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Tom Brady rookie cards are a lot like the rack of chocolate bars at the corner store. There's loads to choose from, all of which can be good in their own way. It's honestly tough to go wrong. Still, we have our favorites and personal preferences. Ask your wife—not all chocolate bars are created equal. Just the same, neither are Tom Brady rookies.
With more than 40 Tom Brady rookie cards to choose from, the options can be daunting. To help with that, here are our picks for the best Brady RC choices. While value and rarity were taken into consideration, we've also included a couple of picks that are a little more common and not quite as pricey.
Shop for Tom Brady rookie cards on eBay.
At this point, no Tom Brady rookie cards are dirt cheap. That said, with multiple Super Bowl rings on his hands and his name becoming increasingly common in the record books, his legacy is cemented. So, when it comes to risk, there's not much with this modern legend's first cards.
Although rookies are regularly among the most pursued Tom Brady cards, there are plenty of other choices worth keeping an eye on. Track his popular cards on eBay with a real-time Tom Brady hot list for the most-watched auction listings.
Fairly cheap in comparison to many other Tom Brady rookie cards, the Metal card is still an impressive choice even without a limited print run. There is also a non-numbered Emerald parallel. The full Patriots uniform for Brady is a plus, and as the list shows, quite uncommon.
Found in both a Hobby and Retail version, the main difference for 2000 Crown Royale is the background color. The Hobby release can be seen below and Retail has a dark red background. Although the die-cut design is distinct, it can make the condition more of an issue.
Collectors will likely notice the many college, Senior Bowl and practice jersey images used for Tom Brady rookie cards. While these are not normally ideal, they can still produce strong interest with collectors. That includes the Black Diamond rookie from Upper Deck that comes in a base version in addition to a gold parallel, numbered to 500 copies.
Showcasing his time with the Wolverines, this Draft Class subset in UD Pros & Prospects carries a print run of 1,000 copies. Like Black Diamond and Graded, Pros and Prospects is another Upper Deck release with a busy design.
Tapping into the SP Authentic look slightly, the Tom Brady rookie card in the oddly-named UD Graded falls in the more affordable range but still sells for hundreds. While the print run of 1,325 cards is not exactly rare, it does appear to be in less supply than one would expect.
Fleer's E-X line is one of the hobby's overlooked gems. And while the brand does have its fans, it failed to reach a level of mainstream appeal. The 2000 E-X Tom Brady has a clean design and a clear photo (because everyone wants a sharp shot of a quarterback's sweat pants). Numbered to 1,500 copies, it's somewhat rare but not impossible to find.
The 2000 Bowman Chrome Tom Brady rookie card is one of the few to have an in-game action shot. Combine that with the card's brand recognition and you've got the best of Brady's non-numbered rookies. Refractors, like the one shown below, are also very popular with collectors.
Pictured as a member of the Michigan Wolverines, the 2000 Donruss Elite Tom Brady is another card that benefits from a brand with an established history in the hobby. The foil-based card is numbered to 2,500, with the first 500 in the print run being die-cut and the final 1,500 issued as regular cards. Although many of the Elite designs blend together, this one stands out a little more than normal.
Limited to just 750 numbered copies, the 2000 Playoff Momentum Tom Brady ranks among his rarer first-year cards. In addition, the etched foil background helps set it apart.
The only reason the 2000 Pacific Private Stock Tom Brady breaks into the list is because it's got the lowest serial numbering. Hindered by a run through the Photoshop filters, the quarterback looks like he's ready to shoot laser beams from his eyeballs. As cool as the thought of laser beams is, it makes for a pretty ugly card. That said, with just 278 numbered base copies, it's legitimately rare and garners solid attention on the secondary market.
However, other versions include Silver (#/330), Gold (#/181), and Premiere Date (#/95) parallels, as well as a Retail version (#/650), so the overall numbers aren't quite as low.
A colorful foil look and extremely low numbering are what make the 2000 Leaf Limited Tom Brady notable. With a print run of only 350 copies, Limited is one of his rarest cards. Because it was one of the final releases of the year, it's also bolstered by an in-action photo.
There's a lot going on with the 2000 Pacific Revolution design. The background mixes gold, blue, red and black colors, not to mention rainbow lettering. It probably shouldn't work, but it does. Also helping the appeal, with just 300 total cards, it's his second-rarest rookie. While it hurts that Brady isn't pictured in his Patriots uniform, this is the case for many of his first-year cards.
Despite the large print run, the 2000 SPx Tom Brady rookie remains one of the best options for collectors. Numbered to 1,350, it has a high-tech feel and a premium design.
The SP Authentic name has long been popular with several types of collectors as set builders, player collectors and rookie collectors all vied for a relatively small number of cards. Basic supply and demand principles mean that prices of the 2000 SP Authentic Tom Brady rookie card outpace many of his much rarer rookies that don't have quite the same brand appeal.
It's hard to believe that there is just one autographed Tom Brady rookie card. Of course, there are several different Tom Brady rookie-year autographs in 2000 products as part of various inserts, but the iconic 2000 Playoff Contenders Tom Brady is the only official rookie with his signature. Although it is not numbered, 2000 Playoff Contenders comes with the distinct Rookie Ticket theme, further boosting interest. The rarest choice is the Championship Ticket parallel that is numbered to just 100 copies.
2000 Playoff Contenders TOM BRADY Bulger Round Numbers Rookie AUTO!! CLEAN!!
I'd like to see UD Graded on the list ! C'mon man !
Leaf Limited should be higher..
more rare = more value ..no???
fluffsta � All good options. With over 40 rookies and only one signed card, there are plenty of choices that could lay claim to the top ten for Brady. Also, as noted in the article, the list is not based entirely on value or rarity. It's not numbered, but I always thought his Metal RC was underrated.
I recently decided to see how many of the Tom Brady 2000 SP Authentic rookies have been graded. I went to Beckett's website, of the total 1250 cards produced by upper deck, Beckett has graded 850. I then went to PSA's website and found out that they have graded 427 Brady Sp Authentic rookies. 850+427=1277. 1277 have been graded 1250 have been produced. I thought Beckett and PSA were the industry standard for grading? How could 27 counterfeits have gotten by them?
At this point, SP Authentic unopened boxes are fools gold. Numbered rookies fell one per box and there are 60 different rookies. That means your odds are 1:60 boxes to land a Brady. There are no other good RC in that set, so the odds are way to long. Plus, all the cases where someone got a Brady early on while breaking the case, the other boxes are now on EBAY. They are effectively searched.
On the numbers for the graded SPA rcs you have to take into consideration cross grading. So doubtful any counterfeits have been graded but it could happen.
GANGSTACRO- I agree it's not smart to buy SPA boxes. If you have $400+ to spend try some of the others with better odds. Although in 2000 I bought only 2 boxes of SPA and both RCs were Brady. Sadly I sold them way too low in 2005. I lost a ton on those.
You guys do realize I could bust my card out and resubmit it hoping for a higher grade right? Ive done it on multiple cards that looked cleaner than the grade and gotten a 9 to a 9.5 or something of the sort. Therefore my one card couldve been graded 2 or 3 times.
Just found 2002 Tom Brady rookie. Had no idea I owned this lol. But I do now. Its a donruss. Anybody have a smigin of what it is worth?
How do you tell the difference between the glossy versus non glossy version of the 2000 Fleer Tradition #352 Tom Brady and Dave Stachelski RC?
Glossy is printed on the back above the brand logo at the bottom of the card.
The article leaves out mention of the 2000 Contenders Championship ticket which is numbered to only #100. In my opinion this has to be the most valuable Brady Rookie ever made. As the article nicely brings out, there are technically only 2 official Brady Rookies. The 2000 SP and the 2000 Contenders Rookie Ticket versions. The Contenders is by far the more desirable since the SP version is not Autographed. Add to that the 2000 Contenders Championship Ticket which is basically an autographed Rookie Ticket but is serial numbered to #100. That card is by far his most rare and valuable Rookie Card on the Market. Others can try to pretend they may have a rarer card but it's simply not the case. Only 100 of these things exist of the greatest FB player possibly athlete to ever live.
It's because many people will send in a card to be graded and if they are not satisfied with the grade will send it back again to the same company or a different one. So some cards are essentially graded more than once! Honestly, these grading companies are shams! I once sent in a card to PSA and got a 9. I cracked the case and re-submitted it and got a 10. I knew then that this grading business is subjective, as well as open to corruption from companies that send in huge amounts of cards who tend to get favoritism and higher grades than the regular guy. I see some cards graded gem that are clearly off-center. I'm sure anyone who has been in cards a long time knows this.
Im not sure where u r getting only 2 official rookies as this is just simply not the case. Also a championship ticket is a parallel and therefore not a true rookie. This eBay culture of anything from a players rookie year is crazy. Parallels, Inserts, anything not numbered within the confines of the base set IS NOT A ROOKIE !
Time to update this list, including SP's and Base. This list is about 60% accurate.
As stated, the list identifies some of the top Tom Brady rookie cards. If you believe better options are missing, feel free to mention them.
Reply to John: I would have to respectfully disagree. Though I do agree many parallel cards of players exist and just because its in the set of his rookie year, doesn't make them their "Rookie Card". In the case of the Championship Ticket, It's a direct parallel to the Rookie Card itself and not simply an insert card. It's the identical card, the only difference being a serial number. I think other agree since this card went for $250K on the open market, nearly 10X the amount that of the un-serial numbered version.
UPDATE: The Tom Brady Championship Ticket just sold for over $400K . I think this last sale makes my point for me. Only 100 of these cards exist and only 80% are gradable. Out of those 80% only 67 have been graded an 8.0 or better. That would make this particular card valuable beyond imagaination and puts it on par with the Honus Wagner 1909 T-206 Sovereign Cigarettes card in rarity. Additionally Tom Brady is the most winning player to ever exist in any sport on the earth! I don't think even the savviest collector right now is understanding the full relevance of this Champiionship Ticket card. Using pure logic and basic math, at some point in time this card has to become the most valuable sports card to ever exist. I would say $400K of USD makes my point for me!


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There are 9 posts filed in Book reviews (this is page 1 of 1).
I heard about this book after attending a presentation on HTML5 by one of its authors, Peter Lubbers. I found his demonstration about the offline cache, a new feature in HTML5, very interesting and so I wanted to know more about HTML5.
In my opinion, this book is a good introduction in the new features of HTML5.
This book covers the new features of JSF 2 in the form of about 1OO hundred recipes.
In my opinion these recipes give a good overview of the new capabilities of the latest version of JSF.
The chapters get right to the point with very common problems/requirements in web development and their solutions.
It is based on the 2.1.6 version of Struts.
In this book made of 12 chapters, the author Shamsuddin Ahammad shows how to use iReport, the indispensable tool to conceive reports based on the JasperReports library, written with Java.
A MySQL database is created and its model is described in the appendix.
I just installed this nice plugin that makes it possible to use the Amazon Carousel Widget inside WordPress posts.
Using it now to display the various books I have reviewed during the past few years.
Before reading this book, I already knew the author, Francesco Marchioni, because of his web site – http://www.mastertheboss.com/ – which is dedicated to JBoss. So it was with enthusiasm that I wished to get a copy of the book and I was not disappointed. Indeed the book is like the web site : practical, rich in samples and useful information.


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Girls and adults can join Girl Scouts at any time. Placement in a troop, however, is based on availability and volunteers. Girls in grades K-12 who join Girl Scouts can participate in many different ways: camp, events, series, travel, troop, and/or virtual online participation.
You can contact Girl Scouts of Eastern MA directly at CustomerCare@gsema.org with online registration questions.
Applicants seeking financial assistance will need to register in person.
When registering online, you may be asked for a service unit code: Holliston's Service Unit Code is SU377.
All adult Girl Scout members who are leaders or volunteering in troop activities are required to have an active CORI/SORI form on file. CORI/SORI approvals are valid for 3 years.
New adult members or members with expiring CORI/SORIs will need to fill out a CORI/SORI form.
There are two ways to submit the form. Please be sure to bring a form of government issued photographic identification when having your form completed.
Have it completed by a Notary and mail to the address provided on the form.
Take the form to one of our GSEMA CORI/SORI authorized representatives. They will complete the form and process it for you.
Our Holliston representative is Alicia Quealy.
The annual cost of Girl Scout membership in eastern Massachusetts for 2017-18 is $40 per girl and $25 per adult member.
This price includes the $25 GSUSA membership fee and a $15 council service fee (girl membership only).
Additionally, troops typically collect dues, which are at the discretion of each individual troop and based on their level of activity and fundraising, (e.g., the Fall Sale, cookie sales, and other fundraising activities).
Financial assistance is available. If you are in need of financial assistance, you will need to complete your registration in person.


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Posted on Oct 17, 2022, 8:45 AM
The Curtis Fund Announces New Board of Directors Leadership and Members
The Curtis Fund, a supporting organization of the Vermont Community Foundation that provides postsecondary scholarships to Vermont students, is pleased to announce the appointment of a new president and three new members to its board of directors. Amy Mellencamp has been named president of the board of directors. Newly appointed members include Seth Bowden, Hillary Burrows, and Joan Goldstein.
Mellencamp has been a board member since 2011 and recently held the position of vice president. She served as the principal of Burlington High School and C.P. Smith Elementary School between 1999 and 2017. Throughout the years, Mellencamp has volunteered for many nonprofits, including the Howard Center, ECHO, the United Way, the YMCA, and the Ibutwa Initiative.
"I am excited to serve as The Curtis Fund's board president and honored to follow in my predecessor Joe Boutin's footsteps," says Mellencamp. "The passion and tenacity that Joe brought to The Curtis Fund has made it possible for thousands of Vermonters to secure a postsecondary education during his last 26 years of service."
Joe Boutin was appointed director emeritus to The Curtis Fund. The new board of directors include:
Seth Bowden is the president and CEO of the Vermont Business Roundtable (VBR). Prior to joining VBR, Bowden worked as the executive vice president of the Greater Burlington Industrial Corporation. In addition, Bowden prepared and edited the state of Vermont's Higher Education Task Force report and was co-author of the Vermont Science and Technology Plan for EPSCoR.
Hillary Burrows is president at Autumn Harp, a skincare and cosmetics manufacturer in Essex, Vermont. After starting her career at PricewaterhouseCoopers, she joined Autumn Harp in 2008 as a cost accountant and has been president since 2019. Burrows earned her bachelor's degree in Business Administration as well as an MBA at the University of Vermont.
Joan Goldstein is a first-generation college graduate who personally identifies with the mission of The Curtis Fund. Goldstein has been commissioner of the Department of Economic Development since April 2015. Prior to her appointment to commissioner, she spent six years as executive director of the Green Mountain Economic Development Corporation. Goldstein has a deep understanding of Vermont's economic goals and workforce needs.
"We are fortunate to have these three individuals join our board, each of whom bring immense talent and experience from the business and civic communities to our work at The Curtis Fund," says Amy Mellencamp.
This year, The Curtis Fund is providing scholarships to approximately 700 students through its programs for both degree seeking students and students pursuing a Credentials of Value training program. The Curtis Fund is committed to ensuring that every Vermonter, regardless of income, can earn a postsecondary degree or certificate because in a small state we can't afford to leave any talent behind. To learn more about the fund, including how you can support, visit thecurtisfund.org.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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Vnukovo airport engineer pleads guilty in Total CEO plane crash case - report
Vnukovo snowplow driver involved in Total CEO plane crash admits guilt – attorney
Suspects in Total CEO plane crash to remain in detention, under house arrest
Two suspects in Total CEO plane crash to remain under house arrest
RIA Novosti, Alexander Usoltsev
Tags: Accident, Christophe de Margerie, Russia, Moscow
MOSCOW, August 27 (RAPSI) – Vnukovo airport engineer Vladimir Ledenev has pleaded guilty of involvement in the crash of a French plane in 2014, Izvestia newspaper reported on Thursday.
Total CEO Christophe de Margerie died in the crash of his Falcon 50 private jet shortly before midnight local time (20:00 GMT) on October 20, 2014 along with three crew members, all of them French citizens. The plane, which was scheduled to depart for Paris, hit a snow removal vehicle during takeoff.
Russian authorities detained airport engineer Vladimir Ledenev, snowplow driver Vladimir Martynenko and air traffic controller Alexander Kruglov on charges of violating air traffic regulations that resulted in the death of two or more people. They face up to seven years in prison each.
Russian prosecutors forwarded the case materials to their French colleagues in late January 2015.
According to Izvestia, Ledenev was responsible for snow removal and accompanied snow removal vehicles, coordinating their movement via intercom on the day of the crash.
"Ledenev has pleaded guilty to failing to properly organize the snow removal job and to violating instructions. Ledenev said he saw the snowplow driven by Vladimir Martynenko detouring from the approved route and sped up to catch up with him, but was too late," a source told the newspaper.
However, Ledenev did not attempt to inform the traffic controller about the problem or call the snowplow driver or the chief shift engineer via intercom.
"The intercom was off, and Ledenev shouted from his car window, but it was too late: Martynenko was already on the landing strip. Ledenev saw the Falcon hit his snowplow," the source said.
Izvestia writes that Ledenev has appealed to the court to hear his case in a simplified procedure, which is possible when a suspect pleads guilty and involves a reduced sentence.
11:45 27/08/2015 Vnukovo airport engineer Vladimir Ledenev has pleaded guilty of involvement in the crash of a French plane in 2014.


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Does your brain play back memories when you die?
October 19, 2022 February 7, 2021 by Jaimar Tuarez
In this article we are going to answer the question ''Does your brain play back memories when you die?'' We will show you what happens in the brain before dying and what the last minutes of consciousness are like.
Yes, the brain plays back memories when you die. In this process the cerebral cortex is involved, however, it is believed that it is not the brain that reacts to the threat of death, but that it is only a super concentrated version of mental processes that happen every day.
It's a common scene in Hollywood movies. One of his actors, on the edge of death, in the last seconds of his life, recalls like in a flash the most significant experiences that he had to go through.
People see their lives before his eyes. A succession of events, one after another, until everything suddenly shuts down.
Outside of the movies, in the lives of mortals, many people reported experiencing a similar sensation when they were dying and, by fate, survived. Until today, there was not enough scientific evidence to support the possibility of this extrasensory phenomenon.
What happens to your brain when you die?
One of the questions that scientists ask themselves the most, and surely many people in general, is what happens to our brain in the moments before death. A group of researchers has managed to answer that question: a wave of electrical activity called "extended depression."
Experts examined brain activity in dying patients and observed a flurry of movement that appears to precede the fatal closure of our most vital organ.
The finding suggests that consciousness may still be present many minutes after the rest of the body has stopped showing signs of life, raising the possibility that the brain's shutdown process may be reversed for at least five minutes.
One last breath
A team of neurologists from the Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, one of the largest hospitals in Europe, continuously monitored the electrical signals in the brains of nine people as they died.
Each of the patients in the German capital and also in the city of Cincinnati (Ohio, USA) had suffered fatal brain injuries and the doctors had orders not to resuscitate them.
The scientists hoped that by implanting electrodes into the brains of their test subjects they would be able to uncover the exact timing and mechanisms of death. They found that even five minutes after a person's heart stops beating, their neurons could still function.
Furthermore, it was discovered how a wave of "expansive depression" marked the moment when these brain cells shut down, just before an irreversible end.
The study's lead author, Dr. Jens Dreier, explained that "after circulatory arrest, diffusion of depolarization marks the loss of stored electrochemical energy in neurons and the onset of toxic processes that eventually lead to death."
Propagation of depolarization
Cells die when blood stops flowing, depriving them of the oxygen they need for fuel to function. When this happens, brain cells draw on energy reserves for a few minutes before they shut down completely – this happens when the mechanisms neurons use to keep ions apart begin to fail.
Breaking down the barriers between these particles releases a massive amount of electrochemical energy in the brain as neurons frantically try to consume fuel. This process, known as depolarization spread or the spread of depression, is characterized by hyperactivity in neurons, followed by sudden silence.
However, it only marks the final countdown to death and can be temporarily reversed, the researchers found.
The subject of debate remains how long exactly. A final 'wave' of energy seems to mark the point where neurons last fire, although the research team cautioned that it can still be an unreliable marker for demise.
The end of consciousness
"The chemical changes that lead to death begin with depolarization," Dr. Jed Hartings of the University of Cincinnati School of Medicine and a member of the research team explained to 'Newsweek': "We have never had a method to diagnose brain death and we don't have a way to be sure when all consciousness is lost. "
Scientists discover what happens to our minds after we die
Researchers at the University of Southampton completed the largest study ever conducted on close encounters with death, and experiences of abandonment and return to the body. The results can have great consequences in the way we view the end of life.
A team of scientists led by Sam Parnia of the State University of New York at Stony Brook examined the cognitive processes of cardiac arrest survivors in a group of 2,060 patients over four years. Almost 40% of the more than 330 survivors surveyed reported some form of "consciousness" during the time they were clinically dead, that is, no vital signs or heartbeat.
One in 5 claims to have experienced a state of deep satisfaction and peace, while a third reported some form of time dilation. 13% felt as if they had physically left their bodies. Almost 46% of patients who suffered cardiac arrest reported having seen their life pass in a couple of seconds.
The same number said that their memories focused on one of these 7 themes: fear, animals and plants, bright light, violence and persecution, deja-vus and family. 2% of the total described having "seen" and "heard" what was happening around them while the doctors revived them.
If memories weren't fuzzy from anesthesia and brain injury, the team believes more individuals would have reported the same.
"It is clear that these memories deserve further investigation without prejudice," Parnia said in a press release. He also added that probably "millions" of people have had "clear experiences" in dealing with death, but that the scientific literature simply has not taken such claims seriously. The results of his research were recently published in the journal Resuscitation.
Each person who participated in the experiment said that they ended up with a new perspective on the events they experienced and on the important people in their lives.
The researchers said the phenomenon could be caused by parts of the brain that store autobiographical memories such as the prefrontal cortex or the temporal lobe. Those parts of the brain are not susceptible to loss of oxygen and blood during serious injury, which means they are one of the last functions to "shut down."
The study, published in the journal Consciousness and Cognition, concludes: "Re-experiencing one's life events is a phenomenon with well-defined characteristics, and its subcomponents may also be evident in healthy people.
"This suggests that there is a representation of life events as a continuum in the cognitive system, and it can also be expressed in extreme conditions of psychological and physiological stress," the authors clarify.
Do we see life pass before our eyes when we die? Science responds
It is said that a person sees his life pass before his eyes in the instant before taking the cold hand of death. In series and movies, they make this event look very romantic, even a little fanciful. But some experts assure that this phenomenon is real and it is not just a legend that is told out there.
A Canadian study found that the human brain does not stop working at the same time that the lungs and heart stop working.
When oxygen and blood stop, doctors declare a clinical death. But in this 2017 research, it was observed that the brain continued to show signs of activity, even 10 minutes after declaring death.
The brain waves that were recorded in the patients were the same type as those present during deep sleep, also known as REM. The most interesting thing is that the results of each person varied among themselves, which would imply that each body experiences death differently.
Some experts postulate that near-death experiences are related to REM sleep. This stage is characterized by rapid eye movement and the presence of visual representations based on our long-term memory. In other words, in Christian, REM sleep is when we dream the most.
Another 2013 study (collaboration between the United States, Canada and India) linked REM dreams with the visions that people have when witnessing a near-death experience. Which is consistent with Canadian research and their discovery of brain waves that don't stop working, even after death. This would mean that those memories would be like a kind of dream.
The work that most confirms the theory that we see our entire life before we die was carried out by the Hadassah Hebrew University Medical Center, in Israel. This work revolved around the so-called life review experience (LRE).
In it, it was postulated that the part of the brain that stores our memories is the last to "disconnect."
Cortex like the prefrontal is not affected by the loss of blood and oxygen, so it would make sense that the last thing our minds can do is remember.
In the study, people who experienced this life review were interviewed. Participants confirmed that they did indeed relive their memories during a near-death event. They came to them in disarray and sometimes one memory would even overlap another. The constant was that they were memories with a strong emotional charge.
The experts concluded that the evidence indicates that representations of our life continue to exist in our cognitive system.
And that highly stressful situations (psychologically and physiologically) seem to trigger them. In other words, our most precious moments are the last to abandon us before leaving. Sounds very romantic, doesn't it? And science says so.
FAQS: Does your brain play back memories when you die?
How long does the brain live after death?
Ten minutes: the time that the brain lives after the death of the body. Brain activity would be maintained for several minutes after a patient has been declared dead according to various studies.
When we die Do we have 7 minutes of brain activity?
Scientists have found the human brain will continue to function for more than 10 minutes after the body has died. Intensive care physicians confirmed finding in a patient whose heart had stopped and whose pupils were unreactive the same form of brain waves that happens in healthy patients during deep sleep.
Can u hear after u die?
The last sense to go in the dying process is supposed to be listening, but never presume the person is unable to hear you. Talk as though you can be noticed by them, even though they seem to be unconscious or restless.
What's the longest someone has died and came back to life?
Does dying hurt?
Pain is not an anticipated aspect of the process of dying. Currently, certain persons feel no discomfort whatsoever. However, if someone's specific illness causes any discomfort, it may be controlled by prescription medicines.
In this article we answered the question ''Does your brain play back memories when you die?'' We showed you what happens in the brain before dying and what the last minutes of consciousness are like.
Katz, J., Saadon-Grosman, N., & Arzy, S. (2017). The life review experience: Qualitative and quantitative characteristics. Consciousness and Cognition, 48, 76–86. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.concog.2016.10.011
Parnia, S., Spearpoint, K., de Vos, G., Fenwick, P., Goldberg, D., Yang, J., … McPara, R. M. S. (2014). AWARE—AWAreness during REsuscitation—A prospective study. Resuscitation, 85(12), 1799–1805. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resuscitation.2014.09.004
Consciousness and Cognition. (2019). Retrieved January 28, 2021, from Elsevier.com website: https://www.journals.elsevier.com/consciousness-and-cognition/
What was missing from this post which could have made it better?
Your feedback helps us improve the quality of these articles.
Categories Brain Tags Does your brain play back memories when you die?
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Mary Brooks
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Jessica joined Invera Wealth Advisors of Raymond James in early 2014 to expand the team's involvement in sustainable and responsible investing, and she serves as Invera's representative in Evergreen, Colorado. She brings with her a passion for the natural world and a belief in the power of the market to bring about positive social and environmental change.
Jessica holds a Master of Science in sustainable development and conservation biology and a Master of Public Policy with a specialization in environmental policy. She earned her Bachelor of Science in wildlife biology. Before joining Invera, Jessica worked to improve the welfare of Latin American animals with Humane Society International, studied Painted Dogs in Zimbabwe, rescued pets in the wake of Hurricane Katrina, and served in the Peace Corps in Central America. You can see more about her animal rescue work in New Orleans here.
Jessica recently moved to Evergreen, Colorado with her husband Shenandoah and their sons Kai and Taj. She previously served as Mount Rainier, Maryland's Green Team which advises city government on sustainability issues.
Raymond James is not affiliated with the above organizations and/or charitable causes.
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Michele Ong
Learn more about Michele Ong and check out Michele Ong's contributions to YMI over the years.
Who Can Tame the Tongue?
I told myself I wouldn't speak ill of a colleague when I heard others talking about her. But curiosity got the better of me one day, and I jumped in on the conversation.
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Love (ft. Marriage and Divorce): Squashing the Happily-Ever-After Bubble
When I first saw the promotion clip for Netflix's K-drama, Love (Ft Marriage and Divorce), I knew I had to watch it. Finally, a drama series that deals with the realities of marriage instead of the usual cheesy love narrative that has become the hallmark of most K-dramas.
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Why I Was Sold By Soul
I was thrilled to hear that Disney Pixar's newest animation, Soul, had won the hearts and warmed the soul of the Golden Globe judges, scooping up two awards for Best Animated Feature Film and Original Score, at the Golden Globes last Sunday.
https://ymi.today/wp-content/uploads/2021/03/Why-I-Was-Sold-By-Soul-.jpg 613 1024 Michele Ong https://ymi.today/wp-content/uploads/2017/05/ymi-logo-black-3.png Michele Ong2021-03-03 19:58:292021-03-03 21:06:59Why I Was Sold By Soul
3 Unexpected Gifts of 2020
A morning swim at the outdoor pools, with the glorious sun on my back. A coffee in a cafe, breathing in the scent of freshly grounded coffee beans. A haircut at the hairdresser's, watching dead ends snipped away. Just a few short months ago, the idea of being able to do any of the above seemed like an impossible reality.
https://ymi.today/wp-content/uploads/2020/12/3-Unexpected-Gifts-of-2020.jpg 1226 2048 Michele Ong https://ymi.today/wp-content/uploads/2017/05/ymi-logo-black-3.png Michele Ong2020-12-11 17:00:542020-12-11 15:22:063 Unexpected Gifts of 2020
Julia Malucelli: Empowering Young Lives with $30,000 and a Story
Julia Malucelli is bringing the age-old story of Queen Esther into the hands of young children around the world, in the hopes that the Jewish woman's courage will encourage them to see themselves as God intended them to be: called with a purpose.
https://ymi.today/wp-content/uploads/2020/12/Julia-feature-image.jpg 613 1024 Michele Ong https://ymi.today/wp-content/uploads/2017/05/ymi-logo-black-3.png Michele Ong2020-12-08 17:00:232020-12-08 17:15:39Julia Malucelli: Empowering Young Lives with $30,000 and a Story
4 Tips to Survive A Second Lockdown
I tried to count my blessings. I still have my job, my friends and family, and a roof over my head. But yet other emotions such as anger, sadness, and disappointment, pushed in at me. Anger that my brief taste of freedom has been taken away, sadness at not knowing when I'll be able to see my family in New Zealand again, and disappointment at having plans cancelled yet again.
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To My Pre-Covid-19 Self, From 2020 Me
Ooh, I'd put that fancy 2020 diary down if I were you. I know, I know, you're tremendously excited at the thought of the start of a new decade, and to be fair, things are looking quite rosy in December. But in just a couple of months, life, as you've grown accustomed to, will be pulled from under your feet. I'm sorry, it is as bleak as it sounds.
https://ymi.today/wp-content/uploads/2020/06/To-My-Pre-Covid-19-Self-From-2020-Me.jpg 613 1024 Michele Ong https://ymi.today/wp-content/uploads/2017/05/ymi-logo-black-3.png Michele Ong2020-06-19 12:00:172020-06-19 17:47:25To My Pre-Covid-19 Self, From 2020 Me
Manuele Teofilo: Living Extraordinarily with Cerebral Palsy
Up until the age of 7, Manuele (or Manu) Teofilo was unaware that he was different. It was when his new schoolmates started giving him weird looks that he realized he wasn't like most people. That marked the start of the 25-year-old's journey to change the misconceptions society has about disabled people.
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Covid-19: Calm Your Farm and Carry on With Life
Things got very serious when WHO declared Covid-19 a pandemic just over a week ago, coupled with countries going into lockdowns with tighter security measures in place, and a second wave of panic set in. The fear of a lockdown, with shops and schools closed, are sending people to the supermarkets to clear shelves out of long-life foods such as pasta, canned tunas, flour—to name a few.
https://ymi.today/wp-content/uploads/2020/03/Covid-19-Calm-Your-Farm-and-Carry-on-With-Life.jpg 613 1024 Michele Ong https://ymi.today/wp-content/uploads/2017/05/ymi-logo-black-3.png Michele Ong2020-03-18 06:00:562020-04-22 14:50:22Covid-19: Calm Your Farm and Carry on With Life
3 Priorities to Take to Work This YearJan 14, 2022 - 10:00 am
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Everyone's Talking About It
International Borders Are Reopening—Should We Start Travelling Again?Oct 26, 2021 - 10:00 am
Why Simone Biles' Decision to Step Down from the Olympics Finals MattersJul 29, 2021 - 6:45 pm
A Father Reflects on a School TragedyJul 22, 2021 - 6:30 pm
How to Beat That Languishing FeelingMay 19, 2021 - 7:00 pm
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successwithgreenprofit
Artikel Hari Ini
Can Playing Online Games Make You Money?
September 15, 2020 September 15, 2020 Derrick Green	Game Online
Talking about online games, from those using consoles or smartphones, there are many kinds, from those that are just casual games to truly competitive ones. If we look at the past 10 years, the existence of online games is still very rarely found, and if there is any, you have to play it in an internet cafe (Internet cafe).
But nowadays to play online games is very easy because by using a communication tool that becomes a smartphone, you can play games anywhere easily. For those who want to play online games from a console platform, you can use a laptop that now has good performance and is also an affordable price.
With the ease of playing online games, sometimes it makes some people, including parents, worry because if you play games you will forget about other activities such as studying, or maybe lazy looking for work.
Indeed, the disease from playing games will never go away, maybe even worse with this online game. Because now we can interact with people from other parts of the world just by playing online games, and that's where we should be able to think whether our life is just playing online games?
Playing online games is okay but also has to be limited, because there are still many activities that can be done than just playing online games. From starting to earn money by working, or opening a business, and for students by studying as hard as possible so that their parents can be happy.
But why do some still leave their work or school to play online games, is it true that playing online games can make money? If there is such a question then the answer is Yes. It is not strange if playing online games can make quite a lot of money, and it has become commonplace that many people use this business as income.
Read : Common Problems on Smartphones and How to Overcome Them!
If we talk about Can Playing Online Games Make Money? In fact, this practice has been done for a long time, from the start of developing online games. The most basic thing to make money from online games is to sell Rare Items, Best Equipment, or Accounts in the game for the cheapest prices around tens of thousands to tens of millions.
Then there are also several other ways to get money from playing online games, namely by opening a service to play multiple player accounts for several days to months, or you can call it jockey services. Usually this jockey service is used by online game players who may be busy with work to order people they know to play online games so they can stay competitive.
Of course this jockey service is very profitable especially for gamers who do their job to play online games, with this job they can still play online games but get money from their services.
Well, maybe those are just some of the ways to make money playing online games. For those who are further away and professional, there are several ways, namely the easiest is to become a streamer on streaming applications such as Twitch or Youtube while displaying your skills in playing the desired online games.
This method is very easy and doesn't take a lot of time, but to make money by becoming a streamer you need luck and consistency in order to attract viewers to be able to see the content you create. If you have succeeded in becoming an online game streamer, we are very sure that later you can make a lot of money easily.
And a way that is quite difficult to get and indeed the skill or skill determines it is to become an E-Sports athlete. When talking about E-Sports, of course many are familiar with the word, and it is certain that someone wants to be one of these E-Sports players.
But it is very unfortunate, just like being a sports athlete in general, becoming an E-Sports athlete is not as easy as it thinks. Because there are so many important things that you must have, such as talent in online games, expertise in playing online games, and skills when playing online games.
If you have met the expected criteria then there is a possibility to become an E-Sports athlete, why is it possible? Because other very important things are connections or acquaintances and sponsors.
Well, that's why sometimes being an E-Sports athlete is somewhat complicated and difficult. Although nowadays he sees it very easily, but actually the conditions are very difficult to pass.
← Common Problems on Smartphones and How to Overcome Them!
The Best Camera YouTubers Use Most Often →
A Causes of Less Popular Rhythm Games in Indonesia
Why Toxic Players Always Appear in Mobile Games
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Online Games That Can Make Money
The Best Camera YouTubers Use Most Often Part 2
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Anil Baijal also ordered an inquiry into the spendings on advertisements projecting Chief Minister Arvind Kejriwal and his party and asked the chief secretary to fix responsibility.
The move comes months after a Centre-appointed three-member committee indicted the AAP government for "misusing" exchequer money on advertisements.
NEW DELHI: In a setback to the Kejriwal dispensation, Lt Governor Anil Baijal has directed that Rs 97 crore be recoverd from AAP that was allegedly "splurged" by the city government on advertisements in violation of the Supreme Court guidelines.
Baijal also ordered an inquiry into the spendings on advertisements projecting Chief Minister Arvind Kejriwal and his party and asked the chief secretary to fix responsibility.
The AAP will have to reimburse the money within a month.
Sources told PTI that out of Rs 97 crore incurred on advertisements, government has so far paid Rs 42 crore to ad agencies and the LG has directed Chief Secretary M M Kutty to get the amount reimbursed from the AAP.
The rest Rs 55 crore, which is yet to be paid by the Kejriwal government, would be given by Aam Aadmi Party to the ad agencies, according to the the LG's directions.
Last year, the three-member committee, headed by former Chief Election Commissioner B B Tandon, had been constituted by the I&B ministry on directions of the Supreme Court to address issues related to Content Regulation in Government Advertising.
"The Lt Governor has now directed the Chief Secretary to get the amount of Rs 97 crore from Aam Aadmi Party," a source said.
In a report earlier this month, the Comptroller and Auditor General (CAG) had also found that the Aam Aadmi Party government spent Rs 29 crore in releasing advertisements outside Delhi which was "beyond" its responsibility.
It had also said that advertisements worth Rs 24 crore released by it were in violation of financial propriety and Supreme Court regulations, stated the CAG report tabled in the Delhi Assembly on March 10.


text:
Mobile Ad hoc Networking (MANET)                             C. Dearlove
Internet-Draft                                           BAE Systems ATC
Intended status: Experimental
Updates: 7181, 7188, XXXX                                     T. Clausen
Expires: January 22, 2015
(if approved)                                   LIX, Ecole Polytechnique
Intended status: Experimental                          February 20, 2015
Expires: August 24, 2015
Multi-Topology Extension for the Optimized Link State Routing Protocol
version 2 (OLSRv2)
draft-ietf-manet-olsrv2-multitopology-04
This specification describes an extension to the Optimized Link State
Routing Protocol version 2 (OLSRv2) to support multiple routing
topologies, while retaining interoperability with OLSRv2 routers that
do not implement this extension.
This specification updates RFC 7181 by creating an interoperable
extension to it.  This specification updates RFC 7188 and RFC XXXX by
modifying and extending TLV registries and descriptions.
This Internet-Draft will expire on January 22, August 24, 2015.
Copyright (c) 2014 2015 IETF Trust and the persons identified as the
1.  Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  3  4
1.1.  Motivation and Experimentation . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  3  4
2.  Terminology and Notation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  4  5
3.  Applicability Statement  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  5  6
4.  Protocol Overview and Functioning  . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  5  6
5.  Parameters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  6  7
6.  Information Bases  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  7  8
6.1.  Local Attached Network Set . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  7  8
6.2.  Link Sets  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  7  8
6.3.  2-Hop Sets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  7  8
6.4.  Neighbor Set . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  7  8
6.5.  Router Topology Set  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  8  9
6.6.  Routable Address Topology Set  . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  8  9
6.7.  Attached Network Set . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  8  9
6.8.  Routing Sets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  9 10
7.  TLVs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  9 10
7.1.  Message TLVs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  9 10
7.1.1.  MPR_TYPES TLV  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  9 10
7.1.2.  MPR_WILLING TLV  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  9 10
7.2.  Address Block TLVs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 11
7.2.1.  LINK_METRIC TLV  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 11
7.2.2.  MPR TLV  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 12
7.2.3.  GATEWAY TLV  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 12
8.  HELLO Messages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 13
8.1.  HELLO Message Generation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 13
8.2.  HELLO Message Processing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 13
9.  TC Messages  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 14
9.1.  TC Message Generation  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 14
9.2.  TC Message Processing  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 14
10. MPR Calculation  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 15
11. Routing Set Calculation  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 15
12. Management Considerations  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 15
13. IANA Considerations  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 16
13.1. Expert Review: Evaluation Guidelines . . . . . . . . . . . 16 17
13.2. Message TLV Types  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 17
13.3. Address Block TLV Types  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 18
14. Security Considerations  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
15. Acknowledgments  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 20
16. References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 20
16.1. Normative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 20
16.2. Informative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
Authors' Addresses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 21
The Optimized Link State Routing Protocol, version 2 [RFC7181]
(OLSRv2) is a proactive link state routing protocol designed for use
in mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs) [RFC2501].  One of the significant
improvements of OLSRv2 over its Experimental precursor [RFC3626] is
the ability of OLSRv2 to route over other than minimum hop routes,
using a link metric.
A limitation that remains in OLSRv2 is that it uses a single link
metric type for all routes.  However in some MANETs it would be
desirable to be route packets using more than one link metric type.
This specification describes an extension to OLSRv2 that is designed
to permit this, while maintaining maximal interoperability with
OLSRv2 routers not implementing this extension.
The purpose of OLSRv2 can be described as to create and maintain a
Routing Set, which contains all the necessary information to populate
an IP routing table.  In a similar way, the role of this extension
can be described as to create and maintain multiple Routing Sets, one
for each link metric type supported by the router maintaining the
sets.
1.1.  Motivation and Experimentation
Multi-topology routing is a natural extension to a link state routing
protocol, as for example to OSPF (see [RFC4915]).  However multi-
topology routing for OLSRv2 does not yet benefit from extensive
operational, or even experimental, experience.  This specification is
published to facilitate collecting such experience, with the intent
that in a reasonable period of time after the acceptance of this
specification as an Experimental RFC (as soon as possible after
experimental evidence is collected), an OLSRv2 Multi-Topology Routing
Extension will be proposed for advancement onto Standards Track.
While general experiences with this protocol extension, including
interoperability of implementations, are encouraged, specific
information would be particularly appreciated on the following areas:
o  Operation in a network that contains both routers implementing
this extension, and routers implementing only [RFC7181], in
particular are there any unexpected interactions that can break
the network?
o  Operation in realistic deployments, and details thereof, including
in particular indicating how many concurrent topologies were
A broader issue that applies to unextended [RFC7181] as well as this
extension (and potentially to other MANET routing protocols) is which
link metric types are useful in a MANET, and how to establish the
metrics to associate with a given link.  While this issue is not only
related to this extension, the ability for an OLSRv2 network to
maintain different concurrent link metrics may facilitate both
experiments with different link metric types, ways to measure them,
etc. and may also allow experimentation with link metric types that
are not compromises to handle multiple traffic types.
2.  Terminology and Notation
This specification uses the terminology of [RFC5444], [RFC6130] and
[RFC7181], which is to be interpreted as described in those
Additionally, this specification uses the following terminology:
Router -  A MANET router that implements [RFC7181].
MT-OLSRv2 -  The protocol defined in this specification as an
extension to [RFC7181].
This specification introduces the notation map[A -> B] to represent
an associative mapping.  The domain of this mapping (A) is, in this
specification, always a set of link metric types that the router
supports: either IFACE_METRIC_TYPES or ROUTER_METRIC_TYPES, as
defined in Section 5.  The codomain of this mapping (B) is a set of
all possible values of an appropriate type, in this specification
this type is always one of:
o  boolean (true or false),
o  willingness (a 4 bit unsigned integer from 0 to 15);
o  number of hops (an 8 bit unsigned integer from 0 to 255), or
o  link metric (either a representable link metric value, as
described in [RFC7181], or UNKNOWN_METRIC).
3.  Applicability Statement
The protocol described in this specification is applicable to a MANET
for which OLSRv2 is otherwise applicable (see [RFC7181], Section 3),
but in which multiple topologies are maintained, each characterized
by a different choice of link metric type.  It is assumed, but
outside the scope of this specification, that the network layer is
able to choose which topology to use for each packet, for example
using the DiffServ Code Point (DSCP) defined in [RFC2474].  This
selection of topology must be consistent, that is each router
receiving a packet must make the same choice of link metric type, in
order that each packet uses a single topology.  This is necessary to
avoid the possibility of a packet "looping" in the network.
4.  Protocol Overview and Functioning
The purpose of this specification is to extend [RFC7181] so as to
enable a router to establish and maintain multiple routing topologies
in a MANET, each topology associated with a link metric type.
Routers in the MANET may each form part of some or all of these
topologies, and each router will maintain a Routing Set for each
topology that it forms part of, allowing separate routing of packets
for each topology.
Each router implementing this specification selects a set of link
metric types for each of its OLSRv2 interfaces.  If all routers in
the MANET implement MT-OLSRv2, then there are no restrictions on how
these sets of link metrics are selected.  However there may be
deployments where routers that do not implement MT-OLSRv2 (non-MT-
OLSRv2 routers) are to participate in a MANET with MT-OLSRv2 routers.
In this case, the single link metric used by these non-MT-OLSRv2
routers must be included in the set of link metrics for each OLSRv2
interface of an MT-OLSRv2 router that may be heard on an OLSRv2
interface of a non-MT-OLSRv2 router in the MANET.
Each router then determines an incoming link metric for each link
metric type selected for each of its OLSRv2 interfaces.  These link
metrics are distributed using link metric TLVs contained in all HELLO
messages sent on OLSRv2 interfaces, and in all TC messages.  Both
HELLO and TC messages generated by an MT-OLSRv2 router (other than
one using only the single metric type used by non-MT-OLSRv2 routers)
include an MPR_TYPES Message TLV that indicates that this is an MT-
OLSRv2 router and which metric types it supports (on the sending
OLSRv2 interface for a HELLO message).
In addition to link and neighbor metric values for each link metric
type, router MPR (multipoint relay) and MPR selector status, and
advertised neighbor status, is maintained per supported neighbor
metric type, for each symmetric 1-hop neighbor.  Each router may
choose a different willingness to be a routing MPR for each link
metric type that it supports.
A network using MT-OLSRv2 will usually require greater management
than one using unmodified OLSRv2.  In particular, the use of multiple
metric types across the MANET must be managed, by administrative
configuration or otherwise.  As also for other decisions that may be
made when using OLSRv2, a bad collective choice of metric type use
will make the MANET anywhere from inefficient to non-functional, so
care will be needed in selecting supported link metric types across
the MANET.
5.  Parameters
The parameters used in [RFC7181], including from its normative
references, are used in this specification with the following
Each OLSRv2 interface will support a number of link metric types,
corresponding to Type Extensions of the LINK_METRIC TLV defined in
[RFC7181].  The router parameter LINK_METRIC_TYPE, used by routers
that do not implement MT-OLSRv2, and used with that definition in
this specification, is replaced in routers implementing MT-OLSRv2 by
an interface parameter array IFACE_METRIC_TYPES and a router
parameter array ROUTER_METRIC_TYPES.  Each element in these arrays is
a link metric type (i.e., a type extension used by the LINK_METRIC
TLV [RFC7181]).
The interface parameter array IFACE_METRIC_TYPES contains the link
metric types supported on that OLSRv2 interface.  The router
parameter array ROUTER_METRIC_TYPES is the union of all of the
IFACE_METRIC_TYPES.  Both arrays MUST be without repetitions.
If in a given deployment there may be any routers that do not
implement MT-OLSRv2, then IFACE_METRIC_TYPES MUST first include
LINK_METRIC_TYPE if that OLSRv2 interface may be able to communicate
with any routers that do not implement MT-OLSRv2.  In that case,
ROUTER_METRIC_TYPES MUST also first include LINK_METRIC_TYPE.
In addition, the router parameter WILL_ROUTING is extended to an
array of values, one each for each link metric type in the router
parameter list ROUTER_METRIC_TYPES.
6.  Information Bases
The Information Bases specified in [RFC7181], which extend those
specified in in [RFC6130], are further extended in this
specification.  With the exception of the Routing Set, the extensions
in this specification are the replacement of single values (boolean,
willingness, number of hops, or link metric) from [RFC7181] with
elements representing multiple values (associative mappings from a
set of metric types to their corresponding values).  The following
subsections detail these extensions.
Note that, as in [RFC7181], an implementation is free to organize its
internal data in any manner it chooses, it needs only to behave as if
it were organized as described in [RFC7181] and this specification.
6.1.  Local Attached Network Set
Each element AL_dist becomes a map[ROUTER_METRIC_TYPES -> number of
hops].
Each element AL_metric becomes a map[ROUTER_METRIC_TYPES -> link
metric].
6.2.  Link Sets
Each element L_in_metric becomes a map[IFACE_METRIC_TYPES -> link
Each element L_out_metric becomes a map[IFACE_METRIC_TYPES -> link
The elements of L_in_metric MUST be set following the same rules that
apply to the setting of the single element L_in_metric in [RFC7181].
6.3.  2-Hop Sets
Each element N2_in_metric becomes a map[ROUTER_METRIC_TYPES -> link
Each element N2_out_metric becomes a map[ROUTER_METRIC_TYPES -> link
6.4.  Neighbor Set
Each element N_in_metric becomes a map[ROUTER_METRIC_TYPES -> link
Each element N_out_metric becomes a map[ROUTER_METRIC_TYPES -> link
Each element N_will_routing becomes a map[ROUTER_METRIC_TYPES ->
willingness].
Each element N_routing_mpr becomes a map[ROUTER_METRIC_TYPES ->
boolean].
Each element N_mpr_selector becomes a map[ROUTER_METRIC_TYPES ->
Each element N_advertised becomes a map[ROUTER_METRIC_TYPES ->
6.5.  Router Topology Set
Each element TR_metric becomes a map[ROUTER_METRIC_TYPES -> link
Note that some values of TR_metric may now take the value
UNKNOWN_METRIC.  When used to construct a Routing Set, where just the
corresponding link metric value from this mapping is used, Router
Topology Tuples whose corresponding value from TR_metric is
UNKNOWN_METRIC are ignored.
6.6.  Routable Address Topology Set
Each element TA_metric becomes a map[ROUTER_METRIC_TYPES -> link
Note that some values of TA_metric may now take the value
corresponding link metric value from this mapping is used, Routable
Address Topology Tuples whose corresponding value from TA_metric is
6.7.  Attached Network Set
Each element AN_dist becomes a map[ROUTER_METRIC_TYPES -> number of
Each element AN_metric becomes a map[ROUTER_METRIC_TYPES -> link
Note that some values of AN_metric may now take the value
corresponding link metric value from this mapping is used, Attached
Network Tuples whose corresponding value from AN_metric is
6.8.  Routing Sets
There is a separate Routing Set for each link metric type in
ROUTER_METRIC_TYPES.
7.  TLVs
This specification makes the following additions and extensions to
the TLVs defined in [RFC7181].
7.1.  Message TLVs
One new Message TLV is defined in this specification, and one
existing Message TLV is extended by this specification.
7.1.1.  MPR_TYPES TLV
The MPR_TYPES TLV is used in both HELLO messages sent over OLSRv2
interfaces and TC messages.  A message MUST NOT contain more than one
MPR_TYPES TLV.
The presence of this TLV in a message is used to indicate that the
router supports MT-OLSRv2, in the same way that the presence of the
MPR_WILLING TLV is used to indicate that the router supports OLSRv2,
as specified in [RFC7181].  For this reason, the MPR_TYPES TLV has
been defined with the same Type as the MPR_WILLING TLV, but with Type
Extension == = 1.  (The different symbolic name is used for
convenience, any reference to a MPR_TYPES TLV means to this TLV, with
this Type and Type Extension.)
This TLV may take a Value field of any size.  Each octet in its Value
field will contain a link metric type that is supported, either on
any OLSRv2 interface, when included in a TC message, or on the OLSRv2
interface on which an including HELLO message is sent.  These octets
MAY be in any order, except that if there may be any routers in the
MANET not implementing MT-OLSRv2, then the first octet MUST be
LINK_METRIC_TYPE.
7.1.2.  MPR_WILLING TLV
The MPR_WILLING TLV, which is used in HELLO messages, is specified in
[RFC7181], and extended in this specification as enabled by
The interpretation of this TLV, specified by [RFC7181], and which
uses all of its single octet Value field, is unchanged.  That
interpretation uses bits 0-3 of its Value field to specify its
willingness to be a flooding TLV, and bits 4-7 of its Value field to
be a routing TLV.  Those latter bits are, when using this
specification, interpreted as its willingness to be a routing TLV
using the link metric type LINK_METRIC_TYPE.
The extended use of this message TLV, as defined by this
specification, defines additional 4 bit sub-fields of the Value
field, starting with bits 4-7 of the first octet and continuing with
bits 0-3 of the second octet, to represent willingness to be a
routing MPR using the link metric types specified in this OLSRv2
interface's IFACE_METRIC_TYPES parameter, ordered as reported in the
included MPR_TYPES Message TLV.  Note that this means that the
willingness to be a routing MPR for the topology indicated by
the link metric type LINK_METRIC_TYPE will continue to occupy bits
4-7 of the first octet.  (If there is no such TLV included, then the
router does not support MT-OLSRv2, and only the first octet of the
Value field will be used.)
If the number of link metric types in this OLSRv2 interface's
IFACE_METRIC_TYPES parameter is even, then there will be an unused 4
bit sub-field in bits 4-7 of the last octet of a full sized Value
field.  These bits will not be used, they SHOULD all be cleared
('0').
If the Value field in an MPR_WILLING TLV is shorter than its full
length, then, as specified in [RFC7188], missing Value octets, i.e.,
missing willingness values, are considered as zero, i.e., as
WILL_NEVER.  This is the correct behavior.  (In particular it means
that an OLSRv2 router that is not implementing MT-OLSRv2 will not act
as a routing MPR for any link metric that it does not recognize.)
7.2.  Address Block TLVs
New Type Extensions are defined for the LINK_METRIC TLV defined in
[RFC7181], and the Value fields of the MPR TLV and the GATEWAY TLV,
both defined in [RFC7181], are extended, as enabled by [RFC7188].
7.2.1.  LINK_METRIC TLV
The LINK_METRIC TLV is used in HELLO messages and TC messages.  This
TLV is unchanged from the definition in [RFC7181].
Only a single Type Extension was specified by [RFC7181] (link metric
type) 0 as defined by administrative action.  This specification
extends this range to 0-7.  This specification will work with any
combination of Type Extensions both within and without that range
(assuming that the latter are defined as specified in [RFC7181]).
7.2.2.  MPR TLV
The MPR TLV is used in HELLO messages, and indicates that an address
with which it is associated is of a symmetric 1-hop neighbor that has
been selected as an MPR.
The Value field of this address block TLV is, in [RFC7181], defined
to be one octet long, with the values 1, 2 and 3 defined.  [RFC7188]
redefines this Value field to be a bitfield where bit 7 (the lsb)
denotes flooding status, bit 6 denotes routing MPR status, and bits
5-0 are unallocated (respecting the semantics of the bits/values 1, 2
and 3 from [RFC7181]).
This specification, as enabled by [RFC7188], extends the MPR TLV to
have a variable-length Value field.  For interoperability with a
router not implementing MT-OLSRv2, the two least significant bits of
the first octet in the Value field of this TLV MUST be the TLV Value
of the MPR TLV, generated according to [RFC7181].
Subsequent bits (in increasing significance within an octet, then
continuing with the least significant bit in the next octet, if
required) in the TLV Value field indicate which link metric types,
for which the corresponding address is selected as a routing MPR,
link metric types (including the first) being indicated in, and used
in the same order as, the Value field of an MPR_TYPES Message TLV. TLV,
excluding the link metric type LINK_METRIC_TYPE, which already
occupies the second bit.
7.2.3.  GATEWAY TLV
The GATEWAY TLV is used in TC messages to indicate that a network
address is of an attached network.
The Value field of this address block TLV is, in [RFC7181] defined to
be one octet long, containing the number of hops to that attached
This specification, as enabled by [RFC7181], allows the extension the
GATEWAY TLV to have a variable-length Value field when the number of
hops to each attached network is different for different link metric
types.  For interoperability with a router not implementing MT-
OLSRv2, the first octet in the Value field of this TLV MUST be the
TLV Value of the GATEWAY TLV generated according to [RFC7181].
Any subsequent octets in the TLV Value field indicate the number of
hops to the attached network for each other link metric type, link
metric types (including the first) being indicated in the Value field
of an MPR_TYPES Message TLV.
+---------+---------------------------------------------------------+
|   Type  | Value                                                   |
| GATEWAY | Number of hops to attached network for each link metric |
|         | type.                                                   |
Table 1: GATEWAY TLV definition
8.  HELLO Messages
The following changes are made to the generation and processing of
HELLO messages compared to that described in [RFC7181] by routers
that implement MT-OLSRv2.
8.1.  HELLO Message Generation
A generated HELLO message to be sent on an OLSRv2 interface (whose
IFACE_METRIC_TYPES parameter will be that used) is extended by:
o  Adding an MPR_TYPES Message TLV.  The Value octets will be the
link metric types in IFACE_METRIC_TYPES.  This TLV MAY be omitted
if the only link metric type included would be LINK_METRIC_TYPE.
o  Extending the MPR_WILLING Message TLV Value field to report the
willingness values from the WILL_ROUTING parameter list that
correspond to the link metric types in IFACE_METRIC_LIST, in the
same order as reported in the MPR_TYPES TLV, each value (also
including one representing WILL_FLOODING) occupying 4 bits.
o  Including LINK_METRIC Address Block TLVs that report all values in
L_in_metric, L_out_metric, N_in_metric and N_out_metric elements
that are not equal to UNKNOWN_METRIC, with the TLV Type Extension
being the link metric type, and otherwise following the rules for
such inclusions specified in [RFC7181].
o  Including MPR Address Block TLVs such that for each link metric
type in IFACE_METRIC_TYPES, and for the choice of flooding MPRs,
the indicated addresses MUST be of the MPRs in an MPR set as
specified for a single link metric type in [RFC7181].
8.2.  HELLO Message Processing
On receipt of a HELLO message on an OLSRv2 interface, a router
implementing MT-OLSRv2 MUST, in addition to the processing described
in [RFC7181]:
1.  Determine the list of link metric types supported by the sending
router on its corresponding OLSRv2 interface, either from an
MPR_TYPES Message TLV or, if not present, the single link metric
type LINK_METRIC_TYPE.
2.  For those link metric types supported by both routers, set the
appropriate L_out_metric, N_in_metric, N_out_metric,
N_will_routing, N_mpr_selector, N_advertised, N2_in_metric and
N2_out_metric values as described for single such elements in
3.  For any other metric types supported by the receiving router only
(i.e. in IFACE_METRIC for the receiving OLSRv2 interface), set
the elements listed in the previous point to their default
values, i.e., UNKNOWN_METRIC, WILL_NEVER (not WILL_DEFAULT), or
9.  TC Messages
The following changes are made to the generation and processing of TC
messages compared to that described in [RFC7181] by routers that
implement MT-OLSRv2.
9.1.  TC Message Generation
A generated TC message is extended by:
o  Adding an MPR_TYPES TLV.  The value octets will be the link metric
types in ROUTER_METRIC_TYPES.  This MAY be omitted if the only
link metric type included would be LINK_METRIC_TYPE.
o  Including LINK_METRIC TLVs that report all values of N_out_metric
o  When not all the same, including a number of hops per reported (in
an MPR_TYPES Message TLV) link metric type in the Value field of
each GATEWAY TLV included, in the same order as reported in the
9.2.  TC Message Processing
On receipt of a TC message, a router implementing this extension
MUST, in addition to the processing specified in [RFC7181]:
o  Set the appropriate TR_metric, TA_metric, AN_dist and AN_metric
elements using the rules for setting the single elements of those
types specified in [RFC7181].
o  For any other metric types supported by the receiving router that
do not have an advertised outgoing neighbor metric of that type,
set the corresponding elements of TR_metric, TA_metric and
AN_metric to UNKNOWN_METRIC.  (The corresponding element of
AN_dist may be set to any value.)
10.  MPR Calculation
Routing MPRs are calculated for each link metric type in
ROUTER_METRIC_TYPES.  Links to symmetric 1-hop neighbors via OLSRv2
interfaces that do not support that link metric type are not
considered.  The determined status (routing MPR or not routing MPR)
for each link metric type is recorded in the relevant element of
N_routing_mpr.
Each router may make its own decision as to whether or not to use a
link metric, or link metrics, for flooding MPR calculation, and if so
which and how.  This decision MUST be made in a manner that ensures
that flooded messages will reach the same symmetric 2-hop neighbors
as would be the case for a router not supporting MT-OLSRv2.
Note that it is possible that a 2-Hop Tuple in the Information Base
for a given OLSRv2 interface does not support any of the link metric
types that are in the router's corresponding IFACE_METRIC_TYPES, but
nevertheless that 2-Hop Tuple MUST be considered when determining
flooding MPRs.
11.  Routing Set Calculation
A Routing Set is calculated for each link metric type in
ROUTER_METRIC_TYPES.  The calculation may be as for [RFC7181], except
that where an element is now represented by a map, the value from the
map for the selected link metric type is used.  Where this is a link
metric of value UNKNOWN_METRIC, that protocol Tuple is ignored for
the calculation.
12.  Management Considerations
MT-OLSRv2 may require greater management than unextended OLSRv2.  In
particular MT-OLSRv2 requires the following management
considerations:
o  Selecting which link metrics to support on each OLSRv2 interface
and implementing that decision.  (Different interfaces may have
different physical and data link layer properties, and this may
inform the selection of link metrics to support, and their
values.)
o  Ensuring that the MANET is sufficiently connected.  Note that if
there is any possibility that there are any routers not
implementing MT-OLSRv2, then the MANET will be connected, to the
maximum extent possible, using the link metric type
o  Deciding which link metric, and hence which Routing Set to use,
for received packets, hence how to use the Routing Sets to
configure the network layer (IP).  All routers must make the same
decision for the same packet.  An obvious approach is to map each
DiffServ Code Point (DSCP) [RFC2474] to a single link metric.
(This may be a many to one mapping.)
o  Note that there could be cases where a router that is not
implementing MT-OLSRv2 is the source or destination of an IP
packet that is mapped to a link metric that is not the link metric
LINK_METRIC_TYPE used by that router.
*  If such a router is the source, then routing may work if the
first router implementing MT-OLSRv2 to receive the packet
supports the appropriate link metric type.  At worst the packet
will be dropped, it will not loop.
*  If such a router is the destination, then the packet will never
reach its destination, as the source will not have a suitable
routing table entry for the destination.  Network management
may be required to ensure that the MANET still functions in
these cases.
This specification adds one new Message TLV, allocated as a new Type
Extension to an existing Message TLV, using a new name.  It also
modifies the Value field of an existing Message TLV, and of an
existing Address Block TLV.  Finally, this specification makes
additional allocations from the LINK_METRIC Address Block TLV Type
registry.
This specification assumes that the TLV renaming specified in
[tlv-naming] has been carried out.
13.1.  Expert Review: Evaluation Guidelines
For the registry where an Expert Review is required, the designated
expert SHOULD take the same general recommendations into
consideration as are specified by [RFC5444]. [RFC5444] and [tlv-naming].
13.2.  Message TLV Types
This specification replaces Table 11 of [RFC7181].  That specified a modifies the Message MPR TLV Type described as MPR_WILLING, for which only 7, replacing Table 4
of [tlv-naming] by Table 2, changing the description of the Type
Extension 0 was defined.  This specification reserves that name MPR_WILLING for Type Extension 0, defines a new Type Extension 1,
with a new name MPR_TYPES, and leaves adding the remaining Type Extensions
of this TLV Type unnamed.  It also changes the Value field
specification of the MPR_WILLING TLV.
Specifications of these TLVs are in Table 2. Extension TLV_TYPES.  Each
of these TLVs MUST NOT be included more than once in a Message TLV
Block.
+-------------+------+-----------+---------------------+------------+
|     Name
+-----------+-------------+-------------------------+---------------+
|    Type   |    Type     Name    | Description             | Allocation Reference     |
| Extension |             | Extension                         |               | Policy
+-------------+------+-----------+---------------------+------------+     0     | MPR_WILLING |   7  |     0 First (most             | Bits 0-3 specify [RFC7181]     |
|           |             | significant) half octet | [tlv-naming]  | the originating
|           |             | of Value field          | This          |
| router's           |             | specifies the           | specification |
|           | willingness to act             | originating router's    |               |
|           |             | willingness to act as a flooding MPR. |               |
|           |             | flooding MPR;           | Each following 4               |
|           |             | subsequent half octets  |               | bit subfield (using
|           |             | specify the originating |               |
| bits 0-3 of an           |             | router's willingness to |               |
|           | octet before bits             | act as a routing MPR,   |               |
|           |             | 4-7) specifies either for the link     |               |
|           |             |           | originating metric types reported   |               |
|           |             | in an MPR_TYPES TLV (in | router's               |
|           |             | the same order), or (if |               | willingness to act
|           |             | no MPR_TYPES TLV is     |               |
| as a routing MPR           |             | present) for the single |               |
|           | for a link metric,             | administratively agreed |               |
|           |             | either a single link metric type        |               |
|     1     |  MPR_TYPES  | The link metric types   | such field (bits This          |
|           |             | supported on this       | specification | 4-7) when no
|           |             | OLSRv2 interface of     |               |
| MPR_TYPES Message           |             | this router (one octet  |               |
|           | TLV is present, or             | each).                  |               |
|   2-223   |             | one subfield per Unassigned              |               |
|  224-255  |             | Reserved for            | type reported in an [RFC7181]     |
|           |             | Experimental Use        |               | MPR_TYPES
Table 2: Type 7 Message TLV Type Extensions
13.3.  Address Block TLV Types
Table 7 of [RFC7188] is replaced by Table 3.
+-------+-------+----------+----------------------------------------+
|  Bit  | Value |   Name   |               Description              |
| TLV Value field (in First | First | Flooding |   If set then the neighbor with that   |
| octet | the same order). octet |          |  network address has been selected as  |  MPR_TYPES
| bit 7 |     1  0x01 | The link metric          |              flooding MPR              |
|  From |  From |  Routing | types supported on   If set then the neighbor with that   |
| first | first |          |  network address has been selected as  | this OLSRv2
| octet | octet |          |    routing MPR, either for the link    |
| interface of this bit 6 |  0x02 |          |  metric types reported in an MPR_TYPES |
|       | router (one octet       |          |   TLV (in the same order), or (if no   |
|       |       |          |  MPR_TYPES TLV is present) then (first | each).
|       |       |   Unnamed          |   7    octet bit 6, value 0x02) for the    |   2-255
| Unassigned.       | Expert       |          |   single administratively agreed link  |
|       |       | Review          |
+-------------+------+-----------+---------------------+------------+               metric type              |
Table 2: Message TLV Type assignment: MPR_WILLING and MPR_TYPES
13.3.  Address Block 3: MPR TLV Types Bit Values
Table 16 14 of [RFC7181] [tlv-naming] is replaced by Table 3.  Note that the 4.  The only
change is changes
are to the description of Description and the Value field.
+---------+------+-----------+-------------------------+------------+
|   Name References for the GATEWAY TLV.
+-----------+---------+-----------------------------+---------------+
|    Type   |    Type   Name  | Description                 | Allocation References    |
| Extension |         | extension                             |               | Policy
+---------+------+-----------+-------------------------+------------+     0     | GATEWAY |  10  |     0     | Specifies that a given      |            | [RFC7181]     |
|           |         | network address is reached  | This          |
|           |         |           | reached via a gateway   |            |
|         |      |           | on the originating      |        | specification |
|           |         | originating router.  The number of  |    |               |
|           |         | number of hops is indicated by    | |               |
|           |         | by the Value field, either | one     |               |
|           |         | using a single octet per link metric type  |               |
|           |         |           | (if no reported in an MPR_TYPES    |               |
|           |         |           | Message TLV is present) | (in the same    |               |
|           |         | order) or one octet per type   |            |
|         |      |           | reported in an          | (if no MPR_TYPES  |               |
|           |         | MPR_TYPES Message TLV is present)     |               |
|           |         | using a single octet        | (in the same order).               |
|   1-223   | GATEWAY         |  10 Unassigned                  |   1-255               |
| Expert  224-255  |         | Reserved for Experimental   | [tlv-naming]  |
|           | Review         |
+---------+------+-----------+-------------------------+------------+ Use                         |               |
Table 3: 4: Type 10 Address Block TLV Type assignment: GATEWAY Extensions
Table 13 of [RFC7181] is replaced by Table 4.  Note that the 5.  The only change is to
allocate 8 Type Extensions as assigned by administrative action, in
order to support administratively determined multi-
topologies. multi-topologies.
+-------------+------+-----------+-------------------+--------------+
|     Name    | Type |    Type   | Description       | Allocation   |
|             |      | Extension |                   | Policy       |
| LINK_METRIC |   7  |    0-7    | Link metric       |              |
|             |      |           | meaning assigned  |              |
|             |      |           | by administrative |              |
|             |      |           | action.           |              |
| LINK_METRIC |   7  |   8-223   | Unassigned.       | Expert       |
|             |      |           |                   | Review       |
| LINK_METRIC |   7  |  224-255  | Unassigned.       | Experimental |
|             |      |           |                   | Use          |
Table 4: 5: Address Block TLV Type assignment: LINK_METRIC
This extension to OLSRv2 allows a router to support more than one
link metric type for each link advertised in HELLO and TC messages,
and for routers to support different sets of types.  Link metric
values of additional types are reported by the inclusion of
additional TLVs in the messages sent by a router, which will report
known values of all supported types.
HELLO and TC message processing is then extended simply to record,
for each supported type, all of the received link metric values for
each link.  Protocol internal processing (specifically MPR set and
shortest path calculations) then operate as specified in [RFC7181]
for each link metric type that the router supports.
Consequently the security considerations, including the security
architecture and the mandatory security mechanisms, from [RFC7181]
are directly applicable to MT-OLSRv2.
Furthermore, this extension does not introduce any additional
vulnerabilities over those of [RFC7181], because each link metric
type is used independently, and each one could have been the single
link metric type supported by an implementation of [RFC7181]
receiving the same information, as received information of an
unsupported type is ignored by all routers.
15.  Acknowledgments
The authors would like to thank (in alphabetical order): Juliusz
Chroboczek (University of Paris Diderot), Alan Cullen (BAE Systems)
and Henning Rogge (FGAN) for discussions and suggestions.
[RFC5444]  Clausen, T., Dearlove, C., Dean, J., and C. Adjih,
"Generalized MANET Packet/Message Format", RFC 5444,
[RFC6130]  Clausen, T., Dean, J., and C. Dearlove, "Mobile Ad Hoc
Network (MANET) Neighborhood Discovery Protocol (NHDP)",
[RFC7181]  Clausen, T., Dearlove, C., Jacquet, P., and U. Herberg,
"The Optimized Link State Routing Protocol version 2",
[RFC7188]  Dearlove, C. and T. Clausen, "Optimized Link State Routing
Protocol version 2 (OLSRv2) and MANET Neighborhood
Discovery Protocol (NHDP) Extension TLVs", RFC 7188,
[tlv-naming]
Dearlove, C. and T. Clausen, "TLV Naming in the MANET
Generalized Packet/Message Format", Work In
Progress draft-ietf-manet-tlv-naming-00.txt, January 2015.
[RFC2474]  Nichols, K., Blake, S., Baker, F., and D. Black,
"Definition of the Differentiated Services Field (DS
Field) in the IPv4 and IPv6 Headers", RFC 2474,
[RFC2501]  Macker, J. and S. Corson, "Mobile Ad hoc Networking
(MANET): Routing Protocol Performance Issues and
Evaluation Considerations", RFC 2501, January 1999.
[RFC3626]  Clausen, T. and P. Jacquet, "The Optimized Link State
Routing Protocol", RFC 3626, October 2003.
[RFC4915]  Psenak, P., Mirtorabi, S., Roy, A., Nguyen, L., and P.
Pillay-Esnault, "Multi-Topology (MT) Routing in OSPF",
RFC 4915, June 2007.
Christopher Dearlove
BAE Systems Advanced Technology Centre
West Hanningfield Road
Great Baddow, Chelmsford
Email: chris.dearlove@baesystems.com
URI:   http://www.baesystems.com/
Thomas Heide Clausen
LIX, Ecole Polytechnique
Email: T.Clausen@computer.org
URI:   http://www.ThomasClausen.org/


text:
ABC Supply Matching Donations To Homes For Our Troops From May 21-30
ABC Supply Supports Severely Injured Post-9/11 Veterans
by Shield Wall Media Staff May 18, 2022
ABC Supply Supports Severely Injured Post-9/11 Veterans Through 2022 IndyCar Design and $1 Million Donation Match to Nonprofit Homes For Our Troops
The race to a $1 million match runs through Memorial Day weekend
500 miles, 200 laps, 33 drivers and one cold bottle of milk — the 106th Running of the Indianapolis 500 presented by Gainbridge takes place on Sunday, May 29. When it does, one car will be racing to raise awareness and $1 million in donations for a nonprofit that is making a difference for severely injured post-9/11 Veterans in the United States.
Longtime friend of AJ Foyt Racing and Indy 500 team sponsor ABC Supply Co. Inc. is putting nonprofit Homes For Our Troops (HFOT) center stage at "The Greatest Spectacle in Racing." ABC Supply is gifting the design of its IndyCar and matching donations made to the organization — up to $1 million — from May 21 to May 30. Donate at hfotusa.org.
Since September 11, 2001, over 2.5 million Americans have served our nation, and of that group, more than 1,000 Veterans have sustained severe physical injuries, including one or more amputations, full or partial paralysis, and severe traumatic brain injury. Founded in 2004, HFOT's mission is to build and donate specially adapted custom homes for severely injured post-9/11 Veterans, to enable them to rebuild their lives. To date, the organization has built over 330 homes.
J.R. Hildebrand will pilot the No. 11 AJ Foyt Racing Chevrolet, which this year will sport a star-spangled American flag design with the HFOT logo and their tagline of "Building Homes, Rebuilding Lives." The patriotic car salutes and honors our troops during the event while underscoring the mission of Homes For Our Troops.
ABC Supply Co, Inc., the nation's largest wholesale distributor of roofing, siding and other select exterior building products, has been a multimillion-dollar supporter of Homes For Our Troops since 2020. Nearly 90 cents of every dollar spent goes directly toward Homes For Our Troops' mission, so it relies primarily on word-of-mouth awareness instead of paid promotion.
"We're proud to give Homes For Our Troops a national stage at the Indianapolis 500 to help increase awareness and donations for their organization," says Mike Jost, chief operating officer of ABC Supply. "The work they do to support Veterans is incredible, and we're hopeful that others will be inspired to support them as well."
HFOT's partnership with their Veterans doesn't stop once their homes are complete. The organization also offers resources for financial planning, homeownership education and peer mentoring.
"At Homes For Our Troops, we consider our Veterans family. We don't just give them the keys and walk away; we maintain a relationship with them to help them rebuild their lives. The support from partners like ABC Supply enables us to provide not only specially adapted custom homes to severely injured Veterans, but also a lifelong support network," says HFOT President/CEO Brigadier General, USA (Ret) Tom Landwermeyer.
The HFOT IndyCar will first hit the track for competition in qualifying races May 21-22.
"I think the fans will love it, and I think they will be so happy to see the American flag — especially with our team," says A.J. Foyt. "I would like to thank ABC Supply for supporting Homes For Our Troops. It's great."
"To support this organization at the Speedway, bring attention to Veterans and some of the challenges that they face, and highlight the things that people and organizations like Homes For Our Troops are doing to give them opportunities to better their lives is such a special thing to be able to be a part of," says J.R. Hildebrand, driver of the No. 11 car.
To learn more about Homes For Our Troops, or to donate to the organization and have it matched by ABC Supply through Monday, May 30, visit hfotusa.org.
ABC SupplyHFOTHomes for Our Troops
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