China's official government news agency says Beijing used a scientific icebreaker voyage through Canada's Northwest Passage to test the viability of sailing Chinese cargo ships through the environmentally fragile route that links the Atlantic and Pacific oceans.
Xinhua News Agency, often used to deliver messages on behalf of the Chinese state, lauded the Sept. 6 completion of the first-ever Chinese voyage through the Arctic waterway, saying the Snow Dragon icebreaker "accumulated a wealth of experience for Chinese ships going through the Northwest Passage in the future."
Beijing's state news agency said the Arctic route through Canadian waters can reduce the delivery time for Chinese cargo ships by 20 per cent.
"It opened up a new sea lane for China," the news agency said. "From Shanghai to New York, the traditional route that passes through the Panama Canal is 10,500 nautical miles, while the route that passes through the Northwest Passage is 8,600 nautical miles, which saves 7 days of time."
Xinhua also reported that China sent six merchant ships through Russia's Northeast Passage this summer as the world's second-largest economy hopes to take advantage of melting Arctic sea ice to speed the delivery of goods to North America and European markets.
Canada demands that foreign vessels ask permission before sailing through the Northwest Passage. Foreign Affairs Minister Chrystia Freeland's office said last week that Canada granted its approval on the basis that China was conducting scientific research. A team of Canadian scientists were also on board as well as a Canadian navigator.
A senior government official, who was not authorized to speak on the record, told The Globe and Mail that "China may say whatever it wants to a domestic audience [but] that does not mean it reflects the reality of what happened here."
Adam Austen, the press secretary to Ms. Freeland, echoed the senior official's viewpoint, saying the Snow Dragon mission was solely a "scientific expedition" and China's desire to use the Northwest Passage for shipping is not a done deal.
"All commercial voyages through Canada's territorial waters, including the Northwest Passage require an application," Mr. Austen said. "While we permit commercial traffic through our domestic waters, we expect that ships comply with our strict laws on safety, security and the protection of the environment. All cases are evaluated on an individual basis."
Arctic expert and professor Rob Huebert, who tracked the Snow Dragon's voyage using satellite imagery, said he was surprised the Chinese were so blunt in revealing their clear intentions for the Northwest Passage.
"They are preparing for a very substantial increase in the amount of shipping. It is obvious this is going into the planning to a degree that we don't see in Western shipping companies," Prof. Huebert said. "They have given us clear notice this is going to happen."
Prof. Huebert, who teaches at the University of Calgary's Centre for Military and Strategic Studies, said he is not convinced the Canadian government is prepared to handle large-scale Chinese shipping through this waterway and to ensure China respects the Arctic Waters Pollution Prevention Act.
"We need to get the Arctic patrol vessels built. We need to get the Coast Guard better funded and we need the facilities for better surveillance and enforcement capability," Prof Huebert said.
For some years, state-owned Cosco – which is China's largest shipping group – has been exploring the potential of the Arctic as a new and reliable global trade route.
Using the Arctic would allow Chinese cargo ships to provide faster delivery without having to worry about monsoons in the Indian Ocean, armed pirates on other routes or paying fees to pass through the Suez or Panama canals. In early July, Chinese President Xi Jinping and Russian Prime Minister Dmitry Medvedev agreed to explore co-operation on the northern sea route to build a "Silk Road on Ice."
Chinese state media have called the Northwest Passage a "golden waterway" for future trade; 90 per cent of China's exports are by ship. China has no Arctic territory, but has been attempting to play a larger role in the region and gained observer status at the Arctic Council in 2013.
However, Prof. Byers said the fact that Beijing sought Canada's approval to enter the Arctic waters strengthens Ottawa's sovereignty claims to the Northwest Passage.
"If anything, Canada's legal position has been bolstered by the fact that the Chinese were so willing to work with us. They waited a whole week before they got the letter [of Canadian government approval] before entering Canadian waters," Mr. Byers said. "Every time another country works with us, they are at least implicitly recognizing that we are the state in control, that we have rights in the Northwest Passage. So this voyage is actually a good thing from the perspective of Canadian sovereignty."
Prof. Byers acknowledged though that it is in China's interest to seek Canadian approval because it strengthens Beijing's claims to the Hainan Strait, which, as with the Northwest Passage, the United States considers international waters.
"That is actually the reason why China is respecting us in terms of not challenging our position [on the Northwest Passage]. They are not challenging our position because if they challenged our position, they would be weakening their position in the high Hainan Strait," he said.
Canada claims sovereignty over the Northwest Passage based on historic title – a status conveyed by the Canadian Inuit's usage of those waters. This claim has long been challenged by the United States, which considers the passage an international strait through which Americans are entitled transit rights.
"If [China] bring containers in, the first one will be important in that they follow our procedures for requesting permission," he said. "If they start coming in and get sloppy and they start not asking for consent, then the Americans will quite rightly say you are not enforcing it and therefore it is an international straight. And that is the real danger."
China's Arctic plans fit with a broader effort to create new trade shortcuts. Last year, Beijing send the first container train from eastern China to Iran – a land journey 30 days shorter than by water.


text:
Ипполит Матвеевич Дебу (Десбут) () — дворянин, русский революционер-петрашевец, впоследствии русский офицер, участник Крымской войны. Отец химика Константина Ипполитовича Дебу.

Биография
Родился в Санкт-Петербурге  года. Потомственный дворянин. Учился на камеральном отделении юридического факультета Петербургского университета; служил в Азиатском департаменте министерства иностранных дел.

В 1849 году был арестован по делу Петрашевского и приговорён к смертной казни «за участие в преступных замыслах, распространение зловредных учений и за хранение у себя в высшей степени возмутительных сочинений». Высочайшей конфирмацией казнь была заменена лишением всех прав и ссылкой на два года в арестантские роты инженерного ведомства.

По окончании ссылки, будучи определён в рядовые, в 1851—1853 годах присматривал за юным Костей Станюковичем, будущим писателем-маринистом, сыном адмирала М. Н. Станюковича, коменданта севастопольского порта и военный губернатор города.

Дебу участвовал в Севастопольской кампании и за отличие в деле на Чёрной речке был произведён в подпоручики; затем вышел в отставку. В 1857 году ему было возвращено дворянство. После отставки жил в Одессе, где служил секретарем в Русском обществе пароходства и торговли. В сентябре 1862 года ему было разрешено жить в Санкт-Петербурге.

До конца своих дней сохранив верность идеям, усвоенным в молодости, он всю жизнь изучал социалистическую литературу и много переводил. Два перевода — Энгельса, «Происхождение семьи, частной собственности и государства», и Каутского, «Экономическое учение Карла Маркса» — были изданы в 1906 году его сыном Константином, названном в честь брата отца Константина Матвеевича.

Умер в Харьковской губернии  года.

Примечания

Ссылки

Выпускники юридического факультета Императорского Санкт-Петербургского университета
Петрашевцы
Переводчики Российской империи
Социалисты России
Приговорённые к смертной казни
Участники Крымской войны
Участники сражения на Чёрной речке

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


These brothers never get tired of airing their dirty laundry in the public, do they? The P-Square brothers (Peter and Paul) seem to be at it once again.
Word on the street is that there are some family issues, and the two have been throwing subliminal messages and shade at each other on social media. No names were mentioned but it's pretty clear the messages are directed at each other and their significant others.
The caption, "Back to naija. Don't take my silence for granted. Only a woman can come where there's peace and destroy it #youknowyourself. Try me this time, I swear Nyash go open. You will know that blood is thicker and stronger than juju", can only lead us to one conclusion. Looks like gist plenty for this side.
The two had a huge fight last year that spilled over into social media. It might have seemed like a publicity stunt, but from we understand there was definitely trouble in the family. So much so that Jude Okoye (their elder brother) ended up stepping down as their manager.
The two patched things up and ended up releasing a hit record, Bank Alert. Could this one be an unresolvable conflict, or should we expect another hit record from yet another makeup? We go dey wait.


text:
Q: Mark and Filter duplicates ListObject VBA I am trying to find, mark and filter duplicates at ListObject (column of Dynamic Table) VBA without success.
The Following script works great for the regular range, I made some changes and need it for the list object.
I will very much appreciate your assistance
S
sub Duplicates()

    ActiveSheet.Shapes("shape3").Select 'change to whatever your shape is called
    If Selection.ShapeRange.Fill.Visible = msoFalse Then
    Selection.ShapeRange.Fill.Visible = msoTrue
    Selection.ShapeRange.Fill.Solid
    Selection.ShapeRange.Fill.ForeColor.SchemeColor = 40
    Else

    Selection.ShapeRange.Fill.Visible = msoFalse

    End If

    Dim Rng As Range
    Dim cel As Range

    'Test for duplicates in a single column
    'Duplicates will be highlighted in red

    Set Rng = Range(Range("B1"), Range("B" & Rows.Count).End(xlUp))

    For Each cel In Rng
    If WorksheetFunction.CountIf(Rng, cel.Value) > 1 Then

    cel.Interior.ColorIndex = 3
    End If
    Next cel

    Range("B:J").Select

    ActiveSheet.Range("$B$1:$J$1").AutoFilter Field:=1, Criteria1:=RGB(255, 0 _
    , 0), Operator:=xlFilterCellColor
    ActiveWindow.SmallScroll Down:=-9
    ActiveSheet.Range("$B$1:$J$1").AutoFilter Field:=9, Criteria1:="<>0", _
    Operator:=xlAnd

End Sub

A: One way is to use conditional formatting:
Sub FilterDups()
Dim LO As ListObject, FC As UniqueValues

Set LO = ActiveSheet.ListObjects(1) ' Dynamic Table
Set FC = LO.DataBodyRange.Columns(1).FormatConditions.AddUniqueValues   ' UniqueValues object to quickly visualize cells that contain either unique or duplicate values
With FC
    .SetFirstPriority
    .DupeUnique = xlDuplicate
    .Interior.Color = vbRed ' red color for duplicate values
End With

LO.Range.AutoFilter Field:=1, Criteria1:=RGB(255, 255, 255), Operator:=xlFilterNoFill ' filter out duplicate values

End Sub

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
Jürgen Schröder (* 4. Oktober 1937) ist ein ehemaliger deutscher Fußballspieler. Für den SC Neubrandenburg spielte er 1964/65 in der DDR-Oberliga, der höchsten Spielklasse im DDR-Fußball.

Sportliche Laufbahn
Mit elf Jahren begann Jürgen Schröder 1948 in mecklenburgischen Malchow organisiert Fußball zu spielen. Zuletzt war er für die Betriebssportgemeinschaft (BSG) Fortschritt Malchow in der viertklassigen Bezirksliga Neubrandenburg aktiv. Zu Beginn der Saison 1961/62 schloss er sich der BSG Turbine Neubrandenburg an, die in der drittklassigen II. DDR-Liga vertreten war. Mit Schröder stieg die BSG Turbine in dieser Spielzeit in die DDR-Liga auf. In den darauffolgenden Spielzeiten 1962/63 und 1963/64 war Schröder als Stürmer Stammspieler der Neubrandenburger, er bestritt 50 der 56 Punktspiele und erzielte 21 Tore. Nach der Saison 1963/64 stieg die BSG Turbine in die Oberliga auf, in der sie als Sportclub Neubrandenburg antrat. Schröder konnte zunächst nur die beiden ersten Oberligaspiele absolvieren, danach fiel er für den Rest der Hinrunde aus. Nach der Winterpause bestritt er zwölf der dreizehn Rückrundenspiele und war mit vier Toren erfolgreich. Der SCN konnte sich nur ein Jahr lang in der Oberliga halten. In den nächsten drei DDR-Liga-Spielzeiten verteidigte Schröder seinen Stammplatz und kam in 70 von 90 Punktspielen zum Einsatz. Zur Saison 1968/69 wechselte Jürgen Schröder zum DDR-Ligisten Stahl Eisenhüttenstadt. Dort gelang es ihm nicht Fuß zu fassen, denn er wurde nur in acht DDR-Ligaspielen eingesetzt. Damit war er auch nur geringfügig am Aufstieg der Eisenhüttenstädter in die Oberliga beteiligt. Im Sommer 1969 beendete Schröder seine Laufbahn als Fußballspieler im höherklassigen Fußball. Von 1971 bis 1978 war der ausgebildete Sportlehrer bei Post Neubrandenburg als Übungsleiter tätig.

Literatur
 Deutsches Sportecho: Jahrgänge 1960–1969.

 Andreas Baingo, Michael Horn: Die Geschichte der DDR-Oberliga. 2. Auflage. Verlag Die Werkstatt, Göttingen 2004, ISBN 3-89533-428-6, S. 335.
 DSFS (Hrsg.): DDR-Chronik – DDR-Fußball 1949–1991 (Band 8). Berlin 2011.

Weblinks

Fußballspieler (DDR)
Deutscher
Geboren 1937
Mann


Listen to an education reformer for more than five minutes and you're likely to hear about STEM, science, technology, engineering, and math. Students, we are told, must study more of these topics, otherwise they will be unable to compete in the world and our economy is doomed. Or something like that.
However, a columnist for the Washington Post says that our obsession with STEM education is not only based on a "fundamental misreading of the facts", it "puts America on a dangerously narrow path for the future".
The current overemphasis on STEM is largely related to standardized tests, the core of most ed reform efforts. US students generally score behind many other countries on one particular international testing program, "trailing nations such as the Czech Republic, Poland, Slovenia and Estonia". STEM advocates declare that our students must be immersed in math and science in order to return the country to the top of the world heap, where we belong.
Except that the US has never been at the top of that particular world heap.
Then there's the matter that even the companies and organizations considered most innovative want their employees to come with "skills far beyond the offerings of a narrow STEM curriculum".
Finally, the writer makes the case that a broad-based, liberal education – one that includes science and math in balance – would be better for both students and the country.
This doesn't in any way detract from the need for training in technology, but it does suggest that as we work with computers, the most valuable skills will be the ones that are uniquely human, that computers cannot quite figure out – yet. And for those jobs, and that life, you could not do better than to follow your passion, engage with a breadth of material in both science and the humanities, and perhaps above all, study the human condition.


text:
Variety Plus Icon Read Next: Meghan and Harry Bolster Archewell With New Hires, Promotions (EXCLUSIVE)
Oct 7, 2018 7:56pm PT
Film Review: 'Illang: The Wolf Brigade'
Director Kim Jee-woon transplants the Japanese anime to a unified Korea, where steel-plated super-cops make a strong impression, then disappear for most of the movie.
By Peter Debruge
Peter Debruge
Chief Film Critic
askdebruge
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Busan Film Festival
Five years after "The Last Stand" — Korean director Kim Jee-woon's one-off attempt at American filmmaking, a throwaway shoot-'em-up co-starring Arnold Schwarzenegger and Johnny Knoxville — Kim is back home, applying what he learned in Hollywood to anime adaptation "Illang: The Wolf Brigade." An obsidian-black sci-fi thriller all but consumed with corruption of the state and of the soul, the film opens stunningly enough, reminiscent of such late-'80s comics-to-screen transfers as Tim Burton's "Batman" and the original "RoboCop" in its darkly atmospheric depiction of a grim near-future, but it gets confusing quick and never quite regains the promise of its first half-hour — which accounts for a disappointing local performance ("Illang" did fewer than one million admissions last summer in South Korea).
But that's not the end of the road for "Illang," which will next head to Netflix in all other territories. There, it may find a cult following, considering that the sharp-looking film boasts some of the most spectacular set pieces — including a stunning climactic showdown in which a steel-clad killing machine blasts his way through sewer tunnels crawling with dirty cops — that audiences are likely to find on the streaming service this fall. Action comes easy to Korean director Kim; it's actors that he doesn't always know what to do with. Ironically, that makes "Illang" a rather ideal project, at least on paper.
Based on Mamoru Oshii's "Kerberos Panzer Cop" manga — whose 1999 anime adaptation, "Jin-Roh: The Wolf Brigade," serves as a direct blueprint for this film's stunning opening and climax — "Illang" transposes the story from Japan to Korea, where political and economic pressure have forced the divided country to consider reunification. That concept alone ought to make for a fascinating science-fiction parable, although it's barely dealt with in any practical terms, other than to explain a wave of demonstrations that turn tragic on what comes to be known as "Bloody Friday," when peacekeeping forces accidentally murder 15 schoolgirls, mistaking them for terrorists.
The film picks up five years later, as conditions have drastically worsened. The year is now 2029, and Special Unit forces now patrol wearing elaborate steel-plated armor. These "Wolf Brigade" uniforms are truly terrifying, turning normal cops into what look like nightmarish Nazi cyborgs, at least in silhouette: Beneath German tank helmets, a pair or round red eyes glow inhumanly at any who cross their paths, while their standard-issue peashooters have been replaced with heavy-duty machine guns. No country needs a Special Unit as scary as this, but it's a compelling starting point for an action movie that promptly disbands the group one scene after they're introduced.
First, they get a chance to track down and all-but-eliminate a terrorist group called the Sect (although it's never quite clear what these rebels oppose, or whether we're supposed to be rooting for or against them), before an incident involving an underage suicide bomber forces the authorities to pull the plug on the program. After hesitating to shoot the girl responsible for the blast, Lt. Lim (Gang Dong-won, the rare live-action star who's less expressive than his hand-drawn equivalent) is publicly reprimanded and sent to "re-education" — whatever that means (other than a chance to feature a flashy training sequence in which he shoots his way through an abandoned building).
Then he meets Lee Yun-hee (Han Hyo-joo, also wooden), who claims to be the dead girl's sister. Yoon-hee claims a lot of things over the course of the movie, and sooner or later, one would do well to stop believing her, since she's the rebel/spy/love-interest/damsel-in-distress on whom the movie's unnecessarily convoluted plot pivots at least three too many times. Suffice it to say, there is an elaborate conspiracy afoot to disband the Special Unit — which is strange, since they seem pretty effectively disbanded 15 minutes into the movie. Indeed, those hulking red-eyed soldier-cops disappear for nearly 90 minutes, until such time that Lim puts his own uniform on again and faces off against corrupt Public Security honcho Han Sang-woo (Kim Moo-yul, the film's most charismatic actor), who may also be a Wolf Brigade member.
Actually, the meaning of "Wolf Brigade" changes midway through the movie, by which point audiences will have learned that it's best not to spend too much energy attempting to follow the plot. Better simply to go with it, trusting that Kim can take whatever situation that arises as an opportunity to stage an exciting fight, chase, standoff or shootout — like the one atop Seoul's Namsan Tower, where an elaborate plan to capture and/or kill Lim goes awry, leading to a dazzling escape whereby our hero jumps out the window of the observation deck, scales a scarlet red fire hose the 440 feet to the ground, and proceeds to bash his way out of the parking lot in a stolen Mercedes.
About that car — and the rest of the surrounding production details: Despite all the energy spent establishing how much Korea has changed between now and 2029 (a vision that calls for customized cars and tanks early on), about half an hour in, Kim either forgets that the film takes place in the future, or simply assumes that audiences will just carry on believing that premise, reverting back to what looks indistinguishable from the present day. Or maybe no new cars were made, buildings modified or fashions introduced after 2018. In any case, he focuses his style elsewhere, elaborating on the story's Red Riding Hood allegory (which also happens to be Yun-hee's choice of wardrobe) in an endlessly complicated loop of whether humans are hiding in wolves' clothing or the other way around.
Busan Film Festival,
Illang: The Wolf Brigade,
Kim Jee-woon,
San Sebastian Film Festival
Reviewed at Busan Film Festival, Oct. 6, 2018. (Also in San Sebastian film festival.) Running time: 138 MIN. (Original title: "Inrang")
Production: (S. Korea) A Warner Bros. (in Korea), Netflix release of a Lewis Pictures production. Producer: Lewis Taewan Kim. Executive producer: Kim Woo-sang.
Crew: Director: Kim Jee-woon. Screenplay: Kim Jee-woon, Jun Chul-hong, Lee Ji-min, Park Jong-dae, based on the original story written by Mamoru Oshii and its animated feature "Jin-Roh: The Wolf Brigade" directed by Hiroyuki Okiura. Camera (color, widescreen): Lee Moo-gae. Editor: Yang Jin-mo. Music: Mowg.
With: Gang Dong-won, Han Hyo-joo, Jung Woo-sung, Kim Moo-yul, Han Yeri, Choi Min-ho, Huh Joon-ho.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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As a grass roots effort campaign, the NJ State Council hopes to see an increase in women involvement and work to empower new leaders to share their passion for cold water conservation. Whether new to the sport or an experienced angler, the idea to unite women in the state and open communication will serve to enrich our membership. There are future plans to organize outings in Spring, which will give women in the state the opportunity to gather together for fishing and camaraderie.
If you have any questions or are interested in learning more about the NJ TU Women's and Diversity Initiative Program, contact our own Jersey Shore TU's Women and Diversity Initiative Coordinator Paula Sawyer.


Health Visitors from Lancashire Care NHS Foundation Trust are celebrating the incredible work that they do working with children and families during Health Visitors Week on 21-25 August.
Health Visitors have, for decades, played an important role in supporting and advising parents to ensure new generations of healthy babies and families. Parenthood is challenging and exciting, a task that is often made easier by the expertise and commitment of Health Visitors.
"Every child is entitled to the best possible start in life and Health Visitors play an essential role in achieving this. By working with and supporting families during the crucial early years of a child's life, Health Visitors have a major impact on the lifelong health and wellbeing of young children and their families. Being a Health Visitor is an extremely rewarding role and we are extremely proud of our Health Visitors. They deliver an exceptional service to one generation after another of parents and children. To celebrate the great work that they do, we're marking Health Visitors Week to honour these unsung heroes.
"It's all about making relationships with people to encourage positive life choices. There's a lot of satisfaction and pride in seeing children progress from when they were babies till they are 4. It makes you feel proud that you've been involved in helping that family.


text:
Die Ehrennadel des Ministeriums für Volksbildung war in der Deutschen Demokratischen Republik (DDR) eine im Fachbereich des Ministeriums für Volksbildung verliehene nichtstaatliche Auszeichnung, welche am 28. März 1963 gestiftet wurde.

Beschreibung
Die Verleihung der Ehrennadel erfolgte in der Regel durch die örtlichen Organe der Volksbildung, vorwiegend durch die Kreis- und Stadtschulräte. Mit der Auszeichnung konnten all jene geehrt werden, die sich durch besondere Leistungen sowie für erfolgreiche Mitarbeit bei der sozialistischen Bildung und Erziehung ausgezeichnet hatten. Ferner auch für besondere Leistungen beim Aufbau des sozialistischen Schulwesens. Die Verleihungen wurden 1973 eingestellt. Nachfolger wurde die Ehrennadel für Verdienste im sozialistischen Bildungswesen.

Aussehen
Die bronzene Ehrennadel ist nahezu quadratisch 24,5 mm hoch und 18,5 mm breit und zeigt auf vertieften gekörnten oder glatten Grund das erhaben geprägte Staatswappen der DDR. Darüber die ebenfalls erhaben geprägte Inschrift: EHRENNADEL und unter dem Staatswappen die zweizeilige Inschrift: MINISTERIUM FÜR VOLKSBILDUNG. Es sind von dieser Variante auch vergoldete Exemplare bekannt geworden, die ab 1970 verliehen wurden. Auch existieren Stücke mit einer Größe von 33 × 22,5 mm.

Einzelnachweise

Orden und Ehrenzeichen (DDR)
Bildung in der DDR


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text:
Date of Web Publication 25-Oct-2013
The interrelationship between endodontic and periodontal diseases has been a subject of speculation, confusion and controversy for many years. Pulpal and periodontal problems are responsible for more than 50% of tooth mortality today. An endo-perio lesion can have a varied pathogenesis which ranges from quite simple to relatively complex one. These lesions often present challenges to the clinician as far as diagnosis and prognosis of the involved teeth are concerned. It is very essential to make a correct diagnosis so that the appropriate treatment can be provided. To make a correct diagnosis the clinician should have a thorough understanding and scientific knowledge of these lesions and may need to perform restorative, endoontic or periodontal therapy, either singly or in combination to treat them. Therefore, this presentation will highlight the diagnostic, clinical guidelines and decision-making in the treatment of these lesions from an Endodontist's point of view to achieve the best outcome.
Keywords: Diagnosis, endo-perio lesions, management
Parolia A, Gait TC, Porto IC, Mala K. Endo-perio lesion: A dilemma from 19 th until 21 st century. J Interdiscip Dentistry 2013;3:2-11
Parolia A, Gait TC, Porto IC, Mala K. Endo-perio lesion: A dilemma from 19 th until 21 st century. J Interdiscip Dentistry [serial online] 2013 [cited 2022 Jan 21];3:2-11. Available from: https://www.jidonline.com/text.asp?2013/3/1/2/120514
The pulp-periodontal interrelationship is a unique one and can consider them as a single continuous system or as one biologic unit in which there are so many paths of communication. The interrelationship of these structures influences each other during health, function and disease. They can get affected individually or combined; when both systems are involved they are called true endo-perio lesions. Endodontic-periodontal problems are responsible for more than 50% of tooth mortality today. [1] They present challenges to the clinician as far as diagnosis and prognosis of the involved teeth are concerned. It is very essential to make a correct diagnosis so that the appropriate treatment can be provided. The relationship between the periodontium and the pulp was first discovered by Simring and Goldberg in 1964. [1] Since then, the term 'perio-endo lesion' has been used to describe lesions due to inflammatory products found in varying degrees in both periodontium and pulpal tissues.
The pulp and periodontium have embryonic, anatomic and functional interrelationship. There are various pathways for the exchange of infectious elements and irritants from the pulp to periodontium or vice versa, leading to the development of endodontic periodontal lesions. [2],[3]
Pathways of developmental origin (anatomical pathways):
Apical foramen, accessory canals/lateral canals
Congenital absence of cementum exposing dentinal tubules
Developmental grooves
Pathways of pathological origin:
Empty spaces on root created by Sharpey's fibers
Root fracture following trauma
Idiopathic root resorption - internal and external
Loss of cementum due to external irritants.
Pathways of iatrogenic origin:
Exposure of dentinal tubules following root planning
Accidental lateral root perforation during endodontic procedures
Root fractures during endodontic procedures.
The main etiological factors for endo-perio lesions are living (bacteria, fungi and viruses) and nonliving pathogens. Along with these, many contributing factors such as trauma, root resorptions, perforations, and dental malformations also play an important role in the development and progression of such lesions [4],[5] [Figure 1]. The condition of the pulp is an important factor in susceptibility to microbial invasion. A vital pulp is very resistant to microbial invasion. Penetration of the surface of a healthy pulp by oral bacteria is relatively slow or may be blocked entirely. In contrast, a necrotic pulp is rapidly invaded and colonized by bacteria. When the pulp becomes necrotic, inflammatory byproducts of pulpal origin may leach out through these pathways and initiate/trigger an inflammatory vascular response in the periodontium, cause destruction of periodontal tissue fibers, resorption of adjacent alveolar bone and cementum. Nature and extent of periodontal destruction depends on various factors such as virulence of microorganisms, duration of the disease and the host defense mechanism. Similarly, the reverse of the effect of a necrotic pulp on the periodontal ligament, has been referred to as retrograde pulpitis. [5]
Figure 1: Etiological and contributing factors in endo-perio lesions
Over the past century, the dental literature has consistently reflected a controversy related to the effect of periodontal disease on the dental pulp. It has been found that the pulp has a quite sophisticated vasculature system with a network of capillary beds, precapillary sphincters and arteriovenous shunts, which provides a significant capacity for the pulp to survive. From clinical observations, it is rare to find a virgin tooth (no decay, restorations, fracture, perforation) with evidence of periapical pathosis for which cause for the pulp becoming necrotic cannot be determined. Many studies have demonstrated that periodontal disease or sequelae of periodontal treatment does not affect the pulp. [6],[7],[8] On the other hand, studies have suggested that the effect of periodontal disease on the pulp is atrophic and degenerative in nature including a decrease in number of pulp cells, an increase in dystrophic calcifications, fibrosis, as well as a direct inflammatory affect. [9],[10],[11] Therefore, periodontal disease and periodontal treatments should be regarded as potential causes of pulpitis and pulpal necrosis'. [12] However, It has been advocated that periodontal disease has no effect on the pulp, unless it extends all the way to the tooth apex, the dental pulp is capable of surviving significant insults and that the effect of periodontal disease as well as periodontal treatment on the dental pulp is negligible. [13]
Though there are many conflicting studies abound, Harrington et al. [14] mentioned another parameter which may influence our clinical impressions related to the dental pulp, and indeed many of our misinterpretations, from early histological observations. They explained the importance of adequate fixation of pulp tissue as it has always been, and continues to be, a challenge, and artifacts resulting from inadequate fixation continue to be described as evidence of pathosis. They recommended careful reviewing of the papers published prior to 1975, as well as some written since if their descriptions of perceived pulp pathosis are in fact simply histological artifacts.
Historically the effect of periodontal disease on the dental pulp has been a source of discussion but recently the effect of pulpal necrosis on the initiation and progression of marginal bone loss has been discussed. [13] The potential effect of a tooth with a necrotic pulp or a tooth with previous root canal treatment has been taken into account as a risk factor in the initiation, progression of periodontal disease, and the resolution of periodontal pockets. Many studies have stated that a pulpless tooth with a periapical lesion promotes the initiation of periodontal pocket formation, progression of periodontal disease, and interferes with healing of a periodontal lesion after periodontal treatment. [15],[16],[17] It has also been found that the periapical trauma may occur by over instrumentation during shaping and cleaning of the root canal, extrusion of irrigants, sealer and gutta percha points that may hinder new bone, cementum and connective tissue repair. Therefore, precautions should be taken when periodontal therapy has to be followed by endodontic treatment.
Classification of Periodontal-Endodontic Lesions
The first classification of endodontic-periodontal lesions based on pathology of origin was proposed by Simon et al. [18] as follows:
Primary endodontic lesions
Primary periodontal lesions
Primary endodontic lesions with secondary periodontal involvement
Primary periodontal lesions with secondary endodontic involvement
True combined lesions.
Though Simon et al. have classified these lesions into five types but actually three, four and five can be considered as combined lesions. There have been many classifications suggested by several other authors such as "independent periodontal and endodontic lesions" [19] or "concomitant pulpal and periodontal lesions" [20],[21] to describe endo-perio lesions. In contrast to combined perio-endo lesions, concomitant pulpal and periodontal lesions reflect the presence of two separate and distinct disease states with different causative factors and with no clinical evidence that one disease state has influenced the other. Recently, von Arx and Cochran [22] proposed a clinical treatment classification of perio-endo-furcation lesions based on the role of membrane application in endodontic surgery. Singh [23] classified endo-perio lesions based on the pathogenesis and added the term iatrogenic lesions, usually endodontic lesions produced as a result of treatment modalities. There are many classifications for endo-perio lesions, but for differential diagnostic purposes, the so-called 'endo-perio lesions' are best classified as endodontic, periodontal, or a combined disease. [24] These lesions can also be classified by treatment depending on whether endodontic, periodontal, or combined treatment modalities are needed. All these classifications are mainly based on the theoretic pathways explaining how these radiographic lesions are formed. Therefore, by comprehensive understanding of the pathogenesis and investigations, the clinician can make a sound diagnosis, formulate an appropriate treatment plan and assess the prognosis of these lesions.
Nomenclature distinguishes between lesions caused by periodontal pathogens, as seen in chronic periodontitis, and lesions of the apical periodontal tissues associated with endodontic pathology. When the location is distinct and the lesion is discrete, the two are easy to differentiate. When they simultaneously affect the marginal and apical areas of the periodontium, thus making it essential to ascertain their true cause through differential diagnosis. [25] If a patient has been monitored over a period of time diagnosis of primary endodontic disease and primary periodontal disease usually can be easily done; once the lesions progress to their final stage, they usually give similar clinical and radiographic appearance and the differential diagnosis becomes more challenging. For example, a similar in clinical and radiographic features will be seen with both, a growing periapical lesion with secondary involvement of periodontal tissues and a longstanding periodontal lesion that has progressed to the apex.
It is easier to determine the origin of the lesion when a pulp vitality test is positive because this will rule out an endodontic etiology. However, pulp tests may not be always reliable. This consideration is particularly relevant when challenges to pulpal status arise from periodontal diseases such as partial necrosis of a pulp in a multirooted tooth due to long standing periodontal lesions. If pulpal necrosis is associated with inflammatory involvement of the periodontal tissue, it presents a greater diagnostic problem. In this situation, the location of these pulpal lesions is most often at the apex of the tooth, but they may also occur at any site where lateral and furcal canals exit into the periodontium. [26] Therefore, accurate diagnosis can be made by careful history taking, thorough oral hard and soft tissue examination, the use of pulp testing procedures and periodontal probing. [19]
The following steps help in diagnosing the exact lesion [Table 1].
Table 1: Diagnostic procedures used to identify the endo-perio lesion
Treatment and Prognosis of Endo-Perio Lesions
Treatment decision-making and prognosis depend primarily on the diagnosis of the specific endodontic and/or periodontal disease [Table 2]. The main factors to consider are pulp vitality and the type and extent of the periodontal defect.
Table 2: Treatment map of endodontic-periodontal lesions
Primary endodontic diseases usually heal following root canal therapy. The outcome of endodontic treatment is influenced by the presence of microorganisms within the root canal system. Good prognosis is to be expected if treatment is carried out properly with a focus on infection control. The sinus tract extending into the gingival sulcus or furcation area disappears at an early stage once the affected pulp has been removed and the root canals well cleaned, shaped, and obturated. In case of tooth with large periapical lesion, orthograde endodontic therapy has been advised instead of surgical endodontic therapy. [27],[28] Placement of intra-canal medicaments such as calcium hydroxide has found to be very effective in the healing of large periapical lesion. Calcium hydroxide works in many ways, [29] chemically it damages the microbial cytoplasmic membrane by the direct action of hydroxyl ions, suppresses enzyme activity, disrupts the cellular metabolism and inhibits deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) replication by splitting DNA. Physically it acts as a physical barrier that fills the space within the canal and prevents the ingress of bacteria into the root canal system. It also kills the remaining micro-organisms by withholding substrates for growth and limiting space for multiplication. Biologically it encourages the periapical hard tissue healing around teeth with infected canals, inhibits root resorption and stimulates periapical healing after trauma. [30],[31],[32],[33],[34]
Primary periodontal disease should only be treated by periodontal therapy. In this case, the prognosis depends on the severity of the periodontal disease, efficacy of periodontal therapy and patient response; however, prognosis of primary periodontal lesions is not as favorable as primary endodontic lesions. Primary periodontal lesions should be treated by hygiene phase therapy in the first instance. Subsequently, poor restorations and developmental grooves that are involved in the lesion must be removed. Periodontal surgery should be performed after the completion of hygiene phase therapy if deemed necessary. Since, the presence of an intact cementum layer is important for the protection of the pulp and vigorous surgical periodontal procedures may remove cementum and expose dentinal tubules, which in turn transport irritants, thereby cause pulpal inflammation and necrosis of the dental pulp. Therefore, clinicians should take precautions during periodontal therapy and avoid the use of irritating chemicals, minimize the use of ultrasonics and rotary scaling instruments when <2 mm of dentin thickness remaining. Judicious use of periodontal surgical intervention is advantageous to treat this lesions. [35]
Primary endodontic with secondary periodontal lesions [Figure 2]
The treatment and prognosis of the tooth with these lesions are different from those of teeth involved with only primary endodontic disease. The prognosis for treatment of primary endodontic disease with secondary periodontal involvement depends primarily on the severity of periodontal involvement. Tooth with these lesions should first be treated with endodontic and simple hygiene phase therapy. In this case, multi-visit endodontics should be practiced and the placement of intracanal medicament was found to be very useful in reducing inflammation and favoring repair. [36] Treatment results should be evaluated in 2-3 months and only then further periodontal treatment should be considered. This sequence of treatment allows sufficient time for initial tissue healing and better assessment of the periodontal condition. [37],[38] It also reduces the potential risk of introducing bacteria and their byproducts during the initial phase of periodontal healing. In this regard, it has been suggested that aggressive removal of the periodontal ligament and underlying cementum during interim endodontic therapy may adversely affect periodontal healing, therefore, should be avoided. [39] But in cases where healing with only endodontic therapy does not occur then both endodontic and periodontal treatments should be carried out since with endodontic treatment alone, only part of the lesion may heal up to the level of the secondary periodontal lesion. If the endodontic treatment is adequate, the prognosis depends on the severity of the marginal periodontal damage and the efficacy of periodontal treatment. Primary endodontic lesions with secondary periodontal involvement may also occur as a result of iatrogenic damage such as root perforation or fracture during root canal treatment or placement of pins or posts. Root perforations are treated according to their aetiology. The outcome of the treatment of root perforations depends on the size, location, time of diagnosis and treatment, degree of periodontal damage as well as the sealing ability and biocompatibility of the sealer. It has been recognized that the success of the treatment depends mainly on immediate sealing of the perforation and appropriate infection control. Several materials such as mineral trioxide aggregate, reinforced zinc oxide-eugenol cementglass ionomer cements and Vitremer have been recommended to seal root perforations. [40],[41],[42] Root fractures may also present as primary endodontic lesions with secondary periodontal involvement. These typically occur on root-treated teeth, often with post and crowns. Treatment depends on the tooth type, extent, duration and location of fracture, for example, single rooted tooth with lesions caused by vertical root fracture has a hopeless prognosis and should be extracted [43] while molars can be treated by root resection or hemisection. [44] However, many case reports are described in literature where many innovative techniques to treat and retain anterior teeth have been attempted with varying success. Clinician have either removed the fractured segment or attempted to bond the root using a biocompatible material. [45],[46],[47],[48] Therefore, before considering any complex or extensive restructure treatment, the desirability for retention of the tooth root should be carefully weighed up against extraction and replacement with a denture, bridge or implant.
Figure 2: Primary endodontic lesion with secondary periodontal involvement. (a) Clinical picture showing maxillary right first molar with the presence of palatal swelling with 7mm deep periodontal pocket mimicking primary periodontal lesion. (b) Radiograph showing presence of deep coronal restoration and mesial caries approaching the pulp with periapical radiolucency, confirming primary endodontic lesion. (c) Radiograph showing completion of root canal therapy in maxillary molar with periapical healing. (d) Clinical picture showing complete resolution of periodontal pocket
Primary periodontal secondary endodontic lesion and true combined lesions
Primary periodontal disease with secondary endodontic involvement and true combined endodontic-periodontal diseases require both endodontic and periodontal regenerative procedures. The success rate of the endodontic-periodontal combined lesion without a concomitant regenerative procedure has been reported to a range from 27% to 37%. [49] Combined lesions can be classified into three types, first, tooth with two separate lesions, one endodontic usually periapical and one periodontal with no communication, second, teeth with a single lesion that involves both endodontic and periodontal pathoses and third, teeth with endodontic and periodontal lesions that were once separate but now communicate. True-combined lesions should be treated initially as primary endodontic lesions with secondary periodontal involvement. Prior to surgery, palliative periodontal therapy should be completed and root canal treatment carried out. The prognosis of true combined lesion is often poor or even hopeless, especially when periodontal lesions are chronic and extensive. The prognosis of combined diseases mainly rests with the efficacy of periodontal therapy. [5] Though, root amputation, hemisection or bicuspidization may allow the root configurations to be changed sufficiently for a part of the root structure to be saved, however, the operator need to consider various factors before root resection such as tooth function, root filling, anatomy, restorability, bone support around the healthy root and patient's compliance. A tooth that requires a root to be resected always needs root canal treatment; therefore, the surgery must be planned with care, particularly with respect to the timing of the root treatment. Ideally, the tooth should be root filled prior to surgery. [36] The prognosis of an affected tooth can also be improved by increasing bony support, which can be achieved by bone grafting and guided tissue regeneration (GTR). These advanced treatment options are based on responses to conventional periodontal and endodontic treatment over an extended time period. These regenerative procedures with the aid of the microscope, in the treatment of combined lesions have been found to have a success rate of 77.5%. [50] GTR therapy was first introduced in 1980's since then both human and animal studies have demonstrated various degrees of regeneration of bone and attachment apparatus. [51],[52] GTR therapy has also been implemented in the endodontic surgeries as a concomitant treatment during the management of the endodontic-periodontal lesions. [53],[54],[55],[56] The decisions and treatment strategy for the application of the regenerative procedures are made at various levels such as pre-surgical, post-root canal treatment, intra-surgical, and post-surgical. Factors influencing treatment outcome should also be considered at each level under patient-specific, defect-specific, and healing categories. [57] The pre-surgical assessment includes establishing and verifying the non-vital status of the pulp, the extent and severity of the periodontal destruction, and therapeutic prognosis of the planned regenerative procedure. Once the therapeutic prognosis of the periodontal regenerative procedure is determined to be favorable, then endodontic therapy should be provided. Root canal therapy helps to reduce the mobility of the involved tooth therefore, after a successful root canal therapy; tooth mobility should be further assessed to determine the necessity for splinting. Cortellini et al. [58],[59] have recommended splinting of the mobile tooth before GTR procedure. The intra-surgical assessment should include morphology of the periodontal defect, defect type, material of choice to fill the defect and augment healing, control of patient's oral hygiene, and wound stabilization. [60],[61] Furthermore, long term follow up is mandatory for these lesions. However, advanced diagnostic tests like cone beam computer tomography to check the conditions of the hard tissues, pulse oximetry for evaluate the true vitality, polymerase chain reaction to identify the specific microbes may add value in proper diagnosis. Cases should be well discussed to achieve good prognosis[Figure 3] and [Figure 4].
Figure 3: Primary endodontic secondary periodontal lesion. (a) Intraoral periapical radiograph showing root canal treated maxillary left first premolar with radiolucency along the root. Clinically, a deep narrow pocket was found on the mesial aspect of the root suggesting the presence of vertical root fracture. (b) Clinical view of the extracted tooth showing two fractured fragments of the tooth
Figure 4: Patient complained of pus discharge from gums in between central incisors. Patient gave a history mild impact trauma on mandibular anterior 10 years ago. (a) Clinical picture showing the presence of sinus opening in between central incisors. (b) Radiograph of mandibular anterior teeth showing the presence of large radiolucency in between central incisors with a wide base at the apex suggesting primary endodontic lesion (both centrals did not respond to vitality tests). (c) Radiograph showing initiation of root canal therapy and placement of calcium hydroxide as an intracanal medicament. (d) Radiograph showing completion of root canal treatment. (e) Radiograph showing healing after 1 year
A perio-endo lesion can have a varied pathogenesis which ranges from quite simple to relatively complex one. To make a correct diagnosis the clinician should have a thorough understanding and scientific knowledge of these lesions. Despite the segmentation of dentistry into the various areas of specialization, a clinician needs to perform restorative, endodontic or periodontal therapy, either singly or in combination. Therefore, to achieve the best outcome for these lesions, a multi-disciplinary approach should be involved.
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61. Trombelli L, Kim CK, Zimmerman GJ, Wikesjö UM. Retrospective analysis of factors related to clinical outcome of guided tissue regeneration procedures in intrabony defects. J Clin Periodontol 1997;24:366-71.
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text:
Magnolia Laurie paintings on their way to the Kemper Museum of Contemporary Art
Editor . March 7, 2010
Brooklyn, – Causey Contemporary is pleased to announce that two paintings by Magnolia Laurie are being acquired by the Kemper Museum of Contemporary Art for their permanent collection. Paintings, November Charlie (I am in distress and require immediate assistance) and To Abandon My Vessel (Alfa Bravo) were selected for the museum by curator Barbara O'Brien after visiting Magnolia solo exhibition at Causey Contemporary. The exhibition entitled All After All Before opened on February 12, 2010 and runs through March 13, 2010 at the gallery's 293 Grand St. Location in the Brooklyn neighborhood of Williamsburg. This acquisition will mark the first by a museum of Magnolia's work.
The two paintings headed for the Kemper Museum of Contemporary Art each feature the color coded signal flags that ships use to relay messages to one another often when in distress. Thus suggesting that the structures depicted are attempting to communicate the need for assistance in the face of whatever adversity they are positioned within. Magnolia's exhibition title , All After All Before is in fact taken from AA…AB, the Morse code for repeating a message. Often used to highlight or draw attention to a part of the message, it is a signal to request communication from whoever can receive it. Additionally, Magnolia Laurie's paintings represent delicate and makeshift illogical structures and systems that may not endure their own weight, let alone the impending disruptions. They reference the sustained need to try, to build, to create, even in the face of complete futility.
Magnolia Laurie received her BA in Critical Social Thought from Mount Holyoke College, a Post Baccalaureate Degree from the San Francisco Art Institute, and her MFA from the Mount Royal School of Art at the Maryland Institute College of Art. She was awarded a MICA Fellowship to the Vermont Studio Center in 2007 and is currently an Artist Fellow for the Hamiltonian Gallery in DC. Magnolia Laurie lives is Baltimore, MD, as an artist in residence at the Creative Alliance at the Patterson.
Founded in 1994, the Kemper Museum of Contemporary Art presents modern and contemporary art of the highest quality and significance. It collects, preserves, documents, interprets, and exhibits a growing permanent collection; develops and presents special exhibitions; and offers a variety of educational programs. The Kemper Museum of Contemporary Art strives to represent artists of diverse genders, nationalities, artistic influences, media, and ethnicity in each of its three buildings. The museum's signature building near Country Club Plaza in Kansas City was designed by Gunner Birkets and features the permanent collection as well as special exhibitions. Kemper East in a restored 100 year old landmark property features the museum's collection and then Kemper at the Crossroads showcases exhibition by emerging artists to whom the Kemper is often giving their first museum show. Now Magnolia Laurie will become one of those emerging artists represented in the Kemper's collection.
For more information on Magnolia Laurie and her paintings, contact Causey Contemporary 293 Grand St. Brooklyn, NY 718 218 8939 or via email at info@causeycontemporary.com
www.causeycontemporary.com
Image: Magnolia Laurie echo, ear to the ground I listen 2009, 18 x 18 in. Oil on panel Causey Contemporary
Category: Fine Art
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text:
Title: Celery
Subject: Chinese celery, Cajun cuisine, Ligusticum scoticum, Apiaceae, Borscht
Order: Apiales
Genus: Apium
Species: A. graveolens
Variety: dulce
(Mill.) Pers.
Apium dulce Mill
Apium graveolens subsp. dulce (Mill.) Schübl. & G. Martens
Celery (Apium graveolens var. dulce) is a plant variety in the family Apiaceae, commonly used as a vegetable. Celery seed is also used as a spice. The plant grows to 1 m (3.3 ft) tall.
3 Taxonomy
4 Cultivation
5 Harvesting and storage
6.1 Medicine
6.2 Nutrition
9.1 Cultural depictions
Leaf celery
Cross-section of a 'Pascal' celery rib, the petiole
Celery leaves are pinnate to bipinnate with rhombic leaflets 3–6 cm long and 2–4 cm broad. The flowers are creamy-white, 2–3 mm in diameter, and are produced in dense compound umbels. The seeds are broad ovoid to globose, 1.5–2 mm long and wide. Modern cultivars have been selected for solid petioles, leaf stalks.[2] A celery stalk readily separates into "strings" which are bundles of angular collenchyma cells exterior to the vascular bundles.[3]
First attested in English in 1664, the word "celery" derives from the French céleri, in turn from Italian seleri, the plural of selero, which comes from Late Latin selinon,[4] the latinisation of the Greek σέλινον (selinon), "parsley".[5][6] The earliest attested form of the word is the Mycenaean Greek se-ri-no, written in Linear B syllabic script.[7]
Celery was described by Carl Linnaeus in Volume One of his Species Plantarum in 1753.[8]
Head of celery, sold as a vegetable. Usually only the stalks are eaten.
In North America, commercial production of celery is dominated by the cultivar called 'Pascal' celery.[2] Gardeners can grow a range of cultivars, many of which differ from the wild species, mainly in having stouter leaf stems. They are ranged under two classes, white and red. The stalks grow in tight, straight, parallel bunches, and are typically marketed fresh that way, without roots and just a little green leaf remaining.
In Europe the dominant variety of celery most commonly available in trade is Celeriac (Apium graveolens var. rapaceum) grown for its hypocotyl forming a large bulb (commonly but incorrectly called celery root). The leaves are used as seasoning, and the stalks find only marginal use.
The wild form of celery is known as "smallage". It has a furrowed stalk with wedge-shaped leaves, the whole plant having a coarse, earthy taste, and a distinctive smell. The stalks are not usually eaten (except in soups or stews in French cuisine), but the leaves may be used in salads, and its seeds are those sold as a spice.[9] With cultivation and blanching, the stalks lose their acidic qualities and assume the mild, sweetish, aromatic taste particular to celery as a salad plant.
The plants are raised from seed, sown either in a hot bed or in the open garden according to the season of the year, and, after one or two thinnings and transplantings, they are, on attaining a height of 15–20 cm, planted out in deep trenches for convenience of blanching, which is effected by earthing up to exclude light from the stems.
In the past, celery was grown as a vegetable for winter and early spring; it was perceived as a cleansing tonic, welcomed to counter the salt-sickness of a winter diet. By the 19th century, the season for celery had been extended, to last from the beginning of September to late in April.[10]
Harvesting and storage
Harvesting occurs when the average size of celery in a field is marketable; due to extremely uniform crop growth, fields are harvested only once. The petioles and leaves are removed and harvested; celery is packed by size and quality (determined by colour, shape, straightness and thickness of petiole, stalk and midrib length and absence of disease, cracks, splits, insect damage and rot). Under optimal conditions, celery can be stored for up to seven weeks between 0 to 2 °C (32 to 36 °F). Inner stalks may continue growing if kept at temperatures above 0 °C (32 °F). Freshly cut petioles of celery are prone to decay, which can be prevented or reduced through the use of sharp blades during processing, gentle handling, and proper sanitation.[11]
In the past, restaurants used to store celery in a container of water with powdered vegetable preservative, but it was found that the sulfites in the preservative caused allergic reactions in some people.[12] In 1986, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration banned the use of sulfites on fruits and vegetables intended to be eaten raw.[13]
Celery seed (Apium graveolens) essential oil
Celery is used around the world as a vegetable for the crisp petiole (leaf stalk). The leaves are strongly flavoured and are used less often, either as a flavouring in soups and stews or as a dried herb.
In temperate countries, celery is also grown for its seeds. Actually very small fruit, these "seeds" yield a valuable apiol. Celery seeds can be used as flavouring or spice, either as whole seeds or ground and mixed with salt, as celery salt. Celery salt can also be made from an extract of the roots, or using dried leaves. Celery salt is used as a seasoning, in cocktails (notably to enhance the flavour of Bloody Mary cocktails), on the Chicago-style hot dog, and in Old Bay Seasoning.
Celery, onions, and bell peppers are the "holy trinity" of Louisiana Creole and Cajun cuisine. Celery, onions, and carrots make up the French mirepoix, often used as a base for sauces and soups. Celery is a staple in many soups, such as chicken noodle soup.
The use of celery seed in pills for relieving pain was described by Aulus Cornelius Celsus around AD 30.[14] Celery seeds contain a compound, 3-n-butylphthalide, that has been demonstrated to lower blood pressure in rats.[15] In a study recent to 2013, 30 patients suffering from mild to moderate hypertension were given celery seed extract at 150 mg per day. There were results showing a decrease in both systolic (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure.[16]
Bergapten in the seeds can increase photosensitivity, so the use of essential oil externally in bright sunshine should be avoided. The oil and large doses of seeds should be avoided during pregnancy, as they can act as a uterine stimulant. Seeds intended for cultivation are not suitable for eating as they are often treated with fungicides.
Celery, raw
Nutritional value per 100 g (3.5 oz)
12 kcal (50 kJ)
2.97 g (including fibre)
Dietary fibre
Vitamin A equiv.
Thiamine (B1)
Riboflavin (B2)
Niacin (B3)
Folate (B9)
29.3 μg
Trace metals
Other constituents
Note: The energy value given in the USDA data page is 16 kcal, but this counts 4 calories per gram of dietary fibre. The value calculated without this, which is more correct, is 11.61.
μg = micrograms • mg = milligrams
IU = International units
Percentages are roughly approximated using US recommendations for adults.
Source: USDA Nutrient Database
Celery is used in weight-loss diets, where it provides low-calorie dietary fibre bulk. Celery is often incorrectly thought to be a "negative-calorie food," the digestion of which burns more calories than the body can obtain. In fact, eating celery provides positive net calories, with digestion only consuming a small proportion of the calories taken in.[17]
Celery is among a small group of foods (headed by peanuts) that appear to provoke the most severe allergic reactions; for people with celery allergy, exposure can cause potentially fatal anaphylactic shock.[18] The allergen does not appear to be destroyed at cooking temperatures. Celery root—commonly eaten as celeriac, or put into drinks—is known to contain more allergen than the stalk. Seeds contain the highest levels of allergen content. Exercise-induced anaphylaxis may be exacerbated. An allergic reaction also may be triggered by eating foods that have been processed with machines that have previously processed celery, making avoiding such foods difficult. In contrast with peanut allergy being most prevalent in the US, celery allergy is most prevalent in Central Europe.[19] In the European Union, foods that contain or may contain celery, even in trace amounts, must be clearly marked as such.[20]
Polyacetylenes can be found in Apiaceae vegetables like celery, and their extracts show cytotoxic activities.[21]
Apiin and apigenin can be extracted from celery and parsley.
Selinunte didrachm coin bearing a selinon (celery) leaf, circa 515-470 BC.
Daniel Zohary and Maria Hopf[22] note that celery leaves and inflorescences were part of the garlands found in the tomb of pharaoh Tutankhamun (died 1323 BC), and celery mericarps dated to the seventh century BC were recovered in the Heraion of Samos. However, they note "since A. graveolens grows wild in these areas, it is hard to decide whether these remains represent wild or cultivated forms." Only by classical times is it certain that celery was cultivated.
M. Fragiska mentions an archeological find of celery dating to the 9th century BC, at Kastanas; however, the literary evidence for ancient Greece is far more abundant. In Homer's Iliad, the horses of the Myrmidons graze on wild celery that grows in the marshes of Troy, and in Odyssey, there is mention of the meadows of violet and wild celery surrounding the cave of Calypso.[23]
Apium illustration from Barbarus Apuleius' Herbarium, c. 1400.
A chthonian symbol among the ancient Greeks, celery was said to have sprouted from the blood of Kadmilos, father of the Cabeiri, chthonian divinities celebrated in Samothrace, Lemnos, and Thebes. The spicy odour and dark leaf colour encouraged this association with the cult of death. In classical Greece, celery leaves were used as garlands for the dead, and the wreaths of the winners at the Isthmian Games were first made of celery before being replaced by crowns made of pine. According to Pliny the Elder[24] in Achaea, the garland worn by the winners of the sacred Nemean Games was also made of celery.[23] The Ancient Greek colony of Selinous (Greek: Σελινοῦς, Selinous), on Sicily, was named after wild parsley that grew abundantly there; Selinountian coins depicted a parsley leaf as the symbol of the city.
The name "celery" retraces the plant's route of successive adoption in European cooking, as the English "celery" (1664) is derived from the French céleri coming from the Lombard term, seleri, from the Latin selinon, borrowed from Greek.[25]
Celery's late arrival in the English kitchen is an end-product of the long tradition of seed selection needed to reduce the sap's bitterness and increase its sugars. By 1699, John Evelyn could recommend it in his Acetaria. A Discourse of Sallets: "Sellery, apium Italicum, (and of the Petroseline Family) was formerly a stranger with us (nor very long since in Italy) is an hot and more generous sort of Macedonian Persley or Smallage...and for its high and grateful Taste is ever plac'd in the middle of the Grand Sallet, at our Great Men's tables, and Praetors feasts, as the Grace of the whole Board".[26]
Celery has made a surprising appearance in football folklore. Supporters of English Premier League team Chelsea and Football League team Gillingham regularly sing songs about the vegetable and are famed for throwing celery during matches. This has also given rise to the "Chelsea Cocktail", a pint of Guinness garnished with a stick of celery.
In the television program Doctor Who, the Fifth incarnation of The Doctor (played by Peter Davison), was noted[27] for wearing a stalk of celery on his lapel, claiming it at one point to be an excellent restorative, though the human olfactory sense was comparatively weak.
Apium virus Y
Celery mosaic virus
Vallisneria americana - wild celery
^ "USDA GRIN Taxonomy".
^ a b de Vilmorin, Roger L. (1950). "Pascal celery and its origin". Journal of the New York Botanical Garden 51 (602): 39–41.
^ Peterson, R.L.; Peterson, C.A.; Melville, L.H. (2008). Teaching Plant Anatomy Through Creative Laboratory Exercises. NRC Press.
^ selinon, Charlton T. Lewis, Charles Short, A Latin Dictionary, on Perseus Digital Library
^ σέλινον, Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott, A Greek-English Lexicon, on Perseus Digital Library
^ Etymonline, Online Etymology Dictionary
^ Palaeolexicon, Word study tool of ancient languages
^ (Latin)
^ "Smallage". Practically Edible: The World's Biggest Food Encyclopedia. Retrieved 2009-05-03.
^ William Robinson and W. P. Thomson, The Vegetable Garden (3rd ed., 1920), p. 227.
^ Cantwell, M; Suslow, T. (2002-06-10). "Celery: Recommendations for Maintaining Postharvest Quality". Post-harvest technology research and information center. Retrieved 2008-03-04.
^ Feldman D, Schwan K. How Does Aspirin Find a Headache? HarperCollins 2005, ISBN 0-06-074094-9, p. 208
^ Fortin ND. Food Regulation: Law, Science, Policy and Practice. John Wiley and Sons, 2009, ISBN 0-470-12709-0, p. 288
^ , Thayer translationde MedicinaCelsus,
^ http://www.hypertensioninstitute.com/wp-content/uploads/2009/08/nutraceuticals_vitamins_and_antioxidants_in_hyptertension_treatment.pdf
^ Green Med Info Celery Seed Extract Lowers High Blood Pressure in Human Study by Dr. Michael Marray
^ Nestle, M.; Nesheim, M.C. (2012). Why Calories Count: From Science to Politics. University of California Press. p. 189.
^ Celestin, J; Heiner, DC (1993). "Food-induced anaphylaxis". The Western journal of medicine 158 (6): 610–1.
^ Bublin, M.; Radauer, C; Wilson, IB; Kraft, D; Scheiner, O; Breiteneder, H; Hoffmann-Sommergruber, K (2003). "Cross-reactive N-glycans of Api g 5, a high molecular weight glycoprotein allergen from celery, are required for immunoglobulin E binding and activation of effector cells from allergic patients". The FASEB Journal 17 (12): 1697–9.
^ "Food labelling and packaging in international trade". General labelling standards for the UK and EU.
^ Zidorn, Christian; Jöhrer, Karin; Ganzera, Markus; Schubert, Birthe; Sigmund, Elisabeth Maria; Mader, Judith; Greil, Richard; Ellmerer, Ernst P.; Stuppner, Hermann (2005). "Polyacetylenes from the Apiaceae Vegetables Carrot, Celery, Fennel, Parsley, and Parsnip and Their Cytotoxic Activities". Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 53 (7): 2518–23.
^ D. Zohary and M. Hopf, Domestication of Plants in the Old World, (3rd ed. 2000) p.202.
^ a b Megaloudi, Fragiska (2005). "Wild and Cultivated Vegetables, Herbs and Spices in Greek Antiquity (900 B.C. to 400 B.C.)". Environmental Archaeology 10 (1): 73–82.
^ Pliny, Natural History XIX.46.
^ OED, s.v. "Celery".
^ Evelyn, J. (1699/1937/2005). Acetaria: A Discourse of Sallets. B. Tooke; The Women's Auxiliary of Brooklyn Botanic Garden; Project Gutenberg.
^ "Why does the Fifth Doctor wear celery? - YouTube". youtube.com. Retrieved 2014-10-05.
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