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Ben's Favorite Horror Movie Villains
Posted on October 1, 2020 January 2, 2021 by Ben
Another October, another horror-themed list from Middle of the Row's biggest horror film fan. This year I decided to honor the best of the worst by sharing the most memorable, dastardly, and downright creepy antagonists to ever terrorize and slash their way across the silver screen. From the faces of legendary franchises to stars of the most obscure of one hit wonders, here are my favorite horror movie villains of all time, with a couple of thriller killers thrown in as well.
Andre Linoge (Stephen King's Storm of the Century)
The goals and methods of the mysterious drifter, Andre Linoge are best left unknown until revealed in Stephen King's Storm of the Century, so I won't go into any real details here. What I will say is that his presence on Little Tall Island changes the lives of every single resident living there, and definitely not for the better. Brought to life by an extremely underrated (or at least underackowledged) performance from Colm Feore, Linoge is a cunning, cold, and cruel man that is willing to commit any number of horrifying atrocities to get what he wants.
Annie Wilkes (Misery)
Toxic members of a fanbase may be terrible – such as every single person who harassed Star Wars' Kelly Marie Tran on social media – but it's superfans like Annie Wilkes (Kathy Bates) that are the stuff of nightmares. Behind the seemingly simple, sweet as apple pie demeanor lies an unhinged, unpredictable obsessive who will do anything to anyone in order to protect a beloved fictional character from her favorite book series. All of that is exemplified perfectly in one particular sequence that is one most flinch-inducing and unforgettable moments I've seen in film. If you've seen Misery, there's no way you don't know which scene I'm talking about.
Also, go check out Lizzie Caplan's portrayal of the character in season two of Castle Rock if you haven't already.
Bad Ash (Army of Darkness)
While carving his way through the dead (and his own arm) Ash Williams cemented himself as one of horror's greatest heroes and actor Bruce Campbell as an icon of the genre. The character's blend of buffoonery and badassery made Ash a household horror name, and the only other person in the Evil Dead films that was able to match that mix of machismo and screwiness was… himself. Ash's villainous clone is almost as funny and even weirder than his " little goody two-shoes" counterpart, and serves as a darkly fun final foe in Army of Darkness. Bad Ash didn't surpass his legendary predecessor, but he's easily the most memorable villain from the Evil Dead films.
The Candyman (Candyman series)
The origin of the Candyman (Tony Todd) is a tragic one, as his unjust murder turned him into a monstrous spectre that haunts and kills anyone foolish to summon him or openly question his existence. His natural life's end doesn't forgive any of his sins, though. Candyman's horrific actions, including "highlights" like slaughtering innocent civilians and kidnapping babies, along with his grotesque powers make him one of horror cinema's best boogeymen. And while there are plenty of other entries on this list with higher body counts, let me ask you this: could any of them use their own body as a beehive? Well, the Candyman can, and that's gotta count for something.
Chucky (Child's Play series)
Charles Lee Ray (Brad Dourif) was already a prolific serial killer before the events of the first Child's Play, but what gets him on my list is what he does in the film's opening scene. After being mortally wounded and with little choice left, Charles uses Haitian Vodou magic to transfer his soul into an ironically named "Good Guy" doll, becoming a staple of horror in the process. The pint-sized slasher has delivered both scares and laughs throughout the Child's Play series, endured the passage of time, multiple "deaths," a few terrible sequels, and he just keeps coming back for more. Even now there's a Child's Play TV series in the works.
Also, the 2019 version of Chucky, which is voiced by Mark Hamill and a rogue AI instead of a possessed doll, is equally entertaining and has a whole different set of toys to play with.
Dollface, Pin-up Girl, and the Man in the Mask (The Strangers series)
Sometimes the scariest things that go bump in the night aren't supernatural entities, scientific monstrosities, or otherworldly threats, but just other human beings. Take this traumatizing trio of homicidal maniacs for example. Dollface, Pin-up Girl, and the Man in the Mask torture and kill at random just because they can, and the scenes where they toy with their unfathomably unlucky victims are some of the most genuinely terrifying I've seen in any horror flick. Even though it's clear that they are only human, their spine-chillingly relaxed attitudes towards their actions and utter indifference to the pleas of the innocent make them seem anything but.
The Entity (It Follows)
The antagonist of It Follows is essentially a walking STD. If someone has "it," they are followed by the Entity – which takes many different, usually disturbing forms – until it gets close enough to literally crush them. Some carriers are willing to loosen/abandon their morals and pass their fate on by sleeping with someone else, but that only delays the inevitable, as once it kills the latest infectee, the Entity will make its way to the next person up the chain, presumably until it kills patient zero. It Follows was one of the most memorable horror films of the past decade, and its equally bizarre and original villain was one of the biggest reasons why.
Freddy Krueger (A Nightmare on Elm Street series)
The concept of Freddy Krueger (Robert Englund), an evil being that can kill you in your dreams is inherently terrifying, but the way that the burned, sweater-clad slasher kills with such creativity and often campy glee elevates him to something far more memorable. Above all the other murderers and creeps on my list, Freddy enjoys his "work" the most. The devious dream demon absolutely revels in the suffering of others, smiling as he plays with and tortures tons of innocent teenagers. And equally iconic is his signature weapon, the bladed glove, which is one of the most unique and recognizable instruments used in horror film history.
Also worth noting is the mega-meta, "real" version in New Nightmare that drops the humor, but keeps his grotesque, imaginative methods and ups the sinister factor to a much higher level.
Ghostface (Scream series)
The first entry in Wes Craven's ultra meta horror franchise has one of the most impressive, shocking, and memorable movie openings in the past thirty years. Most of that is due to Craven masterfully subverting your expectations, but it's also partly because it introduces one of the most iconic villains in cinematic history. Ghostface, no matter which film they're in or who's wearing the mask, serves as both a fearsome, frightening antagonist and a critique aimed at horror films and those who make them. Few franchises have skewered slashers, sequels, or teens as effectively as the Scream series and its instantly recognizable baddie.
Hannibal Lecter (Hannibal series)
In my opinion, Hannibal the Cannibal is basically a supervillain despite being just a man. He's not the main villain in his most famous film, and has a shockingly small amount of screentime – barely 16 minutes – yet he's the definite highlight. Even while locked up, Lecter is able to influence criminals, law officials, and events to almost always play out exactly as he plans. He's a master manipulator, a seasoned killer, and according to his dinner guests, one Hell of a cook.
And just throwing this out there: Mads Mikkelsen somehow manages to outdo Anthony Hopkins' Oscar-winning performance in the Hannibal TV series, my favorite show ever.
The Jigsaw Killer (Saw series)
Even though I gave up on the Saw franchise about halfway through the third movie – which was pure torture porn and featured absolutely zero substance or scares – I won't deny that the series' antagonist, the Jigsaw killer had a overwhelmingly terrifying first outing. The traps Jigsaw (who isn't actually pictured above) sets for his enemies and the "games" he creates for his victims in Saw are elaborate, diabolical, and build palpable tension in those watching. He also has a knack for finding ways to force others to do awful things to themselves or others, therefore creating multiple accomplices. Plus, his big reveal in the first film, while admittedly kind of silly in retrospect, is still a jawdropper of the highest order.
Kayako (The Ju-On/The Grudge series')
The main villain of Ju-On and it's American spin-off films, Kayako (played by Takako Fuji until the second English-language film) acts as both a vengeful spirit and contagious disease. Anyone who enters her home, where she and her child were brutally murdered, will inevitably die by her hand, and might also unintentionally infect others with her curse, which means her power can basically reach anyone, no matter where they are. The ease of transmitting the affliction, her appearance – which takes viewers on a deep dive into the uncanny valley – and the terror she instills in her victims' final moments are more than enough to earn Kayako a spot on this list.
Krampus (Krampus)
There are a staggering number of Christmas Horror films out there today, and Krampus is my personal favorite because of its perfectly balanced blend of horror, humor, and its fantastic titular antagonist. The Anti-Claus punishes those who would besmirch the merriest of holidays by trapping them in snowstorms, sending his minions or murderous toys after them and their families, and if they're really unlucky, adding them to his "collection." Even though Krampus is kept just out of sight for most of the movie, he makes up for it when he finally shows himself, as he has quite the freaky visage to behold.
Leatherface (The Texas Chainsaw Massacre series)
The Texas Chainsaw Massacre's trendsetting antagonist is the progenitor of the less-than-talkative, lumbering brute slasher archetype that is still being copied (but very rarely improved upon) to this day. Leatherface doesn't even show up until almost halfway through the 1974 classic, but he makes up for lost time and then some with his unflinching savagery, and the constant fear his towering, intimidating presence creates. The mass murdering cannibal also earns points for his decorating skills; his home/slaughterhouse, which is littered with things like human bodies, animal corpses, and stray teeth is one of the most disgusting and scary settings in any horror film I've seen, and his masks are just as grotesque.
Leslie Vernon (Behind the Mask: The Rise of Leslie Vernon)
Behind the Mask is one of the most meta horror films ever I've seen, and an underrated genre gem that deserves far more love than it's been given. The mockumentary follows the titular up and coming slasher, and takes place in a world where Freddy Krueger and Michael Myers are not only real, but serve as inspiration for Leslie Vernon (Nathan Baesel). That set-up offers an unusual, often comical look at many classic horror tropes, and also allows the film to expertly build up Leslie – who's almost disarmingly charming, until he isn't – as a unique, believable, and ultimately threatening villain who can and will use his knowledge of those tropes to his advantage in order to secure his bloody legacy.
Max (The Babysitter series)
The Babysitter's usually-shirtless psychopath is the least scary entry on this list, but he's also the funniest. Robbie Amell flexes his comedic (and literal) muscles as Max, bringing a weird chaotic charm to the crazed killer. Helping him stand out even more is that unlike his cohorts who aim to sacrifice the lives of others to have their wishes granted, Max's only desire is to create carnage. He's also strangely supportive of the film's protagonist Cole, despite needing to silence him. The way Max urges the youngster to stand up for himself is completely contradictory to his own goals, and makes him one of the 2010's most quirky and memorable horror movie antagonists.
Michael Myers (Halloween series)
Michael Myers (originally portrayed by Nick Castle) is one of the most iconic baddies in the history of film, horror or otherwise, and my favorite slasher villain of all time. He's nothing but a mute, murdering machine, but in my opinion, that's exactly what makes him such a terrifying and memorable antagonist. There's no explanation or discernable reason for Myers' actions – according to the current canon – and that lack of understanding taps into our natural fear of the unknown. Instead of an antagonist that's seeking vengeance, fame, or fun, the Halloween franchise gives us a man that appears to be nothing more than a seemingly unstoppable force of nature. Silent, violent, knife-wielding nature.
Natre (Shutter)
Shutter is one of the very, very small number of horror flicks that I was unable to complete in one evening. It was during one of Natre's (Achita Sikamana) earliest appearances in the film where I said "NOPE," stopped the movie, and watched an hour or so of Rick & Morty before trying to sleep through the night… With little success. The film's superb camerawork and tension building elevated Natre to one of the scariest ghosts in film for me early on, and then the final act turned everything up to eleven, leaving me stunned, angry, and horrified all at once. Seriously, Natre ain't messing around.
Oogie Boogie (The Nightmare Before Christmas)
There was a lot of stuff that scared the shit out of me when I first watched Henry Selick's stop-motion classic, and above everything else was… Well, that kid getting a shrunken head as a present (BECAUSE HOW IS THAT IN A KIDS MOVIE?) but Oogie was definitely the most frightening character of them all. After all, even werewolves, vampires, and witches are afraid of him. Plus, his entire being is just a collection of super gross bugs held together by an ugly, glow-in-the-dark sack. I already didn't like creepy crawlers, so watching him slowly fall apart in the film's finale while screaming "my bugs" over and over was borderline traumatizing.
Patrick Bateman (American Psycho)
Christian Bale is one of the greatest actors of all time, with a wide range of roles and amazing, powerhouse performances. My favorite of those performances so far is the one he gave portraying the engrossing, bizarre, demented lead character of American Psycho. The film is viewed through Patrick Bateman's (named in homage to Psycho's Norman Bates) sociopathic perspective, and walks us through a few days in his almost definitely super expensive shoes. The way he views human beings other than himself is disturbing to say the least, but he's oddly entrancing to watch, and somehow just as funny as he is scary.
Pazuzu (The Exorcist)
Despite having a fairly silly name – Futurama kind of ruined for me – the demon Pazuzu is undoubtedly one of the most memorable and iconic villains in the history of cinema. The way he corrupts the innocent Reagan, both spiritually and physically, is exceptionally horrifying, and has left mental images ingrained in the minds of countless moviegoers. No other possession film that I've seen – aside from The Exorcism of Emily Rose – has come anywhere close to matching the quality of The Exorcist, which is a testament to the directorial ability of William Friedkin, the acting talent of star Linda Blair, and the paralysing power of Pazuzu.
Pennywise the Dancing Clown (IT)
Similar to Freddy Krueger, the general idea of Pennywise, a monster that can only be seen by those who believe in It and has ability to turn itself into whatever you fear most is scary by concept alone. Making matters even worse/better, the two actors to portray Pennywise – Tim Curry in the 1990 IT miniseries and Bill Skarsgård in the 2017 and 2019 films – both delivered extremely memorable performances that helped seared the carnivorous clown into the minds of their audiences. Curry's execution may seem a little cheesy by today's standards, but that didn't stop him from being the foundation of my coulrophobia back in the day, and I find Skarsgård's more sinister turn as Pennywise to be legitimately terrifying.
Predators (Predator & Alien vs. Predator series')
I still vividly remember seeing the first Predator movie at my brother's friend's house when I was way too young to be watching it, and how amazed I was by the human hunting alien. I thought his kills were scary and his tech – which included camouflage that made him invisible, a shoulder-mounted blaster, a voice modulator, and a pair ultra badass retractable wrist blades – was just the coolest. Predator was also the first movie where I saw anyone or anything beat the everloving crap out the action icon Arnold Schwarzenegger. I've enjoyed every Predator film since as well (to varying degrees, of course) loved learning more about them, and the ugly motherf*****s have been my favorite movie aliens since my first encounter with them.
Red (Us)
Jordan Peele's Us features one of horror's greatest protagonists, Adelaide Wilson, who fights smart and hard against the Tethered, evil doppelgangers that look just like the members of her family. Leading the Tethered is the unforgettably unsettling Red, a traumatizing figure from Adelaide's past that looks a whole lot like her. Lupita Nyong'o plays both characters, but her brilliant dual performance easily separates Adelaide from her scratchy-voiced, scissor-wielding counterpart. While Adelaide can pass as a "normal" person, Red is practically the personification of nightmare fuel, and makes my blood run cold everytime I see her on screen.
Sam (Trick 'r Treat)
Although it isn't explicitly stated in Trick 'r Treat, the film somewhat implies that the burlap masked Sam is the embodiment and enforcer of the Halloween spirit. He observes all sorts of spooky happenings throughout the anthology feature, and punishes those who would disrespect his holiday's tradition as well. If a person takes down their decorations early, Sam turns them into a new, more macabre Halloween ornament. If someone refuses to give out treats, Sam shows up with a few nasty tricks in tow. Think of him as the ghosts of Christmas past, present, and future for Halloween rolled into one, fun-sized package.
Seth Brundle (The Fly [1886])
Seth Brundle (portrayed by the human meme, Jeff Goldblum) is one of the most tragic characters on this list, but he is definitely a villain by the end of the 1986 remake of The Fly. Director David Cronenberg is a master at creating body horror, which he uses to chronicle Brundle's grotesque and devastating transformation from a brilliant scientist to the macabre monstrosity known as "the Brundlefly." Over the course of The Fly, Seth loses his mind, his humanity, and eventually tries to force his fate upon others who are undoubtedly unwilling. He's a victim of his own hubris, and a monster of his own making.
The T-800 and the T-1000 (The Terminator & Terminator 2: Judgement Day)
The Terminator series is technically an action/science fiction franchise, but I'd say that the titular villainous cyborgs in the first two films are among the scariest, most memorable robo-baddies of all time. Arnold Schwarzenegger's T-800 was an unfeeling killer that seemed impossible to stop, and slaughtered everyone between it and the mother of humanity's future savior. Then, in one of the greatest change-ups in film, a second T-800 ends up protecting the teenage savior from Robert Patrick's even more advanced and deadly synthetic assassin that can shapeshift and turn its limbs into bladed weapons at a moment's notice. As far as murderous machines go, these two are still cutting edge tech.
The Thing (The Thing)
John Carpenter's 1982 horror classic, The Thing is an exercise in paranoia and fear that very few films have come anywhere close to matching in quality or legacy. The movie's alien invader is the perfect antagonist for a small, isolated group of individuals as it murders its way through them while perfectly disguising itself as its victims, and whenever the creature is discovered, it transforms itself into grotesque abominations of flesh and bone, delivering body horror on par with the psychological terror. Plus, the ease of how it could spread in a populated area is enough to keep you thinking about it long after the movie ends.
Toby (Paranormal Activity series)
The first Paranormal Activity is one of the scariest movies I've ever seen. The film makes even the smallest noises or movements panic-inducing and forces you to keep your eyes glued to the screen – maybe with your hands occasionally in between – because you have no idea where the invisible entity, eventually given the moniker "Toby," will come from next. You may never see him in Paranormal Activity, but you definitely feel his presence. He starts small, with actions like slowly opening a door or pulling on a blanket while the protagonists are asleep, but the bolder Toby gets, the more obvious and fearsome his deeds become.
The Woman (Under the Skin)
Under the Skin's main character, an alien visitor that "eats" humans isn't the only villain in the story, but it's certainly the most memorable. Scarlett Johanssen's career best performance allows the Woman to switch back and forth between a seductive siren and cold, emotionless monster instantaneously. Watching the Woman as she slowly learns about human beings and their humanity makes the movie a mesmerizing watch, but the way she lures her hapless, unsuspecting victims to their deaths is completely unnerving. Both Under the Skin and the Woman are wholly unique and beautifully bleak in equal measure.
HEADS UP: The following entries contain spoilers! Stop here unless you've already seen Us, The Witch Prometheus, Alien: Covenant, Split, Glass, Se7en, Friday the 13th, and Get Out, or don't care about spoilers.
Adelaide Wilson (Us)
While Red is all kinds of creepy, the reason she stands out among the Tethered as their leader is because "Adelaide" is actually the Tethered of the two, for Us' finale reveals that she swapped identities with her human counterpart decades earlier. The Red that would eventually lead the Tethered in their murderous uprising was a initially a victim that had her life stolen by someone who looked just like her. Basically, Adelaide's forced switcheroo created a chain of events that lead to all of the death and chaos seen in Us. And while they were just children at the time, seeing Adelaide's scary-ass smile as she dragged Red's unconscious body to her new home is all I needed to add her here.
Black Phillip (The Witch)
The Witch is the most well-crafted horror film I've ever seen. Robert Eggers' masterful feature debut creates an atmosphere of constant anxiety and dread throughout the majority of its runtime, and then uses all of that built-up discomfort to unleash a finale that is bleak, horrifying, and poetic all in equal measure. The most shocking part of said finale is when the family goat Black Phillip, which the two youngest children claimed was able to talk, is revealed to be none other than the devil himself. Even though you don't see his (non-goat) face, "Black Phillip's" presence is one of the most intense and memorable I've experienced in any film.
David (Prometheus & Alien: Covenant)
It is without question that the Xenomorphs are the Alien franchise's most famous aspect – Ellen Ripley certainly comes close though – but I think the deviant android David (Michael Fassbender) is actually its best villain. He caused the extinction of the Engineers, dissected Prometheus' protagonist, and his experiments – which caused multiple deaths – eventually yielded the birth of the first Xenomorph. When Covenant's credits rolled, he seemed poised to continue his work by turning even more innocents into incubators for his nightmarish abominations, and I truly hope that Ridley Scott gets to continue his precursor story. That would most likely allow David to become an even scarier antagonist, and I believe that he has the potential to match his "greatest" creation in terms of terror.
The Horde (Split & Glass)
Kevin Wendell Crumb isn't a bad guy, but his split personalities that highjacked his body and summoned the Beast, a superhuman persona that seeks to rid the world of the "impure" certainly are. Eventually dubbed "the Horde," Kevin's villainous alternate psyches go on a murder spree before meeting their supposed equal in the nigh-invulnerable vigilante, the Overseer, Bruce Willis' character from Unbreakable. Watching the immensely-talented James McAvoy instantaneously switch between the different identities over and over again in Split and Glass is both awe-inspiring and unsettling, and it's such a bummer that the Horde (and the Overseer) got done so dirty in Glass' painfully terrible finale.
John Doe (Se7en)
Out of all the serial killers I've seen in movies, John Doe (Kevin Spacey) left me the most shaken. His plan, to commit murders that represent the seven deadly sins, tests the limits of the audience along with the morale of the detectives chasing him. He only needed the last two sins – which combine into an unpredictable masterstroke – to earn his place here though. Immediately after learning that his wife Tracy has been murdered by John out of "envy," Brad Pitt's detective Mills is given a choice: spare his wife's murderer, thus preventing Doe's plan from succeeding, or give into the overwhelming grief, execute Doe, and "become wrath." It's a haunting reveal that I will never, ever forget.
Pamela Vorhees (Friday the 13th)
For those of you wondering why Jason Vorhees didn't make my list, it's because I just don't think he's all that great. In my opinion, he's nothing more than a Michael Myers wannabe, and as of 2020 his franchise has only two films that I believe are worth watching (three if you count Freddy vs. Jason). However, the reveal that Jason's mother (Betsy Palmer) was the killer in the original film is one of the most surprising moments in slasher cinema. Driven mad by the "death" of her child, Pamela ends up slaughtering almost ten people throughout the first Friday the 13th, which was a fairly high body count for early slashers, and still is even today.
Rose Armitage (Get Out)
I thought about putting all of the Armitages on this list at first, but eventually decided to just give the spot to Rose (Allison Williams). Every member of the Armitage family is a legitimately terrible human being, as they all conspire to kidnap unsuspecting black men and women in order to possess their bodies while they still remain conscious, but Rose takes the cake here. She's the one who builds a relationship with the victims before bringing them to meet her family, and leads the unaware patients to their haunting fate. And as if that wasn't bad enough, have you seen the way she eats cereal?!
And there you have it, those are my favorite horror movie villains! Leave a comment below if you think someone (or something) else deserves a spot on this list, or if you'd like to suggest what horror-centric content I should tackle next. Also, if you liked what you read here, check out my write-ups on underrated scary movies, my favorite horror TV series, follow me on Twitter or Letterboxd and bookmark my author page to see my future posts. Until next time, remember: The best seats are in the Middle of the Row!
Tags: Achita Sikamana, Adelaide Wilson, Alien: Covenant, Allison Williams, American Psycho, Andre Linoge, Annie Wilkes, Anthony Hopkins, Army of Darkness, Arnold Schwarzenegger, Behind the mask: the rise of Leslie Vernon, Betsy Palmer, Bill Skarsgard, Black Phillip, Brad Dourif, Candyman, Child's Play, Christian Bale, Chucky, Colm Feore, Evil Ash, Evil Dead, Freddy Krueger, Friday the 13th, Get Out, Ghostface, Glass, Halloween, Hannibal, Hannibal Lecter, IT 2017, IT Chapter Two, It Follows, Jeff Goldblum, Jigsaw, John Doe, Ju-On: The Grudge, Kathy Bates, Kayako, Kevin Spacey, Krampus, Leatherface, Leslie Vernon, Linda Blair, Max, Michael Myers, Misery, Nathan Baesel, Natre, Oogie Boogie, Pamela Vorhees, Paranormal Activity, Patrick Bateman, Pazuzu, Pennywise, Prometheus, Red, Robert Englund, Robert Patrick, Rose Armitage, Sam, Saw, Scarlett Johansson, Se7en, Seth Brundle, Seven, Shutter, Silence of the Lambs, Split, Takako Fuji, Terminator 2: Judgement Dat, Terminator 2: Judgement Day, The babysitter, The Beast, The Exorcist, The Fly, The Follower, The Grudge, The Horde, The Nightmare Before Christmas, The Strangers, The Terminator, The Texas Chainsaw Massacre, The Thing, The Witch, The Woman, Time Curry, Toby, Tony Todd, Trick 'r Treat, Under the Skin, UsCategories: List, Movies
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The Unicorn was robbed. You know the one!
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When choosing a plumber, the reputation that he or she has in the industry is one of the main factors to have in mind. So as to find out about this particular aspect of a plumber, you should check out the reviews section of the plumber's website. You will find the comments that clients make about the level of quality and efficiency in the field. Using this information, you will know what to expect, avoiding the nasty surprises that come with making an uninformed decision. You will also be more comfortable working with a plumber who has a good track record in this business. The amount that a plumber charges as fees is also another factor to have in mind. For more information on where to find a plumber, click here.
The human body has got many parts which are functional in which the eyes are the most crucial ones. The human eyes are beneficial since they make it easy for the people to see different things clearly. Many individuals are faced by multiple eye infections which make them visit the opticians to get the spectacles which boost vision. The human eye has got many different parts which perform different functions. Eye surgery involves the replacement of the natural lens of the eye. Many eye patients are looking for the best cataract surgery service. The report describes the most applicable techniques for accessing the right cataract replacement service.
It is wise for the people to investigate on the best eye surgery service which offers quality services to the people. The investigations are beneficial since they enable the people to get reliable details for accessing the best service. The investigations are crucial since they assist in determining the best cataract surgery service. It is wise for people to rely on the web to examine the best cataract surgery service. The internet is fast in delivering the needed information about the best cataract surgery service which is reliable.
Secondly, the people are encouraged to use the social media platforms at all the time to access the best cataract surgery service. The social media platforms are beneficial since they make adverts about the best cataract surgery service. The social media platforms enable people to see pictures of the best cataract surgery services. The individuals are encouraged to rely on the web at all the time to assist in accessing the right eye surgery service.
The people are encouraged to consult the referrals of the best cataract surgery service to assist in accessing the right one which is more beneficial. Many people have received the best cataract surgery service. The inquires equip the people with skills for choosing the best cataract surgery service. The people are encouraged to rely on the details provided by the referrals since they supply details about the best lens replacement service. The inquiries are helpful since they assist in getting the right lens repair services.
Fourthly, the people are supposed to consider experience level to help find the best cataract surgery service. There are many cataract surgery services which offer different service, and thus their experience should be determined to assist in choosing the best one. The research activities should be conducted to know how the agency has been serving in the past. The experienced cataract surgery services can offer quality services to the people.


This post edit is really super.
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we got a bunch of new music dropping soon!
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text:
Уляницький Володимир Антонович (1854 (в інших джерелах 1855), Москва – 1917 (в інших джерелах 1920)) — російський і український правознавець, історик, доктор міжнародного права (1900), професор.

Закінчив юридичний факультет Московського університету (1874). У 1877 склав магістерський іспит з міжнародного права. Працював в Московському головному архіві Міністерства закордонних справ (1878–1899). У 1883 захистив дисертацію на ступінь магістра міжнародного права на тему «Нариси дипломатичної історії східного питання. Дарданелли, Босфор і Чорне море у XVIII ст.», за яку в 1885 був відзначений Російською АН Уваровською премією.

Читав лекції з теорії міжнародного права та спеціальний курс з історії дипломатії на посаді приват-доцента по кафедрі міжнародного права Московського університету (1885–1899). З 1898 — член Археографічної комісії Міністерства народної освіти. Одночасно був співробітником відділів зовнішньої політики у газетах «Російський кур'єр», «Земство», «Московський телеграф», «Російські відомості».

У 1899 В. А. Уляницького призначили приват-доцентом кафедри міжнародного права Харківського університету, де він поряд з викладацькою діяльністю, працював над докторською дисертацією («Російські консульства за кордоном у XVIII ст.»). У Харкові згодом обійняв посаду ординарного професора. Після захисту докторської дисертації у 1901 був переведений до Томського університету, згодом — до Казанського, де з 1911 працював до кінця життя.

Досліджував проблеми міжнародного права та історії дипломатії. Як теоретик дотримувався позитивістського методу, хоч і не завжди послідовно.

Основні праці:
 «Туреччина, Росія та Європа з погляду міжнародного права» (1877),
 «Нариси дипломатичної історії східного питання. Дарданелли, Босфор і Чорне море у XVIII ст.» (1883),
 «Матеріали до взаємних зносин Росії, Польщі, Молдови, Валахії і Туреччини у XIV-XV ст.» (1888),
 «Міжнародні відносини у Володимиро-Московському князівстві у XIV–XV ст.» (1893),
 «З історії документів Немирівського конгресу» (1894),
 «Російські консульства за кордоном у XVIII ст.» (1900),
 «Матеріали до історії Східного питання у 1808–1813 рр.» (1901),
 «Міжнародне право» (1911).

Джерела
 Пасещенко Г.В. Ульяницький Володимир Антонович //
 Володимир Іванович Вернадський і Україна. Т. 1, кн. 2: Володимир Іванович Вернадський. Вибрані праці — K., 2011. — 584 с.
 Уляницкий, Владимир Антонович // Юридический факультет Харьковского университета за первые сто лет его существования (1805—1905). — Харьков, 1908 — С. 252—253.
 Грабарь В. Э. Материалы к истории литературы международного права в России (1647—1917). — М., 1958.

Посилання
 Уляницький //

Уродженці Москви
Випускники Московського університету
Науковці Казанського університету
Російські правники
Доктори права
Науковці Харківського університету

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


It stinks to use sick days for real illness! Well, frankly, it stinks to be pregnant and ill.
Many drugs to alleviate symptoms or to heal are off limits.
In other news, our crocuses and daffodils are starting to come up because it has been so nice out lately. Unfortunately it is supposed to be below freezing again shortly. I do hope our flowers survive the cold.
My brain is a bit fuzzy, it's challenging to be witty or even coherent. Time for a nap!


The bell rang out from the Carmelite monastery in the Syrian mountains between Damascus and Homs. It would be audible to Islamic State (IS) jihadists, whose front line is less than three miles away. It said defiantly: "We are still here." The terrorists captured Qara, the local village, burnt the churches, dug up the Christian graves and scattered the bones. The friars and sisters had survived only by taking refuge in an old Roman tower where they were protected by Muslim friends. Now the village has been recaptured by the Syrian army.


text:
Research Project Reports | September 2019
Macroeconomic and Microeconomic Impacts of Improving Physical and Social Infrastructure
A Macro-Micro Policy Model for Ghana and Tanzania
Feminist economics has long emphasized the role of physical and social infrastructure as determinants of the time women spend on household production (the provision of unpaid domestic services and care). Surprisingly, there is a lack of studies that directly investigate how infrastructure improvements affect the time spent on household production and commuting to work, which is another important unpaid activity for most employed individuals. We attempt to fill the lacunae in the research by studying this issue in the context of Ghana and Tanzania utilizing the framework of the Levy Institute Measure of Time and Income Poverty. Separately, while there are several studies (including those done previously at the Levy Institute) on the macroeconomic impacts of government expenditures on care, these assessments tend to be based primarily on employment multipliers along with simple macroeconomic assumptions. We develop a disaggregated and fully articulated macroeconomic model based on the social accounting matrices for the two countries to take account of the intersectoral linkages and external constraints, such as balance of payments, that are particularly important for many developing nations, including Ghana and Tanzania. The macro- and microeconomic aspects are integrated in a unified analytical framework via a top-down disaggregated macroeconomic model with microsimulation that is novel in that it enables the investigation of the gendered economic processes and outcomes at the macroeconomic and microeconomic levels.
Research Project Report, September 2019
The Levy Institute Measure of Time and Income Poverty
Ajit Zacharias Thomas Masterson Fernando Rios-Avila Michalis Nikiforos Kijong Kim Tamar Khitarishvili
Ghana Levy Institute Measure of Time and Consumption Poverty (LIMTCP) Levy Institute Measure of Time and Income Poverty (LIMTIP) Social Accounting Matrix (SAM) Tanzania Time poverty Time use
Research Project Reports | August 2018
The Measurement of Time and Consumption Poverty in Ghana and Tanzania
The Levy Institute Measure of Time and Consumption Poverty
Time constraints that stem from the overlapping domains of paid and unpaid work are of central concern to the debates surrounding the economic development of developing countries in general and countries of sub-Saharan Africa in particular. Time deficits due to household production are especially acute in these countries due to the poor state of social and physical infrastructure, which constrains the time allocation people can choose.
Standard measures of poverty fail to capture hardships caused by time deficits. This report applies a methodological approach that incorporates time deficits into the measurement of poverty, known as the Levy Institute Measure of Time and Consumption Poverty (LIMTCP), to the cases of Ghana and Tanzania. The LIMTCP explicitly recognizes the role of time constraints and, as such, has the potential to meaningfully inform the design of policies aimed at poverty reduction and improvement of individual and household well-being. The analysis of simulation exercises assessing the impact of paid employment provision on official and LIMTCP poverty rates has strong implications for policies aimed at poverty reduction, emphasizing the need to account for alleviating not only income but also time constraints. It also has strong gender relevance, as time poverty is more relevant for women due to their disproportionate burden of household responsibilities. Our study argues that policies aimed at improving women's labor market outcomes can also succeed at improving their well-being only if time constraints are addressed.
Research Project Report, August 2018
Ajit Zacharias Thomas Masterson Fernando Rios-Avila Kijong Kim Tamar Khitarishvili
Consumption poverty Ghana Levy Institute Measure of Time and Consumption Poverty (LIMTCP) Tanzania Time poverty
Research Project Reports | April 2018
Public Service Employment
A Path to Full Employment
Despite reports of a healthy US labor market, millions of Americans remain unemployed and underemployed, or have simply given up looking for work. It is a problem that plagues our economy in good times and in bad—there are never enough jobs available for all who want to work. L. Randall Wray, Flavia Dantas, Scott Fullwiler, Pavlina R. Tcherneva, and Stephanie A. Kelton examine the impact of a new "job guarantee" proposal that would seek to eliminate involuntary unemployment by directly creating jobs in the communities where they are needed.
The authors propose the creation of a Public Service Employment (PSE) program that would offer a job at a living wage to all who are ready and willing to work. Federally funded but with a decentralized administration, the PSE program would pay $15 per hour and offer a basic package of benefits. This report simulates the economic impact over a ten-year period of implementing the PSE program beginning in 2018Q1.
Unemployment, hidden and official, with all of its attendant social harms, is a policy choice. The results in this report lend more weight to the argument that it is a policy choice we need no longer tolerate. True full employment is both achievable and sustainable.
Research Project Report, April 2018
L. Randall Wray Flavia Dantas Scott Fullwiler Pavlina R. Tcherneva Stephanie A. Kelton
Economic policy Employer of Last Resort (ELR) policy Employment guarantee Job guarantee
Research Project Reports | February 2018
The Macroeconomic Effects of Student Debt Cancellation
Among the more ambitious policies that have been proposed to address the problem of escalating student loan debt are various forms of debt cancellation. In this report, Scott Fullwiler, Research Associate Stephanie Kelton, Catherine Ruetschlin, and Marshall Steinbaum examine the likely macroeconomic impacts of a one-time, federally funded cancellation of all outstanding student debt.
The report analyzes households' mounting reliance on debt to finance higher education, including the distributive implications of student debt and debt cancellation; describes the financial mechanics required to carry out the cancellation of debt held by the Department of Education (which makes up the vast majority of student loans outstanding) as well as privately owned student debt; and uses two macroeconometric models to provide a plausible range for the likely impacts of student debt cancellation on key economic variables over a 10-year horizon.
The authors find that cancellation would have a meaningful stimulus effect, characterized by greater economic activity as measured by GDP and employment, with only moderate effects on the federal budget deficit, interest rates, and inflation (while state budgets improve). These results suggest that policies like student debt cancellation can be a viable part of a needed reorientation of US higher education policy.
Research Project Report, February 2018
Economic Policy for the 21st Century The State of the US and World Economies
Scott Fullwiler Stephanie A. Kelton Catherine Ruetschlin Marshall Steinbaum
Consumer spending Debt cancellation Education Government intervention Household debt
The Impact of Public Investment in Social Care Services on Employment, Gender Equality, and Poverty
The Turkish Case
Produced in partnership with the International Labour Organization, United Nations Development Programme, and UN Women, this report examines the demand-side rationale for a public investment in the social care sector—specifically, early childhood care and preschool education (ECCPE)—by comparing its potential for job creation, pro-women allocation of jobs, and poverty reduction with an equivalent investment in the construction sector.
The authors find that a public investment of 20.7 billion TRY yields an estimated 290,000 new jobs in the construction sector and related sectors. However, an equal investment in ECCPE creates 719,000 new jobs in ECCPE and related sectors, or 2.5 times as many jobs. Furthermore, nearly three-quarters of the ECCPE jobs go to women, whereas a mere 6 percent of new jobs go to women following an expansion of the construction sector.
ECCPE expansion is also shown to be superior in terms of the number of decent jobs (i.e., jobs with social security benefits) created: some 85 percent of new ECCPE jobs come with social security benefits, compared to the slightly more than 30 percent of construction jobs that come with equivalent benefits. Both expansions are found to benefit the poor, with an ECCPE expansion targeting prime-working-age poor mothers of small children showing the potential to reduce the relative poverty rate by 1.14 percentage points. In terms of fiscal sustainability, an ECCPE expansion is estimated to recoup 77 percent of public expenditures through increased government revenues, while construction recovers roughly 52 percent.
The report concludes that in addition to supply-side effects, there is a robust demand-side rationale for expanded funding of ECCPE, with clear benefits in terms of decent employment creation, gender equality, poverty alleviation, and fiscal sustainability. These findings have important implications for expanded public investment in the broader social care sector as a strategy that embraces gender budgeting while promoting inclusive and sustainable growth.
Early childhood care and preschool education Employment policy Gender equality Job creation Poverty Pro-poor growth Public investment Social care Turkey Unpaid work
Research Project Reports | May 2015
Responding to the Unemployment Challenge: A Job Guarantee Proposal for Greece—An Addendum
This addendum to our June 2014 report, "Responding to the Unemployment Challenge: A Job Guarantee Proposal for Greece," updates labor market data through 2014Q3 and identifies emerging employment and unemployment trends. The overarching aim of the report, the outcome of a study undertaken in 2013 by the Levy Institute in collaboration with the Observatory of Economic and Social Developments of the Labour Institute of the Greek General Confederation of Labour, is to provide policymakers and the general public research-based evidence of the macroeconomic and employment effects of a large-scale direct job creation program in Greece, and to invite critical rethinking of the austerity-driven macro policy instituted in 2010 as a condition of the loans made to Greece by its eurozone partners.
Research Project Report, May 2015
Rania Antonopoulos Sofia Adam Kijong Kim Thomas Masterson Dimitri B. Papadimitriou
Direct job creation Employer of Last Resort (ELR) policy Employment guarantee Employment policy Eurozone debt crisis Greece Greek economic crisis Job guarantee Labor markets Public service jobs
Reforming the Fed's Policy Response in the Era of Shadow Banking
This monograph is part of the Levy Institute's Research and Policy Dialogue Project on Improving Governance of the Government Safety Net in Financial Crisis, a two-year project funded by the Ford Foundation.
This is the fourth in a series of reports summarizing the findings of the Research and Policy Dialogue Project on Improving Governance of the Government Safety Net in Financial Crisis, directed by Senior Scholar L. Randall Wray. This project explores alternative methods of providing a government safety net in times of crisis. In the global financial crisis that began in 2007, the United States used two primary responses: a stimulus package approved and budgeted by Congress, and a complex and unprecedented response by the Federal Reserve. The project examines the benefits and drawbacks of each method, focusing on questions of accountability, democratic governance and transparency, and mission consistency.
The project has also explored the possibility of reform that might place more responsibility for provision of a safety net on Congress, with a smaller role to be played by the Fed, enhancing accountability while allowing the Fed to focus more closely on its proper mission. Given the rise of shadow banking—a financial system that operates largely outside the reach of bank regulators and supervisors—the Fed faces a complicated problem. It might be necessary to reform finance, through downsizing and a return to what Hyman Minsky called "prudent banking," before we can reform the Fed.
This report describes the overall scope of the project and summarizes key findings from the three previous reports, as well as additional research undertaken in 2014.
Central bank policy Dodd-Frank Federal Reserve Financial regulation Glass-Steagall Act Global financial crisis Government safety net Hyman Minsky Monetary policy Prudent banking Shadow banking
The Measurement of Time and Income Poverty in Korea
This report presents findings from a joint project of the Levy Economics Institute and the Korea Employment Information Service, with the central objective of developing a measure of time and income poverty for Korea that takes into account household production (unpaid work) requirements. Standard measurements of poverty assume that all households have enough time to adequately attend to the needs of household members—including, for example, caring for children. But this assumption is false. For numerous reasons, some households may not have sufficient time, and they thus experience "time deficits." If a household officially classified as nonpoor has such a time deficit and cannot afford to cover it by buying market substitutes (e.g., hiring a care provider), that household will encounter hardships not reflected in the official poverty measure.
To get a more accurate calculus of poverty, we developed the Levy Institute Measure of Time and Income Poverty (LIMTIP), a two-dimensional measure that takes into account both the necessary income and the household production time needed to achieve a minimum living standard. In the case of Korea, our estimates for 2008 (the last year for which data are available) show that the LIMTIP poverty rate of employed households was almost three times higher than the official poverty rate (7.5 percent versus 2.6 percent). The gap between the official and LIMTIP poverty rates was notably higher for "nonemployed male head with employed spouse," "single female-headed" and "dual-earner" households. Our estimates of the size of the hidden poor—roughly two million individuals—suggest that ignoring time deficits in household production resulted in a serious undercount of the working poor, which has profound consequences for the formulation of policy. In addition, the stark gender disparity in the incidence of time poverty among the employed, even after controlling for hours of employment, suggests that the source of the gender difference in time poverty lies in the greater share of the household production activities that women undertake. Overall, current policies to promote gender equality and economic well-being in Korea need to be reconsidered, based on a deeper understanding of the linkages between the functioning of labor markets, unpaid household production activities, and existing arrangements of social provisioning—including social care provisioning.
Ajit Zacharias Thomas Masterson Kijong Kim
Childcare and time poverty Gender disparities Income poverty Levy Institute Measure of Time and Income Poverty (LIMTIP) Poverty South Korea Time deficits Unpaid care work
Research Project Reports | July 2014
Co-operative Banking in Greece
A Proposal for Rural Reinvestment and Urban Entrepreneurship
The crisis in Greece is persistent and ongoing. After six years of deepening recession, real GDP has shrunk by more than 25 percent, with total unemployment now standing at 27.2 percent. Clearly, reviving growth and creating jobs should be at the top of the policy agenda.
But banks remain undercapitalized, and lending has been restricted to only the most creditworthy businesses and households. Many start-ups and small- and medium-size enterprises (SMEs) have almost no access to development loans, and for those to whom credit can be extended, it is at disproportionally high interest rates.
The success of micro-lending institutions in developing nations (such as the Grameen Bank in Bangladesh) has highlighted the positive economic performance of community-based credit, and such lending models have proven to be an important poverty policy alternative in areas where transfer payments are limited. Community or co-operative financial institutions (CFIs) can fill the gap when existing institutions cannot adequately perform critical functions of the financial system for SMEs, entrepreneurs, and low-income residents seeking modest financing and other banking services.
We propose expanding the reach and services of CFIs within Greece, drawing upon lessons from the US experience of community development banking and various co-operative banking models in Europe. The primary goals of this nationwide system would be to make credit available, process payments, and offer savings opportunities to communities not well served by the major commercial Greek banks.
Our blueprint includes suggestions on the banks' organization and a framework within which they would be chartered, regulated, and supervised by a newly created central co-operative bank. It also looks at the possible impact that such a network could have, especially in terms of start-ups, SMEs, and rural redevelopment (agrotourism)—all of which are critical to Greece's exit from recession.
Dimitri B. Papadimitriou Taun Toay
Agrotourism Banking Co-operative financial institutions (CFIs) Community development banks (CDBs) Entrepreneurship Eurozone debt crisis Greece Greek economic crisis Rural redevelopment Small- and medium-size enterprises (SMEs)
Research Project Reports | June 2014
Responding to the Unemployment Challenge: A Job Guarantee Proposal for Greece
This report presents the findings from a study undertaken by the Levy Institute in 2013 in collaboration with the Observatory of Economic and Social Developments of the Labour Institute of the Greek General Confederation of Labour. It uses as background the 2011 Levy Institute study "Direct Job Creation for Turbulent Times in Greece," which focused on the need for direct job creation to address rising unemployment. The focus in this report, however, is different. Here, the aim is to make available to policymakers and the broader public research-based evidence of the macroeconomic and employment effects of a large-scale program of direct job creation program—a cost-effective and proven policy response. The ultimate goal of this undertaking is to draw urgently needed attention to the worsening levels of unemployment in Greece, and to invite critical rethinking of the austerity-driven macro policy instituted in 2010.
Time Deficits and Poverty
The Levy Institute Measure of Time and Consumption Poverty for Turkey
Official poverty lines in Turkey and other countries often ignore the fact that unpaid household production activities that contribute to the fulfillment of material needs and wants are essential for the household to reproduce itself as a unit. This omission has consequences. Taking household production for granted when measuring poverty yields an unacceptably incomplete picture, and therefore estimates based on such an omission provide inadequate guidance to policymakers.
Standard measurements of poverty assume that all households and individuals have enough time to adequately attend to the needs of household members—including, for example, children. These tasks are absolutely necessary for attaining a minimum standard of living. But this assumption is false. For numerous reasons, some households may not have sufficient time, and they thus experience what are referred to as "time deficits." If a household officially classified as nonpoor has a time deficit and cannot afford to cover it by buying market substitutes (e.g., hire a care provider), that household will encounter hardships not reflected in the official poverty measure. To get a more accurate calculus of poverty, we have developed the Levy Institute Measure of Time and Consumption Poverty (LIMTCP), a two-dimensional measure that takes into account both the necessary consumption expenditures and household production time needed to achieve a minimum living standard.
The Distribution of Income and Wealth The Levy Institute Measure of Time and Income Poverty
Ajit Zacharias Thomas Masterson Emel Memiş
Consumption poverty Economic well-being Employment policy Fiscal policy Gender disparities Household production Levy Institute Measure of Time and Consumption Poverty (LIMTCP) Time deficits Turkey Unpaid work
Federal Reserve Bank Governance and Independence during Financial Crisis
This is the third in a series of reports examining the Federal Reserve Bank's response to the global financial crisis, with particular emphasis on questions of accountability, democratic governance and transparency, and mission consistency. In this year's report, we focus on issues of central bank independence and governance, with particular attention paid to challenges raised during periods of crisis. We trace the principal changes in governance of the Fed over its history—changes that accelerate during times of economic stress. We pay special attention to the famous 1951 "Accord" and to the growing consensus in recent years for substantial independence of the central bank from the treasury. In some respects, we deviate from conventional wisdom, arguing that the concept of independence is not usually well defined. While the Fed is substantially independent of day-to-day politics, it is not operationally independent of the Treasury. We examine in some detail an alternative view of monetary and fiscal operations. We conclude that the inexorable expansion of the Fed's power and influence raises important questions concerning democratic governance that need to be resolved.
A Levy Institute Model for Greece
In this report Levy Institute President Dimitri B. Papadimitriou and Research Scholars Gennaro Zezza and Michalis Nikiforos present the technical structure of the Levy Institute's macroeconomic model for the Greek economy (LIMG). LIMG is a stock-flow consistent model that reflects the "New Cambridge" approach that builds on the work of Distinguished Scholar Wynne Godley and the current Levy Institute model for the US economy. LIMG is a flexible tool for the analysis of economic policy alternatives for the medium term and is also the analytic framework for a forthcoming Strategic Analysis series focusing on the Greek economy.
Research Project Report, July 2013
Dimitri B. Papadimitriou Gennaro Zezza Michalis Nikiforos
Greek economic crisis Levy Institute Model for Greece (LIMG) New Cambridge economics Stock-flow consistent (SFC) modeling
The Lender of Last Resort: A Critical Analysis of the Federal Reserve's Unprecedented Intervention after 2007
"Never waste a crisis." Those words were often invoked by reformers who wanted to tighten regulations and financial supervision in the aftermath of the global financial crisis that began in late 2007. Many of them have been disappointed, since the relatively weak reforms adopted (for example, in Dodd-Frank) appear to have fallen far short of what is needed. But the same words can be invoked in reference to the policy response to the crisis—that is, to the rescue of the financial system. To date, the crisis was wasted in that area, too. If anything, the crisis response largely restored the deeply flawed system that existed on the eve of the crisis.
But it may not be too late to use the crisis, and the crisis response, to formulate a different approach to dealing with the next financial crisis—and another crisis is inevitable—by learning from the policy mistakes made in reaction to the last crisis, and by looking to successful policy responses around the globe.
Research Project Reports | December 2012
The Interlocking of Time and Income Deficits
Revisiting Poverty Measurement, Informing Policy Responses
This report is published as part of the "Undoing Knots, Innovating for Change" series, issued by the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) Regional Centre for Latin America and the Caribbean through its Gender Practice Area. It includes findings from a UNDP-supported research project undertaken in 2011 by the Levy Economics Institute with the objective of proposing an alternative to official income poverty measures, one that takes into account household production (unpaid work) requirements—an issue still largely ignored by official poverty estimates. This has significant consequences for policymaking. The resulting Levy Institute Measure of Time and Income Poverty is a two-dimensional measure that jointly tracks income gaps and time deficits. Using this alternative measure, the authors present selected results of empirical estimates of poverty and compare them with official income poverty rates for Argentina, Chile, and Mexico, with a focus on the study's policy implications.
Research Project Report, December 2012
Research Project Reports | October 2012
Current Prospects for the Greek Economy
In this interim report, we discuss the evolution of major macroeconomic variables for the Greek economy, focusing in particular on the sources of growth before and after the euro era, the causes and consequences of the continuing recession, and the likely results of the policies currently being implemented. Some preliminary suggestions for alternative policies are included. These alternatives will be tested in a more robust econometric framework in a subsequent report.
Research Project Report, October 18, 2012
Dimitri B. Papadimitriou Gennaro Zezza Vincent Duwicquet
Bailouts Deficits Economic recovery Eurozone Eurozone debt crisis Financial balances approach Greek economic crisis Labor markets Troika Unemployment
Why Time Deficits Matter
Implications for the Measurement of Poverty
Customarily, income poverty incidence is judged by the ability of individuals and households to gain access to some level of minimum income based on the premise that such access ensures the fulfillment of basic material needs. However, this approach neglects to take into account the necessary (unpaid) household production requirements without which basic needs cannot be fulfilled. In fact, the two are interdependent and evaluation of standards of living ought to consider both dimensions.
This report provides an analytical and empirical framework that includes unpaid household production work in the very conceptualization and calculations of poverty: the Levy Institute Measure of Time and Income Poverty (LIMTIP). Based on this new analytical framework, empirical estimates of poverty are presented and compared with those calculated according to the official income poverty lines for Argentina, Chile, and Mexico. In addition, an employment-generating poverty-reduction policy is simulated in each country, and the results are assessed using the official and LIMTIP poverty lines.
The undertaking of this work was initiated as a result of joint discussions and collaboration between the Levy Economics Institute and United Nations Development Programme Regional Service Centre for Latin America and the Caribbean, particularly the Gender Practice, Poverty, and Millennium Development Goals areas. It addresses an identified need to expand the knowledge base, conceptually, analytically, and empirically, on the links between (official) income poverty and the time allocation of households between paid and unpaid work.
Excel Tables for Chapters 2, 3, 4, and 5
Research Project Report, August 16, 2012
Ajit Zacharias Rania Antonopoulos Thomas Masterson
Alternative poverty measures Argentina Chile Gender disparities Household production Income poverty International comparisons Levy Institute Measure of Time and Income Poverty (LIMTIP) Mexico Poverty-reduction strategies Time poverty Time use Unpaid work
Using Minsky to Simplify Financial Regulation
This monograph is part of the Institute's research program on Financial Instability and the Reregulation of Financial Institutions and Markets, funded by the Ford Foundation. Its purpose is to investigate the causes and development of the recent financial crisis from the point of view of the late financial economist and Levy Distinguished Scholar Hyman Minsky, and to propose "a thorough, integrated approach to our economic problems."
The monograph draws on Minsky's work on financial regulation to assess the efficacy of the Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act of 2010, enacted in response to the 2008 subprime crisis and subsequent deep recession. Some two years after its adoption, the implementation of Dodd-Frank is still far from complete. And despite the fact that a principal objective of this legislation was to remove the threat of taxpayer bailouts for banks deemed "too big to fail," the financial system is now more concentrated than ever and the largest banks even larger. As economic recovery seems somewhat more assured and most financial institutions have regrouped sufficiently to repay the governmental support they received, the specific rules and regulations required to make Dodd-Frank operational are facing increasing resistance from both the financial services industry and from within the US judicial system.
This suggests that the Dodd-Frank legislation may be too extensive, too complicated, and too concerned with eliminating past abuses to ever be fully implemented, much less met with compliance. Indeed, it has been called a veritable paradise for regulatory arbitrage. The result has been a call for a more fundamental review of the extant financial legislation, with some suggesting a return to a regulatory framework closer to Glass-Steagall's separation of institutions by function—a cornerstone of Minsky's extensive work on regulation in the 1990s. For Minsky, the goal of any systemic reform was to ensure that the basic objectives of the financial system—to support the capital development of the economy and to provide a safe and secure payments system—were met. Whether the Dodd-Frank Act can fulfill this aspect of its brief remains an open question.
Research Project Report, April 10, 2012
Commercial banking Dodd-Frank Financial crisis Financial fragility Financial instability Financial regulation Financial regulatory reform Glass-Steagall Act Global financial crisis Hyman Minsky Investment banking Liquidity Monetary policy Money manager capitalism Regulatory reform Securitization Shadow banking Subprime mortgage crisis Too big to fail (TBTF)
Improving Governance of the Government Safety Net in Financial Crisis
In the current financial crisis, the United States has relied on two primary methods of extending the government safety net: a stimulus package approved and budgeted by Congress, and a massive and unprecedented response by the Federal Reserve in the fulfillment of its lender-of-last-resort function. This monograph examines the benefits and drawbacks of each method, focusing on questions of accountability, democratic governance and transparency, and mission consistency. The aim is to explore the possibility of reform that would place more responsibility for provision of a safety net on Congress, with a smaller role to be played by the Fed, not only enhancing accountability but also allowing the Fed to focus more closely on its proper mission.
Research Project Report, April 9, 2012
Commercial banking Deregulation Dodd-Frank Federal Reserve Financial governance Financial instability Financial Stability Oversight Council (FSOC) Glass-Steagall Act Global financial crisis Hyman Minsky Investment banking Lender of last resort (LOLR) Monetary policy Securitization Self-supervision Social safety net Subprime mortgage crisis Too big to fail (TBTF)
Research Project Reports | November 2011
Direct Job Creation for Turbulent Times in Greece
Countries in crisis round the world face the daunting task of dealing with abrupt increases in unemployment and associated deepening poverty. Greece, in the face of her sovereign debt crisis, has been hit the hardest. Remediating employment policies, including workweek reductions and employment subsidies, abound but have failed to answer the call satisfactorily. Direct public-service job creation, instead, enables communities to mitigate risks and vulnerabilities that rise especially in turbulent times by actively transforming their own economic and social environment.
With underwriting from the Labour Institute of the Greek General Confederation of Workers, the Levy Economics Institute was instrumental in the design and implementation of a social works program of direct job creation throughout Greece. Two-year projects, funded from European Structural Funds, have begun.
This report traces the economic trends preceding and surrounding the economic crisis in Greece, with particular emphasis on recent labor market trends and emerging gaps in social safety net coverage. While its primary focus is identifying the needs in Greece, broader lessons for direct job creation are highlighted, and could be applied to countries entertaining targeted employment creation as a means to alleviate social strains during crisis periods.
Research Project Report, November 30, 2011
Rania Antonopoulos Dimitri B. Papadimitriou Taun Toay
Direct job creation Employer of Last Resort (ELR) policy Employment guarantee Employment policy Eurozone debt crisis Greek economic crisis Labor markets Public service jobs Social safety net
Minsky on the Reregulation and Restructuring of the Financial System
Will Dodd-Frank Prevent "It" from Happening Again? `
This monograph is part of the Institute's ongoing research program on Financial Instability and the Reregulation of Financial Institutions and Markets, funded by the Ford Foundation. This program's purpose is to investigate the causes and development of the recent financial crisis from the point of view of the late financial economist and Levy Distinguished Scholar Hyman P. Minsky. The monograph draws on Minsky's extensive work on regulation in order to review and analyze the Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act of 2010, enacted in response to the crisis in the US subprime mortgage market, and to assess whether this new regulatory structure will prevent "It"—a debt deflation on the order of the Great Depression—from happening again. It seeks to assess the extent to which the Act will be capable of identifying and responding to the endogenous generation of financial fragility that Minsky believed to be the root cause of financial instability, building on the views expressed in his published work, his official testimony, and his unfinished draft manuscript on the subject. Whether the Dodd-Frank Act will fulfill its brief—in part, "to promote the financial stability in the United States by improving accountability and transparency in the financial system, to end 'too big to fail,' to protect the American taxpayer by ending bailouts, [and] to protect consumers from abusive financial services practices"—is an open question. As Minsky wrote in his landmark 1986 book Stabilizing an Unstable Economy, "A new era of reform cannot be simply a series of piecemeal changes. Rather, a thorough, integrated approach to our economic problems must be developed." This has been one of the organizing principles of our project.
Dodd-Frank Financial crisis Financial fragility Financial instability Financial regulation Financial regulatory reform Financial Stability Oversight Council (FSOC) Hyman Minsky Shadow banking Subprime mortgage crisis Too big to fail (TBTF)
Research Project Reports No. 34	| January 2008
Joint Project of UNDP and Levy Institute on Public Employment
South Africa and India
Documents relating to the South Africa and India case studies are available below.
Appendix A. SAM–SA Technical Report
Appendix B. Statistical Analysis
Appendix C. Job Identification Tables
Appendix D. SAM Reformulation
Appendix A. SAM-Nana Kotda Village
Appendix B. A Note on the Village Sam
Appendix C. A Summary Table on Unpaid Work and Its Implications for Public Works Programmes
Rania Antonopoulos Kijong Kim
Employer of Last Resort (ELR) policy Employment guarantee Expanded Public Works Programme (EPWP) India Job creation National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (NREGA) Social sector intervention South Africa
Summary Vol. 29, No. 1
Summary Winter 2020
Author(s):	Elizabeth Dunn, Michael Stephens

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Northrop Grumman Employees Mary Petryszyn and Katherine Medalle Honored at Society of Women Engineers Conference
Awards & Recognition • Values & Community • Diversity and Inclusion
FALLS CHURCH, Va., Oct. 26, 2015 -- Northrop Grumman Corporation (NYSE:NOC) employees Mary Petryszyn and Katherine Medalle received awards this weekend at the annual conference of the Society of Women Engineers (SWE), held in Nashville, Tennessee. SWE awards recognize individuals who enhance the engineering profession through contributions to industry, education and the community.
Petryszyn, vice president, global strategy and mission solutions, Northrop Grumman Aerospace Systems, received the Global Leadership Award for outstanding contributions in engineering and technical management in an international setting. She is responsible for building Aerospace Systems sector's global presence by developing and expanding programs and systems worldwide.
Petryszyn has worked with government and industry leaders across the globe in markets including Australia, Belgium, Canada, Denmark, Germany, Greece, India, Japan, the Netherlands, Norway, Poland, the Republic of Korea, the United Arab Emirates and the United Kingdom. She is a fellow life member of SWE, serves on the SWE Corporate Partnership Council and in 2005 she received the SWE Upward Mobility Award for her contributions to the engineering field. Petryszyn is also a lifetime member of the Girl Scouts and a recipient of the 2000 Woman of Distinction Award from the Mile Hi Girl Scout Council. She earned a bachelor's degree in electrical and computer engineering from Clarkson University and a master's degree in computer engineering from Syracuse University.
Medalle, director of airborne tactical sensors product support, Northrop Grumman Electronic Systems, received an Emerging Leader award for her active engagement in engineering and outstanding technical accomplishments. She is responsible for international and domestic customer support and sustainment of a Northrop Grumman sensor providing mission critical support to customers. She has supported sensors for many aircraft programs such as the KC-135, F-15 and F-16.
Medalle is involved with Northrop Grumman employee resource groups, as the chair of the Women's Initiative for Networking and Success, and a board member of the Asian Pacific Professional Network. She mentors Northrop Grumman engineers, Marquette University female engineering students and high school students through the Northrop Grumman High School Involvement Program. She earned a bachelor's degree in mechanical engineering from Marquette University and a master's in product development from Northwestern University.
Northrop Grumman is a leading global security company providing innovative systems, products and solutions in unmanned systems, cyber, C4ISR, and logistics and modernization to government and commercial customers worldwide. Please visit www.northropgrumman.com for more information.
CONTACT: Mark Root
mark.root@ngc.com
Mark Root
Corporate Director, Media Relations
Mary Petryszyn
Katherine Medalle
Northrop Grumman Recognized as a Leader in Sustainability
Northrop Grumman Named Large Company of the Year by SpaceNews
Northrop Grumman Named a 2020 Top 50 Company for Diversity


text:
Undercover è un album discografico del gruppo rock britannico dei Rolling Stones, pubblicato nel 1983 dalla Rolling Stones Records.

Dopo il precedente album di studio della band, Tattoo You (1981), che era composto in maggioranza da outtakes provenienti da lavori passati, Undercover fu il primo vero album di inediti pubblicato dagli Stones negli anni ottanta. Le tensioni in studio tra Jagger e Richards, riguardo alla direzione musicale da far intraprendere al gruppo, condizionarono la lavorazione dell'album. Mick Jagger spingeva per "svecchiare" il sound della band, volendo sperimentare con generi quali reggae, disco music, e new wave, mentre il chitarrista Keith Richards voleva che il gruppo tornasse alle proprie radici blues rock. Di conseguenza, il disco si rivelò essere una collezione eclettica, seppur discontinua dal punto di vista della qualità, di canzoni che spaziano in una grande varietà di stili. Oltre ai membri principali dei Rolling Stones, inclusi Ronnie Wood, Bill Wyman, e Charlie Watts, l'album vanta la presenza di numerosi musicisti ospiti.

Dal disco furono estratti tre singoli: Undercover of the Night, She Was Hot, e Too Much Blood (in versione dance a vinile 12").

Il disco
A seguito dei recenti progressi tecnologici in ambito di registrazione, a Mick Jagger e Keith Richards si aggiunse in veste di co-produttore Chris Kimsey, primo produttore discografico esterno agli Stones fin dai tempi di Jimmy Miller. La lavorazione del disco ebbe inizio presso i Pathe Marconi Studios di Parigi, Francia, nel novembre 1982. Dopo la pausa per le festività natalizie, l'album fu completato a New York l'estate seguente.

L'incisione di Undercover fu un processo difficile, in gran parte perché Jagger e Richards erano ai ferri corti all'epoca a causa di vari dissidi di carattere artistico. Jagger voleva aggiornare la sonorità del gruppo seguendo i nuovi stili musicali del momento, mentre invece Richards credeva meglio per gli Stones focalizzarsi semplicemente sul rock e le proprie radici blues. Come risultato, ci furono numerose discussioni e liti, e la tensione tra i due membri principali della band sarebbe aumentata negli anni successivi. Un fattore concomitante che contribuì ad inasprire la situazione fu il fatto che Richards era emerso (almeno in parte) dal suo distruttivo stile di vita "sex, drug and rock and roll" del decennio precedente, e pretendeva un ruolo più vigile e attivo all'interno della band, con particolare attenzione alla direzione creativa del gruppo, con grande disappunto di Jagger, che aveva goduto di un quasi completo controllo creativo per circa un decennio.

I testi dei brani di Undercover sono tra i più macabri mai scritti da Jagger, con immagini truculente e invettive politiche, come quello del primo singolo estratto dall'album, Undercover of the Night, un brano di rara (per gli standard del gruppo) critica politica e sociale che prende di mira le dittature sudamericane; l'inno al sadomasochismo Tie You Up (The Pain of Love) e Too Much Blood, quest'ultima ispirata al caso di Issei Sagawa, un giapponese che aveva ucciso e mangiato una studentessa olandese:

Musicalmente, Undercover risulta essere una commistione di generi hard-rock, new wave, pop, reggae, dub e soul, riflettendo la lotta per la leadership del gruppo in atto tra Jagger e Richards. Pretty Beat Up è in gran parte una composizione di Ronnie Wood, e Jagger e Richards erano entrambi restii alla sua inclusione nell'album. Too Tough è un pezzo rock più convenzionale e nello stile classico degli Stones.

Think I'm Going Mad era un pezzo registrato durante le sessioni per l'album Emotional Rescue nel 1979. Alla fine venne recuperato come B-side del singolo She Was Hot.

Pubblicazione e accoglienza

Undercover fu pubblicato nel novembre 1983, e raggiunse la terza posizione in classifica nel Regno Unito e la quarta negli Stati Uniti. Tuttavia, nonostante i buoni piazzamenti, l'album si rivelò una relativa delusione, interrompendo la striscia di primi posti in classifica (escludendo raccolte ed album dal vivo) negli Stati Uniti e fallendo nel produrre singoli di grande successo.

I giudizi contemporanei della critica nei confronti dell'opera sono controversi. In una recensione del disco apparsa sulla rivista Rolling Stone, Kurt Loder assegnò all'album 4 1⁄2 stellette su 5, definendolo "rock & roll senza alibi o scuse". Contrariamente, Robert Christgau definì Undercover un "incomprensibile, esagerato, incoerente pezzo di merda", e lo etichettò come il "peggior album di studio della band".

Anche se in gran parte lodato al momento della pubblicazione, molti fan presto riconobbero Undercover come uno dei lavori peggiori dei Rolling Stones; punto di vista condiviso dallo stesso Mick Jagger in successive interviste.
Mentre alcuni critici tendono a incolpare la produzione "troppo anni ottanta", allora contemporanea, gran parte dell'album venne registrato in stile hard rock (She Was Hot, Too Tough, All the Way Down, e It Must Be Hell), portando molti a criticare il materiale ritenuto non all'altezza degli standard qualitativi degli Stones. Molte recensioni più recenti hanno anche notato l'eclettismo e la cattiveria dei testi dell'album, quest'ultima indicata come un riflesso della faida Jagger/Richards. Ma è tutta l'opera stessa che in definitiva viene vista come il segno più evidente del declino della band, ormai a corto di idee e pronta ad adeguarsi alle nuove mode musicali.

Undercover si sarebbe rivelato essere l'ultimo album dei Rolling Stones che cercava seriamente di aprire nuove direzioni musicali alla band; in seguito la critica rimproverò spesso i successivi album degli Stones di affidarsi troppo comodamente alla consolidata loro formula di hard rock e blues dei primi anni settanta. Tuttavia, il disco è ancora oggi uno dei meno popolari e conosciuti degli Stones.

Undercover fu l'ultimo album dei Rolling Stones ad essere distribuito in Nord America dalla Rolling Stones Records attraverso l'originale accordo di distribuzione con la Atlantic Records, sussidiaria della Warner Music Group. Nel 1986 l'album è stato distribuito dalla CBS/Sony Music, e successivamente ristampato in formato CD dalla Virgin Records nel 1994, e ancora nel 2009 dalla Universal Music.

Tracce
Lato A

Lato B

Formazione
The Rolling Stones
Mick Jagger – voce, cori, chitarra, armonica
Keith Richards – chitarra, cori, voce in Wanna Hold You; basso in Pretty Beat Up
Ronnie Wood – chitarra, slide guitar, cori; basso in Tie You Up e Wanna Hold You
Bill Wyman – basso, percussioni, piano in Pretty Beat Up
Charlie Watts – batteria

Personale aggiuntivo
Chuck Leavell – tastiera, organo, pianoforte
Ian Stewart – piano in She Was Hot e Pretty Beat Up, percussioni
David Sanborn – sassofono
Sly Dunbar – percussioni
Robbie Shakespeare – basso
Moustapha Cisse – percussioni
Brahms Coundoul – percussioni
Martin Ditcham – percussioni
Jim Barber – chitarra in Too Much Blood
Chops – sezione fiati in Too Much Blood

Classifiche

Classifiche settimanali

Classifiche di fine anno

Note

Collegamenti esterni


text:
Q: Python 3.4 accessing stdout Apologies for my ineptness. When I run the following in IDLE on my python 3.4 install it fails.
>>> sys.stdout.fileno()
Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "<pyshell#23>", line 1, in <module>
    sys.stdout.fileno()
io.UnsupportedOperation: fileno

This, seems to give something useful though...
>>> sys.stdout.fileno
<built-in method fileno of PseudoOutputFile object at 0x030927D0>

What obvious thing am I doing wrong?
thanks.
to cut a long story short I am actually trying to do this:
import os
os.write(1, "Hello world!\n")

But got the following error, so went down the route of trying out stdout
Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "<pyshell#34>", line 1, in <module>
    os.write(1, "Hello world!\n")
TypeError: 'str' does not support the buffer interface

and so the call to print sys.stdout.fileno() would give me the number, and I thought it might just be that it shouldn't be 1.

A: IDLE under windows is started with pythonw.exe, a console-less GUI. As such there is no stdout handle assigned, at all.
The shell window itself needs to redirect all stdout output to the GUI window, which is the PseudoOutputFile object you see.
If you wanted to experiment with writing to the 1 filenumber, you need to start IDLE with a console attached:
py -m idlelib

from a console should be enough to give you a process with an actual sys.__stdout__ file handle, and writing with os.write(1, ...) will work.
Do remember that writing directly to a file handle requires bytes, not Unicode text. Encode your text or use a b'...' bytes literal.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
Q: Is there any way to use Preview to view files on another server? I own a Mac and ssh into a Linux server.  How can I view a file on the Linux server using the Preview program on my Mac, without having to explicitly copy it to my Mac beforehand?

A: You cannot as Preview runs on the Mac and loads all the data into itself before rendering it.
In general this is how all OS X programs work, the data has to be transferred into the app running in the Macs memeory
What can be done is using X11 the normal Linux display mechanism, which was designed to work across a network. You can have X11 programs running on the server that display on another machine. Unfortunately Apple's GUI does not support this (an earlier version did but we suspect for the cost of licensing this was replaced)

A: You could use the file transfer application CyberDuck to connect to the Linux server, using your ssh credentials, and then thanks to Quick Look you can  preview your images and many other file types without explicitly copying them, altough you are in effect downloading the data to have the preview.


I know that I have mentioned the Lionel Racing Golden Ticket program before but here is the gist of the program: Buy a 2014 1:24 Lionel Racing Diecast and you could find a golden ticket in it for one of several awesome prizes. I know personally that the private tour of Stewart-Haas Racing shop in Concord, NC followed by lunch with a pit crew member would be my DREAM prize (and as of this writing that dream prize of mine? Hasn't been claimed yet! Hmmm maybe I should consider buying another diecast)!
What a once-in-a-lifetime experience- it looks like Judie and Ann both had a great time! There are still lots of great Golden Ticket's left out there! For more information on getting your golden ticket visit: Lionel Racing's Golden Ticket Promotion.


text:
Shane's chassis swapped AWD Volvo '142R'
by John Sims July 22, 2018
Everyone I know wants a classic car. Personally I love all classic cars, they all have charm and character that nothing has these days. So why don't we all have a classic if we all want one? Well, we're all too used to the modern comforts we get with something made this decade. Air conditioning, power steering, ABS, airbags. Whats the solution? Nothing I thought until recently, but then I stumbled across Shane's Volvo 142 build (@blackbndt).
Shane's a sensible guy. Like you and me he wants a retro Volvo 142 but he also would like a bit of air conditioning as well. So he did what any real car guy would do and after a lot of consideration and measuring he tore apart the 142 and a donor Volvo V70R to splice the two together. Shane now has a classic Volvo 142 banana yellow body but with all the modern engineering of the newer chassis and technology that comes with it. Not only that but Shane has also swapped the V70R interior into it as well just to make it even more of a comfortable ride and also kitted it out with some old school looking wood trim just as a hint to what was considered luxury back in the 70's when the car was built.
Exterior wise the car hints to the badass-ery that's lurking beneath with some 6" wide fender flares on the front and 4" on the rear to tuck the wider track of the V70r and the 10.5" wide NT03 style wheels. The front has a custom splitter to aid in the aero department and also allow airflow to the intakes and coolers stuffed behind it. His main target for the build was to get it complete enough to be able to pick his kid up from the last day of school in it, which he achieved and makes my Dad borrowing a Range Rover Sport to come and get me look really lame in comparison.
So whats cooler than a 1972 wide arch Volvo 142 with AWD, a 2.3 turbo engine, AC, ABS, heated seats and cruise control. The answer is 'NOTHING'.I really admire Shane for his 'fuck it' attitude which lead him diving head first into this build and consistently putting in a huge amount of time into building it into the monster it is today.
He is still working hard on it now and I don't think it will ever be one of those build that ever gets finished. Power mods will be coming soon with turbo upgrades and a tune to make the most of the bulletproof Volvo engine.
He's worth a follow on Instagram as he documents a lot of his work, not only does he ask for the community's advice on certain decision's with the car but he puts a lot back into the community and has been a supporter of #ProjectOwnersClub from day one for which we can't thank him enough.
2019's Top 10 Project Cars
2019 is coming to a close and its been a mad year for projects and us in general. In 2019 we went from just hitting 10k followers on Inst...