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CELTIC and Rangers continue their Europa League excursions on Thursday night. Scottish football expert Mr Fixit (@MrFixitTips) previews their encounters.
It's been the same old story for Celtic – hot at home and cold in Europe. At least they've turned up the temperature ahead of a visit from RB Leipzig and Brendan Rodgers's men have a bit of hope.
Ahead of the meeting in Germany I confidently tipped Leipzig at -1 and they cruised to victory. Since then Celtic have netted 13 in three games and played their best football of the season while RB continue to keep clean sheets – that's six in a row and the last time they conceded was at Rosenborg.
The Germans though are weakened by the absence of playmaker Emil Forsberg while Jean-Kevin Agustin is doubtful. If Celtic can cut out mistakes at the back – and Filip Benkovic should help there – they could pick up a point in a score draw that pays 6/1 at bet365.
RB are favourites to win at 19/20 with William Hill and I can see why. Celtic are as big as 3/1 at Betfred while a draw pays 11/4 with Sky Bet.
Despite the Germans' stingy defence, Celtic have shown enough up front recently to believe they can score and are 2/5 to do so and 2/1 at bet365 to net 2+.
Callum McGregor has been in brilliant form since Scott Brown dropped out injured and likes a big goal. He is 6/1 at Paddy Power to net.
Rangers are a biggest 5/2 at Ladbrokes and for less risk try draw no bet at 31/20 with Paddy Power.
Alfredo Morelos is 7/1 to score first while James Tavernier could be worth at look at any time at 6/1 with bet365.


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After a sum of 10-hours of crossing oceans, and a whole day of hiking, the summit of Pokis Volcano (Smith Volcano) one of the most beautiful volcanoes in the Philippines— this remote island welcomed us at sunset. April 11, 2017
THE BABUYAN ISLANDS
The Land of Fire and Sea.
A group of 10 Filipinos set out to complete the island volcano circuit of the Cagayan Region. A supposedly 10-day expedition cut-down to 6 due to the inclement in weather in the last remaining days, causing us to sail home as early as possible, if not we would have been stranded for weeks.
We summited a total of 3 volcanoes, Pokis Volcano (670 MASL), Babuyan Claro Volcano (1160 MASL) and Camiguin de Babuyanes (720 MASL), and became the very first Filipinos to step foot and document the infamous and youngest island in the Philippines, Didicas Volcano.
Island to island, volcano to volcano. This was our life for those past days living in a small boat packed with 10 people in the open waters of the Pacific. The expedition started with a whole day transit, a 13 hour bus ride from Manila to Tuguegarao, and a 6 hour car ride from Tuguegarao to the port of Claveria where we rested for the night. At the first light, we hopped on our small boat to Calayan Island which took us 3-hours sailing luckily in smooth waters.
The Start of Exploration touching down to the land of Fire and Sea— the Babuyan Islands. We spent our first days warming up in Calayan Island before the start of our 6-day volcanic expedition by exploring Sibang Cove and the Nagundungan Hills. April 7, 2017
Standing on the cliff by the open ocean watching the stars fade into the morning light of the sun. April 8, 2017
My friend Charles chasing the last light of the sunset as the hills turns into mere shadows consumed by dusk. April 7, 2017
After exploring the island of Calayan, we then sailed for about 8-hours to start our journey to the remote island of Babuyan Claro. We met the next commander-in-charge of the island as the head chieftain sailed back to the main island as we arrived. We then sailed again for another 30 minutes to the jump-off point as we started our climb to the summit of Pokis Volcano. We reached the summit crater of the volcano surrounded by thousands of pitcher planets as the last remaining light of the sun welcomed us.
Being at top of Pokis Volcano, it wasn't even the view of the pacific ocean that made the place so surreal but the whole place itself. Just being there, gazing through the light made everything worthwhile.
Mountaineering friends Coby and Gideon standing on the volcanic precipice of the summit crater of Pokis Volcano at sunset. April 9, 2017
Mountaineering friends Gideon and Jeshua trekking along the volcanic ridge of Babuyan Claro Volcano nearing towards the summit of the mountain. April 10, 2017
The colors of sunrise as we ascent the tallest mountain in the remote island of Camiguin. The Camiguin de Babuyanes standing 720 meters above sea level. April 12, 2017
The youngest island in the Philippine archipelago - the underwater volcano Didicas. April 11, 2017
After sharing dinner, laughs, and stories of cultural heritage with the Ibatans, the indigenous people living in the Babuyan Claro island, the next day we continued our volcanic expedition en route the tallest point of our journey, a grueling 12-hour hike to the volcanic ridge and crater summits of the active volcano Babuyan Claro. We came across the most pristine rainforest we have ever seen, with giant ferns hovering above our heads, and being surrounded by endless fields of pitcher plants it felt like we were transported to a new age.
The longest boat ride of our journey, we sailed for a total of 10-hours en route for our final summit climb in Camiguin de Babuyanes wherein we made a detour to the infamous Didicas Volcano, setting foot on its barren sands, with heavy currents and waves pushing our boat back. We had to use a raft to beach the volcano island since the waves were too strong for the boat to dock. Being the youngest in the team, made the landing more so significant, being the youngest person to set foot on the youngest island of our country, and the very few people to have completed the island volcano circuit of the group of the Babuyan Islands.
one story, one summit, one world.
jgbmejia@gmail.com
GAB MEJIA PHOTOGRAPHY

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


When I taught research methods, I required my students to write a research proposal. Though nearly all of them chose methods that involved collecting primary data (that is, collecting the data to answer your question yourself), usually directly from the participants in the form of surveys or measures, I encouraged them to consider alternative ways to answer their questions, including by more indirect measures (such as observation) and even by drawing upon secondary data (data collected by someone else). Science is about, first and foremost, answering questions and testing hypotheses. There's nothing that says you have to be directly involved with every aspect of the study, as long as you design the study rigorously and in such a way to allow you to answer your question/test your hypothesis. In fact, there are times when it is far more justified to use data and tools that have already been developed.
One of my favorite blogs, Variance Explained, does a lot of interesting work using secondary data, such as this examination of Trump's tweets. A few days ago, he posted yet another secondary data analysis, that examines whether software developers in different cities use different technologies and programming languages. Sure, he could have sent out surveys to programmers in different locations. But instead, he used Stack Overflow traffic data to answer his question. (I should note that he works at Stack Overflow, and so has access to data that we do not, but he does share the code he used to generate the data).
He examines data from the four metropolitan areas accounting for the most Stack Overflow traffic: San Francisco, Bangalore, London, and New York (where he is based). First, he compares the two US cities.
One clear difference: New York has a larger share of Microsoft developers. Many tags important in the Microsoft technology stack, such as C#, .NET, SQL Server, and VB.NET, had about twice as much traffic in New York as in San Francisco. This may be because many banks and financial firms, which are much more common in NY than in SF, use these technologies.
When he expands his analysis to include all four cities, he finds that London has the highest proportion of developers using the Microsoft stack, New York has a higher proportion using data science tools (like pandas for Python and R - which I also use), and Bangalore leads in Android development. Even after bringing in the other two cities, San Francisco still leads in the same technologies listed above, except Android.


I'm no athlete, so it's surreal, to say the least, to find myself paddling a canoe out in Hilo Bay with a group of women far older—and fitter—than I am. I blame it on Momi.
In her other life, Pearl "Momi" Lyman works at Hospice of Hilo, but here on Hilo Bay she's a paddler with Wahine on Water (WOW), a women's outrigger canoe paddling team that's part of the Keaukaha Canoe Club. It was Momi who thrust a paddle into my hand and encouraged me to step far outside my comfort zone on terra firma. Now I'm in the fifth seat of a blue and white outrigger canoe called Ha'aheo (Pride), wearing the same red "Fearless Hawaiian" rash guard as everybody else.
I'm a tender 49, but I'm in a canoe with the paddlers called Honua (Earth)—all 60 and older. The other divisions are Makani (Wind), who are 55-59, and Ahi (Fire), who are 50-54. I look at these Honua women's athletic figures, watch their easy, powerful strokes and wonder whether they're telling the truth about their ages. These women—teachers, sheriffs, park rangers, lawyers—are not your stereotypical grandmothers. The first year they competed, the novice Honua wahine qualified for the state regatta on O'ahu.
I try to match the strokes of the 60-plusyear- old woman two seats in front of me and realize it's harder than it looks. "You're going to be great, Leslie!" encourages Miri Sumida, the team's founder, coach and matriarch, who's sitting behind me. Out here on the glistening sea, outside of mist-shrouded Hilo, feeling the steady, strong rhythm of women working together to pull that canoe, I understand why people love to paddle.
After a while she changed clubs and then took six years off. "I was a little tired of the club thing," she says. "Sometimes it didn't go the way it should, and that dampened my spirits a little." But she continued to paddle on her own until Ira Kekaualua of the Keaukaha Canoe Club asked her to start an older women's team. That became WOW.
Paddling has gotten Miri through some tough times and changed her life, she says, and that's what she hopes other women will experience. "If you can make one person feel better about herself," she says, "then you've accomplished something.
During her first long-distance season, when practices were three to four hours per day, three or four days a week, with tenmile races on Saturdays, she worked so hard that each time she'd promise herself that if she could just make it back to shore, she'd never do it again. "I would get out of the boat and literally crawl to my car," she says. "I'd collapse on the grass next to my car and take a nap. But then I'd think, 'I just love this sport. I just love this.'" From April to September of her first season, she lost sixty pounds.
Three years ago she left that club and joined WOW even though she's only 42. The team welcomes women of any age; one needs to be 50 or older only to race in competition. "I want to be older!" cries 30-year-old team member Carolina Macias, who sells her own salsa and works at Lucy's Taqueria in Hilo. The others laugh with understanding: Age is revered among WOW. When a member turns 60, the team celebrates. A big difference between the older and younger women, says Miri, is that the older paddlers take longer to get in shape and are quicker to lose that shape. But she pushes them to cross-train and keep up their strength. "And I repeat myself a lot," she laughs.
"Hut! Ho! Hut! Ho!" calls Miri from the stern. I follow the calls and start matching strokes with the woman two seats ahead and switching sides without hitting the canoe. We head toward a sailboat, circle it and head back toward shore; Hilo looks gorgeous. But I'm also feeling the workout in my shoulders and wonder whether I'll be able to use my arms tomorrow. "You guys don't ever have trouble lifting your carry-on into the overhead compartment, do you?" I ask. They laugh and say almost in unison, "No." Every WOW member says she'll continue paddling until she drops dead or until "they pry the paddle out of my hand," as one member put it.


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Multaka's favorites in 4 Berlin museums
Zoya Masoud: Aleppo Room
Zoya Masoud
Aleppo Room
Syria (Aleppo), 1600/1601 or 1603
height 260 cm, length 35 metres
Wooden wall covering with paintings, reception hall at the house Wakil in Aleppo, commissioned by the Christian broker Isa ibn Butrus. Museum of Islamic Art Berlin
The Aleppo Room is very special to me, as I find it an ideal example of how rich the Syrian cultural heritage is. This richness results from openness towards different cultures, religions and ethnicities, as this masterpiece gained its high value from the ongoing migration and integration of ideas, techniques and people.The painted wooden wall panelling exhibited in the Museum of Islamic Art once furnished the reception hall of a wealthy broker's home, who was a Christian citizen in the Ottoman Empire at the beginning of the 17th century. In this room he welcomed visitors from other ethnic and religious backgrounds.
The walls are decorated with motifs originating in a large variety of cultures: dragon and qilin from China, Simurgh from Iran, Christian Madonna, scenes from the Old and New Testaments as well as from the popular Oriental love story Layla and Majnun and many others are illustrated in the style of Persian miniature painting on an Ottoman Turkish flower background. The Aleppo Room is also inscribed with several texts mostly in Arabic, some in Persian: Biblical psalms, verses from songs of the Islamic Sufi tradition blessings and popular proverbs.
The Aleppo Room gathers all of these different cultural and religious citations into a harmonious ensemble. To me, it reflects that the Syrian cultural heritage is not only featured as Islamic, Christian, Jewish, Arabic, Armenian or Kurdish etc., but rather as a fruitful dialogue among various artistic traditions. It reminds us that, at the time, Aleppo had been an important merchant city that welcomed influences from all over the world. This provides hope that, someday, Syrians will reconnect with the tolerance, which is integral part of their history and once again live together in peace.
Syrian architect, studied and worked in Damascus, Hamburg, Dar es Salaam and Berlin. Since 2015, she works for the Syrian Heritage Archive Project and Multaka at the Museum of Islamic Art. By 2017, she works at the German Archaeological Institute, where she carries out her Ph.D. research on Aleppo Bazar.
© Photos: Haupt & Binder
© Portrait Zoya Masoud: Ina Niehoff
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Big Sean takes it to the D in his latest clip for "Hometown" off his Finally Famous Vol. 3: BIG mixtape courtesy of The Work. Sean's also bringing us the video for his first single, "My Last." Photos from the video shoot are out and so should the video very soon. Finally Famous: The Album finally arrives on May 3.


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South Korean varsity names hall after Aisha Buhari, another decorates her as Doctor of Humanity
The Ajou University in Suwon, South Korea, has named one of its seminar halls after Nigeria's First Lady, Mrs. Aisha Muhammadu Buhari.
Why sexual exploitation persists in Nigerian varsities – CISLAC
Nigerian varsity employs over 60 hunters to assist with campus security
42-year-old Nigerian appointed Scotland varsity chancellor
According to a statement by the her media aide, Suleiman Haruna, Mrs. Buhari would also be invested with a World Leadership Award by the university for her humanitarian activities on Tuesday, August 14, 2018. She will also commission the hall named after her.
The statement also said that on Monday August 13, 2018, Mrs Buhari will be decorated with a Doctorate in Humanity (Honoris Causa) by Sun Moon University, Asan, South Korea.
The letter conveying the award, which was presented by Professor Hong Young-Shik at the State House, recently, states, "I have been directed to notify you, Your Excellency, on the decision of the University to confer on you, a meritorious Doctor of Humanity (Hon. Causa)."
The letter indicated that recommendations came from various sources and these were verified.
"Your humanitarian activities have caught the attention of the world and the Senate of the Sun Moon University, especially your outstanding work with women and children through Future Assured Programme" the letter added.
According to a programme released by the University, Mrs. Buhari would be invested at the International Conference Hall of the University.
Tags: Aisha BuhariFeatureLinda IkejiUniversity
Melania Trump's parents become U.S citizens
FIFA bans former African Footballer of the Year


ENS26 Automatic Switching Device – this is an independent review for ENS26 Automatic Switching Device we have compiled for your reference. Feel free to add your comments or experiences at the bottom of the page.
Automatic switching device, inaccessible to the distribution system operator, serving as a safety between a distributed generation system and the low-voltage grid. Equivalent substitute for a switching device with isolating function accessible at all times to the distribution system operator. The ENS26 monitors electrical installations until 5 kW. Through the already integrated relays, the ENS26 can control and protect 1-phase electrical installations until 5 kW power at low costs. The optional LCD-display shows the voltage and impedance at the point of connection.
Click the button below to add the ENS26 Automatic Switching Device to your wish list.


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Easter Trail and New Season Opening
Easter Trail and New season opening 24th March to 15th April We are delighted to announce that the park, gardens and Wonder Woods play park will open from the 24th March. The house will be open from the 1st April. We start the season with another fun-filled Easter Trail designed for younger and older children;…
Hopping By Oxfordshire This Easter?
We've got some eggs'tra special things to keep the kids entertained throughout the Easter holidays. To all those little bunnies who love Easter, there are some great Easter trails and activities throughout at Oxfordshire. But it's not about the bunnies. Nick Cope is playing at Cogges Manor Farm and John Hegley is on at the North…
Oxfordshire MPs welcome visitors to Oxfordshire as part of English Tourism Week
Experience Oxfordshire Press Release For immediate release: 24/3/18 Oxfordshire MPs welcome visitors to Oxfordshire as part of English Tourism Week Oxfordshire MPs welcomed visitors to Oxfordshire yesterday at tourism businesses throughout the County as part of VisitEngland's national English Tourism Week. Organised by Experience Oxfordshire, the Destination Management Organisation for the County, MPs visited businesses…
Experience Oxfordshire celebrates English Tourism Week with offers for Oxfordshire residents
Experience Oxfordshire is partnering with tourism businesses across Oxfordshire to offer discounts to residents as part of VisitEngland's English Tourism Week. The week-long celebration of English tourism runs from the 17th to 25th March with Experience Oxfordshire launching a campaign offering discounts to encourage residents to venture out and enjoy the wonderful array of things…
13% Rise in Visitors to Oxford University's Gardens, Libraries and Museums
Oxford University's gardens, libraries and museums enjoyed a 13% rise in visitors in 2017, according to the latest figures from the Association of Leading Visitor Attractions (ALVA). This compares with a 7.3% increase for UK visitor attractions as a whole. More than 3.2 million people visited the University's six cultural attractions: the Ashmolean Museum, Bodleian…
JackFM joins Experience Oxfordshire as Ambassador Partners
Experience Oxfordshire, the Destination Management Organisation for Oxfordshire is delighted to announce JACKfm as their latest Ambassador Partner. The new partnership between the two companies will focus on promoting the many things there is to see and do in Oxfordshire to JACKfm's local audience. JACKfm is the most awarded local radio station in the UK…
Cotswold Wildlife Park's first hand-reared Rhino calf makes her debut.
Belle (pictured above) is the newest addition to the Rhino family at Cotswold Wildlife Park & Gardens. She is the fifth White Rhino to be born at the Burford collection and is Nancy and Monty's third calf. Belle's start in life was, however, unlike anything the animal team at the Park had experienced before. Due…
Experience Oxfordshire brings together UK travel industry experts for their annual 'Insights from the Experts' conference
Experience Oxfordshire is hosting its annual Partner Conference 'Insights from the Experts' at Jurys Inn, Oxford on the 26th April 2018. Now in its second year, the full-day event brings together national experts from the across the Visitor Economy sector to share their expertise and insight on a range of issue that affects the industry….
All for Mum ❤
Celebrate mum this Mother's Day in Oxfordshire! With Mother's Day approaching fast on the 11th of March, we have picked 10 great experiences for you to share with Mum this March 2018. 1. Mothering Sunday at Batsford Arboretum: Treat Mum to a day out at Batsford on Mother's Day – Mum's get free entry to the Arboretum (when accompanied…
From Urban in The Cotswolds to a Garden in Oxford City
This month the art in Oxfordshire looks at the world from a range of angles, going beyond an aesthetic beauty and the creative process to cultural and societal issues that inspire and inform artist practice. In the West Ox Arts Gallery, Bampton, on the edge of the Oxfordshire Cotswolds, you can enjoy 'Urban', an exhibition…
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February 2018: Mothers are well known for looking after everyone else, so it's sometimes difficult to think about how to thank them for all they do. When it comes to Mother's Day this year, it is the perfect excuse to introduce her to the finer things in life. Belmond Le Manoir aux Quat'Saisons in Oxfordshire…
Launch of new Japanese Garden course with renowned landscaper, Robert Ketchell – Summer 2018
Make your garden a sanctuary at Belmond Le Manoir aux Quat'Saisons It would be difficult to find a poet who hasn't opined on the changing seasons, it is equally relevant for gardeners, be they amateur or professional, who wait with eager anticipation for the first signs that the earth is thawing. Raymond Blanc OBE is…
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From Local Woodlands to Game of Thrones with Oxfordshire Artweeks
From the Everyday in an Earthly Paradise to the Periodic Table and Climate Change
"Drop everything and go and see it" ★★★★★ – In The Willows at Oxford Playhouse
1969: From Woodstock to the Moon
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"I was Dancing in My Seat!" Kinky Boots Comes to New Theatre Oxford
Tried and Tested: Didcot Railway Centre
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Henley Royal Regatta 2019: Return of the King's Cup
Valentine's Day 2019: Our Top Picks
Green Tourism: Blenheim Palace
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Chris Ollendike, EVP and Director of Sales explains what's different about InvestEdge's UMA solution and some of the efficiencies it provides.
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Download free paintings by Jacobus Van Der Stok (1794-1864) from PaintingsAlley.com. Available in jpeg format for your arts collection. PaintingsAlley.com has the biggest searchable collections of paintings by world famous artist Jacobus Van Der Stok (1794-1864).


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Apollo Peak is a dolerite-capped peak rising to  west of Mount Electra in the Olympus Range, Victoria Land. The peak was named after the god Apollo, in association with other names from Greek mythology used in this range, by the New Zealand Antarctic Place-Names Committee in 1984 after work carried out by the New Zealand Antarctic Research Program.

References

Mountains of Victoria Land
Scott Coast
One-thousanders of Antarctica

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


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Clerkenwell Road is a street in London.

It runs west–east from Gray's Inn Road in the west, to Goswell Road in the east. Its continuation at either end is Theobald's Road and Old Street respectively.

Clerkenwell Road and Theobalds Road were constructed by the Metropolitan Board of Works in 1874–78 as the central portion of an intended cross-capital arterial road, linking the West End and East End.

The road is served by London Bus routes 55, 243 and night route N55.

The Columbia Graphophone Company established its headquarters and studios in Victorian warehouses at 102-108 Clerkenwell Road shortly before the First World War, and the buildings were a key location in the development of the British recording industry until the 1930s.

See also
 Hockley-in-the-Hole

References

Streets in the London Borough of Camden
Farringdon, London


And they overcame him because of the blood of the Lamb, and because of the word of their testimony; and they loved not their life even unto death. (Revelation 12:11).
There are so many of the Lord's people today over whom Satan is lording it; lording it along the line of accusation, bringing them under a sense of condemnation and judgment, robbing them of their peace, of their assurance, rest, hope; and you will find these people are everlastingly talking about their own short-comings, their sinfulness; they are for ever circling round themselves, all that they are that they would not be, all that they are not that they would be.
Their deliverance from Satan is that they should have a fresh apprehension of the absolute satisfaction of the Father in His Son on their behalf, and that they find their standing before the Father in acceptance.
That is the way of deliverance, the way of the Adversary's casting out. This is the way of overcoming him as the Accuser.
Yes, the ground of the Blood is sufficient for this full-orbed, many-sided, all-round victory.
"They overcame him because of the blood of the Lamb," and the first and supreme factor in the virtue of that Blood in all these directions, is its untainted sinlessness, the nature of the Lord Jesus. There has never been another who was such.
Oh, I am so glad that it was God that came in Christ, GOD that came in Christ. Can you charge God with sin? Can you lay sin to God's charge, to God's account?
It was God in Christ, the absolutely and altogether holy One in whom there was no sin, who came in incarnation; and in virtue of that Divine nature in its perfection Satan in his authority is defeated - on that ground. Blessed be God!
We receive by faith the virtue of that precious Blood; that is, the perfection of the Lord Jesus can be put to our account. That is grace - the wonder of the Gospel.
If we were to begin to analyze ourselves and take stock of ourselves, that would be a terrible business, a wretched business, and it would be endless - think of it, beloved, with all that we know of ourselves, all that God knows about us.''The heart is deceitful above all things, and desperately wicked: who can know it? I the Lord search the heart. I try the reins..."
Though all that be a fact, you and I can stand now in the presence of God as sinlessly perfect, not in ourselves, but in Christ, as having absolute sinless perfection put to our account by God.
COME ON NOW, I KNOW YOU WANT TO SHOUT!!
Poppa won't tell anyone, Go Ahead.


Come enjoy the spring warbler migration on the North Shore. Sedna Cedarstone, Master Naturalist and long time (20 years) birder will take curious beginner level birders on two separate hikes with varied bird habitat. On May 18, we will travel to Oberg Mountain, an elevated hike with known sightings of many native and migrating warblers.
Full refund (less processing fee) is available if participant cancels more than two weeks prior; no refund if cancellation occurs less than two weeks prior and cannot be filled by wait list (no-shows do not apply).
In the event of illness or injury or family emergency with prior notification, full refund will be given (less processing fee).
If Sugarloaf needs to cancel the program, you will receive 100% refund.
If you need to cancel, you must contact us at info@sugarloafnorthshore.org or 218-525-0001 (weekdays ONLY).


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The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center
Breast Cancer Program
Prevention, Screening and Diagnosis
High-Risk Clinic
Center for Rare Breast Tumors
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Medical Oncology Overview
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Second Opinion Clinic
Metastatic Breast Cancer Clinic
Wellness Initiatives
Follow-up Care Guidelines
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Breast Cancer Program Provides Breast Care Expertise advance to content button
Welcome to our Breast Cancer Program. Whether you've just received a new diagnosis of breast cancer, are navigating a course of therapy, living with advanced disease, have completed treatment and are participating in our survivorship program, we appreciate the opportunity to provide you with personalized, multidisciplinary and state-of-the-art care. Access to our team of experts, breakthrough treatments, the most advanced clinical trials available, and a number of support services are here to care for you and your family throughout this challenging time.
Advanced, Personalized Treatment
Our main goal is to decipher the mechanisms of cancer and find better ways to treat it. Conducting basic laboratory science and clinical trials puts us closer to this goal, which will allow us to provide a more individualized road map for managing each patient's breast cancer.
Expert, Collaborative Care
Choose Johns Hopkins to gain access to the expertise of multiple medical professionals working together to create the best treatment plan for you—one based on evidence-based treatment standards, many of which have been pioneered by clinician-scientists here at Johns Hopkins.
Coordinated Support Services
Becoming a patient in our program means more than expert medical treatment. From cosmetic procedures that help you feel whole again to support groups whose members relate to your circumstances, the breadth and significance of our support services cannot be underestimated.
Request an appointment: phone 410.955.8964
Elissa's Story
"I remember being so scared when my oncologist said he did not need to see me on a regular basis anymore," Elissa says. "There was no warning and no preparation — like a Band-Aid being ripped off. I realized I'd grown to depend on the very appointments I'd loathed. At some point during my treatment, without me even being conscious of it, those appointments had become my security blanket."
Read Elissa's Story
YSC/JH F2F Young Women's Breast Cancer Group
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YSC/JH F2F Young Women's Metastatic Breast Cancer Group
East Baltimore Campus
Transforming to Survivorship
Support Breast Cancer Research
Contact The Breast Cancer Program at 410-955-8964


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Start by marking "Radicals for Capitalism: A Freewheeling History of the Modern American Libertarian Movement" as Want to Read:
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Radicals for Capitalism: A Freewheeling History of the Modern American Libertarian Movement
3.97 · Rating details · 377 ratings · 45 reviews
On Wall Street, in the culture of high tech, in American government: Libertarianism—the simple but radical idea that the only purpose of government is to protect its citizens and their property against direct violence and threat— has become an extremely influential strain of thought. But while many books talk about libertarian ideas, none until now has explored the history
On Wall Street, in the culture of high tech, in American government: Libertarianism—the simple but radical idea that the only purpose of government is to protect its citizens and their property against direct violence and threat— has become an extremely influential strain of thought. But while many books talk about libertarian ideas, none until now has explored the history of this uniquely American movement—where and who it came from, how it evolved, and what impact it has had on our country.
In this revelatory book, based on original research and interviews with more than 100 key sources, Brian Doherty traces the evolution of the movement through the unconventional life stories of its most influential leaders— Ludwig von Mises, F.A. Hayek, Ayn Rand, Murray Rothbard, and Milton Friedman—and through the personal battles, character flaws, love affairs, and historical events that altered its course. And by doing so, he provides a fascinating new perspective on American history—from the New Deal through the culture wars of the 1960s to today's most divisive political issues. Neither an exposé nor a political polemic, this entertaining historical narrative will enlighten anyone interested in American politics.
Published April 28th 2009 by PublicAffairs (first published February 12th 2007)
B06XCHP53B
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Jun 06, 2009 James rated it it was amazing · review of another edition
Shelves: history-of-ideas, economics, political-science, libertarian
Brian Doherty's Radicals for Capitalism is a riveting and brilliant narrative of the evolution of American libertarianism. He both captures the lives and the ideas of a movement with its roots in the enlightenment and its greatest heroes in twentieth-century America. I was impressed with the detail, breadth, and compelling style of this history of the ideas and people of the libertarian 'movement'. Along the way he uncovers many details that should be interesting for all but the most Brian Doherty's Radicals for Capitalism is a riveting and brilliant narrative of the evolution of American libertarianism. He both captures the lives and the ideas of a movement with its roots in the enlightenment and its greatest heroes in twentieth-century America. I was impressed with the detail, breadth, and compelling style of this history of the ideas and people of the libertarian 'movement'. Along the way he uncovers many details that should be interesting for all but the most knowledgable among libertarian cognoscenti. You may find more information about certain individuals, especially those who are better known, in their respective biographies but the best overview is to be found in Brian Doherty's magnum opus. ...more
Jul 27, 2011 Tom Nixon rated it it was ok · review of another edition
This book was something of a disappointment to me, but I think you had to kind of expect that. The Libertarian Movement- if there is such a thing that can encompass one, overarching label is so big, so wide, so varied that it would be next to impossible to do half of it justice, much less complete with author Brian Doherty labels a 'Freewheeling History of the Modern American Libertarian Movement.'
Politically, this didn't do much for me. I think I'll flirt with Libertarians on certain issues, This book was something of a disappointment to me, but I think you had to kind of expect that. The Libertarian Movement- if there is such a thing that can encompass one, overarching label is so big, so wide, so varied that it would be next to impossible to do half of it justice, much less complete with author Brian Doherty labels a 'Freewheeling History of the Modern American Libertarian Movement.'
Politically, this didn't do much for me. I think I'll flirt with Libertarians on certain issues, but I don't think I'll be persuaded to jump fully onboard. They're sort of like benign communists, some wanting to do away with the state entirely in the anarcho-capitalist vein while others want to minimize it as much as possible. And therein lies my biggest problem with this book: lack of concrete policies that have a hope in hell of being enacted in the real world. Libertarianism seems to long on theory and very short on practice.
But give Doherty credit: he builds a lengthy, complete history of all the major players in the modern Libertarian movement from Ayn Rand to Murray Rothbard to Milton Friedman, Hayek, Mises- there is no stone left unturned and Doherty takes pains to explain to the reader just how exactly each individual impacted the development of the modern movement. Unfortunately in the case of Hayek and Mises, this requires slogging through a seriously long Chapter on the Austrian School of Economics before you get back into more interesting things- but every person is important, even the economists.
If Doherty falls down occasionally in my book, it might be due to the fact that he's right smack dab in the thick of the movement he's trying to chronicle. There's a faint sheen of hagiography that sometimes pops out at you and occasional bouts of excited hero worship leap off the page all of which left me wondering just how on the level some of his descriptions and accounts were and if this really was a true, objective look at the Libertarian movement. That said, I can't imagine there'd be too many other scholars out there willing to take this on, so at the end of the day, more power to him. He did a damn fine job, if I do say so myself.
Some interesting tidbits I came away with: Ayn Rand is... well, I don't know if she's crazy, but damn is objectivism is weird as all git out. I tended to view Rand as a somewhat strange author- the worlds she created in Atlas Shrugged and The Fountainhead struck me as cold, hard, selfish world's with no room for any trace of compassion- which turns out is exactly what she was getting at. The Libertarian movement at the time took the tack that if you just educated enough people to the benefits of free market, they'd get it and it'd all be hunky dory. Rand disagreed with that pointing out that as long as human beings were altruistic that could never happen, so people had to learn the virtues of being selfish.
Is that not completely crazy?
There's more- for instance, I didn't know Howard Stern ran on the Libertarian Ticket for Governor of New York back in the early 90s. I didn't know about people who retreated back to the land to escape the oppressive state- including living literally in the forest. Or people that were crazy about gold. Or people that think psychology is a crime because it deprives insane people of their basic right to liberty.
Or this, that or the other thing... no doubt, this was an incredibly informative book, packed to the gills with knowledge that I genuinely didn't know- so learning new things is always a delight, so I liked that aspect of it, but I still have my doubts about Libertarianism- this book didn't make me a convert. In a capitalist world where mass production devalues quality in the favor of quantity, consumers have less power to move the market. Wal-Mart won't care if people buy crap at Target. They make enough of it to absorb any loss... so I have serious questions. And the upshot of it is that I think I'll have to sit down and try and tackle Friedrich Hayek.
Economics. You bastards.
Overall: Good, informative, thought-provoking, this book ultimately didn't make a believer out of me. Maybe that wasn't its intention, but I remain unconvinced. ...more
Jan 14, 2008 Jim rated it really liked it · review of another edition
Shelves: philosophy, history, economics
Fascinating look at the mercurial personalities that formed the modern libertarian movement. The most interesting part for me was the discussion of the wilderness years of the 1950s, when collectivism and scientific statism were presumed to be the future, while classical liberalism and individual freedom were thought to be quaint 19th century notions. Libertarianism was truly radical then; today, the radicals in the movement have to try and outrage the South Park crowd to be noticed- not an easy Fascinating look at the mercurial personalities that formed the modern libertarian movement. The most interesting part for me was the discussion of the wilderness years of the 1950s, when collectivism and scientific statism were presumed to be the future, while classical liberalism and individual freedom were thought to be quaint 19th century notions. Libertarianism was truly radical then; today, the radicals in the movement have to try and outrage the South Park crowd to be noticed- not an easy task.
Doherty does a good job mixing in explanations of the philosophies and economic reasoning underpinning the actions of various movement giants (Rand and Rothbard, in particular, were more philosophical than strictly economics-based). i personally would have liked to hear more about the Chicago School (usually mentioned in counterpoint to the Austrian School, which got much more ink), but then I have a whole other book on that to read.
Mostly this book was about the brilliant and highly-influential thinkers who brought individualism back ino mainstream political though. They're also just a wacky crowd, which makes for an interesting read. It's very inside-baseball stuff, so you have to like this sort of political philosophy discussion (and probably be at least somewhat sympatico with libertarianism or it will drive you insane), but for a long book (600+ pages), it was a short read. ...more
Dec 30, 2010 Fred R rated it it was ok · review of another edition
It is tempting to suggest that libertarianism is a philosophy only possible in a world where everyone has the personality and cultural values of a libertarian, but on second thought, a society of adolescent ectomorphic ideologues does not sound very attractive. That said, the world is a better place for having libertarians around.
This history is not really what I wanted. It was too close-up in focus, too interested in personality and anecdote. As libertarians tend to have unattractive (Ayn Rand) It is tempting to suggest that libertarianism is a philosophy only possible in a world where everyone has the personality and cultural values of a libertarian, but on second thought, a society of adolescent ectomorphic ideologues does not sound very attractive. That said, the world is a better place for having libertarians around.
This history is not really what I wanted. It was too close-up in focus, too interested in personality and anecdote. As libertarians tend to have unattractive (Ayn Rand) or superficial (Milton Friedman) personalities, this doesn't make for great reading. I would prefer a more serious discussion of libertarianism's cultural (as opposed to ideological) roots in Manchester liberalism and the American frontier, etc. The modern libertarian movement was born after the New Deal, and a discussion of how the New Deal and the Depression set the conditions for, and gave birth to, this new libertarianism would also be appreciated. Possibly this other book I've described exists, so maybe I should just go read that. ...more
May 29, 2009 Patrick Peterson rated it really liked it · review of another edition
Shelves: history, libertarian
I generally liked the book and learned a fair amount of new things about this freedom movement that I have been passionate about for over 30 years.
I was very impressed with how Doherty understands so many key points of Austrian/free market economics and the diferences with the far more semi-free market Chicagoans. Even differences between Mises and Hayek were explained quite well.
I've read some reviews pointing out failings/errors, but they still seem to pale compared to how much he got right.
The detail is amazing, and a bit off-putting, especially when he deals with the foibles of certain leaders of the movement. One of my heroes, Leanard Read, for instance, seemed to have a strange philosophical/religious penchant. I had known precioius little about it before reading the book, except his semi-mystical references in various of his books, and kinda shrugged it off as not important. I still think it is less important than what great positive achievment he did make: founding and running FEE for so many years.
May 29, 2009 G. Branden marked it as to-read · review of another edition
Saw this at Borders last year and got sucked in. I must have read 30 pages (from various chapters) before deciding I'd wait for the paperback but that it was otherwise a must-read. My political roots lie in "right-libertarianism" (i.e., get the government, and only the government, off our backs and everything else will work itself out), though that's not exactly where I am now. I am already familiar with many of the big names in the U.S. libertarian movement, though sometimes it's only the name Saw this at Borders last year and got sucked in. I must have read 30 pages (from various chapters) before deciding I'd wait for the paperback but that it was otherwise a must-read. My political roots lie in "right-libertarianism" (i.e., get the government, and only the government, off our backs and everything else will work itself out), though that's not exactly where I am now. I am already familiar with many of the big names in the U.S. libertarian movement, though sometimes it's only the name I'm really familiar with, and no more. Time to correct that ignorance.
I will be reading this as a companion/counterpart to White Protestant Nation , which chronicles the conservative movement over roughly the same period (~1920s to the present). That book is more sober in tone but no less interesting. Conservatives and right-libertarians are the groups I always lock horns with in political arguments, so I reckon it pays to know them better.
I might have also placed this on my "know-your-enemy" shelf but I decided against it. If I made the walk from right- to left-libertarianism, I reckon others can be swayed to do the same. ...more
Aug 21, 2011 Scarlett Sims rated it liked it · review of another edition
Shelves: philosophical, political, history, non-fic, scholarly, leisure, economics
I think the easiest way to do this would be in a pro/con format.
-Incredibly informative. It's a pretty long book and I learned a LOT of things I didn't know about, mostly about the many different factions and beliefs that fall under the general umbrella of "Libertarian."
-Neutral point of view. The author is a libertarian, but the book wasn't written so much out of a desire to convert, more of a desire to educate. He talks about many conflicting views and opinions in a disinterested tone, I think the easiest way to do this would be in a pro/con format.
-Neutral point of view. The author is a libertarian, but the book wasn't written so much out of a desire to convert, more of a desire to educate. He talks about many conflicting views and opinions in a disinterested tone, not in the Ayn-Rand-anvilicious sort of way.
-Outdated. It was published in 2006. We've had an election since that time and a lot has happened. Ron Paul did get a few mentions but I think he would be get much more attention if this book had been written after 2008.
-Dry tone. It's a history book, so it's not going to be really really funny or anything, however I wish more of the author's personality had come through.
Whatever your political leaning, if you want to know more about the LP or small government politics in general, this book would be a good place to start. There are extensive footnotes and a shorter bibliography for further study. It wasn't the most fun read, but I certainly learned from it.
Apr 01, 2011 James rated it really liked it · review of another edition
I wish this book was published when I was in college, and I wish I read it then. This would have saved me much searching and understanding. This is such a great and condensed (even thought it's thick) book on the libertarian movement. He treats all sides fairly. Sadly, I read this book to help me put an end to my ideological struggle, and I think it has accomplished that. I no longer feel a deep need to read the important movement literature. I'm afraid to be apart of the movement.
Jun 30, 2015 Fiddlinmike rated it really liked it · review of another edition
Great resource for folks who have some familiarity with libertarian thought. Very impressive detail, objectively written. The author does a fantastic job of summarizing key arguments in various books and in describing philosophical differences between the "radicals." I discovered numerous books or authors I will now research.
Apr 08, 2012 Brian Schnack rated it it was amazing · review of another edition
Shelves: read-liberty
Freewheeling is apt, as it's nearly a picaresque philosopho/econo/historical romp at equal parts history, comedy, and tragedy - but ultimately a tribute to the men and women who through darkest nights fought to see the day where all but the most dim (bipartisan) statist would sink their teeth into the fruits of 'giving people the right to make, trade, and BEHAVE as they wish.'
Jul 22, 2011 Sam rated it really liked it · review of another edition
If you're at all interested in "the history of the modern American libertarian movement," this is the book to read.
Aug 24, 2011 Alex Bales rated it really liked it · review of another edition
Informative, but disorganized writing style.
Mar 06, 2012 Ken rated it really liked it · review of another edition
A very even handed look at the history of Libertarian political thought in the USA
Sep 01, 2013 Stephen rated it really liked it · review of another edition
Recommends it for: libertarians, political/economic junkies, left civil libertarians making common cause
Shelves: politics, business-and-economics, philosophy, classically-liberal, intellectual-history, libertarian
Libertarianism has been in the news recently: Julian Assange referred to its rising wave in the Republican party as America's best hope for halting the advance of the police state, and Chris Christie (governor of New Jersey and rumored as a presidential contender in 2016) scoffed at it, causing a bit of a row between him and libertarian-leaning Senator Rand Paul. American libertarianism is distinct in holding as sacred something the first libertarians regard as suspect: property. While Libertarianism has been in the news recently: Julian Assange referred to its rising wave in the Republican party as America's best hope for halting the advance of the police state, and Chris Christie (governor of New Jersey and rumored as a presidential contender in 2016) scoffed at it, causing a bit of a row between him and libertarian-leaning Senator Rand Paul. American libertarianism is distinct in holding as sacred something the first libertarians regard as suspect: property. While historically, libertarianism was born out of the left's distrust for the state, authority, and coercive power -- power created by property and the acquisition of wealth -- American libertarianism is more a renaming of classical liberalism, of the idea that the government should stay out of the economy and out of people's lives. But this survey of American right-libertarianism is not limited to Adam Smith. It is is a work of economics, yes, but realm of thought covered here delves into questions as old as philosophy: what is a person's proper relationship with other people? This expansive volume, which seeks to do for right-wing libertarianism what Russell Kirk did for conservatism in The Conservative Mind, ranges from the mild, traditional F.A. Hayek to ranting ideologues who dream of being Nietzschean supermen. Although most helpful in summarizing the contributions and sharing the lives of a wide range of individuals, many of whom history has forgotten entirely, its size may scare many off: at 740 pages, it's no brief read. The author, as a contributor to Reason magazine ("Free Minds and Free Markets") is wholly sympathetic to his cause, of course, but his being a true believer doesn't diminish the volume's value: there is a far wider variety of thought in right-libertarianism than one might expect and Doherty is helpful in analyzing the thoughts of conflicting individuals, discerning their shared beliefs and examining why they later came to oppose one another. Sometimes the narrative wanders into the realm of the obscure, especially when discussing economic esoterica, but Radicals largely lives up the the promise of being "freewheeling". This is not a question of editing: Radicals isn't rough around the edges, only written with a deliberate breeziness that seems out of place with the topics being discussed. Referring to "bullshit arguments" and employing 'natch' for 'naturally' does not inspire confidence in the author's seriousness.
Radicals for Capitalism briefs readers on the lives of scores of persons, some more significant than others. While Hayek, Ludwig van Mises, and Murray Rothbard are names which get a lot of traffic, 'furies of liberty' like Isabel Paterson and Rose Wilder Lane are probably unheard of outside the realm of libertarian historians. The great variety of forceful and opinionated personalities here are generally divided into two groups: economists and philosophers,with some mutual crossover Whatever their focus, all emphasized the importance of property and the rights of the Individual as supreme. The basic ideas are not new, and Doherty accordingly begins with Enlightenment which birthed classical liberalism. Radicals is a history of how these ideas were fleshed out and expressed in the contexts of their time, as well as passed on to other generations. The right-wing libertarian movement, judging by this account, seems to have crystallized around opposition to the New Deal. Most of the book's action takes place in the middling decades of the 20th century, in which the American public became increasingly comfortable with the rising role of the state in their lives (through Social Security, conscription, federal involvement in mortgages, transportation, and food, etc).
Although the libertarians here often worked together in opposition against the rise of the state, they were hardly monolithic. Some, like Hayek, wrote books debating economic policies, and engaged in weekend conferences and discussion groups (Mont Pelerin Society, Circle Bastiat) to study the problems they faced together, and articulate why they thought government policies ill-considered, others like the Foundation for Economic Education sought to educate the populace more directly, by mailing out pamphlets defending the free market. Some wrote novels with libertarian themes (Rand, Robert Heinlein), and still others -- entertainingly -- infiltrated the radical student left and tried to convert their energy into furthering the libertarian cause. This book was worth reading just for the idea of staid economists s getting high and then waxing poetic about the beauty of liberty -- then ditching their suits for fatigue jackets and wandering into riots to fight the Man. (And then there are the many attempts of libertarians to buy islands and build their own nations, which read like a series of wacky Wile E. Coyote misadventures.) While men like Hayek and Mises advocated a marginal role (at best) for the government in economic matters for various reasons (government influence caused corruption, economies are too complex to plan efficiently or fairly, etc), others like Ayn Rand and Rothbard were libertarians for ideological reasons, to the point that Rand berated Mises for being a socialist because he didn't condemn government economic involvement for the 'right' reasons. The infighting sapped their energy, but theirs is still a cause on the march: Reagan and Bush may have only given lip-service to it by the advocates' standards, but lovers of the "freedom philosophy" were admitted in the court of presidential politics in the form of Milton Friedman and others Although the Libertarian Party (the history of which is chronicled here) is not presently strong contender for national elections, the 20th century produced influential libertarian think-tanks like the Cato Institute, and the growth of the Tea Party and Occupy Wall Street both demonstrate a rising popular contempt for the government's constant intrusions into their lives and business policies.
Radicals for Capitalism is a book to be considered, if carefully. Doherty doesn't write to convince: the arguments for libertarian here are not aimed at the reader, but are presented for cross-comparison and examination. Presumably, those willing to read seven hundred pages on a single subject are sympathetic to it to begin with. Those who are interested in learning about the philosophy will find the history worth their while, and be entertained by the unexpected antics of these personalities along the way. This mostly makes up for the grating effect of some of the thinkers featured, like the dazzlingly self-righteous Ayn Rand, who appears early and never seems go away. (Doherty doesn't seem particularly sympathetic to her, despite the fixation.) Rothbard is another mildly obnoxious star, asserting late in the book that children have no right to expect care from their parents, who are perfectly within their rights to let the little parasitic bastards starve. I was personally impressed by the variety of thought and people featured within the book, and though it grew wearisome, the thoughtful contributions overcame the manic ones, and the book makes it easier to appreciate right-libertarianism as something more than a sinister tool of big business to free itself of restrictions. The men and women chronicled here came by their ideas honestly, they believed them sincerely, and they argued for them passionately. I would still avoid some of them at a dinner party in real life, but an age of bank bailouts and PRISM, even maniacs for liberty can sound sensible. The book would benefit from being a little less freewheeling, and it focuses more on free markets than on civil liberties.
If you want an idea of how across-the-spectrum the book is, RationalWiki's article on Murray Rothbard is a kind of case study, and is much shorter at one page.
http://rationalwiki.org/wiki/Murray_R...
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Feb 20, 2017 Dan Clore rated it really liked it · review of another edition
Shelves: anarchism, libertarianism
This voluminous tome covers in great detail America's right-wing, free-market and private-property oriented libertarian movement in all of its phases, including Classical Liberalism, the Austrian and Chicago Schools of economics, libertarian-leaning conservatism, Objectivism, the Libertarian Party, anarcho-capitalism, agorism, and so forth. With a few caveats, the book can be highly recommended to all interested as probably the definitive treatment of its subject.
The book is written using an This voluminous tome covers in great detail America's right-wing, free-market and private-property oriented libertarian movement in all of its phases, including Classical Liberalism, the Austrian and Chicago Schools of economics, libertarian-leaning conservatism, Objectivism, the Libertarian Party, anarcho-capitalism, agorism, and so forth. With a few caveats, the book can be highly recommended to all interested as probably the definitive treatment of its subject.
The book is written using an old-fashioned scholarly style that places documentation in endnotes. That is, of course, perfectly acceptable in itself; but Doherty also includes a good deal of text in his endnotes, so that the reader must continually go back and forth between the main text and the notes.
Another caveat concerns the subject as expressed in the volume's title. While the book covers one modern American libertarian movement, this isn't the only modern American libertarian movement, as the title implies. The other modern American libertarian movement is the traditional anarchist movement, the libertarian wing of the socialist movement. Consulting the two-dimensional chart used by The Political Compass should help readers understand my point. Most of the traditional anarchist movement falls in the Libertarian Left quadrant of the Political Compass's chart; most of the libertarian movement covered by Doherty falls in the Libertarian Right quadrant and much of it in the Authoritarian Right quadrant.
This is significant, as the traditional anarchist movement had used the term "libertarian" for itself for about a hundred years before anyone even suggested using the term for the movement that Doherty covers. Doherty hardly mentions the traditional anarchist movement, usually only when it has some direct connection to the Libertarian Right. The anarcho-syndicalist union IWW (Industrial Workers of the World), probably the largest American traditional libertarian group, is barely mentioned. Noam Chomsky, the most prominent libertarian socialist of the last forty years, is only mentioned twice, both times when the Libertarian Right was reaching out to the Left. Of all the traditional anarchist movement, only the individualist/mutualist wing of Josiah Warren, Benjamin Tucker, and Lysander Spooner (which falls toward the center of The Political Compass's Left/Right axis, while the much larger collectivist/communist/syndicalist wing falls on the Left and the anarcho-capitalists on the Right) is treated in any detail.
Caveats about the use of the terms "socialism" and "capitalism" should be adequately addressed by consulting my Nolan Chart column "Socialism and Capitalism".
Subjects treated at length in the book include individuals such as Albert Jay Nock, Frank Chodorov, Ludwig von Mises, Friedrich von Hayek, Isabel Paterson, Laura Ingalls Wilder's daughter Rose Wilder Lane (I haven't read the works of either Lane or Wilder, but it might be worth noting that as portrayed on the classic TV-series Little House on the Prairie, the town of Walnut Grove has no government of its own — if someone wants a sheriff or judge, they have to send elsewhere for one), Ayn Rand, Nathaniel Branden, Leonard Read, Robert LeFevre, Milton Friedman, David Friedman, Murray Rothbard, Robert Nozick, Thomas Szasz, etc., and institutions such as the Foundation for Economic Education (FEE), the Libertarian Pary, Cato Foundation, Reason magazine, etc.
Doherty tells a "warts and all" story, and there are many amusing parts, such as the account of Andrew Galambos, whose ideas cannot be recounted because he claims ownership over them. Ayn Rand and her Objectivism always make for entertaining reading, what with the bountiful irony of a purported ideology of freedom that starts on grounds that cannot be taken seriously by anyone with a minimal knowledge of science and philosophy, goes on to create a self-sealing belief system that simply discounts any inconvenient empirical facts while considering anyone who dares to disagree as not just mistaken but eeeevil, and ends with a dogmatic personal authoritarianism that wreaks as much havoc in the lives of its robotized, Randroid followers as any political authoritarianism could hope to.
Given that Doherty does not treat the Libertarian Left, I could find few omissions to complain about in his book. At first I thought I had a couple good ones to carp over — Milton Friedman's involvement with Chilean dictator Pinochet, and Loompanics Unlimited, but while these are not noted in the index, I did find them in the text. I would have liked more information on Kerry Wendell Thornley, who didn't just peter out into insanity, but produced the excellent book Zenarchy late in his life, and on Robert Anton Wilson, who deserves much more than four pages.
All in all, with its engaging style and wealth of information, I can recommend this book unreservedly to all interested in the Libertarian Right. It will probably remain the definitive account for a long time to come. Regardless of the reader's own ideology (and those on the Libertarian Left will probably not be too pleased with seeing those on the Authoritarian Right , such as free-market conservatives, continually referred to as libertarian), the book should provide an enjoyable, informative experience. ...more
Jan 24, 2018 Rob rated it it was amazing · review of another edition
Probably 4.5 stars, as it's more than a little long and not all of the inner workings of the movement are scintillating. But the summation of the associated theories involved are especially valuable, and this is probably the most even-handed treatment I've ever read on Ayn Rand.
Sep 07, 2013 Jeffrey Howard rated it it was ok · review of another edition
Shelves: history-general, economics
A year and a half later, and I have finally conquered this literary monster of a mountain. Doherty leaves no stone within the modern libertarian movement unturned--to the books detriment. In truly freewheeling fashion, this book gives page space to any and every libertarian figure (or non-figure) of the past 100 years. Doherty detours frequently, detailing the almost completely inconsequential events and people. His structure lacks focus. A few hundred pages into it the reader is left grasping A year and a half later, and I have finally conquered this literary monster of a mountain. Doherty leaves no stone within the modern libertarian movement unturned--to the books detriment. In truly freewheeling fashion, this book gives page space to any and every libertarian figure (or non-figure) of the past 100 years. Doherty detours frequently, detailing the almost completely inconsequential events and people. His structure lacks focus. A few hundred pages into it the reader is left grasping for a central thesis or at least a few threads that can be bound into a cohesive cord. The book's organizational success begins with it being linear and having small quotes to break-up several pages of text. Otherwise, he forces the reader to stagger through massive chapters.
This book serves better as a reference guide and less as a user-friendly readable history. Failing to focus, it does come close to being a truly comprehensive history of the libertarian network of organizations, activists, and thought leaders.
I wouldn't recommend it to anybody that wasn't a serious reader of history, or one who happens to be inside the "liberty movement"--those two traits most often go hand in hand. It is best as filler on your bookshelf until your want to know the historical impact of a particular figure of organization. For that reason it will not let you down. It is more analogous to a library with its endless pages of books and recounted events. Why go through all the pages manually and painstakingly when one can do a Google search in seconds and find more accessible results?
All criticisms aside, praise and gratitude should be heaped upon Doherty for his work shedding more light on an increasingly important--and efficacious--network of liberty-lovers.
Quoting Murray Rothbard in the book's epilogue, libertarians "should remain of good cheer. The eventual victory of liberty is inevitable, because only liberty is functional for modern man. There is no need, therefore, for libertarians to thirst maniacally for Instant Action and Instant Victory, and then to fall into bleak despair when that Instant Victory is not forthcoming. Reality, and therefore history, is on our side." ...more
Dec 29, 2016 Jonathan Gress rated it really liked it · review of another edition
As a libertarian, I wanted to learn more about the history of the movement and its ideas, and this book did not disappoint. I got into libertarianism through conservatism and my initial exposure was through libertarian thinkers of a conservative bent (Ron Paul, then the Mises Institute and the Austrian School, from where I got into Murray Rothbard and Hans-Hermann Hoppe). But I began to realize that a lot of other thinkers have contributed to the movement who came from very different As a libertarian, I wanted to learn more about the history of the movement and its ideas, and this book did not disappoint. I got into libertarianism through conservatism and my initial exposure was through libertarian thinkers of a conservative bent (Ron Paul, then the Mises Institute and the Austrian School, from where I got into Murray Rothbard and Hans-Hermann Hoppe). But I began to realize that a lot of other thinkers have contributed to the movement who came from very different philosophical backgrounds, e.g. Ayn Rand and the Objectivists, Milton Friedman and the Chicago School, the various activists of the Libertarian Party and whole undiscovered left wing of libertarianism (often spoken of with undisguised contempt by the conservative Austro-libertarians at Mises). I wanted to get a fuller picture of libertarianism and provide some context to my own narrower experience of it.
Doherty does not hide his own position within the movement (he is aligned with "centrist" libertarianism, exemplified by Reason magazine and Chicago School economics), but he portrays all parts sympathetically. I now have a much better handle on the history of and relationships between libertarian organizations that are still influential, e.g. the Foundation for Economic Education, the Cato Institute, the Libertarian Party itself. The book helped me get some idea for whether other kinds of libertarians are coming from, as well as an idea for which ideas or presentations of libertarian thought have greater or lesser success in the world of politics and culture.
I took off one star since I think the book was not as well edited as it should have been. I noticed frequent jumps between topics within particular chapter sections, which at times made the narrative confusing and difficult to follow. The index also seems to be incomplete (e.g. Lew Rockwell and the Mises Institute are discussed at length in a later chapter, but do not appear in the index at all). But otherwise the book is very good. ...more
Jun 05, 2012 Nicki Brøchner rated it it was amazing · review of another edition
Radicals for Capitalism are a comprehensive and thorough review of the history of the American libertarian movement. It starts from the beginning of the movement with Mises, Hayek and Ayn Rand and from there it works its way up to present day. On the journey through what are not only a presentation of libertarian history but also the political American history and its ups and downs. We are presented with the infightings, the sex, the victories and the defeats of both the movement and the Radicals for Capitalism are a comprehensive and thorough review of the history of the American libertarian movement. It starts from the beginning of the movement with Mises, Hayek and Ayn Rand and from there it works its way up to present day. On the journey through what are not only a presentation of libertarian history but also the political American history and its ups and downs. We are presented with the infightings, the sex, the victories and the defeats of both the movement and the individuals in it. Regardless of how well verse you are in the scholarly work of libertarian theory, you will gain new perspectives form this book, while you are laughing at the inside jokes, and feels the characters.
Radicals for Capitalism, is a well written book, by what can only be described as an insider. It is a book I highly recommend to anyone with the slightest interest in libertarianism and its history.
Jul 08, 2012 Vann Walke rated it really liked it · review of another edition
A pretty amazing book, tracing the roots of the American libertarian movement and the somewhat extreme characters and personalities who launched it. The book helped me put in context a lot of the groups and names you come across in libertarian circles - organizations like Cato, Reason, and the Foundation for Economic Education, and people like Ayn Rand, Rothbard, Mises, and Hayek. I'd highly recommend the book to any "die hard" libertarian. But, if you're looking for an introduction to A pretty amazing book, tracing the roots of the American libertarian movement and the somewhat extreme characters and personalities who launched it. The book helped me put in context a lot of the groups and names you come across in libertarian circles - organizations like Cato, Reason, and the Foundation for Economic Education, and people like Ayn Rand, Rothbard, Mises, and Hayek. I'd highly recommend the book to any "die hard" libertarian. But, if you're looking for an introduction to libertarian thought, definitely start elsewhere. Libertarian ideas run through the book, but it is presented as a history of the movement more than a discussion of the principles. And, it is *long* ... 619 pages, and while the writing isn't difficult, the number of groups, names, and ideas made my reading rate fairly slow.
Live free! ...more
Aug 01, 2013 The American Conservative added it · review of another edition
'Doherty's book, a massive, fact-packed history of more than five decades of libertarian thought and activism, serves as a reminder that this seemingly future-oriented philosophy has a rich and fascinating past. And what's more, the libertarians of 30 or more years ago were not always optimists; nor were they progressive even when they were forward-looking. Some, like Karl Hess, the Goldwater speechwriter turned New Left radical and libertarian guru, were gadget-geeks alright— but of a different 'Doherty's book, a massive, fact-packed history of more than five decades of libertarian thought and activism, serves as a reminder that this seemingly future-oriented philosophy has a rich and fascinating past. And what's more, the libertarians of 30 or more years ago were not always optimists; nor were they progressive even when they were forward-looking. Some, like Karl Hess, the Goldwater speechwriter turned New Left radical and libertarian guru, were gadget-geeks alright— but of a different sort. '
Read the full review, "Enemies of the State," on our website:
http://www.theamericanconservative.co... ...more
Dec 06, 2011 Evan rated it really liked it · review of another edition
Shelves: libertarianism
I don't know that I'd consider myself a libertarian anymore, but at one time I was, and I think anyone who has any familiarity with the libertarian movement would find this book really fascinating.
If you come in with no knowledge of the movement, there may be a little too much "inside baseball" for your liking, but I still think it's worthwhile for any student of modern American political thought.
The amount of research and interviews that went into the book is incredible, yet it isn't dry, I don't know that I'd consider myself a libertarian anymore, but at one time I was, and I think anyone who has any familiarity with the libertarian movement would find this book really fascinating.
The amount of research and interviews that went into the book is incredible, yet it isn't dry, academic reading. I credit Doherty for taking on an impossibly huge topic and rendering it in a really readable way. ...more
Aug 05, 2019 Tommy rated it liked it · review of another edition
Shelves: jews, economics, history
A rather superficial overview of various characters and movements which you'd be better off looking elsewhere for more critical information on. Covers the likes of Rand, Rothbard, Friedman (Jewish theorists with a large Fundie Christian support base) and such and ends with optimistic techno-utopians of the 1990s. The praise of Milton Friedman's monetary theories herein sure are funny since this was published just when they would become totally empirically undefendable. Today protectionism is A rather superficial overview of various characters and movements which you'd be better off looking elsewhere for more critical information on. Covers the likes of Rand, Rothbard, Friedman (Jewish theorists with a large Fundie Christian support base) and such and ends with optimistic techno-utopians of the 1990s. The praise of Milton Friedman's monetary theories herein sure are funny since this was published just when they would become totally empirically undefendable. Today protectionism is more respectable than rootless cosmopolitanism but the corporate conspiracy continues. ...more
Mar 14, 2014 Ken Fields rated it really liked it · review of another edition
By far and away the best and probably only real book written on the history of American libertarianism. It is incredibly detailed and very well, written, easy to read, thankfully considering how long it is.
For a philosophy that eschews the collective and celebrates the individual, thus ensuring, by it's nature a relative low hum in the chaos of political debate, it's great to have a voice, which I think Doherty does very well for all of us.
Even if you aren't or don't consider yourself to be a By far and away the best and probably only real book written on the history of American libertarianism. It is incredibly detailed and very well, written, easy to read, thankfully considering how long it is.
Even if you aren't or don't consider yourself to be a Libertarian this is a great read. ...more
Jul 23, 2011 Jon added it · review of another edition
Lucid, enjoyable, and wide-ranging, this book should be read by anyone, of any political stripe, who is interested in the libertarian movement (or should that be movements?) Doherty could perhaps have chosen a better title--Thomas Szasz, for example, who is profiled herein, is not primarily interested in wealth creation--but this book is excellent, less biased than I'd feared and full of great stories and characters.
Aug 24, 2010 Sean rated it really liked it · review of another edition
Very well done history of the modern American Libertarian movement. Drags a bit when you get to the sixties, but then so does American history. The author, a writer for Reason magazine, gives an even-handed survey of the movement leaving no nook or cranny unexplored. He handles the disagreements and diversions between libertarians very well.
Long, but worth it, especially if you are a libertarian or merely intrigued by libertarianism.
Jun 30, 2013 Kathleen O'Neal rated it really liked it · review of another edition
With this book, Brian Doherty has written the definitive history of the libertarian movement and doesn't shy away from exposing its excesses (although Doherty also remains obviously wedded to the movement's ideas). Anyone that truly wants to understand the libertarian movement in all of its diversity and complexity needs to read this book.
Sep 14, 2007 TJ rated it it was ok · review of another edition
Libertarianism is a fascinating, coherent dogma; libertarians are anything else, a fact accidentally emphasized by an author that means to praise but accidentally eludicates. Worth a read, but so long as to be the secondary text to anything else. Pressed for time, just read "Atlas Shrugged" again.
Dec 10, 2013 Matt rated it really liked it · review of another edition
Don't read this book if you're looking to learn about libertarianism. Doherty's book, which I enjoyed greatly, is the story of a movement with lots of insider stories that will primarily interest those who are deeply steeped in the freedom movement.
Oct 17, 2008 Doug rated it did not like it · review of another edition
I would think
that for
"Mengerian reality"
and "valuational decisions"
Menger's ideas
and choices
would do.
About Brian Doherty
Books by Brian Doherty
Trivia About Radicals for Capi...
Quotes from Radicals for Capi...
"One day, J. Howard Pew of Sun Oil called Read to tell him that he had $136,000 that he had to get rid of, for some arcane tax reason, in the next twenty-four hours-and would Read, along with Howard Kershner of Christian Economics (a more right-wing religious education group Pew also supported) figure out among themselves what they could best do with it? Thanks. And they did." — 1 likes
"Government, if it has any purpose at all (and many libertarians doubt it does), should be restricted to the protection of its citizens' persons and property against direct violence and theft." — 1 likes


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text:
Introduce a new thread local storage module to the standard library, std::tls, providing:
Scoped TLS, a non-owning variant of TLS for any value.
Owning TLS, an owning, dynamically initialized, dynamically destructed variant, similar to std::local_data today.
In the past, the standard library's answer to thread local storage was the std::local_data module. This module was designed based on the Rust task model where a task could be either a 1:1 or M:N task. This design constraint has since been lifted, allowing for easier solutions to some of the current drawbacks of the module. While redesigning std::local_data, it can also be scrutinized to see how it holds up to modern-day Rust style, guidelines, and conventions.
In general the amount of work being scheduled for 1.0 is being trimmed down as much as possible, especially new work in the standard library that isn't focused on cutting back what we're shipping. Thread local storage, however, is such a critical part of many applications and opens many doors to interesting sets of functionality that this RFC sees fit to try and wedge it into the schedule. The current std::local_data module simply doesn't meet the requirements of what one may expect out of a TLS implementation for a language like Rust.
Current Drawbacks
Today's implementation of thread local storage, std::local_data, suffers from a few drawbacks:
The implementation is not super speedy, and it is unclear how to enhance the existing implementation to be on par with OS-based TLS or #[thread_local] support. As an example, today a lookup takes O(log N) time where N is the number of set TLS keys for a task.
This drawback is also not to be taken lightly. TLS is a fundamental building block for rich applications and libraries, and an inefficient implementation will only deter usage of an otherwise quite useful construct.
The types which can be stored into TLS are not maximally flexible. Currently only types which ascribe to 'static can be stored into TLS. It's often the case that a type with references needs to be placed into TLS for a short period of time, however.
The interactions between TLS destructors and TLS itself is not currently very well specified, and it can easily lead to difficult-to-debug runtime panics or undocumented leaks.
The implementation currently assumes a local Task is available. Once the runtime removal is complete, this will no longer be a valid assumption.
Current Strengths
There are, however, a few pros to the usage of the module today which should be required for any replacement:
All platforms are supported.
std::local_data allows consuming ownership of data, allowing it to live past the current stack frame.
Building blocks available
There are currently two primary building blocks available to Rust when building a thread local storage abstraction, #[thread_local] and OS-based TLS. Neither of these are currently used for std::local_data, but are generally seen as "adequately efficient" implementations of TLS. For example, an TLS access of a #[thread_local] global is simply a pointer offset, which when compared to a O(log N) lookup is quite speedy!
With these available, this RFC is motivated in redesigning TLS to make use of these primitives.
Three new modules will be added to the standard library:
The std::sys::tls module provides platform-agnostic bindings the OS-based TLS support. This support is intended to only be used in otherwise unsafe code as it supports getting and setting a *mut u8 parameter only.
The std::tls module provides a dynamically initialized and dynamically destructed variant of TLS. This is very similar to the current std::local_data module, except that the implicit Option<T> is not mandated as an initialization expression is required.
The std::tls::scoped module provides a flavor of TLS which can store a reference to any type T for a scoped set of time. This is a variant of TLS not provided today. The backing idea is that if a reference only lives in TLS for a fixed set of time then there's no need for TLS to consume ownership of the value itself.
This pattern of TLS is quite common throughout the compiler's own usage of std::local_data and often more expressive as no dances are required to move a value into and out of TLS.
The design described below can be found as an existing cargo package: https://github.com/alexcrichton/tls-rs.
The OS layer
While LLVM has support for #[thread_local] statics, this feature is not supported on all platforms that LLVM can target. Almost all platforms, however, provide some form of OS-based TLS. For example Unix normally comes with pthread_key_create while Windows comes with TlsAlloc.
This RFC proposes introducing a std::sys::tls module which contains bindings to the OS-based TLS mechanism. This corresponds to the os module in the example implementation. While not currently public, the contents of sys are slated to become public over time, and the API of the std::sys::tls module will go under API stabilization at that time.
This module will support "statically allocated" keys as well as dynamically allocated keys. A statically allocated key will actually allocate a key on first use.
Destructor support
The major difference between Unix and Windows TLS support is that Unix supports a destructor function for each TLS slot while Windows does not. When each Unix TLS key is created, an optional destructor is specified. If any key has a non-NULL value when a thread exits, the destructor is then run on that value.
One possibility for this std::sys::tls module would be to not provide destructor support at all (least common denominator), but this RFC proposes implementing destructor support for Windows to ensure that functionality is not lost when writing Unix-only code.
Destructor support for Windows will be provided through a custom implementation of tracking known destructors for TLS keys.
Scoped TLS
As discussed before, one of the motivations for this RFC is to provide a method of inserting any value into TLS, not just those that ascribe to 'static. This provides maximal flexibility in storing values into TLS to ensure any "thread local" pattern can be encompassed.
Values which do not adhere to 'static contain references with a constrained lifetime, and can therefore not be moved into TLS. They can, however, be borrowed by TLS. This scoped TLS api provides the ability to insert a reference for a particular period of time, and then a non-escaping reference can be extracted at any time later on.
In order to implement this form of TLS, a new module, std::tls::scoped, will be added. It will be coupled with a scoped_tls! macro in the prelude. The API looks like:
/// Declares a new scoped TLS key. The keyword `static` is required in front to
/// emphasize that a `static` item is being created. There is no initializer
/// expression because this key initially contains no value.
/// A `pub` variant is also provided to generate a public `static` item.
macro_rules! scoped_tls(
(static $name:ident: $t:ty) => (/* ... */);
(pub static $name:ident: $t:ty) => (/* ... */);
/// A structure representing a scoped TLS key.
/// This structure cannot be created dynamically, and it is accessed via its
/// methods.
pub struct Key<T> { /* ... */ }
impl<T> Key<T> {
/// Insert a value into this scoped TLS slot for a duration of a closure.
/// While `cb` is running, the value `t` will be returned by `get` unless
/// this function is called recursively inside of cb.
/// Upon return, this function will restore the previous TLS value, if any
/// was available.
pub fn set<R>(&'static self, t: &T, cb: || -> R) -> R { /* ... */ }
/// Get a value out of this scoped TLS variable.
/// This function takes a closure which receives the value of this TLS
/// variable, if any is available. If this variable has not yet been set,
/// then None is yielded.
pub fn with<R>(&'static self, cb: |Option<&T>| -> R) -> R { /* ... */ }
The purpose of this module is to enable the ability to insert a value into TLS for a scoped period of time. While able to cover many TLS patterns, this flavor of TLS is not comprehensive, motivating the owning variant of TLS.
Specifically the with API can be somewhat unwieldy to use. The with function takes a closure to run, yielding a value to the closure. It is believed that this is required for the implementation to be sound, but it also goes against the "use RAII everywhere" principle found elsewhere in the stdlib.
Additionally, the with function is more commonly called get for accessing a contained value in the stdlib. The name with is recommended because it may be possible in the future to express a get function returning a reference with a lifetime bound to the stack frame of the caller, but it is not currently possible to do so.
The with functions yields an Option<&T> instead of &T. This is to cover the use case where the key has not been set before it used via with. This is somewhat unergonomic, however, as it will almost always be followed by unwrap(). An alternative design would be to provide a is_set function and have with panic! instead.
Owning TLS
Although scoped TLS can store any value, it is also limited in the fact that it cannot own a value. This means that TLS values cannot escape the stack from from which they originated from. This is itself another common usage pattern of TLS, and to solve this problem the std::tls module will provided support for placing owned values into TLS.
These values must not contain references as that could trigger a use-after-free, but otherwise there are no restrictions on placing statics into owned TLS. The module will support dynamic initialization (run on first use of the variable) as well as dynamic destruction (implementors of Drop).
The interface provided will be similar to what std::local_data provides today, except that the replace function has no analog (it would be written with a RefCell<Option<T>>).
/// Similar to the `scoped_tls!` macro, except allows for an initializer
/// expression as well.
macro_rules! tls(
(static $name:ident: $t:ty = $init:expr) => (/* ... */)
(pub static $name:ident: $t:ty = $init:expr) => (/* ... */)
pub struct Key<T: 'static> { /* ... */ }
impl<T: 'static> Key<T> {
/// Access this TLS variable, lazily initializing it if necessary.
/// The first time this function is called on each thread the TLS key will
/// be initialized by having the specified init expression evaluated on the
/// current thread.
/// This function can return `None` for the same reasons of static TLS
/// returning `None` (destructors are running or may have run).
pub fn with<R>(&'static self, f: |Option<&T>| -> R) -> R { /* ... */ }
Destructors
One of the major points about this implementation is that it allows for values with destructors, meaning that destructors must be run when a thread exits. This is similar to placing a value with a destructor into std::local_data. This RFC attempts to refine the story around destructors:
A TLS key cannot be accessed while its destructor is running. This is currently manifested with the Option return value.
A TLS key may not be accessible after its destructor has run.
Re-initializing TLS keys during destruction may cause memory leaks (e.g. setting the key FOO during the destructor of BAR, and initializing BAR in the destructor of FOO). An implementation will strive to destruct initialized keys whenever possible, but it may also result in a memory leak.
A panic! in a TLS destructor will result in a process abort. This is similar to a double-failure.
These semantics are still a little unclear, and the final behavior may still need some more hammering out. The sample implementation suffers from a few extra drawbacks, but it is believed that some more implementation work can overcome some of the minor downsides.
Like the scoped TLS variation, this key has a with function instead of the normally expected get function (returning a reference). One possible alternative would be to yield &T instead of Option<&T> and panic! if the variable has been destroyed. Another possible alternative is to have a get function returning a Ref<T>. Currently this is unsafe, however, as there is no way to ensure that Ref<T> does not satisfy 'static. If the returned reference satisfies 'static, then it's possible for TLS values to reference each other after one has been destroyed, causing a use-after-free.
There is no variant of TLS for statically initialized data. Currently the std::tls module requires dynamic initialization, which means a slight penalty is paid on each access (a check to see if it's already initialized).
The specification of destructors on owned TLS values is still somewhat shaky at best. It's possible to leak resources in unsafe code, and it's also possible to have different behavior across platforms.
Due to the usage of macros for initialization, all fields of Key in all scenarios must be public. Note that os is excepted because its initializers are a const.
This implementation, while declared safe, is not safe for systems that do any form of multiplexing of many threads onto one thread (aka green tasks or greenlets). This RFC considers it the multiplexing systems' responsibility to maintain native TLS if necessary, or otherwise strongly recommend not using native TLS.
Alternatives on the API can be found in the "Variations" sections above.
Some other alternatives might include:
A 0-cost abstraction over #[thread_local] and OS-based TLS which does not have support for destructors but requires static initialization. Note that this variant still needs destructor support somehow because OS-based TLS values must be pointer-sized, implying that the rust value must itself be boxed (whereas #[thread_local] can support any type of any size).
A variant of the tls! macro could be used where dynamic initialization is opted out of because it is not necessary for a particular use case.
A previous PR from @thestinger leveraged macros more heavily than this RFC and provided statically constructible Cell and RefCell equivalents via the usage of transmute. The implementation provided did not, however, include the scoped form of this RFC.
Are the questions around destructors vague enough to warrant the get method being unsafe on owning TLS?
Should the APIs favor panic!-ing internally, or exposing an Option?