i in labels.lower():
            lst[i][pst[i]] = True
    # Draws the grid
    bmap.drawparallels(lats, labels=latlabels, fontsize=yfontsize,
                       xoffset=xos, yoffset=yos, **kwargs)
    bmap.drawmeridians(lons, labels=lonlabels, fontsize=xfontsize,
                       xoffset=xos, yoffset=yos, **kwargs)

# TEST

if __name__ == '__main__':
    import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
    import mpl_toolkits.basemap as basemap
    # Some rcParams (example)
    plt.rc('grid', linewidth=0.5, color='g')
    plt.rcParams['xtick.major.pad'] = 6
    plt.rcParams['ytick.major.pad'] = 12
    plt.rcParams['xtick.labelsize'] = 'small'
    plt.rcParams['ytick.labelsize'] = 'x-small'
    # Basemap
    m = basemap.Basemap(projection='merc', llcrnrlon=-120, llcrnrlat=30,
                        urcrnrlon=120, urcrnrlat=70)
    # Plots a figure to compare
    plt.subplot(211)
    x = np.linspace(-10, 10, 10000)
    y = np.sin(x)
    plt.plot(x, y)
    plt.grid()
    plt.title('Example of figure using only rc values')
    # Draws the grid (using the function)
    plt.subplot(212)
    latlon_grid(m, 30, 10, labels='lb', dashes=[1, 3])
    m.drawcoastlines()
    plt.title('Using latlon_grid()')
    plt.show()

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
Amid supply constraints, developers look down the Turnpike for new opportunities
It was New Jersey's largest industrial lease of the fourth quarter — and it was a fitting end to the year for a market that has been fueled by e-commerce tenants and big box construction.
But the commitment by Modway Furniture was every bit as notable for its location as it was for its size. The 635,000-square-foot deal will bring the company to a planned distribution center on Wyckoff Mills Road in East Windsor — just off the New Jersey Turnpike — in a submarket that developers, brokers and users would have typically driven past in prior years.
Thomas Monahan
"There's a new submarket at Exit 8," said Thomas Monahan, a broker and executive vice president with CBRE. "It's in its infancy stages, but that's certainly something to keep an eye on, as there's been some development and success down there."
The project by Exeter Property Group is one of two industrial sites under construction at Exit 8, an area whose appeal has grown with the widening of the Turnpike more than two years ago. And market insiders say it's just one of several previously untapped submarkets in the state that developers are mining for new construction sites — as demand continues to surge and supply becomes even tighter in northern and central New Jersey.
"It's a red hot market," said John Cascio, a senior vice president with Bussel Realty Corp., whose Edison-based brokerage is doing work in East Windsor. "And there's not a lot of opportunity as far as sites for industrial properties."
Those untapped areas include East Windsor and Hightstown at Exit 8, which sits between two well-established distribution hubs on the Turnpike, and around interchanges even farther south. Monahan said there is "a natural exodus going down the Turnpike," adding that, not only are there more sites available, but developers can acquire land at a lower cost and with not nearly as many complications.
Tenants, meanwhile, have responded to the opportunity to lease state-ofthe-art space in submarkets that are still within a day's drive of their main delivery locations.
"You have a high barrier to entry in northern New Jersey, you (don't have) a lot of core product, so it's just a natural expansion as you go farther south to find that available inventory at a reasonable cost — and sometimes at a less complicated process in terms of entitlements and (environmental and geotechnical) issues," Monahan said. "A lot of land in northern New Jersey is very difficult to build on. As you go farther south, the prices not only come down, but the opportunities are there because there's a speed to occupancy for some developers.
"In northern New Jersey, it could take you 10 years to develop a site."
The search for new markets comes amid what was a banner year for the industrial sector in northern and central New Jersey, which saw more than 10 million square feet of net absorption in 2016. E-commerce players, logistics firms, food and beverage companies and other users continue to grow in the state, fueling the best year of activity in more than a decade.
That was accompanied by a surge in new, mostly speculative construction as owners sought to keep pace with demand: In 2016, some 4.26 million square feet of new warehouse and distribution space was delivered in northern and central New Jersey, according to CBRE. That includes regions as far south as the Exit 7A submarket, which incorporates the Trenton area, as tracked by the firm's Saddle Brook office. Both 8A and 7A, two submarkets that became overbuilt during the previous cycle and then rebounded impressively, are now taking part in the construction boom. But brokers say the interest in Exit 8 is especially noteworthy because it had never been seen as a viable location.
That all changed with the 35-mile widening of the Turnpike between exits 6 and 9, which began in 2009 and was completed in late 2014. East Windsor Mayor Janice Mironov said "we were really the most-impacted town in terms of that project because the changes here were the most dramatic." Along with eliminating the bottleneck that passed directly through East Windsor, the project called for completely redesigning, enlarging and relocating the interchange in the township to the eastern side of the Turnpike.
The location of the new interchange was critical, Mironov said, in that it created direct access to Route 133 and other highways and provided a link to the sites that are now appealing to developers. Combined with what is an increasingly business-friendly approach in the township, Mironov said "all of those factors have converged to create a great deal of interest right now."
"With the fact that people are moving forward and doing so successfully — and able to identify tenants — we are seeing that there's interest in these other properties that are available as well," Mironov said. "So there are opportunities in the town for other entities that want to move projects forward."
The mayor said there are additional sites on Wyckoff Mills Road, Route 33 and others that hug the Turnpike, adding that township officials are now reviewing "a number of other concepts and proposals."
RELATED: After 20 years and three sales, a site finally finds its calling
A rendering of 159 Milford Road in East Windsor, a planned 410,000-square-foot distribution center that is now being marketed by CBRE. — Courtesy: CBRE
That appeal only stands to grow with the success of Exeter Property Group's building at 329-359 Wyckoff Mills Road and with another project that is under construction nearby. In October, Trammel Crow Co. broke ground on a speculative, 410,000-square-foot distribution facility at 159 Milford Road that is now being marketed by CBRE.
Bussel Realty Corp., which brokered the land sale that led to the Trammel Crow project, is now marketing two other sites in the area that are expected to attract interest from industrial users. While the firm declined to provide an exact address for one of them, it said the property can accommodate a new 300,000-square-foot build-to-suit distribution center in East Windsor.
The other is a 324,000-square-foot complex at 480 Mercer Ave., which straddles East Windsor and Hightstown.
Other developers have found sites farther south in Mercer County that still offer quick access to the Turnpike. SunCap Property Group and MRP Realty Inc. are each preparing to deliver 340,000-square-foot facilities at 530-584 Route 130 in Trenton and 2439 Kuser Road in Hamilton, respectively, according to data compiled by Bussel.
And market experts point to activity even farther down the Turnpike. Burlington County, which is accessible from exits 7 through 5, has grabbed headlines in recent years with deals such as H&M's 740,000-square-foot lease with Clarion Partners in Burlington Township.
"You have a lot of activity between (Exit 8) and Exit 5," said Nick Spadavecchia, Bussel's vice president of marketing and public relations. "And that just shows the confidence of investors and developers seeing that this is a real trend, that this is not some sort of fad that's going away."
Giving something up
For all the appeal of finding new submarkets for industrial development, Monahan said there are tradeoffs for moving down the Turnpike. Locations south of Exit 7A, for instance, are more conducive to tenants with smaller labor needs and less of an emphasis on so-called last mile distribution to the population centers around northern New Jersey. But he added that "every tenant is different."
For developers, there are other issues to grapple with as they move farther away from the New York metro area.
"The challenge, as owners, is once you get into the regional markets servicing regional distribution, you're competing not only with the regional markets in New Jersey such as 7A, 8A, Exit 8, but you could also be competing with Exit 6 or Exit 4, as well as Harrisburg or Lehigh Valley or other areas outside New Jersey and Pennsylvania," Monahan said. "So it just opens up a little bit more competition in terms of where those tenants could go."
Tags 159 Milford Road 2439 Kuser Road 329 wyckoff mills road Burlington county Bussel Realty Corp. cbre e-commerce east windsor Exeter Property Group Hightstown logistics Mercer County Modway Furniture MRP Realty Inc. new jersey turnpike SunCap Property Group Trammel Crow Co.
After 20 years and three sales, a site finally finds its calling
Union County 7-Eleven site fetches $2.5M


text:
Home / Article 474 Italian Criminal Code / Cassazione / Italian Supreme Court / sentenza No 13078/2017 / Vespa / Italian Supreme Court rules that mere reproduction of Vespa image may amount to counterfeiting
Italian Supreme Court rules that mere reproduction of Vespa image may amount to counterfeiting
Eleonora Rosati Wednesday, March 22, 2017 - Article 474 Italian Criminal Code, Cassazione, Italian Supreme Court, sentenza No 13078/2017, Vespa
Roman Holiday Vespa
Italian online IP resource Marchi & Brevetti has just reported a very interesting and recent decision of the Criminal Section of the Italian Supreme Court (Corte di Cassazione) regarding the crime of counterfeiting within Article 474 of the Italian Criminal Code.
More specifically, it its judgment on 17 March 2017 (sentenza No 13078/2017) the Fifth Section of the Supreme Court addressed the question whether the mere reproduction of the image of a Vespa [a well-known and iconic symbol of 'italianità', ie 'Italian-ness' and - more generally - Italian life-style] on gadgets (eg key rings) and T-shirts without also the reproduction of the word 'Vespa' [a registered trade mark] would amount to counterfeiting.
Under Italian law counterfeiting is not just a matter of trade mark infringement [in this case, it would be trade marks held by Piaggio, which also produces quite a lot of Vespa-related merchandise] but also a conduct that is subject to criminal sanctions.
The Rome Court of First Instance (Tribunale) had already found against the defendant, who appealed the decision before the Supreme Court and argued that his conduct would not fall within the scope of Article 474 of the Italian Criminal Code. This provisions states [translation by myself]:
"1. Except in cases of joint liability covered by Article 473 [ie counterfeiting, alteration or use of distinctive signs of creative works or industrial products], anyone who introduces into the territory of the State, in order to make a profit, industrial products bearing trade marks or other distinctive signs, whether national or foreign, that are counterfeited or altered, is punished with imprisonment between 1 and 4 years, and a fine between EUR 3,500 and 35,000.
2. Except in cases of joint liability in the counterfeiting, alteration, introduction into the territory of the State, anyone who is in possession for the sale, starts selling or otherwise circulates, in order to make a profit, the products mentioned above sub paragraph 1 is punished with imprisonment up to 2 years and a fine up to EUR 20,000.
3. The delicts sub paragraphs 1 and 2 are punishable upon condition that internal laws, EU regulations and international conventions on the protection of intellectual and industrial property are observed."
Kat Holiday Vespa
The core of the defendant's argument was that the crime within Article 474 of the Italian Criminal Code distinguishes between the concepts of, on the one hand, trade marks and distinctive signs and, on the other hand, products or objects. There would be no crime when one merely reproduces images of industrial products (like a Vespa) without also reproducing any trade marks or distinctive signs. In such case, there could be confusion among products, but not also trade marks or distinctive signs.
The Supreme Court rejected the defendant's argument.
Recalling an earlier Supreme Court decision (sentenza No 9362/2015), the court noted that even the mere reproduction of an image can fall within the scope of Article 474 as long as: (1) such image is a trade mark or a distinctive sign of the product; and (2) the reproduction has the potential to create in some way confusion among consumers as regards the origin of the good in question.
It follows that the material reproduction of a trade mark as such is not required for Article 474 to apply.
This decision is consistent with earlier Italian case law on this point.
Even if the Supreme Court did not refer to decisions other than Italian ones, the ruling also appear consistent with relevant trade mark case law, including the seminal decision of the Court of Justice of the European Union (CJEU) in Adidas-Salomon, C-408/01. In the case the CJEU considered use of a sign as embellishment [this appears to have been to some extent the defensive line used in the case decided by the Supreme Court], and held that the fact that a sign is viewed as an embellishment by the relevant section of the public is not, in itself, an obstacle to trade mark protection where the degree of similarity is none the less such that the relevant section of the public establishes a link between the sign and the mark.
Italian Supreme Court rules that mere reproduction of Vespa image may amount to counterfeiting Reviewed by Eleonora Rosati on Wednesday, March 22, 2017 Rating: 5
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Am I permitted to talk to the jury during my trial?
No. You should avoid talking with the jury at any other time, even if you meet a member of the jury in the hallway or restroom. No one can speak directly with the jury except the judge;s court officer.
Of course, the jury will hear you testify. But you should avoid any other contact with the jury whatsoever. The jury will be told by the judge that they cannot talk with any lawyer or witness in the case, and therefore the jury will not hold it against you if you follow the judge's instructions.


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Home » About » People » Kabir Hermon
Kabir Hermon
Audio Digitization Specialist
kphermon@stanford.edu
I work in the Stanford Media Preservation Lab (SMPL) as the Audio Digitization Specialist. My role is to take legacy analog audio items, which could be anything from lacquer discs to cassettes, and digitize them to make them accessible to people who don't happen to have a wax cylinder player readily available.
BA, English Literature, University of Illinois
Diploma, Audio Technology, SAE Institute, NYC
Association for Recorded Sound Collections
Before coming to Stanford University Libraries I was in a similar role at the Library of Congress. Prior to that I was an audio engineer in New York for about 11 years. I spent most of my time at the Magic Shop Recording Studio honing my recording and mixing skills and getting to work with artists such as David Bowie, Blondie, Foo Fighters, Blonde Redhead, and Norah Jones among others. Concurrently to this I was working in audio archiving, preservation, and restoration. I worked on collections including Phil Spector, Newport Jazz, Blondie, Les Paul, Lou Reed, Laurie Anderson, and more. I have also done a bit of audio post production having mixed movies for both PBS and Showtime.


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Government overturns council to approve nearly 300 homes next to toxic tip in Derbyshire
Planning inspectors have overturned locally-elected councillors
Eddie BisknellLocal Democracy Reporter
Nearly 300 houses have been approved by Government inspectors next to an infamous toxic tip in Derbyshire.
Decisions on two housing schemes in Somercotes made by local councillors have been overturned by the Planning Inspectorate after the respective developers took Amber Valley Borough Council to appeal.
This includes plans from Gladman Developments for 180 homes off Stanley Street in Somercotes and from Paul Newman New Homes for 99 homes off the B600 opposite Amber Valley Rugby Club.
Both of these were rejected by the borough council's planning committee in December and September last year respectively, largely due to contamination fears from nearby historic toxic tips LS01 and LS41.
Decision reports on both the proposed Stanley Street and B600 developments show the borough council backed out of all objections based on contamination – despite this being a key issue raised by elected members in response to both applications.
In the case of the B600 application, borough councillor John McCabe and local campaigner Kellie Judson, also a member of Somercotes Parish Council, chose to maintain their objections on contamination grounds.
Cllr McCabe had said "people's lives could be at risk" from the nearby landfills.
They were accused of "scaremongering" by the lawyers representing the developer on that case.
The approved Somercotes housing sites, marked in red, and the historic neighbouring landfills, marked in blue (Image: Google)
The planning inspectors involved in each decision did not discredit the presence of contamination on and near the respective sites but say that both applications can be approved and can deal with contamination as it arises through mandatory agreements and remediation through the borough council.
This sets in stone the principle of building homes on each of the sites - whether the developers choose to or not, the precedent remains.
In response to the Stanley Street site, which is separated from the LS01 landfill by a small stream, inspector David Rose overturning the council's refusal to grant approval, wrote: "I consider that the site investigation works undertaken on behalf of the appellant, and its detailed response to the objections raised, provide clear and credible evidence that this is an instance where conditions could be used to secure remedial or mitigation measures to ensure there is no risk of harm to future residents.
"The proposal would also provide a range of economic social and environmental benefits including employment, the provision of affordable homes (30%) and enhanced biodiversity. Moreover, the development could be accommodated without material adverse landscape or other environmental impacts.
"Despite concerns about the increased use of Stanley Street and its junction with Somercotes Hill, any disbenefits would not come close to providing compelling grounds to dismiss the appeal."
This comes in the wake of a landmark High Court case led by local campaigners, which concluded in March, over a third Somercotes housing site involving plans from private landowner Bernard Swain for 200 homes at land called Nether Farm off Birchwood Lane in the town.
It found that councils could justifiably approve planning applications on contaminated land without the site having to be re-mediated in advance and that authorities could attach "conditions" to ensure hazardous material is reported and cleared safely before construction starts.
An artist's impression of the proposed 180-home development in Stanley Street, Somercotes (Image: CSA Environmental)
Dominic Young, the planning inspector overseeing the B600 site, again overturning the council's refusal to approve the 99 homes for the site just across the road from two former landfills, referenced a ground investigation report commissioned by the developers.
He wrote: "The report found that whilst there was a potential for contaminants migrating from former landfills, there are suitable methods available for addressing this if a linkage is found."
Mr Young referenced the High Court case.
He said: "In light of the (High Court) judgement and the wealth of information contained in two technical reports which are supported by the council's own specialist consultees, I am satisfied that the level of information (regarding contamination) before me in this case is proportionate.
"I am thus satisfied that if contamination is found to be present on the appeal site then the suggested planning conditions would ensure there is no risk of harm to future residents.
"Planning authorities should work with developers to ensure adequate information is submitted with planning applications and where appropriate, to use conditions to secure remedial or mitigating measures.
"Overall, I have found that the development would contribute significantly to the economic and social dimensions of sustainability. Collectively these benefits carry significant weight. Although I have identified limited heritage harm, relative to the scale of the benefits arising, I find that this would not significantly and demonstrably outweigh the benefits."
The Nether Farm, Stanley Street and B600 sites combined will see nearly 500 homes built in close proximity to the former toxic tips.
Each of the housing sites sits close to former landfills LS01 and LS41, both of which were at the centre of a Local Democracy Reporting Service investigation last year.
LS01 in particular is shrouded in mystery and was the site of decades worth of immensely hazardous toxic waste dumping, unchecked, for decades.
Campaigners say the site is a threat to all those living near it and do not wish further households to be put at risk by excavating sites around it for further housing and potentially putting new residents at risk.
Intensive investigation reports filed as part of applications for all three housing sites show that contamination is present in the area surrounding the landfills and is leaching.
To what extent it has leached is not fully understood and developers – and now the borough council and two Government planning inspectors – say the sites can be sufficiently re-mediated to make them safe for new housing and that the level of contamination does not prevent planning permissions.
Investigation reports for the B600 site found that soil there could contain a high concentration of metals and asbestos that would not be suitable for proposed gardens and landscaping around the development.
Houses on the Stanley Street and Nether Farm site would have to be built on suspended floors due to widespread underground hazards linked to previous mining and migrating materials from the nearby landfills.
The Diocese of Derby owns the Stanley Street site but has repeatedly ducked questions surrounding contamination.
Previous plans from housebuilder Taylor Wimpey on the Stanley Street location are believed to have been withdrawn due to contamination issues.
It and the diocese have repeatedly refused to disclose the ground investigation report which led to this response.
The borough council has confirmed that thousands of tonnes of toxic materials were dumped in the LS01 tip from 1948 until the 1970s completely unchecked.
During this 24-year period, the council said "local authorities had no information on the wastes being deposited on site".
As part of the Gladman's Stanley Street investigation expert firm RSK confirmed that the borough council had "received claims" that radioactive caesium 133, cobalt 60, carbon 14, strontium 90 and uranium 234 had been dumped at the former landfill.
Amber Valley also confirmed to RSK that "tipping material from Coalite" had been approved by the county council at the former landfill.
It is alleged that this material included what is described as "the most toxic dioxin of all" by the United States Environmental Protection Agency – 2,3,7,8-tetrachloro-p-dibenzo-dioxin.
Of the Stanley Street site, RSK also said toxic dioxins and furans – cancer-causing chemicals used in industrial processes – have also been found on the site, the extent of which, it said, "remains unknown".
It had also said that dangerous gases and groundwater can travel through mine systems – and that an extensive former mine system had been found under the site. If these gases rise they can become trapped in confined areas – which is where they can pose a risk of asphyxiation and explosion.


Scott's keynote at Ericsson research on SDN. I really encourage anyone who is interested in OpenFlow and/or SDN to view it. It is, in my opinion, the cleanest justification for SDN, and appropriately articulates where OpenFlow fits in the broader context (… as a minor mechanism that is capable, but generally unimportant).
SDN doesn't solve problems. It is a architecture which lends well to creating higher-level abstractions which someone can use to solve problems. Do higher-level languages solve problems? Not unless applied. Do they make solving problems easier? Absolutely.
I definitely agree. SDN is not an end in itself. And it's not a new idea. SDN makes networking problems boil down to software design problems. And that's great! But we haven't yet approached the important question: which problems are information services networks supposed to solve in their environment?
I think that we are evolving from a "dumb" to an "integrated services" network model similar to that of telecom networks, and the problems to be solved have become nowadays very different. For now we limit to ad-hoc compositions of basic network services that people already use: autoconfiguration (DHCP, etc.), access control, NAT, basic QoS, HTTP caching, CDN, etc. But we have no idea what services organizations would need in the near future once we have an open control plane. Until we know which problems we will need to solve for organizations, we won't know which services, and thus which abstractions, will be needed in information services networks. That's the primary question we need to answer. SDN is just a part of architecting the solution.
IMHO, the more profound problem in networking nowadays is that people addressing problems in information services networks completely ignore communication services networks. I'm surprised that Scott doesn't mention NGN, TINA, IN, or Parlay in his talk, although such architectures and abstractions should be an inspiration to build new networks for information services, or they can teach us important lessons. Especially since we are moving to a similar "integrated services" network model with similar high-level abstractions. Notably, the telecom world teaches us that we need to start from the business / enterprise viewpoint to identify where and how organizations need to interact to provide services, which has implications on the whole network architecture. I think the very first thing we networking people should do now is learn from what has been done in the telecom world for the last 20 years.
The problems that SDN could solve are real.
Just one example: Most of the ISP networks run TE to balance the traffic across the backbone. Today TE depends on edge routers to consult their IGP databases and to compute the path with available capacity. The algorithm for this computation, it's knobs and features are up to a router vendor (and there are only two such vendors) to implement and roll out.
There is a possibility, of course, with current MPLS-TE products to dial-in the path manually at the edge router. Well, it's not that easy to automate it. ISP has to write wrappers for CLI. What's worse, committing config to a Juniper router with 30000 lines of configuration can take ages for consitency checks to pass. In other words, CLI does not scale.
Besides the fancy label, how is SDN different from centralized routing/intelligence? Haven't we been here before — for example Newbridge/46020? I suppose the centralized systems of 10+ years ago used similar constructs as Openflow to program network paths. What were the reasons the market decided to move towards distributed routing/intelligence and what is different now that we should go back to the centralized model?
I would say the difference is that SDN is about abstractions and building a general, horizontal platform.
First, SDN-like approaches are used for products today. Some wireless products, all virtual distributed networking solutions, and some modern fabric offerings have a split architecture. However, the platforms are often single purpose (like older centralized routing solutions) and don't provide high-level abstractions nor reusable primitives. And certainly there is no horizontal ecosystem so that I can run my application on your controller using vendor X's hardware.
Second, there is nothing "centralized" about SDN. While you can build a single-controller solution, it certainly isn't dictated by the architecture. The largest SDN networks networks I know of today run with distributed controllers.
We currently do deploy our services using your provisioning system on vendor X's hardware. Sounds similar? And with yet another proliferation of software, controllers and hardware I don't think the openflow ecosystem is going to make anything simpler or easier.
Distributed controllers are just breaking the centralized model into smaller chunks. At the other end of the spectrum we can say that each node has it's own controller accessible via a cli that my application can program (configure) to enable a desired behavior.
Do the multi-controller SDN networks peer their controllers together to allow interconnecting controller domains? If so what lessons have been [re]learned? My understanding is that the large non-university/lab SDN networks operate on overlay model, not end-to-end openflow based paths.
I don't understand your initial point. Having clear layers with open and well defined programmatic interfaces above and below (think x86 and POSIX) is just good system design. It decouples hardware from platform from apps allowing each to evolve independently. Also, decoupling the distribution model from the physical buildout makes the system developers life much easier.
If I were a large company, and I wanted to build my own networking technology, for whatever reason, I would prefer a standard hardware interface over a proprietary one.
Thanks for sharing Martin, very educational.
I am a nobody, but I believe it is easy to simplify things saying "and then building forwarding elements" … fact is that "forwarding elements" aren't easy to build, have limitations in size and capacity which aren't standard, and don't always fail clean. I love the idea to have an abstraction that puts ACL, VLANs, PBR on a container and let upper software use this and have a network hypervisor apply the container to the "forwarding elements as needed" … but I will love to see the flow hash be compiled and put into hardware TCAMs only to see "oh, it did not fit" on point X of th epath, then re-route, then again … etc. Just to mention one point where I see this break.
All in all, I am still a fan of SDN and following with interest, but I think people should not overlook or oversimplify why we are where we are.
I think it is ironic that one of the things which seem to "stress" networking so much that we think of re-thinking them is virtualization. So many VMs … network's can't scale, VM-mobility … but then, why do we use VMs at all? Shouldn't we be capable of doing smarter cloud applications? Why do we need to build 10,000 times the same OS inside a container for people who will run on top the same applications? Maybe we should be looking to simplify things elsewhere, not just networks … Hypervisors are, to me, a (necessary) mistake.
Nillo, I very much appreciate your perspective. Network virtualization is really hard because, at the end of the day, you're dealing with finite forwarding resources. And the one thing that virtualization has traditionally compromised on is guaranteed performance, which you can't do in networking.
I wouldn't go as far as to say the hypervisors are a mistake. We will continue to build smarter and smarter applications in which the network "virtualization" is done by the load balancer or the application. However, until this full transformation happens, we have decades worth of legacy software to deal with.
I'm a big fan of virtualize first, and then change abstractions.


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Earlier this month, Governor Thomas Jordan cautioned that, citing Trump's trade policy, Brexit and general elections in Germany and France, "increased political uncertainty" is "always delicate for us because Switzerland is increasingly viewed as a safe haven". SNB's FX reserves rose to a record high of CHF 668B. Total balance sheet is over 115% of GDP. This signals that the central bank intervened to suppress franc's appreciation by selling it for foreign currencies.


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After using Estée Lauder's night ritual, I can felt my skin has transformed to a better condition but due to hectic schedule and staying up late (I mean really, really late, or should I say morning) my skin condition got worst, especially pimples and blackheads. I have no time to go for facial as well, hence I did this Blackhead 3 Steps Program by Innisfree at home.
Step 1 to 3, easy peasy!
I've used Innisfree Jeju Volcanic Clay Mask before and I like everything about that mask, hence give this 3 steps program a try. I've tried Biore's before and sorry that doesn't work on me so I'm being a bit skeptical towards these blackheads strip regime. Let's see how's this Jeju Volcanic Blackhead 3 Steps Program works for me.
Place the Step 1 strip on nose for 15-20 mins and it keeps slipping off. I can't really do much but only can lie down and scroll my phone during that time period. After 20 minutes, I peel it off and wipe off the sebum, saw the dirts on the cotton and got shocked at how dirty my nose were!
The Step 2 blackhead strip does smell organic as it is the mixture smell of volcanic elements and herbs. It is a bit tricky to apply the Step 2 nose strip as you can't over-wet your nose else the strip is gonna slip, and peeling it off after it dries is another tricky part as becomes hard and flaky, easily torn apart.
But a tad bit disappointed is that I don't see blackheads being pull off and seems like nothing stuck on the strip. Was it because that my nose is full of whiteheads instead? Lol. I have no idea but the Step 2 seems a bit pointless in my case.
Then I got a bit tired to take photo of Step 3 which is applying another layer of nose mask (lololol) which the photo will look the same as Step 1 so here's the end result after I've completed the 3 Steps Program of Innisfree Jeju Volcanic Blackhead.
Well, aside from not seeing those pulled out blackheads, I do feel that my nose has become shinier and cleaner (must be the sebum clearing on Step 1 and nose mask on Step 3!) It is not very effective on clearing those stubborn blackheads on my nose as I still can see them stuck in my pores but it does look cleaner tho.
Convenient blackhead removing regime if you were to travel or doesn't have much time to do some cleaning of your nose area, but not so great in clearing those stubborn blackheads that will still stuck inside my pores and annoyed the hell out of me lol.
*Bought this pack on Althea and I forgot how much!