text:
Archive for April 8th, 2011
Seeing It Happen In Other People's Lives
Published April 8, 2011	Uncategorized 5 Comments
Last night I started to wonder what the likely consequences on the population will be once –if- austerity in Ireland becomes fully embedded as a fait accompli. While I've nothing but contempt for the present Irish government, I take no pleasure at all in the spectacle of the Irish parliament incapable of doing anything as a legislative body beyond ganging up on the population, mainly at the behest of the EU-IMF-ECB, but also in intense collaboration with the local power elites.
The most worrying question for me at this point is not whether the current government will successfully duck and dive to salvage this or that -most likely, some aspect of corporate taxation that principally benefits the US Chamber of Commerce- but whether the population, which needs an assertive labour movement, can mobilise against the deepening structural violence. If it does not, I fear the worst. We are not just talking economic collapse, but the complete collapse of democratic forms and full-blown corporate takeover. I'd much rather be able to say, "ach sure it'll be grand". But it won't.
There has been no significant show of union strength since the ICTU march in November. And even that event, for the most part, had a valedictory feel to it: Labour was due to go into government soon, which meant there was a nice neo-liberal donkey for union leaders to pin tails and hopes on.
I wrote in the crisisjam piece last week about the need for the formation of new alliances that took into account the international character of the crisis. With this in mind, the ICTU meetings scheduled with EU trade unions certainly seem like a good idea. Now, I'll be the first to admit that my knowledge of what goes on at high-level trade union discussions is up there with my knowledge of Malay dialects, but if you look at the content of what is up for discussion (or at least, what members are told is up for discussion) it is alarmingly bland, and seems to have internalised wholesale the grammar and vocabulary, if not quite the prescriptions, of neo-classical economic writing.
It is as though someone had been going through the Financial Times Lex column for bits and pieces on Ireland and cobbled a few of them together for a presentation. Can you imagine going to Germany and meeting with the unions and talking about how great it is that Ireland has the second most open economy in the world, as the list of talking points does, when big German unions have negotiated deals with their big export firms (Siemens, BMW, Daimler, ThyssenKrupp) to guarantee against job losses to overseas, and this in turn has contributed to a quick German recovery? It is enough to make you chew off and swallow your own fist in anger.
Anyway, with the whole international dimension to things still in mind, I thought I'd post a translation of a piece by Vicenç Navarro, Professor of Health and Social Policy at Johns Hopkins. His pieces are published regularly in Spanish in Público, and he has a lot of English language pieces on his site too. The title of the piece is 'Recovering Democracy', and the focus is Spain, which, post the neo-liberal assault on Portugal today is likely to be next on the hit-list.
I am not feeling so optimistic these days that I would set too much store by Navarro's claim that popular mobilisation will occur if the people are given the necessary information to get indignant about things. But it is a necessary condition all the same. One of the things you notice reading pieces like these is just how goddammed familiar the whole thing is.
Like I was saying last week, because the focus of so much media coverage of the crisis in Ireland is in terms of national collective shortcomings and mistakes (which, naturellement, has to be remedied by the same power elites who brought about the crisis in the first instance: people like Gary McGann, former Anglo Irish director, current IBEC board member and the sort of person so riddled by sloth that whilst the bosses' group of which he is a board member was calling for wage cuts he needed an extra 400 grand in 2010 just to haul his ass out of bed in the mornings.), it comes as something of a cobweb-blasting exercise to engage with how much reality over there overlaps with reality here: public spending slashed, below average levels of public spending in the first place, a tax-dodging elite that reproduces itself through state subsidy for its schools and connives with big banks to dispossess the majority of the population, government ministers who lay claim to social democratic credentials but obey the dictates of the markets. And, as Navarro shows, the solution is scarcely any different for Spain than it is for Ireland.
Recovering Democracy
These days we are seeing popular mobilisations throughout the world –from the Arab countries to Wisconsin, via the majority of countries in the European Union- that demand changes from the policies implemented by governments and states that appear insensitive to the desires of the majority of the population. In these demonstrations –despite the broad diversity of situations- there is a common element: protest in the face of an enormous concentration of economic and political power that inhibits democratic expression. And one example of this is Spain.
In Spain we can see the implementation, on the part of the State (both centrally and in the autonomous regions), of substantial cuts to public spending, including the social spending that funds transfer payments –such as pensions- and the public services of the welfare state such as health, education, home help for people with dependencies, nursery schools, social services, and others.
These cuts are markedly affecting the quality and coverage of such services, worsening the existing situation, which was already inadequate before the crisis began. Spain in 2008 was at the tail of the EU-15 for social spending. We spent on the welfare state only 19% of GDP (the lowest of the EU-15, whose average was 24%, whilst that of Sweden was 28%). A consequence of this is that only 9% of the adult population worked in welfare state public services (the average of the EU-15 was 15%, and in Sweden, 24%). The cuts taking place now are reducing even further such employment.
The power structure (which is based in 20-30% of the population, those with the highest income) does not appear aware of this enormous lag and underfunding, since it principally uses private services. They send their children to private schools (which receive the highest subsidy among the EU-15) and when they fall sick they go to private health care. This power structure (which has enormous political and media influence in Spain) promotes the message that there is no alternative to such policies of cuts. They argue that one must cut public spending to reduce the budget deficit and public debt, in order to calm the markets so that these will lend us money at reasonable interest rates.
This explanation, which on the back of having been repeated thousands of times has become a dogma, is profoundly wrong and it is promoted because it serves the interests of this power structure, which uses the pressure of the financial markets as an excuse to carry out what it has always desired to do. The data shows clearly that it is not true that in Spain there are not enough resources to fund a first class welfare state. Spain is not poor. The GDP per capita is already 94% of the EU-15 average, but the social spending per inhabitant is only 74% of the average social spend in the EU-15. If we spent what corresponds to us according to the level of economic development that we have, which is to say, the 94%, we would spend 80bn euro more, with which the enormous shortfalls could be covered. Spain, then, has the resources. The problem is that the State does not collect them. Instead of this, the State has been seeking loans from foreign banks, acquiring debt and scantily funding its welfare state. Spain, like Greece and Portugal, has very low tax receipts and a very high level of exchequer fraud. As was surprisingly admitted by a Deutsche Bank chief, one of the most important bankers in Germany, "there existed in the years of the boom an alliance between the most well-off classes of the periphery of the European Union, who did not pay taxes to the State, and the banking sector, which has profited from the low tax burden by lending money to the State for funding its social dimension."
And there is the root of the problem. The power structure is not contributing to the State what it ought on account of its level of wealth. The manufacturing worker in Spain pays 74% of the taxes of the manufacturing worker in Sweden. The businessman only pays 38%. And, to make matters worse, the State has reduced taxes more and more, which has benefitted those on higher incomes above all. The tax inspectors themselves have indicated there could be more than €38bn collected, focused on these sectors of society without affecting the tax burden of the majority of the population. The budget deficit could be reduced by raising taxes on these sectors instead of impoverishing the welfare state even further.
In reality, during the crisis the vast majority of the firms on the Ibex-35 have continued to enjoy large profits, with the Spanish banking sector one of the most profitable in Europe. Banco Santander has achieved €35bn in net profits (it is the most profitable bank in the world, after two Chinese banks).
These cuts in public social spending are being made despite the fact that the majority of the population is against them. It is yet another decision (another is the delay to the obligatory retirement age) which shows the enormous distance between those who govern and those who are governed. More and more, the political and media establishments that direct our country are imposing measures against the will of the citizenry. As a consequence, the population, in its indignation –which will occur if it is provided with information that questions the dogma that there is no other alternative- ought to demonstrate and engage in social agitation to bring democracy back to Spain.
RT @unlockNAMA: #unlocknama address 66-67 Great Strand St. maps.google.ie/maps?q=google+… 7 years ago


text:
Q: NPM install error on Linux Mint Hi I have followed the steps to install node and npm on my machine but, npm install doesnt works
Here is the error log.
0 info it worked if it ends with ok
1 verbose cli [ '/usr/bin/node', '/usr/local/bin/npm', 'install', 'node-gyp' ]
2 info using npm@5.7.1
3 info using node@v4.8.7
4 verbose config Skipping project config: /home/manish/.npmrc. (matches userconfig)
5 verbose stack Error: Cannot find module 'node-gyp/bin/node-gyp'
5 verbose stack     at Function.Module._resolveFilename (module.js:325:15)
5 verbose stack     at resolveFileName (/usr/local/lib/node_modules/npm/node_modules/npm-lifecycle/node_modules/resolve-from/index.js:29:39)
5 verbose stack     at resolveFrom (/usr/local/lib/node_modules/npm/node_modules/npm-lifecycle/node_modules/resolve-from/index.js:43:9)
5 verbose stack     at module.exports (/usr/local/lib/node_modules/npm/node_modules/npm-lifecycle/node_modules/resolve-from/index.js:46:41)
5 verbose stack     at Object.<anonymous> (/usr/local/lib/node_modules/npm/node_modules/npm-lifecycle/index.js:18:31)
5 verbose stack     at Module._compile (module.js:409:26)
5 verbose stack     at Object.Module._extensions..js (module.js:416:10)
5 verbose stack     at Module.load (module.js:343:32)
5 verbose stack     at Function.Module._load (module.js:300:12)
5 verbose stack     at Module.require (module.js:353:17)
5 verbose stack     at require (internal/module.js:12:17)
5 verbose stack     at Object.<anonymous> (/usr/local/lib/node_modules/npm/lib/utils/lifecycle.js:4:19)
5 verbose stack     at Module._compile (module.js:409:26)
5 verbose stack     at Object.Module._extensions..js (module.js:416:10)
5 verbose stack     at Module.load (module.js:343:32)
5 verbose stack     at Function.Module._load (module.js:300:12)
6 verbose cwd /home/manish
7 verbose Linux 3.13.0-24-generic
8 verbose argv "/usr/bin/node" "/usr/local/bin/npm" "install" "node-gyp"
9 verbose node v4.8.7
10 verbose npm  v5.7.1
11 error code MODULE_NOT_FOUND
12 error Cannot find module 'node-gyp/bin/node-gyp'
13 verbose exit [ 1, true ]

I have tried, re installing also. Can anybody please help

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


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Greta Van Fleet Partners With Gibson For SG Guitar 61st Anniversary Celebration
'Moving forward with Greta Van Fleet and the SG allows me to be more dynamic and create sounds that are more outside the realm of conventional.'
Greta Van Fleet - Photo: Gibson Guitars
In honor of the 61st anniversary of the iconic SG guitar, renowned instrument brand Gibson has partnered with guitarist Jake Kiszka of the Grammy Award-winning rock band Greta Van Fleet for a celebration of the seminal guitar model.
"My first electric guitar was an SG with P90s, and I haven't gone back on it since," Kiszka shared in an exclusive interview with Gibson. "The '61, this particular model, has defined me as a player and I think I've defined it in return. Moving forward with Greta Van Fleet and the SG allows me to be more dynamic and create sounds that are more outside the realm of conventional."
60th Anniversary '61 Les Paul SG with Jake Kiszka of Greta Van Fleet
Gibson launched the Les Paul SG in 1961, catching the attention of music lovers with the model's sleek, all-mahogany body design. The iconic design has since become the brand's most popular guitar to date with an widespread embrace of its once-unconventional shape.
Throughout the lineage of Rock and Roll, the Gibson Les Paul SG had been a favorite instrument among the likes of AC/DC's Angus Young and The Beatles' George Harrison.
"I started playing guitar around three, unconventionally, but that was sort of the household that we were raised in," Kiszka explains. "I think what drew me to the instrument at such a young age was purely the mysticism that surrounded the instrument. There were so many secrets to be unlocked in that sense."
Elsewhere in the interview, the Greta Van Fleet member recalls a core memory of visiting Guitar Center with his father and being enamored with the SG model, so much so that it arrived under the family Christmas tree later that year.
"What drew me to the SG in that moment was more of a feeling than sort of something that was a premeditated act," he explained. "I don't know why but this is my instrument, it just happens."
Later this year, Greta Van Fleet will embark on the Dreams in Gold arena tour. The trek kicks off on March 10 in Kalamazoo, Michigan and follow through stops across the US before wrapping with two nights at the O2 Apollo in Manchester, UK on June 28 and 29. Tickets can be found on the official Greta Van Fleet website.
Stream or purchase The Battle at Garden's Gate.
Related Topics:George HarrisonGibson GuitarsGreta Van FleetRockThe Battle At Garden's Gate

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Utah's High Uintas, home of the legendary Lost Rhoades Mine.
Campbell is a devout Mormon and I'm intrigued and captivated by his words. Three years ago I produced an in-depth research article on the Lost Rhoades Mine, a study referencing Book of Mormon stories, prophets, Brigham Young and Chief Wakara. Some of it could be true, while a good portion is clearly fabricated.
Campbell, who owns All About Coins in Sugar House, has spent his life entertaining stories of treasure seekers who come into his shop as they chase buried treasure supposedly located in the High Uintas. "This is the stuff that movies are made from," says Campbell.
As I worked on the story, I realized that beyond the folklore, there are a significant number of people who are true believers and who have devoted the better part of their lives attempting to find the Lost Rhoades mine. Campbell's father-in-law was one such believer.
Campbell sells some coins that were minted in 1858, ostensibly from "Lost Rhoades Mine gold," which have the chemical signature of gold from the Rocky Mountain region. These coins start at $25,000 for a $5 piece. Roughly 15 books have been written about the Lost Rhoades Mine, and its prestige is nearly as great as the Flying Dutchman Mine in Arizona.
Ken Sanders and Bob Campbell were both good friends with a man named George "Tommy" Thompson, a man who spent the better part of his life seeking the Lost Rhoades Mine and sold books on his findings.
The book was a huge hit. "They sold like crazy," Ken says. He printed more and more as future treasure seekers were born. As the Rhoades Mine legend was booming, Kerry Ross Boren elaborated on the legend further by incorporating in his findings that the Lost Rhoades Mine actually contained much more than a gold cache.
In the late 1890s, Butch Cassidy and the Wild Bunch got wind that there was gold stashed in Dry Creek Canyon. Legendary outlaw, Matt Warner, killed two brothers in a gunfight after an attempted ambush. Warner served time in jail, but later because a Sheriff in Carbon County. He spent much of his life attempting to find the lost Rhoades gold. Illustration by Chris Bodily.
Campbell tells the story with such fervor that it makes you want to believe. I ask him if he has spent much time in the Uintas looking for the Lost Rhoades Mine.
The most interesting elements of the "legend" are the unexplained findings. While geologists discredit the idea that the high Uintas could contain large natural deposits of gold, how do Campbell and Sanders explain the furnaces that were built by the Spanish to refine gold and silver? And where did the Mormons obtain the gold they used to mint the coins that were processed in 1858, which Campbell sells in his shop as Lost Rhoades Mine gold coins? Both men say they don't know, and they have no explanation.
Thompson was a convincing story-teller. So much so that he convinced the world-renowned treasure hunter of the early 1980s, Mel Fisher, to come to Utah to find the Lost Rhoades Mine. Fisher came, "And he flew around the Uintas in a black helicopter and organized SCUBA divers to descend into Scout Lake for an underwater entrance to the mine, but he came up empty handed." Both Mel Fisher and George Thompson are now deceased.
In spite of the hearsay, the hyperbole, and the almost total lack of evidence that the mine exists, there are still believers who continue to write books and promote the Lost Rhoades Mine as historical fact. One such person is Lisa Boran, whose story we will tell in an upcoming interview.
Watch video interviews with Ken Sanders and Bob Campbell here.
What is the most significant treasure found in Utah in the recent past? Bob Campbell says that 10 miles North of Fairfield, Utah is an area on private property known as "Old Camp Floyd." It was a short-lived U.S. Army post and stagecoach stop. Not long after the Mormons settled the Salt Lake Valley soldiers were stationed at the camp. They were flush with cash and provisions, but had far too much time on their hands.
To date over 100 gold coins and 200 silver pieces have been found along with thousands of miscellaneous artifacts at the old army camp. Campbell says that right now these items are not for sale, but he'll soon be writing a story on his findings. Backhoes and metal detectors were used to find the artifacts with seven men on the discovery team. They spent the past twenty years searching and excavating. Their finds were recovered with permission of the land owner.
Another type of excavating called "Night-hawking," is done by men with metal detectors wearing black clothes and face paint and is done without the permission of landowners. This practice is illegal and Campbell says he would never encourage treasure hunters to conduct this type of clandestine prospecting.


text:
// Protocol_1_11.cpp

/*
Implements the 1.11 protocol classes:
	- cProtocol_1_11_0
		- release 1.11 protocol (#315)
(others may be added later in the future for the 1.11 release series)
*/

#include "Globals.h"
#include "Protocol_1_11.h"
#include "ProtocolRecognizer.h"
#include "Packetizer.h"

#include "../Entities/Boat.h"
#include "../Entities/ExpOrb.h"
#include "../Entities/Minecart.h"
#include "../Entities/FallingBlock.h"
#include "../Entities/Painting.h"
#include "../Entities/Pickup.h"
#include "../Entities/Player.h"
#include "../Entities/ItemFrame.h"
#include "../Entities/ArrowEntity.h"
#include "../Entities/FireworkEntity.h"
#include "../Entities/SplashPotionEntity.h"

#include "../Mobs/IncludeAllMonsters.h"

#include "../Root.h"
#include "../Server.h"
#include "../ClientHandle.h"
#include "../CompositeChat.h"
#include "../Bindings/PluginManager.h"

// The disabled error is intended, since the Metadata have overlapping indexes
// based on the type of the Entity.
//
// IMPORTANT: The enum is used to automate the sequential counting of the
// Metadata indexes. Adding a new enum value causes the following values to
// increase their index. Therefore the ordering of the enum values is VERY important!
#ifdef __clang__
	#pragma clang diagnostic push
	#pragma clang diagnostic ignored "-Wduplicate-enum"
#endif

namespace Metadata
{
	enum Metadata_Index
	{
		// Entity
		ENTITY_FLAGS,
		ENTITY_AIR,
		ENTITY_CUSTOM_NAME,
		ENTITY_CUSTOM_NAME_VISIBLE,
		ENTITY_SILENT,
		ENTITY_NO_GRAVITY,
		_ENTITY_NEXT,  // Used by descendants

		// Potion
		POTION_THROWN = _ENTITY_NEXT,

		// FallingBlock
		FALLING_BLOCK_POSITION = _ENTITY_NEXT,

		// AreaEffectCloud
		AREA_EFFECT_CLOUD_RADIUS = _ENTITY_NEXT,
		AREA_EFFECT_CLOUD_COLOR,
		AREA_EFFECT_CLOUD_SINGLE_POINT_EFFECT,
		AREA_EFFECT_CLOUD_PARTICLE_ID,
		AREA_EFFECT_CLOUD_PARTICLE_PARAMETER1,
		AREA_EFFECT_CLOUD_PARTICLE_PARAMETER2,

		// Arrow
		ARROW_CRITICAL = _ENTITY_NEXT,
		_ARROW_NEXT,

		// TippedArrow
		TIPPED_ARROW_COLOR = _ARROW_NEXT,

		// Boat
		BOAT_LAST_HIT_TIME = _ENTITY_NEXT,
		BOAT_FORWARD_DIRECTION,
		BOAT_DAMAGE_TAKEN,
		BOAT_TYPE,
		BOAT_RIGHT_PADDLE_TURNING,
		BOAT_LEFT_PADDLE_TURNING,

		// EnderCrystal
		ENDER_CRYSTAL_BEAM_TARGET = _ENTITY_NEXT,
		ENDER_CRYSTAL_SHOW_BOTTOM,

		// Fireball
		_FIREBALL_NEXT = _ENTITY_NEXT,

		// WitherSkull
		WITHER_SKULL_INVULNERABLE = _FIREBALL_NEXT,

		// Fireworks
		FIREWORK_INFO = _ENTITY_NEXT,
		FIREWORK_BOOSTED_ENTITY_ID,  // 1.11.1 only

		// Hanging
		_HANGING_NEXT = _ENTITY_NEXT,

		// ItemFrame
		ITEM_FRAME_ITEM = _HANGING_NEXT,
		ITEM_FRAME_ROTATION,

		// Item
		ITEM_ITEM = _ENTITY_NEXT,

		// Living
		LIVING_ACTIVE_HAND = _ENTITY_NEXT,
		LIVING_HEALTH,
		LIVING_POTION_EFFECT_COLOR,
		LIVING_POTION_EFFECT_AMBIENT,
		LIVING_NUMBER_OF_ARROWS,
		_LIVING_NEXT,

		// Player
		PLAYER_ADDITIONAL_HEARTHS = _LIVING_NEXT,
		PLAYER_SCORE,
		PLAYER_DISPLAYED_SKIN_PARTS,
		PLAYER_MAIN_HAND,

		// ArmorStand
		ARMOR_STAND_STATUS = _LIVING_NEXT,
		ARMOR_STAND_HEAD_ROTATION,
		ARMOR_STAND_BODY_ROTATION,
		ARMOR_STAND_LEFT_ARM_ROTATION,
		ARMOR_STAND_RIGHT_ARM_ROTATION,
		ARMOR_STAND_LEFT_LEG_ROTATION,
		ARMOR_STAND_RIGHT_LEG_ROTATION,

		// Insentient
		INSENTIENT_STATUS = _LIVING_NEXT,
		_INSENTIENT_NEXT,

		// Ambient
		_AMBIENT_NEXT = _INSENTIENT_NEXT,

		// Bat
		BAT_HANGING = _AMBIENT_NEXT,

		// Creature
		_CREATURE_NEXT = _INSENTIENT_NEXT,

		// Ageable
		AGEABLE_BABY = _CREATURE_NEXT,
		_AGEABLE_NEXT,

		// PolarBear
		POLAR_BEAR_STANDING = _AGEABLE_NEXT,

		// Animal
		_ANIMAL_NEXT = _AGEABLE_NEXT,

		// Abstract horse
		ABSTRACT_HORSE_STATUS = _ANIMAL_NEXT,
		ABSTRACT_HORSE_OWNER,
		_ABSTRACT_HORSE_NEXT,

		// Horse
		HORSE_VARIANT = _ABSTRACT_HORSE_NEXT,
		HORSE_ARMOR,

		// Chested horse
		CHESTED_HORSE_CHESTED = _ABSTRACT_HORSE_NEXT,
		_CHESTED_HORSE_NEXT,

		// Llama
		LLAMA_STRENGTH = _CHESTED_HORSE_NEXT,
		LLAMA_CARPET_COLOR,
		LLAMA_VARIANT,

		// Pig
		PIG_HAS_SADDLE = _ANIMAL_NEXT,
		PIG_TOTAL_CARROT_ON_A_STICK_BOOST,  // 1.11.1 only

		// Rabbit
		RABBIT_TYPE = _ANIMAL_NEXT,

		// Sheep
		SHEEP_STATUS = _ANIMAL_NEXT,

		// TameableAnimal
		TAMEABLE_ANIMAL_STATUS = _ANIMAL_NEXT,
		TAMEABLE_ANIMAL_OWNER,
		_TAMEABLE_NEXT,

		// Ocelot
		OCELOT_TYPE = _TAMEABLE_NEXT,

		// Wolf
		WOLF_DAMAGE_TAKEN = _TAMEABLE_NEXT,
		WOLF_BEGGING,
		WOLF_COLLAR_COLOR,

		// Villager
		VILLAGER_PROFESSION = _AGEABLE_NEXT,

		// Golem
		_GOLEM_NEXT = _CREATURE_NEXT,

		// IronGolem
		IRON_GOLEM_PLAYER_CREATED = _GOLEM_NEXT,

		// Shulker
		SHULKER_FACING_DIRECTION = _GOLEM_NEXT,
		SHULKER_ATTACHMENT_FALLING_BLOCK_POSITION,
		SHULKER_SHIELD_HEIGHT,

		// Monster
		_MONSTER_NEXT = _CREATURE_NEXT,

		// Blaze
		BLAZE_ON_FIRE = _MONSTER_NEXT,

		// Creeper
		CREEPER_STATE = _MONSTER_NEXT,
		CREEPER_POWERED,
		CREEPER_IGNITED,

		// Guardian
		GUARDIAN_STATUS = _MONSTER_NEXT,
		GUARDIAN_TARGET,

		// Abstract Skeleton
		ABSTRACT_SKELETON_ARMS_SWINGING = _MONSTER_NEXT,

		// Spider
		SPIDER_CLIMBING = _MONSTER_NEXT,

		// Witch
		WITCH_AGGRESIVE = _MONSTER_NEXT,

		// Wither
		WITHER_FIRST_HEAD_TARGET = _MONSTER_NEXT,
		WITHER_SECOND_HEAD_TARGET,
		WITHER_THIRD_HEAD_TARGET,
		WITHER_INVULNERABLE_TIMER,

		// Zombie
		ZOMBIE_IS_BABY = _MONSTER_NEXT,
		ZOMBIE_UNUSED,  // Was type
		ZOMBIE_HANDS_RISED_UP,
		_ZOMBIE_NEXT,

		// Zombie villager
		ZOMBIE_VILLAGER_CONVERTING = _ZOMBIE_NEXT,
		ZOMBIE_VILLAGER_PROFESSION,

		// Enderman
		ENDERMAN_CARRIED_BLOCK = _MONSTER_NEXT,
		ENDERMAN_SCREAMING,

		// Evocation illager
		EVOKER_SPELL = _MONSTER_NEXT,

		// Vex
		VEX_FLAGS = _MONSTER_NEXT,

		// Vindication illager
		VINDICATOR_FLAGS = _MONSTER_NEXT,

		// EnderDragon
		ENDER_DRAGON_DRAGON_PHASE = _INSENTIENT_NEXT,

		// Flying
		_FLYING_NEXT = _INSENTIENT_NEXT,

		// Ghast
		GHAST_ATTACKING = _FLYING_NEXT,

		// Slime
		SLIME_SIZE = _INSENTIENT_NEXT,

		// Minecart
		MINECART_SHAKING_POWER = _ENTITY_NEXT,
		MINECART_SHAKING_DIRECTION,
		MINECART_SHAKING_MULTIPLIER,
		MINECART_BLOCK_ID_META,
		MINECART_BLOCK_Y,
		MINECART_SHOW_BLOCK,
		_MINECART_NEXT,

		// MinecartCommandBlock
		MINECART_COMMAND_BLOCK_COMMAND = _MINECART_NEXT,
		MINECART_COMMAND_BLOCK_LAST_OUTPUT,

		// MinecartFurnace
		MINECART_FURNACE_POWERED = _MINECART_NEXT,

		// TNTPrimed
		TNT_PRIMED_FUSE_TIME = _ENTITY_NEXT,
	};
}

#ifdef __clang__
	#pragma clang diagnostic pop  // Restore ignored clang errors
#endif

#define HANDLE_READ(ByteBuf, Proc, Type, Var) \
	Type Var; \
	if (!ByteBuf.Proc(Var))\
	{\
		return;\
	}

cProtocol_1_11_0::cProtocol_1_11_0(cClientHandle * a_Client, const AString & a_ServerAddress, UInt16 a_ServerPort, UInt32 a_State) :
	super(a_Client, a_ServerAddress, a_ServerPort, a_State)
{
}

void cProtocol_1_11_0::SendCollectEntity(const cEntity & a_Entity, const cPlayer & a_Player, int a_Count)
{
	ASSERT(m_State == 3);  // In game mode?

	cPacketizer Pkt(*this, 0x48);  // Collect Item packet
	Pkt.WriteVarInt32(a_Entity.GetUniqueID());
	Pkt.WriteVarInt32(a_Player.GetUniqueID());
	Pkt.WriteVarInt32(static_cast<UInt32>(a_Count));
}

void cProtocol_1_11_0::SendHideTitle(void)
{
	ASSERT(m_State == 3);  // In game mode?

	cPacketizer Pkt(*this, 0x45);  // Title packet
	Pkt.WriteVarInt32(4);  // Hide title
}

void cProtocol_1_11_0::SendResetTitle(void)
{
	ASSERT(m_State == 3);  // In game mode?

	cPacketizer Pkt(*this, 0x45);  // Title packet
	Pkt.WriteVarInt32(5);  // Reset title
}

void cProtocol_1_11_0::SendSpawnMob(const cMonster & a_Mob)
{
	ASSERT(m_State == 3);  // In game mode?

	cPacketizer Pkt(*this, 0x03);  // Spawn Mob packet
	Pkt.WriteVarInt32(a_Mob.GetUniqueID());
	// TODO: Bad way to write a UUID, and it's not a true UUID, but this is functional for now.
	Pkt.WriteBEUInt64(0);
	Pkt.WriteBEUInt64(a_Mob.GetUniqueID());
	Pkt.WriteVarInt32(static_cast<UInt32>(a_Mob.GetMobType()));
	Pkt.WriteBEDouble(a_Mob.GetPosX());
	Pkt.WriteBEDouble(a_Mob.GetPosY());
	Pkt.WriteBEDouble(a_Mob.GetPosZ());
	Pkt.WriteByteAngle(a_Mob.GetPitch());
	Pkt.WriteByteAngle(a_Mob.GetHeadYaw());
	Pkt.WriteByteAngle(a_Mob.GetYaw());
	Pkt.WriteBEInt16(static_cast<Int16>(a_Mob.GetSpeedX() * 400));
	Pkt.WriteBEInt16(static_cast<Int16>(a_Mob.GetSpeedY() * 400));
	Pkt.WriteBEInt16(static_cast<Int16>(a_Mob.GetSpeedZ() * 400));
	WriteEntityMetadata(Pkt, a_Mob);
	Pkt.WriteBEUInt8(0xff);  // Metadata terminator
}

void cProtocol_1_11_0::SendTitleTimes(int a_FadeInTicks, int a_DisplayTicks, int a_FadeOutTicks)
{
	ASSERT(m_State == 3);  // In game mode?

	cPacketizer Pkt(*this, 0x45);  // Title packet
	Pkt.WriteVarInt32(3);  // Set title display times
	Pkt.WriteBEInt32(a_FadeInTicks);
	Pkt.WriteBEInt32(a_DisplayTicks);
	Pkt.WriteBEInt32(a_FadeOutTicks);
}

void cProtocol_1_11_0::HandlePacketBlockPlace(cByteBuffer & a_ByteBuffer)
{
	int BlockX, BlockY, BlockZ;
	if (!a_ByteBuffer.ReadPosition64(BlockX, BlockY, BlockZ))
	{
		return;
	}

	HANDLE_READ(a_ByteBuffer, ReadVarInt, Int32, Face);
	HANDLE_READ(a_ByteBuffer, ReadVarInt, Int32, Hand);
	HANDLE_READ(a_ByteBuffer, ReadBEFloat, float, CursorX);
	HANDLE_READ(a_ByteBuffer, ReadBEFloat, float, CursorY);
	HANDLE_READ(a_ByteBuffer, ReadBEFloat, float, CursorZ);
	m_Client->HandleRightClick(BlockX, BlockY, BlockZ, FaceIntToBlockFace(Face), FloorC(CursorX * 16), FloorC(CursorY * 16), FloorC(CursorZ * 16), m_Client->GetPlayer()->GetEquippedItem());
}

void cProtocol_1_11_0::HandlePacketStatusRequest(cByteBuffer & a_ByteBuffer)
{
	cServer * Server = cRoot::Get()->GetServer();
	AString ServerDescription = Server->GetDescription();
	int NumPlayers = Server->GetNumPlayers();
	int MaxPlayers = Server->GetMaxPlayers();
	AString Favicon = Server->GetFaviconData();
	cRoot::Get()->GetPluginManager()->CallHookServerPing(*m_Client, ServerDescription, NumPlayers, MaxPlayers, Favicon);

	// Version:
	Json::Value Version;
	Version["name"] = "Cuberite 1.11";
	Version["protocol"] = cProtocolRecognizer::PROTO_VERSION_1_11_0;

	// Players:
	Json::Value Players;
	Players["online"] = NumPlayers;
	Players["max"] = MaxPlayers;
	// TODO: Add "sample"

	// Description:
	Json::Value Description;
	Description["text"] = ServerDescription.c_str();

	// Create the response:
	Json::Value ResponseValue;
	ResponseValue["version"] = Version;
	ResponseValue["players"] = Players;
	ResponseValue["description"] = Description;
	if (!Favicon.empty())
	{
		ResponseValue["favicon"] = Printf("data:image/png;base64,%s", Favicon.c_str());
	}

	// Serialize the response into a packet:
	Json::FastWriter Writer;
	cPacketizer Pkt(*this, 0x00);  // Response packet
	Pkt.WriteString(Writer.write(ResponseValue));
}

void cProtocol_1_11_0::WriteEntityMetadata(cPacketizer & a_Pkt, const cEntity & a_Entity)
{
	using namespace Metadata;

	// Common metadata:
	Int8 Flags = 0;
	if (a_Entity.IsOnFire())
	{
		Flags |= 0x01;
	}
	if (a_Entity.IsCrouched())
	{
		Flags |= 0x02;
	}
	if (a_Entity.IsSprinting())
	{
		Flags |= 0x08;
	}
	if (a_Entity.IsRclking())
	{
		Flags |= 0x10;
	}
	if (a_Entity.IsInvisible())
	{
		Flags |= 0x20;
	}
	a_Pkt.WriteBEUInt8(ENTITY_FLAGS);  // Index
	a_Pkt.WriteBEUInt8(METADATA_TYPE_BYTE);  // Type
	a_Pkt.WriteBEInt8(Flags);

	switch (a_Entity.GetEntityType())
	{
		case cEntity::etPlayer:
		{
			auto & Player = reinterpret_cast<const cPlayer &>(a_Entity);

			// TODO Set player custom name to their name.
			// Then it's possible to move the custom name of mobs to the entities
			// and to remove the "special" player custom name.
			a_Pkt.WriteBEUInt8(ENTITY_CUSTOM_NAME);
			a_Pkt.WriteBEUInt8(METADATA_TYPE_STRING);
			a_Pkt.WriteString(Player.GetName());

			a_Pkt.WriteBEUInt8(LIVING_HEALTH);
			a_Pkt.WriteBEUInt8(METADATA_TYPE_FLOAT);
			a_Pkt.WriteBEFloat(static_cast<float>(Player.GetHealth()));

			a_Pkt.WriteBEUInt8(PLAYER_DISPLAYED_SKIN_PARTS);
			a_Pkt.WriteBEUInt8(METADATA_TYPE_BYTE);
			a_Pkt.WriteBEUInt8(static_cast<UInt8>(Player.GetSkinParts()));

			a_Pkt.WriteBEUInt8(PLAYER_MAIN_HAND);
			a_Pkt.WriteBEUInt8(METADATA_TYPE_BYTE);
			a_Pkt.WriteBEUInt8(static_cast<UInt8>(Player.GetMainHand()));
			break;
		}
		case cEntity::etPickup:
		{
			a_Pkt.WriteBEUInt8(ITEM_ITEM);
			a_Pkt.WriteBEUInt8(METADATA_TYPE_ITEM);
			WriteItem(a_Pkt, reinterpret_cast<const cPickup &>(a_Entity).GetItem());
			break;
		}
		case cEntity::etMinecart:
		{
			a_Pkt.WriteBEUInt8(MINECART_SHAKING_POWER);
			a_Pkt.WriteBEUInt8(METADATA_TYPE_VARINT);

			// The following expression makes Minecarts shake more with less health or higher damage taken
			auto & Minecart = reinterpret_cast<const cMinecart &>(a_Entity);
			auto maxHealth = a_Entity.GetMaxHealth();
			auto curHealth = a_Entity.GetHealth();
			a_Pkt.WriteVarInt32(static_cast<UInt32>((maxHealth - curHealth) * Minecart.LastDamage() * 4));

			a_Pkt.WriteBEUInt8(MINECART_SHAKING_DIRECTION);  // (doesn't seem to effect anything)
			a_Pkt.WriteBEUInt8(METADATA_TYPE_VARINT);
			a_Pkt.WriteVarInt32(1);

			a_Pkt.WriteBEUInt8(MINECART_SHAKING_MULTIPLIER);  // or damage taken
			a_Pkt.WriteBEUInt8(METADATA_TYPE_FLOAT);
			a_Pkt.WriteBEFloat(static_cast<float>(Minecart.LastDamage() + 10));

			if (Minecart.GetPayload() == cMinecart::mpNone)
			{
				auto & RideableMinecart = reinterpret_cast<const cRideableMinecart &>(Minecart);
				const cItem & MinecartContent = RideableMinecart.GetContent();
				if (!MinecartContent.IsEmpty())
				{
					a_Pkt.WriteBEUInt8(MINECART_BLOCK_ID_META);
					a_Pkt.WriteBEUInt8(METADATA_TYPE_VARINT);
					int Content = MinecartContent.m_ItemType;
					Content |= MinecartContent.m_ItemDamage << 8;
					a_Pkt.WriteVarInt32(static_cast<UInt32>(Content));

					a_Pkt.WriteBEUInt8(MINECART_BLOCK_Y);
					a_Pkt.WriteBEUInt8(METADATA_TYPE_VARINT);
					a_Pkt.WriteVarInt32(static_cast<UInt32>(RideableMinecart.GetBlockHeight()));

					a_Pkt.WriteBEUInt8(MINECART_SHOW_BLOCK);
					a_Pkt.WriteBEUInt8(METADATA_TYPE_BOOL);
					a_Pkt.WriteBool(true);
				}
			}
			else if (Minecart.GetPayload() == cMinecart::mpFurnace)
			{
				a_Pkt.WriteBEUInt8(MINECART_FURNACE_POWERED);
				a_Pkt.WriteBEUInt8(METADATA_TYPE_BOOL);
				a_Pkt.WriteBool(reinterpret_cast<const cMinecartWithFurnace &>(Minecart).IsFueled());
			}
			break;
		}  // case etMinecart

		case cEntity::etProjectile:
		{
			auto & Projectile = reinterpret_cast<const cProjectileEntity &>(a_Entity);
			switch (Projectile.GetProjectileKind())
			{
				case cProjectileEntity::pkArrow:
				{
					a_Pkt.WriteBEUInt8(ARROW_CRITICAL);
					a_Pkt.WriteBEUInt8(METADATA_TYPE_BYTE);
					a_Pkt.WriteBEInt8(reinterpret_cast<const cArrowEntity &>(Projectile).IsCritical() ? 1 : 0);
					break;
				}
				case cProjectileEntity::pkFirework:
				{
					a_Pkt.WriteBEUInt8(FIREWORK_INFO);  // Firework item used for this firework
					a_Pkt.WriteBEUInt8(METADATA_TYPE_ITEM);
					WriteItem(a_Pkt, reinterpret_cast<const cFireworkEntity &>(Projectile).GetItem());

					// FIREWORK_BOOSTED_ENTITY_ID, in 1.11.1 only
					break;
				}
				case cProjectileEntity::pkSplashPotion:
				{
					a_Pkt.WriteBEUInt8(POTION_THROWN);  // Potion item which was thrown
					a_Pkt.WriteBEUInt8(METADATA_TYPE_ITEM);
					WriteItem(a_Pkt, reinterpret_cast<const cSplashPotionEntity &>(Projectile).GetItem());
				}
				default:
				{
					break;
				}
			}
			break;
		}  // case etProjectile

		case cEntity::etMonster:
		{
			WriteMobMetadata(a_Pkt, reinterpret_cast<const cMonster &>(a_Entity));
			break;
		}

		case cEntity::etBoat:
		{
			auto & Boat = reinterpret_cast<const cBoat &>(a_Entity);

			a_Pkt.WriteBEInt8(BOAT_LAST_HIT_TIME);
			a_Pkt.WriteBEInt8(METADATA_TYPE_VARINT);
			a_Pkt.WriteVarInt32(static_cast<UInt32>(Boat.GetLastDamage()));

			a_Pkt.WriteBEInt8(BOAT_FORWARD_DIRECTION);
			a_Pkt.WriteBEInt8(METADATA_TYPE_VARINT);
			a_Pkt.WriteVarInt32(static_cast<UInt32>(Boat.GetForwardDirection()));

			a_Pkt.WriteBEInt8(BOAT_DAMAGE_TAKEN);
			a_Pkt.WriteBEInt8(METADATA_TYPE_FLOAT);
			a_Pkt.WriteBEFloat(Boat.GetDamageTaken());

			a_Pkt.WriteBEInt8(BOAT_TYPE);
			a_Pkt.WriteBEInt8(METADATA_TYPE_VARINT);
			a_Pkt.WriteVarInt32(static_cast<UInt32>(Boat.GetType()));

			a_Pkt.WriteBEInt8(BOAT_RIGHT_PADDLE_TURNING);
			a_Pkt.WriteBEInt8(METADATA_TYPE_BOOL);
			a_Pkt.WriteBool(Boat.IsRightPaddleUsed());

			a_Pkt.WriteBEInt8(BOAT_LEFT_PADDLE_TURNING);
			a_Pkt.WriteBEInt8(METADATA_TYPE_BOOL);
			a_Pkt.WriteBool(Boat.IsLeftPaddleUsed());

			break;
		}  // case etBoat

		case cEntity::etItemFrame:
		{
			auto & Frame = reinterpret_cast<const cItemFrame &>(a_Entity);
			a_Pkt.WriteBEUInt8(ITEM_FRAME_ITEM);
			a_Pkt.WriteBEUInt8(METADATA_TYPE_ITEM);
			WriteItem(a_Pkt, Frame.GetItem());
			a_Pkt.WriteBEUInt8(ITEM_FRAME_ROTATION);
			a_Pkt.WriteBEUInt8(METADATA_TYPE_VARINT);
			a_Pkt.WriteVarInt32(Frame.GetItemRotation());
			break;
		}  // case etItemFrame

		default:
		{
			break;
		}
	}
}

void cProtocol_1_11_0::WriteMobMetadata(cPacketizer & a_Pkt, const cMonster & a_Mob)
{
	using namespace Metadata;

	// Living Enitiy Metadata
	if (a_Mob.HasCustomName())
	{
		// TODO: As of 1.9 _all_ entities can have custom names; should this be moved up?
		a_Pkt.WriteBEUInt8(ENTITY_CUSTOM_NAME);
		a_Pkt.WriteBEUInt8(METADATA_TYPE_STRING);
		a_Pkt.WriteString(a_Mob.GetCustomName());

		a_Pkt.WriteBEUInt8(ENTITY_CUSTOM_NAME_VISIBLE);  // Custom name always visible
		a_Pkt.WriteBEUInt8(METADATA_TYPE_BOOL);
		a_Pkt.WriteBool(a_Mob.IsCustomNameAlwaysVisible());
	}

	a_Pkt.WriteBEUInt8(LIVING_HEALTH);
	a_Pkt.WriteBEUInt8(METADATA_TYPE_FLOAT);
	a_Pkt.WriteBEFloat(static_cast<float>(a_Mob.GetHealth()));

	switch (a_Mob.GetMobType())
	{
		case mtBat:
		{
			auto & Bat = reinterpret_cast<const cBat &>(a_Mob);
			a_Pkt.WriteBEUInt8(BAT_HANGING);
			a_Pkt.WriteBEUInt8(METADATA_TYPE_BYTE);
			a_Pkt.WriteBEInt8(Bat.IsHanging() ? 1 : 0);
			break;
		}  // case mtBat

		case mtCreeper:
		{
			auto & Creeper = reinterpret_cast<const cCreeper &>(a_Mob);
			a_Pkt.WriteBEUInt8(CREEPER_STATE);  // (idle or "blowing")
			a_Pkt.WriteBEUInt8(METADATA_TYPE_VARINT);
			a_Pkt.WriteVarInt32(Creeper.IsBlowing() ? 1 : static_cast<UInt32>(-1));

			a_Pkt.WriteBEUInt8(CREEPER_POWERED);
			a_Pkt.WriteBEUInt8(METADATA_TYPE_BOOL);
			a_Pkt.WriteBool(Creeper.IsCharged());

			a_Pkt.WriteBEUInt8(CREEPER_IGNITED);
			a_Pkt.WriteBEUInt8(METADATA_TYPE_BOOL);
			a_Pkt.WriteBool(Creeper.IsBurnedWithFlintAndSteel());
			break;
		}  // case mtCreeper

		case mtEnderman:
		{
			auto & Enderman = reinterpret_cast<const cEnderman &>(a_Mob);
			a_Pkt.WriteBEUInt8(ENDERMAN_CARRIED_BLOCK);
			a_Pkt.WriteBEUInt8(METADATA_TYPE_BLOCKID);
			UInt32 Carried = 0;
			Carried |= static_cast<UInt32>(Enderman.GetCarriedBlock() << 4);
			Carried |= Enderman.GetCarriedMeta();
			a_Pkt.WriteVarInt32(Carried);

			a_Pkt.WriteBEUInt8(ENDERMAN_SCREAMING);
			a_Pkt.WriteBEUInt8(METADATA_TYPE_BOOL);
			a_Pkt.WriteBool(Enderman.IsScreaming());
			break;
		}  // case mtEnderman

		case mtGhast:
		{
			auto & Ghast = reinterpret_cast<const cGhast &>(a_Mob);
			a_Pkt.WriteBEUInt8(GHAST_ATTACKING);
			a_Pkt.WriteBEUInt8(METADATA_TYPE_BOOL);
			a_Pkt.WriteBool(Ghast.IsCharging());
			break;
		}  // case mtGhast

		case mtHorse:
		{
			// XXX This behaves incorrectly with different varients; horses have different entity IDs now

			// Abstract horse
			auto & Horse = reinterpret_cast<const cHorse &>(a_Mob);
			Int8 Flags = 0;
			if (Horse.IsTame())
			{
				Flags |= 0x02;
			}
			if (Horse.IsSaddled())
			{
				Flags |= 0x04;
			}
			if (Horse.IsChested())
			{
				Flags |= 0x08;
			}
			if (Horse.IsEating())
			{
				Flags |= 0x20;
			}
			if (Horse.IsRearing())
			{
				Flags |= 0x40;
			}
			if (Horse.IsMthOpen())
			{
				Flags |= 0x80;
			}
			a_Pkt.WriteBEUInt8(ABSTRACT_HORSE_STATUS);
			a_Pkt.WriteBEUInt8(METADATA_TYPE_BYTE);
			a_Pkt.WriteBEInt8(Flags);

			// This doesn't exist any more; it'll cause horses to all be the normal type
			// a_Pkt.WriteBEUInt8(HORSE_TYPE);
			// a_Pkt.WriteBEUInt8(METADATA_TYPE_VARINT);
			// a_Pkt.WriteVarInt32(static_cast<UInt32>(Horse.GetHorseType()));

			// Regular horses
			a_Pkt.WriteBEUInt8(HORSE_VARIANT);  // Color / style
			a_Pkt.WriteBEUInt8(METADATA_TYPE_VARINT);
			int Appearance = 0;
			Appearance = Horse.GetHorseColor();
			Appearance |= Horse.GetHorseStyle() << 8;
			a_Pkt.WriteVarInt32(static_cast<UInt32>(Appearance));

			a_Pkt.WriteBEUInt8(HORSE_ARMOR);
			a_Pkt.WriteBEUInt8(METADATA_TYPE_VARINT);
			a_Pkt.WriteVarInt32(static_cast<UInt32>(Horse.GetHorseArmour()));

			a_Pkt.WriteBEUInt8(AGEABLE_BABY);
			a_Pkt.WriteBEUInt8(METADATA_TYPE_BOOL);
			a_Pkt.WriteBool(Horse.IsBaby());
			break;
		}  // case mtHorse

		case mtMagmaCube:
		{
			auto & MagmaCube = reinterpret_cast<const cMagmaCube &>(a_Mob);
			a_Pkt.WriteBEUInt8(SLIME_SIZE);
			a_Pkt.WriteBEUInt8(METADATA_TYPE_VARINT);
			a_Pkt.WriteVarInt32(static_cast<UInt32>(MagmaCube.GetSize()));
			break;
		}  // case mtMagmaCube

		case mtOcelot:
		{
			auto & Ocelot = reinterpret_cast<const cOcelot &>(a_Mob);

			a_Pkt.WriteBEUInt8(AGEABLE_BABY);
			a_Pkt.WriteBEUInt8(METADATA_TYPE_BOOL);
			a_Pkt.WriteBool(Ocelot.IsBaby());
			break;
		}  // case mtOcelot

		case mtCow:
		{
			auto & Cow = reinterpret_cast<const cCow &>(a_Mob);

			a_Pkt.WriteBEUInt8(AGEABLE_BABY);
			a_Pkt.WriteBEUInt8(METADATA_TYPE_BOOL);
			a_Pkt.WriteBool(Cow.IsBaby());
			break;
		}  // case mtCow

		case mtChicken:
		{
			auto & Chicken = reinterpret_cast<const cChicken &>(a_Mob);

			a_Pkt.WriteBEUInt8(AGEABLE_BABY);
			a_Pkt.WriteBEUInt8(METADATA_TYPE_BOOL);
			a_Pkt.WriteBool(Chicken.IsBaby());
			break;
		}  // case mtChicken

		case mtPig:
		{
			auto & Pig = reinterpret_cast<const cPig &>(a_Mob);

			a_Pkt.WriteBEUInt8(AGEABLE_BABY);
			a_Pkt.WriteBEUInt8(METADATA_TYPE_BOOL);
			a_Pkt.WriteBool(Pig.IsBaby());

			a_Pkt.WriteBEUInt8(PIG_HAS_SADDLE);
			a_Pkt.WriteBEUInt8(METADATA_TYPE_BOOL);
			a_Pkt.WriteBool(Pig.IsSaddled());

			// PIG_TOTAL_CARROT_ON_A_STICK_BOOST in 1.11.1 only
			break;
		}  // case mtPig

		case mtSheep:
		{
			auto & Sheep = reinterpret_cast<const cSheep &>(a_Mob);

			a_Pkt.WriteBEUInt8(AGEABLE_BABY);
			a_Pkt.WriteBEUInt8(METADATA_TYPE_BOOL);
			a_Pkt.WriteBool(Sheep.IsBaby());

			a_Pkt.WriteBEUInt8(SHEEP_STATUS);
			a_Pkt.WriteBEUInt8(METADATA_TYPE_BYTE);
			Int8 SheepMetadata = 0;
			SheepMetadata = static_cast<Int8>(Sheep.GetFurColor());
			if (Sheep.IsSheared())
			{
				SheepMetadata |= 0x10;
			}
			a_Pkt.WriteBEInt8(SheepMetadata);
			break;
		}  // case mtSheep

		case mtRabbit:
		{
			auto & Rabbit = reinterpret_cast<const cRabbit &>(a_Mob);
			a_Pkt.WriteBEUInt8(AGEABLE_BABY);
			a_Pkt.WriteBEUInt8(METADATA_TYPE_BOOL);
			a_Pkt.WriteBool(Rabbit.IsBaby());

			a_Pkt.WriteBEUInt8(RABBIT_TYPE);
			a_Pkt.WriteBEUInt8(METADATA_TYPE_VARINT);
			a_Pkt.WriteVarInt32(static_cast<UInt32>(Rabbit.GetRabbitType()));
			break;
		}  // case mtRabbit

		case mtSkeleton:
		{
			// XXX Skeletons are separate entities; all skeletons are currently treated as regular ones

			// auto & Skeleton = reinterpret_cast<const cSkeleton &>(a_Mob);
			// a_Pkt.WriteBEUInt8(SKELETON_TYPE);
			// a_Pkt.WriteBEUInt8(METADATA_TYPE_VARINT);
			// a_Pkt.WriteVarInt32(Skeleton.IsWither() ? 1 : 0);
			break;
		}  // case mtSkeleton

		case mtSlime:
		{
			auto & Slime = reinterpret_cast<const cSlime &>(a_Mob);
			a_Pkt.WriteBEUInt8(SLIME_SIZE);
			a_Pkt.WriteBEUInt8(METADATA_TYPE_VARINT);
			a_Pkt.WriteVarInt32(static_cast<UInt32>(Slime.GetSize()));
			break;
		}  // case mtSlime

		case mtVillager:
		{
			auto & Villager = reinterpret_cast<const cVillager &>(a_Mob);
			a_Pkt.WriteBEUInt8(AGEABLE_BABY);
			a_Pkt.WriteBEUInt8(METADATA_TYPE_BOOL);
			a_Pkt.WriteBool(Villager.IsBaby());

			a_Pkt.WriteBEUInt8(VILLAGER_PROFESSION);
			a_Pkt.WriteBEUInt8(METADATA_TYPE_VARINT);
			a_Pkt.WriteVarInt32(static_cast<UInt32>(Villager.GetVilType()));
			break;
		}  // case mtVillager

		case mtWitch:
		{
			auto & Witch = reinterpret_cast<const cWitch &>(a_Mob);
			a_Pkt.WriteBEUInt8(WITCH_AGGRESIVE);
			a_Pkt.WriteBEUInt8(METADATA_TYPE_BOOL);
			a_Pkt.WriteBool(Witch.IsAngry());
			break;
		}  // case mtWitch

		case mtWither:
		{
			auto & Wither = reinterpret_cast<const cWither &>(a_Mob);
			a_Pkt.WriteBEUInt8(WITHER_INVULNERABLE_TIMER);
			a_Pkt.WriteBEUInt8(METADATA_TYPE_VARINT);
			a_Pkt.WriteVarInt32(Wither.GetWitherInvulnerableTicks());

			// TODO: Use boss bar packet for health
			break;
		}  // case mtWither

		case mtWolf:
		{
			auto & Wolf = reinterpret_cast<const cWolf &>(a_Mob);
			a_Pkt.WriteBEUInt8(AGEABLE_BABY);
			a_Pkt.WriteBEUInt8(METADATA_TYPE_BOOL);
			a_Pkt.WriteBool(Wolf.IsBaby());

			Int8 WolfStatus = 0;
			if (Wolf.IsSitting())
			{
				WolfStatus |= 0x1;
			}
			if (Wolf.IsAngry())
			{
				WolfStatus |= 0x2;
			}
			if (Wolf.IsTame())
			{
				WolfStatus |= 0x4;
			}
			a_Pkt.WriteBEUInt8(TAMEABLE_ANIMAL_STATUS);
			a_Pkt.WriteBEUInt8(METADATA_TYPE_BYTE);
			a_Pkt.WriteBEInt8(WolfStatus);

			a_Pkt.WriteBEUInt8(WOLF_DAMAGE_TAKEN);
			a_Pkt.WriteBEUInt8(METADATA_TYPE_FLOAT);
			a_Pkt.WriteBEFloat(static_cast<float>(a_Mob.GetHealth()));  // TODO Not use the current health

			a_Pkt.WriteBEUInt8(WOLF_BEGGING);
			a_Pkt.WriteBEUInt8(METADATA_TYPE_BOOL);
			a_Pkt.WriteBool(Wolf.IsBegging());

			a_Pkt.WriteBEUInt8(WOLF_COLLAR_COLOR);
			a_Pkt.WriteBEUInt8(METADATA_TYPE_VARINT);
			a_Pkt.WriteVarInt32(static_cast<UInt32>(Wolf.GetCollarColor()));
			break;
		}  // case mtWolf

		case mtZombie:
		{
			// XXX Zombies were also split into new sublcasses; this doesn't handle that.
			auto & Zombie = reinterpret_cast<const cZombie &>(a_Mob);
			a_Pkt.WriteBEUInt8(ZOMBIE_IS_BABY);
			a_Pkt.WriteBEUInt8(METADATA_TYPE_BOOL);
			a_Pkt.WriteBool(Zombie.IsBaby());

			// These don't exist
			// a_Pkt.WriteBEUInt8(ZOMBIE_TYPE);
			// a_Pkt.WriteBEUInt8(METADATA_TYPE_VARINT);
			// a_Pkt.WriteVarInt32(Zombie.IsVillagerZombie() ? 1 : 0);

			// a_Pkt.WriteBEUInt8(ZOMBIE_CONVERTING);
			// a_Pkt.WriteBEUInt8(METADATA_TYPE_BOOL);
			// a_Pkt.WriteBool(Zombie.IsConverting());
			break;
		}  // case mtZombie

		case mtZombiePigman:
		{
			auto & ZombiePigman = reinterpret_cast<const cZombiePigman &>(a_Mob);
			a_Pkt.WriteBEUInt8(AGEABLE_BABY);
			a_Pkt.WriteBEUInt8(METADATA_TYPE_BOOL);
			a_Pkt.WriteBool(ZombiePigman.IsBaby());
			break;
		}  // case mtZombiePigman
	}  // switch (a_Mob.GetType())
}

cProtocol_1_11_1::cProtocol_1_11_1(cClientHandle * a_Client, const AString & a_ServerAddress, UInt16 a_ServerPort, UInt32 a_State) :
	super(a_Client, a_ServerAddress, a_ServerPort, a_State)
{
}

void cProtocol_1_11_1::HandlePacketStatusRequest(cByteBuffer & a_ByteBuffer)
{
	cServer * Server = cRoot::Get()->GetServer();
	AString ServerDescription = Server->GetDescription();
	int NumPlayers = Server->GetNumPlayers();
	int MaxPlayers = Server->GetMaxPlayers();
	AString Favicon = Server->GetFaviconData();
	cRoot::Get()->GetPluginManager()->CallHookServerPing(*m_Client, ServerDescription, NumPlayers, MaxPlayers, Favicon);

	// Version:
	Json::Value Version;
	Version["name"] = "Cuberite 1.11.1";
	Version["protocol"] = cProtocolRecognizer::PROTO_VERSION_1_11_1;

	// Players:
	Json::Value Players;
	Players["online"] = NumPlayers;
	Players["max"] = MaxPlayers;
	// TODO: Add "sample"

	// Description:
	Json::Value Description;
	Description["text"] = ServerDescription.c_str();

	// Create the response:
	Json::Value ResponseValue;
	ResponseValue["version"] = Version;
	ResponseValue["players"] = Players;
	ResponseValue["description"] = Description;
	if (!Favicon.empty())
	{
		ResponseValue["favicon"] = Printf("data:image/png;base64,%s", Favicon.c_str());
	}

	// Serialize the response into a packet:
	Json::FastWriter Writer;
	cPacketizer Pkt(*this, 0x00);  // Response packet
	Pkt.WriteString(Writer.write(ResponseValue));
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
Biografia
Il 26 febbraio 2022 ha fatto segnare il record statunitense nei 200 metri piani indoor con 22"09, secondo tempo di sempre sulla distanza; ai Mondiali di Eugene ha vinto la medaglia d'oro nella staffetta 4×100 m e nella staffetta 4×400 m.

Palmarès

Note

Collegamenti esterni

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
Events from the year 1693 in Ireland.

Incumbent
Monarch: William III and Mary II

Events
February 1 – the 8th King's Royal Irish Hussars are raised by Colonel Henry Conyngham as Conyngham's dragoons.
March 9 – the House of Commons of England presents an address to King William III complaining of mismanagement of Irish affairs. The Lord Lieutenant of Ireland, Viscount Sydney, is recalled on 13 June and administration left in the hands of Lords Justices.
Huguenot cemetery, Dublin, is established.

Arts and literature
Vertue rewarded, or The Irish princess, an early romance novel set in Clonmel during the Williamite War in Ireland, is published in London.

Births
August 13 – Gustavus Handcock, politician (d. 1751)

Deaths

January – Edward FitzGerald-Villiers, soldier (b. c. 1654)
July 19 (July 29, New Style) – John Barrett, soldier, killed in the French service at the Battle of Landen.
August 21 – Patrick Sarsfield, 1st Earl of Lucan, Jacobite and soldier (b. c. 1660)
Peter French, Dominican missionary and theologian.

References

Years of the 17th century in Ireland
1690s in Ireland
Ireland


In addition to participating in the rituals associated with each holiday, we bring the community together for some creative programs that make the occasions more fun and memorable. Our City Slickers Western-style Sukkah party and our Lag B'omer Luau or the Megillah Madness Basketball Tournament for Purim night are just a few examples of how we aim to increase the joy of those taking part in the festivities. Of course, food, games and music are a welcome component of these events.
Our "Jewish Journeys" program is a series of conversations in members' homes. Over 170 families were represented in our first year, "Our Jewish Past," where members shared their backgrounds and lessons learned over the years. We came to know each other better, and grew the fabric of our community. In the fall of 2016, we continued the conversations with "Our Jewish Future." Contact Rabbi Tobin for more information about these profound and meaningful experiences for members of our congregation.
Each year we also arrange group trips to museums and the theater and we have screened relevant films and heard lectures from guest speakers on Israel, Jewish History and Jewish Composers. We have also hosted Jewish a Capella singing groups and held musical concerts that enrich our lives at B'nai Shalom.
For young families, we have gone apple picking, celebrated Noah at the Turtle Back Zoo, held early Shabbat services and dinners followed by engaging entertainment for the children and parents, witnessed Havdallah under the stars and celebrated grandparents and other significant family members on a Shabbat for the children.
We invite new ideas of how we can better engage you in your Jewish life here and welcome your involvement in our programs to enhance your experience as part of the B'nai Shalom Community.
For additional information or to share an idea, please contact Leslie Gleaner, our Programing Coordinator, at programs@bnaishalom.net.
You can easily register for any of our up coming events by filling out the form below. Transaction for paid events will safely be processed through PayPal and you will receive an e-mail confirmation of the transaction.
The event will be held on April 28, 2019 starting at 3:00 pm and last for 2 hours and 6 minutes.
Please contact me regarding membership at B'nai Shalom.
The event will be held on June 9, 2019 starting at 11:59 am and last for 1 hours and 4 minutes. Registration for this event will close on June 5, 2019.
The event will be held on June 23, 2019 starting at 3:00 pm and last for 1 hours and 26 minutes.
The event will be held on May 19, 2019 starting at 3:00 pm and last for 1 hours and 28 minutes.
The event will be held on May 19, 2019 starting at 1:00 pm and last for 1 hours.
The event will be held on May 29, 2019 starting at 7:00 pm and last for 0 hours and 59 minutes.
The event will be held on June 5, 2019 starting at 7:00 pm and last for 1 hours.
The event will be held on May 19, 2019 starting at 11:00 am and last for 2 hours. Registration for this event will close on May 14, 2019.
The event will be held on May 5, 2019 starting at 1:00 pm and last for 1 hours.
The event will be held on May 12, 2019 starting at 10:31 am and last for 1 hours and 8 minutes.
The event will be held on April 28, 2019 at 4:00 pm and last for 2 hours and 30 minutes. Registration for this event will close on April 23, 2019.
The event will be held on June 9, 2019 at 11:59 am and last for 1 hours and 3 minutes. Registration for this event will close on June 7, 2019.
Aviva Kamens was a 2017 graduate of Golda Och Academy in West Orange. At Golda Och, Aviva was a T'fila mentor, wrote and edited for the school newspaper, sang in the High School Choir, and acted or crewed in numerous plays and musicals.
Aviva was an active member of USY and a regional and international leader. She served on the board of her USY chapters in both Highland Park and West Orange, was the Hagalil Region chair of the Abraham Joshua Heschel honor society, and was elected regional Religion/Education Vice President in her senior year. Aviva attended three USY International Conventions and was a fellow in the International USY Torah Bytes study program.
A "Ramahnik for life," Aviva has attended or worked at Camp Ramah in the Berkshires for 11 (going on 12) years. She was a camper from 2008 to 2015, traveled to Poland and Israel with Ramah Seminar in 2016, and is now entering her third year on staff. She is part of the Berkshires Livnot leadership development program, and has attended the Bert B. Weinstein Institute for Staff Training at Camp Ramah in California for the past two years.
Aviva is currently a second-year student at the Jewish Theological Seminary's List College joint program with Columbia University. She is studying for a degree in Theater from Columbia, and a degree in Bible from JTS.
She is the Gabbai of Koach, the Conservative minyan at Columbia/Barnard Hillel, and is also the Technical Director for the Columbia University Performing Arts League (CUPAL), the umbrella organization for all student theater productions on campus.
Aviva was honored to receive the 2017 Youth of the Year Award from B'nai Shalom's Men's Club.
Jeremy Caplan is a proud member of B'nai Shalom. His connection to B'nai Shalom can be traced back to his grandparents, who have been members of the shul for over 40 years. However, it wasn't until five years ago that Jeremy became part of B'nai Shalom. Although he was born in New York City, Jeremy grew up abroad, living in London, England, and Zurich, Switzerland, for 10 years. He moved back to America when he was 11 years old and has been part of B'nai Shalom since. He became a bar mitzvah in the same sanctuary where his mother and two aunts were bat mitzvahed. For his bar mitzvah project Jeremy volunteered at the Friendship Circle, where he helped children with special needs.
Upon his completion of Hebrew school, Jeremy was invited back to serve as an Ozer, helping to teach the younger children. He plans to continue in this role until he graduates from high school. He also tutors at the Religious School on Sunday mornings. He helps out at shul when it's time to assemble and deliver mishloach manot for Purim, make a minyan, or deliver challah to the elderly through the MetroWest Federation. Jeremy is involved in B'nai Shalom's USY chapter and is a member of the Board.
Jeremy has been a leader in his sleepaway camp community. While a camper at Camp Micah in Bridgton, Maine, he received the Kavod Award, which is awarded to campers who show immense integrity and honor. In his last year at camp this past summer Jeremy was awarded the Milton Tatelman Award. This prestigious award is only given out to one boy and one girl camper in their final camp year. The entire camp staff votes on the recipient. The award is bestowed upon the camper who exemplifies the Camp Micah philosophy of being a leader, is kind-hearted, respectful, friendly, caring, and an honorable member of their community.
Jeremy is a sophomore at West Essex Regional High School. He has achieved Honor Roll every year since entering middle school and is a member of the National Jr. Honor Society. He plays trumpet in the concert band. He swims on the varsity swim team, and is an active member of the Debate Club, Model UN, DECA (Distributive Education Clubs of America), where he was the only freshman from his school to make it to States, the next level in the competition, and the Key Club, a community service club.
The Patron Reception is a one-hour meet-and-greet event with an opportunity to speak directly with Ambassador Oren along with other patrons. The event will be held in a separate area from the main event. Hors d'oeuvres and refreshments will be severed. There will be photo opportunities with the Ambassador and for those who own one of his books, he will gladly sign your copy. There will not be any books for sale at this event.
Patrons will have priority seating at the main presentation.
This special half-hour session is something that Dr. Oren requested as he wants a chance to meet and talk to our future leaders. This event is open ONLY to high school, undergraduate and graduate students.
Light refreshments will be served. Participants of the Youth Talk are welcome to join the main presentation.
The PLATINUM LEVEL includes four (4) tickets to the Patron Reception - $1,500.
The GOLD LEVEL includes two (2) tickets to the Patron Reception - $1,000.
Sponsors will be recognized at the event and will have prime seating at the main presentation.


for our numerous programs is generated from our gift shop, vendor sales, additional fundraisers and your support.
Human Health Care Scholarship Program – provided to eligible graduating high school seniors, employees and BCH volunteers. $45,500 granted in 2018.
SANE Program – provides needed clothing to sexual assault victims.
Coloring Book Program – provides books & crayons to children admitted to Emergency Department.
Ongoing Educational Support – provided to our staff & caregivers.
Bicycle Helmets - provided to Trauma Dept. for distribution within the community.
Boulder Busts A Move Fundraisers - benefiting the BCHA Breast Cancer Treatment Fund.
Past Extravaganza events – $450,000 was raised for the BCHA Breast Cancer Treatment Fund in the past five years.
Volunteer… be part of this great organization, participate in ongoing events/projects, be part of our Leadership Council, volunteer in our Gift Shop or other parts of the hospital.


Australia is a member of the Nations Cup Regatta (Coupe des Nations) which is conducted annually.
The Maritime Management Centre within Transport for NSW (TfNSW) together with Roads and Maritime Services is undertaking a state-wide study of existing boating facilities and saftety measures. Have your say by completing the survey.


text:
Descriptive Article, Political History, United States History November 4, 2016 November 4, 2016
Federalists and Anti-Federalists
by Mehmet Samuk
Every year there are dozens of scholarly books and articles that are published describing the founding period of the United States. The debate between Federalists and Anti-Federalists over the ratification of the Constitution is one of the topics often discussed. Both the Federalists and the Anti-Federalists presented arguments that have had profound effects on subsequent American history. It is important for us to learn the full nature of their debate and how it has influenced our views on American government.
Left to Right, Alexander Hamilton, James Madison, John Jay | courtesy of wikihistorian
"Nothing is more certain than the indispensable necessity of government, and it is equally undeniable, that whenever and however it is instituted, the people must cede to it some of their natural rights in order to vest it with requisite powers."1 Federalists, the supporters of the Constitution, had the support of some of the most prominent men in America, including Benjamin Franklin and George Washington. Moreover, prominent political philosophers of their time, such as Alexander Hamilton, James Madison, and John Jay, published a series of essays under a pseudonym "Publius." These essays were widely published in newspapers throughout the nation. They explained the meaning and the virtues of the Constitution and countered the powerful arguments of the opposing side. Today, they are known as The Federalist Papers. These documents are important American contributions to modern political theory.2
Title page of the first collection of The Federalist Papers (1788)
Patrick Henry, a famous Anti-Federalist, was well known for his quote, "I know not what others may choose but, as for me, give me liberty or give me death!" In order to combat the attention given to those who had different opinions, the Federalists deemed their opponents as "Anti-federalists," giving the message that individuals that were not associated with the Federalists had nothing to offer besides negative opposition and chaos. However, Anti-Federalists did have serious and intelligent arguments of their own. They presented themselves as the loyal defenders of the principles of the Revolution. Moreover, they believed that the Constitution would betray the principles of freedom by establishing a tyrannical central power in the new government.
The main claims of Anti-Federalists were that a federal government would make unfair distinction among the citizens, raise taxes, abolish the states, and end individual liberties.3 According to them "the constitution was the basic mistrust of human nature and the capacity of human beings to wield power."4. They believed the Constitution lacked a much needed Bill of Rights, a concern that became one of the most important sources of their opposition, with at least nine out of ten Anti-Federalists wanting a written Bill of Rights.5
Signing the U.S Constitution by Junius Brutus Stearns in 1855 | Courtesy of Virginia Museum of Fine Arts
At the heart of the debate between Federalists and Anti-Federalists was a battle between two fears. The Federalists were afraid of disorder, anarchy, and chaos; they believed that a constitution would prevent these catastrophic events. The Anti-Federalists were not anarchists and they too recognized the need for an effective government; they believed that the greatest threat to the future of the United States was the government's potential to become corrupt and seize more power until its tyrannical hand stretched across the country and completely dominated the citizens.6
Despite the Anti-Federalist efforts, the Constitution was ratified in 1790, but during the ratification debate, Madison conceded that a bill of rights was needed. Federalists assured that the first step of the new government would be adopting a bill of rights.
John Jay, Federalist Papers no 2, (1787), 1. ↵
Alan Brinkley, American History: Connecting with the Past Volume 2, 15 edition (New York: McGraw-Hill Education, 2014), 145. ↵
Alan Brinkley, American History: Connecting with the Past Volume 2, 15 edition (New York: McGraw-Hill Education, 2014), 146 ↵
Main T. Jackson, The Antifederalists: Critics of the Constitution, 1781-1788 (New York: W.W. Norton, 1974), 159. ↵
John H. Aldric and Ruth W. Grant, "The Antifederalists, the First Congress, and the First Parties," The Journal of Politics, vol 55 no. 2 (1993): 295. ↵
Anti-Federalist, Constitution, Federalist
Mehmet Samuk
More from Mehmet Samuk
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The Battle of Gettysburg: Major Turning Point of the Civil War
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Next articleThe Death of Alexander the Great
Cameron Lopez says:
What a great article to read. I knew about Federalists and Anti-Federalists and had the basic understanding of what they were. One for the Constitution and the other against it. But I never really knew the details until reading this article. I now have a better understanding of the two which makes it more clear and how this led to the need for the Bill Of Rights. Great article overall
Michael Hinojosa says:
An amazing article for anyone trying to understand the federalist papers and the context that surrounds it too! I won't lie, no matter how many times it was hammered into my head from middle to high school I was never really able to understand the difference between the anti-federalists and the federalists, they always just seemed the same to me! But after reading this article I feel like now I finally know the difference; so thank you so much!
Leave a Reply to Cameron Lopez Cancel reply
Cultural History, Descriptive Article, Economic History, Graduate, Latin American Studies, People, United States History, US-Contemporary United States (1968-present), US-Emergence of Modern America (1890-1930)
On the Road Again: Charlotte Kahl's Journey Along the Old Spanish Trail


Interested in obtaining your GED® certification in Monkton MD? The GED® exam is for adults who do not have their high school diploma. The certificate that you receive upon completion of the Maryland GED® test is accepted as an equivalent credential to a high school diploma by employers and colleges throughout the United States.
The test covers basic skills that students learn about in high school. Subjects covered in GED® classes include reading, writing, math, science, and social studies. Those are the subject areas that make up the GED® examination in Maryland.


text:
Donna Fraser Selected by the World Association of Athletics…
Donna Fraser Selected by the World Association of Athletics Federation
The World Athletics Federation has selected Donna Fraser (50, UK) as the winner of the 2022 Gender Equality Award.
The World Athletics Federation announced the news of Fraser's award on the 30th (Korea Standard Time), saying, "Fraser is a former sprinter who worked hard to strengthen women's capabilities and promote gender equality."
Fraser was a women's sprinter whose main event was the 400m.
She also won the bronze medal in the women's 1,600-meter relay at the 2005 World Championships in Athletics in Helsinki and 2007 in Osaka.
After retiring, he worked as an administrator in sports such as track and field.
"After retirement, Fraser worked for the British Athletics Federation, the World Athletics Federation, and various international track and field events secretariat, helping our sports recognize diversity and embrace a lot," the World Athletics Federation said.
Fraser was named the Officer of the Order of the British Empire (OBE) in 2021.
"It's easy to say I want more diversity, but it's not easy to realize it," Fraser said through the World Athletics Federation. "Because track and field consists of various events, we have to embrace various people at a higher level."
"I like women who make changes to their colleagues and try to overcome their limitations," he said, expecting women to be active in the track and field world.
이 글은 news 카테고리에 분류되었고 admin님에 의해 작성되었습니다. 고유주소 북마크.


GW170817 was the first gravitational wave detection of a binary neutron-star merger. It was accompanied by radiation across the electromagnetic spectrum and localized to the galaxy NGC 4993 at a distance of 40 megaparsecs. It has been proposed that the observed γ-ray, X-ray and radio emission is due to an ultra-relativistic jet launched during the merger, directed away from our line of sight. The presence of such a jet is predicted from models that posit neutron-star mergers as the central engines that drive short hard γ-ray bursts. Here we report that the radio light curve of GW170817 has no direct signature of an off-axis jet afterglow. Although we cannot rule out the existence of a jet pointing elsewhere, the observed γ-rays could not have originated from such a jet. Instead, the radio data require a mildly relativistic wide-angle outflow moving towards us. This outflow could be the high-velocity tail of the neutron-rich material dynamically ejected during the merger or a cocoon of material that breaks out when a jet transfers its energy to the dynamical ejecta. The cocoon model explains the radio light curve of GW170817 as well as the γ-rays and X-rays (possibly also ultraviolet and optical emission), and is therefore the model most consistent with the observational data. Cocoons may be a ubiquitous phenomenon produced in neutron-star mergers, giving rise to a heretofore unidentified population of radio, ultraviolet, X-ray and γ-ray transients in the local Universe.
© 2017 Macmillan Publishers Limited, part of Springer Nature. Received: 28 November 2017; Accepted: 11 December 2017; Published online: 20 December 2017. We acknowledge the support and dedication of the staff of the National Radio Astronomy Observatory and particularly thank the VLA Director, M. McKinnon, as well as A. Mioduszewski and H. Medlin, for making the VLA campaign possible. We thank Britt Griswold (NASA/GSFC) for beautiful graphic arts. SK thanks M. Shull for discussions. The National Radio Astronomy Observatory is a facility of the National Science Foundation operated under cooperative agreement by Associated Universities, Inc. We thank the GMRT staff for scheduling our observations. The GMRT is run by the National Centre for Radio Astrophysics of the Tata Institute of Fundamental Research. The Australia Telescope Compact Array is part of the Australia Telescope National Facility which is funded by the Australian Government for operation as a National Facility managed by CSIRO. KM's research is supported by the Hintze Centre for Astrophysical Surveys which is funded through the Hintze Family Charitable Foundation. EN acknowledges the support of an ERC starting grant (GRB/SN) and an ISF grant (1277/13). GH acknowledges the support of NSF award AST-1654815.AC acknowledges support from the National Science Foundation CAREER award #1455090 titled 'CAREER: Radio and gravitational-wave emission from the largest explosions since the Big Bang'. AH acknowledges support by the I-Core Program of the Planning and Budgeting Committee and the Israel Science Foundation. TM acknowledges the support of the Australian Research Council through grant FT150100099. Parts of this research were conducted by the Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for All-sky Astrophysics (CAASTRO), through project number CE110001020. DK was supported by NSF grant AST-1412421. MK's work was supported by the GROWTH (Global Relay of Observatories Watching Transients Happen) project funded by the National Science Foundation under PIRE Grant No 1545949. This work is part of the research program Innovational Research Incentives Scheme (Vernieuwingsimpuls), which is financed by the Netherlands Organization for Scientific Research through the NWO VIDI Grant No. 639.042.612-Nissanke and NWO TOP Grant No. 62002444--Nissanke. PC acknowledges support from the Department of Science and Technology via SwarnaJayanti Fellowship awards (DST/SJF/PSA-01/2014-15). TP acknowledges the support of Advanced ERC grant TReX. VB acknowledges the support of the Science and Engineering Research Board, Department of Science and Technology, India, for the GROWTH-India project. Author Contributions: KM, EN, KH, GH and DF wrote the paper. AC compiled the references. AC and AH compiled the methods section. DD and KD compiled the radio measurements table. KM managed the VLA observing program and processed all the VLA data. SM, AD and SB helped plan the VLA observations. EN, KH, DK and KM prepared the figures. TM planned and managed ATCA observations and data analysis and contributed to the manuscript text. DK helped propose for and plan the ATCA observations and contributed to the manuscript text. EL, DD, CL and KB helped with ATCA observations and data reduction. KD planned and managed GMRT observations and contributed to manuscript text. KM and PC processed the GMRT data. VB helped in the GMRT observations. OG and EN provided the cocoon simulation. KH provided the spherical ejecta model. SN did the GW and cocoon rates analysis. SK, TP, MK and LS provided text for the paper. All coauthors discussed the results and provided comments on the manuscript. Data availability: All relevant data are available from the corresponding author on request. Data presented in Figure 1 are included in Extended Data Table 1. Code availability: The codes used for generating the synthetic radio light curves are currently being readied for public release (publication in preparation). Radio data processing software: CASA, MIRIAD, DIFMAP.


My story of becoming interested in acupuncture and incorporating it into a general medical practice could fill an entire book. Here is a one paragraph version.
I obtained my MD degree from the University of Washington in 1980. I then did a rotating internship at the Montreal General Hospital, a McGill University affiliated teaching hospital. I came back to Washington to work at a federally subsidized low income clinic on the coast of Washington. In this rural general practice numerous patients presented with painful conditions which were not readily responding to my therapy or the therapy obtained through referrals to specialists. In 1982 I went to a seminar in Vancouver to learn from a Canadian physiatrist how Transcutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulation might help my patients with painful conditions. While there I learned some neuroanatomical acupuncture and to my surprise it worked on several patients. I became very interested in acupuncture as a result of these initial successes and enrolled in a course on medical acupuncture sponsored by the UCLA school of medicine.
I wasn't the only Western physician to discover the benefits of acupuncture. Since the early 1980s there has been enormous growth in alternative forms of medicine. Acupuncture is one of the most rapidly growing areas of alternative medicine with both physicians and licensed acupuncturists providing therapy. There were an estimated 5 million visits in 1997. Recent events have accelerated the interest in acupuncture. In 1996 The FDA reclassified acupuncture needles as no longer experimental devices. In 1997 a National Institutes of Health Consensus Development Conference heightened public as well as professional awareness of scientific evidence as to acupuncture's effectiveness in treating medical conditions.
The American Academy of Medical Acupuncture, founded in 1987 with fewer than fifty members, has grown to more than 1600 members currently---and membership is doubling every two to three years. I should point out that this organization includes only those with an M.D. or D.O. license (or equivalent) to practice medicine either in the U.S. or Canada.
Acupuncture is a very old medical art, and there are many approaches to learning and practicing it. Medical acupuncture is the term used to describe acupuncture performed by a doctor trained and licensed in Western medicine who has also had thorough training in acupuncture as a specialty practice. Such a doctor can use one or the other approach, or a combination of both, as the need arises to treat an illness. Indeed, I am directing this paper to licensed physicians who are open to the possibility of incorporating acupuncture into their Western medical practices.
Change, especially amongst medical professionals, is often a difficult and painful process. There are two possible changes being explored in this paper. The first is making referrals for acupuncture; the second is actually incorporating acupuncture into a standard medical practice. By discussing the drawbacks and advantages of making these changes, I hope to promote the changes and make them easier. The drawbacks associated with referring patients and with incorporating acupuncture are different enough that I will enumerate them separately. Whereas the advantages of referring and/or incorporating acupuncture into a medical practice overlap enough that I'll combine them into one final list.
1. At first you may have a hassle involved in knowing whom to refer to and what to expect.
Comment: Whenever physicians refer a patient for a procedure to someone they are not familiar with, they understandably have some apprehension, especially if the person they have referred the patient to has not had formal medical training or practices an unfamiliar model of medicine. In the case of different medical models which have different languages, the referring physicians might well worry that the patient will become confused and lose confidence in the care provided. Of course, such problems can be avoided if physicians refer patients to alternative care providers who know and respect the Western medical model and physician care.
2. Is there insurance coverage and can the individual afford acupuncture?
Comment: Depending upon locale and third party coverage reimbursement of acupuncture can be quite variable. Hence, it is difficult to make generalized suggestions. Medicare is clear about not covering any procedure which might even resemble acupuncture such as dry needling of trigger points.
There are many conditions with which conventional methods haven't worked, and the patient would be very willing to pay $500 for a chance to see if they can be helped. My experience and research say that most patients who are going to respond (80%) will respond at least partially after the first three to five sessions. (1) A standard course of acupuncture is ten to twelve treatments.(2) The fees for acupuncture itself can vary widely but are generally in the range of $45-60. Office visits are generally billed separately when the care is being provided by a physician. The office visit fee is a separate issue dependent upon the level of medical care provided. Thus, for many patients it's a viable alternative to try acupuncture.
3. Will patients/colleagues think that you are not so concerned with scientific/objective data as you are with the latest popular "craze."
Comment: Over the last ten years the acceptability of acupuncture has greatly risen amongst medical colleagues. Often colleagues will see me for acupuncture or I care for their family members. The truth is that for much of what we do in medicine there lacks sound objective evidence of its effectiveness/worthwhileness. Although mechanisms by which acupuncture works (endorphins, altering brain metabolism/blood flow, local neural reflexes, local neurotransmitters, non-specific needle effect, suggestion, etc.) are gradually being elucidated, I suspect that for a long time there will be both colleagues and patients who reject acupuncture simply because they don't understand how it works. Those who dismiss it out of hand, however, are becoming a minority.
The theories upon which acupuncture are based have likely been around since before history was first recorded, approximately 1,500 BC. Acupuncture is still part of the most widely practiced model of medicine in the world. Current modern research may be putting acupuncture into new western paradigms (endorphins, holograms, quantum physics, reflex arcs, etc.) which explain acupuncture in the language of Western Science. Nonetheless, the language and the principles of classical acupuncture will likely continue for the foreseeable future to be an important part of medical care.
4. What are possible legal liabilities?
Comment: There is actually no case history per se on this subject and I refer the reader to the article "Medical Malpractice Implications of Alternative Medicine." (3) If physicians establish an appropriate diagnosis and provide the option of appropriate standard medical care, they are safe to refer patients to independent licensed practitioners for whom it's clear they have no supervisory role.
5. Does fragmented care become an issue?
Comments: This is a legitimate concern and all referrals to non-physicians would benefit by a followup visit with the patient's primary care provider.
6. Is the problem of validating a "competitor's" services important.
Comment: I think it is valid for physicians to consider some acupuncturists as competition for medical care. In some states the acupuncturists have even pushed for legislation that prohibits physicians from providing acupuncture unless they are trained in a similar fashion. In so doing, they are effectively trying to deny physicians a role in this specialty of medicine. They are also undervaluing our medical training and experience by promoting this type of legislation. Our first concern, however, must be the welfare of our patients. Therefore, we must refer regardless of the cost if we believe the patient could be safely helped.
7. Will acupuncture delay effective/proven therapy?
Comment: General practitioners who refer patients to an acupuncturist rather than to a medical specialist may be concerned that a proven effective and safe therapeutic option is being overlooked for their patient. In these cases, prudence dictates a standard referral if not before at least in conjunction with the acupuncture referral.
8. Would we be spending limited resources for trivial concerns or untested procedures.
Comment: All physicians are justified in having this concern whether the intervention be conventional or otherwise. Preventive care has often been undervalued in our medical system and this is reflected in the often poor reimbursement provided for preventive services. It is my opinion that "trivial" concerns, if attended to properly, often can delay or prevent more serious and disabling conditions from occurring. Since there is virtually no data on acupuncture's ability to prevent illness, it is still awkward to promote it for preventive reasons. Ultimately, it is often patient demand that determines physician responses.
The diagnosis of somatoform disorder is probably correct for even a greater portion of patients receiving acupuncture than receiving care in a primary care setting. Given the cost and harm that often comes from caring for somatoform disorders in the standard primary care setting, acupuncture therapy, I believe, is a reasonable alternative. There is no objective data, however, to support this contention. More research is clearly indicated.
1. Plate is already too full.
Comments: Most of us are already overwhelmed by what information we need to assimilate. I started slowly in integrating acupuncture into my medical practice and at first was obliged to keep up in all areas of medicine, being a solo practitioner in a rural setting. Eventually I've let go of providing the full scope of family practice to pursue my interest in acupuncture. I have consulting privileges in medical acupuncture at my local hospital. I no longer do women's exams and most other office procedures I refer out to colleagues.
Comments: If you are in a practice where colleagues share call and responsibilities, to spend your time providing acupuncture can be problematic. Most physicians in such settings set out specific days or half days to provide acupuncture and attend to collective responsibilities the rest of the time.
Comments: Physicians practicing acupuncture have the legal obligation to provide standards of care pursuant to a licensed physician. In addition, those using acupuncture take on the extra legal liability of providing a surgical procedure based on a poorly understood/accepted physiology. The likelihood of being sued for a complication of acupuncture is nonetheless small. The major liability for a physician remains a missed diagnosis or a delay in providing standard therapy.
Comments: Acupuncture often requires more than the typical 10-15 minute visit. Physicians who have become accustomed to insurances, paying for medical care often become uncomfortable expecting direct payment from their patients especially when the charge is significant as is required for the time spent with the patient.
Comments: Office setting, staff, and working relationships with colleagues will inevitably change as physicians incorporate more acupuncture into their practice.
6. What will patients and colleagues think?
Comments: It has been difficult for me to let go of this question. For me the better question is what is the next right thing to do. My experience is that in pursuing and answering this latter question my needs have been taken care of and my fears have gradually subsided.
When I first started practicing acupuncture I often felt like an actor or at least someone in a new role. There were no role models or teachers that I could easily identify with. Supervised clinical experience was limited in the early 1980's. This feeling of role playing persisted for the first couple of years after integrating acupuncture into my general practice.
Because few colleagues had an interest in acupuncture, I often experienced feelings of professional isolation. I became active in the American Academy of Medical Acupuncture and these feelings of professional isolation abated. They are still there to some extent because of my limited involvement at the hospital and my being in solo practice.
Comments: Knowing two different models of medicine can create extra tension when making recommendations to patients. I've personally dealt with this stress by openly discussing the options with my patients and letting them make the decision. The problem with this approach is that it's time consuming and can be awkward. In my practice, now billed as medical acupuncture only, eighty percent of patients receive acupuncture. This is because the other twenty percent either don't want the acupuncture or other therapy is clearly indicated.
I spend a lot of time explaining to patients the differences in the two medical models. Most people expect a physician to provide care quite similar to the care they received from other physicians. When one departs from the "standard" approach one spends a good deal of time justifying/defending both approaches or the "new" approach.
8. Competition/vulnerability with non-physicians for providing quality care to patients.
Comments: For me it can be uncomfortable to defend the quality of medical care I provide with acupuncture. Many non-physician acupuncturists will maintain that only their training and licensor justify anyone to provide acupuncture. In Washington State I can't legally identify myself as an acupuncturist per se because of the acupuncture licensing laws. I am able to identify myself as a medical acupuncturist. But I'm a physician, and most medical specialists have no restrictions on how they identify themselves to the public. Some medical specialists have to compete with other medical specialists for acknowledgment of training and expertise. It is uncommon, however, for licensed physicians to confront political arbitrary intransigence in terms of the breadth of medical practice they are allowed to practice.
1. Patients may improve without the serious risks of some medical and surgical interventions.
Comment: Acupuncture is virtually safe with approximately one in 5,000 chances of a serious adverse effect. (5) It is especially safe as adjunctive therapy to standard "proven" therapies, with perhaps the greatest risk being a missed diagnosis or delayed therapy.
2. Satisfaction of seeing patients feeling better quicker.
3. Your "ethos" as a physician may improve since you will be seen as not giving up on problems unamenable to western standard approaches.
Comment: We have all experienced the situation where regular medicine has little to offer the patient but reassurance that all will get better with time or that one simply has to learn to live with the problem. Occasionally, some patients balk and feel dissatisfied and not cared for by such responses to their problems. By selectively and in an informed manner offering some of these patients the suggestion: "Perhaps acupuncture might help with this" you could avoid more costly and/or dangerous diagnostic or therapeutic interventions or just have happier patients.
4. You may increase the likelihood of getting a referral from the providers you refer to.
Comment: It has been my experience that once known in a community as being open to alternative forms of therapy, I have gotten a new set of referrals.
5. Use of acupuncture provides an opportunity to learn more about what conditions/patients might benefit from acupuncture.
Comment: Whether considering an alternative provider or medical colleagues as a referral option, I have often found that patient feedback is a valuable tool in my learning when and to whom I make my referrals. If you provide the acupuncture in your own practice the feedback is even quicker.
6. In a capitated insurance environment acupuncture could be a way of preventing/delaying expensive diagnostic or surgical interventions while providing prompt care to patients.
Comment: A patient comes in with signs and symptoms consistent with a mild carpal tunnel syndrome. You prescribe a splint and give appropriate patient education. The patient returns in two weeks and is still symptomatic. Prior to a referral to a specialist for nerve conduction testing and possible surgical intervention, you suggest a trial of three to five acupuncture sessions. If in one out of five of these patients you avoid a surgical procedure, a cost-effective intervention has occurred. For whatever reason, I'm confident more than one out of five of your patients with carpal tunnel symptoms will respond promptly and favorably to acupuncture.
7. Possible financial incentives of providing acupuncture.
Comments: Some physicians are looking for ways to provide supplemental income, given the squeeze from managed care organizations and insurance companies. Because acupuncture is still not widely covered, it is an area in which your fees can be based on simple marketplace forces.
8. Challenge/satisfaction of learning about an entirely different model of medicine.
9. Satisfaction of being able to listen to patients in an expanded way.
Comment: For me the medical history comes alive in new and exciting ways as a result of my studying oriental medicine and acupuncture. With oriental medicine not only what the patient tells you but the context in which they tell you is very important. If you enjoy literature or listening to a good story, I'm confident that you will experience a new satisfaction in taking a thorough medical history if you incorporate some basic oriental medical principles.
10. Satisfaction of hands-on care.
Comment: In modern medicine based on the need for "objective" data the importance of hands-on diagnostic evaluations has been eroded. My interest in acupuncture and oriental medicine has clearly involved my touching patients more than I previously did in general practice. For me this hands-on approach has been valuable and quite satisfying.
11. Possibility of being more creative and unique in caring for a patient.
Comment: Practitioners of western medicine first obtain a diagnosis and then provide the prescribed therapy. This whole process often is impersonal and more and more it's becoming standardized. By contrast, practicing acupuncture from an oriental medical model physicians can only personalize and be creative in the care they provide.
13. Expertise increases with time.
Comment: In the western paradigm staying current with recent research and advancements is a prerequisite for providing quality care. For a surgeon, keen coordination and eye sight are also important determinants. Although staying up to date is important in being a physician practicing oriental medicine, true progress comes primarily from hands-on experience. Hence, almost inevitably as they become older and wiser the physicians practicing oriental medicine improve the quality of care they provide.
14. Can justify spending more time with a patient.
Comment: In addition to the office visit code one can also bill separately for the procedure of acupuncture. This has permitted me to spend more time with my patients. I enjoy giving my patients the time to tell their stories and they appreciate the opportunity to tell them. Standard financial pressures and settings used to interfere with my ability to spend time with patients.
On one level, the decision to provide medical acupuncture or refer patients for acupuncture is a simple one of risk versus benefit.(9) Given the safety of acupuncture compared to nearly all other medical interventions, it often becomes reasonable to provide patients with the option of acupuncture if current therapeutic options are not working, are expensive, or are more dangerous. Nonetheless, the above presentation of drawbacks and advantages demonstrates that it is a more complicated issue for physicians to change their behavior with regard to providing or recommending acupuncture for their patients. I hope this discussion will help my colleagues in contemplating the incorporation of medical acupuncture into their medical practices.
Rotchford J. Medical Outcomes Research and Acupuncture. The American Academy of Medical Acupuncture Review 1991; 3(1):3-6.
Kaplan G, LaRiccia P, Pian-Smith M. Acupuncture: Another therapeutic choice? Patient Care 1999; June 15, 1999:149-176.
Studdert DM, Eisenberg DM. Medical Malpractice Implications of Alternative Medicine. JAMA 1998; 280(18):1610-1615.
Jonas WB. Alternative Medicine. J Fam Pract 1997; 1997(45):34-37.
Rotchford, J. Attributable Risk and Acupuncture Events. 1999 Symposium Proceedings pp 317-330; American Academy of Medical Acupuncture, 1999.
Gunn CC. The Gunn approach to the treatment of chronic pain: intramuscular stimulation for myofascial pain of radiculopathic origin. 2nd ed New York: Churchill Livingstone; 1996.
Nelson AR. Medicine: Business or profession, art or science? American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 1998; 178(4):755-759.
Chez RA, Jonas WB. The challenge of complementary and alternative medicine. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 1997; 177(5):1156-1161.
Rotchford J. Letting the horses run. Patient Care 1998; 1998(Oct 30th):123-124.


So glad you are interested in learning more about majoring in economics at Yale. Reasonably given its name, many people think economics is the study of the economy including recessions and inflation and perhaps stocks and bonds as well. While macroeconomics and finance are important parts of the field, economics in general and at Yale is a much broader field.
Are you interested in understanding….
How a charity should design its appeals to raise more money?
What interventions help poor people to attain more prosperous outcomes?
How national health reform is affecting the nation's health and wealth?
How international trade affects the environment?
Why there are gender and racial wage gaps?
Then come explore economics at Yale. We have professors teaching and researching these topics and more, in settings from 18th century Europe to present day Ghana to trying to predict the future impacts of policies in the United States. Students have the opportunity to explore research first hand while working with a professor, in either our summer or academic year programs. Economics majors may explore a subject of their own choosing in a senior thesis. In the past, thesis writers have investigated topics as diverse as an analysis of the behavior of black jack players, the impact of charters schools on student performance and the effect of crime on urban residential patterns. Examples of theses nominated for prizes are here.
This diversity of topics to study at Yale is followed by an array of post-college opportunities for the economics major. Economics majors work at government agencies such as the Federal Reserve, the Bureau of Labor Statistics or a local mayor's office; for non-profits that focus on topics from the arts to poverty alleviation; for research or think tanks such as the Urban Institute or The Heritage Foundation. And of course many economics majors work in economic consulting or investment banking. Economics majors may also continue with their schooling to obtain a PhD in economics in order to pursue a career in academic research.
Finally let me address the misconception that a student has to be a math whiz just to begin to study economics. Untrue. Our introductory microeconomics classes have no math prerequisites (and in fact have no prerequisites at all) so that all Yale students have the opportunity to come and find out what economics is about.
So please look around our website. I suggest you start with the video below in which students explain why they major in economics at Yale. On the site, we also have resources for those who would like to understand more about what economists do, for those who are sure they want to major in economics and need to familiarize themselves with the course requirements and for those who want to explore courses beyond the major in order to be competitive applicants for an economics PhD. Any questions or issues you wish to discuss? Please visit me in office hours.


Sometimes a book just comes along that seems like it was written for you – Boys Adrift: The Five Factors Driving the Growing Epidemic of Unmotivated Boys and Underachieving Young Men by Leonard Sax is one for me. This one touches on a lot of the things I have noticed in our culture over the last decade or so. It touches on the womanization of men, the super hero woman phenomenon, the lazy and shiftless young men of this generation and even the view of each of these in pop culture.
More than just a rant about what is happening, Sax takes a scientific look at why these things are happening.
In addition, it touches on things like the increase in ADHD diagnosis and treatment, the lack of interaction with wildlife and the outdoors and even the influx of female hormones in our ecosystem caused by the ubiquity of plastic water bottles. This is a definitely a MUST-READ if you have boys. But, even if you only have young girls, you need to realize how hard it will be for her to find a good man as she matures.
The most important message I got from the book was that if we want our boys to become good men… they need to be outdoors. They need to turn off the video games. The need WORK. They need responsibility. They need to be encouraged to engage in competitive team sports. They need to be allowed to succeed in honorable endeavors and need to be given leadership in their formative years that shows them what it means to be a man.
I will be rereading this book many times because it is so packed with information, but more importantly, I will be forcing my boys outside more… not to escape parenting them, but WITH them.
Yeah, it IS good to be the king.