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Subaru XV 2012- There are 5 products.


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The Farm & Unincorporated Oil Country-February 25
By ctravers@CoreyTravers Feb 25, 2020, 3:08pm MST
Share All sharing options for: The Farm & Unincorporated Oil Country-February 25
Photo by Derek Cain/Icon Sportswire via Getty Images
Let's check in with some of the less covered teams that may be of interest to Oilers fans, or fans of local hockey in Edmonton:
Unfortunately, the Condors have fallen out of the Pacific division playoff race, and although they aren't officially eliminated, there just isn't enough time left in the season for them to get themselves back in the race. Their team has hit the skids from a playoff outlook standpoint (47 points in 52 games, 12 points back of the last playoff spot, despite having 2 fewer remaining games than the San Diego Gulls team they are chasing). Still, considering that the AHL exists as a developmental league for the NHL, and a plethora of recent Condors are making major contributions the Oilers' playoff run, one could argue that Bakersfield has served its purpose this season.
Eight Condors are averaging at least 0.6 points per game this season (min 5 AHL games played). They are:
Josh Currie - 22 goals and 39 points (both team highs), in 52 gp (0.75 pts/g)
Tyler Benson - team high 27 assists, and 36 points, in 43 gp (0.84 pts/g)
Evan Bouchard - 33 points in 50 gp (0.66 pts/g). Also:
Bouchard is second among rookie d-men in scoring and has led all AHL d-men since Jan 1.
— Ryan Holt (@CondorsHolty) February 19, 2020
Brad Malone - 31 points in 49 gp (0.63 pts/g)
Kailer Yamamoto - 16 points in 23 gp (0.7 pts/g) in the AHL, 21 points in 21 NHL games.
Markus Granlund - 15 points in 17 gp (0.88 pts/g)
Caleb Jones - 11 points in 14 gp (0.79 pts/g)
Tomas Jurco - 7 points in 8 gp (0.88 pts/g)
Of these eight players, two hold spots on the Oilers' NHL roster (Jones, and Yamamoto, though Yamamoto will miss the next few weeks with a high ankle sprain). Jurco has been out, following his hip surgery in December, and Bouchard was just recently sent back down to Bakersfield, following a call-up to the big club, in which he sat in the press box. So was Benson, who did manage to play pretty well in Edmonton. Furthermore, Brad Malone missed last weekend's games with an Illness, so only 2 of Bakersfield top 8 points-per-game scorers suited up for them last weekend (Granlund and Currie). The returns of Malone, Bouchard, and Benson should keep their games competitive down the stretch, but they'd still be hard pressed to chase down anyone without the likes of Yamamoto, Jone and Jurco. Though, to be fair, those players have only played a combined 37 games in the AHL this season. Maybe the Condors can get blazing hot down the stretch, but they haven't really shown signs of being that team all season.
Edit: Granlund is now up with the big club.
The Thunder have lost four straight, and have amassed 50 points in 57 games. They currently sit in last place in the Mountain division, and are 10 points out of a playoff spot. They should be considered irrelevant to the ECHL's Kelly Cup playoff picture.
Alberta Golden Bears
Shockingly, the first place Golden Bears lost two games to one, in their best of three Canada west semi-finals playoff series, to the UBC Thunderbirds, this past weekend, on home ice, at Clare Drake Arena.
On the other side for the Bears. A disappointing end to a 23-5 season, obviously not happy but in the two games they lost to UBC they outshot them 94-36...sometimes you tip your hat to a goalie. Yes, 94-36.
— Dustin Nielson (@nielsonTSN1260) February 24, 2020
My CWUAA model gave the Golden Bear a 90.5% chance to win each game, this past weekend, which translates to a 97.5% chance of winning the best-of-three series, and an 81.9% chance of sweeping said series. This means that in 1000 simulations of this playoff series, the Golden Bears only would have been eliminated 25 times. But, that's why they play the games.
Over the three games, the Golden Bears outshot the Thunderbirds 128-56, good for a 70% shot share, and a 72% shot share in losses alone.
My model projected the Bears to outscore the Thunderbirds by 3.2 goals per game, or 9.6 goals overall, over the course of three games (though it would have been hard to outscore the T-birds by that many goals, given that T-birds would have to win at least once to force a three-game series, and the Bears had an 82% chance of sweeping).
As it turned out, the Bears did outscore the Thunderbirds, 9-6, over the three games, but will still see their season come to end end before the Canada West finals, for the first time in nearly a decade. Had the Bears won the series, they would have qualified for the USports national championship tournament yet again, by virtue of making their conference finals. The last time the Bears failed to qualify for the conference finals was 2012.
This weekend, the UBC Thunderbird travel to Saskatchewan to take on the Huskies in a best-of-three series, for the CWUAA championship. My model gives the Huskies a 93.5% chance of winning the title.
NAIT
NAIT face off against Grant MacEwan this weekend, for their final two games of the regular season. The Ooks have won six straight, and have locked up first place in the ACAC, with 46 points in 26 games. Following this weekend's games, and regardless of the results, they will have a bye for the first round of the ACAC playoffs. Their goal differential on the year is +79, meaning their average game is slightly better than a win by a margin of three goals. They are a wagon.
Grant MacEwan
Grant Mac obviously faces NAIT this weekend, but with a lot more on the line. They sit one point behind Red Deer College for second in the ACAC standings. The top two teams at season's end get byes to the semi-finals. The Griffins may be in tough against the class of the league this weekend, but it's still possible to catch RDC, who have a two-game set against fourth place SAIT this weekend.
My new ACAC model gives the Griffins a 36.2% chance of winning their road game against NAIT this weekend, and a 46.5% chance of winning on home ice. Over the two games it has NAIT in for 5.75 goals, and it has GMU in for 5.15, which comes out to a weekend supremacy midpoint of NAIT -0.6, and a projected goal total of 10.9.
I'll continue to use this model to forecast the ACAC playoffs, starting next weekend.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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Q: Eclipse opens old versions of my project When opening Eclipse the project version is not the current one(it automatically opens the very beginning version of the project, not the current files on my drive).
I tried modifying the refresh settings in Preferences->Workspace, no luck. Also, when I right click->Refresh the project nothing happens.
I am using the last version of Eclipse Luna and the PyDev perspective.

A: have you tried go File then Switch Workspace e selected the right one? (even if ther is only one)
Some time it happend to me, maybe when i have eclipse opened and i click again on the eclipse startup app it ask me "load new workspace..." and it messup all

A: Try to look that its clearly the Workspace you would to use.
Do you have different Workspaces?

A: Try to check the location of the project.

*

*Right-click on the project in Package Explorer and select "Properties"

*Select "Resources" on right side and check the location.

If the location is wrong, try to import the right one using method as follows:

*

*Right-click in Package Explorer and select "Import"

*Select General->Existing Projects into Workspace and import the project.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


The Portuguese Language Office of Astronomy for Development (PLOAD) was inaugurated in August 2015. The vision of the PLOAD is to create an international Working Group that stimulates the use of astronomy for scientific and technological development in Portuguese speaking countries. The current membership of PLOAD consists of 8 Portuguese speaking countries distributed across 4 different continents. Representatives to the Working Group were appointed from; Brazil, Cape Verde, East Timor, Mozambique, Portugal, São Tomé and Príncipe. The Working Group will focus on promoting a global sustainability, collaboration and mutual support to build a legacy aligned with the IAU Strategic Plan 2020-2030.
The first 5 years of the PLOAD is coordinated by NUCLIO (Núcleo Interativo de Astronomia) in Portugal. As part of the first phase of creation and implementation of the PLOAD vision, we wish to establish solid connections between Portuguese speaking communities, to find a common framework to engage and empower schools and teachers to motivate students towards astronomy awareness, and to create and localise tools and resources taking into account specific social and cultural aspects and challenges.
We aim to establish an international collaboration among the countries using student-exchanges, job shadowing opportunities, as well as universities and industry collaborations. We hope to build strong partnerships among stakeholders from different sectors and promote exchanges of best practices in various fields of expertise.
Asteroid Search – Engaging teachers and students in authentic science discoveries.
Other important events are now regularly being conducted such as face-to-face teacher training in one member country per year, promotion of webinars where the students have the opportunity to interact with the scientists. Students exchanges and joint supervision, such as has started with students from Cape Verde, will be enhanced to bring students from São Tomé and Principe to Cape Verde, and from Cape Verde to Brazil.
For the celebration of the IAU100, the PLOAD is preparing a few important initiatives. The aim is to actively participate in the main global projects and to propose a few joint initiatives along the year of 2019. One of the highlights will certainly be the celebrations of the 100th anniversary of Eddington observations of a solar eclipse on Principe Island and in Sobral (Brazil); observations that helped prove general relativity. A series of events are being planned, including the inauguration on Principe Island of a historic and thematic science centre devoted to the history of Roça Sundy, the site where Eddington's observations took place. During the last week of May 2019, a series of important events are expected to take place in Brazil, Principe and Portugal related to this important ephemerid. A series of teacher training events are also foreseen in all of the countries and some new initiatives are going to enter the pilot phase. In Cape Verde, a project called "Literacias" will start with the support of Cape Verde University, with the main purpose of identifying specific needs in the science and cultural literacy of teachers from primary to secondary schools followed by actions to address the identified needs. From Brazil, a new series of chronicles will be started, addressing the gap between science, education and cultural discourses in society in general and the role of astronomy to address relevant issues.
From Mozambique, their SKA efforts will be shared with other members of the PLOAD in order to spark interest in SKA.
Our community is strongly motivated to make PLOAD broadly successful across our nations, and through significant engagement from all partners, and our shared vision for the future, we are ready to embrace the many new opportunities ahead, in particular during the celebrations of 2019. PLOAD will certainly use this opportunity to grow and to cement the already existing friendship and respectful collaboration among members. There is a lot to be done but also a great will to do it right.
ROSA DORAN is president of NUCLIO in Portugal and the chair of the Galielo Teacher Training Programme (GTTP). She also coordinates the IAU's Portuguese Language Office of Astronomy for Development.


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Notker l'Allemand (Notker Teutonicus, également traduit Notker le Teuton), ou Notker Labeo, soit Notker le lippu (vers 950, ) était un moine bénédictin de l'abbaye de Saint-Gall, maintenant en Suisse. Il est connu comme le premier commentateur actif d'Aristote au Moyen Âge, et un important traducteur de textes classiques et religieux en allemand, travaux qui lui valent son surnom de Teutonicus.

Notker se distingue non seulement par sa compréhension des textes latins qu'il traduit, mais aussi par le souci de correction qu'il manifeste dans son expression allemande, ce qui lui assure l'estime de ses élèves.

Passionné par sa langue maternelle, il écrit dans une  de ses lettres: "On devrait savoir que les mots allemands ne peuvent s'écrire sans accent, à l'exception de l'article, le seul à être prononcé sans accent."

Sa graphie tient parfois compte de la prononciation allemande des consonnes, les gutturales notamment.

Éditions
 Notker latinus zu den kleineren Schriften, éd. James C. King et Petrus W. Tax, Tübingen, Niemeyer, 2003 ; 1 vol., XXX-202 p. (Die Werke Notkers des Deutschen, 7 A – Altdeutsche Textbibliothek, 117)

Notes et références

Liens externes

Écrivain médiéval de langue allemande
Écrivain germanique du Moyen Âge
Décès en 1022
Théologien chrétien du Xe siècle
Personnalité du haut Moyen Âge par nom
Écrivain allemand du Xe siècle
Écrivain allemand du XIe siècle

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


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Displaying results 1-30 of 57 matches for query riot.
1. Riot police move in after Chloraka brawl
https://knews.kathimerini.com.cy/en/news/riot-police-move-in-after-chloraka-brawl
Police officers in plain clothes fired warning shots on Tuesday night in Chloraka, where a fight broke out near a controversial apartment complex that is reportedly under orders to close down...
2. 35,000 protesters demonstrated against COVID measures in Austria
https://knews.kathimerini.com.cy/en/news/35-000-protesters-demonstrate-against-covid-measures-in-austria
Tens of thousands of protesters, many from far-right groups, marched through Vienna on Saturday after the Austrian government announced a nationwide lockdown beginning Monday to contain the country's skyrocketing coronavirus infections....
3. Rival football violence shakes Limassol
https://knews.kathimerini.com.cy/en/news/rival-football-violence-shakes-limassol
Battlefield scenes of urban warfare erupted in downtown Limassol Thursday evening after football fans from rival teams resorted to violence following an initial encounter that led to full-fledged war...
4. Police under scrutiny over media attack
https://knews.kathimerini.com.cy/en/news/police-under-scrutiny-over-media-building-attack
Cyprus police moved quickly to arrest a dozen suspects in the aftermath of an attack on a local media building in Nicosia, but questions remained over what law enforcement knew ahead of time and how prepared were riot police to face the assaul...
5. Police arm up after Limassol fire and fury
https://knews.kathimerini.com.cy/en/news/police-arm-up-after-limassol-fire-and-fury
Cyprus police came under immense pressure during Holy Week following incidents of chaos, anarchy, and even violence against officers, with arrests starting to pile up and efforts doubled in arming up the force with more riot gear...
6. EOKA boy to get hero's burial
https://knews.kathimerini.com.cy/en/news/eoka-boy-to-get-hero-s-burial
Greek Cypriot officials are on a quest to exhume the remains of a young boy, who was shot and killed during a student riot against British forces in 1956, in order to give him a hero's burial...
7. Police back off as peaceful marchers defy ban
https://knews.kathimerini.com.cy/en/news/police-back-off-as-marchers-defy-ban
Thousands took to the streets in Nicosia over the weekend to protest against a controversial ban on peaceful assembly, with marchers and officers on their best behavior after an earlier anti-corruption demonstration was put down by use of force...
8. Cop with covered badge number in hot water
https://knews.kathimerini.com.cy/en/news/cop-with-covered-badge-number-in-hot-water
A member of an elite police unit is under investigation following reports that the ID number on his helmet had been covered during an operation at a protest in downtown Nicosia...
9. Protesters accuse cops of police brutality
https://knews.kathimerini.com.cy/en/news/protesters-accuse-cops-of-police-brutality
A probe into alleged police brutality has been launched after law enforcement officials were criticized over a heavy-handed response to a peaceful protest against corruption in downtown Nicosia on Saturday...
10. Pournara residents 'fired up' about leaving camp
https://knews.kathimerini.com.cy/en/news/pournara-residents-fired-up-about-leaving
More protests took place at Pournara on Wednesday, after asylum seekers with grievances reportedly set a tent on fire while some camp residents managed to leave camp...
11. President Biden urges Americans to turn page
https://knews.kathimerini.com.cy/en/news/president-biden-urges-americans-to-turn-page
Democrat Joe Biden was sworn in as president of the United States on Wednesday, vowing to end the 'uncivil war' in a deeply divided country reeling from a battered economy and a raging coronavirus pandemic that has killed more than 400,000 Americans...
12. Washington not taking any chances
https://knews.kathimerini.com.cy/en/news/washington-not-taking-any-chances
Presidential inaugurations are normally high-security events, with metal detectors at key entry points, restricted ID-only zones and National Guard supplementing local and federal law enforcement, but the level of precautions this year is unprecedented...
13. Cyprus shocked over chaos in Washington
https://knews.kathimerini.com.cy/en/news/cyprus-shocked-over-chaos-in-washington
The will of the people as freely expressed in elections must be respected, Cypriot Foreign Minister Nikos Christodoulides said in the light of the siege of the Capitol Hill in Washington...
14. One shot dead after rioters storm US capitol
https://knews.kathimerini.com.cy/en/news/one-dead-after-rioters-storm-us-capitol
Trump supporters breached one of the most iconic American buildings on Wednesday, engulfing the nation's capital in chaos as electoral votes were being counted to confirm President-elect Joe Biden's win...
15. Two arrested before car caravan in Nicosia
https://knews.kathimerini.com.cy/en/news/two-arrested-over-car-caravan-in-nicosia
Cypriot police made arrests and issued citations on Sunday, both before and after a large demonstration took place outside the Presidential Palace, when 200 cars stormed the area to protest against government measures...
16. Dherynia rioter gets suspended sentence
https://knews.kathimerini.com.cy/en/news/dherynia-rioter-gets-suspended-sentence
A local judge in Famagusta handed down a 90-day suspended sentence to a man who pleaded guilty to rioting charges in connection with an incident at Dherynia checkpoint, while eight others await trial after pleading not guilty...
17. Anti-vaxxers clash with police in Nicosia
https://knews.kathimerini.com.cy/en/news/anti-vaxxers-clash-with-riot-police-in-nicosia
Riot police clashed with protesters in west Nicosia on Thursday, where a demonstration took place against vaccinations and health restrictions imposed by the government...
18. Protesters defy ban on peaceful assembly
https://knews.kathimerini.com.cy/en/news/protesters-defy-ban-on-peaceful-assembly
Harsh words against the police and a handful of arrests marred the weekend in Paphos and Limassol, after small numbers of protesters and riot police came face to face on Saturday over the right to protest in public...
19. Cyprus suspends freedom of assembly
https://knews.kathimerini.com.cy/en/news/cyprus-suspends-freedom-of-assembly
The health ministry in the Republic of Cyprus has issued a ban on public gatherings, including the right to a peaceful assembly, saying high risks of spreading the coronavirus could take a toll on the country's healthcare system...
20. Police feel tricked over Limassol protest
https://knews.kathimerini.com.cy/en/news/police-feel-tricked-over-limassol-protest
Police say the main organizer of Saturday's chaotic protest in Limassol "broke his promise" after he reassured officials the demonstration had been canceled, while members of the public landed hard on authorities for not doing enough to clamp down on violent protesters...
21. Limassol on fire again amid lockdown protests
https://knews.kathimerini.com.cy/en/news/limassol-on-fire-again-amid-lockdown-protests
There were battlefield scenes in Limassol once again as residents took to the streets to demonstrate against lockdown measures, with riot police stepping in after hard core protesters caused chaos downtown...
22. Riot police swarm APOEL club
https://knews.kathimerini.com.cy/en/news/riot-police-swarm-apoel-club
Police called for backup on Sunday outside APOEL football club in Nicosia following a chaotic incident with unruly fans throwing fireworks out in public...
23. Divided island braces for Dherynia protest
https://knews.kathimerini.com.cy/en/news/divided-island-braces-for-dherynia-protest
Cypriot President Nicos Anastasiades has called on Greek Cypriot bikers to be on their best behaviour during Saturday's demonstration in Dherynia, warning that Turkish anti-protesters would look for an opportunity to use any unruly action as a pretext to start a riot...
24. Dherynia riot suspects face judge
https://knews.kathimerini.com.cy/en/news/suspects-in-dherynia-riot-face-judge
Six male suspects are in custody over the Dherynia checkpoint riot on Sunday, when hooded men stormed into the buffer zone shouting anti-Turkish slogans and causing property damage...
25. Pro-Greek protesters breach checkpoint
https://knews.kathimerini.com.cy/en/news/pro-greek-protesters-breach-dherynia-checkpoint
Pro-Greek protesters from the south breached security at the Dherynia checkpoint on Sunday evening, while a video emerged showing masked men holding baseball bats, throwing flares, and chanting slogans against Turkey during the incident...
26. Minister disfavors jail for Paralimni offenders
https://knews.kathimerini.com.cy/en/news/minister-favours-alternatives-for-paralimni-offenders
Justice Minister Emily Yiolitis has weighed in on reported incidents of animal abuse during a shocking Paralimni school prank, saying she is in favour of juvenile offenders doing community service at an animal shelter...
27. Search still on for school prank instigators
https://knews.kathimerini.com.cy/en/news/search-still-on-for-school-prank-instigators
Police are still trying to identify a number of suspects in an animal cruelty case in Paralimni, while at least 20 students reportedly have admitted they played a role in the school prank...
28. Omonoia fans take win to the streets
https://knews.kathimerini.com.cy/en/news/omonoia-fans-take-win-to-the-streets
Police went on high alert Wednesday night after Omonoia Nicosia reached the Champions League playoffs, with reports saying supporters from rival clubs were throwing rocks at cars with fans who were celebrating the team's achievemen...
29. Multiple offences in Paralimni school prank
https://knews.kathimerini.com.cy/en/news/multiple-offences-in-paralimni-school-prank
Police have launched an investigation into a high school prank in Paralimni where animals were abused and/or slaughtered in front of cheering teens but also teachers and shocked schoolmates who were reduced to tears...
30. Fires erupt at Moria refugee camp
https://knews.kathimerini.com.cy/en/news/fires-erupt-at-moria-refugee-camp
Thousands of migrants fled a camp under COVID-19 lockdown after multiple fires gutted much of the site on the Greek island of Lesvos, authorities said early Wednesday...


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Red Conehead Cabbage
Blue Heron Farm
Red Conehead or Kalibos cabbage has deep purple leaves that grow in a rosette creating a conical in shape in the center. The outer leaves are a light to dark green with reddish-purple veins and a maroon hue. Once the outer leaves are removed, the cone head shape is more apparent. Kalibos cabbage is long and somewhat heart-shaped with a wide, round base. It can weigh up to 2 pounds when fully mature, though it's still considered a "mini" variety. The outer leaves are tender and make good wrappers. The inner leaves are crisp and have a mildly sweet flavor without the typical bitterness of some cabbage varieties.
Kalibos cabbage is available in the fall months, but may also be available in limited quantities in the spring.
Kalibos cabbage is a uniquely-shaped, European variety of Brassica oleracea. It is likely a cross between red cabbage and the green conical cabbage variety. The heirloom variety of cabbage is known for its ornamental value as much as its culinary value, with heads that resemble giant purple roses. Kalibos cabbage is also commonly known as Red Cone cabbage, Red Arrowhead cabbage, or Red Caraflex cabbage.
Kalibos cabbage is rich in vitamin C and contains almost half the daily recommended intake of vitamin K. The red cabbage variety also contains small amounts of vitamin A and is a good source of folate. It also has minerals like potassium, manganese and phosphorus. Most red cabbage varieties are a good source of dietary fiber as well. Kalibos cabbage also contains the phytonutrient anthocyanin, which is responsible for its rich purple hues. Anthocyanin is also a potent antioxidant. Studies have shown that cabbage contains natural chemicals that fight and neutralize carcinogens.
Kalibos cabbage is well-suited for fresh use or a light sauté. The larger outer leaves can be used as wrappers for stuffing with rice, ground meat and herbs. For a simple side dish, after removing the outer leaves, cut a head of Kalibos cabbage in half, top with oil, salt and pepper and roast at 350 degrees for 20 to 30 minutes. Top the cabbage with shaved parmesan before serving. The mild, crisp cabbage is ideal for shredding or slicing for salads and slaws. Kalibos cabbage stores well, and will keep in the refrigerator for up to two weeks.
Cabbage has been a staple in European cuisine since ancient times. The Romans used cabbage to detoxify the body, and it was used medicinally to cure "over-consumption". The ancient Greeks revered the vegetable and considered it to be sacred.
Kalibos cabbage is an heirloom variety of Brassica from what is now Belarus, which lies between Poland and Russia in Eastern Europe. Many seed companies state that this variety is originally from the 1800s, though little information is available to verify the exact date. Kalibos cabbage can be grown for both a spring or fall harvest, but the longer growing period of a fall harvest is generally recommended for this tender variety. Kalibos cabbage is far more common in Europe and not often seen outside of home gardens or small farms in the United Stated. Though, the cone-shaped variety has been making appearances in Community Supported Agriculture shares and at farmers markets in the cooler climate of the Pacific Northwest and in Southern California in the United States.
Recipes that include Red Conehead Cabbage. One is easiest, three is harder.
Whole Nourishment Massaged Purple Cabbage & Coriander Seed Salad
People have shared Red Conehead Cabbage using the Specialty Produce app for iPhone and Android.
Transportweg 34, 2991 LV Barendrecht
https://www.rungis.NL
Near Zwijndrecht, South Holland, Netherlands
About 72 days ago, 11/07/19
Sharer's comments : �What have you done to your cone?� The red conehead cabbage at Rungis.
Northern Lakes Foods
Hayward Farmers Market
15886 W US Hwy 63
Monday 11:30 am
Sharer's comments : First of the season.


text:
the distinctive shape of the Pentagon was based on plans to construct it at Arlington Farms, where existing roads defined the parcel that could be developed
The Pentagon was constructed in 1941-43 to centralize the headquarters of the War Department and the US Navy, in anticipation of the expansion of military forces due to the war in Europe.
On Thursday, July 17, 1941, a key member of the US Congress signaled that he could support construction of a massive, single building to consolidate War Department personnel who were scattered among office buildings in Washington, DC. The War Department had already received assurances that the House Appropriations Committee would fund new temporary office buildings, and had relaxed its requirement that they be located in Washington, DC.
decisions to build the Pentagon occurred when London was being bombed and the German military was invading the Soviet Union
Source: National Archives, London Firemen, 1941
That evening, the head of the U.S. Army Quartermaster Corps' Construction Division, Brigadier General Brehon B. Somervell, told his architects that they had three days to design a structure with 4,000,000 square feet that could provide space for 40,000 workers and with parking to accommodate 10,000 cars. To minimize use of steel and elevators, the structure would be only four stories tall. Workers would use ramps and stairs to get up and down.
In early 1941, Secretary of War Henry Stimson had planned to move the Army into new headquarters being completed on 21st Street. Once he realized that building was too small for the expected expansion of workers, he started the search for a replacement site.
There was limited space for new buildings in the District of Columbia, and thousands of new employees there would exacerbate existing traffic congestion. Proposed sites in Maryland were too far away.
Stimson decided that the headquarters of the War Department would move out of the District of Columbia, to the Virginia side of the Potomac River, for the first time in the history of the United States. Construction of a new office building would reduce the need to build new "temporary" offices and rent space in the District of Columbia. After the Army offices moved to Virginia, the Navy could move into the vacated space in the Munitions Building on Constitution Avenue.
Arlington Experimental Farm in 1928 (Arlington House circled in red)
Source: Library of Congress, Photographic mosaic map, Washington, D.C. (US Army Air Corps, 1928)
One small advantage of building a new office in Virginia was that the War Department would not have to get formal approval of architectural designs and building materials from other Federal agencies with responsibilities inside the District, such as the Commission on Fine Arts.
The architects completed initial design concepts by the following Monday after "a very busy weekend." That week, Congress approved the request for funding. Construction began on September 11, 1941, but only after President Franklin D. Roosevelt resolved a fight over exactly where to build the new War Department headquarters.1
When Brigadier General Somervell first issued directions to his architects, he anticipated locating the new building at the Virginia end of the 14th Street Bridge, on a parcel southeast of Arlington National Cemetery. The Federal government had acquired the former Washington-Hoover Airport after National Airport opened on June 16, 1941.
The Army planned to build a new depot for the Quartermasters Corps there. Locating a new War Department headquarters at the site would force a search for a new depot location, but in mid-1941 that was a minor problem compared to the other challenges faced by Secretary of War Henry L. Stimson.2
One day after Brigadier General Somervell spoke to the architects, he altered the planned location. After being told the site of the former Washington-Hoover Airport was in the floodplain of the Potomac River, Sommervell decided to build one mile further north on a portion of the old Arlington Experimental Farm.
The Arlington Experimental Farm site was slightly higher in elevation. That reduced the flood risk, but would make the building more visible from Washington and from the historic Arlington-Custis Mansion. To minimize visual impacts, the architects were told to plan a three-story rather than a four-story building.3
the initial planned location for the new War Department headquarters, the Washington-Hoover Airport that closed in 1941, was in the Potomac River floodplain
Source: Historical Office, Office of the Secretary of Defense, The Pentagon: The First Fifty Years (p.17)
the Arlington plantation house of the Lee family was built on a ridge above the floodplain, and had an unobstructed view of the Potomac River
Source: Library of Congress, Chart of the head of navigation of the Potomac River shewing the route of the Alexandria Canal (1841)
The US Government had owned that second location since the Civil War. It was part of George Washington Parke Custis's 1,100-acre estate. Custis, grandson of Martha Washington, built Arlington House on the ridge overlooking the Potomac River and his farmland on the shoreline. His daughter Mary Custis married Robert E. Lee in Arlington House in 1831, and she inherited the property in 1857.
In 1861, Union troops occupied the plantation at the start of the Civil War, after Robert E. Lee chose to resign from the US Army and lead Virginia's military forces. The Federal government built Fort Whipple on the same ridge as the mansion house, then confiscated the property after claiming Mrs. Lee had not paid taxes.
In 1864, the Quartermaster General ordered that soldiers be buried next to the mansion house and started Arlington National Cemetery. That guaranteed the Lee family would never live there again. Federal ownership of the estate was confirmed in 1883, when a lawsuit filed by the heirs of Mary Custis Lee was completed and they were paid for the land.
In 1900, the US Department of Agriculture was given 400 acres of Fort Meyer's land to start the Arlington Experimental Farm.
the Arlington Experimental Farm and future site of the Pentagon in 1922
Source: Library of Congress, Aerial photographic mosaic map of Washington, D.C. (1922)
In 1941, the farm relocated to Beltsville, Maryland. The old farm site was undeveloped when Brigadier General Somervell made it his second choice for the new War Department headquarters.4
the move of the Arlington Experimental Farm to Beltsville, Maryland, freed the space for construction of a new headquarters for the US War Department
Source: US Department of Agriculture, Map, Arlington Research Farm
The 67-acre parcel was bounded on one side by the Georgetown and Alexandria Road (Arlington Heights Road), adjacent to the edge of Arlington National Cemetery. The Pennsylvania Railroad, using the line of the former Washington, Alexandria, and Mount Vernon Electric Railway, and the planned road from Memorial Bridge also constrained the planning. To build a structure large enough to meet General Somervell's defined requirements, the architects planned to construct a five-sided building in order to maximize use of the available acreage.
approximate location of Pentagon, as planned on Arlington Experimental Farm location
Source: Library of Congress, Photographic mosaic map, Washington, D.C. (US Army Air Corps, 1928) and ESRI, ArcGIS Online
In the original design completed over the weekend by the architects, the five-sided building would have two rings with a central court.
the shape of the initial parcel determined the shape of the five-sided Pentagon building (note direction of North)
the original five-sided building had only two rings of offices
Source: National Archives, Aerial Perspective Arlington Office Building for War Department (design by G. Edwin Bergstrom and David J. Witmer,, July 31, 1941)
The new site for the War Department headquarters immediately generated controversy. Businesses who relied upon the economic benefits from Federal office buildings inside the District were opposed to decentralization anywhere into Virginia, whether at the Washington-Hoover Airport or the Arlington Experimental Farm.
The massive size of the structure was also questioned. A structure designed to house up to 40,000 people would be built in Arlington County, which had a population of 57,000 people. It would need its own sewage treatment plant. To win support in the US Congress, General Somervell suggested the building could be converted into an archive to store records after the war emergency ended.5
The National Park and Planning Commission focused on the visual impact to Arlington Cemetery and the Custis-Lee Mansion. When Arlington Memorial Bridge was constructed in 1932, a double-leaf bascule span eliminated the need for obtrusively-tall towers for operating the draw bridge. Even the control house was placed completely below the bridge's deck.
The aesthetic and engineering debates over the design for the forty electric street lamps on the bridge lasted four years. In the end:6
As a temporary measure it was decided to use light standards that were typical to the streets of Washington to light the bridge. Although temporary, these lights, designed by Frances D. Millet still light the Memorial bridge today.
As proposed, even a three-story building at the Arlington Experimental Farm site would have an impact on the view from the Mall. Pierre L'Enfant had planned a capital in 1791 with scenic vistas, and aesthetics had been emphasized again after the McMillan Commission's 1901-02 recommendations provided a guide for designing the Mall. Implementation of the City Beautiful concepts was directed by the Commission on Fine Arts, and the 160' height limit for new buildings was key to preserving the views.7
There was time for debate. President Franklin D. Roosevelt had pushed through the Lend-Lease Bill in March and declared a state of unlimited national emergency in May, and German armies were advancing rapidly into Russia that summer. The United States was becoming the "arsenal of democracy," but it was not at war. The December 7 attack at Pearl Harbor was still over three months in the future.
The decision process about where to build in Virginia lasted less than two months. President Franklin D. Roosevelt settled the debate on August 26, 1941. The location was moved back to the original site at the Washington-Hoover Airport, despite the floodplain concerns.
President Roosevelt determined where to build the new headquarters for the War Department
Source: Library of Congress - Chronicling AmericaEvening Star (August 27, 1941)
Roosevelt responded to aesthetic objections to the Arlington Experimental Farm site. That was, in part, because he felt guilty for desecrating the National Mall with "temporary" buildings erected in 1918. He said on August 19:8
It was a crime... for which I should be kept out of Heaven...
The president's highest priority was not to satisfy his generals or save money, but to to get civilians to unite and commit to full mobilization in anticipation of the United States having to go to war.
Roosevelt said the size of the building would be reduced 50% to support just 20,000 workers, and that the War Department headquarters would return to the District of Columbia after the war emergency ended. The building in Virginia, designed from the beginning to be a permanent and not a temporary structure, would be converted into an archive to store records. Floor strength was increased to support weight of 150 pounds per square foot, sufficient to store heavy file cabinets filled with paper.9
President Roosevelt suggested the War Department headquarters would return to the District after the war emergency ended, and the Pentagon would be used to store military records
Source: The Pentagon: The First Fifty Years (p.114)
The president was still dealing with isolationists who insisted the United States avoid war in Europe, and sought to strengthen civilian support for his military buildup. When choosing the site for the War Department headquarters, the top politician in the United States chose to over-rule objections from his military officials.
He required that the design be submitted to the Commission on Fine Arts for its review, even though the building was not in the District of Columbia. The shape was distinctive, but the exterior was consistent with the Stripped Classicism style used at the time. In the District of Columbia, that same style was used for the Federal Reserve and Department of the Interior buildings, as well as the War Department building on 21st Street that ended up becoming part of the Department of State Headquarters.
President Roosevelt was blunt when Sommerville continue to express his preference for the Arlington Experimental Farm site as they were making a site visit to the two locations on August 29, 1941, telling him curtly:10
My dear General, I'm still Commander-in-Chief of the Army.
Sommervell himself was politically astute. He recognized that Rep. Woodrum, who chaired the subcommittee of the House Appropriations Committee that would approve the funding for military construction, represented the Roanoke, Virginia area. Sommervell bumped two New York firms and ensured that two Richmond firms were given contracts for construction of the new headquarters.11
the original parcel where the US War Department headquarters was supposed to be constructed, between the old route of the Alexandria Canal and the Washington, Alexandria, and Mount Vernon Railway
Source: Library of Congress, Map of Alexandria County, Virginia for the Virginia Title Co. (1900)
the old location of the Washington Airport, looking downstream (Arlington Beach roller coaster at far left)
Source: AtlasObscura, Alexander's Island Border Dispute
the Washington-Hoover Airport was located south of Boundary Channel at the 14th Street Bridge
Source: Library of Congress, No scouts here
After President Roosevelt put the War Department headquarters back at the Washington-Hoover Airport location, General Sommervell chose a site in Alexandria near Holmes Run for the displaced Quartermaster Depot. What was later called Cameron Station developed into the headquarters of the Defense Logistics Agency, until that agency moved to Fort Belvoir in 1995 and the Alexandria facility closed.12
President Roosevelt moved the site of the Pentagon about one mile (from B to A)
Source: US Army Corps of Engineers, Historical Vignette 034 - the Corps Built the Pentagon in 16 Months
The Arlington Experimental Farm site, which determined the shape of the Pentagon, was developed into wartime housing for women recruited to serve in civilian jobs and in the Naval Reserve as WAVES (Women Accepted for Volunteer Emergency Service). That site is now covered in part by Arlington Cemetery's visitor center and parking lot.13
the original location planned for the Pentagon was developed as housing for female government workers and military servicewomen
Source: Wikipedia, Arlington Farms
the Arlington Experimental Farm site, which determined the five-sided shape for the new War Department headquarters, was developed to house women serving in the military
Source: Library of Congress, Arlington Farms, war duration residence halls (by Esther Bubley, 1942)
There was no obligation to retain the five-sided design developed for the Arlington Experimental Farm location, and the Commission on Fine Arts objected to it. The commission's chair commented:14
It is proposed to place this 'city' at the very portals of the Arlington National Cemetery, thus resulting in the introduction of 35 acres of ugly, flat roofs into the very foreground of the most majestic view of the National Capital...
However, the five-sided design was efficient and there was great urgency to construct the new office space, so Roosevelt declined to force a change.
He also allowed the designers to plan for the full 40,000 people. The structure at the final site occupied 80% of the footprint planned at the Arlington Experimental Farm site, so a four-story building was planned. Plans were revised so the two outer rings of the Pentagon, the E-Ring and D-Ring, would be five stories high. In 1942, plans were changed again so all rings were raised to that height, plus the mezzanine and basement under a portion of the building.15
Any higher would have created a greater visual impact, and required more elevators. The flight path to National Airport skirted the building to the north, so adding another story would not have increased safety hazards significantly.
the Pentagon was built in five wedges, and in 1942 the first workers moved in
Source: The Pentagon: The First Fifty Years (p.75, p.83)
The Foggy Bottom structure completed before the Pentagon, and expected to serve as the War Department headquarters, had a steel frame. Reinforced concrete was used for the low-rise Pentagon so steel could be use for ships, tanks, weapons, and other parts of the war effort.
the Pentagon was constructed using reinforced concrete rather than a steel skeleton, to save steel for the war effort
Source: US Army Corps of Engineers, A Historical Summary of the Work of the Corps of Engineers in Washington, D.C. and Vicinity, 1852-1952 (p.110)
Limestone covers the outer walls of the E-Ring, which are 921.6' long. Due to the pentagonal design with five concentric rings, the walls of the A-Ring next to the courtyard are only 360.8' long. Each of the five rings is 50' wide, with a 30' gap between them.
plan of the first floor at the Pentagon
Source: Pentagon 9/11 (p.7)
The final location chosen by President Roosevelt was not flat. Fill dirt was dredged from the Potomac River and brought to the site, in order to raise the land on the east side from 10' to 18' in height. On the west side, the land reached 40' in elevation, a 22' difference. To accommodate the topographic differences, a basement and mezzanine were constructed underneath a third of the building on the Mall and River sides. Over 40,000 concrete piles were driven into the sediments at the site to provide a stable foundation, and the "basement" is above ground level.16
ramps and corridors were designed to facilitate getting around inside the five rings (E-Ring to A-Ring) of the Pentagon
Source: The Pentagon: The First Fifty Years (p.61)
Esthetics of auxiliary buildings was considered, in addition to the Pentagon structure. Sewage treatment filters and tanks were built low to the ground. The boiler plant was placed in a separate building, away from the shoreline, and a 1,320' long tunnel was built to draw water from the Pentagon Lagoon and supply the heating/cooling systems. After use, that water is then discharged into Roaches Run Waterfowl Sanctuary lagoon next to Ronald Reagan Washington National Airport.
Drinking water was brought to the site from the Dalecarlia Reservoir on the other side of the Potomac River, via a 30" pipe installed on the Key Bridge. Electricity was provided from the power plant at Buzzards Point via two underwater cables. A dozen submarine cables were needed to provide telecommunications links.17
water is piped from the Pentagon Lagoon to the heating/cooling plant, and discharged into Roaches Run
Construction of the New War Department Building in Arlington formally began on September 11, 1941. No military officials were based there on December 7, when Pearl Harbor was attacked.
Starting in 1942, the "New War Department Building" was called the "Pentagon Building." Office workers began moving into the building in the summer of 1942.
The Secretary of War moved his office from the Munitions Building to the Pentagon Building on November 14, 1942. He invited the Secretary of the Navy to move his offices too, and the Secretary accepted. Resistance by other Navy officials scuttled the arrangement, and during World War II the Navy headquarters remained on Constitution Avenue.
The structure officially opened 16 months later on January 15, 1943, and later that year the building's name was shortened to "Pentagon." The official completion date was January 15, 1943, but much work was done after that date. The need for upgrades and renovations never disappears.18
the Pentagon in World War II
Construction of the Pentagon included a new road network and parking for 10,000 cars. From the beginning, workers drove to the Pentagon from places as far away as Fredericksburg and Baltimore.
the Pentagon road network included complex designs that minimized at-grade intersections
Source: Grade separation on the Pentagon Network, Virginia
Roads leading into the building were designed for up to 28 buses at a time to load/unload passengers. During World War II, about 50% of the workers commuted by bus.
The Metrorail station at the Pentagon opened in 1977, and the bus station was then co-located with it. In 1985, the roads through the building (still used by taxis) were closed to increase security.19
the Pentagon was built with traffic tunnels for bus and taxi service
Source: The Pentagon: The First Fifty Years (p.124, p.139)
the Pentagon was designed for commuters to arrive via trolley, bus, and car
The Government ended up acquiring 583 acres in more than 160 separate parcels. Brick factories, mess halls, and barracks for soldiers at Fort Myer were removed, as well as civilian-owned houses. The Eastern Airlines hangar at the airport was converted into offices for the planning and design staff during the construction phase.
About half of the acquired land was later transferred to Fort Myer and Arlington National Cemetery. The Pentagon building itself covers 28.7 acres, including a 5-acre inner courtyard. It was constructed on properties acquired from three sources:20
The land assembled for the Pentagon-to-be came from several different holdings of which the largest were the southern end of Arlington Farms (57 acres), the Quartermaster depot site (80 acres), and the Washington-Hoover Airport (146.5 acres). The Northern side of the Pentagon rests on Arlington Farms land; the southern and western sides are on Quartermaster land, and the eastern side is on land from the airport.
much of the land acquired for the Pentagon was needed for the new road network, not the five-sided building
More than the Washington-Hoover Airport was displaced. The largest number of residents forced to move lived in Queen City.
Many were descendants of former slaves who had lived on the grounds of the Lee plantation. That land was seized by the US government and converted into Arlington Cemetery for the war dead, and into Freedman's Village for "contrabands" who fled to Washington, DC. When efforts to close Freedman's Village finally succeeded in the 1880's, Queen City evolved as a replacement.
Queen City evolved after Freedman's Village was closed
The Queen City community lacked running water and indoor plumbing, but many residents owned their own homes. Planners of the Pentagon designed a road network for workers to access the building, and those roads ran through Queen City. Property of about 300 people was acquired by condemnation and used for the Columbia Pike interchange in particular.
Queen City was one of the stops for the Washington-Virginia Railway Company, before construction of the Pentagon
Source: Arlington Public Library,
Some people moved to Halls Hill, one of the segregated neighborhoods in Alexandria County (now Arlington County) where blacks could live. The Federal government provided temporary housing in trailers located in Nauck and near the black elementary school on Johnson's Hill, Hoffman-Boston Elementary. Today's Mount Olive Baptist Church in Arlington incorporated into its foundation bricks moved from the church's original site in Queen City.21
the Queen City community was displaced and buildings razed so workers could drive to the Pentagon
During construction, construction companies complied with Virginia's segregation laws and provided "white" and "colored" cafeterias for the construction workers. In anticipation that racial separation would be required after construction, the number of bathrooms was doubled so there could be segregated "white" and "colored" toilets and sinks. President Roosevelt discovered the excess restrooms during an inspection tour, and the doors were never painted to designate bathrooms by race.22
However, President Roosevelt issued Executive Order 8802 in 1941, banning discrimination by race for defense or government jobs. In response to that Executive Order 8802, A. Philip Randolph and the Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters agreed to drop plans for a march on Washington.
The Pentagon, the first major Federal headquarters located in Virginia, was desegregated from the beginning. Segregation continued in the armed forces until President Harry S Truman issued Executive Order 9981 in 1948.23
President Roosevelt did not expect that the building would be needed for just the War Department after the end of World War II. Before initial funding was approved in 1941, some members of Congress suggested the structure would end up as a "white elephant." Various government officials considered repurposing it after victory as a records archive or a hospital.
During the War, the Pentagon served as the headquarters for the US Army and its emerging air force unit. Employment during World War II peaked above 30,000 workers. The US Navy continued to be based across the Potomac River in the Main Navy Building, on Constitution Avenue. The Navy also took over the Munitions Building when the US Army moved to the Pentagon.
After victory in World War II, demobilization did not reduce the need for a large headquarters building. Other War Department offices in rented space were closed and personnel transferred to the Pentagon.
In 1947, the separate military services were consolidated into a unified Department of Defense. The Secretary of the Navy was forced to move his office to the Pentagon in 1948, but the US Marines managed to keep a separate headquarters at the Navy Annex Building on Columbia Pike until 1996. That Navy Annex building was another "temporary" building with a long lifespan. It was built in 1941, and finally razed in 2012.
There were still 25,000 workers commuting to the Pentagon in 1948, and about that number of people work in the building today. Post-war fears of the Soviet Union led to a Cold War, a "police action" in Korea, and Vietnam. The Pentagon was never at risk of being converted into a records storage building.24
In 1959, a fire in a Air Force computer room burned for five hours and caused one death from smoke inhalation. Magnetic tape, used in the data storage technology of that time, fueled the fire. Firefighters reported the scene was so hot that:25
Water on the floor was so hot you could feel it through your boots.
The modern Pentagon has 26,000 offices. Within its 6.5 million square feet of total space, 3.7 million square feet are used for office space. It is the largest low-rise office building in the world.
In Virginia, the next-largest industrial building is an Amazon robotics fulfillment center in Suffolk, constructed in 2022 with 3.8 million square feet of space. The Egyptian Ministry of Defense has built a complex of office buildings 20 miles east of Cairo for its new headquarters, called the Octagon because of the shape of the individual buildings.26
the Egyptian Ministry of Defense has built an office complex known as the Octagon
The General Services Administration was responsible for maintenance of the Pentagon until 1990. The Defense Department obtained new funding from the US Congress and started the Pentagon Renovation Program in 1994. The program ended up renovating each wedge individually, until completion in 2011. The renovation improved the reliability of electrical service, installed modern telecommunications capacity, removed asbestos, replaced sewers, added sprinklers for fire protection, and installed blast-resistant windows. Until the Pentagon Renovation Program, elevators carried just freight - except for one elevators dedicated for use by the Secretary of Defense. Elevators for people were added in the renovation to meet the requirements of the Americans with Disabilities Act.
During the 1994-2011 renovation, terrorists hijacked American Airlines Flight 77 and flew it into the building on September 11, 2001. It penetrated from the E-Ring to the C-Ring.
The plane happened to hit a wedge that had been upgraded in the Pentagon Renovation Program, but 125 people inside the building were killed in the initial collision and subsequent fire. A portion of the roof collapsed, and an 80-foot gash was created in the 921-foot long wall. The damaged area was rebuilt within one year.27
the reconstruction effort after 9/11 was called the Phoenix Project
Source: Navy Live, 9/11 - US Navy Remembers
by February 6, 2002, sections of the E, D, and C rings had been removed for reconstruction after the 9/11 attack
Source: Department of Defense, Other Subjects - The Pentagon
Navy Annex
site of the Pentagon, in 1838
The Arlington Experiment Farm - A Handbook of Information for Visitors
neighborhood of the future Pentagon, around 1907
Source: Library of Congress, Map of Alexandria County, Virginia: formerly part of the District of Columbia (by G. G. Boteler, c.1907)
the Pentagon and its road network have transformed the neighborhood
Source: Arlington County, Aerial Photos
1. "Historical Vignette 034 - the Corps Built the Pentagon in 16 Months," US Army Corps of Engineers, http://www.usace.army.mil/About/History/Historical-Vignettes/Military-Construction-Combat/034-Pentagon/; Alfred Goldberg, The Pentagon: The First Fifty Years, Historical Office, Office of the Secretary of Defense, 1992, pp.14-19, http://history.defense.gov/Portals/70/Documents/pentagon/1st50years.pdf?ver=2014-06-24-110253-140 (last checked January 23, 2018)
2. "Hoover Field - Washington DC's First Airport," Hoover Heads blog, National Archives, February 8, 2017, https://hoover.blogs.archives.gov/2017/02/08/hoover-field-washington-dcs-first-airport/; ; Janet A. McDonnell, "Constructing the Pentagon," in Builders and Fighters - U.S. Army Engineers in World War II, US Army Corps of Engineers, EP 870-1-42, 1997, p.108, pp.110-111, http://www.publications.usace.army.mil/Portals/76/Publications/EngineerPamphlets/EP_870-1-42.pdf; "Old Airport is Purchased By the Army," Washington Post, September 17, 1941, p.21 (last checked February 18, 2018)
3. Alfred Goldberg, The Pentagon: The First Fifty Years, Historical Office, Office of the Secretary of Defense, 1992, pp.16-19, http://history.defense.gov/Portals/70/Documents/pentagon/1st50years.pdf?ver=2014-06-24-110253-140; "A History of the Pentagon Building," National Public Radio, July 8, 2007, https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=11817357 (last checked February 19, 2018)
4. "Arlington National Cemetery, and the fight over Robert E. Lee's home," Washington Post, April 24, 2014, https://www.washingtonpost.com/arlington-national-cemetery-and-the-fight-over-robert-e-lees-home/2014/04/24/b0953124-ca2d-11e3-95f7-7ecdde72d2ea_story.html; Alfred Goldberg, The Pentagon: The First Fifty Years, Historical Office, Office of the Secretary of Defense, 1992, p.14, http://history.defense.gov/Portals/70/Documents/pentagon/1st50years.pdf?ver=2014-06-24-110253-140 (last checked February 19, 2018)
5. Alfred Goldberg, The Pentagon: The First Fifty Years, Historical Office, Office of the Secretary of Defense, 1992, pp.20-22, p.67, http://history.defense.gov/Portals/70/Documents/pentagon/1st50years.pdf?ver=2014-06-24-110253-140
6. "Arlington Memorial Bridge," Historic American Engineering Record HAER No. DC-7, 1988, pp.5-6, p.16, p.34, pp.88-91, http://cdn.loc.gov/master/pnp/habshaer/dc/dc0600/dc0604/data/dc0604data.pdf
7. "The L'Enfant and McMillan Plans," National Park Service, https://www.nps.gov/nr/travel/wash/lenfant.htm (last checked February 19, 2018)
8. Alfred Goldberg, The Pentagon: The First Fifty Years, Historical Office, Office of the Secretary of Defense, 1992, pp.27-28, http://history.defense.gov/Portals/70/Documents/pentagon/1st50years.pdf?ver=2014-06-24-110253-140
9. Alfred Goldberg, The Pentagon: The First Fifty Years, Historical Office, Office of the Secretary of Defense, 1992, p.33, http://history.defense.gov/Portals/70/Documents/pentagon/1st50years.pdf?ver=2014-06-24-110253-140
10. Alfred Goldberg, The Pentagon: The First Fifty Years, Historical Office, Office of the Secretary of Defense, 1992, pp.20-22, pp.27-28, p.97, http://history.defense.gov/Portals/70/Documents/pentagon/1st50years.pdf?ver=2014-06-24-110253-140
11. Alfred Goldberg, The Pentagon: The First Fifty Years, Historical Office, Office of the Secretary of Defense, 1992, p.29, http://history.defense.gov/Portals/70/Documents/pentagon/1st50years.pdf?ver=2014-06-24-110253-140
12. "Out of the Attic: Cameron Station, from depot to dogs to development," Alexandria Times, March 3, 2011, http://alextimes.com/2011/03/out-of-the-attic-cameron-station-from/ (last checked January 24, 2018)
13. "Arlington Experimental Farm," Lyster Dewey Diaries, http://www.lysterdewey.com/about/arlington-experimental-farm/ (last checked January 23, 2018)
14. Steve Vogel, The Pentagon: A History, Random House, 2008, p.65, https://books.google.com/books?id=Dr0UIZJw58YC (last checked February 19, 2018)
15. Alfred Goldberg, The Pentagon: The First Fifty Years, Historical Office, Office of the Secretary of Defense, 1992, p.83, p.184, http://history.defense.gov/Portals/70/Documents/pentagon/1st50years.pdf?ver=2014-06-24-110253-140
16. Alfred Goldberg, The Pentagon: The First Fifty Years, Historical Office, Office of the Secretary of Defense, 1992, p.44, p.47, p.52, p.58, http://history.defense.gov/Portals/70/Documents/pentagon/1st50years.pdf?ver=2014-06-24-110253-140; "9 Things You May Not Know About the Pentagon," The History Channel, January 15, 2013, http://www.history.com/news/9-things-you-may-not-know-about-the-pentagon; Steve Vogel, "The Pentagon" Encyclopedia Virginia, Virginia Foundation for the Humanities, April 7, 2011 https://www.encyclopediavirginia.org/Pentagon_The; J. C. Hanes, J. M. Morgan, Jr., "The Pentagon Building (1941-1943)," in History and Heritage of Civil Engineering in Virginia, http://www.roadstothefuture.com/VASCE-History/VASCE-Pentagon.htm (last checked January 22, 2018)
17. "The Pentagon," GlobalSecurity, https://www.globalsecurity.org/military/facility/pentagon.htm; Alfred Goldberg, The Pentagon: The First Fifty Years, Historical Office, Office of the Secretary of Defense, 1992, pp.67-68, http://history.defense.gov/Portals/70/Documents/pentagon/1st50years.pdf?ver=2014-06-24-110253-140 (last checked January 22, 2018)
18. Steve Vogel, "The Pentagon" Encyclopedia Virginia, Virginia Foundation for the Humanities, April 7, 2011 https://www.encyclopediavirginia.org/Pentagon_The; Alfred Goldberg, The Pentagon: The First Fifty Years, Historical Office, Office of the Secretary of Defense, 1992, p.90, p.113, p.157, http://history.defense.gov/Portals/70/Documents/pentagon/1st50years.pdf?ver=2014-06-24-110253-140 (last checked January 22, 2018)
19. Alfred Goldberg, The Pentagon: The First Fifty Years, Historical Office, Office of the Secretary of Defense, 1992, p.122, pp.139-140, http://history.defense.gov/Portals/70/Documents/pentagon/1st50years.pdf?ver=2014-06-24-110253-140 (last checked January 22, 2018)
20. Alfred Goldberg, The Pentagon: The First Fifty Years, Historical Office, Office of the Secretary of Defense, 1992, p.34, p.58, http://history.defense.gov/Portals/70/Documents/pentagon/1st50years.pdf?ver=2014-06-24-110253-140 (last checked January 23, 2018)
21. "Stories from Queen City," Clarendon Patch, September 20, 2011, https://patch.com/virginia/clarendon/stories-from-queen-city; "Freedman's Village," Arlington National Cemetery (unofficial site), http://www.arlingtoncemetery.net/freedman.htm; Alfred Goldberg, The Pentagon: The First Fifty Years, Historical Office, Office of the Secretary of Defense, 1992, p.34, http://history.defense.gov/Portals/70/Documents/pentagon/1st50years.pdf?ver=2014-06-24-110253-140 (last checked January 23, 2018)
22. "9 Things You May Not Know About the Pentagon," The History Channel, January 15, 2013, http://www.history.com/news/9-things-you-may-not-know-about-the-pentagon; Steve Vogel, "The Pentagon" Encyclopedia Virginia, Virginia Foundation for the Humanities, April 7, 2011 https://www.encyclopediavirginia.org/Pentagon_The; J. C. Hanes, J. M. Morgan, Jr., "The Pentagon Building (1941-1943)," in History and Heritage of Civil Engineering in Virginia, http://www.roadstothefuture.com/VASCE-History/VASCE-Pentagon.htm; Alfred Goldberg, The Pentagon: The First Fifty Years, Historical Office, Office of the Secretary of Defense, 1992, p.62, http://history.defense.gov/Portals/70/Documents/pentagon/1st50years.pdf?ver=2014-06-24-110253-140 (last checked January 22, 2018)
23. "The First Measured Century," Public Broadcasting System, http://www.pbs.org/fmc/timeline/eexec8802.htm (last checked January 22, 2018)
24. Steve Vogel, "The Pentagon" Encyclopedia Virginia, Virginia Foundation for the Humanities, April 7, 2011 https://www.encyclopediavirginia.org/Pentagon_The; Alfred Goldberg, The Pentagon: The First Fifty Years, Historical Office, Office of the Secretary of Defense, 1992, pp.163-165, p.185, http://history.defense.gov/Portals/70/Documents/pentagon/1st50years.pdf?ver=2014-06-24-110253-140; "Navy Annex being razed after 70 years of service," Washington Post, December 30, 2012, https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/navy-annex-being-razed-after-70-years-of-service/2013/01/05/fe1c05ce-50a0-11e2-8b49-64675006147f_story.html; "Navigating the Pentagon," Department of Defense, https://pentagontours.osd.mil/Tours/facts-navigating.jsp (last checked February 21, 2018)
25. "Pentagon Fire - 1959," Arlington Fire Journal, February 11, 2005 http://arlingtonfirejournal.blogspot.com/2005/02/ (last checked February 25, 2018)
26. "10 Things You Probably Didn't Know About the Pentagon," Department of Defense News, January 3, 2019, https://www.defense.gov/Explore/Features/story/Article/1650913/10-things-you-probably-didnt-know-about-the-pentagon/; "Bigger boxes," Virginia Business, February 28, 2021, https://www.virginiabusiness.com/article/bigger-boxes/; "Egypt's New Ministry Of Defense 'Octagon' Complex Looks Like An Alien Base From Space," The Drive, September 10, 2019, https://www.thedrive.com/the-war-zone/29762/egypts-new-octagon-ministry-of-defense-complex-looks-like-an-alien-base-from-space; "Pentagon Facts," US Department of Defense, https://pentagontours.osd.mil/Tours/facts.html; "Virginia's First Amazon Robotics-Powered Fulfillment Center Opens in Suffolk," The Virginian-Pilot, October 20, 2022, https://www.pilotonline.com/inside-business/vp-ib-amazon-robotics-1031-20221020-idpu4v5xajd6beu2wti6b4kqma-story.html (last checked October 31, 2022)
27. "After 17 years, Pentagon renovation is complete," Washington Post, June 21, 2011, https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/after-17-years-pentagon-renovation-is-complete/2011/06/03/AGBpp3eH_story.html; "A History of the Pentagon Building," National Public Radio, July 8, 2007, https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=11817357; "Why Is the Pentagon a Pentagon?," Smithsonian, April 10, 2017, https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smithsonian-institution/why-pentagon-pentagon-180962719/; "10 Things You Probably Didn't Know About the Pentagon," Department of Defense News, January 3, 2019, https://www.defense.gov/Explore/Features/story/Article/1650913/10-things-you-probably-didnt-know-about-the-pentagon/ (last checked March 5, 2021)


text:
POLITICAL CARTOONS AT THE CROSSROADS
[In response to your inquiries, I've been away on a mission. Now I'm back and I still have a few things to say.]
Political cartooning today is challenged by two trends:
The disintegration of intelligence and substance in politics
The disintegration of taste and skill in drawing.
The first trend, the disintegration of politics, must be frustrating for cartoonists trying to parody a parody. People once feared that political cartoons might dumb down politics, but today cartoons can hardly get dumb enough to keep up.
My real concern is with the second trend, the disintegration of taste and skill in drawing. Good political cartooning is an art form that calls for specialized drawing abilities. Unfortunately, today's impatient audiences and obtundent artistic standards place little value on quality drawing.
For example, some cartoonists get away with creating a likeness by gluing a photocopy of a head on a poorly drafted body.
An overlay of scratchy lines creates the illusion that this is a real drawing
Note in the following example how easily a photograph of a face can be incorporated using automation (not, of course, literally with "glue.")
Cartoon (left) and photograph (right)
Here is the result when superimposing one on the other:
This technique is analogous to "photo-illustration," a plague which surfaced years ago as a cheap and easy method for illustrators to achieve a likeness when they might lack the talent to do so.
But achieving a reliable likeness is not the goal of the best political cartoons. The real artistry lies in the caricature of that likeness, the expressive distortions, the exaggerations and visual liberties. These artist's tools can help re-energize discussions that have become costive due to too many words.
For example, consider these two marvelous statements by Matt Davies and Tom Fluharty.
Davies abandons the laws of anatomy in this portrayal of his subject as a beast, yet we have no trouble recognizing who it is.
There was obviously a photograph somewhere at the start of Fluharty's brilliant drawing
but all the artistry comes from the hand and mind of the artist.
As a reminder of the artistic potential of political cartoons, over the next several days I'm going to share examples that I think are excellent and deserve renewed appreciation.
Posted by David Apatoff at 12:01 AM
Sidharth Chaturvedi said...
That scathing Fluharty drawing still makes me laugh, years later. Man's a wizard with a pencil.
Good to see you back David!
Ann Telnaes said...
Bravo David.
MORAN said...
I hope you'll talk about why the standards for drawing have deteriorated so badly. The same is true in illustration and fine art. People don't seem to have standards any more.
Wiley Miller said...
Thank you for this. The decline of art skills started many years ago, thanks to Photoshop. Cartoonists who lack drawing skills...and too lazy to learn and improve their work...relied on computer generated images and tools to produce "cool" effects. They no longer create as the programmers for the application are doing most of the creative work. Editors don't seem to mind because they don't know any better...or care.
David Apatoff said...
Sidharth Chaturvedi-- Agreed, he is a wonderful talent, and so funny. I understand that a major book of his art in the works. Watch this space.
Tom-- Thanks, it's nice to be back.
Ann Telnaes-- Thanks, that means a lot coming from such a talented political cartoonist. You're very kind.
Chris Britt said...
Clay Jones said...
I agree with Wiley. I don't think editors care. I think there's an ethical lapse in our business that our industry will take a hit for in the future.
MORAN-- The lowering of standards is a pervasive malady and I suspect there is more than one cause, ranging from the introduction of the camera to growth of confidence among the ignorant to image fatigue in the era of the internet to a financially beleaguered newspaper industry. As usual, I think the remedy begins with education, and an ability to distinguish good from bad.
Wiley Miller-- A pleasure to see you weigh in here, Mr. Miller. I'm a big fan of your drawing. Yes, I agree with your diagnosis, but keep in mind that Photoshop is not the end of the story. Some of the most talented artists I've featured on this blog, such as Nathan Fowkes or Tom Fluharty, have learned to use digital tools without diminishing the quality of their other work.
Chris Britt-- Many thanx.
Oh, I didn't mean that use of Photoshop was sole culprit here, just a major part allowing lazy cartoonists to get even more lazy rather than learning their craft. There are many who have translated their skills in art from pen and ink to Photoshop quite well. Clay Bennett is one that immediately leaps to mind.
And thank you for your kind words, David.
Nelson said...
It appears to me that you are accusing Michael deAdder of " …gluing a photocopy of a head on a poorly drafted body…".
(Using a photo AND drawing "poorly"?)
Or am I misunderstanding? If not, showing the alleged photograph of Mr Pence would be a good idea.
While on the topic, I could probably find scores of examples of comic strips — past and present — that have made copious use of copy & paste ("Cutty-cutty paste-paste" as a cartoonist friend once described the process).
I recall an interview decades ago with the creator of a popular strip who openly bragged about copying and pasting to save having to draw his characters, saying something to the effect, 'You don't need to be able to draw to be a cartoonist".
I agree with Wiley Miller about laziness, but there are numerous strips today that appear to be a series of copied and pasted drawings — making some statement, I suppose, about how the art in comics isn't important; it's the writing…
(This is a paraphrasing of my follow-up post to CSotD, where I first heard of the deAdder "controversy" through the link here):
Not knowing of possible political cartoonists' complaints, and not having seen this site before today, I have to rely on innuendo. I'd appreciate proof before condemning deAdder.
I think it'd be helpful to have a clear definition of "tracing". How does it compare with copying vs scanning vs "photocopying" vs "cut & paste" vs referencing vs "mashup"?
Those, to me, are different techniques; some apply to digital art, some to "pen & ink on paper" art, some to both.
Maybe I'm nitpicking, but you seem to have a hate on for deAdder. When I look at the close-up example, I don't see any evidence of "gluing a photocopy" (and I've done enough of that to feel competent to comment); the comments about "...a poorly drafted body..." and "...achieve a likeness when they might lack the talent to do so..." seem gratuitous; and the mention of hatching and cross-hatching as "...An overlay of scratchy lines creates the illusion that this is a real drawing" suggests a lack of knowledge about what makes a "real" drawing.
I've followed and enjoyed deAdder's work for years; if he does manipulate and include photos, I'll be somewhat disappointed. I hope he gets a chance to defend himself.
https://video.wixstatic.com/video/c34555_52282623bf104992bae720661a4233ca/720p/mp4/file.mp4
This contradicts this whole piece:
Nelson-- I should clarify my view. I don't think the cartoonist literally cut out a photocopy of a head with scissors and glued it on his drawing. People stopped doing that in 1987. But I do think his mechanical shortcut is comparable, and-- for the same reasons-- it's particularly ill-suited for satirical drawing. An automated likeness won't produce irony or ridicule, it doesn't seize upon a similarity to a turtle or a monkey or an inanimate object, it doesn't produce the artist's visceral reaction to a nose or low forehead, or exaggerate an expression in the eyes. An automated likeness will always fall short of the artistry, judgment and skill of first rate satire.
I'm not disparaging the use of photographs generally; I've written glowingly about artists who've used photographs effectively, such as Bernie Fuchs, Austin Briggs and Toulouse Lautrec. I have nothing against Mr. de Adder personally. For all I know, he's a saint who deserves the Nobel peace prize. (To keep my comment from sounding personal, I considered cropping my reproduction of his cartoon so that his name didn't appear, but that seemed inappropriate.) And to be frank, I'm more concerned about the dulling of public taste and the lowering of standards than I am about any one cartoonist.
My view is that photo-illustration is usually an inferior substitute for good drawing, and that's nowhere more true than in political cartooning. If a cartoonist has trouble achieving a likeness, there are ways to deal with it. Garry Trudeau never learned to achieve a likeness in 40 years but he offset his deficits with other strengths. The guy who invented Foto Funnies in the 60s gave up all pretense and glued word balloons on photographs. But in my view, the kind of lines superimposed on the faces we're discussing are primarily to camouflage their photographic roots and integrate the bodies with the heads.
Anonymous-- In my view, the link doesn't contradict anything about this piece. But my larger point, the whole reason for this post, is not to take a swipe at one individual cartoonist, but rather to argue that the general quality of draftsmanship has declined. It's difficult to make that point without offering at least one example.
One reason for this lower taste is a change in the standards and expectations of the audience. But another reason-- perhaps a bigger reason-- is that artists can turn to a host of digital expedients that save time and money and simulate talent in the eyes of today's audiences. I think Wiley Miller has described the phenomenon quite well above.
These are obviously traced. Anyone who can't see that doesn't know anything about drawing. Wiley has it exactly right.
The other two by Fluharty and Davies are beautifully drawn. Good drawing makes all the difference.
In total agreement with MORAN and Wiley.
I love the Hillary Clinton. The cartoonist who draws on photos should leave it at photos. His lines on top of the photos don't add anything.
Nelson Dewey said...
This controversy seems to switch back and forth between CSotD (http://www.dailycartoonist.com/index.php/2021/12/10/csotd-without-a-trace/) and here. I posted earlier today on CSotD but will remark further here.
I can't speak for Michael deAdder but I think he's a victim of innuendo -- being unfairly accused of "cheating". All of my comments are ONLY about what's being said about his cartooning. I don't disagree with the comments about the other examples (above).
What I've seen so far -- where deAdder's work is concerned -- are snarky remarks from people who don't like his style of drawing.
For one thing, how can anyone see past his hatching well enough to think there's a photo there? Can anyone find the photo he's supposedly photocopied?
I keep seeing the word "traced" used indiscriminately. I define tracing as something that makes use of "tracing paper" or vellum -- or a light box. Or using an added "layer" in a digital medium like Photoshop or Procreate. An image to be duplicated is placed under a layer (tracing paper or digital layer) on which a new image is created by drawing with a pen or pencil or digital stylus. The object is usually to create a new image that closely resembles the original.
Can we agree on that?
" MORAN said...
These are obviously traced. Anyone who can't see that doesn't know anything about drawing...".
I think 65 years of professional cartooning and illustration entitles me to an informed opinion, and I've yet to see any actual evidence of tracing in the deAdder cartoon above.
David, I apologize for not having known of you before; I've had a quick look at a few earlier blog posts and like what I see. I'll look further.
However, when you said, "...For example, some cartoonists get away with creating a likeness by gluing a photocopy of a head on a poorly drafted body..." next to deAdder's cartoon, that statement was published as a fact. Later saying, "...I don't think the cartoonist literally cut out a photocopy of a head with scissors and glued it on his drawing...." doesn't help much.. Yes, people stopped doing the physical cut & paste in 1987, but the process is easily duplicated digitally.
You go on to liken his cartooning to some kind of "mechanical shortcut" and "automated likeness". What do you base this on?
Here's a suggestion: download and play deAdder's animation: https://video.wixstatic.com/video/c34555_52282623bf104992bae720661a4233ca/720p/mp4/file.mp4 (There are links above, too.)
I understand that he uses Procreate (an iPad app similar to Photoshop) for his work. The app includes the ability to make a recording of each drawing.
Is this what you see as a mechanical shortcut? He is drawing freehand, with a stylus; Procreate doesn't do much more than straightening a line or filling a space with color -- at the artist's direction.
I've played the video several times and I don't see anything to suggest that he has traced a photo; it shows his process, from rough sketches to finished color.
Here's a link to what seems to be the photo he used for reference. I've closely compared the photo with the end result in his procreate video. I don't see any part of the photo -- any photo -- in the video... but I can imagine him referring to it as he drew.
What I do see are numerous differences and exaggerations in the cartoon: Pence's ears, his nose, his jaw line, the colors...
His only "fault" seems to be that he doesn't exaggerate as much as some other cartoonists. But it is his style.
Does he trace or photocopy? I don't think so. Does he use photo reference? I wouldn't be surprised.
Here's the link I left out (above):
https://www.nbcnews.com/politics/politics-news/trump-clouds-pence-s-effort-lay-groundwork-2024-presidential-bid-n1285681?fbclid=IwAR0OtgfnSJGzXJNRjIgVp9TlAkJHlzBSkyVPRcoGkQ6ndPT6ghW7cjrz5-g
Nelson Dewey-- I think it is a good thing to give artists the benefit of the doubt. I also think it is a good thing for readers to challenge any thesis such as mine, so I welcome your comments. I also want to repeat, I'm not trying to make Mr. de Adder the scapegoat for what I view as a disappointing and annoying general trend.
In response to your question, just as we can tell when a singer's performance has been digitally auto toned, it seems quite obvious to me that the faces on the de Adder cartoons have been digitally transferred from photographs. The faces are drawn in a different style than the rest of his cartoon; they employ a careful, robotic line with a different character, width and speed than the rest of the drawing. (And lines don't lie. As a famous artist once told me, "Every line you draw drops your pants.")
Compare the lines of the faces of Pence, Trump and Baldwin with the lines of their bodies in the cartoon. The two styles are so incongruous, the contrast immediately jumps out. And ultimately that may be the one unforgivable sin of the drawing: the result is not an integrated whole. Plenty of artists get by incorporating swipes or lightbox or photo reference, but the sutures on Mr. de Adder's patchwork quilt of a cartoon are left painfully obvious.
Rather than try to explain this with words, I've gone back and added a few additional images to my blog post, to show how a photograph was used. I hope you will take a look.
Finally, I should emphasize that I'm not saying Mr. de Adder can't draw these faces; I don't know whether he can or not. I agree with Wiley Miller's comment that digital tools have allowed "lazy cartoonists to get even more lazy rather than learning their craft." And special shame on the laziest of all, the editors at publications who no longer care about the difference between good drawing and bad, because someone told them that if you're smart enough the quality of the drawing doesn't matter.
There are fewer than 50 full-time political cartoonists in the U.S. at a time of great political upheaval, when many of the citizens can't bring themselves to read books or newspaper articles. Now is not the time to slack off.
Hi David -- I must agree with your (and others') feelings about a trend towards lazy cartoonists getting even more lazy .
But I've followed Michael's work for years, and I don't think he's at all lazy; he has an economical style -- one that some others seem to find too simplistic.
I think he does draw some characters differently, more realistically -- usually political figures' -- to make them more easily recognizable. His secondary characters are often more exaggerated. It's a personal choice I think he's entitled to make; it's his style of cartooning.
I wish we didn't have to focus on deAdder so much, but he (still) is your lead example.
"... it seems quite obvious to me that the faces on the de Adder cartoons have been digitally transferred from photographs. The faces are drawn in a different style than the rest of his cartoon; they employ a careful, robotic line with a different character, width and speed than the rest of the drawing..." "...Note in the following example how easily a photograph of a face can be incorporated using automation (not, of course, literally with "glue.")
I just don't understand what "robotic automation" process you think exists to do what you claim!
Yes, a photographic image can be scanned or photographed, then cropped, then "pasted" into a layer in Procreate. (It could be Photoshop or some other graphics application, but I like to use Procreate.)
It could be pasted over an existing drawing or a new drawing could be created around it.
But I just don't see that in deAdder's drawings.
I did as you suggest, and looked closely at the second (Floyd/Justice) cartoon. Your example doesn't convince me.
I found what looks like the photo of Gianna Floyd that you used above, and I superimposed it on the deAdder cartoon. By "flipping" the photo on and off, it's easy to compare the photo to the drawing (much more accurately than your example above). I assume that he used the photograph as reference (which, I believe, is an acceptable practice) but I see enough differences that I do not believe he pasted and drew over a photo.
(I wish I knew how to post images here. I've already devoted far more time to this than I should, but if there's a way, I can post what I've done.)
The only clear example I have at the moment is his time lapse Procreate video: (https://video.wixstatic.com/video/c34555_52282623bf104992bae720661a4233ca/720p/mp4/file.mp4).
I use Procreate and I believe it keeps an accurate record of everythingI draw, paste, and manipulate, add, or remove.
I feel like I'm flogging the dead horse here, but nowhere in Michael's video do I see a photo being used! I see several preliminary sketches, then a couple more detailed partial drawings, then a finished line drawing (black lines; outlines then shaded with cross-hatching). He drew different body parts separately, which were incorporated into a complete figure.
Then... he adds color. Not in one brush stroke, but by building up various colors with many brush strokes. There's no photograph or photocopy or magical robotic app!
https://www.deadder.net is a link to see some other examples of his creative process.
The video of Pence giving the finger(s) is a mini documentary of the cartoon being created, stroke by stroke.
Until someone can prove otherwise, I will believe that he creates his other cartoons this way.
Change my mind.
(Is there a way we could chat more directly-- facetime or email or something?)
Robert Cook said...
My pick for best currently practicing US political cartoonist is Mike Luckovich of the Atlanta Journal, not least because I love his drawing!
kev ferrara said...
just as we can tell when a singer's performance has been digitally auto toned,
We actually can't tell.
I assume you're referring to the 'T-Pain' effect - named after the rapper who popularized the abuse of Auto-Tune to create an obvious and robotic 'snapping' of vocals to specific notes. But that's just the blatant tip of the vocal fixing iceberg. Auto-Tune can also be used subtly. which makes it difficult to notice.
Moreover, nowadays, no pro audio studio is without Celemony's Melodyne program. And Melodyne can be used to fix pitch in such a naturalistic way it cannot be detected. Truly. Melodyne is actually a kind of audio paint brush, a real tool for artists.
Nelson Dewey-- I'd normally be happy to discuss these issues, but Mr. de Adder didn't ask for this, and I don't want to beat a dead horse. I'd hate for someone to vivisect my weakest work under a microscope. Unlike you, I have not followed Mr. de Adder's work for years, but when his work recently started appearing in the Washington Post, the problem leaped out at me. For me it is glaring; at first glance I assumed I was looking at the actual photograph. I do understand that your view differs.
When I described the lines on his faces as "robotic," I meant that (unlike the lines on the other parts of his drawings) they are a monotone, with no taper or flair; they are mostly straight and evenly spaced, applied like zipa-a-tone; they don't hug the form. They remind me of a mechanical screen applied to convert value into line, and it's my experience that artists don't do that unless they are closely following a very reliable map, and don't draw outside the lines.
Kev Ferrara-- I understand that the softwares for pitch adjustment, auto-tuning and auto tone are becoming more subtle, but there are plenty of videos on youtube where people with expertise insist that experienced ears can always tell the difference. Even if we couldn't tell with the naked ear, we can always tell mechanically. https://youtu.be/s7aDN3oujXI
One might ask, if you need a piece of equipment to prove a song was auto-tuned, does it really matter to the quality of your appreciation for the song? Fortunately, I don't feel I need to answer that metaphysical question here. Even without a machine, I look at these drawings and the difference between human and machine contributions is readily apparent.
Are we agreeing to disagree? Looks like it's the only solution.
Kev Ferrara-- I understand that the softwares for pitch adjustment, auto-tuning and auto tone are becoming more subtle,
Its not that they are becoming more subtle. They are already subtle.
but there are plenty of videos on youtube where people with expertise insist that experienced ears can always tell the difference. Even if we couldn't tell with the naked ear, we can always tell mechanically. https://youtu.be/s7aDN3oujXI
My dear David,
That is not sophisticated audio detective work. Anybody can sense that a vocal without any quaver at all which sits dead on the note for its entire length is artificial in some way. Even if they don't understand the studio hackwork behind it.
Anybody with any understanding of using a computer right now can download Audacity for free and perform the same 'detective work' that Mr."Wings of Pegasus"/"British Guitarist" has done for his amateur audience to see the suspiciously level vocal sustains.
When I mentioned Melodyne, I mean MELODYNE (by Celemony). Not Autotune (by Antares), which is a different program.
And when I say subtle, I mean it. You will not be able to find a single video on YouTube, amateur or pro, where a producer was 'caught in the act of using Melodyne to tune vocals' in some professional mix.
People out in the world know the term "Autotune" because they can hear it. Melodyne is a program almost nobody knows because it is the high end professional program that the real craftsmen in the business use. (Although, Melodyne can also do the obvious T-Pain effect or the flattened vibrato 'pure tone' effect. But why anybody would bother to buy Melodyne to do that is beyond me.)
I think you would like its inventor, Peter Neubäcker. There are documentaries on him online.
Kev Ferrara-- I did watch an interview with Neubäcker and he does seem like an interesting guy. But is it your position that Melodyne can create the imperfections and quavers and timber that give a natural voice its character (as described in the video I cited)? And if so do you think Melodyne can make anyone a Barbara Streisand?
No melodyne cannot do it all. As with photoshop, it can't give you ideas, it can't give you heart, it can't give you talent or culture or knowledge, it can't give you expression or composition or personality, it can't create an existential performance, etc. And it can't give anybody a one-in-a-billion instrument like Barbara Streisand had.*
But it can be used as a musical instrument. It can be used to subtly introduce imperfections like quavers, randomized vibrato, and subtle bluesy de-tuning... it can ramp up or down from notes, it can stretch or squash time or volume, change formant. So it can 'micro-compose' within notes.
And it has a 'Sound Editor' subsection to work on altering harmonics and the overtone/partials array; which is the main cause of instrumental timbre. It can make a piano sounds strangely like a flute or saxophone.
It can't give that unique growl of a Ray Charles, Freddie Mercury, or Chris Cornell that sits on the edge between resonance and distortion. But there are many other digital audio workstation (DAW) plug-ins that do add harmonics, and harmonic distortion and non-linear effects to sound. The competition in the plug in market is quite intense, and many great engineers are involved.
The overall point might be that because music has so much geometry and physics to it that can be quantified and modeled as math, algorithm, and circuitry, the state of the art of its digital-realm manipulation is far ahead of Art's. For better and worse.
*It should be pointed out that the Analog gear that Streisand's producers recorded her with was not colorless. There are subtle aesthetic qualitaties of tape saturation vs tube saturation vs transistor smoothness, room tone, echo/reverb, compression, limiting, ribbon mics vs condenser, mic placement, etc. ... you can hear just how much is working nearly 'invisibly' behind her great recordings. It is a fantasy to think she was recorded 'pure.' There is no such thing. The question is where one draws the line between recorded performance and studiocraft.
I think the role of the political cartoon has been superseded by political memes shared on social media. Not only do they have the potential to reach larger audiences than traditional newspaper cartoons, but they are often funnier and aren't constrained by editorial standards.
As for digital tools contributing to the decline of drawing standards, there might some truth to that. I worked at a daily newspaper and actually shared an office with our political cartoonist who has been at it for 50 years. He once told me that he stopped taking as much care with his drawings once he switched to Photoshop, not just because it saved him a ton of time, but he felt that readers were there for the punchline and the art was secondary.
Anonymous-- You may well be right about political memes on social media eclipsing much of the role for and audience of political cartoons. It's hard to argue with the size of their audience, and I agree that they are sometimes funnier. However, the lack of "editorial standards" opens the floodgates for all kinds of raw sewage. Less artistry, less poetry, less seriousness of purpose, less accountability and thus less veracity, less taste, more venom, more hate.
It takes less talent or credibility to create a political meme than a political cartoon. You don't have to draw, you don't have to write, you don't have to persuade an editor or a publisher to vouch for your message... this seems like a recipe for irresponsibility. Perhaps this is another symptom of living in an era of disintegration, where digital reality continues to pulverize what little is left of standards, for better or worse.
THE END OF 2021
POLITICAL CARTOONS part 5: MIRKO ILIĆ
POLITICAL CARTOONS part 4: MICHAEL RAMIREZ
POLITICAL CARTOONS part 3: Jack Davis
POLITICAL CARTOONS, part 2: ART YOUNG


Russian Mil Mi helicopters are known and respected all over the world. These military and civilian machines are created at the Mikhail Mil design engineering bureau which has one of its primary production plants in Rostov-on-Don. The plant produces Mil Mi-28 attack helicopters, which can be used at any time - day or night - and are capable of the deftest maneuvers. Construction of the Mil Mi-28 has been perfected over 30 years making it one of the most effective and reliable attack helicopters in the world nowadays.


Since my husband is almost always the family's official photographer, it's not surprising that I get to have more bonding moments pictures with my son. I make sure, however, that during important occasions in my son's life that I take a picture of my two boys. I have already posted some of their pictures together in my previous articles, and what I've posted here are some of the older photos.
This entry was posted in Daddy, Daddy Moments, Mommy Moments. Bookmark the permalink.
your husband didn't even cgange a bit, physically wise. thanks for sharing this sweet moment of them.
very cute pics here ng daddy and Justin!
Me too! As much as possible I take pictures of them together. Especially camera shy husband ko, he also takes most of our pictures. And filing their photos like yours, is very rewarding just looking at it.
Ang sweet ni daddy at baby justin…I'm sure they will have lots of bonding moments when justin old enough to immitate daddy.
Parang pinagbiyak na bunga! 🙂 Very cute!
Oh cute tingnan sila daddy at anak. thanks for sharing. My entry is also late but hope you can visit.
"There has been an error of some kind. Ack!
2. If you are the publisher of this feed, sign into FeedBurner and visit your feed's "Troubleshootize" tab to view FeedMedic, our automated diagnostic report for your feed. A cause for the problem, and tips for troubleshooting it, may be found there.
juz followed your blog so that I will not be late again..he..he..
Hubby's camera shy but I am the official photographer of the family.It always warms my heart to see dads bond with their kids.
So precious, isn't it, dear?
ang cute ng mag ama..haha..proud daddy talaga sya.
Thank you for sharing these memorable moments.


UK viewers can now watch ITV's complete Vanity Fair mini-series online.
ITV's new adaptation of Vanity Fair will be available to own next week.
ITV's new Vanity Fair adaptation premiered last night in the UK and the first reviews are in.
ITV has released a set of new promotional photos and behind the scenes pics for its upcoming Vanity Fair mini-series.