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Structuralism
In sociology, anthropology, and linguistics, structuralism is the methodology that implies elements of human culture must be understood by way of their relationship to a larger, overarching system or structure. [1]
157 relations: Adam Kuper, Ahistoricism, Alan Finlayson, Albert Sechehaye, Alf Sommerfelt, Algirdas Julien Greimas, Alison Assiter, Alliance theory, Anthony Giddens, Anthropologist, Anthropology, Antoine Meillet, École pratique des hautes études, Élisabeth Roudinesco, Émile Benveniste, Étienne Balibar, Binary opposition, Capitalist mode of production (Marxist theory), Catherine Belsey, Charles Bally, Charles F. Hockett, Charles Laughlin, Claude Lévi-Strauss, Colonialism, Constructivist epistemology, Continental philosophy, Contrastive distribution, Copenhagen School (linguistics), Cornelius Castoriadis, Course in General Linguistics, Critical theory, Cultural anthropology, Deconstruction, E. E. Evans-Pritchard, Edmund Leach, Engaged theory, English language, Eric Wolf, Existentialism, Feminist theory, Ferdinand de Saussure, Formal language, Foucault–Habermas debate, François Châtelet, France, French language, French people, Genre, Georges Canguilhem, Gilles Deleuze, ..., Hachette (publisher), Hermeneutics, Historical linguistics, Humanities, Ideology, Incest taboo, Intertextuality, Jacques Derrida, Jacques Lacan, Japanese language, Jürgen Habermas, Jean Piaget, Jean-Paul Sartre, Johannes Angermuller, Kantianism, Kinship, Langue and parole, Leonard Bloomfield, Lexeme, Linguistics, Literary criticism, Literary theory, Literature, Louis Althusser, Louis Hjelmslev, Lucien Goldmann, Marcel Mauss, Marshall Sahlins, Marxism, Marxist philosophy, Mathematics, Maurice Godelier, Meaning (semiotics), Meyer Fortes, Michel Foucault, Minimal pair, Morpheme, Moscow linguistic circle, Mythologiques, Mythology, Narrative structure, Natural science, Neuroanthropology, Neuroscience, New Criticism, New York City, Nicos Poulantzas, Nikolai Trubetzkoy, Noam Chomsky, Northrop Frye, Paradigm, Pattern language, Paul Ricœur, Philip Pettit, Phoneme, Phonology, Pierre Bourdieu, Political economy, Positivism, Post-structuralism, Practice theory, Prague linguistic circle, Principle of bivalence, Psychoanalysis, Psychology, Rationalism, Reading Capital, Rodney Needham, Roland Barthes, Roman Jakobson, Romeo and Juliet, Russian formalism, S/Z, Secret society, Seminars of Jacques Lacan, Semiotics, Sherry Ortner, Sign (linguistics), Simon Blackburn, Social anthropology, Social system, Social theory, Sociology, Speech act, Square of opposition, Structural anthropology, Structural linguistics, Structural Marxism, Structuralism (architecture), Structuralist economics, Structuralist film theory, Structuration theory, Synchrony and diachrony, System, The Imaginary (psychoanalysis), The New School, The Order of Things, The Philosophical Discourse of Modernity, The Real, The Symbolic, Transcendental idealism, Victor Turner, Vladimir Pimonov, Vladimir Propp, West Side Story, World War I, World War II.	Expand index (107 more) » « Shrink index
Adam Kuper
Adam Jonathan Kuper (born 29 December 1941) is a South African anthropologist most closely linked to the school of social anthropology.
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Ahistoricism
Ahistoricism refers to a lack of concern for history, historical development, or tradition.
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Alan Finlayson
Alan Finlayson is a British political theorist and political scientist.
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Albert Sechehaye
Albert Sechehaye (4 July 1870, Geneva – 2 July 1946, Geneva) was a Swiss linguist.
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Alf Sommerfelt
Alf Sommerfelt (November 23, 1892October 12, 1965), was a Norwegian linguist and the first professor of linguistics in Norway, working at the University of Oslo from 1931 to 1962.
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Algirdas Julien Greimas
Algirdas Julien Greimas (born Algirdas Julius Greimas; 9 March 1917 – 27 February 1992), was a French-Lithuanian literary scientist, known among other things for the Greimas Square (le carré sémiotique).
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Alison Assiter
Alison Assiter (born October 23, 1949), is the Professor of Feminist Theory at the University of the West of England.
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Alliance theory
The alliance theory, also known as the general theory of exchanges, is a structuralist method of studying kinship relations.
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Anthony Giddens, Baron Giddens (born 18 January 1938) is a British sociologist who is known for his theory of structuration and his holistic view of modern societies.
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Anthropologist
An anthropologist is a person engaged in the practice of anthropology.
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Anthropology is the study of humans and human behaviour and societies in the past and present.
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Antoine Meillet
Paul Jules Antoine Meillet (11 November 1866, Moulins, France – 21 September 1936, Châteaumeillant, France) was one of the most important French linguists of the early 20th century.
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The École pratique des hautes études, abbreviated EPHE, is a Grand Établissement in Paris, France, and a constituent college of PSL Research University.
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Élisabeth Roudinesco
Élisabeth Roudinesco (Rudinescu; born 10 September 1944) is a French historian and psychoanalyst, affiliated researcher in history at Paris Diderot University, in the group « Identités-Cultures-Territoires ». She also conducts a seminar on the history of psychoanalysis at the École Normale Supérieure.
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Émile Benveniste
Émile Benveniste (27 March 1902 – 3 October 1976) was a French structural linguist and semiotician.
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Étienne Balibar
Étienne Balibar (born 23 April 1942) is a French philosopher.
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Binary opposition
A nebular opposition (also binary system) is a pair of related terms or concepts that are opposite in meaning.
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Capitalist mode of production (Marxist theory)
In Karl Marx's critique of political economy and subsequent Marxian analyses, the capitalist mode of production refers to the systems of organizing production and distribution within capitalist societies.
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Catherine Belsey
Catherine Belsey (born 1940) is a British literary critic and academic.
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Charles Bally
Charles Bally (4 February 1865, Geneva – 10 April 1947, Geneva) was a Swiss linguist from the Geneva School.
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Charles F. Hockett
Charles Francis Hockett (January 17, 1916 – November 3, 2000) was an American linguist who developed many influential ideas in American structuralist linguistics.
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Charles Laughlin
Charles D. Laughlin, Jr. (born 1938) is a neuroanthropologist known primarily for having co-founded a school of neuroanthropological theory called biogenetic structuralism.
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Claude Lévi-Strauss (28 November 1908, Brussels – 30 October 2009, Paris) was a French anthropologist and ethnologist whose work was key in the development of the theory of structuralism and structural anthropology.
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Colonialism is the policy of a polity seeking to extend or retain its authority over other people or territories, generally with the aim of developing or exploiting them to the benefit of the colonizing country and of helping the colonies modernize in terms defined by the colonizers, especially in economics, religion and health.
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Constructivist epistemology
Constructivist epistemology is a branch in philosophy of science maintaining that scientific knowledge is constructed by the scientific community, who seek to measure and construct models of the natural world.
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Continental philosophy is a set of 19th- and 20th-century philosophical traditions from mainland Europe.
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Contrastive distribution
Contrastive distribution in linguistics, as opposed to complementary distribution or free variation, is the relationship between two different elements in which both elements are found in the same environment with a change in meaning.
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Copenhagen School (linguistics)
The Copenhagen School, officially the Linguistic Circle of Copenhagen (French: Cercle Linguistique de Copenhague), is a group of scholars dedicated to the study of linguistics.
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Cornelius Castoriadis
Cornelius Castoriadis (Κορνήλιος Καστοριάδης; 11 March 1922 – 26 December 1997) was a Greek-FrenchMemos 2014, p. 18: "he was...
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Course in General Linguistics
Course in General Linguistics (Cours de linguistique générale) is a book compiled by Charles Bally and Albert Sechehaye from notes on lectures given by Ferdinand de Saussure at the University of Geneva between 1906 and 1911.
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Critical theory is a school of thought that stresses the reflective assessment and critique of society and culture by applying knowledge from the social sciences and the humanities.
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Cultural anthropology is a branch of anthropology focused on the study of cultural variation among humans.
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Deconstruction is a critique of the relationship between text and meaning originated by the philosopher Jacques Derrida.
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E. E. Evans-Pritchard
Sir Edward Evan Evans-Pritchard, FBA (21 September 1902 – 11 September 1973), known as E. E. Evans-Pritchard, was an English anthropologist who was instrumental in the development of social anthropology.
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Edmund Leach
Sir Edmund Ronald Leach (7 November 1910 – 6 January 1989) was a British social anthropologist.
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Engaged theory
Engaged theory is a methodological framework for understanding social complexity.
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English is a West Germanic language that was first spoken in early medieval England and is now a global lingua franca.
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Eric Robert Wolf (February 1, 1923 – March 6, 1999) was an anthropologist, best known for his studies of peasants, Latin America, and his advocacy of Marxist perspectives within anthropology.
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Existentialism is a tradition of philosophical inquiry associated mainly with certain 19th and 20th-century European philosophers who, despite profound doctrinal differences,Oxford Companion to Philosophy, ed.
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Feminist theory is the extension of feminism into theoretical, fictional, or philosophical discourse.
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Ferdinand de Saussure
Ferdinand de Saussure (26 November 1857 – 22 February 1913) was a Swiss linguist and semiotician.
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Formal language
In mathematics, computer science, and linguistics, a formal language is a set of strings of symbols together with a set of rules that are specific to it.
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Foucault–Habermas debate
The Foucault–Habermas debate is a dispute concerning whether Michel Foucault's ideas of "power analytics" and "genealogy" or Jürgen Habermas's ideas of "communicative rationality" and "discourse ethics" provide a better critique of the nature of power within society.
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François Châtelet
François Châtelet (27 April 1925 – 26 December 1985) was a historian of philosophy, political philosophy and professor in the socratic tradition.
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France, officially the French Republic (République française), is a sovereign state whose territory consists of metropolitan France in Western Europe, as well as several overseas regions and territories.
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French (le français or la langue française) is a Romance language of the Indo-European family.
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French people
The French (Français) are a Latin European ethnic group and nation who are identified with the country of France.
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Genre is any form or type of communication in any mode (written, spoken, digital, artistic, etc.) with socially-agreed upon conventions developed over time.
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Georges Canguilhem
Georges Canguilhem (or; 4 June 1904 – 11 September 1995) was a French philosopher and physician who specialized in epistemology and the philosophy of science (in particular, biology).
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Gilles Deleuze (18 January 1925 – 4 November 1995) was a French philosopher who, from the early 1960s until his death in 1995, wrote on philosophy, literature, film, and fine art.
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Hachette (publisher)
Hachette is a French publisher.
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Hermeneutics is the theory and methodology of interpretation, especially the interpretation of biblical texts, wisdom literature, and philosophical texts.
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Historical linguistics, also called diachronic linguistics, is the scientific study of language change over time.
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Humanities are academic disciplines that study aspects of human society and culture.
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An Ideology is a collection of normative beliefs and values that an individual or group holds for other than purely epistemic reasons.
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Incest taboo
An incest taboo is any cultural rule or norm that prohibits sexual relations between closely related persons.
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Intertextuality is the shaping of a text's meaning by another text.
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Jacques Derrida (born Jackie Élie Derrida;. See also. July 15, 1930 – October 9, 2004) was a French Algerian-born philosopher best known for developing a form of semiotic analysis known as deconstruction, which he discussed in numerous texts, and developed in the context of phenomenology.
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Jacques Marie Émile Lacan (13 April 1901 – 9 September 1981) was a French psychoanalyst and psychiatrist who has been called "the most controversial psycho-analyst since Freud".
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is an East Asian language spoken by about 128 million people, primarily in Japan, where it is the national language.
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Jürgen Habermas (born 18 June 1929) is a German sociologist and philosopher in the tradition of critical theory and pragmatism.
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Jean Piaget (9 August 1896 – 16 September 1980) was a Swiss psychologist and epistemologist known for his pioneering work in child development.
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Jean-Paul Charles Aymard Sartre (21 June 1905 – 15 April 1980) was a French philosopher, playwright, novelist, political activist, biographer, and literary critic.
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Johannes Angermuller
Johannes Angermuller (born 1973) is a discourse researcher in linguistics and sociology.
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Kantianism
Kantianism is the philosophy of Immanuel Kant, a German philosopher born in Königsberg, Prussia (now Kaliningrad, Russia).
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In anthropology, kinship is the web of social relationships that form an important part of the lives of all humans in all societies, although its exact meanings even within this discipline are often debated.
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Langue and parole
Langue (French, meaning "language") and parole (meaning "speaking") are linguistic terms distinguished by Ferdinand de Saussure in his Course in General Linguistics.
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Leonard Bloomfield
Leonard Bloomfield (April 1, 1887 – April 18, 1949) was an American linguist who led the development of structural linguistics in the United States during the 1930s and the 1940s.
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A lexeme is a unit of lexical meaning that exists regardless of the number of inflectional endings it may have or the number of words it may contain.
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Linguistics is the scientific study of language, and involves an analysis of language form, language meaning, and language in context.
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Literary criticism (or literary studies) is the study, evaluation, and interpretation of literature.
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Literary theory in a strict sense is the systematic study of the nature of literature and of the methods for analyzing literature.
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Literature, most generically, is any body of written works.
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Louis Althusser
Louis Pierre Althusser (16 October 1918 – 22 October 1990) was a French Marxist philosopher.
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Louis Hjelmslev
Louis Trolle Hjelmslev (3 October 1899, Copenhagen – 30 May 1965, Copenhagen) was a Danish linguist whose ideas formed the basis of the Copenhagen School of linguistics.
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Lucien Goldmann
Lucien Goldmann (July 20, 1913 – October 8, 1970) was a French philosopher and sociologist of Jewish-Romanian origin.
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Marcel Mauss (10 May 1872 – 10 February 1950) was a French sociologist.
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Marshall Sahlins
Marshall David Sahlins (born December 27, 1930) is an American anthropologist best known for his ethnographic work in the Pacific and for his contributions to anthropological theory.
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Marxism is a method of socioeconomic analysis that views class relations and social conflict using a materialist interpretation of historical development and takes a dialectical view of social transformation.
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Marxist philosophy or Marxist theory are works in philosophy that are strongly influenced by Karl Marx's materialist approach to theory, or works written by Marxists.
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Mathematics (from Greek μάθημα máthēma, "knowledge, study, learning") is the study of such topics as quantity, structure, space, and change.
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Maurice Godelier
Maurice Godelier (born February 28, 1934) is a French anthropologist who works as the Director of Studies at the School for Advanced Studies in the Social Sciences.
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Meaning (semiotics)
In semiotics, the meaning of a sign is its place in a sign relation, in other words, the set of roles that it occupies within a given sign relation.
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Meyer Fortes
Meyer Fortes (April 25, 1906 – January 27, 1983) was a South African-born anthropologist, best known for his work among the Tallensi and Ashanti in Ghana.
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Paul-Michel Foucault (15 October 1926 – 25 June 1984), generally known as Michel Foucault, was a French philosopher, historian of ideas, social theorist, and literary critic.
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Minimal pair
In phonology, minimal pairs are pairs of words or phrases in a particular language that differ in only one phonological element, such as a phoneme, toneme or chroneme, and have distinct meanings.
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A morpheme is the smallest grammatical unit in a language.
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Moscow linguistic circle
The Moscow linguistic circle was a group of social scientists in semiotics, literary theory, and linguistics active in Moscow from 1915 to ca.
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Mythologiques
Mythologiques is a four-volume work of cultural anthropology by Claude Lévi-Strauss.
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Mythology refers variously to the collected myths of a group of people or to the study of such myths.
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Narrative structure
Narrative structure, a literary element, is generally described as the structural framework that underlies the order and manner in which a narrative is presented to a reader, listener, or viewer.
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Natural science is a branch of science concerned with the description, prediction, and understanding of natural phenomena, based on empirical evidence from observation and experimentation.
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Neuroanthropology is the study of the relationship between culture and the brain.
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Neuroscience (or neurobiology) is the scientific study of the nervous system.
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New Criticism
New Criticism was a formalist movement in literary theory that dominated American literary criticism in the middle decades of the 20th century.
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Nicos Poulantzas
Nicos Poulantzas (Νίκος Πουλαντζάς; 21 September 1936 – 3 October 1979) was a Greek-French Marxist political sociologist.
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Nikolai Trubetzkoy
Prince Nikolai Sergeyevich Trubetzkoy (p; Moscow, April 16, 1890 – Vienna, June 25, 1938) was a Russian linguist and historian whose teachings formed a nucleus of the Prague School of structural linguistics.
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Avram Noam Chomsky (born December 7, 1928) is an American linguist, philosopher, cognitive scientist, historian, social critic and political activist.
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Herman Northrop Frye (July 14, 1912 – January 23, 1991) was a Canadian literary critic and literary theorist, considered one of the most influential of the 20th century.
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In science and philosophy, a paradigm is a distinct set of concepts or thought patterns, including theories, research methods, postulates, and standards for what constitutes legitimate contributions to a field.
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Pattern language
A pattern language is a method of describing good design practices or patterns of useful organization within a field of expertise.
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Paul Ricœur
Jean Paul Gustave Ricœur (27 February 1913 – 20 May 2005) was a French philosopher best known for combining phenomenological description with hermeneutics.
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Philip Pettit
Philip Noel Pettit (born 1945) is an Irish philosopher and political theorist.
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Phoneme
A phoneme is one of the units of sound (or gesture in the case of sign languages, see chereme) that distinguish one word from another in a particular language.
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Phonology is a branch of linguistics concerned with the systematic organization of sounds in languages.
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Pierre Felix Bourdieu (1 August 1930 – 23 January 2002) was a French sociologist, anthropologist, philosopher, and public intellectual.
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Political economy is the study of production and trade and their relations with law, custom and government; and with the distribution of national income and wealth.
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Positivism
Positivism is a philosophical theory stating that certain ("positive") knowledge is based on natural phenomena and their properties and relations.
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Post-structuralism
Post-structuralism is associated with the works of a series of mid-20th-century French, continental philosophers and critical theorists who came to be known internationally in the 1960s and 1970s.
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Practice theory
Practice theory is a theory of how social beings, with their diverse motives and their diverse intentions, make and transform the world which they live in.
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Prague linguistic circle
The Prague school or Prague linguistic circle was an influential group of linguists, philologists and literary critics in Prague.
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Principle of bivalence
In logic, the semantic principle (or law) of bivalence states that every declarative sentence expressing a proposition (of a theory under inspection) has exactly one truth value, either true or false.
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Psychoanalysis is a set of theories and therapeutic techniques related to the study of the unconscious mind, which together form a method of treatment for mental-health disorders.
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Psychology is the science of behavior and mind, including conscious and unconscious phenomena, as well as feeling and thought.
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In philosophy, rationalism is the epistemological view that "regards reason as the chief source and test of knowledge" or "any view appealing to reason as a source of knowledge or justification".
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Reading Capital
Reading Capital (Lire le Capital) is a 1965 work of Marxist philosophy by Louis Althusser, Étienne Balibar, Roger Establet, Jacques Rancière, and Pierre Macherey.
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Rodney Needham
Rodney Needham (15 May 1923 – 4 December 2006 in Oxford) was a British social anthropologist.
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Roland Gérard Barthes (12 November 1915 – 26 March 1980) was a French literary theorist, philosopher, linguist, critic, and semiotician.
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Roman Jakobson
Roman Osipovich Jakobson (Рома́н О́сипович Якобсо́н; October 11, 1896Kucera, Henry. 1983. "Roman Jakobson." Language: Journal of the Linguistic Society of America 59(4): 871–883. – July 18,, compiled by Stephen Rudy 1982) was a Russian–American linguist and literary theorist.
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Romeo and Juliet is a tragedy written by William Shakespeare early in his career about two young star-crossed lovers whose deaths ultimately reconcile their feuding families.
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Russian formalism
Russian formalism was a school of literary criticism in Russia from the 1910s to the 1930s.
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S/Z
S/Z, published in 1970, is Roland Barthes's structural analysis of "Sarrasine", the short story by Honoré de Balzac.
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A secret society is a club or an organization whose activities, events, inner functioning, or membership are concealed from non-members.
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Seminars of Jacques Lacan
From 1952 to 1980 French psychoanalyst and psychiatrist Jacques Lacan gave an annual seminar in Paris.
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Semiotics (also called semiotic studies) is the study of meaning-making, the study of sign process (semiosis) and meaningful communication.
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Sherry Ortner
Sherry Beth Ortner (born September 19, 1941) is an American cultural anthropologist and has been a Distinguished Professor of Anthropology at UCLA since 2004.
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Sign (linguistics)
A linguistic sign is a part of language used to indicate a being.
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Simon Blackburn
Simon Blackburn (born 12 July 1944) is an English academic philosopher known for his work in metaethics, where he defends quasi-realism, and in the philosophy of language; more recently, he has gained a large general audience from his efforts to popularise philosophy.
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Social anthropology or anthroposociology is the dominant constituent of anthropology throughout the United Kingdom and Commonwealth and much of Europe (France in particular), where it is distinguished from cultural anthropology.
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Social system
In sociology, a social system is the patterned network of relationships constituting a coherent whole that exist between individuals, groups, and institutions.
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Social theories are analytical frameworks, or paradigms, that are used to study and interpret social phenomena.
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Sociology is the scientific study of society, patterns of social relationships, social interaction, and culture.
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Speech act
A speech act in linguistics and the philosophy of language is an utterance that has performative function in language and communication.
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Square of opposition
The square of opposition is a diagram representing the relations between the four basic categorical propositions.
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Structural anthropology
Structural anthropology is a school of anthropology based on Claude Lévi-Strauss' idea that immutable deep structures exist in all cultures, and consequently, that all cultural practices have homologous counterparts in other cultures, essentially that all cultures are equitable.
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Structural linguistics
Structural linguistics is an approach to linguistics originating from the work of Swiss linguist Ferdinand de Saussure and is part of the overall approach of structuralism.
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Structural Marxism
Structural Marxism was an approach to Marxist philosophy based on structuralism, primarily associated with the work of the French philosopher Louis Althusser and his students.
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Structuralism (architecture)
Structuralism is a movement in architecture and urban planning evolved around the middle of the 20th century.
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Structuralist economics
Structuralist economics is an approach to economics that emphasizes the importance of taking into account structural features (typically) when undertaking economic analysis.
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Structuralist film theory
Structuralist film theory is a branch of film theory that is rooted in structuralism, itself based on structural linguistics.
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Structuration theory
The theory of structuration is a social theory of the creation and reproduction of social systems that is based in the analysis of both structure and agents (see structure and agency), without giving primacy to either.
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Synchrony and diachrony
Synchrony and diachrony are two different and complementary viewpoints in linguistic analysis.
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A system is a regularly interacting or interdependent group of items forming an integrated whole.
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The Imaginary (psychoanalysis)
The Imaginary order is one of a triptych of terms in the psychoanalytic theory of Jacques Lacan, along with the symbolic and the real.
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The New School is a private non-profit research university centered in Manhattan, New York City, USA, located mostly in Greenwich Village.
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The Order of Things
The Order of Things: An Archaeology of the Human Sciences (Les mots et les choses: Une archéologie des sciences humaines) is a 1966 book by the French philosopher Michel Foucault.
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The Philosophical Discourse of Modernity
The Philosophical Discourse of Modernity: Twelve Lectures (Der Philosophische Diskurs der Moderne: Zwölf Vorlesungen) is a 1985 book by Jürgen Habermas, in which the author reconstructs and deals in depth with a number of philosophical approaches to the critique of modern reason and the Enlightenment "project" since Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel and Friedrich Nietzsche, including the work of 20th century philosophers Max Horkheimer, Theodor Adorno, Martin Heidegger, Michel Foucault, Jacques Derrida, Cornelius Castoriadis and Niklas Luhmann.
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In philosophy, the Real is that which is the authentic, unchangeable truth.
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The Symbolic
The Symbolic (or Symbolic Order) is a part of the psychoanalytic theory of Jacques Lacan, part of his attempt "to distinguish between those elementary registers whose grounding I later put forward in these terms: the symbolic, the imaginary, and the real — a distinction never previously made in psychoanalysis".
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Transcendental idealism
Transcendental idealism is a doctrine founded by German philosopher Immanuel Kant in the 18th century.
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Victor Witter Turner (28 May 1920 – 18 December 1983) was a British cultural anthropologist best known for his work on symbols, rituals, and rites of passage.
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Vladimir Pimonov
Vladimir (Volodya, Volodja) Pimonov (Russian: Владимир (Володя) Иванович Пимонов, March 31, 1955, Moscow, USSR) is a Russian-born Danish journalist, author and academic most known for his investigative reporting on the Soviet/Russian affairs.
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Vladimir Propp
Vladimir Yakovlevich Propp (Владимир Яковлевич Пропп; – 22 August 1970) was a Soviet folklorist and scholar who analyzed the basic plot components of Russian folk tales to identify their simplest irreducible narrative elements.
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West Side Story is a musical with a book by Arthur Laurents, music by Leonard Bernstein and lyrics by Stephen Sondheim.
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World War I (often abbreviated as WWI or WW1), also known as the First World War, the Great War, or the War to End All Wars, was a global war originating in Europe that lasted from 28 July 1914 to 11 November 1918.
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World War II (often abbreviated to WWII or WW2), also known as the Second World War, was a global war that lasted from 1939 to 1945, although conflicts reflecting the ideological clash between what would become the Allied and Axis blocs began earlier.
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Structuralisms, Structuralist view, Structuralistic, Structuralists.
[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Structuralism


Description: Are you ready for Halloween? Halloween is creepin' up on ya! Crazy Train ranges from trendy western shirts with flattering tailoring and spiced-up styling to classic ladies western wear, Crazy Train sets the trends in women's western fashion. Intricate decorative stitching, embroidery, and embellishment are the tell-tale details that make them distinctly Crazy Train.


text:
INDEX (2015-2030)
Indian Ocean Exploration Project (2015-2030)
The federal ministry for Geoscience and Natural Ressources (BGR) holds an exploration license for polymetallic sulphides on behalf of the Federal Ministry for Economic affairs and energy (BMWi), issued by the International Seabed Authority (ISA). Since the approval of the licnese area in 2015, the BGR is obliged to conduct detailed exploration work within the license area southeast of Mauritius.
The biological work plays a central part of the BGR implemented INDEX project, that aims the exploration for polymetallic sulphides for the Federal Republic of Germany. The license area has an extent of 10,000 km2, splitted in 100 sulphide blocks in a size of 10 x 10 km each.
Inactive chimneys with hydrothermal anemones and shrimps within the Edmond hydrothermal vent field
The goal of the biological studies within the INDEX project is the assessment and analysis of the pelagic and benthic communities within the license area north of the Rodriguez Triple Junction (southern Central Indian Ridge) and along the South East Indian Ridge. This includes studies on the species diversity, abundance estimations and the spatial distribution patterns of all benthic organisms. Based on the species richness, distribution patterns and their dependency on environmental factors we aim to identify the key structuring factors that maintain biodiversity of abyssal hydrothermal vent fields. Specific sampling and photograph- and video imagery collections are used to give explanations of the observed spatial distribution patterns of communities and their composition at active and inactive hydrothermal vent fields and the surrounding abyssal deep-sea plains.
Based on this data, communities will be defined and discriminated, connectivity of populations monitored and habitat maps created for the German license area. The comparison of communities from different stations aims for a better understanding of ecological and biogeographic patterns, that are driving biodiversity at greater scales. These environmental studies are conducted to identify key structuring factors that needs to be protected and to assign marine protected areas and facilitate a sustainable use of marine resources.
Homepage of the INDEX-project of the Federal Institute for Geoscience and Natural Resources (BGR)
Managene Nodule Exploration in the German license area in the Clarion-Clipperton Fracture Zone
Since 2010, biologists of the German Center for marine Biodiversity Research (DZMB) participate at all expeditions of the Federal Institute for Geoscience and Natural Resources (BGR) and collected roughly 50,000 samples of specimens from the benthic infauna, to study the diversity of the benthic fauna using molecular and morphological methods for the analysis. This task has moved to INES in 2019, who participates not only in BGR initiated expeditions, but also in cooperative expeditions with the DZMB studying the ecological consequences of potential deep-sea mining activities and the related disturbances of the fauna (JPIO, (www.jpi-oceans.eu); Discol, (www.discol.de).
So far, the analyzed sampled show a high abundance and species diversity. Surveys targeting the species richness and abundances of benthic organisms revealed the community structure within the manganese nodule belt of the Clarion-Clipperton Fracture Zone at greater spatial scales. Based on this data and results of several international research teams, the ISA assigned nine marine protected areas of a size of 400 x 400 km, incorporating 30 % of the total area of the manganese nodule belt. The protected areas were established to preserve the exceptional deep-sea ecosystems of the CCFZ and are refuge areas from which recolonization can take place after the extraction of manganese nodules through mining activities. In addition, INES and BGR are part of the European projects JPI Oceans Mining Impact, with the aim to address the impact of potential future mining activities in detail. Of particular interest are the consequences of the dispersion of suspended sediment plumes, which are a result of the manganese nodule collector tools. Data analysis shows, that low current velocities of 1-5 cm per second in varying directions are present in a depth of 4000 m. These current velocities and directions of the near bottom water masses are mainly driven by tides and surface winds.
Homepage of the MANGAN-project of the Federal Institute for Geoscience and Natural Resources (BGR)
INES – Integrated Environmental Solutions UG (haftungsbeschränkt)
Metzer Weg 14 | 26382 | Wilhelmshaven
DE	ENG

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You are here: Home › Posts tagged "construction"
A custom Accessory Dwelling Unit with Garage located in Santa Cruz is nearing completion. New project construction images uploaded. View gallery now!
This 4000+ s.f. Custom Craftsman Style home located in Templeton is nearing the final stages of construction. View Gallery Images now!


text:
Party, Policy, and the Ambition to Run for Higher Office
John H. Aldrich, Danielle Thomsen
This article examines why some state legislators run for Congress and others do not. Our main argument is that there are differences in the expected value of a state legislative seat and the expected benefits of being a member of Congress. One key component of this value is how closely the candidate fits with her party. We find that the probability of seeking congressional office increases among state legislators who are distant from the state party and proximate to the congressional party and decreases among those who are distant from the congressional party and proximate to the state party.
Legislative Studies Quarterly
https://doi.org/10.1111/lsq.12161
Accepted/In press - 2016
10.1111/lsq.12161
Fingerprint Dive into the research topics of 'Party, Policy, and the Ambition to Run for Higher Office'. Together they form a unique fingerprint.
party state Social Sciences
candidacy Social Sciences
Aldrich, J. H., & Thomsen, D. (Accepted/In press). Party, Policy, and the Ambition to Run for Higher Office. Legislative Studies Quarterly. https://doi.org/10.1111/lsq.12161
Party, Policy, and the Ambition to Run for Higher Office. / Aldrich, John H.; Thomsen, Danielle.
In: Legislative Studies Quarterly, 2016.
Aldrich, JH & Thomsen, D 2016, 'Party, Policy, and the Ambition to Run for Higher Office', Legislative Studies Quarterly. https://doi.org/10.1111/lsq.12161
Aldrich JH, Thomsen D. Party, Policy, and the Ambition to Run for Higher Office. Legislative Studies Quarterly. 2016. https://doi.org/10.1111/lsq.12161
Aldrich, John H. ; Thomsen, Danielle. / Party, Policy, and the Ambition to Run for Higher Office. In: Legislative Studies Quarterly. 2016.
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AB - This article examines why some state legislators run for Congress and others do not. Our main argument is that there are differences in the expected value of a state legislative seat and the expected benefits of being a member of Congress. One key component of this value is how closely the candidate fits with her party. We find that the probability of seeking congressional office increases among state legislators who are distant from the state party and proximate to the congressional party and decreases among those who are distant from the congressional party and proximate to the state party.
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text:
Nuevo Castrejón är en ort i Mexiko.   Den ligger i kommunen Las Choapas och delstaten Veracruz, i den sydöstra delen av landet,  km öster om huvudstaden Mexico City. Nuevo Castrejón ligger  meter över havet och antalet invånare är .

Terrängen runt Nuevo Castrejón är platt åt nordväst, men åt sydost är den kuperad. Runt Nuevo Castrejón är det ganska glesbefolkat, med  invånare per kvadratkilometer. Närmaste större samhälle är Nueva Tabasqueña,  km nordost om Nuevo Castrejón. Omgivningarna runt Nuevo Castrejón är en mosaik av jordbruksmark och naturlig växtlighet.

Savannklimat råder i trakten. Årsmedeltemperaturen i trakten är  °C. Den varmaste månaden är maj, då medeltemperaturen är  °C, och den kallaste är januari, med  °C. Genomsnittlig årsnederbörd är  millimeter. Den regnigaste månaden är augusti, med i genomsnitt  mm nederbörd, och den torraste är februari, med  mm nederbörd.

Kommentarer

Referenser

Orter i Veracruz

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DID WE HAVE A GREAT REUNION OR WHAT!
IT WAS SO GREAT TO SEE AND SPEND SOMETIME WITH ALL OF YOU BLACK CATS THAT ATTENDED THIS YEARS REUNION. THERE WERE A LOT OF US THAT WENT TO KINDERGARTEN TOGETHER. IN THOSE INSTANCES IT WAS A 53RD REUNION.
WHERE WE DIDN'T KNOW IT EXISTED. WE ATE, DRANK AND MADE MERRY. WE HAD A GREAT TIME!
DAVE STAMPER'S ART WORK WAS THE HIT OF THE EVENING. EVERYONE WAS BIDDING TO TAKE HOME AN ORIGINAL THAT REMINDED US OF HIS WORK AT TECH. SEVERAL PEOPLE, WITH BIG SMILES ON THIER FACES, TOOK HOME HIS WORK THAT FRANK SKIDMORE AND HIS WIFE, DONNA, HAD SO SKILLFULLY MATTED AND FRAMED WITH THE REMAINS OF THE GERSTMEYER GYM FLOOR.
PATRICK "MIKE" GAINOR READ A POEM THAT HE HAD WRITTEN ABOUT HIS BELOVED HIGH SCHOOL -- TECH. IT WAS SOMEWHAT POETIC THAT HE WAS ABLE TO PUT INTO WORDS WHAT WE HAVE ALWAYS FELT. A RECOGNITION AND VALIDATION THAT WAS LONG OVER DUE.
JOHN WEDDING SPENT HIS EVENING WITH A CAMERA AND A COMPUTER INTERACTING WITH EVERYONE AND MAKING SURE THAT WE HAVE PICTURES OF EVERYONE. HIS PICTURES, ALONG WITH OTHERS ( PLEASE E-MAIL ME YOURS) AND THE ONES FROM THE TABLE CAMERAS WILL BE POSTED IN AN ALBUM ON THIS SITE. THEY WILL ALSO BE MADE AVAILABLE ON DVD (FOR A NOMINAL FEE).
I HOPE EVERYONE ENJOYS THE DVD SET THAT WAS GIVEN AWAY. IT IS A COMPILATION OF ALL OF THE #1 HITS BEGINNING WHEN WE WALKED THROUGH THE DOORS OF TECH AND ENDING WITH OUR GRADUATON.
You all did an excellent job as always. I'm just sorry I was not there this year to see all my ole friends but I was thinking about you all. I'm still off work due to back and neck problems but once I get back to work I'll be working on getting back to TH and retire, Send pictures when you can and classmates email me !!
Just simply had agreat time. Everything was great. Frank, Jerry, Kay, thanks so much for a great evening. Hope to here from all of you soon. This was my first reunion and hopefully not my last. For those who couldn't attend you were missed! Keep in touch!
I really enjoyed the reunion. It was amazing to recognize some classmates immediately after 40 years. Unfortunately, I couldn't recognize everyone. I do like the suggestion of having everyone introduce themselves.
Kudos to Jerry and Frank for putting in so much effort to make the reunion happen. A big thank you to everyone who had a hand in making the reunion a success.
The reunion brought back a lot of memories of good times and great classmtes and friends.
I am looking forward to number 45.
WHAT A GREAT TIME!!!! GREAT TO SEE EVERYONE CAN'T WAIT TILL NEXT TIME.
Hope all had a great time. Interested in the CD for my viewing pleasure. Please let me know who to contact.
Jerry, John & Frank, Thanks so much for everything. It was so good to see so many old friends again. So many at the reunion a lot of us knew each other from grade school. I haven't seen you, John Wedding, Kay Taylor and so many others since then. Dave Stamper (art work) was a big hit. I'm very grateful that I was able to buy one. Thanks to Frank and his wife Donna for the work they did framing & mating Dave's art work. See you all at the next reunion.
Just a quick note to let you know that I received your voice mail. Glad that you got to come home and visit us all here in Terre Haute. I thought everything went well! It is a shame we didn't have more people from Terre Haute there.
But it was really nice to see you after 40 years!!! We haven't changed much have we!
I haven't see Sharon White and Dickie Glass for 40 years either.
Stay in touch! Hope you made it back home safe!
Thanks to all who devoted so much time and effort into a great evening!Each reunion is different, with new faces attending.Frank Skidmore-let me know if my email comes back to you-call me!Richard Steele-please dont forget to email me Janice Hunt's email addy!Dave Stamper-thanks for your gracious autographs! John -you were great with the pics-however, couldnt you make me look younger?hahaha-and Kay Newton-you remain an outrageously best friend ever-you will be the first to know if/when I decide to remarry!
I loved catching up with everyone-as if ya cant tell!
Just watched the first of the DVD set. Fab, groovey, far out. To whom do the kudos go for a great and obviously time consuming effort. Thank you for a wonderful keepsake. If you haven't seen it yet, take time tonight. I plan to watch the other two this evening.
Great job, can't wait to see all of the pictures. It would be great to have our senior pictures on our nametags somehow, so we could recognize our classmates after so many years; some would probably really hate it though....... I don't have a clue how that would be done and look right or I would offer my help on that. Another suggestion about the nametags would be to have the gals put their last name as it was at graduation, then their last name now. One other thing I would like to see you include would be a prayer before we eat. I would volunteer if we don't have any pastors or anyone more qualified, I just think it would be nice. Well, there's my thoughts for you, do with them what you may. Overall, I enjoyed the evening a lot and think all of our table did too. Enjoyed the buffet, the meal was very good. I oversee a monthly dinner event with a women's outreach ministry here, so I know what it takes to put these on and it's very much appreciated!!
Thanks again for all your work! Check out www.stonecroft.org, that's the ministry I'm working with!
A great time both nights! Many alumni I hadn't seen since 1968 so it was wonderful catching up after 40 years. Everyone enjoyed sharing pics of family-especially grandchildren!! Who would have thought we would ever grow old enough to have grandchildren and actually LOVE IT!!!
Hey, I really enjoyed myself both nights even though I didn't get there until after a little time with both my parents on Friday night. It was great seeing everyone from our last reunion and the new faces that came to this one. Looking forward to our next one in 5 years.
You (Jerry), Frank and even Dave Stamper ( his artwork) did a Great job putting this one together.
Hard to believe I was the quiet one in our classes and homeroom, HUH!
See you at our next reunion in 5 years.
APPROXIMATELY 1460 DAYS TO GO UNTIL OUR NEXT REUNION! PLENTY OF TIME TO LOSE THAT EXTRA COUPLE OF POUNDS!
PLEASE FILL OUT THE FORM BELOW TO LET US KNOW ABOUT YOUR REUNION EXPERIENCE.


Here is another favorite kuih in Malaysia. Kuih Koci is steamed glutinous rice flour filled with sweet grated coconut or sweet peanut paste, wrapped in banana leaf, the shape is like a pyramid or cone, is a delicious and a classic Malaysian dessert that is suitable for breakfast or tea time snacks. Usually, the color of Kuih Koci is either white or green.
1. To make the filling cook the palm sugar and water until sugar dissolved. Add in the grated coconut, stir and cook until almost dry, then add in the cornstarch mixture and stir until the mixture thickens. Set it aside to cool.
2. To make the dough, put the glutinous rice flour and salt in a mixing bowl. Slowly add in the coconut milk; knead well until it forms into smooth dough. If you like the dough to be green adds in the pandan paste. Continue to knead until the color blend into the dough.
3. To make the kuih, pinch a small piece of dough (size depend on how big you want), roll it into a smooth ball and then flatten the dough. Add 1 tbsp of filling in the center of the dough. Gather up the edges to seal the filling inside.
4. Fold a piece of banana leaf into cone shape, oiled side inside. Place the filled dough ball in it, pushing gently to fill the tip of the cone as much as possible. Fold the edges over the base to close (you may secure it with a toothpick) Repeat the same to the rest of the dough.
5. Arrange the cone on a steamer tray and steam for 15 minutes in a slow boiling water.
6. Remove from steamer and allows to cool before serving.
Note: The steamer heat should not be too high. If not the kuih might burst out of the cone.
I am submitting this recipe for Merdeka Open House 2009 - MY SWEET MALAYSIA hosted by Babe in the City - KL. This is a great way to introduce Authentic and Traditional Malaysian sweet dessert to the world. Happy 52nd Birthday Day, Malaysia. Do check out Babe in the City - KL blog on 31st August 2009 for the round up.
This is the first time I see this type of cake. Very interesting. I am sure it taste great.
Ahhhh, this brings back fond memories when my mum used to make it for sale when i was little. Her version was white skin with bunga telang color. Your pandan skin version looks just as great.
Looks lovely! I love to eat but too lazy to make this kuih.
I have leftover coconut filling. How long does that keep? Would it be advisable to put it in the freezer so I can use it for next weekend's treat?
yummy, my mouth is watering. Where can you find fresh grated coconut in US? Will dried grated coconut work?
Gert, this is another delicious kuih you have made. Thumbs up. I love kuih koci. Used to buy them from the office cafeteria :)) Thanks for the recipe. Will try it one day.
Anon, This type of cakes is very common in SEA.
Nyonya, I wish I can get bunga telang here. I can't find the dried ones when I went home the last time.
M, you can always freeze the leftover coconut filling.
Linda, you can always get frozen fresh grated coconut from the Indian store, Asian supermarket and some groceries store here in US. It is not advisable to use the dried grated coconut.
It is so awesome, so unique in shape! I love this kuih from small. Lovely!
Bit of Taste, thank you.
Your Kuih Koci looks really, really good and am almost licking my screen here :-) Do you know if its possible to use dried coconut and probably wet them with coconut milk for the filling?
Lianne, thank you. I never use dry coconut for the filling but you can always try using it. I guess you might need a bit more water when cooking the filling.
Jin Hooi, you are welcome.
oh how I would love love love to try this. I had this once in Boston, so good.
I love Kuih Koci. But i have a question, Can the dumplings be prepared a day before and kept in the fridge unsteamed?


text:
Q: Menu Pressed state change Color and Text Color I am using new design library for navigation drawer items,
Here instead of using navigation fragment i am using navigation view.
  <android.support.design.widget.NavigationView
    android:id="@+id/navigation_view"
    android:layout_width="wrap_content"
    android:layout_height="match_parent"
    android:layout_gravity="start"
    app:headerLayout="@layout/navigation_header"
    app:menu="@menu/navigation_items" />

I am using this Menu to Inflate my menu Icon
<group android:checkableBehavior="single">
    <item
        android:id="@+id/home_nav"
        android:checked="true"
        android:icon="@drawable/ic_home_nav"
        android:title="@string/home_nav" />
</group>

For my pressed state for menu item i am doing like this
 <?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
<selector xmlns:android="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res/android">
    <item android:drawable="@drawable/ic_home_pressed" android:state_selected="true"/>
    <item android:drawable="@drawable/ic_home_unpressed" android:state_selected="false"/>
</selector>

I want my menu item to be different in selected state .
This method do not work how to actually achieve this, otherwise i have to use Navigation fragment :(
Thanks

A: I got the answer . I need to do like this
    <?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
<selector xmlns:android="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res/android">
    <item android:color="@color/colorPrimaryDark" android:state_checked="true" />
    <item android:color="@color/orange_color" />
</selector>

  <android.support.design.widget.NavigationView
    android:id="@+id/navigation_view"
    android:layout_width="wrap_content"
    android:layout_height="match_parent"
    android:layout_gravity="start"
    app:headerLayout="@layout/navigation_header"
    app:itemIconTint="@color/nav_item_selector"
    app:itemTextColor="@color/nav_item_selector"
    app:menu="@menu/navigation_items" />

Thanks to this Post
Android Design Support

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I was looking for something unusual for Dragon Thursday when I happened upon a website called Wind & Weather. They had two items that caught my eye.
It is winter here and what could be better for storing your kindling than a dragon?
Or do you need a dragon protecting your garden?
This seven foot tall dragon with solar-powered light will guard your garden day and night.


The High Expansion Retrievable Bridge Plug (HEX) is ideally suited as a liner barrier for workover operations, avoiding unnecessary well kill operations which often result in near wellbore reservoir damage.
Ideal for workover applications: tubing barrier, packer for injection valve, fixed choke etc.
For more information about our High Expansion Retrievable Bridge Plug (HEX), please contact our sales department.


text:
Home > Radical Islam, Wars and Rumors of War	> All Christians Being Forced To Flee Islamist Groups In Northern Mali
All Christians Being Forced To Flee Islamist Groups In Northern Mali
News.va – "Bamako (Agenzia Fides) – 'In the north of Mali, all Christians were forced to flee' the complaint in an interview with Aid to the Church in Need, Fr. Laurent Balas, a missionary of the White Fathers, who spent six years in Gao in northern Mali before being appointed pastor of the Church of the Holy Martyrs of Uganda in Bamako. 'My Gao successors were forced to flee,' said Fr. Balas describing the conquest of the north of the Country in the spring of this year on behalf of the Islamic militias. Christians fleeing from the north are welcomed by the families in the south in very precarious conditions, after having left all their belongings. 'There are no refugee camps in the Country, but in neighboring Countries. The displaced have been 'absorbed' by the people. It is very difficult to say how many there are,' says the missionary. In the north Islamist groups have imposed their radical interpretation of the Sharia even reaching the point of breaking into homes in search of unveiled women. In this case the unfortunate's ear is cut. 'Faced with this situation, the Muslims themselves are fleeing en masse, except that now, in the south, these families who flee put extra weight on other families who are already devasted. Therefore they go to the north, saying that they prefer to die in their own land,' said the missionary. But there is not only religious extremism at work in the north of Mali. Fr. Balas notes in fact that Islamist groups that have ties with drug traffickers, as demonstrated by a plane load of cocaine that recently crashed at an airport controlled by the Islamists. 'Islamism is a screen that hides the trafficking of drugs and of possible searches of gold and oil,' concludes the missionary." Source – News.Va.
Flashback: Mali: 200,000 Christians Flee Country To Escape Islamic Persecution As Islamists Impose Sharia Law – "In the Northern part of the African nation of Mali, a refugee crisis is quickly escalating. The front page of the Vatican newspaper expressed concern over the gravity of the situation. It noted that many of the refugees were Christians that were trying to escape persecution from a version of Sharia law that has been imposed in parts of the country by a group known as the 'Ansar Dine' movement. The Algerian newspaper El Khabar has reported that some 200,000 people have fled to refugee camps in Mauritania and Algeria." Read more.
Flashback: Mali: Christian Leader Beheaded as Islamists Terrorize Country, Create List of All Christians They Intend to Execute by Beheading – "A Christian leader has been beheaded and others are being threatened with similar treatment as Islamic militants run amok in Mali, West Africa. Christians have fled the town of Timbuktu in the north of the country where harsh Sharia Law has already been imposed amid reports that churches in Gao, 200 miles to the east, have been completely destroyed… 'We have escaped in the wake of horrible death threats as the Islamists have a list of all the Christians in Timbuktu whom they intend to execute by beheading.'" Read more.
Categories: Radical Islam, Wars and Rumors of War Tags: Christian persecution
albert w loescher
"Therefore they go to the north, saying that they prefer to die in their own land,' said the missionary."
The wealthy Christians are leaving Babylon. I think it is foolish for one to leave one's nation, for the entire world IS Babylon and we are of 'the waters'. I believe we must evict the whore's demons and addictions from within ourselves. Somewhat like the Mali's, I will stand firm on my property and hold my position with the LORD without fear or dismay (2 Chronicles 20:17).
Albert, weary weeping watchman
I live in Albany, IN and am battling with the AEP utility located in Canton, OH. They're tactics remind me of Capone's and Obama's Chicago way.
Alvert, wary wilting watchman
No Equality, No Freedom, No Rights: Tackling The Totalitarianism Of Islam Iran, Syria, Egypt, Sudan, Pakistan … Sharp Increase In Violence Against Christians Worldwide Brings Renewed Urgency For The Persecuted Church


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text:
Salt-- A Silent Killer Of Africans
Henry Neondo, CNS Corespondent, Kenya and Editor, Africa Science News
No African food is complete without salt, usually added in cooking and/or at the table when food is served. But a new study released at the World Congress of Cardiology, being held in Melbourne, show that such practices predisposes them to high risk factors of cardiovascular disease (CVD) - hypertension or high blood pressure. The study also reveals that according to research, thousands of lives and millions of dollars could be saved by the implementation of national targets to reduce salt consumption.
Experts agree that most populations consume too much salt. "Too much salt is a hidden killer. Excess salt leads to higher blood pressure, which is one of the main risk factors for cardiovascular disease. CVD also poses a large economic burden to society", commented Dr David Watkins, who is the study's lead author and a physician-researcher at the University of Cape Town and the University of Washington.
In South Africa, the government has set targets to reduce salt intake to less than 5g a day per person by 2020 by regulating the food industry and spreading the message for people to use less salt at the table. Previous studies by the Heart Foundation in 2008 found that on an average, a black South African took 40g of salt per day. This is 10 times more than the maximum recommended quantity. In 2013 legislation was passed to place mandatory maximum levels for salt in bread and other common processed foods, since most of the salt we eat comes from processed food.
In the UK, a health survey in England found that 83% of black men and 85% of black women added salt in cooking. More than a quarter (28%) of the same population added salt at the table. This is in contrast to the rest of the UK population (and indeed the Western world) where 75% of salt intake comes from processed foods.
"Many studies have looked at the health benefits of reducing salt in various parts of the world, but ours is one of the first to estimate some of the economic impacts. We took the case of South Africa, where the government recently passed ambitious regulations to reduce salt in processed foods. Our study indicates that in South Africa, successfully implementing national targets like these could not only save thousands of lives each year but also avoid millions of dollars in health care expenses and thousands of cases of poverty from medical bills," said Watkins.
Results suggest that South Africa's salt target could reduce CVD deaths by 11%. By reducing the risk of developing CVD in the first place, it would also prevent households from having to pay costly health care fees, which can lead to additional financial deprivation. The money saved by households could be approximately US$4 million per year, mostly among middle-class families. The South African government, which underwrites health care fees for lower income households, could save approximately US$51 million per year in health care subsidies alone.
The study used economic surveys and epidemiological studies to calculate the potential impact of salt reduction in a cohort of South African adults. It estimated changes in death rates from stroke, ischemic heart disease, heart failure, and end-stage kidney disease. It also estimated changes in health care spending on CVD that would result from lower rates of CVD.
The study calculated that South Africa's salt reduction targets would translate to an average of 2.9 - 3.3 gram/day lower salt intake per person, which is similar to targets that have been developed and achieved in other countries.
There is also increasing international pressure in the health community and in governments to reduce the populations' salt intake, which will not only save lives (by reducing the burden of CVD) but also result in huge economic gains by reducing expenditure on healthcare.
Henry Neondo, Citizen News Service - CNS
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Back to work today after a whole week off. How I miss my boy already and wished I could be home with him today.
We enjoyed every little moment together. We had such lovely weather most of the week but it was almost too hot so we had to stay inside a lot of the time.
Monday we went tp soft play and got to meet Spiderman. We both had Mr Whippy ice creams after this and Sonny made a lot of mess, but I didn't care as he was enjoying it so much.
Tuesday we visited a local park which had inflatables out for the day so we met my sister and her kids and sat and had a picnic while they played and had fun. We then went home and played water play in the garden.
Wednesday was a morning at nursery for Sonny so when he got home he had a long sleep then we went outside and played water play in the garden again.
Thursday was a whole day at nursery for Sonny! The mum guilt I felt for sending him even though I had the week off. The reason I sent him was because I had a lot to get done round the house and it's so much easier and quicker without Sonny around. I felt better for getting all the jobs done round the house. When I picked Sonny up at 4.30pm we popped to the park and went for a walk and a play on the swings.
Friday the weather turned which was a shame as we had plans to go to a musical picnic. We went along to the local library rhyme time instead which I thought Sonny would really enjoy but he didn't show any interest and just wanted to play on the train they have there instead. We went home and he slept for 3 hours. When he woke up we popped to my mums and Sonny plans with his cousins while I caught up with my mum.
We had such a lovely week together, really makes me wish I was a stay at home Mummy.
Here are some photos of our week.
Don't forget you can see my photos also on Instagram so come follow me to keep up to date @Bexmorts.
Hope you all had a lovely week and weekend.


Star Wars VIII had some big shoes to fill.
On the left foot was the behemoth that was The Force Awakens and on the right was the juggernaut that was Rogue One.
So the Star Wars production crew went hard under the watch of Rian Johnson and Kathleen Kennedy.
And now we have The Last Jedi.
Some might say it's an amazing film. Others may say it has too many plot holes and plot choices.
Some might say, it's better on a second watch.
Whatever, on with the show.
Director Rian Johnson came up with the episode's title during his first draft and had to keep it secret for several years.
Benicio Del Torro, was originally cast as Darth Maul in The Phantom Menace but dropped out when he realized his on screen time would be minimal. So the trivia is he has been cast twice for a Star Wars film!
Rian has confirmed that to his mind, The Last Jedi title refers to Luke.
Tom Hardy (Batman, Peaky Blinders) and Gary Barlow (singer from Take That) made cameo appearances as Stormtroopers, however their scenes were cut (as were those of Prince William and Harry).
It's almost a forgone conclusion these days, but Warwick Davis has yet another cameo. Here's a list of the cameo parts of The Last Jedi.
Jimmy Vee plays R2D2, formally replacing Kenny Baker following his death.
Carrie Fisher had filmed her scenes in the months before her untimely death.
The horses that Finn and Rose escape on during the scene on Canto Bight are called 'falthiers'. The handler / trainer of the falthiers goes by the name of Bargwill Tomder.
Rian Johnson watched three particular movies to help inspire him when writing the script. Rian said "Twelve O'Clock High was a big touchstone, for the feel and look of the aerial combat as well as the dynamic between the pilots. Three Outlaw Samurai for the feel of the sword-fighting, and the general sense of pulpy fun. And To Catch A Thief was a great film to rewatch, for the romantic scale and grandeur".
TLJ begins immediately where The Force Awakens left off.
Luke's first words to Rey are "Who are you?"
John Williams again wrote the score, his eighth time for a Star Wars movie. When Rian was asked about his approach to the soundtrack and whether it was to lean on the classic themes or lean more on new music he reply that his approach was "to hand the movie to John Williams. ;-)"
Captain Phasma returns and now brandishes a spear as her weapon of choice.
Canto Bight is on a planet called Cantonica.
Carrie Fisher's sudden death in December 2016 meant she had not completed her audio dialogue re-recording parts. The sound team had to take snippets of her work "from here and there" to get the job done.
Rian Johnson asked JJ Abrams for a Force Awakens script change to allow R2D2 to accompany Rey to Ach-to Island instead of BB8. This was so R2 could feature more and also echo the fact that he was on Degobah with Luke during his training with Yoda, much the same as Rey does with Luke.
When Rey reaches out and touches the rain on the Island, this is her first experience of rain. When she is drawn into the dark side of the island, that's probably her first time submerged in salt water or perhaps even swimming. Remember, there was not a lot of water on Jakku.
The Last Jedi has 12 scene end 'wipes' compared to The Phantom Menace which had 55.
Kelly Marie Tran by playing Rose Tico is the first major character of Asian heritage.
George Lucas had absolutely no part in the development of the movie.
In the prequel Rogue One, Jyn Erso reads out the list of data file names - one is 'hyperspace tracking' - this shows it was a 'thing' in the Star Wars universe and not just a gimmick for the movie.
When Luke is projecting himself to Crait from the Island there are two clues for the view. His beard is brown and he appears younger - the same look as when he last say Kylo Ren. While Kylo's feet where disturbing the red salt, when Luke walked over it, no red salt was disturbed.
Rogue One director Gareth Edwards has a cameo as one of the last Rebels on Crait - you can catch him in the trenches.
The classic line "I've got a bad feeling about this" was not said by a human but apparently BB-8.
DJ's name stands for Don't Join. As in 'don't join a side' - it's actually written on his hat in Aubresh.
No light sabers actually cross each other in the heat of battle, a first for a main trilogy Star Wars film.
If you look carefully in the movie, you can see Laura Dern's Admiral Holdo say "pew" when she fires her stun blast at C'ai Threnalli.
The 'iron' ship fakeout scene is a nod to 'Hardwear Wars', a short film which was one of the original parodies of Star Wars that came out in 1978.
When Luke raps Rey over the knuckles with the plant, that's a call back to when Yoda trained Luke in Empire.
When Poe says to Rey, "I know" this is a call back to Han Solo's famous quote.
Rian was hired to direct the The Last Jedi just when J.J. Abrams was starting to shoot The Force Awakens.
More than 125 sets for the production where made.
There was a 110 days shooting schedule.
The amount of practical creatures in The Last Jedi is bigger than The Force Awakens and Rogue One combined.
Adrian "Ade" Edmondson, of British Sitcom TV Royalty, has an extended cameo as a First Order Officer.
Frank Oz was brought back to be the puppet master for Yoda, the first time since The Phantom Menace when the theatrical release featured the puppet (the home release was CGI). Oz assumed that Yoda would be a CGI version and was surprised to learn Lucasfilm intended to Yoda to be a puppet.
Finn's jacket shoulder as now been repaired - Kylo Ren made a cut in it when he and Poe fought in The Force Awakens.
But wait! That's not all! We have plenty more trivia about the prequel Han 'Solo' film.