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Home COVID-19 Bowling Alleys Can Reopen, Judge Rules, While Cooper Plans Appeal
Bowling Alleys Can Reopen, Judge Rules, While Cooper Plans Appeal
By John Trump
Carolina Journal News Service
RALEIGH — Bowling alleys in North Carolina can reopen, though bars, gyms, and amusement parks remain closed.
N.C. Business Court Judge James Gale on Tuesday, July 7, granted a preliminary injunction to a bowlers' group looking for relief after Gov. Roy Cooper closed myriad businesses March 17 because of worries over COVID-19. Cooper, in a statement Tuesday, says he will immediately appeal the ruling.
Gale also decided a lawsuit filed June 4 by the N.C. Bar and Tavern Association on behalf of 185 business owners, but said the plaintiffs failed to demonstrate that they're likely to succeed on a claim that the governor's restriction on their ability to reopen before July 17 is unlawful.
Cooper on June 25 extended his moratorium on bars and gyms for three more weeks. Business such as restaurants and distilleries with bars opened for table service about six weeks ago, as part of Cooper's phased reopening plan.
Gale, in his opinion in the lawsuit filed by Bowling Proprietors Association of the Carolinas and Georgia, says bowling alleys can reopen immediately as long as they follow a list of cleaning and safety precautions. These include rules defining where food can be eaten, who can share a ball, and how shoes and other surfaces are cleaned.
Gale didn't rule on broader claims challenging the governor's right to continue to issue emergency executive orders pursuant to the N.C. Emergency Management Act. Rather, Gale says he ruled on the more narrow ground that the plaintiffs have shown they're likely to succeed on the "fruits of their own labor" and equal protection clauses of N.C. Constitution. As long as, like other businesses that have opened, the alleys work to mitigate risks and implement safety guidelines.
Gale refers to a legal standard called "reasonable relationship," as opposed to "rational basis," in his opinion on bowling alleys. Simply put, it's easier for the bowling alleys to win under the reasonable relationship standard.
In his opinion on the bars lawsuit, Gale wrote: "While the Governor's choices may be debatable, at this time, the Court finds no adequate basis to conclude that Plaintiffs are likely to succeed on any claim that the Governor's strategy in addressing the COVID-19 pandemic was sufficiently irrational so as to be outside the realm of reasonableness within which the law allows the Governor to act."
Cooper, a Democrat, vetoed three bills to open gyms and bars, most recently on July 2, when he also struck down another try at reopening skating rinks and bowling alleys, amusement parks, and arcades.
Gale is also presiding over several lawsuits filed by gyms owners, who have until Wednesday, July 8, to present documents to the court. Dr. Mandy Cohen, state health department secretary, in referring to Cooper's shutdown orders often says a primary reason gyms can't reopen is because people there are breathing heavily, thus creating a greater risk of spreading COVID-19.
"The Court does not construe bowling as 'strenuously exercising," " Gale wrote.
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The reshuffle: evening summary
Follow @PaulGoodmanCH
The short sharp shuffle. Sharma takes on COP26 full-time. Kwarteng steps up a rung to become Business Secretary.
Iain Dale: The social media companies claim that they aren't publishers. But their ban on the President proves that they are.
Anthony Browne: Post-Brexit Britain. Now we've taken back control, here's what we can do with our new powers.
Our Cabinet League Table feels the Brexit Trade Deal Bounce
Frank Zilberkweit: Restricting personal choice by banning fur would not be a Brexit bonus
Five more points at the close of the day:
It's a good reshuffle for the Tory left-of-centre: These left/right divisions are inevitably simplistic and sometimes wrong. But were I a foot-soldier in the massed ranks of the Parliamentary Party's centre-right, I would be looking on this reshuffle with rather a jaundiced eye. Of the three new appointments to Ministerial office (I'm not counting PPS's or retreads), two are very much from the Left of the Party: Jane Ellison and Kris Hopkins are very much from the Left. The other, George Eustice, is undoubtedly a man of the centre-right – though certainly not a member of the Euro-sceptic hardcore. The new appointments in the Whips Office – Gavin Barwell, Sam Gymiah, Amber Rudd and the retread John Penrose – lean a bit to the left of Tory centre. Only the Department of Work and Pensions, with Esther McVey and Mike Penning in place, looks like an unambiguously right-of-Tory-centre department.
Housing may be seen to have been demoted. Mark Prisk, who has left the Government, was a fully-fledged Minister of State. By my count, the Department now has no Minister of State at all, and four Under-Secretaries: Nick Boles (Planning), Brandon Lewis (Local Government), Stephen Williams (Communities) and Kris Hopkins, who Departmental sources say will take the lead on housing. I intend no disrespect to the latter by pointing out that the interest groups and others will inevitably see the loss of a Minister of State as a loss of status for housing itself. It is certainly an odd signal to send at a time when housing is a crucial political battleground, when Ed Miliband is fighting for its possession, and the Government is making such a push with Help to Buy.
The tentacles of the Octopus Chancellor are all over…the Whips' Office… Amber Rudd was Osborne's PPS and Clare Perry is an ally. Now they have joined Greg Hands – a former Treasury Minister, and now vaulted into the position of Deputy Chief Whip. Hands is one of the few Conservative MPs to take the fight to Labour on Twitter, and is a very good appointment.
…And it's all change in the Office, for the second shuffle in a row. Last time round, the office lost four people – James Duddridge, Brooks Newmark, Shailesh Vara and Bill Wiggin. Now it has taken in four more (see above). I haven't yet seen full details of who has left, though one MP who certainly has is Robert Syms. (His wife is furious.) Bringing in both the Prime Minister's and the Chancellor's former PPS's makes sense – but, once again, this is a relatively inexperienced Whips Office.
According to Michael Fabricant, Robert Goodwill will lead on HS2. So the Transport Department has lost a former whip (Simon Burns) and gained one (Goodwill)…who joins that Supreme Former Whip, Patrick McLoughlin.
Yes, it indeed looks like being a Rehuffle for Women… as predicted here back in June. Esther McVey from the Wirral, a champion of Blue Collar Conservatism, is promoted to Work and Pensions. Nicky Morgan goes to the Treasury, thus bringing a woman to the team. (There hasn't been one as a Minister since Chloe Smith left.)
Not to mention a Blue Collar Conservatives shuffle, too… This is literally so in the case of McVey, who's very active in the group. She is joined at Work and Pensions by former fireman Mike Penning, who moves across from the Northern Ireland Office.
…And one for Sajid Javid. I named him over the weekend with McVey, Morgan, Karen Bradley and Liz Truss. One of the four Exeter Musketeers – the others being Rob Halfon, David Burrowes and our own Tim Montgomerie – Javid is now a rising star in his own right. He moves up to become Financial Secretary to the Treasury.
The tentacles of the Octopus Chancellor are at work. Greg Hands, a former Treasury Minister and Osborne ally, becomes Deputy Chief Whip – a job I tipped him for as a contender here. Greg Clark is looked after by being given the right to attend Cabinet when his new Cities and Regional brief is discussed. (He has moved sideways to the Cabinet Office.) Matthew Hancock goes up a notch to Minister of State at BIS and Education. And Javid is an Osborne protege – formerly borrowed by the Chancellor, as it were, as his PSS from John Hayes.
The Government is losing good, solid, experienced Ministers. Richard Benyon, Simon Burns, Mark Hoban, Mark Prisk…these are all people who have either been at their brief or on the front bench for a long time, and know their stuff. It's a brutal fact of political life that most Ministers are sacked sooner or later. This will be scant consolation to the "innocents", as they've been called, who've done nothing wrong.
Amber Rudd MP Anna Soubry MP Bill Wiggin Brandon Lewis MP Brooks Newmark MP Claire Perry MP Frontbench Gavin Barwell MP George Eustice MP James Duddridge MP Jane Ellison MP John Penrose MP Nick Boles MP Reshuffle Robert Syms MP Sam Gyimah MP
35 comments for: The reshuffle: evening summary

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text:
\section*{Introduction}

Ever since Yarbus' seminal demonstration of how a goal can control attention~\cite{yarbus1967eye}, understanding goal-directed attention control has been a core aim of psychological science. This focus is justified. Goal-directed attention underlies everything that we \textit{try} to do, making it key to understanding cognitively-meaningful behavior. Like Yarbus, we too demonstrate goal-directed control of eye-movement behavior, but here these overt attention movements are made by a deep-network model that has learned different goals.

Three factors distinguish our approach from previous work. First, it is image-computable and uses learned, rather than handcrafted, features. Our model therefore inputs an image but is not told anything about its features ("vertical", "clock", etc.), which all must be learned. This factor distinguishes the current model from most others in the behavioral literature on attention control~\cite{wolfe1994guided, zelinsky2008theory, bundesen1990theory}, and makes our approach more aligned with recent computational work.~\cite{zhang2018finding, zelinsky2019benchmarking} Second, the goal-directed behavior that we study is categorical search, the visual search for any exemplar of a target-object category.~\cite{schmidt2009search,eimer2014neural,zelinsky2013modeling} We adopt this paradigm because categorical search is the simplest (and therefore, best) goal-directed behavior to computationally model---there is a target-object goal and the task is to find it. A third and unique contribution of our approach is that we predict categorical-search fixations using a policy that was learned, through many observations of search-fixation behavior during training, to maximize the goal-specific receipt of reward. Using inverse-reinforcement learning (IRL), we obtain these reward functions and use them to prioritize spatial locations to predict the fixations made by new people searching for the learned target categories in new images. Doing this required the creation of a search-fixation-annotated image dataset sufficiently large to train deep-network models (see Methods). We show that this model successfully captured several patterns observed in goal-directed search behavior, not the least being the guidance of overt attention to the target-category goals.

\subsection*{Inverse-Reinforcement Learning}
IRL is an imitation-learning method from the machine-learning literature that learns, through observations of an expert, a reward function and policy for mimicking expert performance. We extend this framework to goal-directed behavior by assuming that the image locations fixated by searchers constitute the expert performance that the model learns to mimic. The specific IRL algorithm that we use is Generative Adversarial Imitation Learning (GAIL~\cite{ho2016generative}), which makes reward proportional to the model's ability to generate State-Action pairings that imitate observed State-Action pairings. Here, the Action is a shift of fixation location in a search image (the model's saccade), and the State is the search context (all the information available for use in the search task). The State includes, but is not limited to, the visual features extracted from an image and the learned visual representation of the target category. Over training, and through the greedy maximization of total-expected reward, the model learns a Policy for mapping States to Actions that can be used to predict new Actions (saccades) given new States (search images).

\section*{Methods}
\label{sec:modelmethods}

\subsection*{Model Methods}
The IRL model framework is illustrated in Fig.~\ref{fig:pipeline}. Model training can be conceptualized as a Policy Generator (G) and a Discriminator (D) locked in an adversarial process~\cite{ho2016generative}. The Generator generates fake eye movements (Actions) with the goal of fooling the Discriminator into believing that these actions were made by a person, while the Discriminator's goal is to discriminate the real eye movements from the fake. More specifically, the Generator consists of an Actor-Critic model~\cite{konda2000actor}
that learns a policy for maximizing total expected reward over all possible sequences of fixations, with greater reward given to the Generator when it produces person-like actions that the Discriminator miss-classifies as real (the logarithm of the Discriminator output). This reward-driven adversarial process plays out during training using Proximal Policy Optimization (PPO)~\cite{schulman2017proximal}, with the result being a Generator that becomes highly adept at imitating the behavioral fixations made during categorical search. At testing, this learned Policy for mimicking people's categorical search fixations is used to predict the fixation behavior of new people searching for the same target categories in new images. These fixation predictions are quantified by what we call a \textit{saccade map}, which is a priority map reflecting the total reward expected if saccades were to land at all the different locations in an image input.

\begin{figure}[!hbt]
\centering
\includegraphics[width=1\textwidth,height=0.95\textheight,keepaspectratio]{Slide5.jpg}
\caption{The model's adversarial imitation learning algorithm. During training it learned from fixation-annotated images a reward function and policy for predicting new search fixations in unseen test images.}
\label{fig:pipeline}
\end{figure}

\subsection*{States and Actions: Cumulative Movements of a Foveated Retina}
Broadly speaking, the State is the internal visual representation that is used for search, and a big part of this are the features extracted from the image input. To obtain a robust core State representation we pass each image through a pre-trained ResNet-50~\cite{He-et-al-ICCV15} to get a reasonably-sized feature map output (1024x10x16). However, human search behavior is characterized by movements of a foveated retina, and each of these search fixations dramatically changes the State by re-positioning the high-resolution fovea in the visual input. We captured this fixation-dependent change in State in two steps. First, we gave the IRL model a simplified foveated retina. We did this using the method from Geisler and Perry~\cite{perry2002gaze} to compute a retina-transformed version of the image input (\textit{ReT-image}), which in our implementation is an image having high resolution within a central $3^\circ$ "fovea" (32x32 in the resized 512x320 pixel image) but is blurred outside of this fovea to approximate the loss of resolution that occurs with increasingly eccentric viewing in the visual periphery. Second, we accumulate these high-resolution foveal views, each a different ReT-image, over 6 new fixations in a process that we refer to as \textit{cumulative foveation}. With each new "eye movement", the fovea is re-positioned in the image, thereby progressively de-blurring what was an initially fairly blurred visual input. Note that by adopting this cumulative-foveation State encoder we are not suggesting that people have a similar capacity to maintain high-resolution visual information once the fovea moves on, and indeed this is known not to be the case~\cite{irwin1996integrating}. Rather, we used this fixation-by-fixation State encoder simply as a tool to integrate a dynamically changing State into the IRL method. Figure~\ref{fig:retimages} shows cumulative ReT-images obtained at three successive fixation locations (0,1,2) for a sample scene, with the 7-fixation sequence of these images comprising a dynamic State representation that is input to the IRL model. The pre-trained ResNet-50 was dilated and fine-tuned on ReT-images prior to this State encoding.

\begin{figure}[!hbt]
\centering
\includegraphics[width=1\textwidth,height=0.95\textheight,keepaspectratio]{Slide6.jpg}
\caption{The formation of a cumulative retina-transformed image over the first three fixations (0,1,2).}
\label{fig:retimages}
\end{figure}

The IRL model learns to associate States with Actions, but these Actions must also be defined in some space. We obtain an Action space by first resizing a ReT-image input to 512x320 pixels, which we then discretize into a 10x16 grid of 32x32 pixel cells. The center of each cell becomes a potential fixation location, a computational necessity imposing a resolution limit on the model's oculomotor behavior. For each of the 6 new fixations generated by the model, the cumulative ReT-image input is prioritized by the saccade map and one of the 160 possible grid locations is selected for an eye movement.

\subsection*{The Microwave-Clock Search Dataset}
\label{sec:dataset}
The currently most predictive models of complex fixation behavior are in the context of a free-viewing task, where the best of these models (e.g., DeepGaze II~\cite{kummerer2017understanding}) are trained on SALICON~\cite{jiang2015salicon}. SALICON is a crowd-sourced dataset consisting of images that were annotated with human mouse clicks indicating salient image locations. Without SALICON, DeepGaze II and models like it would not have been possible, and our understanding of free-viewing behavior, widely believed to reflect bottom-up attention control (i.e., control solely by features extracted from the visual input), would be diminished. To date, however, there has been no comparable dataset for categorical search, and this has hindered the computational modeling of goal-directed attention control. Those suitably-sized and fixation-annotated image datasets that do exist either did not use a standard search task ~\cite{mathe2014actions,papadopoulos2014training},
 used a search task but had people search for multiple targets simultaneously~\cite{gilani2015pet}, or used only one target category (people)~\cite{ehinger2009modelling}. Here we introduce the Microwave-Clock Search (MCS) dataset, which is now among the largest datasets of images that have been annotated with goal-directed fixations. The MCS dataset makes it possible to train deep-network models on human search fixations to predict how people will move their attention in the pursuit of different target-object goals.

\begin{figure}[!hbt]
\centering
\includegraphics[width=1\textwidth,height=0.95\textheight,keepaspectratio]{Slide7.jpg}
\caption{Representative training images (top) and testing images (bottom) in the MCS dataset.}
\label{fig:cocoimages}
\end{figure}

Half of the MCS dataset consists of COCO2014 images~\cite{lin2014microsoft} depicting either a microwave or a clock (based on COCO labels), from which we created disjoint training and testing datasets. In selecting the training images we excluded scenes depicting people and animals (to avoid attention biases to these categories), and digital clocks in the case of the clock target category. This latter constraint was introduced because the features of analog and digital clocks are very different, and we were concerned that this would introduce unwanted variability in the search behavior. No additional exclusion criteria were used to select the training images, with our goal being to include as many images for training as possible. These criteria left 1,494 analog clock images and 689 microwave images, which we should note varied greatly in terms of their search difficulty (see Fig.~\ref{fig:cocoimages}, top). Selection of the test images was more tightly controlled, resulting in the test dataset being far smaller (n=40). In addition to the exclusion criteria used for the training images, test images were further constrained to have: (1) depictions of \textit{both a microwave and a clock} (enabling different targets to be designated in the identical images, the perfect control for differences in bottom-up saliency), (2) only a single instance of the target, (3) a target area less than 10\% of the image area, and (4) targets that do not appear at the image's center (no overlap between the target and the center cell of a 5x5 grid). The latter two criteria were aimed at excluding really large targets or targets appearing too close to the center starting-gaze position, with the goal of both being to achieve a moderate level of search difficulty (see Fig.~\ref{fig:cocoimages}, bottom).

\begin{figure}[!hbt]
\centering
\includegraphics[width=1\textwidth,height=0.95\textheight,keepaspectratio]{Slide8.jpg}
\caption{The categorical search paradigm used for behavioral data collection.}
\label{fig:behaviorexp}
\end{figure}

The above-described selection criteria were specific to target-present (TP) images, but an equal number of target-absent (TA) images (n=2183) were selected as well so as to create a standard TP versus TA search context. These images were selected randomly from COCO, with the constraints that: (1) none depicted the target, and (2) all depicted at least two instances of the target category's siblings. COCO defines the siblings of a microwave to be: ovens, toasters, refrigerators, and sinks, all under the parent category of "appliances". Clock siblings are defined as: books, vases, scissors, hairdryers, toothbrushes, and teddy bears, under the parent category of "indoor". Sibling membership was used as a selection criterion so as to discourage TA responses from being based on scene type (e.g., a street scene is unlikely to contain a microwave), and this criterion seemed to work well; the overwhelming majority of selected TA scenes were kitchens that did not depict a target.

The large size of the training dataset (4366 images) required data collection to be distributed over groups of searchers. Each microwave training image was searched by 2-3 people (n=27); each clock training image was searched by 1-2 people (n=26). After removing incorrect trials and TP trials in which the target was not fixated (it is not desirable to train on these), 16,184 search fixations remained for model training. Test images were each searched by a new group of 60 participants, 30 searching for a microwave target and the other 30 searching the same images for a clock target in a between-subjects design. To achieve a power and effect size of .8, based on a t-test comparing target guidance to chance (see Fig.~\ref{fig:cumprob}), we determined that a sample of 25 participants per target condition would be adequate. However, we chose to test 30 participants per condition in case of loss due to attrition or unusable eye-tracking data.

\subsection*{Behavioral Search Procedure}
A standard categorical search paradigm was used for both training and testing (see Fig.~\ref{fig:behaviorexp}). TP and TA trials were randomly interleaved within target type, and searchers made a speeded TP or TA manual response terminating each trial. Search display visual angles were $54^\circ \times 35^\circ$ for testing; for training angles ranged from $12^\circ \times 28.3^\circ$ in width and $8^\circ \times 28.3^\circ$ in height. Eye position was sampled at 1000 Hz using an EyeLink 1000 (SR Research) in tower-mount configuration (spatial resolution $0.01^\circ$ rms). All participants provided informed consent in accordance with policies set by the institutional review board at Stony Brook University responsible for overseeing research conducted on human subjects.

\section*{Results}
\label{results}

\subsection*{Search Behavior}
Table~\ref{tab:dataset} provides the mean button-press errors and the average number of fixations made before the button-press response (which includes the starting fixation) on correct search trials. Note that the roughly doubled error rates in the training data should be interpreted with caution, as many of these errors were due to incorrectly labelled target-object regions in COCO that would cause errors given correct search judgments. Rather than correcting these mislabelled objects (which would be changing COCO), we instead decided to tolerate an inflated error rate and to exclude these error trials from all analyses and interpretation.

\begin{table}[!hbt]
\centering
\begin{tabular}{|l|l|l|l|l|l|}
\hline
\multirow{2}{*}{} & \multirow{2}{*}{Target Category} & \multicolumn{2}{l|}{Training Dataset} & \multicolumn{2}{l|}{Testing Dataset} \\ \cline{3-6}
 &  & Error (\%) & Mean (SD) Fixations & Error (\%) & Mean (SD) Fixations \\ \hline
\multirow{2}{*}{target-present} & microwave & 18 & 5.46 ($\pm2.6$) & 9 & 6.76 ($\pm2.1$) \\ \cline{2-6}
 & clock & 15 & 4.52 ($\pm3.5$) & 6 & 5.33 ($\pm1.8$) \\ \hline
\multirow{2}{*}{target-absent} & microwave & 8 & 7.95 ($\pm4.1$) & 4 & 14.36 ($\pm2.5$) \\ \cline{2-6}
 & clock & 10 & 11.14 ($\pm6.8$) & 5 & 15.85 ($\pm2.3$) \\ \hline
\end{tabular}
\caption{Summary statistics showing mean errors and number of search fixations in the Microwave-Clock Search dataset.}
\label{tab:dataset}
\end{table}

Focusing first on the TP test data, Figure~\ref{fig:cumprob} plots the cumulative probability of fixating the target with each saccade made during search. The central behavioral data pattern (solid lines) is that attention, as measured by overt gaze fixation, is strongly guided to both the microwave and clock targets. This guidance is evidenced by the fact that 24\% of the initial saccades landed on targets (averaged over microwaves and clocks). This probability of target fixation is well above chance, which we quantified using two object-based chance baselines consisting of: (1) the probability of fixating the clock when searching for a microwave (clock baseline), and (2) the probability of fixating the microwave when searching for a clock (microwave baseline). We confirmed above-chance target guidance by comparing the slopes of regression lines fit to the target and baseline data (microwave: target slope = 0.15, baseline slope = 0.03, t(58) = 26.31, p = 6.20e-34 < .001; clock: target slope = 0.17, baseline slope = 0.004, t(58) = 52.65, p = 1.14e-50 < .001).
Also evident from this analysis is the importance of the first six saccades made during the search tasks. If the target was going to be fixated, it is highly likely that this would happen by the sixth eye movement. Collectively, these results indicate that there are strong microwave and clock guidance signals in the behavioral test data to predict.

\begin{figure}[!hbt]
\centering
\includegraphics[width=0.7\textwidth,height=0.95\textheight,keepaspectratio]{Slide1.jpg}
\caption[short]{Cumulative probability of fixating the microwave (red) or clock (blue) target on target-present trials for behavioral participants (solid lines) and the model (dashed lines). Bottom lines are object-based random baselines (see text for details).}
\label{fig:cumprob}
\end{figure}

\subsection*{IRL Model}
To determine whether the model's behavior is reasonable, we conducted two initial qualitative analyses. The top row in Figure~\ref{fig:saccademap} shows cumulative ReT-images for the starting fixation (0 in the yellow scanpath) and the fixations following the first two saccades (1, 2). Note that the left ReT-image, because it was computed based on a center initial fixation position, is blurred on both the left and right sides. The middle and right ReT-images were computed based on the landing positions of the first and second saccades, respectively. The microwave target is indicated in each panel by the red box. The bottom row shows the saccade maps corresponding to these ReT-images, where a bluer color indicates greater total reward expected by moving fixation to different image locations. The model initially expected the greatest total reward by fixating the stove (left saccade map), but after that saccade, and the resulting change in State (top middle), the model then selected the microwave target as the location offering the greatest expected reward (bottom middle), which was fixated next (right panels). Note that the model, because it was forced to make six saccades (discussed below), continued to prioritize space even after fixating the target. This qualitative analysis shows that the model learned an association between a State (which includes the features of a microwave) and an Action, and this enabled it to guide its fixations during the search of a new image for this target-category goal.

\begin{figure}[!hbt]
\centering
\includegraphics[width=1\textwidth,height=0.95\textheight,keepaspectratio]{Slide2.jpg}
\caption[short]{Cumulative ReT-images (top row) and corresponding saccade maps (bottom row) for the initial and first two new fixations (left to right) made by the model in a microwave search task.}
\label{fig:saccademap}
\end{figure}

Figure~\ref{fig:fdm} shows another qualitative evaluation, this time comparing Fixation-Density Maps (FDMs) from people searching for a microwave (n=30) or a clock (n=30) to FDMs generated by the model (sampling from probabilistic policy) as it searched for the same targets in the same two test images. In both examples, the model and behavioral searchers efficiently found the target (bright red). More interesting, however, is that they both searched the scenes differently depending on the target category. When searching for a microwave (leftmost four panels) the model and behavioral searchers tended to look at counter-tops, but when searching for a clock (rightmost four panels) they tended to look higher up on the walls. Future work will more fully explore the potential to learn and predict these effects of scene context on search.

\begin{figure}[!hbt]
\centering
\includegraphics[width=1\textwidth,height=0.95\textheight,keepaspectratio]{Slide3.jpg}
\caption[short]{Model and behavioral Fixation Density Maps computed for microwave (left four) and clock (right four) searches in two trials (top, bottom).}
\label{fig:fdm}
\end{figure}

We directly compared the model and participant search behavior in several analyses of the test data. This comparison occurred on an image-by-image and fixation-by-fixation basis, but was limited to the first six movements of gaze. We introduced this limitation on the number of search saccades to reduce model computation time, but believe that it is justified given the clear adequacy of the first six saccades in revealing the goal-directed behavior of interest, as shown in Figure~\ref{fig:cumprob}.

Figure~\ref{fig:modelperformance}A (left plot) shows that the model was able to predict the behavioral FDMs for microwave and clock targets, using an AUC metric where the scale is between 0 and 1 and higher values indicate better predictive success. We also include Subject models, computed using the leave-one-out method, to obtain a practical noise limit on a model's ability to predict group behavior~\cite{bylinskii2018different}. This analysis shows that the IRL model was able to predict the spatial distribution of behavioral fixations in the test images as well as could be expected based on variability among the participants in their search behavior. FDMs, however, are purely spatial, but search fixations are also made over time, ultimately producing a scanpath. Because the IRL model also makes sequences of fixations, we were able to compare its 6-saccade scanpaths to the 6-saccade scanpaths from the behavioral searchers (right plot). Based on average MultiMatch similarity~\cite{dewhurst2012depends}, excluding the fixation duration component, the model did a very good job in predicting the spatio-temporal sequences of fixations made by the behavioral searchers in their first six saccades, again as well as could be expected from the behavioral data, and it did this for both microwave and clock targets.

\begin{figure}[!hbt]
\centering
\includegraphics[width=1\textwidth,height=0.95\textheight,keepaspectratio]{Slide4.jpg}
\caption[short]{Model Performance Results. (A) Left: Success in predicting FDMs by the IRL model and a Subject model using the Area-Under-the-Curve metric. Right: Corresponding predictions of search scanpaths using average MultiMatch similarity. (B) Left: Proportion of trials in which the target was fixated in the first six saccades (fixated-in-6 accuracy). Right: Average number of saccades to the target on the fixated-in-6 trials. Note that in the (A) plots "Subj" refers to a Subject model whereas in the (B) plots "Subj" refers to behavioral data.}
\label{fig:modelperformance}
\end{figure}

We also analyzed search accuracy and the number of saccades that were made during search. Note that "Accuracy" refers here to the proportion of trials in which the target was fixated in the first six eye movements (fixated-in-6 accuracy), and "Avg Saccades" refers to the mean number of saccades needed to find the target on the accurate fixated-in-6 trials. Figure~\ref{fig:modelperformance}B shows that the model was slightly less successful than behavioral searchers in locating targets within six saccades (left plot), but when it did find the target it tended to do so about as efficiently as our participants, needing only about half a fixation more in the case of clocks (right plot). Chance fixated-in-6 accuracy is less than .25, based on a shuffling of eye data and images within each participant, and this is far lower than fixated-in-6 accuracy for the IRL model (microwave: t(58) = -31.74, p = 2.34e-38 <.001, Cohen's d = 8.20; clock: t(58) = -75.87, p = 9.73e-60 <.001, Cohen's d = 19.59). But perhaps the clearest measure of search efficiency is the cumulative probability of target fixation over saccades. As indicated by the dashed lines in Figure~\ref{fig:cumprob}, the model's search efficiency, although generally lower (reflecting the difference in fixated-in-6 accuracy), was strongly guided to targets much like the participants' search behavior. We interpret this as meaning that the IRL model learned goal-specific attention control, as measured by a gold-standard metric.

\section*{Discussion}
Models of search behavior have traditionally aimed at describing relatively coarse patterns (e.g., set-size effects) in highly simplified contexts~\cite{wolfe1994guided, zelinsky2008theory}, limitations that were imposed by a reliance on handcrafted features to create a guidance signal. In this study we adopted the radically different approach of training a model simply on many observations of search behavior, and showed that the Policy learned by this model predicted multiple overt measures of  goal-directed attention control. The success of these predictions is significant in that it requires a re-setting of the goal posts with respect to model evaluation. While once computational methods limited attention models to fitting patterns of search data in simple contexts, with deep networks it is possible to predict individual fixations made in the search for categories of objects in realistic scenes.

Training this model required creating the Microwave-Clock Search dataset, which is among the only datasets of goal-directed attention (search fixations) large enough to train deep-network models. We encourage people to download this dataset from~\url{https://you.stonybrook.edu/zelinsky/datasetscode/} and use it in their own predictive-modeling work, citing this publication. Our hope is that the availability of this dataset will promote greater model development and comparison, which given the pace of recent advances might meaningfully advance the understanding of goal-directed attention control.

The visual search for an object category is a goal-directed behavior of unique importance, shared by pigeons and people and most species in between. Because of its fundamental role in survival, search is likely to use the most basic of control processes—reward.~\cite{anderson2013value} Using the MCS dataset and Inverse-Reinforcement Learning, we showed that the target-specific reward functions learned by our model predicted the goal-directed fixations made by new people searching new images for the learned target categories. Machine learning has made it possible to learn the reward functions underlying goal-directed attention control. In ongoing work we are expanding our search dataset to 18 target categories so as to begin characterizing how reward functions vary over common real-world objects and to more fully explore scene context effects. In future work we also plan to manipulate different types of reward used in training, and apply IRL to questions in individual-difference learning.

\section*{Data availability}
The dataset described in this paper is available in the \textit{Microwave-Clock Search (MCS) dataset} repository: \url{https://you.stonybrook.edu/zelinsky/datasetscode/}.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaArXiv


Monospecific for tissue kallikrein. Crossreacts with tissue kallikreins from urine, pancreas, saliva, kidney, intestine, seminal plasma and serum. Does not crossreact with plasma kallikrein.
Full length protein corresponding to Human Tissue kallikrein. (from plasma).
Protein previously labeled as Kallikrein 1.
Purified by ammonium sulfate fractionation.
Our Abpromise guarantee covers the use of ab31507 in the following tested applications.
The O-linked polysaccharides on Ser-93, Ser-104 and Ser-167 are probably the mucin type linked to GalNAc. In PubMed:3163150, GalNAc was detected with the corresponding peptides but not located.
Publishing research using ab31507? Please let us know so that we can cite the reference in this datasheet.


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Middletown Medical Welcomes Dr. Yvonne Newland-Pagan, Otolaryngologist/ENT
All, In the News
MIDDLETOWN, N.Y. (August 21, 2015) — Middletown Medical, the Hudson Valley's premier provider of healthcare services, is pleased to announce the addition of Dr. Yvonne Newland-Pagan, an Otolaryngologist/Ear, Nose & Throat Physician, and her successful private practice in Ferndale (Sullivan County).
Dr. Newland-Pagan is a Board Certified Otolaryngologist with more than three decades of experience in treatment of ear, nose and throat (ENT), along with head and neck related surgery.
Since 1989, Dr. Newland-Pagan has operated a Private Practice in Liberty (Ferndale). She previously had a similar practice in Missouri.
"Dr. Newland-Pagan's reputation as one of this region's finest ear, nose & throat physician's speaks for itself, and we couldn't be more delighted that she's decided to merge her very successful practice with Middletown Medical," said Lori Marl, Operations Director.
After completing undergraduate studies at New York University, where she earned a B.S. in Nursing, Dr. Newland-Pagan began her career as a Staff Nurse with Lenox Hill Hospital in New York, and also worked with the New York City Department of Health as a Public Health Nurse, and Mt. Sinai Medical Center in New York as a Home Care Coordinator.
She then went on to earn her Doctorate of Medicine degree from Mt. Sinai School of Medicine, followed by post-graduate residencies with Montefiore Medical Center in the Bronx (General Surgery, General Medicine), and Albert Einstein College of Medicine, also in the Bronx (Otolaryngology).
Dr. Newland-Pagan was also active with Catskill Regional Medical Center for many years, serving as Director of the Department of Surgery from 1995 to 2000, and she was also a Member of the Hospital Board of Trustees from 1995 to 2008.
Dr. Newland-Pagan is Board Certified by the American Academy of Otolaryngology/Head and Neck Surgery.
Dr. Newland-Pagan's office is located in the Ferndale Medical Arts Center at 653 Harris Road in Ferndale. To schedule an appointment, call (845) 292-2283.
© 2023 Middletown Medical. All Rights Reserved.


text:
Inspire Others by Promoting Prevention
By Victoria's Voice Foundation and DEA 360
The Victoria's Voice Foundation (VVF) in partnership with the DEA 360, Las Vegas District Office, joined forces to develop a media campaign focused on the prevention of substance use disorders through a youth video challenge contest. With the support of our amazing sponsors: Smith's, Las Vegas Raiders, UFC, and EVERFI, Inc. and media partner Sinclair Broadcast Group, we are thrilled to announce the Truth Not Talk video contest challenge! The challenge contest is designed to raise awareness around prescription drug safe use and promote healthy lifestyles in supporting those who might be struggling with substance use disorder.
We are losing our kids at an unprecedented rate to substance use disorders that lead to overdose. While marijuana is legalized in a growing number of states, there continues to be an increase of deaths related to Fentanyl and synthetic drugs. Prescription opioid misuse continues to be a national problem accounting for approximately 70% of all deaths which seriously impacts public health and safety – one that COVID 19 has greatly exacerbated. Spreading the message that misusing drugs can lead to an overdose and even death is where the video challenge comes into play. Young people listen to other young people and have the power to make a difference in the lives of others. Providing a message to others that informs, inspires, and promotes prevention will contribute to raising awareness and saving lives.
CONTEST OVERVIEW
Submission: Video must be focused on the dangers and effects of misusing prescription medications, how lives can be changed, and prevention or coping strategies.
Length: Video cannot exceed 60 seconds.
Eligibility: Students must be enrolled in 9th through 12th grade in Clark County, Nevada.
COVID19 Guidelines: Please abide by the CDC Guidelines.
The contest will open on August 15th and run through November 30th. A winner will be selected each month beginning in October. If you are not selected as a winner your submission will carry over to the next month submission pool. Of the three monthly winners, one will be selected as the Official Contest Winner.
Entries will be judged by a committee of industry experts and leaders. Submissions will be judged based on creativity, the content of the message, quality of articulation, and demonstrated understanding of the topic.
Download our Video Submission Checklist here.
Download our Student/Parental Consent Form here.
Contest Prize List*
One winner each month (October through December) will be selected and will receive:
A UFC prize pack: boxing gloves, t-shirt, towel
Virtual call with either an Influencer, UFC athlete, or other celebrity
Two tickets to a future Las Vegas Raider's football game in Allegiant Stadium
A two-night stay in luxury room at Westgate Las Vegas Resort & Casino
Local media promotions and acknowledgement
The Official Contest Winner will be selected from the three (3) monthly winners and will receive:
$500 DEA Educational Foundation Scholarship
Four tickets to a future Las Vegas Raider's home football game in the Westgate box
Two-night stay in Sky Villa at Westgate Las Vegas Resort & Casino
*Extra prizes could be added as additional sponsorships are developed
*Prizes to be redeemed in 2021
*Prizes subject to change based on current COVID-19 conditions
ROUND ONE: September 30, 2020
ROUND TWO: October 21, 2020
ROUND THREE: November 30, 2020
View/Download the Complete Official Contest Rules here.
© Copyright - EVERFI


text:
DOT CIO Pradhan to step down
Nitin Pradhan (Photo: FedScoop)
U.S. Department of Transportation Chief Information Officer Nitin Pradhan announced he will step down from the position he held for three years and return to work in the private sector.
No details were provided on Pradhan's future plans. A DOT press release said simply that he will "focus on advising and growing the next generation of technology companies, products and services focused on delivering results for the public sector."
Effective August 31, DOT Deputy CIO Tim Schmidt will begin serving as acting CIO.
"We have been able to transform DOT IT from a technical service provider to a valued and trusted business technology partner for the entire department. I am happy with the success we have achieved and will always cherish my memories of working with DOT and all my colleagues and I look forward to their continued success," Nitin said.
What is the FAA's Notice to Air Missions System and why does it matter?
The Department of Education building in Washington, DC, on May 2, 2022. (Photo by STEFANI REYNOLDS/AFP via Getty Images)
Department of Education CIO Jason Gray to leave post
Following his departure, Deputy CIO Gary Stevens will serve as interim chief information officer at the agency.
Cordell Schachter speaks onstage during the 2018 New York Times Dealbook in 2018 in New York City. (Getty Images)
Department of Transportation fills CIO vacancy
By Billy Mitchell
Exit Interview: Former CIO Eric Olson says Treasury's IT is in a better place
Former GSA CIO: It's time for a federal 'Agile First' strategy
The DOD wants better cybersecurity for its contractors. The first steps haven't been easy.
By Jackson Barnett
Cloud has been vital to DHS's pandemic continuity of operations, CIO says
DOT agencies adding data leadership while simplifying regulations


text:
Azkals-Tajiks duel at Rizal Memorial
byLance Agcaoili
THE Philippines takes on Tajikistan on March 27 at the Rizal Memorial Stadium with the Azkals hoping to qualify for the Asian Football Confederation (AFC) Asian Cup UAE 2019.
The Philippine Football Federation (PFF) announced on Thursday that the AFC has approved its request to hold the match in Manila instead at the Pana-ad Park and Football Stadium in Bacolod City.
The AFC is strict with both training and competition facilities for important matches, and Pana-ad Park failed to satisfy certain requirements.
The Azkals lead Group F with nine points but has yet to qualify for the Asian Cup. The team must beat—or at least force a draw—second-running Tajikistan (seven points) to advance to the continental meet.
The Azkals lost their chance to qualify for the Asian Cup last year when they drew in their last three matches—including a 2-2 result with Yemen last September 5 at the Pana-ad Park and Football Stadium.
"We hope all football stakeholders and supporters rally behind the national team," PFF President Mariano Araneta Jr. said. "Qualifying for the AFC Asian Cup will be a historic moment in Philippine football."
Lance Agcaoili
A rookie sports scribe defying the odds and living his dream. Writing stories that will bring to the games. A graduate of FEU AB Mass Communication Batch 2015.
Pope to Mapuches, Chile government: Unite
Salvador, Ababa up
MCLEEN GOMERA hopes to start out strong coming off a break as he shoots for a "double" in the Palawan Pawnshop-Palawan Express Pera Padala (PPS-PEPP) Mayor Luigi Goñi national tennis juniors championships, which get going Thursday at the Bais City Tennis Club courts in Negros Oriental.
SAN MIGUEL Beer built enough cushion to stave off Blackwater's attempt for a comeback for a 105-86 victory on Wednesday in the Philippine Basketball Association Governors' Cup at the Philsports Arena in Pasig City.
SAN MIGUEL Beer's June Mar Fajardo and Barangay Ginebra San Miguel's Scottie Thompson emerge as the leading candidates for the Philippine Basketball Association All-Star game set March 9 to 12 in Passi City in Iloilo.
AMC-COTABATO bounced back from a tough second set setback then outdueled Army in a tense extended fourth-set skirmish to hack out a 25-15, 23-25, 25-22, 26-24 decision and force a three-way tie for the lead in the Spikers' Turf Open Conference at Paco Arena in Manila Wednesday.


text:
Bdeogale omnivora is een zoogdier uit de familie van de mangoesten (Herpestidae). De wetenschappelijke naam van de soort werd voor het eerst geldig gepubliceerd door Heller in 1913.

Voorkomen
De soort komt voor in Kenia en Tanzania.

Mangoesten
Dier uit het Afrotropisch gebied
IUCN-status kwetsbaar

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


Is The Dwarvenaut on Netflix United States?
Yes! The Dwarvenaut (2016) is available on Netflix United States.
A dreamlike glimpse into the visionary mind of Brooklyn-based artist and entrepreneur Stefan Pokorny. An art prodigy obsessed with Dungeons and Dragons, who attempts to bring his most ambitious work to life through Kickstarter. In this biographical documentary, a famed Dungeons & Dragons miniatures sculptor visits the game's birthplace and launches a crowd-funding project.
Check the The Dwarvenaut (2016) trailer!


text:
aquaman Sept. 24, 2018
The Woman Who Made Aquaman a Star
By Gwynne Watkins
Aquaman Photo: Ramona Fradon/Catskill Comics
As I sit down at Joshua's Cafe in Woodstock with Eisner Award-winning artist Ramona Fradon, 91, I can see her sizing up our surroundings. The small, gray-haired comics legend is dressed in the relaxed, Bohemian-looking layers favored by Hudson Valley residents, but her eyes are on high alert, watching the patrons and passersby. As a server pours water, she clocks three women in maxi dresses standing outside, settling their lunch plans. "Wherever you go in Woodstock," Fradon tells me with a conspiratorial smirk, "you see clusters of women talking intently."
Fradon couldn't be nicer, but she has the canniness of a woman who survived the some of the nation's hardest decades — and the pressures of an all-male industry — by her own wits. I confess to her that I'm only a casual comics reader; my husband is the one with a passion for superhero stories. "Could you explain that to me?" she asks with a smile. "I just do not understand the grown men who are so into comics."
Ramona Fradon Photo: Gwynne Watkins
It's not that Fradon doesn't appreciate her fans. The artist, who drew DC's Aquaman for most of the 1950s, enjoys appearing at conventions (though of late, she'll only attend those in driving distance of her Catskills home). She gets a kick out of the occasional hyperspecific commission request, like the person who asked her to draw Batman, Plastic Man, and Aquaman at a family barbeque. And she's proud of her work for Marvel and DC, which includes original creations like shape-shifter Metamorpho, superhero team the Elementals, and Aquaman's mother Atlanna. It's just — when she started drawing superhero comics in 1951, she never imagined that her work would have an audience over the age of 10, let alone that one of her characters would be played by Nicole Kidman in a $160 million motion picture.
But Fradon also knows, perhaps better than anyone, how quickly and dramatically the comics industry can change. "Aquaman is a good marker of what's happened," she tells me over the restaurant's famous zucchini fritters. "When I was drawing him back in the '50s, he was nice and wholesome, with a nice haircut and pink cheeks. Very handsome. I had a crush on him. And you can see what happened to him! It got more and more violent, and then he lost his hand, then he had a beard and he looked psychotic." She laughs. "You know what? I don't get it."
Fradon drew Aquaman like a '50s matinee idol seen through soft-focus saltwater. "Some people have accused me of making him look gay, but I don't think he looks gay," she says with a shrug. "He's just good-looking." In fact, Silver Age Aquaman resembles Troy Donahue or young Burt Lancaster, but chiseled like Rock Hudson with eyes like Paul Newman. For decades, this clean-cut, tights-wearing blonde is what DC comics readers, and anyone who watched the Super Friends cartoon, pictured when they heard the name "Aquaman." That began to change last year, when the DC Extended Universe introduced its big-screen sea king, played by Jason Momoa. If Fradon's Aquaman was the perfect mid-century star, Momoa is everything a millennial could wish for: tattooed and caramel-skinned, with soulful eyes, sculpted abs, and hair that's begging to be pulled into a man-bun. The star of this December's Aquaman is a new century's model of superhuman beauty.
Born in 1926, Fradon is several generations removed from Aquaman's target audience. When she started drawing the character for DC Comics, she and then-husband Dana Fradon (who later became a New Yorker cartoonist) were among the many young couples struggling to make ends meet in post–WWII New York City. An art school graduate with no particular career ambitions, Fradon left her cold-water flat on 14th Street and began knocking on the doors of comics publishers. "I made up some samples and got jobs everywhere I went," she says, still surprised at her luck. "Later on, I heard it wasn't that easy to do! I guess I was just destined to be a cartoonist."
Aqualad Photo: Ramona Fradon/Catskill Comics
It was a while before Fradon realized that there were virtually no other female artists in the 1950s comics industry. "There were two of us," she says, referring to colorist Marie Severin, who worked primarily for EC and Marvel. "As soon as I got up to DC, people started asking me if I knew Marie, because she was, you know, the only other one." Severin passed away in August (shortly after this interview) and oddly enough, the two women didn't meet until a 1995 event at San Diego Comic-Con. "I'm sorry I didn't know her all those years," Fradon says regretfully. "We would have had a lot of fun together."
Although she's heard the stories of gender discrimination in the comics industry, Fradon says she was rarely treated differently than the male artists. "There was one jerk who used to come up behind me and kiss me on the neck," she recalls. "But that was it." She also steered clear of the testosterone pileup that was the DC bullpen. "I used to get in around 3 in the afternoon when they were all going a little crazy from doing all the comics, and they began to throw all these ethnic jokes around, and erasers and things would fly through the air, and I thought, My God, if they see me I'm finished," she says with a laugh. "So I would creep in the back and put the drawing board up, so they wouldn't see me. I mean, I was scared. And I was shy."
Then, in 1959, Fradon encountered a career obstacle that most of her colleagues would never face: She became pregnant. Per the convention of the day, she retired to Connecticut after having her daughter Amy. "I just became a suburban mom. You know, I drove Amy everywhere, threw dinner parties, all that," she says. Eventually, she found herself "feeling kind of trapped, because I wasn't working and I was just being a chauffeur." She wrote a children's book, The Dinosaur That Got Tired of Being Extinct (finally published in 2012), about a fossil who breaks out of a museum to find some friends. "I was expressing my feelings, I guess," she says with a satisfied smile.
In 1963, Fradon got a call from a DC Comics editor who wanted her to create a new character: the experimental, shape-shifting superhero Metamorpho. Intrigued by the challenge, she worked on Metamorpho between those school pick-ups and dinner parties. In 1973 she returned full-time to DC — and was astonished at all the changes that had taken place in her absence.
"Up at DC when I was there in the '50s, it was very staid. You had hallways and office doors, and the office was relatively small. There would always be a file cabinet and a desk or two. And that was it. Very simple. And the men all wore suits and ties and sat behind the desks," she says. "And then when I came back in the early '70s, it was just like a bomb had dropped. There were no offices, it was all cubicles, and there were cartoonists in there somewhere, but there were papers and coffee cups and just complete chaos."
The comics had changed too; they were less rigidly scripted, more violent, occasionally political. Readers now preferred Stan Lee's conflicted, superpowered teens to the godlike heroes of DC. And there would be another major shift when Superman opened in theaters in 1978. "That changed everything," she says. "They reached a whole new audience and then started writing for that audience." As far as Fradon is concerned, the appeal of the best superhero characters — and "DC has by far the best characters," she declares matter-of-factly — lies in their simplicity, the "mythic quality" that distinguishes them from the humans they're sworn to save. By giving them ordinary faults and insecurities, both the modern comics industry and Hollywood have cut down the godlike heroes in a way that Fradon finds unappealing. "They decided to psychoanalyze the superheroes," she says. "And to me, that ruins it."
Throughout all this, Fradon's work remained in demand. It's not hard to see why. After lunch, we drive to her family's house, one of those old Catskill homes that looks like it grew from the side of the mountain. There she shows me piles of sketches, mostly copies of recent commissions. Every pencil line is clean and full of energy. Perhaps owing to that art school education, her sense of composition is flawless. Her heroes, by design, are all just a little more perfect than ordinary humans, more symmetrical, their perfectly arched feet and balletic arms suggesting graceful movements across the page. Even when the characters are still, there is a sense of kinetic energy. You can practically see them breathing.
Drawings of Aquaman are her most requested fan commissions. (She actively accepts these via the Catskill Comics website.) In one of the pages she shows me, he's riding on a dolphin; in another, a seahorse. In one drawing, he gazes down at his undersea kingdom like Ozymandias before the fall. "This is my favorite one," she tells me, pulling out a beautifully shaded sketch of Aquaman swimming with a sea turtle and a school of exotic fish. I tell her I love her undersea creatures.
"I made up a lot of them," she admits. "Because you know, I figure there's so much variety under the sea that if I make it up, I'm liable to hit on one that's right." It's clear that she finds a certain joy and artistic freedom in making art for fans — which is why she's still doing it, more than 20 years after her official retirement in 1995.
I ask if she'd like to see the Aquaman trailer. She's skeptical; she hasn't seen a superhero movie since Superman, and she doesn't think she's missing out. But within a few seconds of my loading the video, she's smiling ear-to-ear.
"This looks like fun. It does!" she exclaims. But, she adds of Momoa, "He should be blond."
This article originally misidentified the dates of Ramona Fradon's pregnancy and Metamorpho creation. It has since been corrected.
Jason Momoa Says Aquaman Is 'Like Indiana Jones and Star Wars'
ramonda fradon


text:
Stretch of Havelock Road in London's Southall to be renamed 'Guru Nanak Road'
The name change of the part of Havelock Road between King Street and Merrick Road in London's Southall will come into effect early in 2021, the Ealing Council said.
Guru Nanak Jayanti 2020: Date, significance and quotes
Guru Nanak Jayanti 2020: The 551st birth anniversary of Guru Nanak will be celebrated across India on November 30, 2020, Monday.
The two sides of Mumbai 26/11, through Hotel Mumbai and State of Siege
12 years after Mumbai, the city of dreams, woke up to a nightmare, we look at two sides of the 26/11 terror attacks. Thorugh the lens of pop culture.
Influence of success: Billionaire Dr. Malini Saba on founding Saba Group as an 'Accidental Entrepreneur'
Breaking stereotypes, Dr. Malini Saba, Founder & Chairman, Saba Group, has always taken bold steps to turn profits into purposeful goals. She shares her thoughts on being a businesswoman, a leader and a philanthropist.
Sonia Gandhi picked Manmohan Singh as he posed no threat to Rahul: Barack Obama in his memoir
Sonia Gandhi chose Manmohan Singh to be the PM because he posed no threat to Rahul Gandhi, Barack Obama writes in his memoir.
Man with uncommon wisdom, Obama praises Manmohan and recalls challenges former PM faced
Former US President Barack Obama has described former Prime Minister of India Manmohan Singh as a man with uncommon wisdom in his memoir, The Promised Land. He also spoke about the challenges that Singh faced during his tenure.
Delhi airport on alert as Khalistani group threatens it won't let 2 Air India flights reach London tomorrow
The Delhi airport has been put on alert following a terror threat from a Khalistani group saying it won't allow two Air India flights to reach London tomorrow.
Updated : November 4, 2020, 10:13 pm
After forced marriage, conversion, 13-year-old teen handed over to 'husband' by Sindh court in Pakistan
The Sindh High Court in Pakistan has given the custody of Arzoo Raja, a 13-year-old Christian girl who was abducted, forcibly converted and married to her 'husband'. The court in its verdict said that Arzoo has willingly accepted Islam. The court also said that the girl was neither abducted nor forced to marry.
Updated : November 2, 2020, 4:47 pm
Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel Jayanti 2020: Inspirational quotes by 'Iron Man of India' for WhatsApp and Facebook status
Sardar Patel Jayanti 2020: Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel's birth anniversary is observed as National Unity Day or Rashtriya Ekta Diwas on October 31, every year. Check here some powerful and inspiring quotes by the 'Iron Man of India.'
Remembering Indira Gandhi: Facts on India's only female PM till date
Daughter of Jawaharlal Nehru, Indira Gandhi has been India's only female PM to date. Here are facts on the longest-serving PM after her father.
Rashtriya Ekta Diwas 2020: Date, significance and quotes
National Unity Day or Rashtriya Ekta Diwas is celebrated on October 31 every year. Here are some famous quotes by the dynamic freedom fighter of India Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel.
Ravana does Bhangra to Punjabi song during Ramlila. Viral video leaves Twitter in splits
A video of Ravana dancing to a Punjabi song during Ramlila in Punjab has gone viral on Twitter. Netizens had the most hilarious reactions about the clip.
Navratri celebrations in Karachi unite minority communities of Pakistan
Lights, colour, music and dandiya almost all through the night. One would imagine this a city in Gujarat during the Navratri festival, but it is not. It is a city across the border - Karachi, Pakistan.
Fact Check: Braveheart who saved girl from miscreants goes viral… with a twisted story
A picture of a man in red turban is circulating on social media with the claim that he saved a girl from getting gang raped, and killed two of the four attackers. The claim says the incident took place near Shahjahanpur in Uttar Pradesh, and the man is in a serious condition after getting shot thrice.
Balwinder Singh Bhikhiwind, Shaurya Chakra awardee who fought terrorism, shot dead in Punjab
Balwinder Singh Bhikhiwind, a Shaurya Chakra awardee who had fought against terrorism, was shot dead by two men in his village in Punjab's Tarn Taran. Famous for his legendary battles against Khalistani terrorists, Balwinder Singh Bhikhiwind was attacked by terrorists many times in the past.


Did not have exact ingredients but had the most important ingredient to make this which is winter melon. Had to use 1/3 homemade turkey stock from the freezer and 2/3 stock made from Shantun paste (Japanese refrigerated paste for making anything Chinese) in place of chicken stock. Added 1 T sake as well. For limited number of ingredients, this is an excellent soup. The only negative was the size of wintermelon slices. Just saying 1/2 in slice makes the slices too big to eat with spoon. Wish the slices were smaller or better yet cubed. The use of white pepper instead of black pepper is important for taste here. Photo added.
Nothing is more comforting at the end of the day than a hearty bowl of homemade soup accompanied by freshly baked bread, and this book shows home cooks how to do it in under an hour. Easy Soups from Scratch with Quick Breads to Match makes it simple to create delicious, nourishing soups and warm, toothsome breads for any day of the week with straight-forward, time-saving recipes. With 70 soups and breads to mix and match, soup lovers can choose from cozy classics like Farro Minestrone with Roasted Garlic Focaccia or international flavors like Barbecue Pork and Miso Ramen with Flaky Green Onion Pancakes. Readers can rely on helpful troubleshooting tricks and get-ahead tips to make these winning combinations come out perfect every time.


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Security News This Week: $280M Worth of Ethereum Is Trapped Thanks to a Dumb Bug
Ethereum, Wikileaks, a years-old hack of the Trump business empire, and more of the week's top security news.
On Monday, a small configuration mistake at an internet service provider and infrastructure company caused internet outages around the United States for a few hours, reverberating across other ISPs' networks as well. Cool way to start the week. From there, research indicated this week that the Kremlin-linked hacking group APT28 (also known as Fancy Bear) has been exploiting a newly exposed vulnerability in Microsoft Office to do topical phishing attacks referencing the recent ISIS bike path attack in New York City.
WIRED did deep dives into the ubiquitous and extremely clever Mimikatz password hacking tool, the crippling deluge of spam attacks journalists can receive in retaliation for controversial reporting, and the never ending question of whether Facebook is always listening to users' lives through their smartphone microphones.
The Pentagon has spent more than a year working with civilian hackers to find vulnerabilities in their systems—and the collaboration is actually making the Department of Defense more secure. Chrome is taking steps to block annoying, unwanted (and sometimes dangerous) webpage redirects. And that effective Netflix phishing scheme is making the rounds once again. It could be coming soon to an inbox near you! Take WIRED's advice and lock down your iOS 11 privacy and security settings right now. And while you're at it, make sure your cryptocurrency is safe, too.
And there's more. As always, we've rounded up all the news we didn't break or cover in depth this week. Click on the headlines to read the full stories. And stay safe out there.
Ethereum Worth Almost $300M Is Trapped in Digital Wallets Because of a Bug
Almost $300 million-worth of the cryptocurrency ether is locked in digital wallets and unreachable because of an alleged mistake that triggered a bug in a popular wallet from Parity. The company released a security alert on Wednesday.
The flaw created a situation where Parity's multi-signature wallets (that require multiple sign offs on transactions) could be converted to individual wallets and taken over by a new single owner. A user, known on some sites as "devops199," triggered the bug this week (apparently by accident), gaining sole access to a number of formerly multi-signature wallets. From there the user eliminated their own access to the wallets—perhaps in a misguided attempt to undo what had happened. This is called killing or "suiciding" your wallet connection, because it means that no one will ever be able to access the wallet and whatever is in it will be stuck. Crucially, the software flaw that enabled this situation was in code meant to fix a different Parity bug that hackers used in July to steal $32 million-worth of ether. A possible solution would be a "hard fork" of Ethereum that would undo the situation and restore the trapped currency—kind of like a parallel universe in which the incident never occurred. The Ethereum community had chosen to make a hard fork once before after an attacker stole about $50 million-worth of currency last year.
Wikileaks Releases Code for CIA Hacking Tool That Impersonated Kaspersky Labs
WikiLeaks posted alleged CIA source code on Thursday, publishing details of a hacking tool called Hive that generates phony authentication certificates to communicate with malware installed on victim devices. As part of its Vault 7 release, Wikileaks already published documentation about Hive earlier this year. The organization has now selected the tool as the first in its "Vault 8" source code release series.
Wikileaks notes that one example of a forged Hive certificate pretended to come from the antivirus vendor Kaspersky Labs. CEO Eugene Kaspersky said in a statement, "We've investigated the Vault 8 report and confirm the certificates in our name are fake. Our customers, private keys and services are safe and unaffected."
The Wikileaks release comes as Kaspersky Labs, a Russian company whose antivirus products are used around the world, is embroiled in extensive controversy over its potential participation in Kremlin espionage. Security experts also noted the potential dangers of the Vault 8 source code releases. While they said the Hive publication is unlikely to particularly aid malicious hackers, future releases might. For example, the alleged NSA Windows exploit known as Eternal Blue was leaked by hackers known as the Shadow Brokers in April and was subsequently used in damaging cyber attacks like the WannaCry ransomware outbreak.
Websites Owned by the Trump Empire Were Hacked Years Ago
Hackers compromised at least 195 websites owned by Donald Trump, his businesses, or his family in 2013 as part of a campaign that may have originated in Russia. Researchers say that users who visited the hijacked sites—which included domains like donaldtrump.org, donaldtrumprealty.com, and barrontrump.com—would have been redirected to malware distribution sites hosted on servers in St. Petersburg. Many of the URLs were not in active use. The attackers' redirect pages contained common malware like ransomware and password theft tools. The hacked sites were slowly reclaimed from the hackers and purged over the years, but the AP reports that the last of the still-compromised sites weren't fixed until last week when AP reporters asked the Trump Organization about the situation. It is unclear whether any of the sites succeeded in victimizing unsuspecting internet users, and the identity of the hackers is still unknown. They may or may not have been working for the Russian government or at all related to the attackers who infiltrated the DNC. Trump representatives deny that the websites were hacked.
Equifax Is Paying a Big Price for Its Epic Data Breach
The credit reporting bureau Equifax said on Thursday that it has racked up $87.5 million in expenses because of its giant data breach, disclosed in September. The company is also embroiled in dozens of state and federal investigations plus inquiries from Canada and the United Kingdom as a result of the massive blunder. And 240 lawsuits against the company are working toward class action status. On Thursday the company reported third-quarter profits of $96.3 million, a drop of 27 percent since the same quarter last year. The company says it still cannot estimate the final total of what the breach will cost.
The iOS 11 Privacy and Security Settings You Should Set Up Right Now
Heads up, iPhone owners. iOS 11 comes with a batch of security features that merit your attention.
Topicssecurity roundupethereumequifaxhacks


This topic contains 3 replies, has 2 voices, and was last updated by Navneet Khanna 2 years, 1 month ago.
When will I get married? What remedies can I do for an early marriage?
Looking at your horoscope we see that Jupiter which is the 7th house lord is placed in the 12th house which is not good position. 6th lord Saturn and 8th lord Mars aspects the 7th house. Rahu in the 11th house aspects the 7th house of marriage. The 7th house and 7th lord is weak and therefore obstacles in the marital front is indicated.
Remedies that you should do are as under.


Nail Designs Easy Fall designs If you are search a lot of pictures in a hottest gel nail. Forever check at all For Fashion Art Design nail posts. Our web forever describe every womens really cute and perfect nail art. Below goes Top 3 trendy cute fall nail designs easy, easy fall nail designs 2018, easy fall nail designs for beginners, to inspire ladies next fashion of nail art.
The nail design 2019 is really clear and is the brilliant option for person who is just set off. You don't need some added stuff apart by your nail design polished for this one. This Nail Designs Easy Fall idea will be tell of using accepted colors, but thats absolutely perfect to every girls.
Art and trends always changing, also this month have different fashion line. We going to give you latest trends nail ideas. So today we supply Nail Designs Easy Fall.


This delightful 18th-century mariner's cottage (blue cottage in photo) is in an enviable location overlooking Whitby's Harbour, at the foot of 199 steps leading up to St Mary's church and the abbey ruins. Seacrest offers stunning sea views from the top two floors and a stylish interior with antique furniture and a wealth of period detail. Tate Hill Sands are a meagre 50 yards away. Whitby boasts a 3-mile stretch of award-winning beaches, clifftop golf course and eclectic mix of shops, inns, tea rooms, restaurants, museums and art galleries. The smugglers coves of Robin Hoods Bay and Staithes are easily accessible. Shop and pub 20 yards.
See More Cottages in Yorkshire ?


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Getting Older and Better Workshops Scheduled For May 22 & 24
The Medical Center Auxiliary is sponsoring the 2012 Getting Older and Better Workshops with two opportunities to attend; the first on Tuesday, May 22, at the Hall County Library Spout Springs Branch in Flowery Branch and the second on Thursday, May 24, in the Chestatee Room at the Gainesville Civic Center.
The first event at Hall County Library Spout Springs Branch will run from 9:30 a.m. to 1 p.m. on May 22 and includes lunch. The second event at the Gainesville Civic Center will run from 8:30 a.m. to 1 p.m. on May 24 and includes breakfast and lunch. Both events will feature the same presentation entitled, "Health Tips for Seniors: Optimize Your Health." The keynote speaker will be Amanda Cain, MD, an internal medicine physician with Northeast Georgia Physicians Group Gainesville. Dr. Cain has been practicing medicine in Gainesville since 1997. She received her medical degree from Mercer University School of Medicine. She is board certified by the American Board of Internal Medicine and the National Board of Medical Examiners. Dr. Cain is a member of the American College of Physicians, American Medical Association, Medical Association of Georgia and the Hall County Medical Society.
Registration is available on a first come, first served basis, costs $5, and the deadline to register is Friday, May 18. A complimentary gift is provided for each participant, and door prizes will also be given away.
Call (770) 219-8099 for more information or to register.
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Q: Using .htaccess rewrites to treat variables as folder names I want to use .htaccess rewrites to create the illusion of each user having their own folder on a website, when it's really just a handful of PHP files that generate all user content (often by pulling from a database):
/members/bob/avatar.jpeg points to /members/avatar.php?username=bob
/members/bob/about.html points to /members/about.php?username=bob
I'm completely lost on how to do this... I've pulled up tutorials on using the htaccess rewrite mechanics, but none of them involve changing /folder_name/variable/file_synonym to /folder_name/file_actual?var=variable. If anyone knows how to do something like that I'd be really interested, because I have no idea where to even start on this.

A: Try:
RewriteEngine On

RewriteCond %{THE_REQUEST} \ /+members/avatar\.php\?username=([^&\ ]+)
RewriteRule ^ /members/%1/avatar.jpeg? [L,R]

RewriteCond %{THE_REQUEST} \ /+members/about\.php\?username=([^&\ ]+)
RewriteRule ^ /members/%1/about.html? [L,R]

RewriteCond ${REQUEST_FILENAME} !-f
RewriteCond %{REQUEST_FILENAME} !-d
RewriteRule ^members/([^/]+)/(avatar|about)\.(jpeg|html)$ /members/$2.php?username=$1 [L]

A: This ended up being the solution:
RewriteEngine On

RewriteRule ^members/([A-Za-z0-9-]+)/avatar.jpeg?$ members/avatar.php?username=$1 [NC,L]
RewriteRule ^members/([A-Za-z0-9-]+)/about.html?$ members/about.php?username=$1 [NC,L]
RewriteRule ^members/([A-Za-z0-9-]+)/feed.html?$ members/feed.php?username=$1 [NC,L]

I used http://htaccess.madewithlove.be/ to test my work as I went along, to make sure that I was doing everything right. Apparently internal htaccess rewrites aren't allowed on Hostgator's shared servers, so I'll have to wait until I upgrade to really use this method.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


Q. How many anglers on the boat?
A. We can comfortably accommodate up to six anglers. When you book with us, you're booking the boat and we won't put anyone else in with you.
Q. How many fish can we keep?
A. We recommend only keeping what you can reasonably eat. Most restaurants in Key West are happy to cook your fresh catch for a very reasonable fee. Keeping enough to have lunch or dinner while you're here is a great way to enjoy your catch while at the same time not over harvesting the resource.
Q. Do we need to buy a fishing license?
A. No you don't. Fishing licenses are included with your charter. Since the boat is licensed, you're licensed as well.
Q. Is the water rough?
A. We want to keep you safe. We fish out of one of the biggest center console boats in Key West and it handles big water well. If it's too rough then we will fish where it's calmer. If you're prone to motion sickness we always recommend taking a sea sick pill such as Dramamine, the night before your trip and another the morning of your trip.
A. No, we just focus on the fishing. We do have bottled water on the boat. Please feel free to bring whatever you want to eat and drink on the boat. We have a built in cooler for you to keep it in.
A. No. There are no hidden fees on our trips.
A. Yes it is, but only if you had a good time. We work hard to make sure your trip is the best it can be and take pride in producing world class fishing. A typical tip to the crew is 15-20% of the total. Key West is a very expensive place to live and operate from and tips are part of our necessary income.
Q. What if it's rainy or the wind is blowing?
A. If it's going to be dangerous to take you out (we make that call), then we will refund your deposit. We want you to be safe. Rain and wind don't keep us off of the water unless it's a big time storm. We monitor several live forecasts and know where we can and can't go, we don't rely on the morning weather report out of Miami.
A. Please let us know more than two weeks out from your trip and your deposit will be refunded. If you just don't show up for your trip, then you will be charged the full amount. If you cancel the day before your trip then you will also be charged the full amount.
A. Yes that is no problem. Please consume in moderation so you can truly enjoy the fishing side of your trip. No underage drinking.
Q. Can we smoke Marijuana on the boat?
A. No. We need to comply with federal regulations that prohibit this.
Q. Do you own the boat?
A. Yes Kevin Newell is your captain and the owner of the Liberty Gun.
Q. Do you fillet our catch?
A. Absolutely. Please bring a cooler to put your fillets in. Allow room for ice as well.


Easy to use, great price, and it really works with the Monarch 1131 Price Gun. The bonus ink roll was also a plus.
The great thing about these labels is they do exactly what they are supposed to do. Also there are a lot of them so I won't keep running out so fast.
These stickers display the price of items accurately.


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The Haus
HKW will be closed from Jan 7 until 26.
2017, Sat, Apr 22
Kris Project I: The Never Ending Tale of Maria, Tin Mine, Spices and the Harimau
D: Au Sow-Yee, Malaysia 2016, 15 min
Au Sow-Yee, Kris Project I: The Never Ending Tale of Maria, Tin Mine, Spices and the Harimau, 2016
A joyous song by the iconic singer Grace Chang (Ge Lan) – "The World as One Family" – serves as a prelude to The Kris Project I. Continuing on with the threads in the Mengkerang Project and using imaginary film studio as it's base, the artist continues to imagine, explore, examine, and explore the issues of "cultural subjectivity" of Malaysia and its neighboring countries. In so doing, it brings out the subtle connections between 1950s and 1960s Asian/Malaysian film industries (such as MP&GI, Cathay and the Shaw Brothers) and the history of the Cold War. Using "film" as a method, it juxtaposes film images from various time and places, attempting to escape from linear historical narratives and arrive at the margins of historical memories by means of estranging narratives about the other. The Kris Project I deconstructs the narratives of Indian epic Ramayana along with many other folklores. It creates a "pseudo-film" by separating sound and image, displacing time and space, as well as adding found documents and images collected by the director (Ravi) – thereby allowing viewers to build an awareness of images on their own and to seek out personal readings of history.
Nation–State
2 or 3 Tigers
Online Publication
Opening Program
Flights from the Empire
Partners and team
100 Years of Now
Sat, Apr 22, 2017 2 pm
All events 2 or 3 Tigers
The New Alphabet
The Anthropocene at HKW
The HKW
The Site And Its History


Easy flavorful Italian inspired stew.
This chicken dish is easy enough to cook while luxury camping which in reality is what one does in a motorhome. All of the conveniences of home.
This recipe was created on a gas stove, so cooking times may be different on an electric one.
In a skillet on medium high heat, brown the chicken thighs about 3 minutes per side.
While chicken thighs are cooking, place bottom of tagine on gas stove and add chicken broth, sherry, and Worcestershire sauce.
Turn flame to low. (If using electric, use a diffuser so tagine is not sitting directly on burner coil, and follow directions for use).
Peel shallots, and discard skins, and slice.
Place shallots in a microwave safe dish and microwave for 2 minutes, stir and microwave for another minute.
After chicken is browned, add it to the tagine.
Add the tomatoes, garlic, basil, and shallots.
Add flour to water and whisk until blended.
Then add it to tagine.
Add lid, and cook on a low flame for 3 hours.


Working people in New Zealand will benefit significantly from Labour's new Workplace Relations Policy announced today.
E tū, New Zealand's largest private sector union with over 54,000 members, welcomes the new policy that takes union and working people's rights seriously.
National Secretary John Ryall is pleased with the firm commitments made in the policy.
"A key point of the policy is undoing much of the harmful legislation that National has implemented in the last three terms, such as unfair trial periods," John says.
"National's 90-day 'fire at will' law has seen many workers exploited, sometimes being fired in the first three months for no good reason at all. The new policy ensures that these workers have the opportunity to challenge an unfair dismissal during a trial period.
John says that the introduction of Fair Pay Agreements will allow workers and unions to unite across industries to ensure that minimum standards are met.
"Too many employers use a race-to-the-bottom with wages and conditions to gain a competitive advantage, at the expense of working people.
E tū is also pleased with the clear commitment to the payment of the Living Wage.
"A Labour Government will ensure that people working in core public services are paid at least the Living Wage in the first 12 months, and envisages significant moves towards the Living Wage for contracted workers as well, such as cleaners, catering staff and security guards.


So you're ready to get your business online, and you want a cutting edge website to wow your clients? Responsive web design is essential in the current online environment. Here's everything you need to know to get started.


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Gadsden man accused of burglarizing ex-girlfriend's house
Times Staff Report
Feb 25, 2014 at 8:24 PM Feb 25, 2014 at 8:27 PM
A Gadsden man was arrested for burglarizing his ex-girlfriend's house, Attalla Police Chief Dennis Walker said.
Labrandon Auntez Wright, 29, was charged with first-degree theft of property and third-degree burglary after his arrest Friday. Investigator Gerald Williamson said Wright allegedly broke into his ex-girlfriend's house in Attalla on Feb. 13 and took two computers, two TVs, a PlayStation, body fragrances and body oils.
Williamson said Wright was selling the oils and fragrances at an East Gadsden barbershop and his department received a tip about his activities. Williamson said Wright, while being interviewed, admitted to stealing all the property from the woman's house. Most of it was recovered by police.
Wright was taken Monday to the Etowah County Detention Center, where he is being held on $7,500 bond.


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Tourist arrivals down 98% for July
By News Release @ 5:26 PM :: 2529 Views :: Hawaii Statistics, Tourism, COVID-19
Hawaii Visitor Statistics Released for July 2020
HTA News Release (20-170) August 27, 2020
HONOLULU – The COVID-19 pandemic significantly affected visitor arrivals to the Hawaiian Islands in July 2020. Visitor arrivals dropped 97.7 percent compared to a year ago, according to preliminary statistics released by the Hawaii Tourism Authority's (HTA) Tourism Research Division.
All passengers arriving from out-of-state during July were required to abide by a mandatory 14-day self-quarantine. Exemptions include travel for essential reasons like work or healthcare. The U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) continued to enforce its "No Sail Order" on all cruise ships.
In July, a total of 22,562 visitors traveled to Hawaii by air service compared to 995,210 visitors during the same period a year ago. Most of the visitors were from U.S. West (12,890, -97.2%) and U.S. East (7,516, -96.9%). A few visitors came from Japan (54, -100.0%) and Canada (94, -99.6%). There were 2,008 visitors from All Other International Markets (-98.4%). Many of these visitors were from Guam, and a small number of visitors were from the Philippines, Oceania, Other Asia, Europe, Latin America, Puerto Rico, and the Pacific Islands. Total visitor days[1] decreased 93.7 percent year-over-year.
A total of 162,130 trans-Pacific air seats serviced the Hawaiian Islands in July, down 87.1 percent from a year ago. There were no direct flights or scheduled seats from Japan, Canada, Oceania, and Other Asia, and very few scheduled seats from U.S. East (-91.3%), U.S. West (-83.3%) and Other countries (-57.2%).
Year-to-Date 2020
In the first seven months of 2020, total visitor arrivals decreased 64.7 percent to 2,178,796 visitors, with significantly fewer arrivals by air service (-64.7% to 2,149,005) and by cruise ships (-61.3% to 29,792) compared to the same period a year ago. Total visitor days declined 61.3 percent.
Year-to-date, visitor arrivals by air service decreased from U.S. West (-65.4% to 940,780), U.S. East (-62.8% to 531,296), Japan (-66.1% to 294,348), Canada (-54.5% to 155,915) and All Other International Markets (-68.8% to 226,665).
[View Full Release]
SA: Hawaii visitor arrivals down 98% for July


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Q: How to mask circular area? I am trying to mask circular area in image.I put the code and the output image below.As you can see,I draw the circle around iris.After this point,I want to black out everything outside circular area.How do I need to continue?Are there another ways to do so?
Thanks...
import cv2
import numpy as np
from matplotlib import pyplot as plt
img = cv2.imread('i1.jpg',0)
img = cv2.medianBlur(img,5)
cimg = cv2.cvtColor(img,cv2.COLOR_GRAY2BGR)
circles = cv2.HoughCircles(img,cv2.HOUGH_GRADIENT,1,120,
                    param1=50,param2=50,minRadius=30,maxRadius=0)
circles = np.uint16(np.around(circles))
for i in circles[0,:]:
     # draw the outer circle
     cv2.circle(cimg,(i[0],i[1]),i[2],(0,255,0),2)
     # draw the center of the circle
     cv2.circle(cimg,(i[0],i[1]),2,(0,0,255),3)
cv2.imwrite("iris.jpg",cimg)
plt.imshow(cimg, cmap = 'gray', interpolation = 'bicubic')
plt.xticks([]), plt.yticks([])  # to hide tick values on X and Y axis
plt.show()

enter image description here

A: First of all, HoughCircles function returns a series of circles that happens to be on image. In your case, your image has only one cirle, therefore your code shows only one circle around the iris. You have to decide which circle corresponds to the iris in the first place.
Let's assume there is only one circle, which is iris, on your image. You can traverse all the pixels in your image and check if they are close to the center of circle. If it doesn't, you can change pixel value by 0, which corresponds to black.
import cv2
import numpy as np
from matplotlib import pyplot as plt
from math import hypot

img = cv2.imread('asd.png',0)
img = cv2.medianBlur(img,5)

circles = cv2.HoughCircles(img,cv2.HOUGH_GRADIENT,1,120,param1=50,param2=50,minRadius=30,maxRadius=0)
circles = np.uint16(np.around(circles))

x, y, r = circles[0,:][0]
rows, cols = img.shape

for i in range(cols):
    for j in range(rows):
        if hypot(i-x, j-y) > r:
            img[j,i] = 0

cv2.imwrite("iris.jpg",img)
plt.imshow(img, cmap = 'gray', interpolation = 'bicubic')
plt.xticks([]), plt.yticks([])
plt.show()