Defines what to with symbol names. When it is nil, or when :packages-to-keep-symbol-names is :all, all symbol names are kept. When symbol-names-action is t, symbol names (except those which are kept by :keep-symbol-names, :keep-keyword-names or :packages-to-keep-symbol-names) are changed to the same string "Dummy Symbol Name".
symbol-names-action is treated as nil unless the treeshaker is invoked during delivery (see :shake-shake-shake).
Compatibility Note: in LispWorks 4.4 and previous on Windows and Linux platforms, :symbol-names-action t shortens symbol names to a three-character unique code. This has changed, as described above, in LispWorks 5.0 and later.
Removing symbol names makes it very difficult to debug the application, and it is assumed that it is done after the application is essentially error free. However, some applications may make use of symbol names as strings, which may cause errors to appear only when the symbol names are removed. In some cases the easiest solution is to retain symbol names. This will result in a larger executable, though the size increase is usually small.
If you do want to remove symbol names and need to debug your application, symbol-names-action takes these other values :spell-error, :reverse, :invert and :plist. Note that these other values are only useful when debugging an application which works with symbol-names-action nil but not with symbol-names-action t. In other cases they simply make debugging difficult to no advantage.
In the case of :spell-error (which is probably the most useful), the last alphabetic characters in the first 6 characters of the symbol name are rotated by one, that is, A becomes B, g becomes h, and Z becomes A. This leaves the symbol names quite readable, but any function that relies on symbol names fails. A more drastic effect is achieved by the value :reverse, which reverses the symbol name. The value :invert just changes the case of every alphabetic character to the other case. This is more readable than :spell-error, but if the application relies on symbol names but does not care about case, the errors do not appear. The value :plist causes the symbol names to be set to the dummy name, but the old string is being put on the plist of the symbol (get symbol `sys::real-symbol-name). A simple backtrace (obtained after :error-handler :btrace) uses this property when it exists to get the symbol name to display.
If the debugging shows that some symbols must retain their symbol name for the application to work, this must be flagged to deliver by either :keep-symbol-names or :packages-to-keep-symbol-names.
After debugging your delivered application using :spell-error, :reverse, :invert or :plist, you may want the production build to be done with symbol-names-action t to remove symbol names and achieve a small reduction in size.
Compatibility Note: in LispWorks 4.4 and previous on Windows and Linux platforms, :symbol-names-action allows the value :dump. This is no longer supported.


Home > LoL News > Tips on how to start off getting great grades to boost my CGPA?
Tips on how to start off getting great grades to boost my CGPA?
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Q: Normal estimation of signed distance function just won't work I'm trying to create a compute shader in Unity that performs raymarching. So far I have an SDF of a box and a ray generation / marching function all of which seems to work fine:
struct Ray {
    float3 position;
    float3 direction;
};

Ray CreateCameraRay(float2 uv) {
    Ray ray;
    ray.position = mul(CameraToWorld, float4(0, 0, 0, 1)).xyz;
    ray.direction = mul(CameraInverseProjection, float4(uv, 0, 1)).xyz;
    ray.direction = mul(CameraToWorld, float4(ray.direction, 0)).xyz;
    ray.direction = normalize(ray.direction);
    return ray;
}

float sdf_box (float3 p)
{
    float3 c = float3(0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f);
    float3 s = float3(1.0f, 1.0f, 1.0f);
    float x = max
    (   p.x - c.x - float3(s.x / 2., 0, 0),
        c.x - p.x - float3(s.x / 2., 0, 0)
    );
    float y = max
    (   p.y - c.y - float3(s.y / 2., 0, 0),
        c.y - p.y - float3(s.y / 2., 0, 0)
    );

    float z = max
    (   p.z - c.z - float3(s.z / 2., 0, 0),
        c.z - p.z - float3(s.z / 2., 0, 0)
    );
    float d = x;
    d = max(d,y);
    d = max(d,z);
    return d;
}

[numthreads(32,32,1)]
void CSMain (uint3 id : SV_DispatchThreadID)
{
    uint width, height;
    Result.GetDimensions(width, height);
    float2 uv = id.xy / float2(width, height) * 2.0 - 1.0;
    Ray ray = CreateCameraRay(uv);

    float4 colour = float4(0, 0, 0, 0);
    bool cont = true;
    int step = 0;

    while (cont) {
        step++;
        float dist = sdf_box(ray.position);
        ray.position += ray.direction * dist;
        if (dist < 0.01f) {
            colour = float4(ray.position, 0.0f);
        }
        cont = (dist > 0.01f) && (step < 500);
    }

    Result[id.xy] = colour;
}

The above code generates the following image:

The next step is to add a bit of lighting. To do this I need a surface normal function, which I've defined as:
float EPSILON = 0.001f;
float3 normal(float3 p) {
    float2 e = float2(EPSILON, 0);
    return normalize(float3(
        sdf_box(p + e.xyy) - sdf_box(p + e.xyy),
        sdf_box(p + e.yxy) - sdf_box(p + e.yxy),
        sdf_box(p + e.yyx) - sdf_box(p + e.yyx))
    );
}

Now, to check that the normal function is working properly I decided to draw the normal of each contact point on the box (by replacing colour = float4(ray.position, 0.0f); with colour = float4(normal(ray.position), 0.0f). What I'm expecting is for 3 of the 6 face of the cube to be coloured red, green and blue (i.e. the top face should be green as it has a normal of (0, 1, 0)). However, what I get instead is a totally black cube:

This seems wrong. The normalize() should mean that there is at least some colour if the normal generated is non-zero, which suggests to me that the normal of all the points is just (0, 0, 0). But this can't be right because nowhere in or on the cube has a surface normal of 0 (other than the centre point).
I've now tried 4 different normal evaluation functions which I've found online, NONE of which work. I'm seriously questioning my sanity at this point.

A: Nevermind, I am stupid:
float EPSILON = 0.001f;
float3 normal(float3 p) {
    float2 e = float2(EPSILON, 0);
    return normalize(float3(
        sdf_box(p + e.xyy) - sdf_box(p + e.xyy),
        sdf_box(p + e.yxy) - sdf_box(p + e.yxy),
        sdf_box(p + e.yyx) - sdf_box(p + e.yyx))
    );
}

Should clearly be:
float EPSILON = 0.001f;
float3 normal(float3 p) {
    float2 e = float2(EPSILON, 0);
    return normalize(float3(
        sdf_box(p + e.xyy) - sdf_box(p - e.xyy),
        sdf_box(p + e.yxy) - sdf_box(p - e.yxy),
        sdf_box(p + e.yyx) - sdf_box(p - e.yyx))
    );
}

In my defense, I wrote 3 different normal functions before this one which also didn't work.
EDIT:
Strangely enough, after messing around a little bit more, the normal is always (0, 0, 0) when the above code is run, but not when the below code is run?
float3 normal(float3 p) {
    float2 e = float2(0.001f, 0);
    return normalize(float3(
        sdf_box(p + e.xyy) - sdf_box(p - e.xyy),
        sdf_box(p + e.yxy) - sdf_box(p - e.yxy),
        sdf_box(p + e.yyx) - sdf_box(p - e.yyx))
    );
}

No idea why.

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text:
NFL trade deadline: Buyers/sellers for four intriguing targets
Published: Oct 22, 2020 at 04:55 PM
Charley Casserly
NFL.com Analyst
A lot goes into midseason trades, but one particular technique I learned from Hall of Fame coach George Allen has always stuck with me.
When it came to inquiring about players on other rosters, Allen routinely would call teams after a loss. In the wake of a defeat, some front office staffers view their rosters more negatively than after a win. Some decision-makers become more emotional, and thus more vulnerable to getting rid of a player on the spur of the moment. Allen's strategy of staying in close contact with teams to benefit his own roster worked well.
The New York Jets are a team I would be in regular communication with right now for several reasons. At 0-6, the Jets are clearly not a playoff team in 2020, and head coach Adam Gase is known to get rid of players pretty frequently (SEE: Le'Veon Bell's release). Bell should have been part of the solution, not the problem, as he's still a good player. Another talented Jet other teams should inquire about (but I personally wouldn't let go of): shifty slot receiver Jamison Crowder.
There are a lot of questions surrounding the Jets organization ahead of the trade deadline, but they aren't the only organization that might be wheeling and dealing. After connecting with my sources across the league, I'm zeroing in on four particular players who could be on the move:
Carlos Dunlap
Cincinnati Bengals · DE
SELLER: Cincinnati Bengals. Watching the All-22 Coaches' Film, it's clear the 11th-year pro still has some juice left in the tank. Not a read-and-react player, Dunlap can get to the quarterback with his outside rush and plays best when allowed to be aggressive upfield from the DE position. In six games (four starts) this season, Dunlap has logged only one sack. But from 2016 through 2019, he averaged just over eight sacks per season, so he does have recent production. As the Bengals continue to rebuild under second-year coach Zac Taylor, I don't see Dunlap having a future in Cincinnati.
BUYER: Seattle Seahawks. A number of teams are desperate for a proven pass rusher -- or, at the very least, need their pass rush to improve. But Seattle seems like a good fit because Dunlap is best in a four-man front. The Seahawks emphasize getting off the ball and to the quarterback, and their pass rushers get plenty of opportunities to rush the passer these days, as they're often playing with a lead.
Potential compensation: I would trade a fifth-round pick in exchange for Dunlap and sixth-round pick. If I were Seattle general manager John Schneider, I'd be willing to change that compensation to a fourth-rounder if the Seahawks advance deep in the playoffs and Dunlap has at least six sacks over the remainder of the season.
Cleveland Browns · TE
SELLER: Cleveland Browns. Njoku, who's played in seven of a possible 22 games over the last two seasons, asked for a trade back on July 3, then rescinded the request a month later, but there's reason to believe he may find a new home before the deadline if Cleveland can get something in return that makes sense. Spending Weeks 2 through 4 on injured reserve with a knee issue, Njoku has taken the third-most snaps among Cleveland tight ends in two of the three games in which he's played, with his highest percentage of single-game snaps (42.6 percent, per Next Gen Stats) coming in Week 6. Watching the film, I saw a very good athlete who routinely gets open due to his speed and quickness. Njoku does a good job reading the blitz to know when to break his route to catch the football, and he has good instincts to find the open area against zone defenses. The issue with the fourth-year tight end is he's a receiving tight end with questionable hands. Njoku isn't viewed as a blocker. He has the athletic ability, but not the strength.
BUYER: Philadelphia Eagles. Still very much in the division hunt of the downtrodden NFC East, the Eagles desperately need a tight end due to ankle injuries suffered by Zach Ertz and Dallas Goedert. With Ertz nearing the end of his current deal, there might be some value to trading for Njoku, who's more of a question mark than a sure thing as a player.
Potential compensation: Give a sixth-round pick in exchange for Njoku and a seventh-round pick.
Cincinnati Bengals · WR
SELLER: Cincinnati Bengals. Ross has underperformed throughout his career. On tape, Ross doesn't seem to have the top speed he had coming out of college -- remember, he holds the NFL Scouting Combine record with a 4.22-second 40-yard dash -- but still shows quickness in his routes. The 5-foot-11, 194-pound wideout doesn't win many contested catches and often uses his body to catch the ball. There are also questions about his competitiveness.
BUYER: New England Patriots.
Potential compensation: Give a sixth-round pick in exchange for Ross and seventh-round pick. But New England could make the compensation reliant on Ross hitting certain benchmarks.
Kenny Stills
Houston Texans · WR
SELLER: Houston Texans. After the addition of Randall Cobb in the offseason, Stills is the odd man out in the wide receiver rotation, with just eight receptions for 104 yards and one TD. Stills can still help a receiver-needy team as a speedster and polished route-runner. He has good instincts in knowing when to break off his route against the blitz. Stills is regarded as an average WR2, but a very good WR3.
BUYER: New England Patriots. I would definitely make a call to Houston about Stills. He would be the most dangerous wideout on New England's roster, giving Cam Newton a deep target he doesn't have now.
Potential compensation: Sixth-round pick.
Follow Charley Casserly on Twitter.
Daniel Jeremiah 2022 NFL mock draft 1.0: Kenny Pickett, Malik Willis among 3 QBs taken in Round 1
In his first mock of the 2022 NFL Draft, Daniel Jeremiah has three quarterbacks going in Round 1 -- but only one coming off the board within the top 10 picks. Check out the full first-round projection, 1-32.
NFL Divisional Round bold predictions: Rams baffle Tom Brady; Joe Burrow and Ja'Marr Chase go off
Can Jalen Ramsey and the Rams' defense flummox Tom Brady? Will Joe Burrow and Ja'Marr Chase torch the top-seeded Titans? NFL Network analysts make bold predictions for the Divisional Round.
Who needs a Super Bowl LVI win the MOST? Aaron Rodgers tops the list
The Divisional Round offers four juicy matchups littered with high-profile names. So, who needs a Super Bowl LVI win the MOST? Bucky Brooks provides a list of six individuals.
NFL Divisional Round game picks: 49ers over Packers among three upsets this weekend
After a pretty dull Super Wild Card Weekend, Gregg Rosenthal forecasts plenty of excitement in the NFL Divisional Round, calling for upsets in three of four games this weekend.
NFL Divisional Round showdowns: Deebo Samuel or Davante Adams? Josh Allen or Patrick Mahomes?
The Divisional Round presents a number of enticing individual showdowns, including Deebo Samuel vs. Davante Adams, Josh Allen vs. Patrick Mahomes and Joe Mixon vs. Derrick Henry. So, who does Nick Shook trust more in each matchup?
RB Index: Five running backs I trust most in NFL Divisional Round
Trust -- especially in those who have the ball in their hands -- goes a long way at this point of the season. Today, Maurice Jones-Drew lists the five running backs playing in this weekend's Divisional Round whom HE trusts most.
Offseason QB market preview: Russell Wilson, Tua Tagovailoa, Derek Carr among compelling names
What's in store for the NFL's offseason quarterback market? Gregg Rosenthal anticipates more activity this time around, with juicy names like Russell Wilson, Tua Tagovailoa and Derek Carr up for potential relocation.
Derek Carr trade? Potential landing spots for the Las Vegas Raiders quarterback
With the Las Vegas Raiders in a transitional state, could Derek Carr be traded this offseason? Marc Sessler explores potential landing spots for the three-time Pro Bowl quarterback.
NFL Power Rankings, Divisional Round: Bills booming after Josh Allen's historic night
The Bills, Chiefs and Rams all cruised into the Divisional Round, but only one of them moved up in Dan Hanzus' NFL Power Rankings. See where all 14 team playoff teams rank after Round 1 of the 2021 postseason.
Josh Allen, Deebo Samuel, Joe Burrow among NFL statement-makers during Super Wild Card Weekend
The opening weekend of the 2021 NFL Playoffs provided a series of inspiring opening statements. Whose contributions stood out the MOST? Adam Schein spotlights nine individuals.
Aura of uncertainty surrounds Cowboys following quick playoff exit
Where do the Cowboys go from here? Jim Trotter senses uncertainty around the franchise in the wake of a mistake-laden playoff loss to the 49ers.
NFL Super Wild Card Weekend: Biggest winners and losers from Saturday's games
The opening day of Super Wild Card Weekend saw the Bengals and Bills advance, while the Raiders and Patriots were sent home. Judy Battista lists winners and losers from the first day of the postseason.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


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text:
Q: Pandas data from stdin Is it possible to have stdin data go into a pandas DataFrame?
Currently I'm saving the data in an intermediate json file and then doing:
pandas.read_json('my_json_file.json')

but was wondering if it's possible to pipe the stdin directly in the python script.
I found this: How to read from stdin or from a file if no data is piped in Python?
but not sure how to do a line-by-line insertion in a pandas DF.

A: Just use the sys.stdin as a file object (which it actually is) and pass it to pandas read_xy method.
$ cat test.py
import sys
import pandas as pd

df = pd.read_json(sys.stdin)
print df

$ cat data.json
{"a": [1,2,3,4], "b":[3,4,5,6]}

$ python test.py < data.json
   a  b
0  1  3
1  2  4
2  3  5
3  4  6


text:
Panasonic predicts CSCs will overtake DSLR sales by 2015
Global sales to take lead from Japan
Panasonic believes that compact system cameras will dominate the photography market by 2015
Panasonic has said that it is predicting total compact system camera sales will overtake DSLR sales globally by 2015, rising from the current 22% share they have.
The first manufacturer to enter the CSC market with its introduction of the Micro Four Thirds G1 camera back in 2008, Panasonic has continued to develop its range of CSCs, with four different ranges in its line-up.
At present, Japan and Taiwan are the only countries in the world that sell more DSLRs than compact system cameras, selling at 51% and 54% respectively.
Overtake
Speaking at the launch of the new Panasonic Lumix GF5, Barney Sykes from Panasonic UK said that he predicted the stagnation of DSLR sales over the coming months and years to see a total global market share of all compact system cameras rising to 51%.
This year, sales are on track to rise to around 34%.
Although Panasonic was the first to market, it is has since been joined by almost every major manufacturer, with Canon being the only one without a mirrorless system in its line-up. Panasonic believes that Canon will enter in 2012.
Panasonic has also seen its market share rise by 9%, with record sales in August last year placing it as the number three photography brand in the UK (behind Canon and Nikon).


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How is Frost Affecting Farms in the Current Climate?
Over the past six to eight years there has been a hugely noticeable spike in the number of damaging frosts and freezes to farms in Australia and New Zealand. It is becoming more and more common for growers to take weather risk management very seriously now. It can completely put a farmer's business to a halt if the correct procedures aren't put in place, so it's time to get educated on the various elements that can go wrong. As a society, we are all working towards a greener future, but with fruit farms at risk during the bitter winter months, there needs to be action taken by the farming industry. Instead of having to endure catastrophic damage it's time to explore all of the available options.
There are many comprehensive protection solutions that many farmers might not even know about. Almost any crop, situated in any location, consisting of any soil type can be managed effectively by frost prevention equipment from FrostBoss. The equipment looks a lot like wind turbines and these fans can be used to prevent damaging frost from forming on crops. By utilizing one of the most efficient blades on the market as well as low fuel consumption, the farms in question can be sure that their hard work isn't going to waste due to the elements outdoors.
In order for frost to do significant damage to crops, the temperature needs to drop between twenty-two and thirty-two degrees Fahrenheit. Of course, this completely depends on the type of crop in question, but these blanket figures are generally quite accurate. When frost damage occurs there is usually a cold layer of air which hugs closely to the ground. Understanding where the so-called inversion layer forms are how the crops can be protected in the long run. Weather monitoring equipment is also a very useful idea for farmers who aren't quite ready to invest in such a large preventative product for their farm.
Farmers often choose to adopt either an active or passive style of protection when it comes to keeping their crops safe. Passive protection would include specialist site selection, whereby the probability of frost freezes would decrease significantly. Placing the crops near natural heat resources would prevent frost from causing long term damage. The active approach is when sprinklers, heaters or other specialist equipment is put in place purposefully to prevent damage to the crops. These techniques can be costly initially and they do consume a fair amount of energy, however, the return on investment is often well worth it in the end.
Overall, there are many different techniques that can be used to prevent grower's crops from freezing over. In turn, when these preventative measures are put into place there will be a significant decrease in waste and loss of profits. With these high tech measures in place, there will be a tonne of weight off the farmers' shoulders as they will know that their crops and fruit aren't going to waste during the colder times of the year.


The Grayson County grand jury indicted 19 people during its May meeting, held earlier this month.
The indictments, filed on May 1, are listed in alphabetical order by the suspects' last names below.
Marsha L. Conder, 33, of Leitchfield, was indicted for Promoting Contraband in the 1st Degree; Possession of a Controlled Substance in the 1st Degree, 1st Offense (Methamphetamine); Theft by Unlawful Taking - Shoplifting Under $500; and Persistent Felony Offender in the 2nd Degree in relation to incidents that occurred on March 15, 2018 when she allegedly introduced methamphetamine and needles into the Grayson County Detention Center and took miscellaneous items from Walmart.
Dennis W. Cottrell, 46, of Big Clifty, was indicted for Promoting Contraband in the 1st Degree; Tampering with Physical Evidence (2 Counts); Possession of a Controlled Substance in the 1st Degree, 1st Offense (Methamphetamine); Possession of Drug Paraphernalia; and Possession of Marijuana in relation to incidents that allegedly occurred on March 31, 2018.
James R. Decker, 37, of Clarkson, was indicted for Assault in the 1st Degree; Wanton Endangerment in the 2nd Degree; Illegal Possession of Legend Drug; and Operating Motor Vehicle Under the Influence of Drugs or Alcohol, .08 (Aggravating Circumstances), 2nd Offense, in relation to incidents that occurred on May 19, 2017 when he allegedly intentionally caused serious physical injury to Laura Carroll by means of a deadly weapon, among other alleged offenses.
Johnathan L. Decker, 36, of Leitchfield, was indicted for Assault in the 1st Degree in relation to an incident that occurred on Feb. 17, 2018 when he allegedly intentionally caused serious physical injury to James Sizemore by means of a deadly weapon or dangerous weapon, to wit, a hammer.
Mary O. Elkins, 65, of Horse Branch, was indicted for Trafficking in a Controlled Substance in the 1st Degree, 1st Offense - (Less Than 10 D.U. Opiates); Trafficking in a Controlled Substance in the 3rd Degree, 1st Offense - Gabapentin (Less Than 20 Drug Units); and Prescription Controlled Substance Not in Proper Container, 1st Offense (2 Counts) in relation to incidents that allegedly occurred on Feb. 18, 2018.
Lea Ann Graham, 42, of Leitchfield, was indicted for Make False Statement to Obtain Increase of Benefits Over $100.00 in relation to incidents that allegedly occurred on or about or between July 16, 2011 and March 17, 2012.
Clarence Z. Hawkins, 25, of Clarkson, was indicted for Wanton Endangerment in the 1st Degree; Assault in the 4th Degree - Domestic Violence (Minor Injury); Terroristic Threatening in the 3rd Degree; and Violation of a Kentucky EPO/DVO in relation to incidents that occurred on Feb. 25, 2018 when he allegedly put a knife to Johni Gaither's throat, as well as hit and strangled her, among other offenses.
Eric J. Howard, 29, of Paducah, was indicted for Receiving Stolen Property $10,000.00 or More; Wanton Endangerment in the 1st Degree; Possession of a Handgun by a Convicted Felon; Fleeing or Evading Police in the 1st Degree (Motor Vehicle); Operating Motor Vehicle Under the Influence of Drugs or Alcohol, .08, 3rd Offense; Driving on DUI Suspended License, 1st Offense; Carrying a Concealed Deadly Weapon; Speeding 15 Miles Per Hour Over Speed Limit; Reckless Driving; and Disregarding Stop Sign in relation to incidents that allegedly occurred on March 8, 2018.
Dennis R. Jaggers, 54, of Falls of Rough, was indicted for Possession of a Firearm by a Convicted Felon; Wanton Endangerment in the 2nd Degree; Criminal Mischief in the 3rd Degree; Menacing; and Alcohol Intoxication in a Public Place in relation to incidents that allegedly occurred on March 27, 2018.
James A. Lucas, 19, of Caneyville, was indicted for Possession of a Controlled Substance in the 1st Degree, 1st Offense (Methamphetamine) in relation to an incident that allegedly occurred on Feb. 16, 2018.
Mitchell K. Lucas, 27, of Leitchfield, was indicted for Trafficking in a Controlled Substance in the 1st Degree, 1st Offense (Methamphetamine) - (Greater or Equal to 2 Grams) in relation to an incident that allegedly occurred on Dec. 1, 2017.
Anthony S. Nugent, 39, of Leitchfield, was indicted for Possession of a Handgun by a Convicted Felon in relation to an incident that allegedly occurred on Feb. 8, 2018.
Nicholas K. Payton, 28, of Leitchfield, was indicted for two separate incidents. First, he was indicted for Burglary in the 3rd Degree and Theft by Unlawful Taking or Disposition of Property $500.00 or More but Under $10,000.00 in relation to an incident on Feb. 23, 2018 when he allegedly burglarized Unity Pentecostal Church. Second, he was indicted for Complicity to Commit Burglary in the 3rd Degree; Complicity to Commit Theft by Unlawful Taking or Disposition of Property - $10,000.00 or More but Under $1,000,000.00; Possession of a Controlled Substance in the 1st Degree, 1st Offense (Methamphetamine); and Possession of Drug Paraphernalia in relation to incidents that occurred on March 13, 2018 when he allegedly burglarized a building owned by Marty Higdon and unlawfully took property belonging to Robbie Higdon while also being in possession of methamphetamine and baggies.
Clifton R. Pierce, 40, of Leitchfield, was indicted for Burglary in the 2nd Degree; Assault in the 1st Degree - Domestic Violence; Assault in the 3rd Degree - Police Officer; Criminal Mischief in the 3rd Degree; Terroristic Threatening in the 3rd Degree (4 Counts); Resisting Arrest; and Menacing in relation to incidents that occured on March 8, 2018 when he allegedly unlawfully entered the residence of Harvey Webb, stabbed Phyllis Pierce with a knife, and threw a television at Officer Joseph Overton, among other alleged offenses.
Virgle Reid, 36, of Big Clifty, was indicted for Theft by Unlawful Taking or Disposition of Property - Auto, $500 or More but Under $10,000; Criminal Mischief in the 1st Degree; Menacing; and Public Intoxication - Controlled Substance (Excludes Alcohol) in relation to incidents that occured on March 27 when he allegedly took a 1992 Ford Mustang from Harley Whobrey and damaged Whobrey's property.
Craig Sheffield, 34, of Leitchfield, was indicted for Promoting Contraband in the 1st Degree; Tampering with Physical Evidence; Possession of Drug Paraphernalia; and Public Intoxication - Controlled Substance (Excludes Alcohol) in relation to incidents that allegedly occurred on March 21, 2018.
Destiny Smith, 26, of Leitchfield, was indicted for two separate incidents. First, she was indicted for Burglary in the 3rd Degree and Theft by Unlawful Taking or Disposition of Property $500.00 or More but Under $10,000.00 in relation to incidents that occurred on Feb. 23, 2018 when she allegedly burglarized Unity Pentecostal Church. Second, she was indicted for Burglary in the 3rd Degree; Theft by Unlawful Taking or Disposition of Property - $10,000.00 or More but Under $1,000,000.00; Possession of a Controlled Substance in the 1st Degree, 1st Offense (Methamphetamine); and Possession of Drug Paraphernalia in relation to incidents that occurred on March 13, 2018 when she allegedly burglarized a building owned by Marty Higdon and unlawfully took property belonging to Robbie Higdon while also being in possession of methamphetamine and baggies.
Amy M. Wells, 37, of Leitchfield, was indicted for Trafficking in a Controlled Substance in the 1st Degree, 1st Offense, Methamphetamine (Greater or Equal to 2 Grams) in relation to an incident that allegedly occured on or about Dec. 12, 2017.
David L. Willoughby, 36, of Leitchfield, was indicted for Trafficking in a Controlled Substance in the 1st Degree, 1st Offense, Methamphetamine (Greater Than or Equal to 2 Grams); Possession of a Controlled Substance in the 1st Degree, 1st Offense, Methamphetamine; Possession of a Controlled Substance in the 1st Degree, 1st Offense, Opiates; Possession of a Controlled Substance in the 2nd Degree, Suboxone; Trafficking in a Controlled Substance in the 3rd Degree, 1st Offense, Gabapentin (Greater or Equal to 20 Drug Units); Trafficking in a Controlled Substance in the 3rd Degree, 1st Offense - Diazepam (Greater or Equal to 20 Drug Units); Trafficking in a Controlled Substance in the 3rd Degree, 1st Offense, Clonazepam (Less Than 20 Drug Units); Possession of a Controlled Substance in the 3rd Degree, Alprazolam; Possession of a Controlled Substance in the 3rd Degree, Phentermine; and Possession of Drug Paraphernalia in relation to incidents that allegedly occured on or about November 11, 2017.


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Canadian History: Biographies
Samuel de Champlain
Champlain, Samuel de
[Image not available for copyright reasons]
Brouage, France
Quebec, New France (now Canada)
French explorer
" . . . I went to Quebec, wither some Algonquin savages came, expressing their regret at not being present at the defeat of their enemies, and presenting me with some furs, in consideration of my having gone there and assisted their friends."
Samuel de Champlain.
In 1608 the French explorer Samuel de Champlain visited New France, a French colony in North America that became the province of Quebec, Canada. Within four years he had convinced the French government that the land in North America had great potential for settlement and commercial development. Champlain made twelve journeys to New France to explore and consolidate French holdings in the New World (a European term for North and South America). He wrote six books about his expeditions and the importance of the new French settlement. Serving for a time as the king's lieutenant in New France, he lived to see Quebec established on both shores of the St. Lawrence River. Today Champlain is considered the father of New France and the founder of Quebec.
Becomes a navigator
Samuel de Champlain was born in the small seaport town of Brouage on the west coast of France in about 1567. It is believed that he was born a Protestant and at some point converted to Roman Catholicism during the Wars of Religion (also known as Hugenot Wars; 1562–98). This period of bitter rivalry between Protestants (members of the Protestant Christian religion, which was formed in opposition to the Roman Catholic Church) and Catholics (members of the Roman Catholic Church, a Christian religion based in Rome, Italy, and headed by a pope who has supreme authority in all church affairs) would determine the dominant religion in France. At an early age, Champlain went to sea to learn navigation and cartography (the drafting of maps and charts). Until 1598 he fought as a sergeant on the side of Protestant king Henry IV in the religious wars. After his military service, he worked as a navigator on a voyage to the West Indies. Although Champlain was born a commoner (one who is not of noble rank), his reputation as a navigator earned him an honorary title in Henry's court.
Joins expedition to New France
In 1603 Champlain was invited to join the expedition of François Gravé Du Pont to visit the river of Canada, now known as the St. Lawrence River. The expedition party landed at Tadoussac, a summer trading post where the Saguenay River runs into the St. Lawrence. Champlain sailed with the expedition past the sites of present-day Quebec, Trois-Rivières, and Montreal. He immediately realized that these lands could be colonized by French citizens and provide France with many resources and great wealth. Champlain also learned of the existence of the Great Lakes. The French found the land sparsely inhabited by Native Americans, some of whom were friendly toward the Europeans while others were hostile. Champlain wrote about the customs of the Native Americans in a report that was published in France.
Returning to Tadoussac, the expedition sailed around the Gaspé Peninsula into a region Champlain called Acadia (probably named for Arcadia, the mythical paradise of the ancient Greeks). Champlain urged the French government to explore Acadia, now known as Nova Scotia. The region reportedly had rich mineral deposits and some speculated it might even be the key to finding the elusive Northwest Passage (the water route between the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans that the major world powers had long been seeking).
As a result of his impressive efforts in New France, Champlain was chosen in 1604 to be the geographer on an expedition to Acadia to find the best site for settlement. Led by Lieutenant-General Pierre du Gua, Sieur de Monts, who had a monopoly (exclusive possession or control) on the fur trade in the region, the party of settlers sailed to Acadia. Traveling down the coast of New Brunswick, they stopped at the St. Croix River and built a small fort on a site that is now almost exactly on the border between the United States and Canada. The first winter was a near disaster for the expedition party. Besides the harsh weather, nearly half the party died of scurvy (a disease caused by lack of Vitamin C in the diet). The following winter they moved across the Bay of Fundy to Port Royal, now called Annapolis Royal in Nova Scotia. This was to become the main settlement for the French Acadians.
Explores present-day New England
During the next three years Champlain traveled on his own, trying to find an ideal site for colonization. He sailed along the coast of present-day Maine and journeyed as far as 150 miles inland. On another trip, he sailed down the coast of New England to the island that is now Martha's Vineyard, off Cape Cod. Although the English were exploring in the same area and eventually established the Plymouth Colony in 1620, Champlain was the first European to give a detailed account of the region. He is also credited with discovering Mount Desert Island as well as most of the major rivers in Maine.
Since the French could not find a suitable area for settlement, they returned to Acadia to build a more permanent fort at Port Royal. De Monts returned to France and Champlain stayed with the settlers in Acadia. In September 1606, he made another journey to the south as far as the present-day state of Rhode Island. During the following winter the French made the best of their isolated situation by forming the Order of Good Cheer, which sponsored banquets and games and amateur shows. In 1607, when Henry IV canceled de Monts's trading privileges, the entire colony was forced to return to France. Before he left the New World, Champlain had accurately charted the Atlantic coast from the Bay of Fundy to Cape Cod.
Founds Quebec City
Champlain was determined to return to New France, this time on his own terms. By 1608 he had secured financial backing for his most ambitious project in the New World, the beginning of a permanent settlement at Quebec City. Arriving in July, the party, which included thirty-two colonists, built a fort and faced their first hard winter. Only nine people survived to welcome the reinforcements who arrived in June of the following year. That spring, Champlain continued his exploration of Canada by traveling up the St. Lawrence and Richelieu Rivers to a lake that now bears his name, Lake Champlain. In 1609 he joined the Huron tribe and their allies in a great battle against a marauding (raiding) band of Iroquois on Lake Champlain near present-day Crown Point, New York. The French and Hurons defeated the Iroquois, thus beginning 150 years of hostilities between the French and the Iroquois, one of the most powerful tribal nations in North America.
Named lieutenant in New France
In 1612 Champlain returned to France. On the basis of his report, the king decided to make Quebec the center for French fur trading in North America. Champlain provided an account of this meeting in Voyages of Samuel de Champlain, 1604–1618 (published by Scribner, 1907). He wrote:
I reported to him in detail all that had transpired in regard to the winter quarters and our new explorations, and my hopes for the future in view of the promises of the savages called Ochasteguins [Hurons] . . . . After I had concluded my interview with His Majesty, Sieur de Monts determined to go to Rouen to meet his associates. . . . They resolved to continue the settlement, and finish the explorations up the great river St. Lawrence, in accordance with the promises of the Ochasteguins.
Around the time of his meeting with the king, Champlain married Hélène Broullé, the daughter of the secretary to the king's chamber. During the next few years, he frequently traveled back and forth between Quebec and France. While in New France he pursued further exploration and tried to nurture the colony in Quebec, but the many political intrigues (secret schemes) in France demanded all his diplomatic skills and much of his time and energy. For example, when the fur trade faltered, he had to muster support for the colony. He came out of this skirmish the victor, having been made a lieutenant in New France by the new king, Louis XIII.
Champlain describes torture
In his Voyages of Samuel de Champlain, 1604–1618 Champlain provides a detailed account of the aftermath of the successful battle the Hurons and their allies waged against the Iroquois in 1609. He describes the torture of an Iroquois prisoner by the Hurons, a common practice among Native Americans in the seventeenth century. As the Hurons proceed to torture the man, Champlain lists the various techniques they used, including branding, scalping, and mutilation. Champlain admits that it was difficult to watch another human being suffer, but he also describes with admiration the strength of the victim who displayed "such firmness that one would have said, at times, that he suffered hardly any pain at all." Evidently it was customary among warriors on both sides to resist displaying any reaction to pain.
When Champlain turned his back on the torture, the Hurons allowed him to kill the prisoner by shooting him with a musket. Afterwards, they performed perform ritualistic mutilations of the dead body that included cutting off the head, legs, and arms. Champlain explains that following the ritual "we set out on our return with the rest of the prisoners, who kept singing as they went along, with no better hopes for the future than he had had who was so wretchedly treated." Despite his feelings about the brutal spectacle, Champlain concludes his account by saying that when the French, Iroquois, and Hurons went their separate ways, they parted "with loud protestations of mutual friendship."
When Champlain returned to Canada in 1613, he explored the Ottawa River to present-day Allumette Island, opening the route that was to become the main river route to the Great Lakes for the next two centuries. By this time the French had made favorable treaties with many Native American tribes, and the fur trade prospered. Champlain then turned his attention to other aspects of governing the colony. In 1615 he returned from France with the first Roman Catholic missionaries, who came to convert the Native Americans to Christianity. During that summer he saw the Great Lakes for the first time.
Position threatened by politics
The Iroquois presented a real danger to the French colonists. When the French, allied with the Hurons and Algonquins, unsuccessfully attacked an Iroquois stronghold at a site in what is now modern-day New York, Champlain was seriously wounded. He spent the winter recuperating among the Huron people. When he returned to France in 1616, he found that political intrigues at court had once again weakened his position, and he lost the rank of lieutenant in New France. In order to regain what he had lost, he proposed an ambitious plan to colonize Quebec, establish agriculture, and search for the Northwest Passage. He gained the king's support and spent part of 1618 in Quebec.
Champlain's problems in France, however, were not yet over. Plagued by lawsuits and political intrigue, he again appealed to the king to keep his power. This time Champlain was appointed commander of the colony and spent the following years trying to strengthen New France. His authority strengthened when the most powerful man in the French government, Cardinal de Richelieu, formed the company of One Hundred Associates to rule New France with Champlain in charge.
Quebec becomes stable
In 1629 Quebec was attacked and forced to surrender to a party of English privateers (sailors on a private ship transporting goods). Champlain was exiled to England, where he spent the next four years defending the importance of New France and writing accounts of his life. When a peace treaty was signed between England and France in 1632, Champlain was restored to his former post and returned to New France. In 1634 he sent Jean Nicolet, a French trapper and trader, to the west to extend French claims in the region that is now Wisconsin. Westward expansion was made possible through Champlain's friendly relationship with the Hurons. Even though southward movement was still impossible because of the British, Quebec was a stable French settlement. It was stronger, in fact, than the English settlement of Jamestown, in the modern-day state of Virginia (see John Smith entry). This progress was the result of Champlain's success as an explorer and diplomat. Having suffered from various health problems since 1633, Champlain died in Quebec on December 25, 1635.
Jean Nicolet makes peace with the Winnebago tribe
Jean Nicolet was a Frenchman who had been living among the Huron, Algonquin, and Nipissing tribes since 1618, working as a trapper and trader. In 1634 French explorer Samuel de Champlain sent Nicolet on a diplomatic mission to the Winnebago tribe, living on the shores of Green Bay in the present-day state of Wisconsin. Because the Winnebagos were enemies of the Algonquins, it was feared that they would trade with the English instead of the French. Since it was believed that the route to the Great Lakes might also lead to China, Nicolet wore an embroidered Chinese robe.
Nicolet began his journey in July 1634 and traveled via the Ottawa River, Lake Nipissing, and the French River to Lake Huron, where he passed through the straits of Michilimackinac to Lake Michigan, then proceeded down to Green Bay. He was the first European to follow this route, which eventually became the passage for French fur traders to the west. One of the great scenes of North American exploration is Nicolet coming ashore in Green Bay dressed in his Chinese robe. Impressing the tribesmen with his elaborate costume, Nicolet successfully completed his mission by signing a peace treaty between the Winnebagos and the French.
For further research
Armstrong, Joe C. W. Champlain. Toronto: Macmillan of Canada, 1987.
Champlain, Samuel de. Voyages of Samuel de Champlain. W. L. Grant, ed. New York: Barnes and Noble, 1952.
Morison, Samuel Eliot. Samuel de Champlain, Father of New France. Boston, MA: Little, Brown, 1972.
"Samuel de Champlain's 1607 Map." http://lcweb.locgov/exhibits/treasures/trr009.html Available July 13, 1999.
Colonial America Reference Library
"Champlain, Samuel de ." Colonial America Reference Library. . Encyclopedia.com. 12 Jan. 2021 <https://www.encyclopedia.com>.
"Champlain, Samuel de ." Colonial America Reference Library. . Encyclopedia.com. (January 12, 2021). https://www.encyclopedia.com/history/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/champlain-samuel-de-0
"Champlain, Samuel de ." Colonial America Reference Library. . Retrieved January 12, 2021 from Encyclopedia.com: https://www.encyclopedia.com/history/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/champlain-samuel-de-0
Samuel de Champlain (ca. 1570-1635) was a French geographer and explorer whose mission was to establish a joint French and Native American agricultural and fur-trading colony. In 21 voyages to New France he laid the foundations for modern Canada.
Samuel de Champlain was born at Brouage, a small Huguenot seaport town in Saintonge. He was probably born a Protestant, but sometime before 1603 he embraced the Roman Catholic faith. He had served against the Catholic League in the army of Henry IV until 1598. By 1601 he was indulging his love of travel and the sea and extending his expertise in navigation.
Early Travels
Champlain spent time during 1601-1603 on voyages as far as the West Indies, working out of Spain. In 1603 he went, probably as an observer, with François Gravédu Pont, whom Aymar de Chaste, holder of the trade monopoly for New France from King Henry IV, was sending on an expedition to the St. Lawrence.
Gravé du Pont's ships arrived at Tadoussac, at the mouth of the Saguenay River on the St. Lawrence, some 120 miles below Quebec, on May 26, 1603. Champlain and Gravé du Pont reached Montreal that summer; by questioning natives through an interpreter, Champlain made astonishingly accurate guesses about the network of the Great Lakes, including Niagara Falls. Both men were back in France by the end of September.
Champlain, however, had acquired some interest and curiosity about Acadia (the area of Newfoundland and around the St. Lawrence), where he hoped to find mines and perhaps a more effective route into the interior. De Chaste died and was succeeded in the monopoly by Pierre du Gua de Monts. De Monts was interested in finding a site with a warmer climate and invited Champlain to accompany a new expedition as geographer. Early in May 1604 the expedition made landfall at Port Mouton on what is now the southeast coast of Nova Scotia, some 100 miles southwest of Halifax. Champlain was asked to choose a temporary base for settlement, and he explored the south coast of Nova Scotia; the Bay of Fundy, including the Annapolis Basin; and the St. John River. De Monts, however, chose an island in the estuary of the St. Croix, now called Dochet Island.
The winter of 1604/1605 was a bad one, the cold being exceptionally severe, and the island became surrounded by treacherous half-broken ice floes, making it more a prison than a place of safety. Scurvy was prevalent, but Champlain, as was to be usual with him, seems to have been hardy enough to have escaped it.
In the summer of 1605 De Monts and Champlain explored the American coast as far south as Cape Cod. Although one or two English explorers had preceded Champlain on this coast, he made such precise and excellent charts of it that he really deserves the title of the first cartographer of the New England coast. The winter of 1605/1606 was spent comparatively easily in the Annapolis Basin, in a fort protected from the savagely cold northwest winds by the long high ridge that lies between the basin and the Bay of Fundy. In 1606 new arrivals turned up, with whom Champlain again explored southward along the American coast, this time as far as Martha's Vineyard.
The winter of 1606/1607 was mild and easy, for the new arrivals, Jean de Biencourt de Poutrincourt, Marc Lescarbot, and others, had brought supplies and wine. In May 1607 the whole colony returned to France, stopping en route to explore the area of Canso at the eastern end of Nova Scotia.
In 1608 Champlain received his first official position. Up to now all his work had been as observer or geographer on an informal basis. Now he was made lieutenant to De Monts. This new expedition went once more to the St. Lawrence. Arriving in the St. Lawrence in June 1608, they began the construction of a fort at the site of what is now the Lower Town of Quebec City. In the summer of 1609 Champlain cemented the fateful alliance between the French and the Hurons by an expedition against the Iroquois, up the Richelieu River toward Lake Champlain. This alliance dated from about 1603; if the French wanted furs, they had to support the Native Americans who supplied the furs, or at least controlled access to them. Thus they were compelled to support the Hurons and Algonquins against their enemies.
Champlain was back in France over the winter 1609/1610, making a report to De Monts and the king. The story of Champlain's relations with a number of French backers is long and complicated. There were a variety of them and a good deal of quarreling between various groups seeking to get control of the fur trade. Champlain had less interest in money than in exploration and in the development of a colony. With immense patience and seemingly unwearying persistence, he traveled back and forth across the Atlantic for the next 2 decades. In all he made some 21 voyages across the Atlantic.
Travel to the Interior
In 1615 Champlain made his boldest and most spectacular venture into the interior of Canada. Bound, as he believed himself to be, by promises to the Hurons to help them against the Iroquois and driven by his own considerable curiosity, he began his epic voyage to the Huron country with two Frenchmen and Native American canoeists. He left Montreal in July 1615. Traveling up the Ottawa River and a tributary, he reached Lake Nipissing, continuing down the French River to the northeastern corner of Lake Huron. He was probably the first white man to see it. By August 1 he was in Huronia, a fertile, well-watered country, populated by Huron villages, between the foot of Georgian Bay and Lake Simcoe, some 40 miles southeast.
They met with the Huron raiding party at the main village of Cahiagué, on the north side of Lake Simcoe. On September 1 they canoed down the Trent River system to Lake Ontario, and then via the Oswego River to the Iroquois village at the eastern end of Lake Onondaga, not far from present-day Syracuse. Huron impatience and lack of discipline made a coherent assault on the Iroquois fort impossible. Champlain was wounded in the knee by an Iroquois arrow, and with support failing to come from the Susquehannas, the Huron allies, the raiders had to return home. Champlain, unable to walk, was at times carried like a baby on the back of a Huron.
Champlain was obliged to winter in the disagreeable habitat of a Huron village but continued his inveterate habit of travel and exploration, visiting other tribes that were neighbors of the Hurons. In addition, and perhaps more important, he provided a detailed and informed account of the Native American ways of living, one of the earliest and best available. He returned to France in 1616.
In 1619 enforced leisure owing to legal complications gave him opportunity to write accounts of his voyages, which he illustrated with sketches and maps. In 1620, as lieutenant to the viceroy of New France, the Duc de Montmorency, Champlain set out again for Canada, this time with his wife, some 30 years younger than he. In 1627 Cardinal Richelieu, Louis XIII's chief minister, established the Company of One Hundred Associates, chartered to run the fur trade and organize settlement. Champlain was a member and became, in fact, the commander of the colony under Cardinal Richelieu.
All would have gone well but for the outbreak of war between England and France in 1627. A London company formed to get at the St. Lawrence trade financed, and Charles I of England commissioned, an expedition under David Kirke and his brothers to displace the French from Canada. They took four critically important French supply ships off Gaspé and thus almost stopped the life of the colony. By the summer of 1629, with no relief in sight, Champlain was compelled to surrender to the English and leave.
Not until 1632, with the Treaty of Saint-Germain-en-Laye, did England agree to restore Quebec (and Port Royal in Acadia) to France. In 1633 Champlain returned to New France, again under the aegis of a revived Company of One Hundred Associates. He died at Quebec, the town he founded, on Christmas Day, 1635.
Champlain was physically a resilient, tough, capable man. He also had the moral essentials for his role, courage and indomitableness. He was good-natured and kind and a man of his word, which explains his considerable success with Native Americans. But he also could be ruthless. When, in 1608, there was a plot against his life by the locksmith Duval, Champlain formed a council that tried Duval and his accomplices. Duval was executed on the spot and his head stuck on a pike at the fort at Quebec.
Champlain was a man of large ideas; his aim was to establish a joint French and Native American agricultural and furtrading colony. He contemplated the Christianizing of Native Americans and their intermarriage with the French. He is, of all the explorers, the real founder of Canada, and he himself would have been pleased to be thought so. It was certainly what he set out to do.
H. P. Biggar edited Champlain's writings: The Works of Samuel de Champlain (6 vols., 1922-1936). Two lively and well-written biographies are Samuel Eliot Morison, Samuel de Champlain: Father of New France (1972), and Morris Bishop, Champlain: The Life of Fortitude (1948). □
Encyclopedia of World Biography
"Samuel de Champlain ." Encyclopedia of World Biography. . Encyclopedia.com. 12 Jan. 2021 <https://www.encyclopedia.com>.
"Samuel de Champlain ." Encyclopedia of World Biography. . Encyclopedia.com. (January 12, 2021). https://www.encyclopedia.com/history/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/samuel-de-champlain
"Samuel de Champlain ." Encyclopedia of World Biography. . Retrieved January 12, 2021 from Encyclopedia.com: https://www.encyclopedia.com/history/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/samuel-de-champlain
Samuel de Champlain was a French explorer who helped colonize New France in the New World in the seventeenth century. He made over twenty voyages between Europe and the New World, founded the French settlement at Quebec, and wrote six books about his adventures.
Champlain was born in the seaport town of Brouage in France around 1567. Parish records are missing, so his exact birth date is unknown. Historians suggest that Champlain was raised as a Protestant (see Protestantism ) but he converted to Catholicism sometime before 1603. Not much else is known about his childhood.
Growing up in a seaport town, Champlain learned navigation and mapmaking as a youth. He fought as a sergeant in religious wars on the side of Protestant king Henry IV (1553–1610) until 1598. After that, he went on a voyage to the West Indies, now called the Caribbean, for over two years.
In 1603, Champlain joined an expedition to the River of Canada, which was later renamed the St. Lawrence River. The expedition also explored the area that Champlain called Acadia (present-day Nova Scotia). Champlain realized that the areas they explored had valuable resources, especially animals. Investors from France could get animal furs in trade with Native Americans to sell back in Europe. Champlain learned from the local natives about the existence of the Great Lakes, which he thought might be a northwest passage from the Atlantic Ocean to the Pacific Ocean.
Back in France, Champlain was chosen to be the geographer on an expedition to Acadia led by Pierre du Gua de Monts (c. 1558–1628), to whom the French king had given a monopoly on fur trade in the region. (See Fur Traders and Mountain Men .) The voyagers spent their first winter at a fort they built along the Saint Croix River, near the future border between the United States and Canada. About half of them died, largely from scurvy, a disease caused by a lack of vitamin C.
For the second winter, the expedition moved its base across the Bay of Fundy to Port Royal (present-day Annapolis Royal). This was the main settlement for Acadia until 1607, when Henry IV canceled de Mont's trading privileges. Champlain spent three years sailing and mapping the region, including present-day Maine ; Cape Cod, Massachusetts ; and Rhode Island . The expedition returned to France in 1607.
By 1608, Champlain had found investors to finance another expedition to the New World. Arriving in July, thirty-two voyagers built a fort at the settlement called Quebec City. Champlain would spend the rest of his life building the settlement into a profitable colony for France.
From before 1603, French explorers had been trading with the Algonquian and the Montagnais tribes. The Huron tribe to the west, in the region around Quebec, was an ally of the Algonquians and the Montagnais. To develop fur trading in the region, Champlain formed alliances with these tribes. In July 1609, Champlain and the other settlers joined the Hurons in a battle with the Hurons' enemy to the south, the Iroquois confederacy. This began over 150 years of hostility between France and the Iroquois.
Champlain faced regular challenges over the next two decades as politics in France altered colonial authority in the New World. He spent much time in France negotiating with government officials and financial investors for the support he needed for his efforts. When he was around forty years old, he married twelve-year-old Hélène Boullé (1598–1654), the daughter of the secretary to the king's chamber. Exploring the New World in 1615, Champlain reached as far as Lake Huron, probably making him the first European to see it.
Back in France between 1616 and 1618, Champlain crafted a comprehensive plan for colonization of New France. Quebec would be a permanent customs station for trading in the region. Military posts would protect France's interests. Explorers would sail the Great Lakes searching for the Northwest Passage, and missionaries would work to convert the native tribes to Christianity to give France greater control over the area's resources. The plan received the governmental and financial support necessary to send Champlain back to Quebec in 1618.
Champlain worked hard over the next decade to explore New France and to establish profitable trade with native tribes. After war erupted between England and France in 1627, English vessels arrived at Quebec in 1629, forcing the undersupplied French settlers to surrender.
Champlain was back in Europe for the next four years. He worked during this period to get England to return Quebec to France. He also spent time writing about the adventures of his life.
After England and France reached peace in 1632, England returned Quebec to France, and Champlain returned in 1633 to command the area. He spent the final years of his life, often sick, in Quebec, dying there on December 25, 1635.
U*X*L Encyclopedia of U.S. History
"Champlain, Samuel de ." U*X*L Encyclopedia of U.S. History. . Encyclopedia.com. 12 Jan. 2021 <https://www.encyclopedia.com>.
"Champlain, Samuel de ." U*X*L Encyclopedia of U.S. History. . Encyclopedia.com. (January 12, 2021). https://www.encyclopedia.com/history/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/champlain-samuel-de
"Champlain, Samuel de ." U*X*L Encyclopedia of U.S. History. . Retrieved January 12, 2021 from Encyclopedia.com: https://www.encyclopedia.com/history/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/champlain-samuel-de
Champlain, Samuel de, Explorations of
CHAMPLAIN, SAMUEL DE, EXPLORATIONS OF. Born about 1567 in the small French Atlantic port of Brouage, Samuel de Champlain had most likely already been to Spanish America when, in 1603, he embarked as an observer on a trading expedition to the St. Lawrence Valley. Hoping to find a shorter route to the Orient, he questioned Native people, notably Algonquins, whom he met at the summer trading rendezvous at Tadoussac, about the hydrography of the interior. They subsequently took him on a trip some fifty miles up the Saguenay River before showing him the St. Lawrence as far as the Lachine Rapids above present-day Montreal. The following year, Champlain joined Sieur de Monts, Newly invested with the monopoly of the fur trade, as geographer on a venture to Acadia. After exploring parts of the Nova Scotia coastline, the party spent a difficult winter at Sainte-Croix
(later St. Croix Island, Maine), before moving to Port-Royal (later Annapolis Royal, Nova Scotia). On two expeditions in 1605 and 1606, Champlain mapped the coast as far as Nantucket Sound, returning to France only in 1607.
Having convinced de Monts that the St. Lawrence Valley was more promising than Acadia for trade, exploration, and settlement, Champlain—along with a few dozen artisans and workers—established a base of operations at Quebec in 1608. The colony they founded would remain essentially a commercial and missionary outpost in the explorer's lifetime. (He died in 1635.) In 1609 Champlain and two compatriots accompanied a Native war party on a foray into Mohawk Iroquois territory, emerging victorious from an engagement at the southern end (near Crown Point, New York) of the lake to which Champlain gave his name. In 1613, the Algonquins invited Champlain to visit their country in the middle reaches of the Ottawa River. In 1615 and 1616, a similar invitation from the powerful Hurons took him east and south of Lake Huron and, on the occasion of a raiding party, to Iroquois villages probably situated between Lakes Oneida and Onondaga. While the allies permitted him to see their own and some of their neighbors' or enemies' territory, they refused him access to other parts of the interior, including the route northward to Hudson Bay he had learned about. Thus aided and constrained, Champlain explored much of the lower Great Lakes region. An energetic promoter of his colony, which he saw as a future customs station for the China trade, he published his Voyages in installments, illustrating them with carefully drafted maps. The 1632 cumulative edition of the Voyages, containing a remarkable map of New France, summarized the geographic and ethnographic observations of a long career.
In the history of French exploration in North America, Champlain is a pivotal figure, for it is with him that this enterprise began to venture inland toward the Great Lakes region and beyond. This great aboriginal domain he saw as the threshold to Asia and impatiently claimed as New France. To gain entry to it, Champlain had no choice but to obtain the permission and assistance of its Native inhabitants within the framework of the broader military and commercial alliance. Champlain was forced, aided above all by a few interpreters sent to live with the allied nations, to embark on explorations that were as much diplomatic as territorial.
Champlain, Samuel de. The Works of Samuel de Champlain. Edited by H. P. Biggar. 6 vols. Toronto: Champlain Society, 1922–1936.
Heidenreich, Conrad. "Early French Exploration in the North American Interior." In North American Exploration. Vol. 2, A Continent Defined. Edited by John Logan Allen. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1997.
Kupperman, Karen Ordahl. "A Continent Revealed: Assimilation of the Shape and Possibilities of North America's East Coast, 1524–1610." In North American Exploration. Vol. 1, A New World Disclosed. Edited by John Logan Allen. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1997.
Trigger, Bruce. Natives and New comers: Canada's "Heroic Age" Reconsidered. Montreal: McGill-Queen's University Press, 1985.
Trudel, Marcel. "Champlain, Samuel de." Dictionary of Canadian Biography. Vol. 1, 1000–1700. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1966.
———. Histoire de la Nouvelle-France. Vol. 2, Le comptoir 1604-1627. Montreal: Fides, 1966.
ThomasWien
See alsoExploration of America, Early ; Explorations and Expeditions: French .
Dictionary of American History Wien, Thomas
Wien, Thomas "Champlain, Samuel de, Explorations of ." Dictionary of American History. . Encyclopedia.com. 12 Jan. 2021 <https://www.encyclopedia.com>.
Wien, Thomas "Champlain, Samuel de, Explorations of ." Dictionary of American History. . Encyclopedia.com. (January 12, 2021). https://www.encyclopedia.com/history/dictionaries-thesauruses-pictures-and-press-releases/champlain-samuel-de-explorations
Wien, Thomas "Champlain, Samuel de, Explorations of ." Dictionary of American History. . Retrieved January 12, 2021 from Encyclopedia.com: https://www.encyclopedia.com/history/dictionaries-thesauruses-pictures-and-press-releases/champlain-samuel-de-explorations
Champlain, Samuel de (1567–1635) French explorer, founder of New France (Canada). Following the discoveries of Jacques Cartier, he made 12 visits to New France. Besides seeking a Northwest Passage, he encouraged settlement and the fur trade, established friendly relations with Algonquin peoples (at the cost of antagonizing the Iroquois), and vastly increased geographical knowledge during his extensive travels. In 1608, he founded Québec.
World Encyclopedia
"Champlain, Samuel de ." World Encyclopedia. . Encyclopedia.com. 12 Jan. 2021 <https://www.encyclopedia.com>.
"Champlain, Samuel de ." World Encyclopedia. . Encyclopedia.com. (January 12, 2021). https://www.encyclopedia.com/environment/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/champlain-samuel-de
"Champlain, Samuel de ." World Encyclopedia. . Retrieved January 12, 2021 from Encyclopedia.com: https://www.encyclopedia.com/environment/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/champlain-samuel-de
New France , The name New France was first applied to the northeastern portion of North America in a map prepared by the explorer Giovanni da Verrazano (1485–1530… Jacques Cartier , Cartier, Jacques Cartier, Jacques Saint-Malo, France September 1, 1557 Saint-Malo, France French explorer " . . . the said unknown sickness began to… Jean Baptiste Marchand , Jean-Baptiste Marchand Jean-Baptiste Marchand (1863-1934) was a French soldier who led an expedition from the Atlantic coast of Africa to the Nile Ri… Paul De Chomedey Sieur De Maisonneuve , Paul de Chomedey, Sieur de Maisoneuve (1612-1676), was a French explorer and colonizer in Canada and the founder of Montreal. He also administered th… Jacques Marquette , Marquette, Jacques Marquette, Jacques "Jolliet and Marquette Travel the Mississippi" Reprinted in Eyewitness to America Published in 1997 Edited by D… Marquis De Lafayette , Lafayette, Marquis de Born September 6, 1757 Chavaniac, France Paris, France French military leader, politician Among the heroes of the Revolutionary…
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text:
Q: In Excel with AppleScript how can I get the column's numeric value without bringing in the entire column? In Excel with AppleScript I have a 10k row and about a 200 column XLSX. I can get the total number of used columns with:
set tCols to columns of used range of activeSheet

out of the 200ish columns all I need is around 10 so I've added them to a record like this:
set nRec to {"Mon","Tues","Wed"}

I can loop through the columns with:
repeat with i in tCols
    ## further code
end repeat

but when I try to evaluate what the present column's row 1 is it becomes performance heavy because it's evaluating everything in that column. When I dump the column's properties with the following tests:
return i ## gets base column properties
return cells of i ## target cell scope
return columns of i ## target's column scope
return value of rows of i

every command is evaluating the entire contents of that column. Is there a way in AppleScript and Excel to get just the column's alpha-numeric value (A, B, C, D) so I can write a condition to wether I should delete the entire column or not based on if it's included in my record?
My understanding from the docs is if I have the column value I can scope the range with something like A1. When I search on SO and MacScripter I'm only able to find solutions that bring in the entire column to evaluate.

A: This provides a list of columns whose row 2 contains a target value. For example data of 40 columns, I did a fill with 'Mon', 'Tue', etc… in row 2 of the first 21 columns (every day three times, and left the remaining 19 blank). The result is a list with the three matching column numbers per day. Hopefully I understood your objective.
tell application "Microsoft Excel"
    tell active sheet

        set uRange to used range
        set tRange to range "2:2" -- row 2

        -- Intersect to get second row of used range
        set iSect to intersect range1 range of uRange range2 range of tRange

        set valueList to value of cells of iSect as list --> list of every row 2 value

        -- index of cells which match desired value
        set matchList to {}
        set goalList to {"Mon", "Tue", "Wed"}
        repeat with a from 1 to count of valueList

            if item a of valueList is in goalList then
                copy a to end of matchList
            end if
        end repeat

    end tell
end tell
matchList --> {1, 2, 3, 8, 9, 10, 15, 16, 17}


text:
Crestwood budget has City Hall upgrades
Erin Achenbach
Crestwood NewsFeatured ArticlesNews
By Erin Achenbach
eachenbach@callnewspapers.com
The Crestwood Ways and Means Committee recommended the city's proposed 2020 budget after a nearly three-hour meeting in October, with aldermen making no changes or amendments to the budget as it was presented.
As currently proposed, the budget projects total revenues of $13.81 million and total expenditures of $14.84 million, with a roughly $1 million deficit. The general fund has $11.27 million set aside for expenditures with a projected revenue of $10.27 million.
Assistant City Administrator Sarah Belcher told the committee the $1 million deficit is due to a planned drawdown of funds for reconstruction and renovation projects at City Hall after a water main break in August caused extensive damage to the building.
"For the time being, the general fund assumes insurance-covered reconstruction expenses to be $305,000 and city-funded renovation expenses to be $700,000," said Belcher. "Removing these two large expenses would reduce the 2020 budgeted expenditures to $10.3 million. The end result would be a budget fund surplus of $539."
The capital improvement fund assumes revenues of $1.1 million with estimated expenditures of $1.2 million, with a $77,641 deficit. The parks and stormwater fund estimates $2.3 million in revenue and $2.3 million in expenditures with $40,398 in surplus. The sewer lateral fund has revenues of $140,800 and expenditures of $135,000, with a $5,800 surplus.
The ending fund balance is estimated at $8.9 million and the fund balance reserve, as a percent of expenditures, is 56 percent, above the board's 45-percent policy.
In what is perhaps a first in recent history, the committee did not recommend any amendments to the budget as it was presented. The committee, which in the past has met over the course of multiple nights to discuss the proposed budget, only met for one night Oct. 28.
Some highlights of the budget include $6.65 million in revenue from sales/use tax across the general fund, capital improvement fund and parks and stormwater fund, while $2.57 million in revenue will come from property taxes. Utility taxes will generate $1.43 million in revenue.
Out of total expenditures, public-safety expenditures account for the majority of expenses at $6.67 million, with $3.19 million for the Crestwood Police Department and $3.48 million for the Fire Department, followed by $4.56 million for public works. General fund expenditures total $11.27 million, while capital improvement expenditures total $1.17 million and parks and stormwater expenditures total $2.27 million.
At the Ways and Means meeting, Ward 4 Alderman Tony Kennedy requested a breakdown of how the money spent on City Hall was being allocated.
"Reconstruction work is insurance funded. Those are things that are necessary to bring back City Hall to where we were pre-flood. For example, the bottom 24 inches of drywall had to be removed in the basement… Insurance pays for all of that, pays to put new drywall in, but they won't necessarily pay to paint the drywall," said Simspon. "The $700,000 are over and above reconstruction projects… such as repainting the walls, getting an improved audio-visual setup… New chairs for the audience and aldermen… Redoing and expanding the Police Department locker room… What we've got is a nice, tight list of high-value needs, things that either residents will appreciate as they use the Government Center, things that the board will appreciate as they use this room (the chambers) and things that our employees will appreciate that are long overdue."
The city has already received over $315,000 in insurance payouts, with another $120,000 incoming, Simpson said. The insurance payouts are accounted for in the 2020 budget under the revenue section.
A public hearing will be held on the 2020 budget at 7 p.m. at the Nov. 26 Board of Aldermen meeting, in City Hall at 1 Detjen Drive. Simpson will also give a budget summary. The budget can be found at City Hall or www.cityofcrestwood.org.
[Crestwood Board of Aldermen], [Crestwood Budget], [Crestwood Finances], [Crestwood Government Center], [Crestwood Ways and Means Committee], [erin achenbach], [First Reported By The Call], [Kris Simpson], [Public Hearing], [Sarah Belcher], [Tony Kennedy]
2019 Home for the Holidays Contest: Hors d'oeuvres
Flooded homes could get FEMA buyouts
Staff reporter for Call Newspapers. Email me at eachenbach@callnewspapers.com and follow me on Twitter: @erinaachenbach
SAJE Senior Ministry Free Chair Exercise


text:
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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


These tender pull-apart buns are drizzled with a sunny citrus glaze. The recipe makes two pans: one to keep and another to share.
20 mins. to 23 mins.
For the dough: In a large bowl, combine the ingredients in the order listed and mix until. soft, smooth dough forms. Turn the dough out on a lightly floured surface ad knead it for 7 minutes, or knead in a stand mixer at medium-low for 5 minutes. The dough should be soft but not sticky.
Place the dough in a greased bowl, cover, and let rise for 1 to 1 1/2 hours; it'll be puffy (it won't quite double in bulk).
Deflate the dough and turn it out onto a greased work surface. Divide it into 24 golf ball-sized pieces, about 1 3/8 ounces (39g) each.
Roll the dough into balls, and place into two greased 9" round cake pans.
Cover the pans with lightly greased plastic wrap and allow let rise at room temperature for 1 1/2 hours, until puffy.
Toward the end of the rise, preheat the oven to 350°F.
If desired, snip a cross in the top of each roll in a star pattern, cutting 1/2" deep, to make "petals."
Bake the rolls for 20 to 23 minutes, or until they're a light, golden brown.
Remove from the oven, and Let cool in the pan for 10 minutes before transferring the rolls to a rack to finish cooling completely.
For the glaze: Combine the sugar and orange juice until smooth; drizzle the glaze over the lukewarm rolls.
Store, covered on the counter for up to 3 days, or freeze for longer storage.
Different sugars will give varying finishes to the buns: a confectioners' sugar will leave an opaque glaze, while using Baker's Special Sugar, sanding, or castor sugar — all very finely granulated sugars — will leave a more transparent finish on the buns. The level of sweetness will not change.
Unless you have a 1-pound machine, your bread machine should be able to handle this capacity of flour, even if your usual recipe calls for 3 cups of flour. Since the dough won't be baking in the machine, you don't have to worry about over-expansion.
I put in the proper ingredients and the flavor just isn't there. the crumb comes out OK, The recipe calls for size of rolls to be 39 Grams, way too small for 9 inch cake pans, for 12 to each pan.Sticky dough even though alittle more flour was put in. I will try again, but will put more flavor enhancers in.
Yummy recipe. The dough was very sticky even after adding a little more flour. The end result was great though.
Super yummy buns! The dough took a lot longer to knead in my mixer, around 12-15 minutes. I let the dough rise for 1 1/2 hours and then put it in the fridge overnight. It rose more overnight than I thought so maybe next time, I will let it sit for just an hour. The dough is on the sticky side so I am glad I did. Dough was easy to shape the next morning.
Delicious. I always weigh my flour and I did add a little extra flour and the dough was still a bit too sticky. However, the final bake was perfect. Nice light tender crumb. Will make these again. Best the day of, so will try putting them in the refrigerator overnight after shaping for a morning bake.
Used my bread machine's quick dough setting and moved it to a bowl after the kneading was complete. This dough required all the time specified for rising but patience was rewarded with amazing bread.
I made these today with my 2-year-old son, and they were fantastic! My mother and I made a similar recipe when I was little, and shaped them into little bunnies, so I needed an orange flavored yeast-raised dough. This one was perfect! I left out the orange oil and used a marmalade glaze, and everyone loved them. They were really easy, and made a lovely dough with a texture that reminded my husband of Hawaiian bread. This is definitely going in my book of "keepers"!