text:
1.1Before the Garden City: Old Letchworth
1.2The early days of the Garden City
1.3Industry
1.4Housing
1.5UK's first roundabout
1.6Wider impact of garden city
1.7Letchworth today
2.1Local government
2.1.1Letchworth Parish Council (1908–1919)
2.1.2Letchworth Urban District Council (1919–1974)
2.1.3North Hertfordshire District Council (1974–present)
2.1.4Letchworth Garden City Council (2005–2013)
2.2Management of the Garden City estate
2.2.1First Garden City Limited (1903–1962)
2.2.2Letchworth Garden City Corporation (1963–1995)
2.2.3Letchworth Garden City Heritage Foundation (1995–present)
3.2Wildlife
4.1Recreation routes
4.2Cinema
5Town twinning
7Notable residents
8Letchworth in popular culture
For other uses, see Letchworth (disambiguation).
Letchworth Town Hall
33,249 (2011 census)[1]
SG6
North East Hertfordshire
Letchworth Garden City, commonly known as Letchworth, is a town in the North Hertfordshire district of Hertfordshire, England. It is noted for being the first garden city. The population at the time of the 2011 census was 33,249.
Letchworth was an ancient parish, appearing in the Domesday Book of 1086. It remained a small rural village until the start of the twentieth century. The development of the modern town began in 1903, when much of the land in Letchworth and the neighbouring parishes of Willian and Norton was purchased by a company called First Garden City Limited, founded by Ebenezer Howard and his supporters with the aim of building the first "garden city", following the principles Howard had set out in his 1898 book, To-morrow: A Peaceful Path to Real Reform. Their aim was to create a new type of settlement which provided jobs, services, and good housing for residents, whilst retaining the environmental quality of the countryside, in contrast to most industrial cities of the time.
The town's initial layout was designed by Raymond Unwin and Barry Parker. It includes the United Kingdom's first roundabout, Sollershott Circus, which was built c. 1909. The layout for Letchworth incorporates extensive parkland and open spaces, including Norton Common and Howard Park.
A takeover of First Garden City Limited in 1960 led to significant changes in how the company managed the town, which were opposed by the residents and local council who wanted the original garden city ideals retained. They secured an act of parliament which transferred ownership of the estate from the company to a public sector body, the Letchworth Garden City Corporation, in 1963. The corporation in turn was replaced by a charitable body in 1995, the Letchworth Garden City Heritage Foundation, which owns and manages the estate today.
Letchworth today retains large business areas providing jobs in a variety of sectors, and the landlord's profits are reinvested for the benefit of the community by the Heritage Foundation. The town lies 32 miles (51 km) north of London, on the railway linking London to Cambridge, and it also adjoins the A1 road, making it relatively popular with commuters. Residential areas in the town are mixed; large parts of the town are included in conservation areas in recognition of their quality, but the town also contains four of the five poorest-scoring neighbourhoods in North Hertfordshire for deprivation.
As the world's first garden city, Letchworth has had a notable impact on town planning and the new towns movement; it influenced nearby Welwyn Garden City, which used a similar approach, and aspects of the principles demonstrated at Letchworth have been incorporated into other projects around the world including the Australian capital Canberra, Hellerau in Germany, Tapiola in Finland and Mežaparks in Latvia.
Before the Garden City: Old Letchworth
St Mary's Church, Letchworth
The area now occupied by Letchworth has been inhabited since prehistoric times. A late Bronze Age hill fort, thought to date from c. 700 BC, stood on Wilbury Hill, beside the ancient road of Icknield Way. The hill fort was refortified c. 400 BC in the Middle Iron Age, and appears to have been occupied until the Roman conquest of Britain.[2] Evidence for Bronze Age, Romano-British and late Iron Age settlement has also been found in the fields between Norton village and the A1.[3]
By the time of the Norman Conquest, Letchworth was established as a village. The name is derived from the Old English "lycce weorth", meaning a farm inside a fence or enclosure.[4] It appears in the Domesday Book of 1086 as "Leceworde", when it was described as having nine households of villagers, four cottagers, one slave and one priest. The presence of the priest suggests that Letchworth was by that time a parish.[5] Letchworth's parish church was built in the 12th century, but likely on the site of an earlier building. The original dedication of the church is unknown, but it was rededicated to St Mary during the First World War.[6][7] The village was along Letchworth Lane, stretching from St Mary's and the adjoining medieval manor house of Letchworth Hall up to the staggered crossroads of Letchworth Lane, Hitchin Road, Baldock Road and Spring Road.[8] Letchworth was a relatively small parish, having a population in 1801 of 67, rising to 96 by 1901.[9]
The early days of the Garden City
Howard's depiction of the choice of town design as a contest between three magnets (select image for transcript)
In 1898, the social reformer Ebenezer Howard wrote To-morrow: A Peaceful Path to Real Reform (republished in 1902 as Garden Cities of To-morrow), in which he advocated the construction of a new kind of town, which he called a "garden city". The idea was summed up in a diagram called the "Three Magnets", showing how the mixed advantages and disadvantages of town or country living could be combined into a third option, "Town-Country", offering the advantages of both cities and the countryside while eliminating their disadvantages. Industry would be kept separate from residential areas, whilst the residents would have good access to parks and the countryside. The garden city would be contained in a belt of open countryside, providing land not just for agriculture, but also for children's homes, asylums, new forests and brickfields. Echoes of this idea of a protected rural belt were later taken up more generally in town planning in Britain from the mid-twentieth century as the green belt.[10][11]
Howard's ideas were mocked in some sections of the press but struck a chord with many, especially members of the Arts and Crafts movement and the Quakers.[12] After examining several possible locations for establishing a garden city, the garden city pioneers settled on Letchworth as the chosen site. The Letchworth Hall estate had come up for sale, and although it alone was too small, secret negotiations with fourteen adjoining landowners allowed an estate of 3,818 acres (1,545 hectares) to be assembled and purchased for £155,587. A company called First Garden City Limited was established on 1 September 1903 to purchase the land and begin building the garden city.[11]
In 1904, architects Raymond Unwin and Barry Parker won a competition for designing the town's layout, and were appointed as consulting architects to the company. Most of the pre-existing trees and hedgerows were preserved in the layout. Unwin took the alignment of the town's main avenue (Broadway) from three old oak trees which stood on the central plateau of the estate and were incorporated into the central square (Broadway Gardens).[13][14]
A temporary railway halt was built in 1903 on the Great Northern Railway's Hitchin, Royston and Cambridge branch line, which crosses the middle of the garden city estate. Initially, services were irregular special trains for excursions and construction workers. A more substantial temporary wooden station was opened in 1905 with a regular passenger service. The current railway station was built in 1912 in a prominent location at the end of Broadway.[15]
The first new houses were occupied in July 1904. The following month First Garden City Limited held a vote amongst shareholders and residents on what name the new garden city should take. Several options were proposed, including "Garden City", "Homeworth" and "Alseopolis". The chosen name was "Letchworth (Garden City)".[16] The company adopted this as its name for the town, but adoption of the name was not universal. The legal name of the civil parish and (after 1919) urban district remained simply "Letchworth". First Garden City Limited also gradually dropped the "(Garden City)" suffix from the name, partly reflecting common usage, and partly taking the view that as the town matured it should not permanently be seen as an experiment. Similarly, the town's railway station was initially called "Letchworth (Garden City)", but was renamed "Letchworth" in 1937.[17]
Mrs Howard Memorial Hall, opened 1906
Ebenezer Howard's wife, Lizzie (Eliza Ann Bills), died in November 1904 in London, shortly before she had been due to move to a new house in Letchworth with her husband. As a memorial to her a public hall was built, paid for by public subscriptions. The Mrs Howard Memorial Hall opened in 1906 and was one of the town's first public buildings.[18]
In 1905, and again in 1907, the company held "Cheap Cottages Exhibitions", which were contests for architects and builders to demonstrate innovations in inexpensive housing. The 1905 exhibition attracted some 60,000 visitors. The popularity of the exhibitions was significant in leading the Daily Mail to launch the Ideal Home Exhibition (which later became the Ideal Home Show), in 1908.[19][20] One possible visitor to the fledgling town was Lenin, who was reputed to have visited during May 1907 whilst attending the Fifth Congress of the Russian Social Democratic Labour Party in London. Contemporary evidence confirming the visit is lacking, but the claim was published in the Daily Mail and the Daily Sketch in November 1916 as part of articles accusing the town of being a haven for communists and conscientious objectors—claims which the town denied.[21][22][23][24]
Howgills, the Quakers' Meeting House of 1907
For the first few years the new town's Anglicans had to use the old parish churches at Letchworth village, Willian or Norton on the edges of the estate. Many of the town's pioneers had non-conformist leanings, in keeping with the radical spirit of the early town. The first new place of worship to be built was the Free Church, built in 1905 (later rebuilt in 1923). It was followed in 1907 by 'Howgills', the Meeting House for the Society of Friends.[25]
The Skittles Inn, opened 1907. Became "The Settlement", an adult education centre, in 1925.[26]
Letchworth's founding citizens, attracted by the promise of a better life, were often caricatured by outsiders as idealistic and otherworldly. John Betjeman in his poems Group Life: Letchworth and Huxley Hall painted Letchworth people as earnest health freaks. One commonly-cited example of this is the ban, most unusual for a British town, on selling alcohol in public premises. This was initially decided by a public vote in June 1907, in which 54% voted against allowing a licensed public house. This did not stop the town having a "pub" however – the Skittles Inn or the "pub with no beer" which opened in March 1907.[27][28]
Despite the ban it is not entirely true to say that there were no pubs in the Garden City. Pubs that had existed from before the foundation of the Garden City continued to operate, including the Three Horseshoes in Norton and the Three Horseshoes and the Fox in Willian, and benefited from the lack of alcohol to be had in the centre of the town, as did the pubs in neighbouring Hitchin and Baldock. New inns also sprang up on the borders of the town, including the Wilbury Hotel which opened in 1940 just outside the town's border.[29] The ban was finally lifted after a referendum in 1957, which led to the opening of the Broadway Hotel in 1962 as the first public house in the centre of the Garden City. Several other public houses have opened since then, but to this day the town centre has relatively few pubs for a town of its size.[30]
The Spirella Building
One of the most prominent industries to arrive in the town in the early years was the manufacture of corsets; the Spirella Company, an American business, founded its British subsidiary in the town in 1910. In 1912 they built the first phase of a large factory, the Spirella Building, designed by Cecil Hignett in the Arts and Crafts style. It was completed in 1920. The building's prominence in the town led to it being nicknamed "Castle Corset". During the Second World War, the factory was also involved in producing parachutes and decoding machinery.[31]
The town attracted and developed a diverse range of industries. Other significant early businesses included:
J. M. Dent and Son, publishing house, moved to Letchworth from London in 1907.[32]
Kryn & Lahy Steel Foundry founded in 1915 by Belgian refugees, and which was a target for German bombers in World War II.[33]
Irvin Great Britain, a parachute factory established in the town in 1926 as the British subsidiary of an American company.[34][35]
Shelvoke and Drewry, a manufacturer of dustcarts and fire engines which was founded in the town in 1922 and traded until 1991.[36][37]
Westinghouse Morse Chain Company, making parts for engines, set up in Letchworth in 1920, later becoming part of Borg-Warner after the Second World War.[38]
The biggest employer for a number of years was the British Tabulating Machine Company, which moved from London to Letchworth in 1920. In 1958 it merged with Powers-Samas to become International Computers and Tabulators (ICT) and finally became part of International Computers Limited (ICL) in 1969.[39]
A power station was built in the 1920s on Works Road to supply electricity. There were two coal-fired generators, called Letchworth A and Letchworth B, with rated outputs of 8 megawatts (MW) and 13 MW respectively.[40][41] Letchworth A was decommissioned in 1968, followed by Letchworth B in 1974. A gas turbine power station was then built on the site, with two 70 MW turbines and two reinforced concrete chimneys.[42] The first turbine was commissioned in 1978. Output peaked during the 1984–1985 miners' strike.[41] The power station was demolished in 2007.[42][43]
During the 1970s and 1980s many of the town's large manufacturing businesses closed. The Kryn and Lahy Steel Foundry closed in 1979.[44] Spirella and ICL both closed their factories in 1989. Borg-Warner also closed its factory during this period. The town went through a period of relatively high unemployment in the early 1980s. Some of the vacated factory sites were redeveloped as business parks and serviced offices, and the town's economy shifted away from a small number of large manufacturing businesses to a large number of smaller office-based businesses.[45]
217 Icknield Way: Winner of best £150 cottage competition at the 1905 Cheap Cottages Exhibition.[46]
Early housing development in Letchworth largely followed Unwin and Parker's masterplan. The first houses built after the founding of the garden city were a group of six houses called "Alpha Cottages" at 22–32 Baldock Road, where the first residents moved in during July 1904.[47] Much of the town's early housing was to the east of the nascent town centre, within walking distance of the main industrial area on the eastern edge of the town. Many houses were built in a modest cottage style, finished with cream painted render, green doors, and clay-tiled roofs. To the south-west of the town centre towards Letchworth village was an area of larger individually-designed houses for the upper middle classes.[48]
After the Second World War the focus for new development was on large council estates. To the north of the town work began on the Grange estate in 1947. The estate included its own primary schools, recreation ground, public house and a neighbourhood shopping centre. The land for the estate was compulsorily purchased from First Garden City Limited by Letchworth Urban District Council.[49][50] In 1959 land to the south-east of the town was also compulsorily purchased for the development of the Jackmans estate, another large council estate, with funding provided by London County Council as the area was to accommodate London overspill. The Jackmans estate was developed on the "Radburn principle" which had been pioneered in Radburn, New Jersey, a town which was itself inspired by the garden city movement. The idea was to minimise the impact of traffic by having houses face onto pedestrian-only green lanes and open spaces, with parking and servicing provided in garage courts behind the houses.[51]
Private housing resumed more slowly after the Second World War, partly due to the tight controls on building materials and licences which were imposed and remained in force until 1954.[52] As these restrictions eased, additional areas of private housing were built to the south of the town. This area south of the town was significantly enlarged by the Lordship and Manor Park estates, begun in 1971. Following the completion of these developments in the 1980s, most new housing in the town has been on previously-developed land, as sites vacated by closed schools and businesses have been redeveloped.[51][53]
UK's first roundabout
Sollershott Circus, the United Kingdom's first roundabout
Innovation in Letchworth was not confined to the design of buildings. The 1904 layout plan included a point on the main avenue where six roads converged, with the roads later being named Broadway, Spring Road, and Sollershott. Plans drawn up in July 1908 proposed a circular traffic island at this point, influenced by the Place de l'Etoile in Paris, which Unwin wrote about in 1909. The Letchworth roundabout is known to have been in use by 1910.[54][55] When first built, traffic could circulate around the central island in both directions; the instruction to keep left was not added until 1921. It was named "Sollershott Circus" and is recognised as the first roundabout on a public road in the United Kingdom. Two signs were erected on the roundabout in 2006 saying "UK's First Roundabout Built circa 1909".[56][57]
Wider impact of garden city
As the world's first garden city, Letchworth had a notable influence on town planning and the new towns movement in the twentieth century. It directly influenced Welwyn Garden City, founded by Ebenezer Howard in 1920 using a similar model to Letchworth,[58] and Hampstead Garden Suburb, founded in 1906 and also designed to a layout by Raymond Unwin and Barry Parker.[59] Aspects of Letchworth's approach to blending town and county were subsequently used in the Australian capital Canberra, Hellerau in Germany,[60] Tapanila in Finland and Mežaparks in Latvia.[61]
Letchworth today
First Garden City Heritage Museum
Ownership of the estate passed from First Garden City Limited to the Letchworth Garden City Corporation in 1963, which in turn was replaced in 1995 by the Letchworth Garden City Heritage Foundation. The estate eventually started yielding a financial surplus which could be used for the benefit of the town in 1973.[62] This led to investment in a number of town amenities, including a working farm tourist attraction opened at Standalone Farm (1980), the North Herts Leisure Centre (1982), and a free hospital, the Ernest Gardiner Day Hospital (1984).[63] The Broadway cinema was extensively refurbished in 1996, and the Heritage Foundation has also supported several projects to enhance the town centre.[64]
Large parts of the town are included in conservation areas in recognition of their quality, but the town also contains four of the five poorest-scoring neighbourhoods in North Hertfordshire for deprivation, in parts of the Jackmans estate, Grange estate and Wilbury area.[65] The town has extensive parkland and open spaces, with Norton Common and Howard Park being two of the largest open spaces in the town, both of which hold the Green Flag Award for well-managed green space.[66]
As the town approached its centenary, there was a campaign to change the name officially from Letchworth to "Letchworth Garden City", this time without the parentheses of the 1904 version of the name. Proponents of the change argued that as the later Welwyn Garden City incorporated the "Garden City" within its official name, so too should the first garden city at Letchworth. The Letchworth campaign was successful, with the name of the railway station being changed in 1999 and the SG6 post town changing from Letchworth to Letchworth Garden City in 2003, the town's centenary year.[17]
There are two tiers of local government covering Letchworth, at district and county level: North Hertfordshire District Council and Hertfordshire County Council. In addition to these local government bodies, Letchworth is unique in having a private charity, the Letchworth Garden City Heritage Foundation, which is responsible for the management of many aspects of the garden city estate, having some planning and grant-making functions similar to those normally associated with local authorities. These functions derive from the Heritage Foundation's ownership of the estate and do not replace the usual local authority functions and responsibilities, but operate in addition to them.[67]
Historically, Letchworth was an ancient parish in the hundred of Broadwater. The parish also had a detached portion at Burleigh Farm, between Langley and Knebworth, some 6 miles (9.7 km) to the south of the rest of the parish.[68]
The parish of Letchworth was included in the Hitchin Poor Law Union from 1835.[69] It therefore became part of the Hitchin Rural District under the Local Government Act 1894. The 1894 Act also created parish councils, but Letchworth's population was below the threshold to be given one, and so it only had a parish meeting.[70] Following the commencement of work on Letchworth Garden City in 1903, the area purchased for the new town straddled the parishes of Letchworth, Willian and Norton. An unofficial "Residents' Union" or "Residents' Council" for the town was established in June 1905.[71]
Letchworth Parish Council (1908–1919)
The civil parish of Letchworth was substantially enlarged on 1 April 1908 to take over the area of Norton parish, which was abolished, and the northern part of Willian parish. The detached part of Letchworth parish at Burleigh Farm was transferred to Knebworth at the same time. A parish council was established, with Sir John Gorst, a barrister and former Conservative Member of Parliament, being the first chairman of the parish council.[72][73][74]
Letchworth Urban District Council (1919–1974)
On 1 April 1919 the parish of Letchworth was made an urban district.[76] Letchworth Urban District Council was formed to replace the parish council and also took over district-level responsibilities from the Hitchin Rural District Council. The first urban district council had 15 councillors: nine "all party", four Labour, and two independent. The first chairman was Charles Ball, a Conservative, who had been the chairman of the old parish council since 1916.[77][78]
In 1935 the council built Letchworth Town Hall on Broadway to act as its meeting place and offices. The building stands in a prominent position overlooking Broadway Gardens in the centre of the town.[79] The urban district was enlarged on 1 April 1935 by the abolition of Willian parish (which had already been reduced in 1908), plus smaller areas from other adjoining parishes.[80]
The council was granted a coat of arms on 11 December 1944.[81] Over the course of its existence, the urban district council built nearly 5,000 homes in the town.[82]
North Hertfordshire District Council (1974–present)
Letchworth Urban District was abolished by the Local Government Act 1972, with the area merging with the urban districts of Hitchin, Baldock and Royston and the Hitchin Rural District to become the new district of North Hertfordshire on 1 April 1974.[83] With over 30% of the population of the new district, Letchworth was too large to be given a successor parish, and so it became an unparished area, governed directly by North Hertfordshire District Council, with county level services provided by Hertfordshire County Council.[82] North Hertfordshire District Council established its headquarters in Letchworth in 1975 at the newly-built Council Offices on Gernon Road, which had been built as part of the Central Area (later Garden Square) Shopping Centre redevelopment.[84][85][86]
Letchworth Garden City Council (2005–2013)
Between 2005 and 2013 the town had a town council. The council was created following a petition organised by a group of people dissatisfied with how the town was being managed by the Heritage Foundation.[87][88] Opponents felt that the town council itself was an unnecessary layer of administration.[89] Those opposed to the town council won 22 of the 24 seats on the council at the election in 2009 and began the process of abolishing the council, which took over three years, including legal action being taken and public consultation.[90][91] The parish of Letchworth Garden City and its town council were eventually abolished on 31 March 2013.[92][93]
Shortly before the 2009 election, the town council had petitioned the College of Arms for a coat of arms, having found they were unable to use the former coat of arms of Letchworth Urban District Council. The college issued the council's new arms in May 2010, by which time the process of abolishing the council was already underway. The design includes the three magnets from Ebenezer Howard's diagram on a green background with a black squirrel.[94]
Since 2013 the town has therefore once again been an unparished area, directly administered by North Hertfordshire District Council, as it had been between 1974 and 2005.[95] The 13 Letchworth councillors on the district council meet as the Letchworth Committee.[96]
Management of the Garden City estate
The current arrangements have evolved from one of Letchworth Garden City's founding principles, that the profits from the town should be used for the benefit of the residents.[97]
First Garden City Limited (1903–1962)
Estate Office, Broadway: First Garden City Limited's offices, built in 1913.
First Garden City Limited was founded in 1903 to purchase the land and develop the town. Once the garden city was substantially complete it was envisaged that the estate would be transferred to a public body which would manage it for the benefit of the community, and until then dividends to shareholders were restricted to no more than 5% per annum. This made it a very unusual company, but it was otherwise an ordinary joint stock company, owned by its shareholders.[98][99]
Until the Second World War, the company largely ran the emerging town, developing close working relationships with the Hitchin Rural District Council and (after 1919) Letchworth Urban District Council to ensure that any approvals needed were given when the company requested them. The company's layout plan was not underpinned by any statutory town planning role, but was instead a statement of intent from a private landowning company laying out its land as it wished.[100]
The relationship between the company and the council began to change after the Second World War, as more town planning functions were given to councils and utilities nationalised. In 1949 the company changed its articles of association to say that when the company was wound up only 10% of any surplus would be applied for the benefit of the town, rather than the 100% anticipated in 1903. The rest was to be distributed among the shareholders of the company.[101][102] In 1956 limits on dividends to shareholders were removed, with the company chairman, Eric Macfadyen declaring that "there is no binding obligation to carry out the original policy."[103][104]
Shares in the company therefore became much more valuable. In 1960 a company called Hotel York Limited acquired a controlling interest in First Garden City Limited. Hotel York's chairman, Amy Rose (née Charles), became managing director of First Garden City Limited in January 1961.[105][106] Hotel York Limited had been founded in 1906 and had previously owned and run hotels in London, including the Berners Hotel. The Rose family had taken control of Hotel York in 1957, and by 1960 all its properties had been sold. The town feared that such asset stripping might now happen to Letchworth, and the likelihood of the town gaining the financial benefit that Howard and the pioneers had originally envisaged was decreasing.[107] Initial assurances from Mrs Rose about maintaining the integrity of the estate did not last long. During 1961 First Garden City Limited started auctioning freeholds of parts of the estate and the company proposed to the county council that much of the estate's agricultural belt could be developed, allowing the town to grow to 60,000 people rather than the 32,000 which had originally been envisaged.[108]
Letchworth Garden City Corporation (1963–1995)
In response, the Letchworth Urban District Council began a campaign to restore the original ethos of the garden city to the estate. It enlisted the support of the local Member of Parliament, Martin Maddan, who sponsored a bill in parliament which, despite much opposition from Hotel York Limited, became the Letchworth Garden City Corporation Act 1962. The act created a public body, the Letchworth Garden City Corporation, which on 1 January 1963 took over the garden city estate as it had existed on 20 July 1961.[109][110] Compensation for taking the company's assets had to be paid to First Garden City Limited, which continued to exist as a shell company until it was wound up in 1966. The level of compensation was eventually agreed at £3,115,000.[111][112] Paying this compensation led to the Letchworth Garden City Corporation operating at a loss for its first few years, funded by loans from the urban district council. The debt was repaid in 1973 and the estate finally started to yield a profit that could be used for the benefit of the town as Howard had originally envisaged.[62]
Having recently taken over the freehold of the garden city estate, the corporation tried unsuccessfully to secure an exemption from the Leasehold Reform Act 1967, which gave long leaseholders of homes the right to acquire the freehold. A "scheme of management" was therefore introduced to allow the corporation to control changes which could be made to properties which had been acquired freehold. Such permissions under the scheme of management operate in addition to any requirement for planning permission from the council.[113] The scheme of management did not apply to the parts of the original garden city estate where the freehold had already been sold, notably including the Grange and Jackmans estates.[114]
Letchworth Garden City Heritage Foundation (1995–present)
The Letchworth Garden City Heritage Foundation Act 1995 replaced the public sector corporation with the Letchworth Garden City Heritage Foundation (LGCHF), an "industrial and provident society" registered with the Registrar of Friendly Societies with "exempt charity" status.[115]
The Heritage Foundation retains most of the former corporation's functions and responsibilities, and continues to operate the scheme of management for proposed developments on the estate.[116] Although a private body, with a chief executive (Graham Fisher, appointed 2017) and a team of executive directors, the Heritage Foundation also has a degree of democratic accountability with the directors reporting to a board of management, which includes local authority representatives. Six of the thirty governors of the Heritage Foundation are directly elected by residents, and ten governors are nominated to represent various groups in the town. The other fourteen governors are appointed by the board of trustees.[117][116][118]
Although many residential properties have been sold since the Leasehold Reform Act 1967, the Heritage Foundation remains the landlord of most of the town's industrial, office and retail premises and the surrounding agricultural belt.[119]
The Letchworth Garden City estate is therefore owned by a charity which is intended to act for the benefit of the town's residents. In 2020 its assets were valued at £193 million. The net income is reinvested for the benefit of the community in accordance with the Heritage Foundation's charitable purposes. Such payments in 2020 totalled £6 million.[120]
Letchworth experiences an oceanic climate (Köppen climate classification Cfb) similar to almost all of the United Kingdom.
Climate data for Climate data from Letchworth
Average precipitation days
12.1 9.4 10.2 10.2 8.8 8.6 8.0 8.8 8.9 11.0 11.6 11.0 118.5
60.6 77.3 111.7 159.9 193.9 199.1 207.1 199.1 143.7 113.2 69.1 50.6 1,585.3
Source: [121]
Letchworth was struck by an F1/T2 tornado on 23 November 1981, as part of the record-breaking nationwide tornado outbreak on that day.[122]
Letchworth Garden City is home to one of the UK's largest colonies of black squirrels, which were first recorded in Letchworth in 1912. The origin of the colony is unclear, but a 2014 study at Anglia Ruskin University concluded that the squirrels are a variation of the common North American grey squirrel with a faulty pigment gene. The black squirrel is now a relatively common sight across Letchworth and the surrounding area.[123]
There are also muntjac deer in the town, living principally on Norton Common, but also seen elsewhere.[124]
Sport has played an important part in the town's history, with open spaces and playing fields being incorporated into the town's layout. Many early businesses in the town provided recreation facilities for their workers, in keeping with the ethos of the garden city movement.[125] The town has numerous sports clubs, which are generally amateur in nature. Many of the clubs compete in regional and national leagues.[126] The more prominent sports represented in the town include:
Cricket - Letchworth Garden City Cricket Club was established in 1905 and since 1996 has been based at Letchworth Corner Sports Club on Whitethorn Lane.[127][128][129] The club has five men's teams, which all compete in leagues, and several junior teams.[130][131]
Football - The town's football club is Letchworth Garden City Eagles, based at Pixmore Pitches on Baldock Road.[132][133] Letchworth's previous semi-professional club, Letchworth Football Club (the "Bluebirds"), went out of business in 2002. The Hertfordshire Football Association is based at the former Letchworth Football Club ground (also on Baldock Road), now called the County Ground and used to host various county-wide and other competitions.[134]
Golf - Letchworth Golf Club was founded in 1905 with a nine-hole course in the grounds of Letchworth Hall. The course was extended in 1910 to become a 6,000-yard (5,500 m) eighteen-hole course, designed by Harry Vardon. It was extended to become a 6,459-yard (5,906 m) par-71 course in 2003.[135][136] Another golf facility in the town is the Letchworth Par 3 Golf Centre at Willian Way, which has a nine-hole course.[137]
Hockey - Letchworth Hockey Club was founded in 1960 and is based at Letchworth Corner Sports Club. It competes in the East Region Hockey Leagues.[129][138]
Roller hockey - Letchworth Rink Hockey Club is based at North Herts Leisure Centre. The senior team were the National Rink Hockey Association's division 1 national champions in 2009.[139][140]
Rugby - Letchworth Rugby Club was founded in 1924 and is based on Baldock Road.[141]
Running - North Herts Road Runners was founded 1986.[142] It hosts running events including the Standalone 10K, the Greenway Challenge, the First Saturday of the Month 5K, Santa Canta and Run Round the Garden. It was awarded the prize of England Athletics Club of the Year in the Eastern Region in 2019.[143] Members regularly participate in Letchworth parkrun, held each Saturday at the Grange recreation ground.[144]
Swimming - Letchworth's first outdoor swimming pool opened in 1908 in Howard Park and was rather basic, being filled from the waters of Pix Brook. It was replaced by a lido on Norton Common in 1935, now called Letchworth Outdoor Pool. As well as a 55-yard (50 m), eight lane main pool with a large trainer pool alongside, the facility includes an extensive sun bathing area, and parking facilities.[125][145] A public indoor swimming pool opened at the North Herts Leisure Centre on Baldock Road in 1982.[146][147] Various clubs use the two public pools, including Letchworth Amateur Swimming Club, founded in 1934.[148]
Tennis - Letchworth Sports and Tennis Club is based at Muddy Lane and has facilities for indoor and outdoor tennis, squash, gym and croquet.[149]
Recreation routes
The Heritage Foundation marked the town's centenary in 2003 by building a landscaped path for walkers and cyclists. The path, known as the Greenway, forms a 13.6-mile (21.9 km) loop around the town.[150] The Icknield Way Path, a multi-user route for walkers, horse riders and off-road cyclists, passes through the town on its 110-mile (180 km) journey from Ivinghoe Beacon in Buckinghamshire to Knettishall Heath in Suffolk.[151]
The Broadway Cinema in 2017
Letchworth had one of the first purpose-built cinemas in the country, the Picture Palace (later the Palace Cinema) on Eastcheap, which opened in 1909 and closed in 1977.[152][153] The town's remaining cinema is the Art Deco-style Broadway Cinema at the corner of Eastcheap and Gernon Road, which opened on 26 August 1936 with a black tie gala screening of Follow the Fleet starring Fred Astaire and Ginger Rogers.[154] From the 1990s the Heritage Foundation ran the cinema in partnership with its owners, before taking full control in 2008.[155][156] The building was extended in 2016 to allow the main screen to be used as a both a cinema and theatre.[157]
Letchworth is twinned with:[158][159]
Chagny, France (twinned 1978).
Wissen, Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany (twinned 1983).
Kristiansand, Norway (twinned in the 1960s).
St Francis' College from Broadway in 2017
Letchworth has a mixture of independent and state schools. There are two state secondary schools:
The Highfield School[160]
Fearnhill School[161]
When work began on the garden city, there were pre-existing church schools in the villages of Willian and Norton. A "Garden City School" opened in November 1905 in temporary sheds near the railway. It transferred to a new building on Norton Road in 1909, becoming Norton School.[136][152] Pixmore School opened in 1913 on School Walk, followed by Westbury School on West View in 1925. These were elementary schools, catering for children from ages five to fourteen, which was the school leaving age at the time.[136] Letchworth Grammar School opened in 1931 in prominent buildings in the town centre, with the name carved in the stonework over its doors.[162]
The school leaving age was raised to fifteen under the Education Act 1944 and schools were gradually separated into primary and secondary schools. The secondary part of Pixmore School relocated to new premises on the Jackmans estate in March 1962, becoming the Willian School. The junior part of Pixmore School kept the name, but later moved from School Walk to Rushby Mead. The Highfield School opened in September 1965.[163]
With the move to comprehensive schools, Letchworth Grammar School changed its name to Fearnhill School in 1973 and moved to its current site on Icknield Way in 1976.[164][165] Willian School closed in 1991.[166] Norton School closed in 2002, having been run as part of The Knights Templar School in Baldock for its final year.[167] The Highfield School was rebuilt in 2016.[168]
The independent schools in Letchworth include the St Christopher School and St Francis' College. The St Christopher School was founded in 1915 as "Arundale" by the Theosophical Educational Trust, which took over the vacated buildings of the short-lived independent Letchworth School on Barrington Road, built in 1909. A new school building was built at the junction of Spring Road and Broadway in 1919, when the school assumed its current name, with the Barrington Road building then being used as accommodation for boarders. There is a cornerstone on the Broadway building laid by Annie Besant. The school consolidated onto the Barrington Road site in 1928. It is noted for its distinctive vegetarian and Quaker ethos.[169][162][170]
The site vacated by the St Christopher School on Broadway became St Francis' College, a girls' school, in 1934. Both independent schools admit boarders and day-pupils.[162]
John Allison – comic writer[171]
Adrian Fortescue (1874–1923) – Roman Catholic priest and scholar who founded the Church of St Hugh of Lincoln in the town[172]
Walter Henry Gaunt (1874–1951) – English transport engineer[173]
Harold Gilman (1876–1919) – artist, founder member of the Camden Town Group[174]
Spencer Gore (1878–1914) – artist, first president of the Camden Town Group, lived in Gilman's house (100 Wilbury Road) after Gilman had left it, painting it as "Harold Gilman's House at Letchworth"[175]
W. F. Harvey (1885–1937) – horror writer, lived in the town from 1935 until his death[176]
Annie Kenney (1879–1953) – suffragette, lived in Letchworth for some years before her death in 1953[177]
Tom Killick (1907–1953) – international cricketer, and rector of Willian[178]
James Lovelock (1919–2022) – scientist, author of the Gaia Theory, born in Letchworth[179]
Frank Newman Turner (1913–1964) – a pioneer in organic horticulture who moved to Letchworth in 1958 and set up a practice in osteopathy, naturopathy and medical herbalism[180]
Laurence Olivier (1907–1989) – actor; Olivier's father was Rector of Letchworth Parish 1918–1924.[181]
Philip Purser (1925–2022) - television critic and novelist.[182]
William Ratcliffe (1870–1955) – artist and member of the Camden Town Group[183]
Hans Redlich (1903–1968), musicologist, founded the Letchworth Choral Society in 1941[184]
Frederick Tees (1922–1982) – sergeant in the original "Dambusters" 617 Squadron, who was the sole survivor from his bomber; lived in Letchworth after the war.[185]
Peter Underwood (1923–2014) – parapsychologist and author, born in Letchworth[186]
Simon West – film director, directed the film Con Air[187]
Josephine Wiggs – bass guitar player of The Breeders[188]
Letchworth in popular culture
The author George Orwell lived in the nearby village of Wallington in the 1930s. In his polemic essay on wartime Britain, "The Lion and the Unicorn", he said "The place to look for the gems of the future England is in light-industry areas and along the arterial roads. In Slough, Dagenham, Barnet, Letchworth, Hayes – everywhere, indeed, on the outskirts of great towns – the old pattern is gradually changing into something new." In The Road to Wigan Pier, chapter 11, he described "two dreadful-looking old men", supposedly socialists, getting on a bus in Letchworth.[189]
The 2013 film, The World's End, directed by Edgar Wright and starring Simon Pegg and Nick Frost, was filmed in both Letchworth and Welwyn Garden City. The film is structured around a pub crawl, and several premises in Letchworth were used to portray the pubs in the film, including shops and the Broadway Cinema (which appeared as "The Mermaid") as well as the small number of actual pubs in town.[190][191][192]
Broadway, Letchworth
The Cloisters Letchworth
St George's Church
Church of St Paul, Letchworth
Letchworth Cemetery
Briggs, Geoffrey (1971). Civic and Corporate Heraldry. London: Heraldry Today ISBN 0900455217
Gordon, D. I. (1977). A Regional History of the Railways of Great Britain: Volume V: The Eastern Counties. Newton Abbot: David & Charles. ISBN 0-7153-7431-1
Hall, Peter (1996). Cities of Tomorrow (2nd ed.). Oxford: Blackwell. ISBN 0-631-19943-8
Harrison, Roger; Walker, David (2006). David's Book of Letchworth. Letchworth: David's Bookshops. ISBN 0-9554333-0-4
Howard, Ebenezer (1898). To-morrow: A Peaceful Path to Real Reform. London: Swan Sonnenschein.
Johnson, Kenneth (1976). The Book of Letchworth. Chesham: Barracuda Books. ISBN 0-86023-016-3
Miller, Mervyn (2002). Letchworth: The First Garden City (2nd ed.). Chichester: Phillimore. ISBN 1-86077-213-7
Plinston, Horace (1981). A Tale of One City. Letchworth: Letchworth Garden City Corporation.
Purdom, Charles Benjamin (1963). The Letchworth Achievement. London: J.M. Dent & Sons.
Ward, Stephen V. (2016). The Peaceful Path. Hatfield: Hertfordshire Press. ISBN 978-1-909291-69-0
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^ a b Hall, 1996, pages 92-97
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^ Plinston, 1981, pages 19-20
^ Bentley, Daniel (October 2018). Land of Make-Believe: Compensating landowners for what might have been (PDF). London: Civitas: Institute for the Study of Civil Society. p. 4. Retrieved 15 October 2021.
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^ a b "About us". Letchworth Garden City Heritage Foundation. Retrieved 17 October 2021.
^ Asher, J P (15 January 2017). "Letchworth Garden City Heritage Foundation announces Toynbee Hall social reform charity head Graham Fisher as new chief executive". The Comet. Archant. Retrieved 17 October 2021.
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^ a b Miller, 2002, page 86
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^ a b Johnson, 1976, page 53
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They don't make them like they used to (Guardian, 1/12/03)
A photo guide to Letchworth Garden City
A photo tour of Letchworth Garden City
source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Letchworth


In 2016, employers acquired the obligation to submit a new quarterly report on Form 6-NDFL (before 2016 data on the amounts of personal income tax withheld had to be submitted to the tax office only once a year). At the same time, 2-NDFL has not been canceled: the calculation of 6-NDFL has been introduced in addition to the existing report (unlike the 2-NDFL, in calculations for 6-NDFL the company shows accrued and withheld tax for the organization as a whole, rather than for each employee individually).
The first report for the 1st quarter will need to be submitted no later than May 4, 2016; for six months – no later than 1 August 2016; for 9 months – not later than 31 October 2016; for the year – Form 6-NDFL is submitted together with all Forms 2-NDFL no later than 1 April 2017.
For the late submission of the quarterly report, a fine of RUB 1,000 has been introduced for each month of delay. It is not worth delaying filing the reports: after 10 working days after the deadline for submission of the report the tax authorities have the right to block the company's current account.
All employers (both individual entrepreneurs and legal entities) as of April 1, 2016 will be required to file monthly reports to the Pension Fund of Russia (PFR) in which it will be necessary to include the following information for each insured person (name, SNILS and INN), including for employees with whom a civil contract has been concluded (if on remuneration under such contract insurance premiums to the Pension Fund of Russia are paid). Submission of the report to the PFR will be required before the 10th of the month following the reporting period (for example, for April – by May 10, 2016; for May – by June 10, 2016, etc.).
Introduction of the new monthly reporting is necessary for the proper calculation of pension indexation.
Fines for failure to submit, late submission, as well as submission of incomplete or incorrect data in the monthly reporting to the PFR in 2016 will amount to RUB 500 for each employee.


No expiration, no fees. Redeemable toward millions of items storewide at Amazon.com FREE one day shipping See details. Add a personal message to the recipient with a free gift note. Just click "Show gift options during checkout" when you add the Gift Card to your Shopping Cart. You will be prompted to add your message during Checkout.


text:
Antifa Terror Threat Neutralized After Jan. 6th Scare
You're going to be hard-pressed to find this story in the mainstream media.
Much of the national narrative on political violence has been centered around the riots at the Capitol that shook the world over a year ago. The left, along with their cohorts in the mainstream media have been harping on the event for weeks now, constantly drumming up their belief that the MAGA Movement is the premier political threat in our great nation.
But, away from the infotainment industry's liberal lurch, it has become rather apparent that this is not the whole story, and a frightening incident from earlier this week proves it.
A Florida man was arrested after running away from a protest in support of a Jan. 6 rioter, and was found with a pipe explosive device in his backpack, police said.
Pinellas County Sheriff Bob Gualtieri said in a Friday press conference that Garrett Smith, 22, was seen running away from a crowd of 85 protesters who were gathering in support of Jeremy Brown on Thursday, claiming that he is a "political prisoner."
Smith was arrested by police shortly after 7:30 p.m., and police searched his backpack and found a pipe explosive device, along with a "Direct Action Checklist," which lists what clothing he wore, along with "gear," including a "gas mask and filters, pepper spray, smoke rockets and flammable rags," according to Guiltier.
And then came the twist that the liberal media can't stand:
The helmet that Smith was allegedly wearing contains the "iron front" logo, which has been used by Antifa groups.
After searching Smith's house, authorities revealed that they had found several more explosive devices, including some described as "homemade hand grenades".
Progressives See a Prelude as Michelle Obama Returns to Politics
Ted Cruz Backtracks on 'Terrorism' Claim, Drawing Even More Criticism
J6 Committee Seeks to Compel Testimony from Ivanka Trump
Oh boy...

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


I purchased one of the first Yoga 2 Pro systems and seem to be having problems with my wifi connection.
If the wifi signal is at all weak, it just seems to drop out.
Is there a fix or update I need to apply?
A new wireless (wifi) driver designed to increase wireless performance and stability was provided by Intel and included in the preload on all systems built October 5, 2013 and later. Units built prior to this date have an older driver that should be updated. This addressed some of the early concerns, but additional updates have been made available on the Lenovo support site. Please check your current installed driver version against the latest available on the support site.
Update - Intel has continued to release updated versions of drivers for the 7260 family of Wireless cards, and Lenovo has tested and released signed versions via the Lenovo support site at intervals.
Please visit the Lenovo support site and install the latest version of drive for your system. Current version as of today is 17.0.3.3 Please use this or later driver from Lenovo's Support site.
Modify abiltiy of Windows to limit power to with wifi card to save battery life - this can lead to reduced range and disconnects, especially while running on battery. Here is how to affect this setting. This is a common wifi troubleshooting suggestion in Windows going back to XP - it can be found in multiple discussions in this forum and is not specific to Yoga 2 Pro systems.
Some customers have suggested that some intel software in the preload might be causing a conflict in some cases.
Reboot to ensure updated driver and settings date effect.
Be sure to check wifi driver version in device manager to confirm it is the latest version you just downloaded.
Thank you, I didn't see an update for the Intel Wireless driver -- I think I did that previously based on your advice to someone else. I believe the situation has gotten better. Thanks for the help.
I continue to experience dropped connections even after updating the drivers. This occurs three to four times in an hour.
I already updated the whole system, I've got the new driver from intel and the problem still persists. Is there a new fix for this problem? It seems that there hardly will be a software-solution for a hardware-problem. Lenovo should change this wireless-modul but it's completly unacceptable that they present fixes a an placebo to calm there customers.
Having the exact same problem with 5 new Lenovo Yoga's running Windows 8.1. All the drivers and patches applied to it not only has WiFi connection problems, but it takes down WiFi networks in general. Work and home the disruption to the networks is horrible. We have to leave the machines off.
We tried going back to the factory OEM install, and the same problem occurs. No other software installed other than the Lenovo and Windows patches.
The only thing that has worked is to install our own copy of Windows 8.1 on the machine. Then the WiFi seems perfect.
So the lesson at the moment is the OEM install of Win8.1 from Lenovo is broken in a serious way that you can't even use the device on the WiFi.
That's a great observation that might help Lenovo to fix the problem.
Meanwhile I purchased Intel's Wirless AC 7260 card from Amazon. It fixed the problem also. But it's a pity that Lenovo doesn't recongnize the problem. They simply do nothing.
5. Finally uninstall "Intel(R) Smart Connect Technology" via the Control Panel...(mine was version 4.2.40.2418, 30.3MB). I asked why remove this and was told there is a conflict between this driver and the other one.
I've got a Lenovo Yoga 2 Pro 13 inch, bought in the US in April. It has been back to Lenovo already because it wouldn't connect to the internet and Windows said it couldn't locate any networking hardware. It worked for two weeks but now it is saying its got limited connectivity and cannot connect (although four other devices manage to connect OK). It's not fit for purpose!
I followed the instructions to no avail and also followed those suggested by Rob D above- still having about 4 drops a hour. Very annoying - please provide a fix Lenovo!
Is there a manufacture date after which this crap doesn't happen anymore? Wi-fi is probably THE most important part of a laptop these day and how a manufacturer does not get this right is a mystery to me. Stunning. Especially for a machine that, in other ways, is as nice as the Y2P and people are paying over a grand for.
I just bought the Lenovo Yoga 2 from Best Buy this afternoon. Now I come on here (on my Dell desk top) and read this about having trouble hooking to the internet. This is the only reason I bougyht a lap top. So I could hook up to the internet while I am away from home. I don't want to jump through hoops to make it work. Will they take it back at Best Buy? It isn't opened yet.
Recently installed the 7260AC card in my Yoga 2 Pro. Works great @ 2.4GHz. That means ~50MB/s download. Switching to 5 GHz yields slightly higher (maybe 55MB/s)....for a little while, then the connection drops and resets. Again and again and again. Why?
Compared to another Dell laptop (Intel Centrino Advanced-N 6205) in the same house, at the same physical location, gets steady 50MB/s at 2.4GHz and 95-100MB/s @ 5GHz.
I have installed the 17.0.5.8 driver and am frustrated. What am I doing wrong? Should I consider a different card?
It is September 2014 and my brand-new Yoga 2 Pro can't connect in parts of my house that every other Wi-Fi device, including a five-year-old, $275 Acer laptop, can connect. I need a fix.
My WiFi speeds on my Yoga 2 Pro have been abysmal over the past week or so. Other devices in my household will average 22-32Mbps download speeds. The Yoga 2 Pro only ever got 7-8Mbps on its good days, but in the past week or so it averages 0.5-1.5Mbps, which is completely unnacceptable. I assume it has something to do with the official driver distributed by Lenovo not gelling well with the new Windows 8.1 update. It's mind boggling to me how subpar Lenovo Support is. What a waste of $1300.
I anticipate further updates to this driver.
Testing on some of the ThinkPads like the X240 may run a bit ahead in terms of driver versions. It uses the same card, so you may check the version available there. Today that is 17.0.5 which should be later than the Yoga 2 driver.
I have the X240 drivers with a customer on twitter today with reported good results.
Lastly, you may want to check windows settings and disallow Windows from managing power to the wifi card as Rob suggests above. Windows can cut power to the card which can cause drops. The drivers alone may not solve drops.
I agree with the stated importance of stable performance on wifi.
i am considering in getting a y2p.are new models still experincing these issues? Would it help if i connect an external ac adapter.
My recently shipped Y2P, according to device manager has Version 17.0.3.3 dated 5/26/2014.
I have been running 17.1.0.19 for a couple of weeks now and my disconnection issues - both wifi and BT mouse - have disappeared. In the mean-time, i had ordered an dual band AC 7260 replacement card. I went ahead and installed it today and it seems like a different machine - sooo much faster. Definitely worth the $30 upgrade cost. Problems behind me, I love this Yoga.
I just purchased 2 Yoga 2 Pro, all seems perfect but the wifi, which - I don't have to tell you - is slow to non-existent. The driver version on both is 17.0.3.3.
My router is new and I have a much older HP which connects easily.
I installed the 19-Sep-2014 dated v17.12.0 wifi driver for a Y2P manufactured about 11months ago. However the wifi drop-outs still occur. The wifi driver crashes and the pc loses internet connection.
I have to run the Windows "Identify and repair network problems" utility from control panel to reconnect, else it needs a restart....!
Can LENOVO please advise why after numerous driver updates we still face issues? Will Lenovo be providing a replacement wifi card?
My 2 week old Y2P is having the same wifi issues - Over to you Lenovo!
Btw, I noticed my new Y2P has intel PROSet/wireless software version 17.0.3 (Dated 30 AUG 2014) so I tried downloading the 19 SEP 2014 version quoted in hi0parag's post (which I'm presuming is an even later update?) but for some reason I'm getting the below message suggesting the 30 AUG version I already have installed is later than the 19 SEP one I was trying to install???.... Very confusing and frustrating.. Anyway, either way, I think its back to the drawing board for Lenovo..
I have the same problem: "A newer product version is already installed"
Have you found a solution?
I spent days looking for solution, tried everything, updating drivers, rolling them back etc. Went through all the 144 pages of this discussion. Tried solution which jgunderson posted here http://forums.lenovo.com/t5/Idea-Windows-based-Tablets-and/Re-Yoga-2-Pro-Wifi-Problems/td-p/1452437/highlight/true/page/6 to turn off the Bluetooth AMP. Did not work.
Then, I went into SERVICES, there are 3 Bluetooth services there: Device Monitor, OBEX service and Support Monitor. If you double click, it will open properties and under Startup type switch to Manual.
That did the trick for me, for now. It seems that the wi-fi works fine now. Will return in couple of days here to confirm.
VladVonHistria - did your solution above work? I'm been on with Lenovo support twice this week. Basically they've just rolled back my drive and adjusted the power management settings as referred to in this strain. But its still dropping wifi and now they want me to send my computer in to their repair setting so I will be down for about two weeks. But maybe they will replace the wifi card?
I wanted to try your solution first, if it works. Where is the SERVICES? I couldn't find it on the Adapter properties, but I did find the Bluetooth AMP.
I have tried all the above solutions without any success. Still dropping off and some cases not able to connect to a wlan.
Not willing to send my laptop from Finland to Germany for repair to 3 weeks without any guarantee of success.
Decided to replace 7260 with its 7260AC version. This seems to be hard to find in Europe, why I'm asking if Intel-7265 could be used as well?
I just added in the a new wireless ac card myself and everything now works perfectly. This is also an option. You can also add in the new wireless ac card yourself if you want This is what is probably in the yoga 3 pro.
Here was a great how to and it all worked perfectly for me. You can also have a tech and your local computer store do it I'm sure.. Not sure if it would void your warrenty. I don't think so.
Install new wifi walk thru from Epic Reviews tech.
I have a weird problem - download speed from dropbox.com is always very slow on my Yoga 2 Pro, about 100 KB/sec.
When I am downloading the same files on the same wifi network on another laptop, I get 10x times faster speeds.
This only happens with dropbox, other websites work fine.
I tried disabling firewall, antivirus, tried 3 different browsers. Even tried disabling the internal wireless and connected an external USB wifi adaptor - no difference.
i am so frustrated. i have yoga 2 13" and most of the time it sits and collects dust.... an expensive $950 coaster on my table. it will not find existing internet connections and at home it drops the connection every few minutes.it is so slow to open files that my 8 year old laptop is quicker. more often than not the touch pad and cursor dont work. I am in tears. I have gotten no satisfaction with Lenovo or Best Buy. been trying for months. I just want a new laptop that works. i thought i was buying the best. I am not a computer tech....some of these fixes seem difficult. Is it wrong to expect a name brand expensive laptop to work properly?
I finally gave up and called Lenovo Tech Support and they resolved the issue. In addition to the power settings changes they deleted 2 pieces of pre-installed software. One was some sort of Intel Wireless management and the other was a Lenovo package. Sorry I don't recall the names as the tech was working quick and I wasn't writing down the items. But since the call I've been working perfectly. The tech said there were known problems with the two program that would cause the WiFi to connect and drop.
Give them a call at 1-877-453-6686. Be patient while you wait for someone to talk to and while they follow their script. Eventually they will get to the issue.
Thanks for the feedback - the intel software uninstall was previously mentioned and I've updated the article to reflect that and the driver setting change to prevent reduction in power to the card.
The 7260AC card will work but you need the Lenovo version of it as it is SAR compliant.
Also of note, the strongest wifi performance should be with the system in normal laptop mode vs tablet. When you fold it into tablet mode, wifi power is reduced by design.
If you find other setting changes / software version combinations that either caused a problem with wifi or improved it, please share. We can continue to update the article to reflect the most common solutions.
> I have the same problem: "A newer product version is already installed"
> Have you found a solution?
you can do the same uninstall for " Intel Smart Connect (ISCT) "
Tried everything on the article.
Don't make it hard, Put a fix out there.
It's simple, Wifi don't turn off after restart.
There now Go do it!
After so much time wasted on this wifi problem I've fixed it, USB tethering your mobile phone works every time!!! Thanks Lenovo for selling such a substandard wifi laptop on a high spec machine and for the days of my life I'll never recover trying get online, reseting connection, rebooting, upgrading the card, applying so called fixes and trying to do the most basic function we all use a laptop for... I'll be sure to pass my honest experience on to people I meet about Lenovo.
3. Uninstall this driver, also tick the remove software in the tick box.
4. Afterwards it will not be listed in the Network adapters until you right click and scan for hardware changes, do this. Now it will appear and it has loaded a default diver that's located somewhere in the computer despite you just uninstalling it, don't worry about this as the next steps will sort it out.
6. In Device manager: time to update the driver, Network adapters -> Intel® Wireless-N7260 -> right click properties -> (TAB) Driver, and update the driver and do it manually. Select 'Browse my computer for the driver software' … Now point to the driver you've just loaded in C:\Drivers\Intel WLAN Driver\Win7Plus\Win64.
BTW, now sure if this works with the dual band wifi card upgrade, I had upgraded it ages ago but put the old card back in as it was impossible to use still dropping the connection, bla, bla, bla, bla, bla… If this driver 17.0.3.3 works I might try changing it again.
What a sack of **bleep** this purchase has been. Wifi is the most important part on a work laptop. Will NEVER buy Lenovo again. Thanks for the wifi related headaches I have to endure every day. Some of us can't afford to drop another 1k on a laptop, so I'm stuck with this monumental piece of garbage. Assholes.
And here it is back to the state it's usually in.
Same issues with Wifi, and additionally, now computer has become intolerably slow (I'm talking 5 minutes to just open a folder).
Unfortunately I'm not sufficiently techy minded to understand all of what to do above. Have wasted over a couple of days trying to get internet conection, and am completely over it. This Lenovo Yoga 2 is the first Lenovo I've ever bought. Will certainly be the last. It will be placed in the bin just as soon as I get a replacement laptop. I don't need feedback thanks, just got on here to have a whinge about Lenovo equipment in the vain hope that a Lenovo consultant will see it, and something will be done to avoid this situation in the future. After reading the above comments, however, I won't be holding my breath.
Good luck all....looks like you'll need it.
I found a solution that works!
Cannot connect to WiFi because "limited connection" and/or "No internet connection". If I run "Troubleshoot this problem" for the WiFi connection, it resolves the problem, but within 15 minutes it's disconnected and broken again! Cannot stay connected to the internet and/or WiFi network.
Device Manager (you must be signed in as Administrator; or run "cmd" [As Administrator...] and type then hit enter: control hdwwiz.cpl).
Right-click Intel(R) Dual Band Wireless-AC 7260 and select "Properties".
When the window opens, select the Advanced tab.
In the left options list, click/highlight "Preferred Band", and then in the right dropdown, choose "2. Prefer 2.4Ghz band".
And the same process to select "Wireless Mode" and choose "4. 802.11b/g" from the dropdown.
Now click "OK" at the bottom of the window, and give your computer time to reset the driver with these new settings.
Disconnect, and then Connect to your WiFi connection. Should be good now!
Yipee!! I After months of constant frustration trying to fix the issue with my computer dropping the wifi connection every 20 minutes, I have finally resolved the problem. Hopefully this fix will last. I had the same problem come up over a year ago, fixed it and then it started dropping the connection again this year. I tried every single fix that was posted in this forum, including uprading my wifi card to the newer, dual band wifi card, but all to no avail.
What did it for me was purchasing a very simple $15.00 TP-LINK 300Mbps mini wireless N USB adaper at Fryes. I am connecting to the internet via this exteral wireless adapter, while keeping the interal wifi card enabled. This last part is very important because initally I disabled the internal wifi card. When the interal card was disabled, the USB wifi adapter started dropping the internet connection. But when when I went back into the device settings and enabled the internal card while still using the USB wireless adapter to connect to the internet, voila! No more dropped internet.
I can't tell you how excited I was when I woke my computer up this morning and it it immediately was connected to the internet. For the past few months, I've had to restart my computer every 20-30 minutes to get it to connect again. I was so ready to just throw in the towel and spend another $1000+ on another computer and just call this one a total loss. Thanks Santa! This is an awesome New Years gift that I pray wll last.
Hi everybody! I've decided to tell my solution to the problem.
I bought Yoga 2 Pro and after few hours constant connection drops started.
So I've tried all the methods above and nothing worked!
I opened laptop (it's very easy to do with te right screwdriver) and took out wifi card (disconnect the battery first).
Then I taped it around with electrical tape leaving connectors.
To my surprise everything worked perfectly after and even much faster (the effect won't be straight away).
Another thing I found out that WiFi due to its' drivers or design is conflicting with bluetooth devices. Some of them work n the same frequencies and wifi isn't switching to the different channel automatically. For example, my mouse with bluetooth dongle totally destroys wifi on the laptop (bought new bluetooth mouse without dongle). Don't know about native bluetooth 4.0, haven't tried it yet, but try to switch it off.
Also look around in your room or net room for any working bluetooth device, like phones.
Probably driver update helps, but I have the latest one.
Another solution is buying dual-band wifi card and switching to 5GHz channel, but I haven't tried it yet.
I hope it really helps somebody.
This is an update to my post on 12-20-15. I am completely bummed to have to come back here and share that the external USB wifi adapter did not end up providing any kind of permanent solution. I am now right back to the dropped connections :-(. Boo!
My WIFI works about 70% of nominal speed which is not good but...when I change into tablet mode the speed goes down dramatically. So slow that the Lenovo Solution Center does not even run.
My download sppwd is only 10 mbps recently. I fixed it by upgading Intel wifi and bluteeth drives. Mu download speed is 50 mbps after the fix.
2. Manually remove Intel Driver Update Utility 2.6 if it's on your system before.


text:
Q: Python 3 using concurrent futures ProcessPool in Daemon context I am trying to use the concurrent.futures ProcessPool executor withon the python Daemon() context (ThreadPool is working) and every submitted task is getting stuck in state running.
import concurrent.futures
import time
import daemon
import sys

class Daemon():

    def __init__(self):

        print("init")

        self.context = daemon.DaemonContext(
                stdout = sys.stdout
                )

        with self.context:

            self.__run()

    def task(self, n):

        start = time.time()
        time.sleep(n)
        duration = time.time() - start

        return n, duration

    def __run(self):

        try:

            #e = concurrent.futures.ThreadPoolExecutor(3)
            e = concurrent.futures.ProcessPoolExecutor(3)
            fut = e.submit(self.task, 2)

            while not fut.done():

                print(fut)
                time.sleep(0.5)

            res = fut.result()
            print(res)

            e.shutdown(wait=True)

        except Exception as e:

            print(e)

        finally:

            print("stopped")

if __name__ == '__main__':

    Daemon()

Outputs:
# venv/bin/python conc.py
init
<Future at 0x7f85195c8588 state=running>
<Future at 0x7f85195c8588 state=running>
<Future at 0x7f85195c8588 state=running>
[...]

when ThreadPoolExecutor is correctly stopping after 2 seconds:
<Future at 0x7f38fd450668 state=running>
<Future at 0x7f38fd450668 state=running>
(30, 2.002039670944214)
stopping

Since the concurrent code is running without the daemon, I wonder what I am doing wrong here.
I am using python 3.5.3 and python-daemon 2.1.2

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


Kick off: 8pm. Venue: Parc des Princes. On TV: BT Sport 2 and Virgin Media Sports.
The Liverpool manager had Mohamed Salah on his mind. The Egyptian has "clicked again", according to Klopp. It falls on his team to follow suit on Wednesday tonight at Parc des Princes.
The challenge of delivering brilliance consistently was set to Salah from the first whistle of this campaign following last season's haul of 44 goals. Klopp maintains the onerous responsibility has never consumed the 26-year-old but his initial form, while producing a similar return in front of goal as 12 months ago, was restricted.
Now, with six goals from his past seven games, the Liverpool forward is flowing in every respect once more. The recovery is perfectly timed for Liverpool, who will qualify for the Champions League knockout phase should they defeat PSG and Red Star Belgrade fail to beat Napoli in Naples.
"It is not about the goalscoring but his overall performance," said Klopp on Salah's recent contribution. "The body is back, 100 per cent, the physical things he can rely on. Of all the teams, we had the longest season with Real Madrid.
"They have struggled a little bit as well. After that they all went to the World Cup, a very long World Cup. Egypt went out earlier but Mo played a World Cup at 94 or 95 per cent fit because of the [injured] shoulder. He then had two, three weeks off. That is nothing.
"Then pre-season starts again and for the first time in his life it was clear that after scoring more than 40 goals it is – how do we deal with that? Will he score 40 goals again? Is it even important to score 40 goals again?
"Of course not. He always tried everything. The only thing was his body needed time to adapt. Still a world-class player, still a threat in a game, but in the scoring situations not the same calmness or the same coolness. But since before the last international break it was completely obvious in each training session it had clicked again. He's there. People need time but you, we, don't give them time because we don't have time.
Time is also not afforded to PSG coaches who struggle in the Champions League under the club's Qatari ownership, and Liverpool can make it a hat-trick of misery for Thomas Tuchel.
The German coach suffered a 91st-minute defeat in the Europa League quarter-final with Borussia Dortmund at Anfield in 2016 and a 92nd-minute loss with the French champions in the opening game of a delicately poised Group C. Elimination at the group stage – which will happen with Liverpool and Napoli victories on Wednesday night – would intensify the scrutiny on Tuchel and the entire Qatari project.
"I think they are favourite for the tournament; in general they are with the quality they have," claimed Klopp, who has Sadio Mané available after a brief illness. "I don't think Paris feel the pressure. I know Thomas Tuchel quite well, and I'm sure he will ensure their boys ignore what the world outside thinks. They want to go through the group and that will be enough motivation for them.
To contain Mbappé, increase Tuchel's torment and benefit from Salah clicking again, Liverpool require vast improvement on their Champions League performances away in Naples and Belgrade this season.


text:
Gadgets July 6, 2010 June 7, 2016
Vieuxtemps Guarneri violin is world's most expensive musical instrument for $18 million
by Namrata Dixit
In the world of concert performances, the name Giuseppe Guarneri, still commands respect. The master craftsman of the 18th century is credited to date for creating some of the most exquisite violins. So anyone who claims to own an original Guarneri creation can consider himself, both lucky and wealthy. Now it's your time to get lucky and probably lose a bit of your wealth, as one of the last violins made by Vieuxtemps Guarneri has been put up for sale in Chicago. Made in 1741, three years before the craftsman's death, this violin is dubbed, the Vieuxtemps Guarneri after the 19th century violinist Henri Vieuxtemps. The Vieuxtemps Guarneri is being offered for sale by one of the world's leading traders in rare violins, Bein & Fushi. And the asking price for this rare violin is a cool $18 million, making it the most expensive musical instrument in the world.
READ: This ice maker will provide perfectly clear spheres for your single malts
The instrument is said to be one of the most unusual creation from Guarneri and is larger than most violins and boasts of enormous projection. The violin has been played in concert halls around the world by some of the greatest virtuosi of its 269-year existence, including Henri Vieuxtemps.
Peter Quint, a soloist, who has been lucky to have performed on the Vieuxtemps several times with the Chicago Symphony Orchestra says, "This instrument has the most unbelievable power, not just in loudness but in sound quality. It has a huge palate of colors that allow you to express a wider range of emotions." The Vieuxtemps Guarneri is expected to go to a museum or hedge fund or other institutional collector. Reportedly the violin has generated a lot of interest across the world, but only time will tell who will be the new owner of this world's most expensive instrument.
Via – [NYTimes]
[Guardian]
READ: Studded with diamonds and gold zips these are the worlds most expensive shoes at $15M
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World's most expensive dish of jacket potatoes features a topping of caviar
World's most expensive Barbie supports Breast Cancer Awareness Month
Priced at $5700 is this the world's most expensive Haggis?
The world's most expensive poker set from Geoffrey Parker, London costs $7.3 million
This Patek Philippe watch became the most expensive watch in the world by selling for $31 million
Take a look at Russia's most expensive diamond
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text:
El distrito de Comandante Noel es 1 de los 4 distritos de la provincia de Casma, ubicada en el departamento de Ancash, bajo la administración del Gobierno regional de Áncash, en el Perú.

Historia
El distrito fue creado mediante Ley 5444 del , en el gobierno del Presidente Augusto B. Leguía.

Geografía
Tiene una superficie de 222,76 m² y una población de más de 2 000 habitantes.

Autoridades

Municipales
 2015 - 2018
 Alcalde: Marco Antonio Rivero Huertas, del Partido democrático Somos Perú.
 2011 - 2014
 Alcalde: Marco Antonio Rivero Huertas, del Movimiento Independiente Regional Río Santa Caudaloso (MIRRSC).
 2006 - 2010
 Alcalde: José Alejandro Montalván Macedo.

Véase también
 Organización territorial del Perú

Referencias

Enlaces externos
 INEI Perú

Comandante Noel

Wikiproyecto:Ciudades del Perú/Problemas/Necesitan referencias adicionales

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


This projects aims to develop a ground-breaking new technology platform for the mid-infrared (mid-IR) and demonstrate the enabling capabilities it provides in several important application areas, with a lice sciences focus.
We are looking for applicants with a background in physics, material sciences or engineering, to develop the technology needed to enable a wide range of sensing applications in biology, medicine, environmental monitoring and manufacturing.
You will develop high power short pulse fibre lasers operating at conventional near-IR wavelengths and converting the wavelength of the output light to mid-IR wavelengths using nonlinear optical effects in specially engineered crystals, and/or optical fibres. You can expect professional mentoring, leaving with independence and skills to help you in a successful career.
Most gas molecules exhibit vibrations that lead to highly structured but characteristic light absorption spectra in the mid-IR regions of the electromagnetic spectrum. By measuring the absorption of light for gas samples as a function of the wavelength, the presence and concentration of different gas species within a sample can be determined, enabling many sensing applications.
Laser sources operating in the mid-IR are necessary to exploit this sensing approach, but these are difficult to realise using traditional laser materials and designs.
You will target both high-power sources with a wide wavelength tuning range and a narrow spectral linewidth that can be used to probe individual gas absorption and broadband supercontinuum sources with ultrahigh spectral power densities used to record the full gas absorption section in one go without tuning.
Full tuition funding, plus, for UK students, an enhanced stipend of £18,000 tax-free per annum for up to 3.5 years. http://www.orc.southampton.ac.uk/phd_funding. EU students with no external funding can apply for limited scholarships. Overseas students with external funding can also apply.
For more details, contact Professor David Richardson FRS, FREng ([email protected]) or Dr Lin Xu ([email protected]).
The ORC has been leading the world in optical fibre technology research for the past 50 years. With over 90 state-of-the-art laboratories and 200 researchers working in all areas of photonics, the ORC provides an outstanding interdisciplinary environment for students to grow. Its cluster of 12 photonics spin-out companies provides a natural career path for PhD graduates.
The group has an excellent track record of publishing in high profile research journals and leading international conferences. Its former PhD and postdoctoral researchers have made successful careers in universities worldwide or as industry scientists and business leaders.
In the first year of your PhD a structured training programme runs alongside the research project, providing a gradual transition from a taught degree to open-ended research. Students present their work at conferences worldwide, first-author papers in leading academic journals and emerge with skills at the forefront of glass and fibre optics research https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=N2_6yNQamkU.
Closing date: applications are welcome throughout the year.


In partnership with Demoqrati, Diwanieh trained 25 youth from Irbid on debate and public speech skills. The three days training was held at Irbid Chamber of Commerce.
The 25 youth were introduced to the various debate forms, trained on research, argumentation, refutation, public speech, body language and several other skills.
By the end of the training, the top trainees were selected to participate in more advanced training on debate skills in order of giving them the chance to develop their skills before participating in Irbid's public debate.


After Liana sent me some gorgeous pillows for my birthday, I sent her a video of how they looked.
on Penny Morrison Varsari Blue and Pink linen.
from Cindy Hattersley prompted me to restyle the coffee table.
Tip: Get over sized down/feather filled or synthetic down inserts to fill out your dilapidated pillows… especially your Pottery Barn, West Elm or other mass market ones.
Here is the great quality source that I use (hypoallergenic, oversized to stay plump and there is free shipping for over $50).
Liana said I should post a video as it shows the living room with sort of a French feel. I felt lame doing it. But if you watch it, you will see that Chief thinks I am giving HIM the tour.
would score magnolia branches from Debbie when she trimmed her big trees. Now, I have to go the the SF Flower Mart…city life.