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Central Narratives of Karbala
Posted by zeynab.ali in Shi'ism4335 Class-Assignment February 29, 2012
Identify the central threads that emerge from the classical narrative of the death of al-Hussain.
The battle of Karbala, which took place in the deserts of Southern Iraq in 680 AD, is a central event in Shi'ism which serves as a point of reference for many Shi'i religious beliefs and practices. In a sense, Karbala has become the 'root metaphor' for Shi'i beliefs and the narratives associated with it have came to be known as the 'Karbala Paradigm'(Aghaie). The main themes that have emerged from this event such as resilience in the face of oppression, suffering and redemption, along with unflinching loyalty to the Imams, have become defining features of the Shi'i narrative.
The Karbala narrative has evolved over the centuries but there is no single authoritative version of the event today even according to Shi'i historical accounts. Different versions present different details of the battle and historical accuracy is apparently not a central concern in the retelling of these narratives as they became part of popular historical folklore. Several contingent and subjective factors such as the fear of repercussions in presenting the ruling elite of the time in a negative light or the divergent geo-political, Arab vs Byzantinian outlooks and rivalry make it difficult to distangle historical myth from reality. There are however many 'correct representations' of the event that the Shi'i agree upon.(Aghaie)The Shi'i discourse presents a larger than life image of Hussain and his band of men whose story is imbued with the ideals of self-sacrifice and loyalty.(Mufid) The men in Hussain's army symbolize piety and courage as do the women accompanying them in all the narratives. One central aspect that also emerges within this narrative is the agency of the women of Karbala as spokespersons and guardians of the faith in the absence of men. The sacrifices made during the battle ofKarbalahave become intertwined with the narrative of spiritual redemption and salvation in the life after death. Through the process of intercession, the Shi'i followers believe they will attain atonement for their sins in this world. (BahrulUloom)
In the later versions among the other villainous characters like Ibn Ziyad, Shimr, Umar Ibn Saad, Yazid becomes the 'ultimate, impious tyrannical villain' (Aghaie) In the earlier versions, he is seen as a remorseful and ambiguous character who ultimately makes good will gestures to the Prophets family in the aftermath of the battle of Karbala.(Mufid) This presents somewhat of a glaring contrast between the two representations of Yazid, because in the mainstream, present Shi'i narratives he excessively degrades the Ahl-Bayt in his court and mocks their tribulations. In many traditions he forced them to stand outside the gate of his Palace for days. The same can be said in general regarding the accounts of Yazid's army, who are shown as being motivated by monetary greed to indulge in the vilification of the Prophet's family but are hesitant in killing Hussain, who embodies the Prophet's charisma and tradition. ( Bahr ul Uloom)
Ultimately in its central narratives, the Battle of Karbala has come to be seen as the vindication of upright Shi'ism against violent distortions of Islam. As the Prophet's grandson, Hussain fulfilled his obligation to save the religion from moral depravity and decay that was being perpetuated by the Ummayads under Yazid. (Mufid) Hussain's sacrifice has a universal appeal as a principled stand against tyranny and had far-reaching effects on the Muslim world because it identified and highlighted the 'true Islam' and distinguished it from the coercive religion of the political elite. In this sense he 'lost the battle but won the campaign'. (BahrulUloom)
Sectarianism in Syria
Posted by zeynab.ali in Current Affairs February 27, 2012
Syria is somewhat an anomaly in the Shi'i context because it is a Sunni majority state that is being ruled over by an authoritarian Shi'i regime. It would be worthy to mention here a fact that is overlooked in much of the current discussion on Syria that the Syrian rulers belong to the Alawi sect of Shi'ism which is quite distinct from the mainstream Twelver Shi'ism. Although the current uprising is predominantly seen as a Shia-Sunni sectarian issue, the truth is that the Assad regime does not even have manifest or widespread support from the Shi'i community either. This much I gathered during a visit to Syria recently, through my interaction with Shi'i people in Damascus and it's vicinities.
The current regime is repressive and ruthless towards almost any dissent coming from any group. The Shi'i people have faced the wrath of the Assad regime because they face pretty much the same socio-economic constraints that the Sunni population faces, leading them to protest against the unfair policies of the dictatorship. As a result the Shi'i sections of the society are as deprived and backwards as their Sunni coutnerparts. However ironically there is a very strong anti-Shia sentiment within Syria at present which stems from the fact that it symbolizes the brutality of the Assad regime and also because the Sunni population is excessively ostracized because it constantly questions the legitimacy of the current dictatorship.
Academic Vali Nasr recently spoke about the sectarian tensions in the current violence in Syria.
http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2012-02-13/assadism-without-assad-could-prevent-sectarian-mayhem-vali-nasr.html
Recently at one of my classes at SIPA, journalist Nir Rosen spoke about the current situation in Syria where he has been based over the last few years. He presented an interesting insiders's perspective , one which does not necessarily correlate with th official Western narratives of the region. This is one of his latest interviews which cover most of the issues he spoke about at Columbia.
http://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/features/2012/02/2012218165546393720.html
It will be interesting to see how the current situation resovlves itself ultimately. The Syrian government is trying its best to appease the discontent but its attempts are largely seen as being superficial, as a feature in the New York Times points out today.
http://www.nytimes.com/2012/02/27/world/middleeast/as-fighting-continues-syria-offers-a-new-charter.html?_r=1&ref=world
Occultation and The Hidden Imam
First, list the primary elements of the Twelver Shi'i doctrine of occultation (ghayba). Next, articulate the primary arguments (a) for and (b) against its validity.
According to Shi'ite traditions a leader know as the Qaim (the one who rises up), who is a redresser of wrongs and is also referred to as the Mahdi, will arise from the family of Muhammad. The two concepts of the Mahdi and the Qa'im became conflated and were transcribed against the concept of the Twelfth Imam by the beginning of the fourth/tenth century. (Modaressi) This Imam will distribute equality and establish justice among his subjects. The role of the saviour or the Mahdi can be understood within the context of eternal struggle between right and wrong, the Mahdi is needed to ascertain the final supremacy of good over evil and right over wrong because God can help create change but 'the role of man in human effort and struggle is utmost'. (Behisti&Bahonar) The end of the period of the greater Occultation will be 'a time when contradictions will disappear and peace and tranquility will prevail'. The Imam can be symbolically seen of 'an inspiration cherished by mankind' which provides hope for 'persecuted individuals' and 'oppressed nations' and keeps them away from evil. (Sadr & Mutahhery)
The death of each Shi'ite imam invariably created a problem of succession, with splinter groups either denying his death or believeing in his imminent return. In each case the deceased imam was believed to return as the Qa'im. (Moderessi) This happened in the case of the Eleventh Imam, whose death was confirmed by the Imamis and the concealment of his son, who was the hujja (proof) of God on earth, was proclaimed. A doctrine of occultation was presented as a rationally established dogma, asserting the neccessary existance and absence of the Hidden Imam or the Qaim. The twelfth Imam was said to be alive in his occultation and was able to communicate with this followers throught his agents. It is this doctrine of Occultation which distinguishes Twelver Shi'ism from the earlier Imamiyya as the 'Belief in the ghayba is a direct corollory to the belief in the 12 Imams'. (Kohlberg) There were two periods of Occultation. The 'lesser' ghayba which was a shorter period lasted from 260/874 to 429/941, during which the Imam was represented on earth by four successive agents. This period gave way to a longer and 'greater' ghayba "whose duration is known only to God". (Kohlberg)
The Case Against the Doctrine of Occultation:
For obvious reasons the concept of Occultation is against the laws of nature because it covers a time span that goes well beyond a human lifetime and defies any reasonable measures of sustained existence. Not only is there no scientific proof but there also does not seem to be sufficient religious proof for such a doctrine which is largely based in a 'strong belief in the imperceptable'. (Sadr & Mutahhery) Such beliefs also attributes a superhuman role to the Imam which seems contradictory to the assertions made by the Shii'i imams to negate the extremist ghulat beliefs which were characterized as untrue and misplaced. Given the dissent and division within the Shi'te community after the death of each imam, clearly the delegation of authority nass cannot be proved easily. It also has to be said that bare a handful, no humans seem to have humanly know him. Infact "until after his father's death, the news about his birth and existence was not publicized". (Moderssi )
The prophetic traditions which assert the succession of twelve caliphs and the traditions from the Shi'te Imams themseves regarding this subject can be said to be of 'questionable authenticity'. (Kohlberg) Such traditions as are presented to justify the Occultation had "never attracted the attention of the Shi'ite community" until after 295/908 to provide a background as evidence to ground these assertions. (Modaressi )Apparently the concept of the Mahdi was essentially a non-Imamite concept and had existed even before Islam as the saviour who will fill the earth with equity and justice. It has also been recounted that by the year 940 around the time of the Twelfth Imam's occultation many shi'i were in a state of 'confusion' and 'fierce doubt'. (Moderessi)
The Shi'ites themselves claim that the concept of the Mahdi is 'an abstract idea' of an unknown saviour in the distant future which was given a concrete shape by Islam. because the Mahdi is already present and waiting for suitable time and circumstances for his arrival to beginhis great mission. (Sadr & Mutahhery) The question also come up then why did the majority of other imams carry a disdain for taking up political roles, even at times when conditions were favorable and people were unjustly oppressed and needed saviours.
The multifarious indications of the arrival of the Twelfth Imam (Mufid ) seem to be manifestly human constructs that seem extremely time specific and constrained by the circumstances of the the early Islamic period and many of which do not seem realistic in a universalistic sense in today's world for instance. This could be a reflection of the fact that they were construed by the human mind and were not not divinely sanctioned indications.
The Argument for The Doctrine of Occultation:
The basic justification for the ghayba is that mankind cannot remain without a guide. Belief in ghayba is based on Quranic concepts and precedents of the prophet as interpreted by Shi'i traditions. The concept of the Mahdi finds resonance in the Quranic concept of the muamarun( those whose life has been prolonged by God) . The significane of the number twelve and the idea of ghayba are early motifs in islamic history and therefore the notion of ghayba was achieved throught the reinterpretation of already existing materials. (Kohlberg) The notion of twelve successors to the Prophet existed long before the disappearance of the Twelfth Imam in the prophetic traditions and was widely accepted and known before the beginning of the ghayba so that "no one can … claim that the statement was in any way authored by the Imamites in the post-Occultation period." (Modaressi) "Even the belief in two concealments did not originate with the Ithna'ashariyya, and the traditions of ghayba of Abraham and Muhammad to fend persecution can serve as religious historical precendents for the ghayba of the Twelfth Imam. (Kohlberg)
Futhermore at the time of the beginning of the Occultation the Abbasid persecution had become intolerable which nessitated the ghayba. It was a responsiblity that the Twelfth Imam has undertaken and "he was in hiding because he feared that he would be captured and killed". (Modaressi) The persecution of all the Shi'a imams had been so severe that even the names of the Imams were forbidden to pronounce and were even unknown to many.(Kohlberg) In such a situation it seems logical that the final Imam retreat within God's protection.
The issue of the unnatural longetivity of the ghayba can also be seen as a miracle. Miracles are attested to in all scriptures and accepted by all religions. As can be seen through them that natural law was suspended for Abraham when the Nimrod's fire turned cold. The case of Noah who lived for 950 years to guide his people, the sea was parted for Moses and the instance of Mairaaj in Quran seem incomprehensive in the logical and rational sense but are accepted today as facts. (Sadr & Mutahhery) In the same way one can make a case for the validity of the ghayba as a phenomenon that is 'understood best by God'.
'A Religion of Protest'
Posted by zeynab.ali in Book review February 13, 2012
'Shi'ism: A Religion of Protest' is Professor Hamid Dabashi's latest book which was published recently and presents unusual insights into Shi'ism'. The New York Times carried a review of the book here.
http://www.nybooks.com/articles/archives/2011/dec/22/revolutionary-shias/
According to the Professor Dabashi, Shi'ism is not so much a sect or minority tradition of Islam as it is 'a state of mind'. This is so because Shi'ism has 'always defined itself in opposition to the mainstream discourse' in Islam. Once in a while every other Sunni Muslim can be in such a state of mind, he believes. In a very quotidian way, he describes Shi'ism as being dominated either by 'very old men sitting in their mosques or very young revolutionaries, fighting wars'. This binary argument can be projected onto his descriptions in his book of the Grand Ayatollah Sistani and the Iraqi firebrand cleric, Muqtada al-Sadr, as "two Shi'is at the two opposing but complementary ends of their faith, defending their cause and sustaining the historical fate of their community in two diametrically parallel but rhetorically divergent ways".
Among other unusual observations he asserts that, "The more volatile, unstable, and impulsive the charismatic outbursts of revolutionary movements in Shi'ism have been throughout its medieval and modern history, because of its traumatic origin, the more precise the exactitude of the Shi'i law has sought to regulate, to the minutest details, the affairs of Shi'i believers—from their rituals of bodily purity to the dramaturgical particulars of their communal gatherings, to their political suspicions of anyone's claim to legitimate authority".
One of the most interesting discussion in the book is that of Professor Dabashi's use of a Freudian notion of the 'Death of the Father syndrome' that characterizes the Jews and results in a 'delayed obedience' on their part through the adoption of systematic rituals. He posits this as an analogy with his idea of the 'Death of the Son' concept where in the wake of Karbala tragedy, Shi'ism becomes characterized with a 'delayed defiance' being 'overcome with the guilt of not helping Hussain ( the Third Shi'i Imam)' which causes it to always 'say no' and protest. He believes that the Shi'i proclivity to denunciate everything has be completely historicized in this sense.
Below is an introductary video of Professor Dabashi speaking about this book.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TaVKZLn9A6A
Critques of Shi'ism and Mutazalism
Posted by zeynab.ali in Shi'ism4335 Class-Assignment February 8, 2012
Week 4 (A) Write a critique of the Twelver Shi'i concept of the Imamate from a Mutazili perspective.
According to the Mutazalli precepts the primacy of reason over revelation does not make it possible to easily accept the concept of an infallible Imam appointed through divine sanction. The fact is that inspite of their emphasis on the contrary, the Shi'i themselves rely excessively on reason. Shi'i scholars incessantly implore people towards 'intellectual evaluation' which however they feel would lead them towards the same conclusion that is presented by the infalliable imams. (Shobani) The qualifications that are presented for the necessity of Imams is that they must assist people towards that 'to which their reasons guide them'. (Hilli )
If the Imam's are those who have 'supreme leadership over affairs of religion and mundane life' ( Modaressi) and are sent to 'give proofs', 'protect' and 'guide' men at all times (Hilli), then they are essentially making the decisions for people or at the very least manifestly influencing them. Eventually then the Imam's are responsible for all human behavior, a notion which undermines the concept of free will. If the human being is so dependent on the will of the Imam than there is really no space for him to act independently. Furthermore the concept of divine justice can never be actualized if man is not held accountable for his deeds. The notion of the intercession of the Imams is problematic in this sense that if man commits evil deeds but believes that he will not be held responsible for his actions because of the intercession of the Imams. This could easily become the basis of anarchy in a society.
(B) Write a critique of Mutazilism from a Twelver Shi'i perspective.
One of the biggest contention between Shi'ism and Mutazalism was over the concept of Imamate. Mutazallism does not believe in infalliability and necessity of the Imams. There is also a significant disagreement on the intercession of the Imams which is directly related to the concept of waid or unconditional punishment of God.
Mutazalism does not believe in the necessity of the Imam or the fact that Imamate comes from divine appointment . From the Shi'i perspective human beings are always in need of a leader and an organized society needs a guide to avoid disorder and chaos. Since Islam is a religion predominantly concerned with social life it needs a leader who can navigate throught the pitfalls of society. (Tabatabai) Imamate is directly derived from the Prophet-hood and is 'a universal authority in the things of religion'. Imamate is an incumbent kindness (lutf) and is described as that 'which brings the creature near to obedience and keeps him far from disobedience', an idea that is fully realized only by the concept of Imamate. In this sense the Imams are also a proof of God on earth (hujja ) and without them the earth will perish and descend into chaos. (Hilli)
The Mutazali believe that the appointment of imam is possible from within a community through the concensus of the Ummah and believe that it can be ascertained by reason and election (ikhtiyar). However the Shi'i believe that consensus is not a 'convincing proof' and because of 'the possibility of error in every individual of them, and so in all of them'. The Prophet has said: "After me this people will act some by the Book and some by Hadith and some by Analogy, and whenever they do thus then they have gone astray and let astray." Thus nothing remains to be the guardian of the law except the Imam. (Hilli)
According to the Shi'i there is sufficient traditions and texts available from the prophet's life and the Quran to determine who can be Imam and successor, and none of these indicate it as a human decision. So therefore for the Shi'i the Imams have to be designated through divine appointment (nass). The Shi'i therefore seek to understand religion not through reason but through revelation and prophecy, unlike the Mutazalite. (Tabatabai) Contrary to Mutazalite belief, the Shi'i Imams can be visible, known or hidden, protected and eventually 'it is not possible for us, nor for any believer, to choose an Imam by rational thought and choice. (Calder)
Since infalliability and immunity to sin (isma) is one of the salient aspects of Imamate and is a matter which no one perceives but God himself. Imamate is a succession (khilâfa) from God and His Messenger, and it cannot be acquired except by the word of them both. Immunity to sin is 'a hidden kindness which God Most High shows'. Also by establishing the Imamate by acknowledging any human who is fallible as an imam and by his claim to it total authority would result in conflict (fitna). (Hilli ) The Imams are persons without attachment to the world and do not seeks worldly gains. This cannot be said of the ordinary people who according to Mutazali thought can fit into such a criterion.
Mutazalites do not believe in bodily ressurection, but if there was no return in the hereafter then the challenges of human existence would become meaningless and infact God would be seen as unjust. This can be explained throught the concept of taklif which can be seen as 'an obligation on rational adults' and a 'labor which requires a compensation' and any labor without re-compensation could be equated with injustice. (Hilli) If bodily resurrection does not happen then man cannot be given his due share for the period of taklif (his life) and this would be great injustice on the part of God, which is an impossibility since God is just. Man clearly possesses an inner spiritual life and the Quran affirms the 'existence of another life and another spirit'. (Tabatabai)
Shi'i Iraq Asserts it's Agency
Posted by zeynab.ali in Comment, Current Affairs February 5, 2012
The assertion of the identity of a predominantly Shi'i Iraq has a significant bearing on the way Shi'ism evolves in the recent times. This article aptly highlights some of the important aspects of the current dynamics in Iraq.
http://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2011/12/as-the-us-leaves-iraq-shiites-determined-to-hold-power/250329/
The controversey surrounding the current regime in Iraq is unwittingly intertwined with the narrative of Shi'i faith because 'Baghdad is now officially Shiite'. According to the popular discourse on Iraq, after decades of persecution, 'now it was the Shiites turn to rule, and they didn't want to share'. It has also been noted that the 'Iraqi Shiites aren't shy about showing off their newfound power' by asserting their agency, a fact which is clearly not sitting well with the occupying powers which saw Iraq as a prize which was supposed to submissively fall into line with their goals for the region.It is significant to note the underlying justification that is given for the continued US or Western interference and influence on the situation in Iraq. As outlined in this article, the United States needs to maintain its influence in Iraq because, 'it is a major source of energy reserves, it's critical to the security of the southern Gulf, and it has an actual impact on the U.S. economy'.
Another article also notes how the assertion of Shi'i agency and the path of independence being followed by the current Prime Minister is 'unacceptable'.
http://www.middle-east-online.com/english/?id=50432
Given this context it becomes understandable when Senior members in the Obama administration, like Biden and Clinton, assert that Baghdad must be 'forced into submission'. While the motivation for this line of action is professedly clear, what is extremely disturbing however are the strategies that Washington is using which seek to weaken the Maliki government by 'encouraging the division of Iraq along sectarian/ethnic lines' and 'exaggerating differences among Iraqis' . Since the US is officially not deployed in Iraq other forces 'aligned with Washington have campaigned fiercely to incite sectarian and ethnic conflict'. This approach is further advanced by pushing neighboring countries like Turkey to become actively involved in Iraq and to exercise pressure on the Iraqi government through political 'intimidation', a move that may well be underway.
http://www.todayszaman.com/news-270177-turkey-to-bring-iraqi-shiite-sunni-groups-together-in-istanbul.html
Week 3- Doctrinal Implications of Divine Justice
Prompt Week 3 -Provide a clear and cogent summary of the Shi'i-Mut'azili Tenet of Divine Justice. What are it's primary doctrinal implications? What would be the most problematic consequences of this conception of a rationally just deity?
At the very onset it can be said that Shiism and Mutazalism cannot be conflated with each other (Madelung), but they do seem to have significant resonance on common concerns . There is clearly a longterm impact of Mutazalite thought on Shia theology which seems to have evolved towards the conclusion that the fundamentals of religion are to be derived from reason alone. There are fuzzy boundaries between divergent strains within Shi'ism with regards to the Mutazali influence where Usuli Shiism in more in resonance with Mutazli that the Akbari school and the Baghdad Mutazalite school, which was less radical , was more in agreement with the Shii values.
In term of Divine Justice the Shi'i outlook is not a radical departure from Mutazalite views but there is a significantdisagreement on the intercession of the Imams, the position of waid or unconditional punishment of God. In the Mutazalite view justice and goodness exist as universal values are independent of God, as opposed to the theistic subjectivism view. So God cannot do evil even if he tries, because justice is inherent in his essence (Hourani). The Mutazalites, as rationalizing philosphers theologians, exalted reason and valued reason as a source of true knowledge. Mutazalism also believes in free will and does not accept the concept that all acts are predetermined.
In this sense Shi'ism holds an intermediate position between Mutazalism and Sunni traditionalist doctrine. (Behisti & Bahonar) Shi'ism, following Imamic traditions, also upholds that justice begins with the assertion of one's agency or exercise of will. However in Shiism there is no ultimate pre-destination or absolute human discretion. There is some sense of relativism in the argument about pre-determinism and the truth seems to lie between the two extremes. Human beings are responsible for their actions but free will has its limitations. Some Shi'i Mutazalites explained this as the acts of men being created by God (makhluqa), which qualifies this act of creation as pre-estimation or fore-knowledge ,but not as production (takwin). (Madelung.) In a paradoxical way then God has ordained free will for man. Whenever man wills an action , Divine power brings into effect its punishment. Man determines his destiny by his own decisions. (Shobani )
Everything in this universe is a necessary existant and there is a causal connection between rationality and justice, in Shi'ism. Given this human beings have a purpose in this world as rationl beings (mukallaf) to respond to God by worshipping him. The actions which proceed from humans, all take place by their own power and choice. In other words 'he is not forced to act as he does, but he can act and he can refrain from acting'. (Hilli) If humans have no power over their own actions, then God would be 'the most unjust of unjust beings' because he would be willing these actions and setting human beings up for failure. However the Quran states that there is no possibility of injustice by God because God is just , justice is a divine attribute. (Sobhani)
In the Mutazallite view then God is seen as a rational being that imparts justice (Caspar) According to them all things exist according to an 'objective moral order', so that good and evil were intrinsic to all things. Believers are judged by their own faith and action which are independent of God's will. Some Mutazalites have even gone as far as to say that It is better for humans to reach heaven by their own efforts rather than with God's help. The problem with divine justice theory is that it limits Gods power and agency over man. Furthermore by imposing free will upon man, God is forcing humanity to be free. In a way the free man, completely responsible for his actions, becomes set up as a creator or a rival of God. (Hourani) Obviously then God's authority becomes constrained and its existence comes into question. This position intrinsically negates God's omnipotence, and it also seems to ascribe to God the constraints of man which brings it into a direct opposition to the traditionally accepted concept of Tanzih, which proclaims that Allah is free of all defects and failures.


Please join the COSLA workshops this week to discuss your Downtown open space priorities and desires! These workshops are casual open-house style, with maps to draw on, visioning boards to help you re-imagine open space possibilities in the dense Downtown area, and great food provided by Homegirl Catering! Spanish translation is available.
Come for a bit, or stay for a while - we hope to see you there!!
Here is an opportunity to give back . Join us at SUEDE BAR & LOUNGE @ the Bonaventure for a turkey drive on Wednesday November 20, 2013 from 4- 8PM. All turkeys will be donated to The Union Rescue Mission to help supply a thanksgiving dinner to those who have fallen on hard times. Please take a few moments out of your day and come by with a turkey.
On Monday, November 18 from 5:30-8pm, X Lanes, Interwoven L.A., and DTLA Rendezvous will host a "launch event" where donations will get you FREE bowling! You will also have the chance to meet people of the LA Mission and learn more about how you can help the homeless!
Join your DTLA neighbors, workers, and friends to help those in need!
How would you like to see Pershing Square used? Have a say!
After months of vandalism and graffiti attacks, one segment of the lovely City owned pedway connecting the WTC to the Bunker Hill Plaza area has been "taken back." A DLANC/Council District sponsored campaign to bring together all the concerned forces finally got BID to patrol, Essex Management (Bunker Hill Apartments) to trim trees and set up surveillance cameras, and a very amazing new graffiti abatement team hired by the City ("GangFree" or GAP) to do a great job of cleaning and restoring.


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Unilever beat forecasts
Unilever sales rose by 4.3 percent, slightly ahead of analysts' expectations for a 4.2 percent gain.
Unilever sales rose by 4.3 percent, slightly ahead of analysts' expectations for a 4.2 percent gain. Picture: Facebook.
JeanMarc Huet
LONDON - Consumer goods maker Unilever (ULVR.L) (UNc.AS) reported better-than-expected 2013 results on Tuesday, with an improved performance in emerging markets after currency devaluations earlier last year hurt demand.
The Anglo-Dutch maker of Ben & Jerry's ice cream, Lipton tea and Dove soap - which generates more than half its sales from developing and emerging markets - said core earnings were €1.58 per share, above analysts' average estimate of about €1.53 per share.
Turnover for the full year fell 3 percent, hit by foreign exchange rates and divestments. But underlying sales rose 4.3 percent, slightly ahead of analysts' expectations for a 4.2 percent gain.
In the fourth quarter, underlying sales rose 4.1 percent, fuelled by 8.4 percent growth in emerging markets.
Chief Financial Officer Jean-Marc Huet cited contributions from equity stakes in other companies and a favorable tax rate in addition to growth.
SAB cancels another R2.5 billion in investments due to alcohol ban

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Donald Cohen was born in New York in 1951 where he spent his childhood. He graduated from the State University of New York at Buffalo. Dr. Cohen went on to earn his M.S.W. at Columbia University and his Ph.D. in clinical psychology from the California School of Professional Psychology, located in Berkeley, California. He returned to the East Coast to complete his fellowship in the Department of Psychiatry at Yale University Medical Center, as well as to begin his private practice. The author has also created, produced, and hosted the weekly television and radio show, Kids are Talking. He is a licensed marital and family therapist, and has had various articles published over the years while conducting lectures and workshops on subjects related to children, particularly communication. He is the co-author of My Father, My Son, author of memory man, collected poems (vols. 1, 2, 3), and a children's book, Milo, My Stray Cat. In addition, Cohen was the producer and lyricist for the rock band "the GIVE." He is the co-creater of the self-titled acoustic CD, as well as "the GIVELive at Acoustic Café." Both are available on iTunes. He is currently the co-producer and lyricist for Memoryman Music. He and his wife Dee have two children and reside in Connecticut.
I anticipate your birth and all that will unfold—first gaze, first taste, first sound, first smell, first touch, first moment—and I'm already feeling our first embrace. I ponder the possibilities: will you be a philosopher-dreamer, strong willed or free spirited, fan or a player, maybe all of the above? Soon people will celebrate "you," and I, so happy to witness my blessing joining the world, will wonder what you sensed swimming down the birth canal—no longer trapped in the unknown, but emerging to know your namesake history, and what you alone will become.
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Q: Umbraco class library and Web Site I have a project I was brought onto a few years ago and the original developer is no longer available. We have an Umbraco 6 based website. The solution has two projects, a Web Site and a class library call Umbraco.Extensions. I believe I read some conventional wisdom pertaining to Umbraco at some point where it is recommended to split it up like this but I am looking for more information about this particular style of setup and how it is supposed to work. For example right now I am dealing with a missing assembly issue, and i fixed it by copying a dll from the bin of Extensions to the bin of the Web Site. How is this handled regularly?

A: it's generally a good idea to keep the projects separated. You should have some kind of automation (maybe a post-build action) to copy the dll of the class library to the bin of the umbraco project. Or maybe rebuild the umbraco project with the correct references, but I dont usually do that.

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3M 20239 die grinder provides 1 hp. Always consider the length of any product when purchasing an abrasive tool or accessory. This die grinder comes in a 10 in length. Most of the part numbers in this category have a maximum RPM. The maximum RPM is designated for both safety and as the upper limit for performance. In this case the maximum RPM is 12,000.


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Kellogg Company's Revenue by Product Category (2017-2022)
This statistic highlights Kellogg Company's Revenue by Product Category, split across Snacks, Cereal, Frozen and Noodles, reported on a quarterly basis from 2017 onwards.
By Shiksha Sahu
This statistic highlights Kellogg Company's Revenue by Product Category, split across Snacks, Cereal, Frozen and Noodles, reported on a quarterly basis, from 2017 onwards.
Kellogg Company's Revenue by Product Category
Product Category Q3 2020 Q2 2021 Q3 2021 Contribution in Q3 2021
Snacks $1.59 $1.65 $1.71 47.23%
Cereal $1.32 $1.33 $1.31 36.18%
Frozen $0.27 $0.26 $0.27 7.45%
Noodles $0.23 $0.29 $0.32 8.83%
Total $3.42 $3.55 $3.62 100%
(All figures in billions, except percentages)
The total revenue of Kellogg Company increased from $3.42 billion in Q3 2020 to $3.55 billion in Q2 2021 which was an increase of 3.8%. Further, it increased from $3.55 billion in Q2 2021 to $3.62 billion in Q3 2021, which was an increase of 1.9% on a quarterly basis. When compared on a year-on-year basis, the revenue witnessed a rise from $3.42 billion in Q3 2020 to $3.62 billion in Q3 2021, making an increment of 5.84%.
The snacks section contributed the highest revenue of 47.23%, amounting to $1.71 billion in Q3 2021. Secondly, cereal products contributed 36.18%, a total of $1.31 billion in the latest quarter. The frozen food segment contributed around 7.45% of the revenue, amounting to $0.27 billion. Lastly, noodles contributed the least revenue of $0.32 billion, accounting for 8.83% of the total revenue generated by the company in Q3 2021.
Kellogg Company's total revenue is further bifurcated into different products as follows:
The company's Snacks product category include goods like crackers, savory snacks, toaster pastries, cereal bars, granola bars, and nibbles; and convenience foods like ready-to-eat cereals, frozen waffles, vegetable foods, and noodles. Kellogg's, Cheez-It, Pringles, Austin, Parati, and RXBAR are just a few of the snack brands the company sells.
The revenue from snacks increased from $1.59 billion in Q3 2020 to $1.65 billion in Q2 2021 which was an increase of around 3.77%. It further increased from $1.65 billion in Q2 2021 to $1.71 billion in Q3 2021, which was an increase of 3.5% on a quarter-on-quarter basis. When compared on a year-on-year basis, the revenue witnessed a 7.54% incline, from $1.59 billion in Q3 2020 to $1.71 billion in Q3 2021. The snacks product category contributed the highest revenue of 47.23%, amounting to $1.71 billion in Q3 2021.
Cereal is the oldest product which the company has manufactured since its set up. Most of its cereal products are marketed under the Kellogg's brand, however some of them are also sold under the brands of Bear Naked and Kashi.
The revenue from cereals increased from $1.32 billion in Q3 2020 to $1.33 billion in Q2 2021 which was an increase of 0.75%. However, the revenue decreased from $1.33 billion in Q2 201 to $1.31 billion in Q3 2021, which was a decrease of 1.5% on a quarter-on-quarter basis. When compared on a yearly basis, the revenue saw a slight decrease of 0.75%, from $1.32 billion in Q3 2020 to $1.31 billion in Q3 2021. Cereal products contributed $1.31 billion which was 36.18% in the latest quarter, being the second-highest contributor.
The company's frozen food products are marketed and sold under the brands Morningstar Farms and Eggo. The revenue from frozen foods decreased from $0.27 billion in Q3 2020 to $0.26 billion in Q2 2021 which was a decrease of 3.7%. Fortunately, it reverted back from $0.26 billion in Q2 2021 to $0.27 billion in Q3 2021 which was an increase of around 3.8% quarterly. When compared on a year-on-year basis, the revenue witnessed an increase of 0%, as in both the quarters, the revenue stood at $0.27 billion. The frozen food segment contributed around 7.45% of the revenue which was $0.27 billion in Q3 2021.
The company manufactures noodles, which account for the third highest revenue out of all other products. The revenue from noodles increased from $0.23 billion in Q3 2020 to $0.29 billion in Q2 2021 which was an increase of around 26%. It further increased from $0.29 billion in Q2 2021 to $0.32 billion in Q3 2021, which was an increase of around 10% on a quarterly basis. When compared on a year-on-year basis, the revenue increased by 39.1%, from $0.23 billion in Q3 2020 to $0.32 billion in Q3 2021. The Noodles product category contributed 8.83% to the revenue, amounting to $0.32 billion.
About Kellogg Company
The Kellogg Company, also known as Kellogg's, is an American global food manufacturing corporation based in Battle Creek, Michigan. Kellogg's manufactures cereals, other convenience foods, such as crackers and toaster pastries, and sells them under the names Corn Flakes, Rice Krispies, Frosted Flakes, Pringles, Eggo, and Cheez-It. Kellogg's manufactures and sells its products in over 180 countries. Kellogg's largest manufacturing, as well as its UK headquarters, is located in Trafford Park in Trafford, Greater Manchester, United Kingdom. Kellogg's mission is to nourish families so that they develop and thrive. The common stock of the company is publicly traded on the NYSE under the ticker "K".
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D Y L Patil Dental College
Rediff.com » News » D Y L Patil Dental College
News for D Y L Patil Dental College
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Web results for D Y L Patil Dental College
The second mock drill on COVID-19 vaccination was conducted on Friday in 736 districts across 33 states and union territories with Union Health... ...
http://www.rediff.com/news/report/pix-second-dry-run-of-covid-19-inoculation-conducted/20210108.htm
Leg-spinner Yuzvendra Chahal announced his engagement in the midst of the pandemic to Dhanashree Verma. The Royal Challengers Bangalore spinner... ...
http://www.rediff.com/cricket/report/just-who-is-dhanashree-verma/20201030.htm


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Inkwell - News
Commencement Changes Spark Controversy
As the first weekend of the school year approaches, GSU gives tips on how to drink safely.File Photo
By: Madison Watkins, Editor-in-Chief
"Who came up with this idea?" That question was on the minds of many students and faculty after Georgia Southern University announced the plans for the spring 2019 commencement.
The University announced on Jan. 16 that the spring commencement ceremonies would occur on two days. College-specific ceremonies will take place on Friday, May 10 and the campus-wide ceremony will be held at 9 a.m., May 11, at Paulson Stadium in Statesboro.
The Waters College of Health Professions, College of Education and Jiann-Ping Hsu College of Public Health will honor graduates at individual ceremonies on May 10 at the Savannah Convention Center.
The College of Behavioral and Social Sciences, Allen E. Paulson College of Engineering and Computing, and College of Science and Mathematics will hold ceremonies on May 10 at Hanner Fieldhouse on the Statesboro campus.
The ceremony for College of Arts and Humanities and Parker College of Business will take place on May 11 at Hanner Fieldhouse.
The schedule forces many students to travel to an unfamiliar city and campus for the final days of their college careers.
A petition on Change.org to move the graduations to students home campuses had more than 13,000 signatures at press time.
A FAQ on the Georgia Southern includes the question that so many students are asking: "Who came up with this idea?"
The response said that a committee considered schedules at other universities, but no committee members or institutions were listed.
"The George-Anne" listed the members of the committee in that paper's commencement coverage
Velma Burden, Registrar, Statesboro
Wallace Brown, Associate Registrar, Statesboro
Nichole Booker, Assistant Registrar, Armstrong
Laura Mills, Associate Vice President for Enrollment Management, Armstrong
Christine Ludowise, Vice Provost, Statesboro
James Brawner, Mathematics Department Chair, Armstrong
Allen Amason, Dean, Statesboro
Patrice Jackson, former Associate Vice President & Dean of Student Services, Statesboro
Andrew Dies, Dean of Students & Student Affairs Campus Lead, Armstrong
Amanda Heinz, Community Affairs Coordinator, Armstrong
Katie Twining, Associate Vice President for Facilities
Diana Cone, Vice Provost
Chris Curtis, Vice President for Armstrong & Liberty Campus Operations
Amy Ballagh, Vice President for Enrollment Management
Georj Lewis, Vice President for Student Affairs
Amy Heaston, Chief of Staff
Five committee members are based on the Statesboro campus and six on the Armstrong campus.
Student Government Association senator Keyshawn Housey told "The George-Anne" that senators were never consulted about the commencement schedule.
The Inkwell reached out to President Shelley Nickel and Provost Carl Reiber, but they had not replied as of press time.


Lacey Baldwin Smith, professor of history at Northwestern University, was born on October 3, 1922. After teaching at various universities, Smith came to Northwestern in 1955 as an associate professor in the History department. During his career, Smith won many awards, including two Fulbrights and a Guggenheim Fellowship. Smith remained at Northwestern even past his retirement in 1993, staying in the capacity of a guest-professor.
Smith's father was a professor of art and archaeology at Princeton University. For his B.S., Lacey B. Smith attended Bowdoin College, graduating in 1946. He was stationed in Bangalore, India with the United States Army Air Corps from 1943-1946, an experience which he drew upon for a later publication. He continued his education, receiving an M.A. in history from Princeton University in 1949. For the year of 1949-1950, he was a Fulbright Scholar at London University, returning to Princeton to finish up his Ph.D. in history in 1951, his dissertation entitled "Tudor Prelates and Politics (1536-1558)".
After graduating, Smith stayed at Princeton, teaching history for two years, and then moved on to an Assistant Professor position at M.I.T. in 1953. In 1955 he took an Associate Professor position in the history department at Northwestern University (despite M.I.T.'s efforts to keep him), and by 1962 he was a full Professor at Northwestern. At Northwestern, Smith served as Chairman of the History department twice (1971-1972; 1974-1977), as well as Director of the Humanities Program, 1983-1985, and was named Peter B. Ritzma Professor in the Humanities in 1985. In 1993 he was officially given Emeritus status upon his retirement, but continued his relationship with Northwestern through guest-professor positions. Outside of Northwestern he held positions in committees and on boards in the American Historical Association, the American Historical Review, the Conference on British Studies, and served as an editor of the Journal of Modern History .
Smith's many publications include This Realm of England, 1399-1689, (1966) volume II of the textbook series A History of England, and arguably was his most popular book. Smith's main historical focus was 16 th and 17 th century England, with a keen interest in Tudor royalty, including Henry VIII, Catherine Howard and Elizabeth I. His first published books focus specifically on these figures, including his 1971 book Henry VIII: The Mask of Royalty, and A Tudor Tragedy, the Life and Times of Catherine Howard (1961), which both received some popular acclaim. He published many articles, focusing again on the Tudor period, penning entries for both the Collier Encyclopedia (1960) and the Encyclopedia Britannica (1971), as well as many book reviews.
In his correspondence with students, friends and colleagues, Smith retained an approachability and kindness in all his letters, which garnered much respect and admiration from his colleagues in and outside of the Northwestern community. The various honors and awards bestowed upon him from either the National Endowment for the Humanities or student groups at Northwestern all speak to his character.
Smith married Jean Reeder (who received an M.A. in history from Northwestern), in 1961, and they had three children: MacAllister, Dennison, and Katherine.


Austrian. Practiced law in Linz. Joined the Nazi party in 1930. An ardent Hitler follower. Arrested for treason connected to his Nazi activities in pre-Nazi Austria. After the Anschluss became Chief of the Austrian SS then Austrian Minister of Internal Security. Police chief of Vienna. Member of the Reichstag. Chief of the Reichsicherheitshauptamt, the RSHA and chief of the SD in Berlin. Arrested in 1945, at war's end. Leader of the powerful SS faction that opposed any concessions to Jews, regarded Becher with suspicion and reported Himmler's clandestine moves to Hitler, through his good friend Martin Bormann. Sentenced to death at the Nuremberg trials. Executed in 1946 in Nuremberg.


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Everyday Health Cancer
Healthy Eating During Cancer Treatment
When cancer attacks the body, the right nutrition can help with healing.
By Shira Isenberg, RD, MPH
Medically Reviewed by Kalyan Banda, MD
FDA Round-Up: Two Promising Cancer Drugs Given Broader Reach by the FDA
Tips for Treating Cancer-Related Pain
Sign Up for Our Cancer Care and Prevention Newsletter
Eating plant foods and drinking fluids are a couple of things cancer patients can do to help the healing process.
Gillian Blease/Getty Images
Good nutrition during cancer treatment helps to ensure good health afterward.
Calories, protein, and plant foods are the building blocks of a good diet during cancer treatment, so be sure to get enough of each.
Drink plenty of fluids, as long as your healthcare provider says it won't interfere with your treatment.
"Let food be thy medicine." — Hippocrates
For the person undergoing cancer treatment, this well-known health motto rings true. Fortifying the body with a wholesome diet that provides adequate nutrition is crucial during this challenging time.
"When we talk about nutrition during cancer treatment, it's important to understand that nutrition itself is not going to be a treatment — we don't have any evidence of that," says Karen Collins, RD, nutrition advisor to the American Institute for Cancer Research.
What following a healthy diet will do is "help the patient maintain healthy body composition, promote success of the medical treatment of cancer, and put them in a good position after treatment," says Collins.
The following nutritional building blocks can help make this possible.
Get an Appropriate Number of Calories
One of the main nutrition goals for cancer patients is maintaining a healthy body weight.
"Typically, people with cancer undergoing treatment are going to lose weight," says Danielle Kennedy, RD, a certified specialist in oncology nutrition with the Cancer Treatment Centers of America at Eastern Regional Medical Center in Philadelphia. "We want to proactively nourish the body. Our objective is to deter weight loss as much as possible."
But the days of serving cancer patients unlimited quantities of ice cream are long gone. Instead of just looking to get any calories into the patient, the goal is to have them consume calories that are rich in nutritional value.
Because it's often difficult for cancer patients to eat large meals, foods that pack a lot of calories and nutrients into a small serving are ideal. These include:
Nuts and nut butters
Avocado/guacamole
Cubes of cheese
Baked potato with sour cream
Eat Enough Protein
Dietitians emphasize lean proteins for people undergoing cancer treatment, with the total amount of protein based on a person's body weight and condition.
"[Cancer patients] generally need additional protein to help repair and maintain their immune function," says Veronica McLymont, PhD, RD, director of food and nutrition services at Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center in New York City.
As a general rule, Kennedy emphasizes a plant-based diet for people with cancer, but "we'll recommend animal-based lean proteins if they're tolerated," she says.
Some healthful protein options include:
Skinless chicken breast and thighs
Beans and lentils
Nuts and nut butter
"When patients are unable to get adequate protein from the foods they eat, another option is a high-protein supplement, which is available in a liquid or powdered form," says Dr. McLymont. "Most powders are tasteless, so they can be added to different recipes without changing the flavor of the food."
McLymont suggests choosing powdered protein supplements over ready-to-drink liquid protein supplements, because patients may feel full too quickly with the liquids before they consume all the protein they need.
Eat Plant Foods
Plant foods, which include fruits, vegetables, legumes, and whole grains, are rich in vitamins and minerals — some of which are antioxidants. These compounds, found naturally in foods, may support health by blocking damage caused by harmful molecules in the body called free radicals — damage thought to be involved in the development and the treatment of some cancers. In addition, these compounds can help nourish your body, and may help it heal during this time.
While eating foods rich in antioxidants is recommended, taking antioxidant supplements isn't — nor is overdosing on your favorite superfood.
RELATED: 4 Ways to Stay Hydrated
"A lot of questions are being raised about antioxidants during cancer treatment," says Collins. "The way radiation works is by creating free radicals that kill cancer cells. Some people have the mentality that if some is good, more is better — and they drink blueberry smoothies five times a day."
"But it's not clear whether this could help by reducing damage to healthy cells during treatment, or where a line might be crossed when it starts working against their treatment," she says. "It's possible that it could help reduce damage to healthy cells, but we don't have evidence to support that strategy."
Collins advocates a more conservative approach focused on variety. "Until we have a better answer, it makes sense to eat healthfully: an abundance of fruits and vegetables, whole grains, beans, nuts, and seeds if they're tolerated, without being excessive about any of them."
Drink Plenty of Fluids
Staying hydrated is another nutrition goal for people undergoing cancer treatment.
"We push lots of water," says Kennedy. "A lot of our patients are easily dehydrated because they're malnourished or may become malnourished. Additionally, if they've experienced constipation or a lot of diarrhea, they need more water."
As a general rule, drinking eight 8-ounce glasses of water or decaffeinated beverages each day, and eating plenty of fruits and vegetables — which have a high water content — should meet most individuals' fluid needs.
Some conditions, however, may call for fluid restriction; patients should follow the advice of their healthcare provider for their individual nutrition and fluid needs.
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The Water Industry Commission for Scotland (WICS) welcomes the findings of Professor Martin Cave's 'Independent Review of Competition and Innovation in Water Markets' in England and Wales (22 April 2009).
The Review finds against the setting of a retail threshold for businesses to qualify for choosing water supplier, and recommends the step-by-step introduction of retail competition for all non-domestic customers.
Alan Sutherland, Chief Executive of the Water Industry Commission for Scotland, commented: "This report makes a highly valuable contribution to how customers and the environment can benefit from competition in the water industry.
Cave's review and recommendations follow the example set by Scotland in April of 2008 whereby businesses in Scotland can now choose from one of four water licences as to who supplies their water and sewerage services. Scotland was the first country in the world to introduce such a choice and one third of businesses in Scotland have changed, reviewed or renegotiated their supplier as a result of the introduction of competition.
As well as providing businesses in England and Wales with cost savings and environmental benefits, WICS believes a competitive water industry in England and Wales will have a positive impact for customers north of the border as new suppliers in England and Wales may also enter the Scottish market. GB-wide competition will lead to a more sophisticated market for licences and as such WICS supports the step-by-step introduction of competition for businesses across Great Britain.


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text:
College & Higher Education Pathways
News wires white papers and books
Del Hoyo, George
(George DelHoyo, George Deloy)
Original name, George DelHoyo.
Career: Actor. Sometimes credited as George DelHoyo and George Deloy; surname sometimes spelled Delhoyo.
Television Appearances; Series:
(As George Deloy) Francis "Frank" Rosetti, Star of the Family, ABC, 1982.
(As Deloy) Michael Henderson (some sources cite Michael Anderson), 9 to 5, ABC, 1983.
(As Deloy) Ken Valere, a recurring role, St. Elsewhere, NBC, 1985–1986.
(As Deloy) Orpheus, Days of Our Lives (also known as Days and DOOL ), NBC, 1986–1987.
(As Deloy) Lawyer, a recurring role, Nightingales, NBC, 1989.
(As Deloy) Rob Donnelly, Generations, NBC, 1989–1990.
Dr. Monahan, a recurring role, Beverly Hills, 90210, Fox, 1997–1998.
Television Appearances; Miniseries; as George Deloy:
Gilbert Kent, The Seekers, syndicated, 1979.
Hector, The Secrets of Lake Success, NBC, 1993.
Television Appearances; Movies:
(As George Deloy) Frank Travis, Perry Mason: The Case of the Lady in the Lake, NBC, 1988.
Ran Jeffreys, The Crying Child, USA Network, 1996.
Television Appearances; Episodic:
"Fly a Wild Horse," B. J. and the Bear, NBC, 1979.
"For the Benefit of My Patients," Quincy (also known as Quincy, M.E. ), NBC, 1979.
Peter Schmidt, "Downhill to Death," Hart to Hart, ABC, 1980.
R. Morris, "Daddy's Little Girl," Three's a Crowd, ABC, 1984.
Bob "Bobby" Mason, "Chrizzi's Honor," Night Court, NBC, 1988.
Matthew Hammond, "How Long Has This Thing Been Going On?," Jake and the Fatman, CBS, 1988.
Rawlings, "Old Scores," The Young Riders, ABC, 1991.
"Steal It Again, Sam," L.A. Law, NBC, 1992.
Father Mike Mancuso, "She's the Boss," Frasier, NBC, 1995.
Jackson Boothe, "5D," VR.5, Fox, 1995.
Jackson Boothe, "Love and Death," VR.5, Fox, 1995.
Reggie Martel, "Brooklyn," The Commish, ABC, 1995.
The supervisor, "Turnabout," Nowhere Man, UPN, 1995.
Ramon Lopez Vega del Garcia, "Codename: Dragonfly," Walker, Texas Ranger, CBS, 1996.
Doug, "My Son, the Driver," Home Improvement, ABC, 1997.
Doug, "Room at the Top," Home Improvement, ABC, 1997.
Rincon, "The Game of Go," JAG, CBS, 1997.
Voice of Dr. Fate, "The Hand of Fate," Superman (animated; also known as Superman: The Animated Series ), The WB, 1997.
Antonio Ernesto "Tony" Ramos, "Crusader," Walker, Texas Ranger, CBS, 1998.
Justin, "Nina's Choice," Just Shoot Me, NBC, 1999.
Voice of Captain Zane, "Final Cut," Batman Beyond (animated), The WB, 2000.
Television Appearances; as George DelHoyo; Episodic:
Ambassador Nicholas Chaput, "Eyes," Space: Above and Beyond, Fox, 1995.
Judge John Nassau, "Time Again and World," Sliders, Fox, 1996.
Patrick Jury, "Other People's Business," The Love Boat: The Next Wave, UPN, 1999.
Vince, "Christmas Cheerleader," Stark Raving Mad, NBC, 1999.
Television Appearances; as George Deloy; Episodic:
Jerry Bremmer, "Death by Good Intentions," Quincy (also known as Quincy, M.E. ), NBC, 1978.
Dr. Spencer, "The Super Scouts: Parts 1 & 2," Galactica 1980, ABC, 1980.
Mike Harvey, "The Golden Hour," Quincy (also known as Quincy, M.E. ), NBC, 1981.
Mike Garber, "Bitter Pill," Quincy (also known as Quincy, M.E. ), NBC, 1982.
Sal Garibaldi, "Family Business," Too Close for Comfort, ABC, 1983.
Carlos Mariano, "High Noon in L.A.," Hunter, NBC, 1986.
Robert Cooperman, "Norm, Is That You?," Cheers, NBC, 1988.
Police officer, "Carrion Death," Tales from the Crypt (also known as HBO's Tales from the Crypt ), HBO, 1991.
Father Mike, "Oops," Frasier, NBC, 1993.
Father Mike, "The Botched Language of Cranes," Frasier, NBC, 1994.
Television Appearances; Pilots:
Tony Glazer, One Night Band, CBS, 1983.
Steve Ballinger, Changing Patterns, CBS, 1987.
Television Appearances; Other:
(As George Deloy) Vault of Horror I, 1994.
Film Appearances:
Frank Lopez, Dead Letter Office, Southern Star Entertainment, 1998.
Narrator, Mad Max: The Film Phenomenon (short documentary), Metro–Goldwyn–Mayer Home Entertainment, 2001.
Narrator, Mel Gibson: The High Octane Birth of a Superstar (short documentary), Metro–Goldwyn–Mayer Home Entertainment, 2001.
Audiobooks:
Reader (with others) of The Nine Billion Names of God and Other Stories: The Collected Stories of Arthur C. Clarke.
Video Games:
Voice of material defender, Descent 2, Interplay Productions, 1996.
Voices of Palido Domingo and first pirate, The Curse of Monkey Island (also known as Monkey Island 3 ), LucasArts Entertainment, 1997.
Voice of material defender, Descent 3 (also known as D3 ), Interplay Productions, 1999.
Contemporary Theatre, Film and Television
"Del Hoyo, George ." Contemporary Theatre, Film and Television. . Encyclopedia.com. 29 Dec. 2021 <https://www.encyclopedia.com>.
"Del Hoyo, George ." Contemporary Theatre, Film and Television. . Encyclopedia.com. (December 29, 2021). https://www.encyclopedia.com/education/news-wires-white-papers-and-books/del-hoyo-george
"Del Hoyo, George ." Contemporary Theatre, Film and Television. . Retrieved December 29, 2021 from Encyclopedia.com: https://www.encyclopedia.com/education/news-wires-white-papers-and-books/del-hoyo-george
Rhea Perlman , Perlman, Rhea 1948– PERSONAL Born March 31, 1948, in Brooklyn, NY; daughter of Philip (a doll and toy part salesman and actor) and Adele Perlman; mar… William Windham , Windom, William 1923– PERSONAL Born September 28, 1923, in New York, NY; son of Paul (an architect) and Isobel Wells (maiden name, Peckham) Windom; m… George Wallace , Wallace, George 1917– (G. D. Wallace, George D. Wallace) WALLACE, George 1917– (G. D. Wallace, George D. Wallace) PERSONAL Born June 8, 1917, in New… Lloyd, David , LLOYD, David PERSONAL Addresses: Agent— Broder/Webb/Chervin/Silbermann, 9242 Beverly Blvd., Suite 200, Beverly Hills, CA 90210. Career: Writer, produ… Matthew Perry , Perry, Matthew 1969– (Matthew L. Perry) PERRY, Matthew 1969– (Matthew L. Perry) PERSONAL Full name, Matthew Langford Perry; born August 19, 1969, in… Edward Edwards , Edwards, Edward EDWARDS, Edward PERSONAL Education: Attended Juilliard School of Drama. Addresses: Agent— The Culbertson Group, 8430 Santa Monica Blv…
Blocker, Dirk 1957–
Conlon, Noel 1936-
Murdock, George 1930–
FITTS, Rick
Frost, Lindsay 1962–
Matheson, Tim 1947(?)–
Tarver, Milt (Milton Tarver)
WASSERMAN, Allan 1952–
Del Grande, Louis
Del Giocondo, Lisa (1474–?)
Del Credere
Del City
del Caro, Adrian
Del Bene, Judah Asahel ben David Eliezer
Del Bene
Del Banco, Anselmo
Deknight, Steven S.
Dekkers, Hurnet (1974–)
Dekkers algorithm
Dekker, Thomas 1987–
Dekker, Ted 1962-
Dekker, Inge (1985–)
Dekker, George
Dekker, Eduard Douwes
Dekker, Desmond
Deken, Agatha
Deken, Aagje (1741–1804)
DeKay, Tim (Tim DeMay)
Dekanova, Vlasta (1909–1974)
dekameter
Del Laboratories, Inc.
Del Maino, Agnes (fl. 1420s)
Del Mar College: Narrative Description
Del Mar College: Tabular Data
Del Mar Manzanita
del Mar, David Peterson 1957-
Del Mar, Jonathan (Rene)
Del Mar, Maria 1964–
Del Mar, Norman (René)
Del Medico, Henri E.°
Del Monaco, Giancarlo
Del Monaco, Mario
Del Monte Corporation
Del Monte Foods Company
Del Monte, Crescenzo
del Moral, Roger 1943-
Del Negro, Janice M.
Del Olmo, Frank
del Paso, Fernando
del Paso, Fernando 1935-
Del Ponte, Carla
Del Prado, Jorge (1910–1999)
del Re, Giuseppe
Del Rio, Dolores
Del Río, Dolores (1905-1983)


text:
Savvy Writer Tips
Christian PEN Blogs
Edits by Lora
Who Cares About Facts?
10/09/2019 01/11/2020 Lora DLeave a comment
Have you ever read something you knew was wrong and rolled your eyes…then stopped reading? I have. A lot! There are many things I don't know, so when I write, I make sure to fact-check. I want my readers to respect me as knowledgeable and intelligent. It's surprising how often we mention facts in nearly everything we write, from emails to blog posts to full-length books. Even fiction frequently refers to real-life people, places, and things. When you get facts wrong, you instantly lose credibility with readers. So make sure you verify your facts!
There are two areas that are critical to get correct:
1. Real people, places, and things.
Fiction example: (Can you spot all the errors?)
When I was twelve, my friend Darren and I went to Wal-Mart to get Halloween costumes for our school party. Darren said he was making his own, and he boasted that he would win first prize! He wouldn't tell me what he was making, but I saw exactly what he bought. He got a bunch of fish tank rubber tubes, lots of duct-tape, a big jar of B-B's, some white out, three boxes of kleen-X, bleach, and a red raincoat. When we got to the car, he gave the kleen-X and bleach to his mom, so those weren't part of it, either. He had four bags, and I had only one. I just bought a ready-made costume—Linus from the movie "The Great Pumpkin." It was strange because we heard Christmas music already, so I was hearing "You Better Watch Out, You Better Not Cry" while looking at Halloween decorations. I never guessed Darren's costume, and he wouldn't tell me. I had to wait three whole weeks until our school party to see it!
1. Store names. A lot of people work at Walmart, and they know it's written Walmart, not Wal-Mart. Look up every store or company name. You look ignorant spelling it rong. 😉
2. Products. All of these products were spelled wrong: duct tape (no hyphen), BBs (no hyphen or apostrophe), Wite-Out (it's a registered trademark name), Kleenex (one word, capitalized, with three "e's"). Products have trademark names that are written very specifically, so don't just guess—they must be accurate.
3. Movies. Look up movie titles to make sure they are correct. Also they need to be italicized, not put in quotes. The movie above should have been written: It's the Great Pumpkin, Charlie Brown.
4. Songs. Look up the exact title of songs. They are never italicized, but they are enclosed in quotes. The song above should have been written: "Santa Claus Is Comin' to Town"
Look up every real person, place, or thing: stores, companies, restaurants, songs, book titles, movie titles, plays, paintings, artists, etc. These are facts, so write them accurately.
2. Professions and all of the details involved.
Brayden was panicked. Charlotte, NC rush-hour traffic was extra heavy because of the NASCAR races, and he needed to get home. His wife hadn't answered her phone in over an hour, when they typically chatted on his way home from work every single day. Something was wrong. If only he could get ahold of her. Was it their daughter? Surely she would have called him! He became so tense that he was sweating bullets and his stomach was a ball of knots.
He finally got to the point where he could exit the freeway and get on the road that would take him to his subdivision. When he got close, he noticed billowing black smoke coming from the direction of his neighborhood over the treetops. In a panic, he passed everyone on the road by driving his large pickup on the shoulder to pull into his subdivision. Then he saw it was his house on fire! Wild flames and smoke were devouring the two-story building completely. A fire truck was spraying the flames with a massive hose, but it seemed ineffective.
He panicked, leapt out of his car, and rushed to a police barrier. He screamed, "That's my house—let me go!! My wife!! My daughter—she's only two!!" One policeman grabbed his arm and said, "I can escort you there." Brayden wasn't a powerful guy, but adrenaline burst through him, and he dragged the policeman right up to the fire engines shooting water on his home. An intense-looking firefighter in a bright red fire suit with dark eyes and a dark beard ordered him, "You can only stand by us—no farther."
He saw his wife, struggling in the arms of another fireman, and instantly felt relief that she was OK. But where was his daughter, Elise? He screamed, "Shayla!" His wife turned and saw him, then the fireman let her go as she dodged the fire trucks and equipment to throw herself in his arms.
"Where's Elise?" He demanded.
His wife was weeping hysterically. "I don't know! I don't know! They won't let me go in."
He panicked, and tried to run into the house. Before he could reach it, two firemen tackled him.
"My little girl!! My little girl!! Let me go!!" He fought fiercely, but they wouldn't let him near the inferno. He broke down weeping. The heat was so intense it was burning his face and red-hot debris was falling all around them. The roof suddenly cracked and crashed in, exploding in wild flames. The firemen shoved him to the ground, and as he watched his house collapse, he broke down weeping. He had never felt so helpless in his life. He couldn't live without his baby girl!
Then a fireman in a red coat and white helmet burst through the black smoke carrying something. It was Elise, wrapped in a blanket, crying and coughing. Brayden and Shayla ran to him, sobbing in relief. The fireman handed her to her parents as they thanked him profusely. Brayden could breathe deeply again. His home was destroyed, but his precious family was safe.
I wrote out a dramatic fire scene, but before I let others read it, I need to verify that my details are correct. I checked with a fire captain in Charlotte, NC, to get the facts straight. Since firefighting protocol is different in every city, I had to speak with an expert in the specific city of my story's setting.
Here are all the errors the Charlotte fire captain found (wow!):
1. A policeman cannot escort someone to a burning house. They are at a fire scene for traffic control and safety—they don't get involved in the fire scene. However, if anyone runs towards the fire, they'll detain or arrest them.
2. In Charlotte, first there would be three fire engines, a ladder truck, and a a battalion chief in his/her vehicle. If the structure was not contained, it would be classified as a "working fire" (severe) and a fourth fire engine would be sent out, along with a rescue truck and another battalion chief. That's what would most likely be in front of the house in this scenario.
3. In Charlotte, firefighters wear tan turnout gear and black helmets. Only the battalion chief would have a white helmet.
4. Firefighters do not have beards—they could affect the seal around the masks.
5. Firefighters would not allow a civilian to stand next to them. All civilians need to be away from the fire scene.
6. If a civilian was outside the home when the firefighters arrived, they would take the person across the street—or as far away from the scene as possible—to assess their condition, and then turn them over to the medic/ambulance crew.
7. If the roof was collapsing in, the firefighters would already be out of the house before that (hopefully). The battalion chief would make the call as to when to order all the firefighters out.
8. If a firefighter rescued Elise, Brayden still wouldn't be able to run up to him. All civilians must stay away from the fire scene.
9. Elise would be taken to the medic/ambulance immediately for patient assessment. She would not be given to her parents first—they would be notified of her condition.
10. Brayden couldn't "breathe deeply again" because the air on the street would be filled with smoke, ashes, chemical fumes, etc.
11. This is important: even if you know the firefighter is male, you cannot refer to him as a "fireman." All crew members must be referred to as "firefighters."
So I made a lot of mistakes that a firefighter or a law enforcement worker or a medic would know. They would immediately discredit me when they read about something in their job that was ridiculous. That goes for any profession. If you haven't worked that job yourself, you need to verify every single detail with someone who is currently working it. (If it's historical fiction, you need to do thorough research to be accurate. But there are a lot of historians and historical references to help.)
Let me rewrite this scene and make it believable! I'm also going to tighten up the writing as well. I'll take out clichés, describe the truck Brayden is driving so readers can visualize it immediately, mention his daughter is two years old right away, name his wife and daughter up front—he would think of them by name, eliminate double and overused exclamation points, etc.
Corrected version:
Brayden's sweaty hands clutched the steering wheel of his silver F-150 pickup. The rush-hour traffic was extra heavy in Charlotte, NC, because of the NASCAR races, and his wife hadn't answered her phone in over an hour. They typically chatted on his way home from work every day. Why wasn't she picking up? Had something happened to their two-year-old daughter, Elise? Or was something wrong with Shayla? He almost clipped a car as he pulled off the freeway onto the side road leading to his subdivision.
Waiting behind vehicles at a standstill, he suddenly noticed black smoke pulsating over the trees. Frantic, he swung his truck onto the dirt shoulder, passing everyone, and tore into his subdivision. He tried to turn down his street, but it was blocked by police cars. He looked for the second house on the right—it was his house on fire! Furious orange flames consumed the entire two-story home, thick black smoke writhing in the sky like manic demons. Four fire trucks were parked in front of the house along with an ambulance and other vehicles, and firefighters were shooting massive spray on the flames.
Brayden rushed to the police barrier screaming, "That's my house—my wife and daughter are in there!"
A policeman grabbed his arm and said, "Stay back! Don't go near the fire scene."
He saw his wife, covered in soot, slouched on the sidewalk across the street with their elderly neighbor lady hugging her. He ran to Shayla.
"Where's Elise?" He shouted.
His wife wept. "I don't know! I don't know!"
Terror gripped him, and he tore toward the house, dodging the fire trucks. Two firefighters tackled him before he even reached his yard. "You have to stay back!" More firefighters, their tan turnout gear blackened with ash, raced from the home, some dragging fire hoses.
"My little girl! My little girl—let me go!" He fought fiercely, but their grip was like steel. The roof cracked and then crashed in, exploding in wild flames. The firefighters shoved him backward to the ground. As he heard his house collapsing, he broke down weeping. Elise couldn't have survived.
Shayla shrieked, "Look! Look!"
Brayden lifted his head to see a firefighter racing out of the smoke from the backyard. He was covered in soot, carrying something. As he came into view, Brayden saw it was Elise—wrapped in her blanket, crying and coughing. The firefighter rushed her to the medic, and she was whisked into the ambulance. Brayden jumped to his feet as Shayla reached him, sobbing. They clung to each other, weak with relief.
"Don't worry." A firefighter next to them spoke up. "They'll let you see her as soon as they do an assessment."
Brayden coughed in the smoky air, wiped his eyes, and rasped, "Can I thank the firefighter who saved her life?"
The firefighter clapped his back. "I'll tell him."
Tears of relief ran down Brayden's face as he waited, holding his wife tightly. His house was completely destroyed, but it didn't matter. His precious family was alive.
Savvy Writer Tip:
Writing facts accurately is critical if you want to be taken seriously. Verify the accuracy of every person, place, thing, and profession in whatever you write. If you do, your readers will respect you as a knowledgeable writer! 🙂
accuracy, accurate, correct, critical, details, facts, grammar, readers, verify, writing
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