Golf is often criticized for being out of touch with the mainstream, of being narrow, elitist, and generally not welcoming to the masses. Well, criticize no longer, at least when it comes to Twitter, for this is perhaps the most social of all networks, allowing you to decide who you want to follow, giving you direct access to players, reporters, and pundits alike.
With the US Open and its traditional Father's Day finish just around the corner, and as the proud father of two great kids aged 13 and 9, it got me to thinking about the assortment of hand crafted gifts I've received honoring my good fortune to be a parent.
Every day is "go time" for Rickie Fowler. Whether he's ripping it at his target on the golf course or killing it in the gym six days a week, he prepares and trains for moments like Sunday.
Ladies and gentlemen, we've seen the future of golf-and it's bright orange. Rickie Fowler took home his first PGA Tour victory this weekend at the Wells Fargo Championship, likely the first of many wins. And if he becomes the force that most people expect, he has the chance to shake up the whole attitude of the game. Here's how Rickie Fowler will forever change the world of golf.
The Back9Network flagship show. Think PTI (Pardon the Interuption) meets The Daily Show with a touch of The Soup irreverence to keep it fun, cool, current, fast-paced and relentlessly watchable.
What's so wrong with denim on the golf course? What made it taboo in the first place? Mike McAllister breaks in some jeans and down some myths.
This week, one of the European Tour's brightest characters and biggest pranksters is set to kick off his PGA Tour career at The Humana Classic.


YES!! YES YES YES YES YES!!!! ....i LOVED tough crowd - i always hated Colin Quinn on SNL, but for crazy reason fell in love with him and his comic chemistry with the guests on Tough Crowd. Now I enjoy all the old SNL's more also. I was/still-am DEVASTATED about Tough Crowd being cancelled. I've been looking for copies of any episodes, but no luck so far.


text:
<?php

// Admin Panel Strings
$txt['mods_cat_karma'] = 'Карма';

$txt['karmaMode'] = 'Тип кармы';
$txt['karma_options'] = 'Отменить|Отображать общую карму|Отображать отдельно плюс/минус';
$txt['karmaMinPosts'] = 'Минимальное количество сообщений для изменения кармы пользователей';
$txt['karmaWaitTime'] = 'Время ожидания в часах';
$txt['karmaTimeRestrictAdmins'] = 'Ограничить администраторов временем ожидания';

// Permissions
$txt['permissionname_karma_edit'] = 'Изменение кармы пользователей';
$txt['permissionhelp_karma_edit'] = 'Карма — функция, которая отображает популярность пользователя на форуме. Данные права доступа будут работать, только если включить функцию Кармы, в настройках форума (см. Свойства и параметры). Для гостей данные права доступа установить невозможно.';

// Reports
$txt['group_perms_name_karma_edit'] = $txt['permissionname_karma_edit'];

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
import {inject} from 'aurelia-framework';
import {PostService} from '../post-service';
import './posts.css!';

@inject(PostService)
export class Posts {
  posts = [];
  total = 0;

  constructor(postService) {
    this.postService = postService;

    this.postService.getPosts(10, 0).then(
      response => {
        this.posts = response.content.results;
        this.total = response.content.total;
      },
      error => this.latestPostsError = true
    );
  }
}


There is no substitute for the opportunity to communicate face to face with legislators. In March, Debra Hernandez and SECOORA Board members spent time in Washington D.C. meeting with legislators' staff to educate them on the importance of coastal and ocean observing.
Meetings were positive. Everyone agreed, ocean observing is important to understanding our coastal ecosystems and supporting our coastal economy. Many of our Congressional members have supported the IOOS Association Closing the Gaps campaign, which will be in its fourth year in FY2020. The challenge continues to be keeping funding for IOOS a priority.
The FY 2020 President's Budget suggests an almost 50% funding cut for IOOS Regional Associations. A cut of this magnitude would mean observing infrastructure would need to be removed from the water and critical data and information products would not be available.
Outreach to legislators ensures there are not cuts to SECOORA or other IOOS Regional Associations; making sure everyone continues to have uninterrupted access to the coastal data and information they need.
Pictured is Board Member Mitchell Roffer in front of the the United States Capital during his Hill Visits to Washington D.C.
Contact us to reach out to your congressional representatives and voice support for SECOORA and IOOS. Email abbey@secoora.org today.


2014 marked a massive milestone in the career of Omagh singer Dominic Kirwan, 25 years since the talented entertainer signed a record deal with Ritz records and gave to the public his debut album "Try a Little Kindness".
25 years plus now and the story continues Dominic remaining one of the most popular singers touring, performing and recording with a fan base of all ages throughout the world who enjoy his wonderful stage presence and performances.
He took to the stage of Omagh Town Hall to dance in a Feis at six years of age and that has been his home basically ever since.
From playing the pubs and clubs of his homeland to the cream of the UK's concert Halls and Theatres its been a stunning rise, a magical journey indeed through the ranks of this business we call "show" for Dominic.
Impossible to pigeon hole since he broke on to the circuit as a professional singer, Dominic from the County of Tyrone where some of Ireland's greatest names in music have come from, has been entertaining professionally since 1989. Audiences big and small of all ages have enjoyed the genial talent that is Mr Kirwan, from the Shetlands to Lands' End, from Malin to Mizzen with the USA, Australia, New Zealand and a fair bit of everywhere else in between thrown in for good measure.
Dominic has been a constant on the stages of dance halls, clubs and theatres with a brand of show that has ebbed and flowed but never let the loyal fans that have followed the former car parts salesman, down. Dominic has been described as the ultimate entertainer, at ease with songs such as "Like Father Like Son" to "Noreen Bawn" from "Absent Friends" to "Some Girls". The show is an eclectic mix of songs that just sit begging to be sung in Kirwan's own style.
For those who don't know Dominic his journey to the top is easily navigated, from a strong musical background back boned by his late Mother Elizabeth better known as Lila it comes perhaps as no surprise that Dominic has been such a success in the music industry, he took to that stage as a champion Irish dancer. From stage shows to taking his own band on the road "The Melody boys" to winning a talent show that brought him to the attention of Mick Clerkin and Ritz records when he recorded the album "The Green Fields of Ireland" as part of his prize. In January 89 the contract was signed and after a concert tour with Philomena Begley that debut album "Try A Little Kindness" was released in the Autumn………….the rest , 25 years on, is history but a story that continues.
Kirwan, a Father of four sons and a daughter signed with the label and has recorded well over a dozen albums, numerous singles, videos and DVDs.
Kirwan's stage presence still lights up the room, ignites and engages the audience and holds them in the palm of his hand. A vibrant mix of classic country, a hint of rock and roll, a sprinkling of a ballad, a touch of a standard with just a spot of an inspirational classic and you have the 'Dominic Kirwan Show' and what a show it is.
The Dominic Kirwan show has often been a night of nostalgia as genial Mr Kirwan rolls back the years, belting out many of the songs that has made him a household name. It will be a night to celebrate, savour and enjoy Dominic at his very best.
Relive the magical moments of one of Ireland's finest entertainers. In his own inimitable style Dominic will be joined by Mary Duff on this tour, she certainly needs no introduction.
It's been a stunning career for the Omagh man, from tours with Charley Pride and Tammy Wynette to sell out UK and Irish tours in his own right Dominic remains the man he always was, a genial entertainer with an eye for detail but grounded. Well aware of where he came from, has travelled to and where he remains to visit, This is Dominic Kirwan.


text:
Welcome to the Transfiguration of the Lord temple
Schedule of Services: Sunday 10:00 - Divine Liturgy Monday - Saturday (public holidays) 08:00 – Divine Liturgy (in working days) 10:00 – Divine Liturgy (weekends) Contact telephone numbers +38 (099) 308-98-72 +38 (067) 988-72-25
Location the temple of the Transfiguration
Choose your convenient mode of transport:: Metro to station «Osokorky» Minibuses №№ 220 459 466 515 425 459 535 542 562 to station «Osokorky» Buses №№ 91, 87, 42 to station «Osokorky» Then go on foot 800 m according to the scheme
Week 5 after Pentecost
Sunday Gospel Matthew VIII:28-IX1
About the healing of two men with demons and about the healing of our bodies and souls
God comes to us also very unexpectedly. And the Lord knows that we suffer spiritually and physically. He wants to help us, but we cannot always accept Him in our hearts....
How can you protect your soul and save it clean?
In the Holy Gospel we can find a lot of cases when Jesus Christ healed people, who were obsessed by evil spirit (Luke VIII:26-39, Mark ІХ:17-3, Matthew VIІІ:28-IX:1). What is obsession? How does it rule the person? What power does it have? How can you protect your soul and save it clean?...
About the God's righteousness and about the human righteousness
We can see in the Gospel and in the Romans that a lot of people think they live righteously. They think that their attitude towards life, people, living circumstances are right…
The Bible: Jeremiah…
The Bible Collection: Samson and Delilah…
Karol: A Man Who Became Pope…
Eve of the Theophany
On January 18, 2017, on the Eve of the Theophany (Eve of Baptism) Archbishop Alexander in concelebration with Bishop Vasyliy ministered the festive prayer service and accomplished the first Great Rite of Water Consecration in the Transfiguration of the Lord Temple.
In the morning of January 7, 2017, in the Temple of Transfiguration of the Lord, Bishop Nicholas celebrated the solemn Divine Liturgy in honor of the Nativity of the Lord.
On Christmas Eve, January 6, 2017, in the Transfiguration of the Lord Temple, Bishop Vasyliy in concelebration with Bishop Nicholas made the solemn thanksgiving service, during which five loaves, wine, oil, wheat, kutia (sweet grain pudding, Ukrainian traditional Christmas dish), fish and other gifts of God were blessed to celebrate the birth of our Savior Jesus Christ...
Christmas epistle of Archbishop Oleksandr
Written by Archbishop Oleksandr Nehodenko
Archbishop Alexander (Nehodenko)
Jesus is coming!
Let's glorify Him!
Dear brothers and sisters, I congratulate you with the light and majestic feast of Christmas!
During these days people's souls are happy in a very special way, because the great flow of God's grace is coming on the Earth. The Great renewal of the earthly and human nature is coming.
Right now, like two thousand years ago Jesus Christ has been mystically born and He carried the salvation to the people through the improvement of human souls!...
The celebration of the Saint Nicholas Day
Kids and adults are met St. Nicholas songs and poems. And Saint Nicholas was glad of such a meeting, welcomed and bestowed gifts to children of God with the beginning of New Year holidays and the approach of Christmas....
About the Sower and about the base for good deeds
Written by Archpriest Vitalian (Drobotun)
Category: Sermons
Archpriest Vitalian (Drobotun)
God told a great parable about the Sower. And it is interesting that some people do not understand it. Even Apostles did not understand it. Everything depends on the purity of the soul. As purer soul as better understanding of those words...
About the miracle of healing of two blind men and how protect yourself from blindness
About the eye that is the lamp of the body and about the Earth life, that is the way to the Heaven abode
About the Holy Spirit, which lights up human hearts for the eternal life
Feast of the Holy Trinity
Temple icon
Glory to Jesus Christ!
Let us pray for Ukraine
St. Theodora's journey through the aerial toll-houses
Aerial toll houses refers to a teaching held by many Eastern Orthodox Saints and Eastern Orthodox Christians, about the immediate state of the soul after death. The most detailed account of the aerial toll-houses is found in the hagiography of Saint Basil the New, found in the Lives of Saints for 26 March (according to the Orthodox calendar). In this rendering, Saint Theodora, spiritual student of Saint Basil, appeared to another student, the pious and holy layman Gregory. According to the story, Gregory had prayed to God and asked him to inform them of what happened to Theodora after her death. God answered his prayers (according to this account) by sending Theodora herself to Gregory; and told him, in great detail, about her journey through the toll-houses.
The Passion of the Christ (watch movies online) is a 2004 American drama film directed by Mel Gibson and starring Jim Caviezel as Jesus Christ. It depicts the Passion of Jesus largely according to the New Testament Gospels of Matthew, Mark, Luke and John. It also draws on pious accounts such as the Friday of Sorrows along with other devotional writings, such as those attributed to Blessed Anne Catherine Emmerich.
The Orthodox Feast "The Annunciation to Our Lady"
Official statement of withdrawal of the clergy and the faithful of Kyiv Diocese from the UAOC-C
Popular tags of site
Lilia Malovichko
Bishop Nicholas (Berdyuhyn)
Bishop Basil (Nesterenko)
Archpriest Maksym (Bykov)

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Phase four . . .sounds almost ominous; does it not? I'm finally through phase three of my training; which basically means all the heavy academic stuff is out of the way; which I am pleased with. Towards the end of the phase; my patience was wearing thin. People were getting to me; although, I should be well aware that people are scum and you should well and truly 'row your own boat' – I'd like to think that every time someone shits on me, I'd learn a little; and be able to deal with it more efficiently next time; next time maybe? Exams were getting on top of me as well; and it got the point where I was literally doing 'enough to pass' – and pass I did.
Phase 3 was challenging; and in hindsight; I am pleased that I've got through; because there was a point during GMDSS were I honestly thought that I was going to jack it in; and it was only due to the support of my Girlfriend; that I didn't raise the white flag; and she's the reason I'm sat here now 'waiting' to join my ship. I passed, and that's all's that matters. Sure I could have done more; but I've always been that guy who does enough to get by.
I don't want to dwell too much on the past; but rather, look to the future. The dream of one day owning my own yacht is drawing ever closer- so close in fact, that I am tomorrow going to have a look at one. Nothing big enough to live on, but something I can go out into the Irish Sea with and get to grips with sailing on. The only obstacle is moorings! This week, I will go and find out about swing moorings down at Meols. I'm now 9 months of sea time, and 2 months of Orals/SQA prep away from attaining my COC. That will hopefully mean, money, a job I enjoy, and enough time off to live on my yacht in Crete.
So now, I must wait.
This entry was posted in Uncategorized and tagged liveaboard, meols, merchant navy, swing mooring. Bookmark the permalink.


In this week's Spotlight podcast – maybe we should call it a potcast – Dr. Karen Randall returns to share her knowledge and experience with legal, high-potency marijuana, not only in her role as an ER physician, but also as a tax-paying resident of Colorado.
Addictions to help mitigate decades of irresponsible political spending? It's preposterous, but that is out-going left-wing Mayor Rahm Emanuel's prescription to reduce (not solve) the nagging pension crisis.
If you listen to only one Spotlight podcast this year, please listen to this one!


A well designed, installed and maintained emergency lighting system is an essential element of a building's fire safety strategy.
In the event of a fire or any event affecting the power supply to your building and endangering your occupants the installed emergency lighting luminaires will activate and guide your people to the appropriate escape route and emergency exits, enabling a safe and efficient evacuation.
We supply the latest technology with stylish and discreet fittings available to integrate seamlessly into the aesthetics of your site.
In order to ensure the safe exit from a site the emergency lighting system luminaires must maintain a standard duration of lumination. Regular maintenance visits from a qualified FAFS Fire & Security Engineer ensures that the period of lumination is in accordance with British and European standards.


Berkeley Public Schools Fund is proud to support Be a Scientist for the 5th consecutive year with a Strategic Impact Grant. Be a Scientist is a program run by Community Resources for Science (CRS) that brings UC Berkeley undergraduate and graduate student mentors each year to all of the District's 7th grade classrooms to work with small groups of students to conduct their own individually designed experiments. During the 6- week long program, the mentors assist students in designing an experiment that explores a topic and question of their choice, conducting the experiment in multiple trials, and analyzing and presenting the data.
We visited King Middle School on the day 7th graders were conducting their experiments. This was the third meeting between the mentors and the students, with the mentors already having introduced themselves and given demos of possible experiments, and the students having designed their experiment of choice and identified the materials they would need. The mentors entered the classroom bearing a box of gifts, which consisted of various lab materials that ranged from household products like vinegar and shaving cream, to items that elicited excitement like dry ice and a custom-built wooden rack holding a bicycle wheel that could spin freely.
The range of students' studies was astounding. One group made slime from different proportions of the same ingredients in order to create different levels of "fluffiness." Another group heated the air inside a helium balloon and measured the time it takes for it to travel from the floor to the ceiling. Another group was adding dry ice to solutions of varying amounts of water and lemon juice in test tubes and then immediately sealing it with a balloon to measure how much gas was emitted by measuring its volume. There was a group outside gleefully throwing frozen watermelons, tomatoes, and oranges from an outdoor stairwell to compare its "splatter diameter" compared to that of room temperature fruits.
"I liked seeing the results of my experiment. It was like Christmas!
Be A Scientist allows adolescent students to have choice and individual mentorship, two important values at that age. The ripple effect goes beyond the students as the mentors and teachers also benefit from helping students achieve a personal, inquiry-based scientific investigation. The curiosity and creativity students exhibit is contagious, reminding everyone involved what being a scientist is really about.


La Creature is ready to spit the beans: we are to open a new online supplies shop next week. Yes, next week! And we can't wait to show you all the pretty sewing and stitching supplies we have in store for you.
For the time being we are busy unpacking and putting away the lovely stuff. If you are a lover of anything related to buttons, ribbons and felt please come back to check this out on Tuesday 25th September. To celebrate the shop launch we are also having a giveaway!
Save the date, we will see you there!
Yeah, I knoooow. I am also very excited.
Thanks, now it is not a secret anymore, I will have to deliver ha ha.
They look lovely. I hope your launch goes well!
Thanks Mrs M, I can't wait!


text:
Q: How do I secure LDAP Realm Definitions in Tomcat's server.xml In order to have my J2EE webapp to authenticate via Active directory, I need to modify both the app's web.xml file and the Server's server.xml file.
Someone raised the concern that within server.xml the LDAP credentials are store in plain text, as the example  below:
<Realm className="org.apache.catalina.realm.JNDIRealm" debug="99"
    connectionName="CN=LDAPSERVER,OU=MON,OU=ServiceAccount,OU=Exchange 2003,DC=DOMAIN"
    connectionPassword="secret"
    connectionURL="ldap://myLDAPhost-xxx:389"
    alternateURL="ldap://myLDAPhost-xxx:389"
    referrals="follow"
    userBase="OU=USERGROUP,DC=DOMAIN"
    userSearch="(sAMAccountName={0})"
    userSubtree="true"
    userRoleName="memberOf"
<Realm/>

Is there an alternative to storing the password to the LDAP connection in plain text, or refer to an encrypted string?
Thanks in advance.

A: You don't need to modify server.xml. You can define it as a Resource element within your web-app's Context.xml file, assuming you're talking about Tomcat or Glassfish, as you seem to be.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


Celebrate individual and team achievements, and create an online community where managers and employees can nominate each other for their work.
Motivate and measure your sales team's performance with easy contest creation, sales entry, configurable reporting, and rewards fulfillment. Pull detailed reporting on program performance, broken down any way you need to see it.
Create excitement around training through incentives, rewards, and gamification. Use our content management system or your own LMS to house training content and track of participation through the real-time reporting module.
We offer a retail-value shopping experience, so users get the full value of your rewards spend. We are also happy to incorporate merchandise, cash, branded items, travel—anything that motivates your users.
Our experienced team helps you build and run your program from day one. With a dedicated Client Success Manager and the support of our in-house customer service team, you are in good hands.
Watch this short video to see how a health system employing 15,000 workers has been using the WorkStride platform to recognize team members, increase employee engagement, build a positive culture and boost patient satisfaction.
The number four hospital system in the country, with 40,000 employees, came to us with a multi-faced employee engagement problem.
An international telecommunications firm with revenues of over $40 billion was manually creating promotions and disbursing monetary rewards to thousands of dealer sales representatives across the US.
Our configurable SaaS software powers multiple initiatives seamlessly on one platform, including recognition, sales incentives, and training.
WorkStride Recognition helps uncover the great work being done at your company and reinforces those desirable behaviors through recognition, rewards, and social participation.
WorkStride Incentives makes contest creation quick and easy, records sales activity, rewards performance, and provides business intelligence.
© WorkStride.com. All rights reserved.


Friday Night Kink Team ABQ Session!
Come hang with the squad on Friday Night, April 6th in Albuquerque, New Mexico! Kick off that weekend with a session, chills, good times, and giveaways with your favorite Kink Pros!
Buckle Up for a look back at Chad Osburns Kink Intervention footage, raw and uncut from the lens of Darryl Tocco for this weeks Saturday Selects!


CINCINNATI — A Huber Heights man faces a federal charge for attacking a man he believed to be Jewish last year, the U.S. Attorney's Office announced Wednesday.
Izmir Koch, 32, beat the victim outside a Greater Cincinnati restaurant Feb. 4, 2017, according to the indictment.
The victim stepped outside to smoke a cigarette and meet a friend. Koch yelled out asking if anyone was Jewish, the indictment says, and the victim responded he was.
Koch punched him in the head and continued to hit and kick him while he was on the ground, the indictment says. The victim suffered bruised ribs and a fractured eye socket.
As it turned out, the victim wasn't even really Jewish, U.S. Attorney Benjamin Glassman said.
But because Koch believed he was, Glassman said, a federal grand jury indicted him on one count of committing a hate crime.
He declined to give details beyond the indictment because it's a criminal case undergoing prosecution.
Koch was arrested Wednesday morning. If convicted, he could face up to 10 years in prison.


text:
Q: Finding the name of a server so that it can be accessed via PHP What I am trying to do is read and write from a shared folder on a network.  The .php is something like fopen(\\\\server\\share\\file.txt, "r"), but my problem is I dont know what name to supply for the server name.
Can I use the IP address as the server name?
Or is the server name what I have circled in red?

A: On windows that would be:
fopen("\\\\server\\share\\file.txt", "r");

(you must use quotes)

A: You can use the ip. Whatever format works with windows explorer (given that you add any needed extra backslashes that are used for escaping) should work with php, too.


Lots of growers are discovering the power of LED grow lights. Their cannabis yields are healthy and larger than ever but their electric bill is lower. How can that be? Let's take a look at the best LED grow lights on the market to show you why.
We've selected lights for all kinds of grow spaces and growers. Below you'll find powerful lights for large grow spaces, lights for small home grows, innovative award winners, supplemental lights, affordable lights for those on a budget and some super-bright Chip On Board (COB) lamps.
In case that's a lot of lights to take in, we've added our Top 10 picks to the table below.
And to help still further, before we get to the reviews, there's plenty of info on how to select an LED grow light and the specs to look out for.
Finally, we show you the basics of how to get started growing some tasty, potent buds with your new light. Enjoy!
3 How much light do you need for your plants?
11 What do you actually need to start growing weed?
12 Why choose LED lights to grow cannabis?
If you want to skip straight to the reviews, just click here. Or use the links in the table.
LED (light emitting diode) bulbs use electricity very efficiently compared to HID (high intensity discharge) lamps. LEDs run cooler, don't need ballast, and don't wear out for 50,000 hours of use or longer. That means they cost less to run over time.
Full spectrum LED light panels are a superior choice for growing cannabis because they mimic real sunlight at a fraction of the cost of running HID lamps.
They're the environmentally friendly choice too. Much less energy consumed and made from fewer or no toxic materials.
How much light do you need for your plants?
The size of the area you need to cover: A closet, a room, a basement?
The intensity you need: Are you sprouting seeds, taking care of plants in the vegetation stage, or trying to maximize flowering?
The strain you're growing: Different strains of cannabis have different light requirements. So before buying a grow lights, check what your chosen strain is going to need.
When you're choosing a grow light, ignore the specs on lumens. Lumen ratings are to measure brightness for human eyes. Pay more attention to specs like PAR and wattage as well as the manufacturer's guidelines on coverage.
PAR stands for photosynthetically active radiation. It's the light's intensity as well as what colors it emits. Broad-spectrum bright light will make your cannabis thrive. PAR measures light emitted in the 400nm to 700nm spectrum. That's from the blue end up through red and into infrared.
The higher the PAR number, the more useful the light is for growing. Some LED grow light manufacturers say their panels put out nearly 100% usable light. None of it is wasted by going to heat instead of light like metal halide or high pressure sodium lamps.
Most manufacturers say something like their light covers 2.5 feet by 3 feet at a height of 18 inches. When you're sprouting seeds, you don't need intense lighting. But when you're flowering, you will. Pay attention to those specs on area covered because you don't want to be 8 weeks into growing and realize your light isn't strong enough to encourage blooming.
A panel that might be bright enough when hung two feet above your soil for sprouting a lot of seeds might not cover enough area when lowered down to 12 to 18 inches height for flowering. Buy your panel based on how many plants you want to bloom unless you're only purchasing just for sprouting.
Wattage — How much power does the light draw at the wall? What's your electric bill going to be?
Now let's review the best LED grow lights for the money.
Almost all of these lights are available from Amazon. However, for the select few that aren't, we recommend (and have linked to) LED Grow Lights Depot. They offer free shipping (orders over $100), discreet packaging, 100% low price guarantee and hassle-free returns up to 90 days. In short, they're the best dedicated online grow light store we've come across so far.
The XML350's coverage is 4.5 feet by 4.5 feet at an 18-inch height, or core bloom at 4 by 4 feet, perfect for semi-compact grow areas like a closet-sized grow tent with one to six plants. This light panel can take the place of a 600w to 800w HPS/MH light, while only using 330 watts of power.
More importantly, it has a 11+ spectrum that gives your marijuana plants maximum nutritional value all the way from UV to IR. There are two switches on the panel that control the intensity. Run it on "Veg" until you're ready for "Bloom." You won't need supplemental lamps to help you flower with the XML 350, or any of the Advanced LED Series.
The light chips are 10W CREE LEDs combined with Bridgelux blue and white diodes, and the modules are replaceable, so if one fails you can replace it without losing your whole panel. And if you know your LEDs, you'll know that these are top bin LED bulbs from the best manufacturers. LEDs sometimes vary in characteristics even though they are made in the same batch. "Top bin" means that the LEDs are matched in color, voltage, and flux. So Advanced LED only uses bulbs that pass strict quality controls.
The XML 350 performs extremely well in cloning, vegetative and flowering cycle for all indoor growing areas. Not only are the LEDs top quality, but they come with precision 90 degree collimator lenses to give you optimal coverage. Additionally, a light like this removes the need for A/C in most grow spaces due to very low heat output and can use input voltage AC of 85-264V.
At only 18 pounds, the XML 350 is easy to hang in a grow tent or room. The panel itself measures 19.5 inches long by 19.5 inches wide by 3 inches thick. The LEDs should last up to 100,000 hours before burning out, and that's more than 20 years of 12-hour days!
American made, with top quality Bridgelux LED chips, the 100 is the smallest light in Advanced LED's famous Diamond Series. However, even though it's small, it still packs a mighty punch, easily replacing a 250W HPS/MH light while drawing only 90W at the wall. It would be ideal if you need to cover a core bloom area of 3 feet by 2.5 feet. That gives you a little more space to work with up to four plants, depending on the strain. All the lights in this series also have a clone setting. They also all come with a 3-year warranty and hassle-free returns policy.
The Diamond Series 400 is made to flower plants in an area about 2.5 feet by 4 feet, so you can hit the "Bloom" switch for about 5 to 10 plants. The Veg coverage area at 18 inches is 3 feet by 4.5 feet. The 400 replaces a 600-800W HPS/MH light, but draws only 360W.
The Diamond Series 800 is great for more advanced growers with a larger operation. It can replace a 1000-watt HPS light at full intensity and still only use 700 watts of electricity. Its core coverage for bloom at 18 inches above the plants reaches up to 3.5 by 4.5 feet. The veg coverage is 4.5 by 5.5 feet.
An adult cannabis takes up at least 1 square foot of space in a 3-gallon pot, so the 800 can flower up to 16 at a time. But before you start imagining the amount of buds you're going to harvest, better check with your local laws on how much is legal to grow (or try our interactive map). It's usually a lot less than 16!
Spannabis 2017 (Barcelona) award winner for Best Growroom Equipment, this light packs some amazing features into its compact form factor. Prime among them being the fully-programmable spectrum which you can control remotely. Not only that but you can daisy-chain up to 1000 units and control them all with the one remote!
What do we mean by fully-programmable? Well, not only can you simulate and automate day and night, you can also mimic sunrise/sunset, even the seasons. You can set programs that last a day, week or season. Moreover, full customizability allows you to tailor the spectrum and schedule to your chosen strain and transition between night/day and veg/bloom with as little stress to plants as possible.
As for coverage; the SolarSystem 275 will cover up to 5′ x 5′ and 3′ x 3′ during flowering. Drawing just 200W, it will replace a 400W HID light, saving you 50% on electricity.
Want to know more? Check out this extremely in-depth review of the full SolarSystem range of lights.
Here's another large and powerful lamp for growers with a lot of area to cover. Winner of HIGH TIMES Magazine's "Best LED Innovation" award in 2017, this is an epic light with advanced features that will be best appreciated by experienced growers.
The Kind K5 XL1000 panel replaces either a 1000-watt or 750-watt HPS (high pressure sodium) setup, but it only consumes 650W of electricity. It's powerful enough to cover a 5 by 5-foot area for the veg stage, or 4 by 4-foot area for flowering. That's good enough for 12 to 16 plants.
The Kind K5 offers precision control over both the full 12-band spectrum and the light cycles. It comes with a remote control allows you to digitally tune the color of the light for any plant growth stage. For example, you can add more red during the flowering stage for bigger blooms. This is a lot more advanced than the simple Veg/Bloom switch on some other LED grow lights.
The K5 XL1000 panel also has an integrated timer that allows for eight separate stages of light intensity instead of just a simple on and off. You can program it to imitate a gentle increase of light in the morning, and then a slow decrease of light in the evening just like natural sunshine.
The K5 panel is 3 inches tall and measures 26 inches long by 20 inches wide. It weighs a hefty 36 pounds and includes 320 individual LED bulbs. It has both 3W and 5W LEDs with high intensity light that penetrates all the way through the canopy.
In the box you'll find a pair of Method Seven sunglasses. Use them to protect your eyes from damage while you check on your plants. They put the world back in true color and dim down the brightness to acceptable levels.
Protective eyewear, why wear it? Have you ever looked into the sun for a few seconds and then looked away and saw spots? Ever heard those stories about someone going blind because they looked too long at the sun?
Please protect your eyes while you use a full spectrum LED grow light. The infrared and UV rays can fry your eyes. It may not happen right away; it may take a few weeks or months or even years to happen. Don't slow cook your eyes, wear glasses or goggles to protect yourself.
That said, here are some top choices in protective eyewear for using with grow lights.
Method Seven makes top of the line grow room glasses. They classify them by light type. These are for protection from LED lights. They also have ones for Metal Halide and HPS lamps.
The Method Seven polycarbonate lenses are made by the well-respected Carl Zeiss company. They help your eyes see true color while you test your plants but keep you safe from UV and IR rays.
These eyeglasses from Mars Hydro come with a smaller price tag than the Method Seven brand but are still rated to protect you from UV rays and glare under LED and MH, and HPS lights. They'll also neutralize pink/purple light to give you a more natural looking view of your plants.
Now back to our regular programming… more top quality grow lights for marijuana. This time we're focusing on the budget end of the market. Affordable lights that'll give you a lot of bang (and perhaps bhang?) for your buck.
Mars Hydro's Mars II 1200 replaces a 600W HPS light at around 1/3 of the running costs. It has a sleek and attractive design with a full spectrum of colored top-bin Epistar LEDs and two switches to select between bloom and veg. Meant to be hung between 12 and 30 inches from the tops of your cannabis, it covers a 4 by 4 foot area for blooming.
In terms of PAR figures, when hung at 18″ above the canopy, your plants should be getting 1644 umols (micro-moles) at the center of the footprint and around 726umol towards the edge.
The lights are rated at 50,000 hours and Mars Hydro covers your investment with a 2-year warranty.
Another powerful, efficient Mars Hydro light, but this time at the budget end of their range. Covering a 2′ x 2′ grow area, this is a full spectrum replacement for a 150W HPS/MH grow light. It gets its intensity and efficiency from a combination of top-bin 5W Epistar LED chips and Mars Hydro's own custom spectrum diffuser technology.
Like the model above, you'll find two switches for controlling growth stage settings. It also comes with the same 2-year warranty and a 50,000-hour lifespan.
The G8LED 240-watt grow light from DormGrow is the smallest member of the award-winning G8LED family. Its 8-band spectrum works well up to the flowering stage. Then the manufacturer suggests supplementing the panel with a 90-watt Red Flower Booster.
This light covers an area measuring 2 by 3 feet. The wavelengths it emits cover the whole range of visible light plus infrared and ultraviolet. If it appears that some of the LEDs aren't working, it could be because these last two types don't put out light you can see with your eyes.
But if this isn't large enough for you, try the one below.
The G8LED 45-watt light covers all 8 bands of the visible light spectrum plus infrared, making it able to cover up to 12 square feet. But again, G8LED suggests adding a 90-watt Red Flower Booster for the bloom stage (see short review below).
Although we prefer all-in one solutions like the Advanced Platinum Series by PlatinumLED, we respect the opinion of experienced growers. And the G8LED panels were given the award of "Best LED Grow Lights" by HIGH TIMES magazine in both 2016 and 2017 (in the latter case for the bloom only version of the G8LED 600W panel).
G8LED has been in business for almost a decade. They offer a 2-year warranty on their lights and have friendly customer service to help you with questions.
The award-winning G8LED 600-watt grow light covers a maximum area of 18 square feet for the veg stage. Drawing just 380W at the wall, this is an 800-1000W HID equivalent, so you really get a lot of light for your money! Put it in a 4 by 4 foot grow tent to raise up to 16 plants. And don't forget your sunglasses, because this baby puts out UV and IR rays.
The VIPARSPECTRA 300W would be great in a 2′ by 2′ or 3′ by 3′ grow tent. The core coverage area for bloom is 2 by 2 feet when the panel is hung 2 feet above the foliage. Although it's rated for putting out 300W of light, this panel actually consumes only 136-watts and can replace a 250-watt HPS lamp. You won't need any supplemental lights for this panel if you follow the recommendations for how much ground it can cover.
It's one of the lightest weight panels we've reviewed up to this point, coming in at just 5.6 pounds. It comes with its own hanging kit and a 6-foot long power cord. If you want to daisy chain this light or use it with a timer, you can.
People using the VIPARSPECTRA have commented that it's very, very bright. This is probably due to the sixty 5-watt Bridgelux and Epileds chips it uses. They are all mounted so their light shines 90-degress straight down on your plants. Their powerful rays penetrate through thick canopy.
Other positive comments about this light include the fact that it's very quiet although it has internal fans to keep its circuitry cool. Plus, it has a good mix of blue and red LEDs to encourage maximum growth.
VIPARSPECTRA offers a 30-day money-back satisfaction guarantee as well as a 3-year warranty.
If you have more plants to raise, try the 300W model's big brother. The VIPARSPECTRA 600W will cover up to 9 3-gallon pots at a time.
Or invest in the even bigger VIPARSPECTRA 1200W for up to 16 mature cannabis plants at a time.
Yep, it's another Viparspectra light.
Viparspectra make some great lights if you're on a budget. And it seems you guys agree, because like the Reflector Series these lights are great sellers among our readers too.
The unique feature of the Viparspectra PAR450 is that it's dimmable — and pretty affordable too. But what's so great about being dimmable? Well, adjusting the brightness for different growth stages is arguably a lot simpler than adjusting the hanging height of the light. Moreover, individual control of the red, white and blue channels allows a lot of customization.
As for the rest of its specs; this is a full spectrum light that can replace a 400W HPS/MH, while only drawing 210W at the wall. It covers a 3′ x 2.5′ grow area during bloom and 3.5′ x 3′ max.
Viparspectra offers a 3-year warranty and 30-day satisfaction or return guarantee.
Big brother to the VIPARSPECTRA PAR450, the PAR600 is an even bigger hit with our readers. From this model, you can expect a max coverage of 4 x 4 feet and core coverage of 3 x 3 feet when hung at 24 inches, for a power draw of just 285W. This one only has switches, though, rather than dimmers.
The full spectrum BloomBoss PowerPanel only covers a small grow area, 2′ x 2′ at a distance of 6-18″Â — but it draws just 32W to do so! And that's why we've included it here — it's cool, silent and super efficient.
More of an alternative to fluorescent T5s (96W equivalent), rather than HPS or MH lights, this is best suited for clones and seedlings and also makes a great supplemental light to round out the spectrum and increase your yields.
A 50,000-hour+ lifespan and 5-year warranty with lifetime tech support don't hurt either.
Top-end components at an affordable price make Unit Farm's UFO range of lights worth a mention here. Just like the rest of the range, the UFO-80 boasts high-output, highly efficient, ultra-reliable LED chips from top manufacturers Cree and Osram.
In practical terms, that means this full spectrum unit can comfortably cover a 2.4′ x 2.9′ grow area during flowering, while drawing only around 175W. And provides 1469.2umol of PAR at the center of its footprint. Veg and Flower modes are controllable by two separate switches.
Warranty is 3 years and the LEDs are rated at 50,000 hours.
Have you ever heard of COB LEDs? This is a light made up of multiple chips packaged together. The COB LED "bulb" looks small but it can put out a lot more light than regular LEDs taking up the same amount of space.
COB LEDs are probably the wave of the future. They rarely fail because they have fewer soldered joints and they run even cooler than normal LED panels. Their viewing angle is wider than many traditional LEDs (which are 90-degrees) and some don't even need lenses to create this effect.
You may have heard of some brands that are using COB LEDs now, like Bridgelux's Vero and Cree's CXA to achieve amazing canopy penetration and intensity. Amare is using CREE CXB3070 COBs (the supplemental chips are CREEs too) and earning an increasingly good reputation for their range of SolarECLIPSE grow lights.
Hung at 24″, this will cover a 4′ x 4′ grow area during flowering, with a power consumption of 500W. It has a switch for selecting between Grow and Bloom modes. And with the removable lenses installed Amare claims the SE 500 can surpass natural noon sunlight, emiting 2118umol/sec/m2 hung at 24″!
The Optic LED Optic 2 grow light is tiny but mighty. Its two 50W CREE chip-on-board arrays , supplemental Bridgelux/Epistar chips and intensifying secondary lenses, focus an impressively rounded spectrum of UV, blue, red, green and IR light onto your plants for maximum growth with minimum power use. While it's rated for 400W, it consumes only just over half that in electricity. It also runs very cool. Those two things will help you keep your pot farm on the down low.
Coverage-wise, it's good for 2′ x 3′ during flowering and 3′ x 4′ during vegging. Click on the button above to see the detailed spectrum and PAR charts. We're also impressed by the 5-year warranty and a built-in 6-stage timer, both great additions for a light at this price.
Optic LED's Optic 2 is impressive, but its big brother the Optic 8+ is an absolute monster. Thanks to industry leading components throughout, Optic LED reckon you can expect a yield of up to 2.5 pounds from one of these(!), which with a draw of 500W comes in at 2.25 grams per watt. Super efficient. The recommended grow area? 4′ x 4′ during flowering, with the light hung at 30″. Again, just click the link to check out the PAR values.
Other features: 3 independent dimmers (Veg controls 4 COBs, Bloom controls another 4, and Bloom Enhancer controls the supplemental LEDs), and 2 switches (1 for all 8 COBs, the other for the supplementals). No built-in timer for this model… but really, who cares?!
Let's say you are trying an experiment. You want to grow just one cannabis plant to see how it goes. Instead of investing a couple hundred dollars or more on a nice LED panel, why not try this small grow light from Cirrus LED Systems? It's got red, it's got blue, it will help your little plant grow to harvest time all by itself. Screw it into a light socket or a desk lamp (anything with an E27 fitting), just keep it within 18-inches from the top of your plant. Or use two for even better results. Draws 24 watts at the wall.
Let's say you want a larger crop but you're already stretching the light from your LED panel to the limit. Many growers supplement with an extra red light or two at the flowering stage. Well, this is the extra lamp we mentioned earlier for some of the LED lights that need it, like the G8LED panels.
In fact, it's also produced by G8LED. Just add one or more of these 90-watters (actual draw 82W) in at flowering time to get more buds and flowers and maximize your yield. Hang it above or below your main light, or angle it, whatever you prefer, so long as it's at least 12″ from your plants. Lasts 50,000 hours and comes with a 2-year warranty.
Besides a powerful and reliable LED light, you need other accessories for growing your weed. Here are some of our recommendations to make raising cannabis easier.
Although you'll be running cool with an LED light, it's still a good idea to keep an eye on the temperature and humidity in your grow tent. This one has a large, easy to read display and runs off one AAA battery.
Why bother with a grow tent if you've already got an empty closet? Well, a grow tent serves multiple purposes.
Quick and easy to assemble, this tent from Mars Hydro is good for a beginning grower. And it works especially well in combination one of Mars Hydro's own LED grow lights (see above), the reflective lining having been selected for and tested with their own range.
Comes in a number of different sizes.
The right nutrients will encourage your weed to grow big and strong with good tasting buds. Humboldt County's Own has a proven track record with their cannabis growing nutrient range. Not only that, but this is also the only starter pack on the market that comes with full size bottles rather than little sampler containers. Buy this and you can be sure you're not going to run out mid-grow.
If you don't plan to move your plants around a lot, these 3-gallon grow bags are an economical way to raise cannabis. Although three gallons sounds like a lot, they measure just 9 inches high and 10 inches across.
They're permeable, so water passes through. Consider resting them on a waterproof base.
Another way to grow weed is in these plastic pots. They stack together when you're in between growing sessions.
If you're not sure when it's time to water, this hygrometer will help you know.
Ready to sprout some seeds? Here are some starter plugs that are packed with nutrients to explode root growth. Just pop the whole thing into the soil in your pots once they start showing leaves.
We couldn't resist this educational kit! It comes with tray and peat pellets plus instructions.
What do you actually need to start growing weed?
Although we have a beginner's guide, here is a quick overview. When you decide to grow weed for the first time, consider your goals and your budget. If you're just experimenting, you may not want to invest in a big LED light, a grow tent, and so forth. On the other hand, if you're planning on making a living from growing or at least raising your own crops regularly, it's worth it to spend more right at the start.
Buy seeds from a reputable place. There are some growers in the Netherlands that offer a large variety of strains to choose from. Check to be sure they look tiger-striped and aren't black. If you're buying clones, be sure they've been sexed first.
If you're raising from seeds, take some time to learn about sexing plants. With cannabis it's important to be able to tell males from females because females are the ones that produce the right kind of buds for smoking and so forth.
As for a grow tent, it's really nice to have. We mentioned some reasons why above. At the minimum, keep your un-tented grow space protected from weather, from pests, and from temperature swings. Paint the walls bright white if you can so they reflect as much light as possible back onto the plants.
If you keep costs as low as possible, you can probably purchase seeds and all the accessories you need (or repurpose ones you have at home) to raise up to 4 plants for $100 to $200 dollars. But in reality, if you plan to keep growing, invest at least twice that much to start in order to get the best stuff you can to begin.
You won't be nearly as frustrated if you have a reliable light, a sturdy grow tent, and a way to measure conditions like temperature, humidity, and soil moisture.
Check out this time lapse video of cannabis growing to get a feel for how it looks to grow weed.
Why choose LED lights to grow cannabis?
In summary, LED lights run cooler and use less electricity to get better results (in many cases) than high pressure sodium and metal halide lamps. You don't need extra fans or ballasts. The LEDs themselves last for years before they need replacing even if you run them for 24 hours a day.
When you're shopping for a grow light, whether it's for your first time raising marijuana or an upgrade to a light you already have, you need to decide just two things.
How much light do you need? As in how many plants are you planning to grow? And are you raising them from seedling to harvest under the same lamp?
What's your budget? If you're upgrading from an HID setup, the cost of an LED grow light might seem high until you figure in that you'll save money on electricity and cooling and maintenance.
If you're experimenting with only one plant, even a small 100W grow lamp will probably work for you. You can always add a supplemental red lamp with IR for bloom time.
If you have a grow tent big enough for two plants to four plants, you'll need at least 200W. From four plants up to six, take a look at the 300W to 450W range. Anything more than 6 plants and two things happen: one, make sure your local laws allow you to raise this much, and two, consider getting two panels and daisy-chaining them. This is simply connecting them to each other with their power cords so you can control them with the same timer. Some brands will let you do this while others will advise you against it.
A final thing to consider is the strain of cannabis you're growing. Some strains grow larger than others and will need more space. They may have leafier canopies and so they will need a more powerful light to penetrate their foliage.
Fortunately, LED lights are very unlikely to burn the leaves of your cannabis. The heat from high pressure sodium and metal halide lamps is a danger to plants if you place the light too close to them. But LED panels are cool, and you can touch the bulbs themselves with your bare hand and not even burn yourself.
If you're worried about burning your plants, watch the leaves. If you see yellow or brown spots and the serrated edges curl upward, your plants may be getting too much heat from their lamp.
There are other signs to watch out for as you grow weed. For example, overwatering is a common problem for new growers. It helps to have a hygrometer to tell you if the soil is dry enough. If you've given your plants too much water, you'll see their leaves drooping and curling down toward their stems. If this continues to be a problem, make sure you have good drainage for their pots and try poking some holes (gently) into their soil to aerate them.
If you're using pre-made nutrients to fertilize your weed, watch out that you don't overfeed them. If they get too much, they will develop random spots and their edges may curl downward. If this happens, try watering them with pure water (not tap water) and cut back on nutrients for a while.
Beginning growers may not want to worry about testing their water and soil for pH levels, but having the right amount of alkalinity will help your weed flourish. The ideal is to hit between 6.0 and 7.0. One trick to help you achieve that is to avoid watering with tap water, or else fill a container with tap water and leave it out overnight to help de-chlorinate it. To check your work, use a pH tester kit like this one from General Hydroponics.
Sorry guys, male plants are less desirable than females. If you buy seeds from a reputable dealer, they should be for female plants already. But keep an eye out in case someone screwed up. Once your plants have been flowering for about a week to ten days, their gender will become obvious.
The easy way to tell the boys from the girls is this: boys grow, ahem, bananas, and girls grow hairs. Male plants look, well, male. Female plants have white hairs that sprout. Separate out the males before their bananas, or pollen sacs, erupt and pollinate your females. That way the psychoactive elements of your female plants stay pure and powerful.
If you've grown attached to your plants, you can avoid tossing them out after harvest time. Just leave about a tenth of the plant's stem, branches, leaves, and buds intact. Don't trim everything down to the nub. Pull it out of the soil and trim off brown roots, then transplant the plant into a fresh pot of soil with fertilizer. Go back to watering and leave the lights on for up to 20 hours a day. Within a couple of weeks you should see new growth happening.
Happy growing! Check back soon for more reviews of the best products for raising a bumper crop of weed!
Very detailed and helpful info for led grow lights, thanks, and congratulations!
I used to grow a long while back using HID lights on and ebb and flow system. 18 hours on 6 off. During those 6 off I used a Co2 unit that release 50 cfm every 1.5 hours starting immediately at lights out. I didn't see anything in this article about that And am looking to start up again….any suggestions? Ut seems there has been leaps and bounds made in my down time.
Plants need CO2 when photosentizing. At night it normally breath oxygen like any other living thing.
This light may be enough for four plants. Each plant requires about 1 square foot of space and about 25 watts of actual (not rated) power. you have 4 square feet and about 90 watts of actual power so you are just at the upper limit of what you can use for growing. That said if you are expanding, you should think about giving your plants more room and more light than you currently have and the best option would be using another 300 watt viparspectra and maybe a large grow space.
Yes, we have reviews of the Mars products. Did you know you can buy them cheaper on Amazon sometimes? Check our reviews.


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This Week In Pennsylvania Archaeology
Notable Women of Pennsylvania Archaeology
Continuing the celebration of women's suffrage, this week's blog highlights another important woman in Pennsylvania archaeology. Mary Butler was born June 23, 1903 in Media, Pennsylvania. She attended Vassar College, receiving a B.A. in 1925 and studied at the Sorbonne in France. Then she attended Radcliffe, earning a master's degree in anthropology in 1930. Finally, in 1936 she was the first woman to earn a Ph.D. in anthropology, from the University of Pennsylvania. She would remain affiliated with the University of Pennsylvania for the rest of her career as an assistant in the American Section of the University from 1930-1939 and then as a Research Associate from 1940-1970 (Simon, 2017 and Keur, 1971).
Dr. Butler's dissertation was "Ethnological and Historical Importance of Piedras Negras Pottery" from Guatemala. Her first expedition to Guatemala was as a member of a team from the University in 1932. She then directed three subsequent expeditions focusing on ceramics to determine a ceramic sequence for the region (Simon, 2017). As well as her interest in Mesoamerican archaeology she was also interested in Northeastern American archaeology. Unfortunately, at that time, the region "was renowned for its hostility to women's involvement in fieldwork (women were even banned from some digs)" (Herridge, 2019). She persevered.
In 1936, she conducted excavations in Somerset County, Pennsylvania for the Pennsylvania Historical Commission. Excavations at the Montague site (36So4) revealed a stockaded village containing 29 houses and a variety of pits and artifacts associated with village life.
The Hanna site (36So5) was excavated over the winter of 1935-1936, which locals purported to be the worst winter in years. No stockade was revealed at the Hanna site, but 23 roughly circular houses were arranged in a ring, about 220 feet in diameter.
The third site dug during this season was the Clouse site (36So3). Situated in a semi-circle on the Youghiogheny River, with mountains close enough behind to shelter from weather, but far enough to prevent surprise attacks. This was a "strategic site".
These early excavations contributed to the initial understanding of the Monongahela culture; expanding our knowledge beyond the Iroquois and Algonkin groups encountered by early settlers (Butler, 1939).
She then returned to her alma mater, Vassar College in 1939-1940, where she directed an archaeological survey of the Hudson River Valley. Describing the survey in the Vassar Miscellany News she amusingly quips "We only sink our mattocks where the poison ivy grows…, explaining that poison ivy seemed to sprout wherever an Indian had laid his bones" (Butler, 1940). The survey was successful, it investigated 45 sites, and included a crew made up of over one-third women.
Mary Butler married in 1942 and began a family, eventually having both a daughter and a son. Greatly valuing her new domestic responsibility's, she maintained an active interest in northeastern archaeology. Confronting the difficulties all working mothers face, she received an emergency call in 1943 from the University Museum to supervise an excavation at Broomall, PA. "She took her 11-week-old daughter along to the dig, carrying on efficiently as director, and giving the baby her bottle during coffee and lunch break." (Simon, 2017 and Keur, 1971).
Dr. Butler taught at several colleges throughout her career, among them are Hunter College, Vassar, and Bryn Mawr. She was also active with the Philadelphia Anthropological Society, the Society for Pennsylvania Archaeology, the American Anthropological Association, and the Society for American Archaeology. At the time of her passing, January 25, 1970 "she was the historian-archaeologist engaged in the restoration of the 18th century Mortonson House in Norwood, Delaware County, Pennsylvania. To this day Mary Butler is seen as a trailblazer for women in Pennsylvania Archaeology.
Butler, Mary
1939 Three Archaeological Sites in Somerset, Pennsylvania, Pennsylvania Historical Commission, Harrisburg, Pennsylvania
1940 Mary Butler Describes Archaeological Methods, Findings of Valley Survey, Vassar Miscellany News November 13, 1940 pg. 3
Herridge, Tori
2019 Mary butler, From the Guatemalan Highlands to the Hudson Valley. Retrieved from https://trowelblazers.com/mary-butler/
Keur, Dorothy
1971 Mary Butler Lewis, 1903-1970. American Anthropologist 73(1):255
Simon, Janet
2017 Mary Butler Lewis Papers. University of Pennsylvania, Penn Museum Archives.
For more information, visit PAarchaeology.state.pa.us or the Hall of Anthropology and Archaeology at The State Museum of Pennsylvania .
Posted by PA Archaeology at 3:49 PM No comments:
Wildcats, Wolves and Indian Dogs
The faunal evidence for archaeological sites in Pennsylvania portrays prehistoric Native Americans as consummate hunters and trappers. Discarded bones of mammals, birds and fishes retrieved centuries later by archaeologists from rubbish middens (trash pits) attest to the important roles that hunting and trapping played in the lives of these people. The contents of prehistoric trash middens and dumps most always show that deer, elk, bear and turkey due to their sheer body mass, were the more prolific creatures harvested for meat protein. There are animal remains reported from these trash dumps that are fewer in number and three of these are the subject of this week's blog.
Animal bones from an archaeological context.
The wildcat, better known as the bobcat, Lynx cf. rufus is an animal found in the rugged intermontane region of northern Pennsylvania where there are swamps and dense forests. One can surmise that this fur bearing animal was trapped by Native Americans for its pelt as the coat of fur is soft to the touch which made for ideal bedding in the cold night of winter.
The native wolf of Pennsylvania Canis lupus was extirpated in the last century when the logging industry was in its heyday. Unlike the bobcat, which is not a gregarious animal, wolf packs roamed the remote wilderness of Pennsylvania. Early encounters with wolves are well chronicled in Pennsylvania's early history as they were a serious menace to farm animals and were shot on sight. Native Americans however trapped them for their thick coat of fur and like the skins of bobcats, were tailored into clothing and bed covers.
The Indian dog Canis lupus familiaris /Canis familiaris has a bond with our pet dogs of today as it has been shown genetically that all dogs are descendants of the Gray Wolf as early as the Late Pleistocene when humans were using canids for tracking and hunting game. Here in Pennsylvania and elsewhere, the common term that is used to describe these cross-bred critters is "wolfdog" Canis lupus familiaris. It is not surprising that the archaeological evidence for dogs is better represented in the bone dumps of Pennsylvania than bobcats and wolves since the bond between dogs and humans has great antiquity.
Indian Dog
The butchered remains of bobcats, wolves and dogs that were eaten are mainly from Late Prehistoric and Contact period Native American village dump sites in the lower Upper Ohio Valley of southwestern Pennsylvania and the lower Susquehanna Valley of southeastern Pennsylvania. In the former region, these remains are associated with Monongahela habitation sites of the AD. 1000 – 1600 period that were occupied from the Forks of the Ohio to the Pennsylvania/West Virginia border south of Pittsburgh. The southeastern sites are mainly located in the Washington Boro area south of Harrisburg and the Raystown Branch of the Juniata River, now inundated by the Raystown Reservoir near Huntingdon. The Susquehannock Indians lived in these valleys from circa AD. 1500 – 1675 and they were the people who hunted, killed and consumed the animals herein described. The archaeo-faunal record for the later Susquehannock dump sites from the 1680's to the mid-1760's period is sparse and therefore cannot be summarized at this time.
We hope that you have enjoyed this brief presentation on the archaeological evidence for wildcats, wolves and dogs and their relationship to the Native American people who once lived in Pennsylvania. Please join us again as we present other interesting and fascinating topics on Pennsylvania Archaeology in This Week in Pennsylvania Archaeology.
Posted by PA Archaeology at 11:47 AM No comments:
Notable Women of Archaeology: Frances Dorrance
Tuesday, June 4th was an important anniversary. It marked a century since the United States Congress passed the 19th Amendment which guaranteed the right for women to vote. One remarkable woman that lived during that time was instrumental in Pennsylvania's archaeological heritage. Frances Dorrance would have been 41 years old at the time and had already accomplished much. She was born in Wilkes-Barre, Pennsylvania on June 30, 1877 to a prominent family. Her affluence allowed her to attend Wyoming Seminary graduating in 1896 and Vassar College where she graduated in 1900. She also received a degree from the New York School of Library Science at Albany (Kent, 1975).
Frances worked in several libraries over the years, but it was in 1922 that she became the director of the Wyoming Historical and Geologic Society. It was in this capacity that she became interested in archaeology. At that time, knowledge of Pennsylvania's prehistory was very lacking "in view of the scientific necessity of such a comprehensive study and exploration of the territory, since less is known about the Indian occupation of Pennsylvania than about that of almost any other state in the union" (Dorrance, 1927).
In 1924, Ms. Dorrance began a three-part plan to investigate the eastern part of Pennsylvania, including the 47 counties from the Delaware River to the Allegheny Divide. To begin this endeavor an archaeological survey/questionnaire was developed. More than 13,000 survey questionnaires were sent to "postmasters, foresters, grange and society officers, leaders of groups of people, Boy and Girl Scout leaders, individual collectors and known experts in the region" (Dorrance, 1927). Of the 13,000 distributed, roughly 2,000 were returned with a range of information from offers of assistance, ownership information of more than 1,200 artifact collections and the locations of trails and 1,900 sites. A map of site locations was generated from this information. By 1927 the Pennsylvania Historic Commission (precursor to the Pennsylvania Historic and Museum Commission (PHMC)) took over the responsibility of the Wyoming Valley Survey and included the remaining 20 counties. This was the beginning phase of the Pennsylvania Archaeological Site Survey or PASS files.
The second part of the plan was to investigate the newly identified sites. Many professional organizations offered assistance including the Philadelphia Academy of Natural Sciences, the National Research Council, the American Museum of Natural History, and many more.
The scientific integrity of the investigations was very important. The third part of the plan was that "An administrative body is to be formed of representatives of the contributing organizations and individuals, and the actual investigations are to be made by trained workers under a Director General" (Dorrance, 1927). This organization would become The Society for Pennsylvania Archaeology that is still going strong today. Frances served as chairman of a committee in 1929 to organize a group of people interested in Pennsylvania's prehistory. Invitations were sent to about 200 people, of these 19 attended the first meeting of the Society for Pennsylvania Archaeology on May 6, 1929 at the State Library in Harrisburg. Dr. J. Alden Mason was elected the first president and Frances was elected secretary (Mason, 1930). A position she held until 1934 when she was elected president.
Frances was also instrumental in organizing the EasternStates Archaeological Federation (ESAF). Knowing that the early native inhabitants did not recognize the political boundaries of state lines several state societies decided to join in this federation to share information. She was also a member of the Pennsylvania Historical Commission from 1929-1955 (Wilkes-Barre Times Leader, 1967). In 1952 she was named one of the Distinguished Daughters of Pennsylvania and in 1954 she was the first woman in the country to receive the Distinguished Service Citation from the American Legion. After a long and notable life, Frances Dorrance passed on January 6, 1973 (Wilkes-Barre Times Leader, 1973).
We hope you have enjoyed this profile of this important woman in Pennsylvania's archaeological heritage and the significant contributions she made to preserving the past. Preservation of our archaeological resources is important to our heritage. Please join us in supporting the efforts of Frances Dorrance in recording and preserving our archaeological sites in Pennsylvania. To learn more about recording sites, please visit https://pahistoricpreservation.com/shpo-electronic-submissions-online-data-entry/.
Dorrance, Frances
1927 Archaeological Field Work in North America During 1926. American Anthropologist 29 (2):313- 337
1934 Presidents Letter. Pennsylvania Archaeologist 4 (1):2
Kent, Barry
1973 Frances Dorrance, 1877-1973. Pennsylvania Archaeologist 45 (1-2): 104-105
Mason, J. Alden
1930 How and Why the Society was Organized. Pennsylvania Archaeologist 1 (1): 4
Wilkes Barre Times Leader
1967 Frances Dorrance "90 Years Young". The Evening News, Wilkes-Barre Record 29 June Page 12
1973 Miss Frances Dorrance, Member of Distinguished Family, Dies. The Evening News, Wilkes-Barre Record 7 January Page 14
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The views contained within do not necessarily reflect those of the Pennsylvania Historical and Museum Commission (PHMC) as a whole, nor the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania.Comments and discussion are encouraged. However, posts that are deemed inappropriate or offensive will be removed. Users will not be notified when content is removed.
Copyright ©2010 The State Museum of Pennsylvania/Pennsylvania Historical and Museum Commission. Please contact us at ra-paarchaeology@state.pa.us .
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Napster announced Wednesday an agreement with media giant Bertelsmann, parent corporation of BMG, to end its free distribution of music over the internet. Under the deal, users would pay a monthly membership fee to access Napster's file-sharing service, a complete turnaround from the company's original mission. This deal rightly compensates copyright holders who maintain legal ownership of the music distributed through Napster's service, but the agreement will ultimately hurt the music industry and listeners. Regardless, Napster has now abandoned its original mission of providing free music to fans.
The agreement comes as Napster defends itself against a lawsuit filed by BMG and other major recording companies. The 9th U.S. Circuit Court of Appeals is set to rule on an injunction against Napster for abetting copyright infringement. In the face of this pressure, Napster caved.
Napster never made a profit despite having more than 38 million users. Under the new plan, Napster and Bertelsmann would benefit from a new online stream of income – money that would also trickle down to copyright holders in the form of royalties for downloaded songs.
Although Napster finally plans to compensate the people who make the music the company distributes, the company has already reshaped the industry in a way that cannot be reversed. The Napster service is incredibly popular, and evidence exists showing CD sales increased since Napster became widely used. With this in mind, the recording industry appears to be pursuing a senseless victory in its quest to prevent Napster users from downloading free music. If greater sales of CDs are a result of Napster use, this deal could hurt record companies' bottom lines more than they realize.
Ultimately, the deal between Napster and Bertelsmann will have little effect on the movement to maintain free music on the internet. Other programs stand poised to replace Napster as the primary service for music fans and copyright pirates. Many of these programs, such as Gnutella, require no centralized server to distribute files, making it nearly impossible to shut down the service.
Napster's deal with Bertelsmann represents a tremendous turnaround by the internet company. Clearly Napster, like the record companies, is focused on future profits. The only loser in this deal appears to be music listeners.


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Should I buy the required textbooks?
I am often asked whether I think students should purchase the required textbooks assigned on the NCA syllabus. The short answer is, absolutely!
The NCA Syllabus spells out what the minimum required readings are to prepare for the exams and you should be able to read at least the minimum. The optional readings on the syllabus are just that, optional!
But what if I get notes, do I still need to buy the textbooks?
Notes are not a substitute for your own readings and work in the courses. Notes serve an entirely different function. As you go through your readings of the required textbooks, you should be making your own notes, summarizing the concepts and cases that you are reading. The purpose of these notes are for you to have a quick reference guide during your exams. The NCA exams are a race against the clock and it is not practical for you to look up each and every legal test in your textbook during the exam. Making a good set of notes will save you time during your exam. Your notes should not be an attempt summarize every single detail in the textbooks and therefore, you may find yourself in a situation on an exam where your notes may not elaborate on a point you are being tested on. In such a case, having the textbook with you would be crucial to answering the question.
Where can I purchase the textbooks and what if I don't live in Canada?
There are several places to get your hands on textbooks.
1) Get them directly from the publishers. Their information is listed at the end of each NCA syllabus. Some publishers offer digitial editions of their textbooks, so if you're living outside of Canada and do not want to pay for shipping costs, this may be a good alternative for you.
2) Go to your local library. Some of the NCA books are available in public libraries, these books are often held on reserve so you have to ask for them.
3) Get them from your local university's law library or law bookstore.
4) Purchase them used. The largest NCA online community with over 2200 members can be found HERE.


The first priority of the National Board of Certification and Recertification for Nurse Anesthetists (NBCRNA) is to promote patient safety. The NBCRNA's staff in conjunction with board members - who are experts in the fields of anesthesia, surgery, training/education and testing – fulfill this mission by ensuring that nurse anesthetists meet rigorous standards to earn and maintain their certification. As a result, nurse anesthetists have a remarkable track record for safe practice. The NBCRNA understands and embraces the wisdom in the requirement of our accrediting bodies that we include on our board of directors a person who gives us the perspective of the public in our deliberations. This voting public member serves as a sounding board for how the public in general and public organizations collectively view the NBCRNA's responsibility to patient safety and our commitment to decisions and processes that protect the public.
Q What is a nurse anesthetist?
Nurse anesthetists are advanced practice, highly educated nurses who are licensed to provide anesthesia for the full range of surgical and medical procedures. The profession began during the Civil War when nurses administered anesthesia to injured soldiers. Today, over 40,000 professionals hold the nurse anesthetist certification in the United States and practice in every type of setting requiring anesthesia, from delivery rooms and dental offices to operating rooms and outpatient surgical centers.
Q How does NBCRNA protect patient safety?
The NBCRNA regulates certification and recertification of nurse anesthetists and works in conjunction with the American Association of Nurse Anesthetists, which establishes practice standards, and the Council on Accreditation of Nurse Anesthesia Educational Programs, which establishes standards for educational programs. Individuals who earn at least a Master's Degree from an accredited nurse anesthesia educational program must then undergo a rigorous entry process and pass the NBCRNA's National Certification Examination before earning their certification. The exam is an intense, comprehensive test of the knowledge required to safely administer anesthesia. Once certified, nurse anesthetists dedicate themselves to lifelong learning through NBCRNA's recertification process, a robust and regular assessment of nurse anesthetists' professional practices.
Q How is a nurse anesthetist different from a physician anesthesiologist?
Both professionals are validated experts in delivering anesthesia care. Physicians undergo a very broad-based education which includes obstetrics, histology, radiology, urology, and other areas before they undertake specialized residency training in the field of anesthesiology. Nurse anesthetists follow a more direct pathway. It requires approximately eight years to educate a nurse anesthetist. After four years of collegiate nursing education, nurses must gain at least one year of experience in an acute patient care setting, such as the intensive care unit. Nurse anesthesia education then involves 2-3 years of graduate study, resulting in either a Master's or a Doctoral degree to become a graduate nurse anesthetist.
Q What exactly does NBCRNA certify nurse anesthetists to do?
The types of procedures and care nurses provide is determined by law in each state. In addition, a nurse anesthetist's specific duties are determined by the hospital or group that employs them. Certification by the NBCRNA ensures that a nurse anesthetist has been educated and has experience in every type of anesthesia care, from anesthetizing newborns to the elderly, for procedures involving the brain to the bones, and from life-saving trauma care to life-giving obstetric deliveries.
Q What is the advantage of having nurses provide anesthesia care?
Anesthesia care is perfectly suited to be given by nurses. Nurses, by nature, bring a special compassion to care they provide, and they understand having surgery can be a very frightening event in one's life. If you are undergoing surgery, you can rest assured, that the compassionate nurse who holds your hand is also certified by the NBCRNA to possess the knowledge and skill to provide a safe and effective anesthesia experience. Their expertise in providing anesthesia is demonstrated by their CRNA certification by the NBCRNA. Ask your nurse anesthetist if they hold the CRNA certification.
Q What lies in the future for NBCRNA?
The NBCRNA regularly assesses the evolving knowledge required in anesthesia health care practice to ensure our certification and recertification programs meet or exceed the expectations of patients and their family members. After extensive research of recertification best practices and an open dialogue with the nurse anesthetist community, NBCRNA announced the Continuing Professional Certification (CPC) Program. The CPC Program reshapes the nurse anesthetist recertification process in a way that further strengthens the NBCRNA's ability to protect patient safety.
The NBCRNA is proud to celebrate National CRNA Week each January. Learn more.
Find out more about the nurse anesthesia profession here.


Looking for the perfect way to say "I love you" to that special someone in Saint Francisville? Look no further than Mia Sophia Florist in Saint Francisville, LA for romantic gifts including valentines day flowers, roses and romantic gifts. Mia Sophia Florist has everything you'll need for the perfect way to declare your love. Sweep them off their feet with hand delivered fresh flowers! Same day flower delivery available.


them your thoughts ! we are then also presenting and discussing the results at an open panel meeting as the US College Art Association meeting in Washington, DC at the Washington Marriott Wardman Park Hotel from Wednesday, February 3 through Saturday, February 6. – Open to conference attendees.
A SEAD Working Group meeting will be held at the National Academies in Washington DC, on February 2, 2016.
"Steps to an Ecology of Networked Knowledge and Innovation" (MIT Press, 2015).
We are consulting with members of the SEAD network to identify emerging topics, trends, gaps and issues that have been growing in importance during the last five years. This update to the SEAD report will open the agenda for the Working Group meeting.
• We will also note the emergence of new actors and stakeholders and their initiatives, including theNAKFI Futures Conference in November 2015 convening communities from the US National Academy of Science, the National Academy of Engineering, and the National Academy of Medicine.
• In 2015 the European Commission issued its ICT-Arts CONNECT report, launching the STARTS program for funding work in Science, Technology, and the Arts as part of the Europe 2020 program.
• Also in 2015, the Alliance for the Arts in Research Universities (a2ru) will hold a conference on the"Third Space," addressing transdisciplinary exemplars that integrate arts and/or design practices with work and research across other disciplines.
• The Innovation Collaborative has been arranging collaborations between professional educator organizations, including the National Science Teachers Association, the National Art Education Association, and the Association of Science and Technology Centers.
As a complement to this encouraging set of initiatives, we are inviting constituent actors and stakeholders to participate in the Working Group meeting and help us map currently emerging trends, issues, and gaps. We will ask participants in the Working Group meeting to share a summary of recent and forward-reaching ideas in their areas. In addition, we are seeking topics for discussion to gauge what is looking promising for the SEAD community of collaborators and what may be presenting challenges.


text:
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    'http://{{domains[www1]}}:{{ports[http][0]}}/workers/modules/resources/export-credentials.py';
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    self instanceof DedicatedWorkerGlobalScope) {
  import(import_url)
      .then(module => postMessage(module.cookie));
} else if (
    'SharedWorkerGlobalScope' in self &&
    self instanceof SharedWorkerGlobalScope) {
  onconnect = e => {
    import(import_url)
        .then(module => e.ports[0].postMessage(module.cookie));
  };
}


The cosmopolitan hotel PEGASOS welcomes you to its facilities and promises that you will experience the most enjoyable vacation.
The hotel is situated on the east coast at the most beautiful beach of Rhodes, just 2 kms from the center of Faliraki and 13 kms from the town of Rhodes. Its perfect location and the regular transportation schedule gives you the possibility to enjoy the exciting life of the town without the stress and the noise of a large city.
The 280 luxurious rooms, which are totally renovated, offer telephone, music, satellite TV, refrigerator, hair dryer, balcony and air condition. Taste Greek and foreign delicacies in the two restaurants, separated for smokers and non-smokers, with buffet for breakfast and the choice between either a lunch or a dinner buffet (depending on your daily program).
Enjoy Internet surfing in our Internet Cafe and a drink in the evening on the terrace by attending our daily shows, like Greek dances, live music, and performance of modern and eastern dances. Have a walk in our wonderful gardens and experience the pleasure of having a refreshing drink at our pool bar or a traditional snack in our tavern.
Sports lovers have the opportunity to practice all the water sports they desire at our clean beach as well as play tennis, basket-ball, billiards and ping-pong together with our recreation team. At the end of the program relax in our sauna. For our "little" guests there is the paradise of a children's safe playground as well as their very own swimming pool with clean water, changed on a daily basis. Last but not least the stores within the hotel such as a mini market, hairdresser, jeweler's, leatherwear, tailors and rent a car keeps you from interrupting your holiday rest.
Είστε ιδιοκτήτης ή διευθυντής στο PEGASOS BEACH HOTEL; Εγγραφείτε τώρα για δωρεάν εργαλεία, που μπορείτε να χρησιμοποιήσετε για να βελτιώσετε την καταχώρησή σας και να συνδέσετε την ιστοσελίδα σας και το σύστημα κρατήσεών σας.


In 1999 the Pedaltrain brand of guitar effects pedalboards was introduced. This award winning product line has become widely recognized as the industry standard in affordable pedalboard systems; combining innovative, patented designs and tour proven durability.
Pedaltrain is the premier innovation in guitar effects pedalboards. The award winning and patented design has been road tested, approved, and is currently in use by thousands of guitarists worldwide.
All of the pedalboards are made of welded aluminum alloy tubing to ensure that every Pedaltrain is as strong and lightweight as possible. There are no moving parts to loosen or wear out. A durable powder coat finish ensures your Pedaltrain will look great and last a lifetime.
The patented, open frame and elevated angle design provides added flexibility when configuring the set up of your effects pedals. Connecting cables can be neatly routed over, under, and through the open slots in the top surface area of the Pedaltrain to keep things neat and reduce the risk of possible accidental disconnection. Pedals may be added, removed, rearranged, or bypassed quickly and easily. All Pedaltrain models include plenty of industrial grade, adhesive backed, hook and loop material, along with detailed instructions to make setup fast and efficient.


Add chickpea flour, sugar, salt, turmeric powder, citric acid/lemon juice.
Add ¾ cup of water and whisk well to get a thick and smooth batter.
Prepare pressure cooker or steamer. Boil water in a steamer.
Add the fruit salt/soda to the batter just before steaming and mix lightly until batter is light and fluffy.
Grease container. Pour the mixture immediately and spread evenly by rotating the container clockwise.
Fill the container ⅜, like we do for cake baking.
Steam in a steamer for 12-15 minutes or till the dhoklas are cooked.
Insert a toothpick to check if Dhaka is cooked if it comes out clean then dhokla is ready. If not, steam for few more minutes. Keep aside.
Pour 3 tbsp of the khaman dhokla batter into each of the 4 capsicum halves and steam in a steamer for 8 to 10 minutes.
Remove from the steamer and allow the capsicum to cool slightly.
Cut each capsicum halve into 2 pieces vertically and keep aside.
When the seeds crackle, add the sesame seeds, green chilies, and sauté on a medium flame for 30 seconds.
Add 1 glass water, sugar, salt, lemon juice and mix well.
Let it come to a boil, and remove from heat.
Cut into pieces and serve immediately garnished with onions. And serve with green/red chutney or ketchup.


Download Last Grade 11 Business Studies Paper November or read Last Grade 11 Business Studies Paper November online books in PDF, EPUB and Mobi Format. Click Download or Read Online button to get Last Grade 11 Business Studies Paper November book now. This site is like a library, Use search box in the widget to get ebook that you want.
How to Download Last Grade 11 Business Studies Paper November : Press button "Download" or "Read Online" below and wait 20 seconds. This time is necessary for searching and sorting links. This site is like a library, you could find million book here by using search form widget.


text:
//
// Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
// modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
// are met:
//  * Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
//    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
//  * Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
//    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
//    documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
//  * Neither the name of NVIDIA CORPORATION nor the names of its
//    contributors may be used to endorse or promote products derived
//    from this software without specific prior written permission.
//
// THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS ``AS IS'' AND ANY
// EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE
// IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR
// PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED.  IN NO EVENT SHALL THE COPYRIGHT OWNER OR
// CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL,
// EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO,
// PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR
// PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY
// OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT
// (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE
// OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
//
// Copyright (c) 2008-2018 NVIDIA Corporation. All rights reserved.
// Copyright (c) 2004-2008 AGEIA Technologies, Inc. All rights reserved.
// Copyright (c) 2001-2004 NovodeX AG. All rights reserved.

#ifndef PX_PHYSICS_NX_HEIGHTFIELD_GEOMETRY
#define PX_PHYSICS_NX_HEIGHTFIELD_GEOMETRY
/** \addtogroup geomutils
@{
*/
#include "geometry/PxTriangleMeshGeometry.h"
#include "common/PxCoreUtilityTypes.h"

#if !PX_DOXYGEN
namespace physx
{
#endif

#define PX_MIN_HEIGHTFIELD_XZ_SCALE 1e-8f
#define PX_MIN_HEIGHTFIELD_Y_SCALE (0.0001f / PxReal(0xFFFF))

class PxHeightField;

/**
\brief Height field geometry class.

This class allows to create a scaled height field geometry instance.

There is a minimum allowed value for Y and XZ scaling - PX_MIN_HEIGHTFIELD_XZ_SCALE, heightfield creation will fail if XZ value is below this value.
*/
class PxHeightFieldGeometry : public PxGeometry
{
public:
	PX_INLINE PxHeightFieldGeometry() :
		PxGeometry		(PxGeometryType::eHEIGHTFIELD),
		heightField		(NULL),
		heightScale		(1.0f),
		rowScale		(1.0f),
		columnScale		(1.0f),
		heightFieldFlags(0)
	{}

	PX_INLINE PxHeightFieldGeometry(PxHeightField* hf,
									PxMeshGeometryFlags flags,
									PxReal heightScale_,
									PxReal rowScale_,
									PxReal columnScale_) :
		PxGeometry			(PxGeometryType::eHEIGHTFIELD),
		heightField			(hf) ,
		heightScale			(heightScale_),
		rowScale			(rowScale_),
		columnScale			(columnScale_),
		heightFieldFlags	(flags)
		{
		}

	/**
	\brief Returns true if the geometry is valid.

	\return True if the current settings are valid

	\note A valid height field has a positive scale value in each direction (heightScale > 0, rowScale > 0, columnScale > 0).
	It is illegal to call PxRigidActor::createShape and PxPhysics::createShape with a height field that has zero extents in any direction.

	@see PxRigidActor::createShape, PxPhysics::createShape
	*/
	PX_INLINE bool isValid() const;

public:
	/**
	\brief The height field data.
	*/
	PxHeightField*			heightField;

	/**
	\brief The scaling factor for the height field in vertical direction (y direction in local space).
	*/
	PxReal					heightScale;

	/**
	\brief The scaling factor for the height field in the row direction (x direction in local space).
	*/
	PxReal					rowScale;

	/**
	\brief The scaling factor for the height field in the column direction (z direction in local space).
	*/
	PxReal					columnScale;

	/**
	\brief Flags to specify some collision properties for the height field.
	*/
	PxMeshGeometryFlags		heightFieldFlags;

	PxPadding<3>			paddingFromFlags;	//!< padding for mesh flags.
};

PX_INLINE bool PxHeightFieldGeometry::isValid() const
{
	if (mType != PxGeometryType::eHEIGHTFIELD)
		return false;
	if (!PxIsFinite(heightScale) || !PxIsFinite(rowScale) || !PxIsFinite(columnScale))
		return false;
	if (rowScale < PX_MIN_HEIGHTFIELD_XZ_SCALE || columnScale < PX_MIN_HEIGHTFIELD_XZ_SCALE || heightScale < PX_MIN_HEIGHTFIELD_Y_SCALE)
		return false;
	if (!heightField)
		return false;

	return true;
}

#if !PX_DOXYGEN
} // namespace physx
#endif

/** @} */
#endif


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Our mission is to provide the latest news and information from all the Bitcoin communities around the world. Listen for valuable news about the latest start-up companies and exciting projects in the crypto space. There's so much innovation and happenings going on in the field of Bitcoin that it's hard to keep up – and that's why Bitcoin Talk Radio is here to help! We at Bitcoin Talk Radio hope to make it a little easier for you by keeping you informed and up to date and of course, fully entertained!
Bitcoin Talk Radio is to deliver news, informative interviews, and fun talk shows, and entertainment. We are not Bitcoin experts, nor do we claim to be. We are just enthusiasts. Please do not make any decision based of anything we say, always be your own judge and make your own decisions! All the stories posted on Bitcoin Talk Radio have an open forum for comments, and we appreciate any and all comments, feedback, and site corrections you may want to point out to us.
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