text:
Some of the most requested tracks on Gashouse Radio.
/ Sasha's Bloc – Runaway Blues
Sasha's Bloc – Runaway Blues
Sebastian Cole 10 June 2016
URL: http://sashasbloc.com/
Sasha's Bloc, the renowned Los Angeles based jazz collective recently responsible for two of the best modern jazz albums of the last twenty years, with members of the legendary vocal group Take 6 in tow, ventured to Hollywood's famous Capitol Records recording studios for the creation of their latest cut. The original composition "Runaway Blues" is a thoughtful and often surprisingly poetic reflection on the vagaries of love, life, and facing our personal truths. It fuses a number of musical influences into a larger whole – gospel, jazz, and blues mix easily in the hands of such highly skilled musicians. Most importantly, no one involved here, instrumentally or vocally, overdoes their respective parts. The approach retains immense tastefulness throughout but remains emotionally affecting. While everyone involved in this song are technically superb musicians, they never fail to play with the ever-mysterious feel that material like this demands.
The Grammy awarded vocal ensemble Take 6 joins the band for this song and one of their chief singers, Alvin Chea, does a commendable job taking over the lead vocals on this track. His phrasing is one of the song's highlights. Chea coaxes each syllable from the lines with great care in order to better convey the song's internal narrative and his willingness to exercise such patience weaves a dramatic spell for the listener. This sort of considered approach isn't surprising from a twenty plus year veteran performer, but it goes beyond have the experience to make wise artistic decision. Chea's talents are the guiding force that shapes his performance and they fan the song's flames to help it burn ever brighter.
The musical highlight comes with the introduction of the brass section in the song's second half. It contrasts well with Chea's singing, the multi-part vocal harmonies, and tapestry of sound that Sasha's Bloc has conjured up to this point. The chorus is, undoubtedly, the composition's most stirring moment, but it once again achieves its distinction largely from the band's sharp-minded refusal to overplay. It feels like a natural crescendo in the song rather than some contrived moment pandering to listeners. The rhythm section work plays a significant role in managing the song's dynamics while the piano and an additional sprinkling of keyboards does an excellent job of evolving the song's melody.
Sasha's Bloc have taken a calculated risk with the new song that's paid off well. Their turn away from the jazz/big band sound dominating their first two full length albums towards other traditional forms of American music like gospel and jazz has a refreshing effect on their sound without ever sacrificing any of their identity. Alexander Gershman, bassist and bandleader, has led Sasha's Bloc to another pinnacle in their brief existence, but he's wisely surrounded himself with a group of musicians more than capable of helping realize his musical ambitions. "Runaway Blues" is their finest work yet, in some ways, and certainly offers up evidence of a brilliant future.
TUMBLR: http://sashasbloc.tumblr.com/
Gilbert Mullis


First Steps Day Nursery is located in a purpose built nursery unit in the grounds of the Ulster Hospital. The nursery is open to staff of the South Eastern Health and Social Care Trust and also members of the Public.
The nursery is registered and approved by the Belfast Health and Social Care Trust for 20 children aged between 2 – 5 years old.
Opening hours are 7.30am – 6pm, Monday to Friday.
First Steps Day Nursery is located in the Lagan Valley Hospital. The nursery is open to staff of the South Eastern Health and Social Care Trust and also members of the Public.
The nursery is registered and approved by the South Eastern Health and Social Care Trust for 43 children aged between 3 months and 5 years old.
Each child should bring a packed lunch every day, carried in a suitable cool bag. Staff are not in a position to heat food. Due to allergies NO NUTS or food containing nuts are allowed in the Kids Club. A healthy tuck shop is available each day selling a variety of healthy foods.
Children attending the summer scheme will enjoy a summer full of activities including arts and crafts, sports, games, treasure hunts, musical activities, day trips, TV/video time, games, cookery and much more.
Staff at the summer scheme will take the children on various day trips throughout the summer. Parents are asked to compete consent forms for each day trip. There will be a small charge for some of these trips but this will be kept to a minimum.
Separate invoices for July and then August will be posted to the given address. Payment details will be on your invoice.
Please take some time to read the testimonials from our current parents who are very happy with their children's care.


text:
package org.apache.camel.management.mbean;

import javax.management.openmbean.CompositeData;
import javax.management.openmbean.CompositeDataSupport;
import javax.management.openmbean.CompositeType;
import javax.management.openmbean.TabularData;
import javax.management.openmbean.TabularDataSupport;

import org.apache.camel.CamelContext;
import org.apache.camel.RuntimeCamelException;
import org.apache.camel.api.management.ManagedResource;
import org.apache.camel.api.management.mbean.CamelOpenMBeanTypes;
import org.apache.camel.api.management.mbean.ManagedSendProcessorMBean;
import org.apache.camel.model.ProcessorDefinition;
import org.apache.camel.processor.SendProcessor;
import org.apache.camel.spi.ManagementStrategy;
import org.apache.camel.util.URISupport;

@ManagedResource(description = "Managed SendProcessor")
public class ManagedSendProcessor extends ManagedProcessor implements ManagedSendProcessorMBean {
    private final SendProcessor processor;
    private String destination;

    public ManagedSendProcessor(CamelContext context, SendProcessor processor, ProcessorDefinition<?> definition) {
        super(context, processor, definition);
        this.processor = processor;
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    @Override
    public void init(ManagementStrategy strategy) {
        super.init(strategy);
        boolean sanitize = strategy.getManagementAgent().getMask() != null ? strategy.getManagementAgent().getMask() : false;
        if (sanitize) {
            destination = URISupport.sanitizeUri(processor.getDestination().getEndpointUri());
        } else {
            destination = processor.getDestination().getEndpointUri();
        }
    }

    @Override
    public Boolean getSupportExtendedInformation() {
        return true;
    }

    @Override
    public void reset() {
        super.reset();
        processor.reset();
    }

    @Override
    public SendProcessor getProcessor() {
        return processor;
    }

    @Override
    public String getDestination() {
        return destination;
    }

    @Override
    public String getMessageExchangePattern() {
        if (processor.getPattern() != null) {
            return processor.getPattern().name();
        } else {
            return null;
        }
    }

    @Override
    public TabularData extendedInformation() {
        try {
            TabularData answer = new TabularDataSupport(CamelOpenMBeanTypes.endpointsUtilizationTabularType());

            // we only have 1 endpoint
            CompositeType ct = CamelOpenMBeanTypes.endpointsUtilizationCompositeType();
            String url = getDestination();
            long hits = processor.getCounter();

            CompositeData data = new CompositeDataSupport(ct, new String[]{"url", "hits"}, new Object[]{url, hits});
            answer.put(data);
            return answer;
        } catch (Exception e) {
            throw RuntimeCamelException.wrapRuntimeCamelException(e);
        }
    }
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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
The Fairbairn–Sykes fighting knife, a modern-day dagger
A dagger is a fighting knife with a very sharp point and usually two sharp edges, typically designed or capable of being used as a thrusting or stabbing weapon.[1][2] Daggers have been used throughout human history for close combat confrontations,[3] and many cultures have used adorned daggers in ritual and ceremonial contexts. The distinctive shape and historic usage of the dagger have made it iconic and symbolic. A dagger in the modern sense is a weapon designed for close-proximity combat or self-defense; due to its use in historic weapon assemblages, it has associations with assassination and murders. Double-edged knives, however, play different sorts of roles in different social contexts.
A wide variety of thrusting knives have been described as daggers, including knives that feature only a single cutting edge, such as the European rondel dagger or the Afghan pesh-kabz, or, in some instances, no cutting edge at all, such as the stiletto of the Renaissance. However, in the last hundred years or so, in most contexts, a dagger has certain definable characteristics, including a short blade with a sharply tapered point, a central spine or fuller, and usually two cutting edges sharpened the full length of the blade, or nearly so.[4][5][6][7][8][9] Most daggers also feature a full crossguard to keep the hand from riding forwards onto the sharpened blade edges.[5][10][11]
Daggers are primarily weapons, so knife legislation in many places restricts their manufacture, sale, possession, transport, or use.[1][2]
A Neolithic dagger from the Muséum de Toulouse
Pre-Roman Iberian iron dagger forged between the middle of the 5th century BC and the 3rd century BC
Bronze Age swords, Kurdistan, museum of Sanandaj
Iberian triangular iron dagger
See also: Chronology of bladed weapons
The earliest daggers were made of materials such as flint, ivory or bone in Neolithic times.
Copper daggers appeared first in the early Bronze Age, in the 3rd millennium BC,[12] and copper daggers of Early Minoan III (2400–2000 BC) were recovered at Knossos.[13]
Relief of akinakes, a type of ancient dagger, worn by an Achaemenid guard in Persepolis
In ancient Egypt, daggers were usually made of copper or bronze, while royalty had gold weapons. At least since pre-dynastic Egypt,[14] (c. 3100 BC) daggers were adorned as ceremonial objects with golden hilts and later even more ornate and varied construction. One early silver dagger was recovered with midrib design. The 1924 opening of the tomb of Tutankhamun revealed two daggers, one with a gold blade, and one of smelted iron. It is held that mummies of the Eleventh Dynasty were buried with bronze sabres; and there is a bronze dagger of Thut-mes III. (Eighteenth Dynasty), circa B.C. 1600, and bronze armour, swords and daggers of Mene-ptah II. of the (Nineteenth Dynasty) circa B.C 1300.[15]
Iron production did not begin until 1200 BC, and iron ore was not found in Egypt, making the iron dagger rare, and the context suggests that the iron dagger was valued on a level equal to that of its ceremonial gold counterpart.[16] These facts, and the composition of the dagger had long suggested a meteoritic origin,[17] however, evidence for its meteoritic origin was not entirely conclusive until June 2016 when researchers using x-ray fluorescence spectrometry confirmed similar proportions of metals (Iron, 10% nickel, and 0.6% cobalt) in a meteorite discovered in the area, deposited by an ancient meteor shower.[18][19]
One of the earliest objects made of smelted iron is a dagger dating to before 2000 BC, found in a context that suggests it was treated as an ornamental object of great value. Found in a Hattic royal tomb dated about 2500 BC, at Alaca Höyük in northern Anatolia, the dagger has a smelted iron blade and a gold handle.[20]
The artisans and blacksmiths of Iberia in what is now southern Spain and southwestern France produced various iron daggers and swords of high quality from the 5th to the 3rd century BC, in ornamentation and patterns influenced by Greek, Punic (Carthaginian), and Phoenician culture.[21][22] The exceptional purity of Iberian iron and the sophisticated method of forging, which included cold hammering, produced double-edged weapons of excellent quality.[21] One can find technologically advanced designs such as folding knives rusted among the artifacts of many Second Iberian Iron Age cremation burials or in Roman Empire excavations all around Spain and the Mediterranean.[23] Iberian infantrymen carried several types of iron daggers, most of them based on shortened versions of double-edged swords, but the true Iberian dagger had a triangular-shaped blade. Iberian daggers and swords were later adopted by Hannibal and his Carthaginian armies.[21] The Lusitanii, a pre-Celtic people dominating the lands west of Iberia (most of modern Portugal and Extremadura) successfully held off the Roman Empire for many years with a variety of innovative tactics and light weapons, including iron-bladed short spears and daggers modeled after Iberian patterns.
During the Roman Empire, legionaries were issued a pugio (from the Latin pugnō, or "fight"), a double-edged iron thrusting dagger with a blade of 7–12 inches. The design and fabrication of the pugio was taken directly from Iberian daggers and short swords; the Romans even adopted the triangular-bladed Iberian dagger, which they called the parazonium.[21] Like the gladius, the pugio was most often used as a thrusting (stabbing weapon). As an extreme close-quarter combat weapon, the pugio was the Roman soldier's last line of defense. When not in battle, the pugio served as a convenient utility knife.[24]
Further information: Anelace, Baselard, Bollock dagger, Misericorde (weapon), and Rondel dagger
The term dagger appears only in the Late Middle Ages, reflecting the fact that while the dagger had been known in antiquity, it had disappeared during the Early Middle Ages, replaced by the hewing knife or seax.[25][26]
Depiction of combat with the dagger (degen) in Hans Talhoffer (1467)
The dagger reappeared in the 12th century as the "knightly dagger", or more properly cross-hilt or quillon dagger,[27] and was developed into a common arm and tool for civilian use by the late medieval period.[28]
Modern reproductions of medieval daggers. From left to right: Ballock dagger, Rondel dagger, and a Quillon dagger
The earliest known depiction of a cross-hilt dagger is the so-called "Guido relief" inside the Grossmünster of Zürich (c. 1120).[29] A number of depictions of the fully developed cross-hilt dagger are found in the Morgan Bible (c. 1240). Many of these cross-hilt daggers resemble miniature swords, with cross guards and pommels very similar in form to swords of the period.[30] Others, however, are not an exact match to known sword designs, having for example pommel caps, large hollow star shaped pommels on so-called "Burgundian Heraldic daggers" or antenna style cross and pommel, reminiscent of Hallstatt era daggers.[31] The cross-hilt type persisted well into the Renaissance[32]
The Old French term dague appears to have referred to these weapons in the 13th century, alongside other terms such as poignal and basilard. The Middle English dagger is used from the 1380s.
During this time, the dagger was often employed in the role of a secondary defense weapon in close combat. The knightly dagger evolved into the larger baselard knife in the 14th century. During the 14th century, it became fairly common for knights to fight on foot to strengthen the infantry defensive line. This necessitated greater dagger usage. At Agincourt (1415) archers used them to dispatch dismounted knights by thrusting the narrow blades through helmet vents and other apertures.[33] The baselard was considered an intermediate between a short sword and a long dagger, and became popular also as a civilian weapon. Sloane MS. 2593 (c. 1400) records a song satirizing the use of oversized baselard knives as fashion accessories.[34] Weapons of this sort called anelace, somewhere between a large dagger and a short sword, were much in use in 14th century England as civilians' accoutrements, worn "suspended by a ring from the girdle".[35]
In the Late Middle Ages, knives with blade designs that emphasized thrusting attacks, such as the stiletto, became increasingly popular, and some thrusting knives commonly referred to as 'daggers' ceased to have a cutting edge. This was a response to the deployment of heavy armor, such as maille and plate armour, where cutting attacks were ineffective and focus was on thrusts with narrow blades to punch through mail or aim at armour plate intersections (or the eye slits of the helmet visor). These late medieval thrusting weapons are sometimes classed by the shape of their hilt as either roundel, bollock or ear daggers. The term dagger is coined in this time, as are the Early Modern German equivalents dolch (tolch) and degen (tegen). In the German school of fencing, Johannes Liechtenauer (Ms. 3227a) and his successors (specifically Andres Lignizer in Cod. 44 A 8) taught fighting with the dagger.[36]
These techniques in some respects resemble modern knife fighting, but emphasized thrusting strokes almost exclusively, instead of slashes and cuts. When used offensively, a standard attack frequently employed the reverse or icepick grip, stabbing downward with the blade to increase thrust and penetrative force. This was done primarily because the blade point frequently had to penetrate or push apart an opponent's steel chain mail or plate armor in order to inflict an injury. The disadvantage of employing the medieval dagger in this manner was that it could easily be blocked by a variety of techniques, most notably by a block with the weaponless arm while simultaneously attacking with a weapon held in the right hand. Another disadvantage was the reduction in effective blade reach to the opponent when using a reverse grip. As the wearing of armor fell out of favor, dagger fighting techniques began to evolve which emphasized the use of the dagger with a conventional or forward grip, while the reverse or icepick grip was retained when attacking an unsuspecting opponent from behind, such as in an assassination.
Renaissance and Early Modern Period
Further information: Stiletto, Parrying dagger, and Dirk
Mughal dagger, Louvre
Dagger with Zoomorphic Hilt, ca. 16th century, Metropolitan Museum of Art
The dagger was very popular as a fencing and personal defense weapon in 17th- and 18th-century Spain, where it was referred to as the daga or puñal.[37] During the Renaissance Age the dagger was used as part of everyday dress, and daggers were the only weapon commoners were allowed to carry on their person.[38] In English, the terms poniard and dirk are loaned during the late 16th to early 17th century, the latter in the spelling dork, durk (presumably via Low German, Dutch or Scandinavian dolk, dolch, ultimately from a West Slavic tulich), the modern spelling dirk dating to 18th-century Scots.
Beginning with the 17th century, another form of dagger—the plug bayonet and later the socket bayonet—was used to convert muskets and other longarms into spears by mounting them on the barrel. They were periodically used for eating; the arm was also used for a variety of other tasks such as mending boots, house repairs and farm jobs. The final function of the dagger was as an obvious and ostentatious means of enhancing a man's personal apparel, conforming to fashion which dictated that all men carried them.[39]
Modern Period (19th to 21st century)
Main article: Combat knife
20th-century daggers
WW1 trench warfare caused daggers and fighting knives to come back in play. They also replaced the sabres worn by officers, which were too long and clumsy for trench warfare. They were worn with pride as a sign of having served front line duty.
Daggers achieved public notoriety in the 20th century as ornamental uniform regalia during the Fascist dictatorships of Mussolini's Italy and Hitler's Germany. Dress daggers were used by several other countries as well, including Japan, but never to the same extent. As combat equipment they were carried by many infantry and commando forces during the Second World War. British Commando and other elite units were issued an especially slender dagger, the Fairbairn–Sykes fighting knife, developed by William E. Fairbairn and Eric A. Sykes from real-life close-combat experiences gained while serving on the Shanghai Municipal Police Force.[5][40] The F-S dagger proved very popular with the commandos, who used it primarily for sentry elimination. Some units of the U.S. Marine Corps Raiders in the Pacific were issued a similar fighting dagger, the Marine Raider stiletto,[41] though this modified design proved less than successful when used in the type of knife combat encountered in the Pacific theater[42][43] due to this version using inferior materials and manufacturing techniques.[44]
During the Vietnam War, the Gerber Mark II, designed by US Army Captain Bud Holzman and Al Mar, was a popular fighting knife pattern that was privately purchased by many U.S. soldiers and marines who served in that war.
Aside from military forces, most daggers are no longer carried openly, but concealed in clothing. One of the more popular forms of the concealable dagger is the boot knife. The boot knife is nothing more than a shortened dagger that is compact enough to be worn on the lower leg, usually by means of a sheath clipped or strapped to a boot or other footwear.[45]
Cultural symbolism
The dagger is symbolically ambiguous. For some cultures and military organizations the dagger symbolizes courage and daring in combat.[46]
However, daggers may be associated with deception or treachery due to the ease of concealment and surprise that the user could inflict upon an unsuspecting victim. Indeed, many assassinations have been carried out with the use of a dagger, including that of Julius Caesar.[47] A cloak and dagger attack is one in which a deceitful, traitorous, or concealed enemy attacks a person.[48] Some have noted a phallic association between daggers and the succession of royal dynasties in British literature.[49]
In European artwork, daggers were sometimes associated with Hecate, the Ancient Greek goddess of witchcraft.[50]
The social stigma of the dagger originates in its periodic use in the commission of disreputable and murderous attacks, from the 44 BC assassination of Julius Caesar to the use of the stiletto dagger by the Black Hand of early 20th century America. [51] Consequently, it developed a public association with surprise assaults by criminals and murderers intent on stabbing unsuspecting victims.[52] To this day, criminal codes of many nations and some US states specifically ban the carrying of the dagger as a prohibited weapon.[2]
Modern use
The dagger still survives in military use as a close combat and ceremonial arm.
U.S. Army emblem with dagger
Many nations use the dagger pattern in the form of the bayonet.[52] Daggers are commonly used as part of the insignias of elite military units or special forces, such as the US Army Airborne Special Operations unit or the Commando Dagger patch for those who have completed the British All Arms Commando Course.
Buster Warenski dagger
Daggers are a popular form of what is known as the "art knife", due in part to the symmetry of the blade.[53] One of the knives required of an American Bladesmith Society Mastersmith is the construction of an "art knife" or a "European style" dagger.[54][55]
Blade – Sharp cutting part of a weapon or tool
Dagger (mark) – Symbol († ‡) for footnotes etc
Fighting knife – Knife designed to inflict injury
Dirk – Thrusting dagger
Knife – Tool or weapon with a cutting edge or blade
Knife fight – Violent physical confrontation involving knives
Kirpan
Stiletto – Slender knife
List of daggers
Tantō – Japanese dagger
Sword – Bladed weapon longer than a knife or dagger
^ a b State v. Martin, 633 S.W.2d 80 (Mo. 1982): This is the dictionary or popular-use definition of a dagger, which has been used to describe everything from an ice pick to a folding knife with pointed blade as a 'dagger'. The Missouri Supreme Court used the popular definition of 'dagger' found in Webster's New Universal Dictionary ("a short weapon with a sharp point used for stabbing") to rule that an ordinary pointed knife with four-to-five inch blade constitutes a 'dagger' under the Missouri criminal code.
^ a b c California Penal Code 12020(a)(24):"dagger" means a knife or other instrument with or without a handguard that is capable of ready use as a stabbing weapon that may inflict great bodily injury or death. The State of California and other jurisdictions have seized upon the popular-use definition of a dagger to classify items ranging from a pointed kitchen knife to a tent stake as a 'dagger' under the law.
^ Burton, Walter E., Knives For Fighting Men, Popular Science, July 1944, Vol. 145 No. 1, p. 150: The dagger is classified as a type of fighting knife, while a combat knife is a knife specifically designed for military use, and is thus only certain types of daggers designed for military use are considered to be combat knives. Thus, an ordinary dagger designed for civilian sale and use is only a fighting knife, while the U.S. Army M3 trench knife is both a combat knife and a fighting knife.
^ Emerson, Robert L., Legal Medicine and Toxicology, New York: D. Appleton & Co. (1909), p. 80
^ a b c Cassidy, William L., The Complete Book Of Knife Fighting, ISBN 0-87364-029-2, ISBN 978-0-87364-029-9 (1997), pp. 9–18, 27–36
^ Draper, Frank W., A Text-book of Legal Medicine, Philadelphia: W.B. Saunders & Co. (1905), pp. 341–343
^ Gross, Hans, Criminal Investigation: A Practical Textbook for Magistrates, Police Officers and Lawyers, London: Sweet & Maxwell (1949), p. 185
^ Harding, David, and Cann, Jefferson (eds.), Weapons: An International Encyclopedia from 5000 B.C. to 2000 A.D., The Diagram Visual Group, New York: St. Martin's Press/Macmillan, ISBN 0-312-03950-6, ISBN 978-0-312-03950-9 (1990), pp. 32–33
^ Goddard, Wayne, The Wonder of Knifemaking, Iola, WI: Krause Publications, ISBN 1-4402-1684-3, ISBN 978-1-4402-1684-8 (2011), pp. 50, 131–132
^ The New Werner Twentieth Century edition of the Encyclopædia Britannica, Volume 6, Akron, OH: The Werner Co. (1907), p. 669
^ Dagger Law & Legal Definition
^ Sheridan, Alison, A Beaker Period Copper Dagger Blade from the Silees River near Ross Lough, Co. Fermanagh, Ulster Journal of Archaeology, Vol. 56 (1993), pp. 61–62
^ C. Michael Hogan, Knossos fieldnotes, Modern Antiquarian (2007)
^ Iorwerth Eiddon Stephen Edwards, Cyril John Gadd, Nicholas Geoffrey Lemprière Hammond, 1970
^ Burton, Richard F. (1884). The Book of the Sword. Piccadilly: London Chatto & Windus. p. 80.
^ Jay Cassell (2007). Peter J. Fiduccia (ed.). Tutankhamun's armies: battle and conquest during ancient Egypt's late eighteenth dynasty. John Wiley and Sons. p. 77. ISBN 978-0-471-74358-3.
^ Anderson, George (1 March 2010). "King Tutankhamun's Dagger". INCOSE Chesapeake Chapter. Archived from the original on 8 October 2018. Retrieved 5 June 2016. History is replete with eyewitness accounts of meteors falling from the sky and impacting the earth. Further, there is a continuous record of metal being recovered from the meteoric remnants and frequently being described or labeled as meteoric iron.
^ Comelli, Daniela; d'Orazio, Massimo; Folco, Luigi; et al. (2016). "The meteoritic origin of Tutankhamun's iron dagger blade". Meteoritics & Planetary Science. Wiley Online. 51 (7): 1301–1309. Bibcode:2016M&PS...51.1301C. doi:10.1111/maps.12664. "Early View (Online Version of Record published before inclusion in a printed issue)".
^ Panko, Ben (2 June 2016). "King Tut's dagger made from an ancient meteorite". Science. American Association for the Advancement of Science. Retrieved 5 June 2016.
^ Robert Raymond (1986). Out of the fiery furnace: the impact of metals on the history of mankind. Penn State Press. p. 61. ISBN 978-0-271-00441-9.
^ a b c d Wise, Terence, Armies of the Carthaginian Wars, 265–146 BC, London: Osprey Publishing Ltd., ISBN 0-85045-430-1, ISBN 978-0-85045-430-7 (1982), pp. 20–21
^ Keay, Simon (Prof.), Phoenicians, Carthaginians and Romans in Southern Iberia Archived 2011-09-07 at the Wayback Machine, Swan Hellenic's Online Library & Archive, 30 June 2011, retrieved 2 August 2011
^ De Fontcuberta, Eduardo A., Bandolero Blades, Tactical-Life.com, Tactical Knives (September 2010), retrieved 13 August 2011
^ Sir William Smith (1898). Francis Warre Cornish (ed.). A concise dictionary of Greek and Roman antiquities. Murray. p. 66.
^ Underwood, Richard (1999) Anglo-Saxon Weapons and Warfare Stroud, England: Tempus, ISBN 0-7524-1910-2 p70.
^ Gale, David (1989) The Seax in Weapons and Warfare in Anglo-Saxon England Oxford, England: Oxbow ISBN 0-947816-21-6
^ Capwell, p. 28 and Thompson, p. 25. Note that the term "quillon" is a modern invention, though it is commonly used
^ Christopher Gravett (2007). Knight. Penguin. p. 17. ISBN 978-0-7566-6762-7.
^ Daniel Gutscher, Das Grossmünster in Zürich (1983), 120–121, 214–215.
^ See Thompson, p. 10 and Peterson, plate 25, for good examples of this type in the Museum of London
^ See Capwell pp. 28, 122-123, Thompson pp. 24-25, and Peterson plates 26-29
^ Peterson plate 46 and Dean p.96, No. 100
^ Thompson, Logan (1999). Daggers and Bayonets. United Kingdom: Spellmount ltd. p. 24. ISBN 9781862270275.
^ prenegarde prenegarde, thus bere I myn baselard ed. Pickering 1836.
^ French, George Russell (1869). A Catalogue of the Antiquities and Works of Art, Volume 1. London: Harrison and sons. p. 184.
^ Egerton Castle (2003). Schools and Masters of Fencing: From the Middle Ages to the Eighteenth Century. Courier Dover Publications. p. 246. ISBN 978-0-486-42826-0.
^ Steve Shackleford (2010). Blade's Guide to Knives & Their Values. Krause Publications. p. 246. ISBN 978-1-4402-0387-9.
^ Jason Vail (2006). Medieval and Renaissance Dagger Combat. Paladin Press. p. 16. ISBN 978-1-58160-517-4.
^ Thompson, Logan (1999). Daggers and Bayonets. United Kingdom: Spellmount ltd. p. 22, 23,24. ISBN 9781862270275.
^ Chambers, John W., OSS Training in the National Parks and Service Abroad in World War II, Washington, D.C., U.S. National Park Service (2008), p. 191: Fairbairn reportedly engaged in hundreds of street fights in his twenty-year career in Shanghai, where he organized and headed a special anti-riot squad. Much of his body – arms, legs, torso, and even the palms of his hands was covered with scars from knife wounds from those fights.
^ Walker, Greg, Battle Blades: A Professional's Guide to Combat/Fighting Knives, Boulder, Colo.: Paladin Press, ISBN 0-87364-732-7 (1993), p. 77
^ Alexander, Joseph H., Edson's Raiders: The 1st Marine Raider Battalion in World War II, Annapolis MD: Naval Institute Press, ISBN 1-55750-020-7 (2001), p. 67
^ Sledge, E.B., With The Old Breed: At Peleleiu and Okinawa, Presidio Press, ISBN 978-0-89141-919-8 (2007), pp. 21–22
^ McCarthy, John (2008). "WWII Marine Raider Stiletto Reborn". Raider Patch (U.S. Marine Raider Association).
^ Steele, David (1988). "Boot Knife Fighting". Black Belt. Active Interest Media, Inc. 26 (4): 48–51.
^ Guido Rosignoli (1987). The illustrated encyclopedia of military insignia of the 20th century: a comprehensive A-Z guide to the badges, patches, and embellishments of the world's armed forces. Stanley Paul. p. 44. ISBN 978-0-09-172670-6.
^ David Gray (2006). The History That Was Never Spoken. Lulu. p. 87. ISBN 978-1-4116-1703-2.
^ Dickens, Charles (1841). Barnaby Rudge: A Tale of the Riots of 'Eighty. London: Chapman & Hall. p. 203. ISBN 0-14-043728-2.
^ Pryke, Stuart (23 October 2020). Ready to Teach: Macbeth: A compendium of subject knowledge, resources and pedagogy (in Arabic). John Catt Educational. p. 145. ISBN 978-1-913808-42-6.
^ Oskar Seyffert (1901). A Dictionary of Classical Antiquities: Mythology, Religion, Literature and Art (6 ed.). Swan Sonnenschein and Co. p. 271. Retrieved 2022-01-01.
^ Watkins, John, The Big Stunts of Great Detectives: The Scrapbook, Vol. 4, No. 6, New York: Frank A. Munsey (December 1907), p. 1098: "The Black Daggers, with their double-edged blades signaling primary use as a fighting knife, became associated with offensive attacks made for purposes of killing."
^ a b Thompson, Logan (1999). Daggers and Bayonets. United Kingdom: Spellmount ltd. p. 54. ISBN 9781862270275.
^ Edwards, Ethen (1990). "Images of Steel". Blade Magazine. 27 (4): 40–43.
^ "ABS Testing Rules and Guidelines for the Master Smith Rating" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2018-10-03. Retrieved 2011-03-12.
^ "Difference between knife and dagger". Retrieved 2019-05-12.
Capwell, Dr. Tobias. The World Encyclopedia of Knives, Daggers, and Bayonets. Hermes House. Leicestershire. 2011..
Dean, Bashford. Catalogue of European Daggers 1300–1800. Metropolitan Museum of Art. New York. 1929.
Edge, David and Paddock, John Miles. Arms & Armor of the Medieval Knight - An Illustrated History of Weapons in the Middle Ages. Crescent Books. New York. 1988.
Iorwerth Eiddon Stephen Edwards, Cyril John Gadd, Nicholas Geoffrey Lemprière Hammond. The Cambridge Ancient History. Cambridge University Press. 1970. (ISBN 0-521-07051-1)
Peterson, Harold L. Daggers & Fighting Knives of the Western World. Bonanza Books. New York. 1970.
Thompson, Logan. Daggers and Bayonets - A History. Paladin Press. Boulder. 1999.
Vail, Jason. Medieval and Renaissance Dagger Combat. Paladin Press. Boulder. 2006.
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Daggers.
Knives and daggers
List of blade materials
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Mezzaluna
Parmesan knife
Splayd
Tomato knife
Deba bōchō
Maguro bōchō
Nakiri bōchō
Sashimi bōchō
Udon kiri
Unagisaki hōchō
Usuba bōchō
Yanagi ba
Other knives
Aircrew Survival Egress Knife
Athame
Balisong/Butterfly
Ballpoint pen knife
Boline
Boot knife
Cane knife
Ceramic knife
CQC-6
Diving knife
Fairbairn–Sykes fighting knife
Gerber Mark II
Ginsu
Golok
Gravity knife
Hacking knife
Hunting knife
Kard
Kukri
Laguiole knife
Marking knife
Misericorde
Mora knife
Neck knife
Nontron knife
Opinel knife
Pantographic knife
Penknife
Penny knife
Pirah
Pocketknife
Phurba
Rampuri
Resolza
Sami knife
Sharpfinger
Sheath knife
Sliding knife
Smatchet
SOG Knife
Strider SMF
Survival knife
Taping knife
Trench knife
Warrior knife
Wedung
Anelace
Applegate–Fairbairn fighting knife
Bagh nakh
Balarao
Baselard
Bichuwa
Bollock dagger
Cinquedea
Ear dagger
Emeici
Facón
French Nail
Gunong
Hunting dagger
Janbiya
Kabutowari
Kalis
Khanjali
Kunai
Mark I trench knife
Parrying dagger
Pugio
Push dagger
Rondel dagger
Seme
Shobo
Tantō
U.S. Marine Raider stiletto
Yoroi-dōshi
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American Tomahawk Company
Aritsugu
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Chroma Cnife
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Imperial Schrade
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Mad Dog Knives
Marble Arms
Medford Knife and Tool
Microtech Knives
Morseth
Randall Made Knives
Slice, Inc.
SOG Specialty Knives
STI Knives
Strider Knives
Thiers Issard
W. R. Case & Sons Cutlery Co.
Carl Walther GmbH
Western Knife Company
Yoshida Metal Industry
Zwilling J. A. Henckels
Knifemakers
Rex Applegate
James Black
Blackie Collins
John Nelson Cooper
Ernest Emerson
Jerry Fisk
Bill Harsey Jr.
Phill Hartsfield
Gil Hibben
Jimmy Lile
Bob Loveless
William F. Moran
Ralph Osterhout
Bo Randall
A. G. Russell
Jody Samson
William Scagel
Mike Snody
Robert Terzuola
Michael Walker
Buster Warenski
Daniel Winkler
American Bladesmith Society
Cutlery and Allied Trades Research Association
Knifemakers' Guild
Category:Knives / Daggers
Egyptian inventions

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Home » Battolyser B.V. Formed in the Netherlands
Battolyser B.V. Formed in the Netherlands
by Stephen Crolius
Proton Ventures and Delft University of Technology (TU Delft), both of the Netherlands, announced in early February the formation of a new company, Battolyser B.V. The company's initial goal is to build and demonstrate a pilot version of the eponymous technology that stores electricity and produces hydrogen. Hans Vrijenhoef, who will direct the new company, indicated that a fully realized system would include an ammonia production train so that the hydrogen could be stored and transported at low cost. Vrijenhoef is already the Director of Proton Ventures B.V., a member of the NH3 Fuel Association's Global Federation Advisory Board, and the originator of the NH3 Event power-to-ammonia conference.
The battolyser first came to light in a paper published by Fokko Mulder, Professor of Materials for Energy Conversion & Storage at TU Delft, and four co-authors in Energy & Environmental Science in December 2016. At the heart of the system is a nickel-iron battery. By definition the battery functions as an electricity storage device. The twist is that when the battery is fully charged, any additional electricity that comes in electrolyzes the water present in the cell to produce hydrogen. A more detailed discussion of the technology can be found in a contemporaneous Ammonia Energy post. Still more detail can be found in Mulder's Energy & Environmental Science paper, Efficient electricity storage with a battolyser, an integrated Ni–Fe battery and electrolyser.
The new company has not shared details on its path to full validation of the technology, but John Nijenhuis, TU Delft's Technology Transfer Officer, said in a December 20, 2016 press release that "the battolyser needs to be scaled up to the size of a shipping container to prove that the technology is also suitable at the scale of the power produced by a large wind turbine." He indicated that "the aim is to have the large battolyser ready and tested within eighteen months."
The battolyser's energy storage and hydrogen-producing capabilities place it in a category of dual-use assets. The economics of such assets can be attractive when the two uses produce distinct revenue streams. Whereas hydrogen and/or ammonia can clearly be sold into industrial, agricultural, and/or energy markets, the battolyser's energy storage face could produce the more important mid-term cash flow. According to a Navigant Research report, large-scale battery-based energy storage systems (ESS) are "emerging as one of the attractive new sources of the ancillary services required to maintain stable and efficient grid operation." Navigant projects that 8.6 GW of new ESS capacity will be deployed in Western Europe through 2026 in conjunction with the increasing proportion of renewable electricity generation. This translates to an order-of-magnitude capital cost of $30 billion.
The economics of dual-use assets will be superior to those dedicated to a single use only if neither use is deeply suboptimzed by the combination. Certain of the battolyser's basic characteristics point to a favorable prognosis in this regard. According to Mulder's Energy & Environmental Science paper, the battolyser's chemistry permits a relatively low cost per unit of energy stored; its overall energy conversion efficiency is rated at "up to 90%;" and its robust durability under stressful charge and discharge conditions will produce a long useful life.
The most vivid depiction so far of the battolyser's potential comes from "Power to Ammonia," a study released in March 2017 by a team under the leadership of Dutch research agency ISPT. (A detailed description of the study was provided in an April 2017 Ammonia Energy post.) The study's main conclusion is that "CO2 neutral NH3 produced in an electrochemical way from sustainable electricity will be a feasible alternative for NH3 produced from natural gas in the longer term."
The heart of the study is a benchmarking exercise "to compare state of the art NH3 production from SMR [natural-gas-based steam methane reforming] combined with Haber Bosch NH3 synthesis on the one hand with electrochemical production technologies using electrochemical H2 production with Haber Bosch synthesis or direct electrochemical NH3 synthesis on the other hand."
The study evaluated the battolyser and four other alternative methods of ammonia synthesis: solid oxide electrolytic cell (SOEC), low-temperature solid state ammonia synthesis (SSAS), proton exchange membrane, and high temperature SSAS. The battolyser ranked third in energy conversion efficiency. When overall economics were considered, however, the battolyser was seen as one of the two most promising technologies. By the year 2030, according to the report, "only SOEC and battolyser are able to achieve lower costs than the SMR in the high renewable energy scenario. These can be explained by the high efficiency of SOEC and the additional revenues generated by the battolyser by acting also as a battery."
Mulder commented in the Proton Ventures press release that he envisions the battolyser in use "on a global scale in many GW / GWh plants where green power generation capacity is realized of such a size." Vrijenhoef said that "great interest has already been shown in this new technology" from multiple multinational corporations.
Demonstration Project
Battolyser
ISPT
Proton Ventures
Utility-scale Storage
Ammonia Flash Cracking and Energy Development in Southern Africa
Importance of Public Perception towards an Ammonia Economy
Joe Beach says:
Ni-Fe batteries were being promoted for renewable energy applications a few years ago. Their strong suit was a long life and low degradation. Their weak suit was a high self-discharge rate (they lose their charge relatively quickly if they are just left sitting), but that can be okay if they are being charged/discharged on a daily basis.
Your comment "The economics of dual-use assets will be superior to those dedicated to a single use only if neither use is deeply suboptimzed by the combination" hits the nail on the head. Often, dual use produces a device that does neither function very well, rather than a device that is "the best of both worlds." This has a shot, though. Ni and Fe oxides are both catalysts for the oxygen evolution water splitting reaction and they are stabilized in basic solutions like what the Ni-Fe battery uses.


text:
Northwestern Mutual Invests In College Savings App
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SEC'S Jackson Leaving Next Month to Return to Teaching at NYU
Nineteen Estate Planning Highlights from 2019
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Ten Best Business Books of 2019 for Financial Advisors
The Top Colleges for Financial Planning
The 10 Most and 10 Least Valuable College Majors

Doris Buffett has vowed to give away all of her inheritance.

Wealth Planning>Estate Planning
Best Practices for Charitable Gifts to Individuals
How clients can make the most optimal gifts to those in need
Avery B. Armas, Jennifer M. Pagnillo | Oct 05, 2016
There has been much recently written about Doris Buffett, the sister of Warren Buffett, and her efforts to gift millions of dollars to disadvantaged individuals. Ms. Buffett received a substantial inheritance after her mother's death in 1996 and has since vowed to "give it all away," with more than $100 million given away to date. Ms. Buffett provides funds to individuals who have fallen on hard times, with special empathy for the working poor and families in crisis, largely through her private foundation, The Sunshine Lady Foundation, Inc. Ms. Buffett's goal is to provide "life-changing" grants; her gifts average approximately $4,800, though they can be much larger.1 Lately, Ms. Buffett has generated more public interest with her request for the assistance of local volunteers in the Boston area to aid her in reviewing the requests and determining deserving recipients.
The generosity of Doris Buffett is inspiring and contagious. To the extent this strikes a chord with others who want to assist those less fortunate, there are a variety of considerations to take into account when making gifts to needy individuals.
Grants From a Private Foundation
For those who make grants from a private foundation to individuals for travel, study and related purposes, the foundation must have a grant procedure approved in advance by the Internal Revenue Service.2 However, grants for purposes other than travel and study—for example, grants to aid the indigent—don't require a procedure approved in advance. However, the grants must be made on a true charitable basis in furtherance of the purposes for which the foundation was organized.3 The recipients of the grants must make up a charitable class and be selected in a non-discriminatory and objective manner. Finally, grant programs may not create improper benefits or allow for private inurement.
It would be wise to develop a grant application and to maintain documentation of the grants in order to establish that they're made for charitable purposes and don't provide an undue benefit to a private individual.4 Documentation should generally include: a complete description of the assistance provided; the purpose for which the aid was provided; how the recipient was selected; the recipient's name, address and the amount distributed to the recipient; any relationship between a recipient and officers, directors or key employees or substantial contributors to the foundation; and the composition of the selection committee approving the assistance.5 Consideration should also be given to hiring a social worker to assist in putting the grants to effective use.
For those who wish to personally provide financial assistance to disadvantaged individuals, the simplest solution may be to make an outright gift to accomplish this goal. There are reporting requirements associated with gifts from one individual to another if the gift is in excess of the annual exclusion amount (currently $14,000 or $28,000 if the donor is married and their spouse agrees to "split" the gift); however, these reporting requirements on Form 709, the United State Gift (and Generation-Skipping Transfer) Tax Return, are relatively minimal. In terms of tax consequences, such gifts will not count against an individual's lifetime exemption from federal estate and gift6 tax so long as the aggregate amount paid to any one individual is under the annual exclusion amount. Although the catalyst for charitable gifting is generally altruistic rather than tax-related, it is important to note that there's no income tax deduction for individual gifts made directly to needy individuals for charitable purposes.
1. DeCosta-Klipa, Nik, "Warren Buffett's Sister Would Like Help From Boston Deciding How to Hand Out Her Brother's Money," Boston.com (Aug. 14, 2016), https://www.boston.com/news/business/2016/08/14/warren-buffetts-sister-needs-help-from-boston-deciding-how-to-hand-out-her-brothers-money.
2. Section 4945 of the Internal Revenue Code ("IRC") provides that grants to individuals for travel, study or similar purposes are taxable expenditures, and subject to penalty excise taxes, unless the grants are awarded on an "objective and nondiscriminatory basis pursuant to a procedure approved in advance by the Internal Revenue Service." IRC Section 4945(d)(3) and (g).
3. See Private Letter Ruling 199917079 (April 30, 1999), PLR 9237043 (June 19, 1992) and Treasury Regulation 1.170A-4A(b)(2)(ii)(D). See also Treas. Reg. Section 53.4945-4(a)(3)(i).
4. IRS Publication 4221: Compliance Guide for 501(c)(3) Private Foundations at p. 19, https://www.irs.gov/pub/irs-pdf/p4221pf.pdf.
5. See also, IRS Publication 3833: Disaster Relief, Providing Assistance Through Charitable Organizations at p. 13, https://www.irs.gov/pub/irs-pdf/p3833.pdf.
6. The state of Connecticut also imposes a gift tax on gifts in excess of the annual exclusion amount.


Looks like our faves Adekunle Gold and Simi, who wedded in a lowkey ceremony, are honeymooning in Cape Town, South Africa.
The two had gotten traditionally married on Wednesday, January 9, in an unknown location in Lagos, and had had an even quieter white wedding.
The post Newlyweds Adekunle Gold & Simi Honeymoon in Cape Town appeared first on BellaNaija – Nigeria breaking & top news to the World 24/7. Read Today.


text:
<?php
/**
 * Proxy backend that mirrors writes to several internal backends.
 *
 * This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify
 * it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
 * the Free Software Foundation; either version 2 of the License, or
 * (at your option) any later version.
 *
 * This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
 * but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
 * MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
 * GNU General Public License for more details.
 *
 * You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License along
 * with this program; if not, write to the Free Software Foundation, Inc.,
 * 51 Franklin Street, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA 02110-1301, USA.
 * http://www.gnu.org/copyleft/gpl.html
 *
 * @file
 * @ingroup FileBackend
 * @author Aaron Schulz
 */

/**
 * @brief Proxy backend that mirrors writes to several internal backends.
 *
 * This class defines a multi-write backend. Multiple backends can be
 * registered to this proxy backend and it will act as a single backend.
 * Use this when all access to those backends is through this proxy backend.
 * At least one of the backends must be declared the "master" backend.
 *
 * Only use this class when transitioning from one storage system to another.
 *
 * Read operations are only done on the 'master' backend for consistency.
 * Write operations are performed on all backends, in the order defined.
 * If an operation fails on one backend it will be rolled back from the others.
 *
 * @ingroup FileBackend
 * @since 1.19
 */
class FileBackendMultiWrite extends FileBackend {
	/** @var array Prioritized list of FileBackendStore objects.
	 * array of (backend index => backends)
	 */
	protected $backends = array();

	/** @var int Index of master backend */
	protected $masterIndex = -1;

	/** @var int Bitfield */
	protected $syncChecks = 0;

	/** @var string|bool */
	protected $autoResync = false;

	/** @var array */
	protected $noPushDirConts = array();

	/** @var bool */
	protected $noPushQuickOps = false;

	/* Possible internal backend consistency checks */
	const CHECK_SIZE = 1;
	const CHECK_TIME = 2;
	const CHECK_SHA1 = 4;

	/**
	 * Construct a proxy backend that consists of several internal backends.
	 * Locking, journaling, and read-only checks are handled by the proxy backend.
	 *
	 * Additional $config params include:
	 *   - backends       : Array of backend config and multi-backend settings.
	 *                      Each value is the config used in the constructor of a
	 *                      FileBackendStore class, but with these additional settings:
	 *                        - class         : The name of the backend class
	 *                        - isMultiMaster : This must be set for one backend.
	 *                        - template:     : If given a backend name, this will use
	 *                                          the config of that backend as a template.
	 *                                          Values specified here take precedence.
	 *   - syncChecks     : Integer bitfield of internal backend sync checks to perform.
	 *                      Possible bits include the FileBackendMultiWrite::CHECK_* constants.
	 *                      There are constants for SIZE, TIME, and SHA1.
	 *                      The checks are done before allowing any file operations.
	 *   - autoResync     : Automatically resync the clone backends to the master backend
	 *                      when pre-operation sync checks fail. This should only be used
	 *                      if the master backend is stable and not missing any files.
	 *                      Use "conservative" to limit resyncing to copying newer master
	 *                      backend files over older (or non-existing) clone backend files.
	 *                      Cases that cannot be handled will result in operation abortion.
	 *   - noPushQuickOps : (hack) Only apply doQuickOperations() to the master backend.
	 *   - noPushDirConts : (hack) Only apply directory functions to the master backend.
	 *
	 * @param array $config
	 * @throws FileBackendError
	 */
	public function __construct( array $config ) {
		parent::__construct( $config );
		$this->syncChecks = isset( $config['syncChecks'] )
			? $config['syncChecks']
			: self::CHECK_SIZE;
		$this->autoResync = isset( $config['autoResync'] )
			? $config['autoResync']
			: false;
		$this->noPushQuickOps = isset( $config['noPushQuickOps'] )
			? $config['noPushQuickOps']
			: false;
		$this->noPushDirConts = isset( $config['noPushDirConts'] )
			? $config['noPushDirConts']
			: array();
		// Construct backends here rather than via registration
		// to keep these backends hidden from outside the proxy.
		$namesUsed = array();
		foreach ( $config['backends'] as $index => $config ) {
			if ( isset( $config['template'] ) ) {
				// Config is just a modified version of a registered backend's.
				// This should only be used when that config is used only by this backend.
				$config = $config + FileBackendGroup::singleton()->config( $config['template'] );
			}
			$name = $config['name'];
			if ( isset( $namesUsed[$name] ) ) { // don't break FileOp predicates
				throw new FileBackendError( "Two or more backends defined with the name $name." );
			}
			$namesUsed[$name] = 1;
			// Alter certain sub-backend settings for sanity
			unset( $config['readOnly'] ); // use proxy backend setting
			unset( $config['fileJournal'] ); // use proxy backend journal
			unset( $config['lockManager'] ); // lock under proxy backend
			$config['wikiId'] = $this->wikiId; // use the proxy backend wiki ID
			if ( !empty( $config['isMultiMaster'] ) ) {
				if ( $this->masterIndex >= 0 ) {
					throw new FileBackendError( 'More than one master backend defined.' );
				}
				$this->masterIndex = $index; // this is the "master"
				$config['fileJournal'] = $this->fileJournal; // log under proxy backend
			}
			// Create sub-backend object
			if ( !isset( $config['class'] ) ) {
				throw new FileBackendError( 'No class given for a backend config.' );
			}
			$class = $config['class'];
			$this->backends[$index] = new $class( $config );
		}
		if ( $this->masterIndex < 0 ) { // need backends and must have a master
			throw new FileBackendError( 'No master backend defined.' );
		}
	}

	final protected function doOperationsInternal( array $ops, array $opts ) {
		$status = Status::newGood();

		$mbe = $this->backends[$this->masterIndex]; // convenience

		// Try to lock those files for the scope of this function...
		if ( empty( $opts['nonLocking'] ) ) {
			// Try to lock those files for the scope of this function...
			$scopeLock = $this->getScopedLocksForOps( $ops, $status );
			if ( !$status->isOK() ) {
				return $status; // abort
			}
		}
		// Clear any cache entries (after locks acquired)
		$this->clearCache();
		$opts['preserveCache'] = true; // only locked files are cached
		// Get the list of paths to read/write...
		$relevantPaths = $this->fileStoragePathsForOps( $ops );
		// Check if the paths are valid and accessible on all backends...
		$status->merge( $this->accessibilityCheck( $relevantPaths ) );
		if ( !$status->isOK() ) {
			return $status; // abort
		}
		// Do a consistency check to see if the backends are consistent...
		$syncStatus = $this->consistencyCheck( $relevantPaths );
		if ( !$syncStatus->isOK() ) {
			wfDebugLog( 'FileOperation', get_class( $this ) .
				" failed sync check: " . FormatJson::encode( $relevantPaths ) );
			// Try to resync the clone backends to the master on the spot...
			if ( !$this->autoResync || !$this->resyncFiles( $relevantPaths )->isOK() ) {
				$status->merge( $syncStatus );

				return $status; // abort
			}
		}
		// Actually attempt the operation batch on the master backend...
		$realOps = $this->substOpBatchPaths( $ops, $mbe );
		$masterStatus = $mbe->doOperations( $realOps, $opts );
		$status->merge( $masterStatus );
		// Propagate the operations to the clone backends if there were no unexpected errors
		// and if there were either no expected errors or if the 'force' option was used.
		// However, if nothing succeeded at all, then don't replicate any of the operations.
		// If $ops only had one operation, this might avoid backend sync inconsistencies.
		if ( $masterStatus->isOK() && $masterStatus->successCount > 0 ) {
			foreach ( $this->backends as $index => $backend ) {
				if ( $index !== $this->masterIndex ) { // not done already
					$realOps = $this->substOpBatchPaths( $ops, $backend );
					$status->merge( $backend->doOperations( $realOps, $opts ) );
				}
			}
		}
		// Make 'success', 'successCount', and 'failCount' fields reflect
		// the overall operation, rather than all the batches for each backend.
		// Do this by only using success values from the master backend's batch.
		$status->success = $masterStatus->success;
		$status->successCount = $masterStatus->successCount;
		$status->failCount = $masterStatus->failCount;

		return $status;
	}

	/**
	 * Check that a set of files are consistent across all internal backends
	 *
	 * @param array $paths List of storage paths
	 * @return Status
	 */
	public function consistencyCheck( array $paths ) {
		$status = Status::newGood();
		if ( $this->syncChecks == 0 || count( $this->backends ) <= 1 ) {
			return $status; // skip checks
		}

		$mBackend = $this->backends[$this->masterIndex];
		foreach ( $paths as $path ) {
			$params = array( 'src' => $path, 'latest' => true );
			$mParams = $this->substOpPaths( $params, $mBackend );
			// Stat the file on the 'master' backend
			$mStat = $mBackend->getFileStat( $mParams );
			if ( $this->syncChecks & self::CHECK_SHA1 ) {
				$mSha1 = $mBackend->getFileSha1Base36( $mParams );
			} else {
				$mSha1 = false;
			}
			// Check if all clone backends agree with the master...
			foreach ( $this->backends as $index => $cBackend ) {
				if ( $index === $this->masterIndex ) {
					continue; // master
				}
				$cParams = $this->substOpPaths( $params, $cBackend );
				$cStat = $cBackend->getFileStat( $cParams );
				if ( $mStat ) { // file is in master
					if ( !$cStat ) { // file should exist
						$status->fatal( 'backend-fail-synced', $path );
						continue;
					}
					if ( $this->syncChecks & self::CHECK_SIZE ) {
						if ( $cStat['size'] != $mStat['size'] ) { // wrong size
							$status->fatal( 'backend-fail-synced', $path );
							continue;
						}
					}
					if ( $this->syncChecks & self::CHECK_TIME ) {
						$mTs = wfTimestamp( TS_UNIX, $mStat['mtime'] );
						$cTs = wfTimestamp( TS_UNIX, $cStat['mtime'] );
						if ( abs( $mTs - $cTs ) > 30 ) { // outdated file somewhere
							$status->fatal( 'backend-fail-synced', $path );
							continue;
						}
					}
					if ( $this->syncChecks & self::CHECK_SHA1 ) {
						if ( $cBackend->getFileSha1Base36( $cParams ) !== $mSha1 ) { // wrong SHA1
							$status->fatal( 'backend-fail-synced', $path );
							continue;
						}
					}
				} else { // file is not in master
					if ( $cStat ) { // file should not exist
						$status->fatal( 'backend-fail-synced', $path );
					}
				}
			}
		}

		return $status;
	}

	/**
	 * Check that a set of file paths are usable across all internal backends
	 *
	 * @param array $paths List of storage paths
	 * @return Status
	 */
	public function accessibilityCheck( array $paths ) {
		$status = Status::newGood();
		if ( count( $this->backends ) <= 1 ) {
			return $status; // skip checks
		}

		foreach ( $paths as $path ) {
			foreach ( $this->backends as $backend ) {
				$realPath = $this->substPaths( $path, $backend );
				if ( !$backend->isPathUsableInternal( $realPath ) ) {
					$status->fatal( 'backend-fail-usable', $path );
				}
			}
		}

		return $status;
	}

	/**
	 * Check that a set of files are consistent across all internal backends
	 * and re-synchronize those files againt the "multi master" if needed.
	 *
	 * @param array $paths List of storage paths
	 * @return Status
	 */
	public function resyncFiles( array $paths ) {
		$status = Status::newGood();

		$mBackend = $this->backends[$this->masterIndex];
		foreach ( $paths as $path ) {
			$mPath = $this->substPaths( $path, $mBackend );
			$mSha1 = $mBackend->getFileSha1Base36( array( 'src' => $mPath, 'latest' => true ) );
			$mStat = $mBackend->getFileStat( array( 'src' => $mPath, 'latest' => true ) );
			if ( $mStat === null || ( $mSha1 !== false && !$mStat ) ) { // sanity
				$status->fatal( 'backend-fail-internal', $this->name );
				continue; // file is not available on the master backend...
			}
			// Check of all clone backends agree with the master...
			foreach ( $this->backends as $index => $cBackend ) {
				if ( $index === $this->masterIndex ) {
					continue; // master
				}
				$cPath = $this->substPaths( $path, $cBackend );
				$cSha1 = $cBackend->getFileSha1Base36( array( 'src' => $cPath, 'latest' => true ) );
				$cStat = $cBackend->getFileStat( array( 'src' => $cPath, 'latest' => true ) );
				if ( $cStat === null || ( $cSha1 !== false && !$cStat ) ) { // sanity
					$status->fatal( 'backend-fail-internal', $cBackend->getName() );
					continue; // file is not available on the clone backend...
				}
				if ( $mSha1 === $cSha1 ) {
					// already synced; nothing to do
				} elseif ( $mSha1 !== false ) { // file is in master
					if ( $this->autoResync === 'conservative'
						&& $cStat && $cStat['mtime'] > $mStat['mtime']
					) {
						$status->fatal( 'backend-fail-synced', $path );
						continue; // don't rollback data
					}
					$fsFile = $mBackend->getLocalReference(
						array( 'src' => $mPath, 'latest' => true ) );
					$status->merge( $cBackend->quickStore(
						array( 'src' => $fsFile->getPath(), 'dst' => $cPath )
					) );
				} elseif ( $mStat === false ) { // file is not in master
					if ( $this->autoResync === 'conservative' ) {
						$status->fatal( 'backend-fail-synced', $path );
						continue; // don't delete data
					}
					$status->merge( $cBackend->quickDelete( array( 'src' => $cPath ) ) );
				}
			}
		}

		return $status;
	}

	/**
	 * Get a list of file storage paths to read or write for a list of operations
	 *
	 * @param array $ops Same format as doOperations()
	 * @return array List of storage paths to files (does not include directories)
	 */
	protected function fileStoragePathsForOps( array $ops ) {
		$paths = array();
		foreach ( $ops as $op ) {
			if ( isset( $op['src'] ) ) {
				// For things like copy/move/delete with "ignoreMissingSource" and there
				// is no source file, nothing should happen and there should be no errors.
				if ( empty( $op['ignoreMissingSource'] )
					|| $this->fileExists( array( 'src' => $op['src'] ) )
				) {
					$paths[] = $op['src'];
				}
			}
			if ( isset( $op['srcs'] ) ) {
				$paths = array_merge( $paths, $op['srcs'] );
			}
			if ( isset( $op['dst'] ) ) {
				$paths[] = $op['dst'];
			}
		}

		return array_values( array_unique( array_filter( $paths, 'FileBackend::isStoragePath' ) ) );
	}

	/**
	 * Substitute the backend name in storage path parameters
	 * for a set of operations with that of a given internal backend.
	 *
	 * @param array $ops List of file operation arrays
	 * @param FileBackendStore $backend
	 * @return array
	 */
	protected function substOpBatchPaths( array $ops, FileBackendStore $backend ) {
		$newOps = array(); // operations
		foreach ( $ops as $op ) {
			$newOp = $op; // operation
			foreach ( array( 'src', 'srcs', 'dst', 'dir' ) as $par ) {
				if ( isset( $newOp[$par] ) ) { // string or array
					$newOp[$par] = $this->substPaths( $newOp[$par], $backend );
				}
			}
			$newOps[] = $newOp;
		}

		return $newOps;
	}

	/**
	 * Same as substOpBatchPaths() but for a single operation
	 *
	 * @param array $ops File operation array
	 * @param FileBackendStore $backend
	 * @return array
	 */
	protected function substOpPaths( array $ops, FileBackendStore $backend ) {
		$newOps = $this->substOpBatchPaths( array( $ops ), $backend );

		return $newOps[0];
	}

	/**
	 * Substitute the backend of storage paths with an internal backend's name
	 *
	 * @param array|string $paths List of paths or single string path
	 * @param FileBackendStore $backend
	 * @return array|string
	 */
	protected function substPaths( $paths, FileBackendStore $backend ) {
		return preg_replace(
			'!^mwstore://' . preg_quote( $this->name ) . '/!',
			StringUtils::escapeRegexReplacement( "mwstore://{$backend->getName()}/" ),
			$paths // string or array
		);
	}

	/**
	 * Substitute the backend of internal storage paths with the proxy backend's name
	 *
	 * @param array|string $paths List of paths or single string path
	 * @return array|string
	 */
	protected function unsubstPaths( $paths ) {
		return preg_replace(
			'!^mwstore://([^/]+)!',
			StringUtils::escapeRegexReplacement( "mwstore://{$this->name}" ),
			$paths // string or array
		);
	}

	protected function doQuickOperationsInternal( array $ops ) {
		$status = Status::newGood();
		// Do the operations on the master backend; setting Status fields...
		$realOps = $this->substOpBatchPaths( $ops, $this->backends[$this->masterIndex] );
		$masterStatus = $this->backends[$this->masterIndex]->doQuickOperations( $realOps );
		$status->merge( $masterStatus );
		// Propagate the operations to the clone backends...
		if ( !$this->noPushQuickOps ) {
			foreach ( $this->backends as $index => $backend ) {
				if ( $index !== $this->masterIndex ) { // not done already
					$realOps = $this->substOpBatchPaths( $ops, $backend );
					$status->merge( $backend->doQuickOperations( $realOps ) );
				}
			}
		}
		// Make 'success', 'successCount', and 'failCount' fields reflect
		// the overall operation, rather than all the batches for each backend.
		// Do this by only using success values from the master backend's batch.
		$status->success = $masterStatus->success;
		$status->successCount = $masterStatus->successCount;
		$status->failCount = $masterStatus->failCount;

		return $status;
	}

	/**
	 * @param string $path Storage path
	 * @return bool Path container should have dir changes pushed to all backends
	 */
	protected function replicateContainerDirChanges( $path ) {
		list( , $shortCont, ) = self::splitStoragePath( $path );

		return !in_array( $shortCont, $this->noPushDirConts );
	}

	protected function doPrepare( array $params ) {
		$status = Status::newGood();
		$replicate = $this->replicateContainerDirChanges( $params['dir'] );
		foreach ( $this->backends as $index => $backend ) {
			if ( $replicate || $index == $this->masterIndex ) {
				$realParams = $this->substOpPaths( $params, $backend );
				$status->merge( $backend->doPrepare( $realParams ) );
			}
		}

		return $status;
	}

	protected function doSecure( array $params ) {
		$status = Status::newGood();
		$replicate = $this->replicateContainerDirChanges( $params['dir'] );
		foreach ( $this->backends as $index => $backend ) {
			if ( $replicate || $index == $this->masterIndex ) {
				$realParams = $this->substOpPaths( $params, $backend );
				$status->merge( $backend->doSecure( $realParams ) );
			}
		}

		return $status;
	}

	protected function doPublish( array $params ) {
		$status = Status::newGood();
		$replicate = $this->replicateContainerDirChanges( $params['dir'] );
		foreach ( $this->backends as $index => $backend ) {
			if ( $replicate || $index == $this->masterIndex ) {
				$realParams = $this->substOpPaths( $params, $backend );
				$status->merge( $backend->doPublish( $realParams ) );
			}
		}

		return $status;
	}

	protected function doClean( array $params ) {
		$status = Status::newGood();
		$replicate = $this->replicateContainerDirChanges( $params['dir'] );
		foreach ( $this->backends as $index => $backend ) {
			if ( $replicate || $index == $this->masterIndex ) {
				$realParams = $this->substOpPaths( $params, $backend );
				$status->merge( $backend->doClean( $realParams ) );
			}
		}

		return $status;
	}

	public function concatenate( array $params ) {
		// We are writing to an FS file, so we don't need to do this per-backend
		$realParams = $this->substOpPaths( $params, $this->backends[$this->masterIndex] );

		return $this->backends[$this->masterIndex]->concatenate( $realParams );
	}

	public function fileExists( array $params ) {
		$realParams = $this->substOpPaths( $params, $this->backends[$this->masterIndex] );

		return $this->backends[$this->masterIndex]->fileExists( $realParams );
	}

	public function getFileTimestamp( array $params ) {
		$realParams = $this->substOpPaths( $params, $this->backends[$this->masterIndex] );

		return $this->backends[$this->masterIndex]->getFileTimestamp( $realParams );
	}

	public function getFileSize( array $params ) {
		$realParams = $this->substOpPaths( $params, $this->backends[$this->masterIndex] );

		return $this->backends[$this->masterIndex]->getFileSize( $realParams );
	}

	public function getFileStat( array $params ) {
		$realParams = $this->substOpPaths( $params, $this->backends[$this->masterIndex] );

		return $this->backends[$this->masterIndex]->getFileStat( $realParams );
	}

	public function getFileXAttributes( array $params ) {
		$realParams = $this->substOpPaths( $params, $this->backends[$this->masterIndex] );

		return $this->backends[$this->masterIndex]->getFileXAttributes( $realParams );
	}

	public function getFileContentsMulti( array $params ) {
		$realParams = $this->substOpPaths( $params, $this->backends[$this->masterIndex] );
		$contentsM = $this->backends[$this->masterIndex]->getFileContentsMulti( $realParams );

		$contents = array(); // (path => FSFile) mapping using the proxy backend's name
		foreach ( $contentsM as $path => $data ) {
			$contents[$this->unsubstPaths( $path )] = $data;
		}

		return $contents;
	}

	public function getFileSha1Base36( array $params ) {
		$realParams = $this->substOpPaths( $params, $this->backends[$this->masterIndex] );

		return $this->backends[$this->masterIndex]->getFileSha1Base36( $realParams );
	}

	public function getFileProps( array $params ) {
		$realParams = $this->substOpPaths( $params, $this->backends[$this->masterIndex] );

		return $this->backends[$this->masterIndex]->getFileProps( $realParams );
	}

	public function streamFile( array $params ) {
		$realParams = $this->substOpPaths( $params, $this->backends[$this->masterIndex] );

		return $this->backends[$this->masterIndex]->streamFile( $realParams );
	}

	public function getLocalReferenceMulti( array $params ) {
		$realParams = $this->substOpPaths( $params, $this->backends[$this->masterIndex] );
		$fsFilesM = $this->backends[$this->masterIndex]->getLocalReferenceMulti( $realParams );

		$fsFiles = array(); // (path => FSFile) mapping using the proxy backend's name
		foreach ( $fsFilesM as $path => $fsFile ) {
			$fsFiles[$this->unsubstPaths( $path )] = $fsFile;
		}

		return $fsFiles;
	}

	public function getLocalCopyMulti( array $params ) {
		$realParams = $this->substOpPaths( $params, $this->backends[$this->masterIndex] );
		$tempFilesM = $this->backends[$this->masterIndex]->getLocalCopyMulti( $realParams );

		$tempFiles = array(); // (path => TempFSFile) mapping using the proxy backend's name
		foreach ( $tempFilesM as $path => $tempFile ) {
			$tempFiles[$this->unsubstPaths( $path )] = $tempFile;
		}

		return $tempFiles;
	}

	public function getFileHttpUrl( array $params ) {
		$realParams = $this->substOpPaths( $params, $this->backends[$this->masterIndex] );

		return $this->backends[$this->masterIndex]->getFileHttpUrl( $realParams );
	}

	public function directoryExists( array $params ) {
		$realParams = $this->substOpPaths( $params, $this->backends[$this->masterIndex] );

		return $this->backends[$this->masterIndex]->directoryExists( $realParams );
	}

	public function getDirectoryList( array $params ) {
		$realParams = $this->substOpPaths( $params, $this->backends[$this->masterIndex] );

		return $this->backends[$this->masterIndex]->getDirectoryList( $realParams );
	}

	public function getFileList( array $params ) {
		$realParams = $this->substOpPaths( $params, $this->backends[$this->masterIndex] );

		return $this->backends[$this->masterIndex]->getFileList( $realParams );
	}

	public function getFeatures() {
		return $this->backends[$this->masterIndex]->getFeatures();
	}

	public function clearCache( array $paths = null ) {
		foreach ( $this->backends as $backend ) {
			$realPaths = is_array( $paths ) ? $this->substPaths( $paths, $backend ) : null;
			$backend->clearCache( $realPaths );
		}
	}

	public function preloadCache( array $paths ) {
		$realPaths = $this->substPaths( $paths, $this->backends[$this->masterIndex] );
		$this->backends[$this->masterIndex]->preloadCache( $realPaths );
	}

	public function preloadFileStat( array $params ) {
		$realParams = $this->substOpPaths( $params, $this->backends[$this->masterIndex] );
		$this->backends[$this->masterIndex]->preloadFileStat( $realParams );
	}

	public function getScopedLocksForOps( array $ops, Status $status ) {
		$realOps = $this->substOpBatchPaths( $ops, $this->backends[$this->masterIndex] );
		$fileOps = $this->backends[$this->masterIndex]->getOperationsInternal( $realOps );
		// Get the paths to lock from the master backend
		$paths = $this->backends[$this->masterIndex]->getPathsToLockForOpsInternal( $fileOps );
		// Get the paths under the proxy backend's name
		$pbPaths = array(
			LockManager::LOCK_UW => $this->unsubstPaths( $paths[LockManager::LOCK_UW] ),
			LockManager::LOCK_EX => $this->unsubstPaths( $paths[LockManager::LOCK_EX] )
		);

		// Actually acquire the locks
		return array( $this->getScopedFileLocks( $pbPaths, 'mixed', $status ) );
	}
}


text:
Q: Vue: Past event target value is giving me an empty string on the first paste My input field is empty and I paste a string in I get back an empty string. If I paste it again it shows me the previous pasted value. How do I capture the first paste value?
<template>
  <v-app>

  <h3>{{cat}}</h3>
  <input @paste="testfunction" :style="{border:'solid black thick'}"/>
  </v-app>
</template>

<script lang="ts">
import Vue from 'vue';
import HelloWorld from './components/HelloWorld.vue';

export default Vue.extend({
  name: 'App',

  components: {
    HelloWorld,
  },

  data: () => ({
    cat:'meow'
  }),
  methods:{
    testfunction(event:any){
      console.log(event.target.value)
      this.cat = event.target.value
    }
  }
});
</script>

A: I may have answered this by using await navigator.clipboard.readText(). I don't know if this is the best solution, but it's working for me.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


When working to obtain a degree in education, one of the requirements is that you do classroom observations of certified teachers at local public schools. These observations give you a chance to see what it's like to manage classroom behavior and successfully teach a lesson plan outside of the controlled environment of a college education class. It also gives you a chance to see the spectacular catastrophes that occur when a room full of children loses control.
When I was in college, I did many of my observations with the same group of people. One person I always went with was my good friend Brad, who like myself was a music education major and a trombone player. Brad was the type of guy that was very low key, had a subtle yet hilarious sense of humor, and was smarter and more dependable than 99% of the people around him (myself included). In other words, he was one of the few people whose company you could actually tolerate and even enjoy while driving to a school before the sun had come up.
One semester, Brad and I were observing an elementary school music class during the mornings before our college classes began for the day. Hearing students attempt to sing 'My Country, 'Tis of Thee' or playing the recorder (aka the devil's instrument) at 7:00 AM is not the best way to start your day. I am often amazed by the fact that kids at that age can be so utterly cheerful and energetic in the morning while I wished for nothing more than complete silence and a place to put my head down.
so we can get back to Sociology class and sleep.
One day, the teacher asked Brad and I if we could bring in our instruments and play for the class. We both agreed and were actually looking forward to performing for the class. It would be nice to get to do something other than sit in one place and listen to kids sing along with overly cheerful recordings of various patriotic songs. When we arrived at the school that morning, however, Brad and I were greeted with a much larger audience than we were expecting.
…until Brad said one of the most ill advised thing that you could ever say to a room full of children.
Brad's words being translated by the gods of chaos and destruction.
Before I could warn Brad of the absolute ragnarok that he had just commanded, he was already counting off for us to begin playing. My musician's instincts took over and we began our duet. No one, however, was able to tell that we had started because in front of us was the most incredible display of kinetic chaos that I have ever seen in my entire life. This includes multiple rock concerts and college/pro sporting events. A tornado would have been preferable to the absolute terror and destruction that Brad's call for spontaneous dancing by the students had wrought.
For example: When someone says that kids in a classroom are "bouncing off the walls," they most likely mean that the students were very hyperactive or at worst, running/jumping within the confines of the floor. What Brad and I observed (as we stoically continued to perform our Baroque duet) were students that were LITERALLY bouncing off the walls. Some jumped towards the wall and kicked off of it with their feet, which sent them hurtling backwards into clusters of their unsuspecting classmates. Others simply flung their entire bodies into the wall and collapsed back onto the floor, only to get back up and repeat the process.
Some students went with the more mundane option of simply flailing their arms about while running back and forth across the room. Others dropped to the floor and convulsed as if a demon were being exorcised from their bodies. If a student had experienced a seizure, no one would have known.
Why are everyone's pupils dilated?
The teacher whose classroom we were in kept a giant beach ball near the back of the room. The ball lasted all of about 15 seconds into the fray until we heard a very loud "Pop!" This of course did not deter any of the mass chaos that was happening around us.
I also distinctly remember one of the youngest students that was standing near us. He was attempting to do an actual Irish Jig while complete anarchy raged around him. I appreciated the effort.
The noise in the room had also grown to a phenomenally insane level. Shrill screams and maniacal laughter created a wall of sound that completely drowned out our playing and every attempt at a coherent thought. The students were screaming so loudly that by the time we finished the piece, no one was aware that our performance had concluded. Brad and I put down our horns and watched as the teachers desperately tried to regain control of the classroom. It would take them almost 10 minutes to get the class to settle back down and stop losing its collective mind.
A few chairs and desks may have needed to be moved back into place, as well.
"I guess I shouldn't have said that," Brad said sheepishly as a lunch box flew by his head.
"Yeah, probably not," I replied as another student crashed into my music stand, knocking it to the floor.
It was in that moment that I decided teaching elementary school was not really for me. Of course, if it was the only job available, I'd be willing to take it. But I would need to make sure that there were clear guidelines prohibiting 140 kids from spontaneously dancing in a confined space.


Garlic is not only quite popular in India but it is a well known and widely eaten vegetable in the world and its benefits are also counted. For Some people it's smell is very fast and distracting. But Garlic is a very healthy vegetable, which has many benefits. Today we are going to share some beneficial qualities of garlic with all of you so that you can understand how important it is to add garlic in your daily food. So let's see some of the unique advantages of garlic that make it a miraculous vegetable.
Garlic is highly beneficial in preventing cancer.
By eating garlic every day, you keep away from catching cold and cough.
Garlic also increases the ability to fight your disease.
Garlic controls high blood pressure. Because there is high blood pressure due to the lack of sulfur and the amount of sulfur in garlic is good, thus there is high blood pressure control.
In addition, garlic also helps diabetics to control diabetes.
In today's lifestyle, people eat food which is quite fried and is full of oil ghee(especially in India), so many people are complaining of high cholesterol these days. Garlic also controls cholesterol. Diseases associated with heart are also crippled due to garlic because garlic controls diabetes, high blood pressure and cholesterol as well.
Garlic also keeps gas and digestive tract well.
So friends these are some of the advantages of eating garlic.
Apart from this, there are many other benefits of eating garlic every day. If there are some other advantages or qualities of garlic in your mind, please do share them with us in the comment section below.