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Journal of Marine Sciences
Journal of Marine Sciences / 2016 / Article
AbstractIntroductionAcknowledgmentsReferencesCopyright
Biomonitoring Climate Change and Pollution in Marine Ecosystems: A Review on Aulacomya ater
France Caza,1 Maximiliano Cledon,2,3 and Yves St-Pierre 1
1INRS-Institut Armand-Frappier, 531 boulevard des Prairies, Laval, QC, Canada
2INRS-ETE, 490 rue de la Couronne, Quebec, QC, Canada
3IIMyC-CONICET, 3350 Funes, Mar del Plata, Argentina
Academic Editor: Yehuda Benayahu
Accepted31 Jul 2016
The sedentarism and wide global distribution of the blue mussel Mytilus edulis have made it a useful bioindicator to assess changes in the health status of the marine ecosystem in response to pollution and other environmental stresses. Effective biomonitoring of an ecosystem requires, however, that multiple biomarkers be used to obtain an accurate measure of the cumulative effects of different sources of environmental stress. Here, we provide a first integrated review of the biological, economical, and geographical characteristics of another species of mussels, the ribbed mussel Aulacomya ater. We discuss the use of Aulacomya ater as a complementary biomonitor to the blue mussel to assess the impact of pollutants and climate change. Recent findings have indeed shown that Mytilus edulis and Aulacomya ater have distinctive anatomy and physiology and respond differently to environmental stress. Monitoring of mixed beds containing blue and ribbed mussels may thus represent a unique opportunity to study the effect of environmental stress on the biodiversity of marine ecosystems, most notably in the Southern hemisphere, which is particularly sensitive to climate change and where both species often cohabitate in the same intertidal zones.
Historically known as the Magellan mussel, Aulacomya atra (A. ater) belongs to the genus Aulacomya. Today, this mussel species is commonly known as "cholga" in Chile and Argentina and as "ribbed mussel" in South Africa and other countries. The New Zealand form (Aulacomya maoriana) is smaller than its South American counterpart and has a finer radial sculpture, suggesting that it could be a distinct species [1]. It should not be confused with Geukensia demissa, a native mussel species from the Atlantic coast of North America also commonly called "ribbed mussel." In South America and South Africa, the presence of A. ater is found on Pleistocene deposits, suggesting it has been in these regions for at least 2 million years [2]. It has probably evolved from Aulacomya anderssoni, which originated from the Antarctic during the Paleocene-Early Oligocene [3]. Its dispersion is likely to have been favored by kelp-rafting of juvenile and/or adult individuals and not by an anthropogenic dispersal mechanism [2].
A. ater is well known for its presence in deep water. In Punta Arenas Cove in Chile, for instance, natural banks of A. ater are found at depths of 15 m to more than 30 m, where temperatures vary from 12 to 16°C [4] (Figure 1). A. ater is also commonly found in nearshore kelp-bed communities and algae holdfasts in Central Chile, subantarctic and Antarctic waters [5–7] and South Africa [8]. We found some specimens in the cold and deep water of Port-aux-Français, in the Kerguelen Islands.
Aulacomya ater. A specimen of A. ater collected in the deep subtidal water at Port-aux-Français, in the Kerguelen Islands.
2. Anatomical Features of Aulacomya ater
In contrast to other mussel species, such as M. edulis and M. galloprovincialis, which have been studied in detail for many years, descriptions of anatomical features of A. ater remain relatively scarce. The biomechanical properties of its byssus have been reported by Troncoso et al. [9] but without comparison with other mussels species. Bivalves are well known to have a wide range of sensory organs for orientation, synchronization of gamete emission, and mechanical reception of water currents [10]. They are also known to have light-sensitive cephalic and (in more evolved species) pallial eyes that are used to measure proximal light intensities emitted from different directions [11]. Zaixso et al. [12] have shown that A. ater has distinct anatomical and histological features with regard to its sensory organs. While the cephalic eyes are highly uniform among bivalves, the pallial eyes are structurally more varied and are localized on the outer, middle, or inner mantle folds. A. ater has a paired "pallial sense organ" that has no equivalent in Mytilus [12]. These eyes are located in the suprabranchial chamber of the pallial cavity, extending from the base of the foot to the anus, on the posterior adductor muscle.
3. Reproductive Cycle and Growth
In Northern Chile, A. ater spawns more than once a year, with variable intensities. The most intense spawning periods occur at the end of October/early November and during December/February, which coincide with periods of lower daily temperatures (recorded at 16 m depth) [4]. But spawning still occurs in winter (end of May/end of July). In Southern Chile, continuous gamete release has been reported over several months during the year, with clear peaks of prespawning stages in April (fall), August (early spring), November, and February (summer); this coincides with fluctuations in phytoplankton levels [20]. In females, the spawning stage peaks in July and December, while males release gametes from May to January [20]. Compared to other species, however, A. ater grows more slowly under optimal conditions and its growth is proportionally more sensitive to exposure to air than is the case for M. galloprovincialis [21, 22]. For example, while the growth rate of A. ater is approximately 35–40 mm in the first four years, that of M. galloprovincialis is approximately 70 mm for the same period of time. Moreover, while M. galloprovincialis is basically unaffected to continuous exposure to air for a period of one week, nearly all A. ater mussels will die following such an exposure [21]. To attain a minimum commercial size of 50 mm, M. chilensis will thus take approximately 7-8 years while A. ater will take 8–10 years, although the growth rate may vary depending of the regions and temperatures [23]. Thus Griffiths and King [24] reported a much faster growth of A. ater at Ouderkraal, located just South of Cape Town in South Africa.
4. Geographical Distribution
The distribution of A. ater is widespread in both the Atlantic and Pacific coasts of South America, the Falkland Islands, and the Kerguelen Islands [2]. It is also found in a variety of different coastal environments (estuaries, harbors, sheltered, and exposed rocky shores) in New Zealand. A. ater is present along the Pacific Ocean from El Callao, Peru, to the Strait of Magellan in Chile, extending along the Atlantic Ocean from the south of Argentina to the south of Brazil. It is also present along the Atlantic coast of Africa, from Rocky Point in Northern Namibia to Port Alfred in the southeastern coast [8]. It is completely absent in the Northern hemisphere, although its presence has been reported in 1994 and 1997 in the deep water of the Moray Firth in Scotland, possibly following the passage of ships or barge hulls originating from South America [25]. The southernmost limits of its distribution are in the Beagle Channel (Tierra del Fuego, Argentina) and in the Kerguelen Islands, where they inhabit the intertidal and subtidal zones (Figure 2) [26].
Global distribution of Aulacomya ater. In red, hypothetical origin of A. ater from Antarctic coasts and actual coastal distribution of A. ater. In South America, it is found in Chile, Peru, and Argentina. It is also found on the Atlantic coast of South Africa, in the Kerguelen Islands (Port-aux-Français and other sites), New Zealand, and the Falkland Islands. In blue, invasion of the mediteraneen M. galloprovincialis worldwide (adapted from [30]). M. galloprovincialis has colonised and formed naturalised populations at nine localities outside of its native range. These include Hong Kong, Japan, Korea, Australia, America, Mexico, Canada, Great Britain, and Ireland. M. galloprovincialis has been listed as one of the World's Worst 100 Invasive Alien Species (GISD 2012).
5. Population Dynamics
A. ater used to dominate the lower midlittoral banks in Patagonia. There are increasing indications, however, that it is gradually disappearing there. At least three reasons may explain such decline: (1) changes in the climate of marine ecosystems; (2) competition with invasive alien mussel species; and (3) shifts in the commercial production of mussels. For instance, its population has severely declined in many areas of South America, as suggested by the observed declines from natural banks in Peru and Patagonia during severe El-Nino Southern Oscillation (ENSO) or following competition with B. rodriguezii [20, 27, 28]. In Chile, its culture has declined steadily from 1991, being replaced by M. chilensis [29]. In 2014, it represented less than 2,000 tons as compared to more than 20 000 tons in the 70s–90s and more than 220,000 tons for M. chilensis. In South Africa, where A. ater is indigenous, its existence is compromised in many areas by the presence of alien species, such as the Mediterranean M. galloprovincialis, which was introduced in South Africa in the late 1970s and represents now the most abundant mussel species in South Africa [30]. Such dominance by M. galloprovincialis on exposed and semiexposed shores is attributed to multiple factors, including a faster growth rate and a higher resistance to exposure to air, compared to A. ater [22]. Only on sheltered shores is A. ater able to resist the increasing dominance of M. galloprovincialis [30]. The geographic overlap between A. ater and M. galloprovincialis is almost complete and both are often in the same intertidal zones. Because of its significantly higher filtration rate (approximately 3-4 times that of A. ater), its resistance to air exposure, and its faster growth rate and higher reproductive output, M. galloprovincialis threatens the existence of A. ater [30]. The coastline of South Africa is not the only site where A. ater faces competition. On the beach of Puerto Madryn, in Patagonia, up to four species of native mussels are found at the same site, including A. ater, M. edulis, Perumytilus purpuratus, and Brachidontes rodriguezii [31]. Mixed beds of A. ater, Choromytilus, and others have also been reported on the rocky intertidal shore of Central and Southern Chile [32]. Our team found mussel intertidal beds containing approximately equal numbers of M. desolationis and A. ater at Port-aux-Français, in the Kerguelen Islands [33] (Figure 3). To our knowledge, however, there is no data showing that such diversity is permanently maintained as in the previous cases. It is logical to believe, however, that the presence of pollutants or other sources of stress may alter such equilibrium. For example, when compared to other mussels species, A. ater has been shown to be very sensitive to copper when measuring mortality following exposure to concentrations of 62.6–125 g/mL for 48 h whereas other mussel species, such as Choromytilus chorus, have shown higher copper tolerance [34]. This equilibrium may also be threatened by distinct sensitivity to diseases, such a leukemia. This epidemic transmissible disease is caused by the insertion of retroviral sequences in the genome of the mussels and has recently been shown to spread horizontally [35, 36]. It is well known to affect many bivalves species, including Mya arenaria and Mytilus spp. Whether A. ater is more sensitive or resistant than other bivalves to the development of leukemia is currently unknown.
Mixed bed of M. desolationis and A. ater. The specimens were found in mixed beds located at Port-aux-Français in the Kerguelen Islands. On the left, the blue mussel M. desolationis. Each valve is elongated with a relatively smooth external surface that displays concentric growth rings. The anterior end is pointed and the posterior end is well rounded. The dorsal margin is convex and the ventral is weakly concave. On the right, A. ater, also known as the ribbed mussel, or Cholga or Cholgua, in South America. Its shell is multiform, with a concave ventral edge in most of the specimens. The dorsal edge is notoriously more prominent towards the rear half leaflet. Externally, it presents concentric grooves growth and marked ribs radials with band width decreasing progressively with increasing size.
6. A. ater as a Sentinel Organisms for Marine Ecosystems
Marine bivalves have long been recognized as good biological indicators for monitoring the presence of a wide range of xenobiotics in marine environments. They are also used to monitor the effect of climate change. Although the majority of studies have used M. edulis as a sentinel organism to measure the presence of contaminants in marine ecosystems, several studies have used A. ater for assessing exposure and effect of pollutants in mussels [37]. In Northern Patagonia, where A. ater forms extensive beds on the rocky shores along the Patagonian coast of Argentina [38], this species has been used to monitor levels of metals (Fe, Cd, Zn, etc.) and activation of antioxidant enzymes. The authors found that the concentration of metals in the gills of A. ater varies according to the seasons, an observation similar to that which has been previously made with M. galloprovincialis [39, 40]. Measurement of the enzymatic activity of acetylcholinesterase present in the hemolymph has also shown to be potentially useful to detect the presence of low concentrations of organophosphate pesticides. Furthermore, A. ater has also been used for assessing the presence of cadmium in polluted marine environments on a more than 2000-kilometer-long coastline that extends from Walvis Bay in Namibia to Port Alfred on the coastline of South Africa [37]. In Chile and Argentina, A. ater is often used as a sentinel species to detect the bioaccumulation of pollutants, such as copper or cadmium, or toxic chemicals at different sites or following seasonal variations [14, 41–44]. It has also been used to study the disruptive effect of the natural estrogen E2 on male and female bivalves [45]. Natural hormones, such as 17β-estradiol (E2), are well known for their potent endocrine disrupting effects on marine organisms and are released in the marine environment via domestic effluents [46, 47], livestock manure [48], and agricultural runoff [49]. A study in Argentina has also shown that A. ater can be used to monitor pollution from urban sewage [31]. The authors have shown that A. ater, M. edulis, and other bivalves (Perumytilus purpuratus and Brachidontes rodriguezii) seem to be equally sensitive to pollution by sewage [50]. Up to now, however, most of the biomarkers have been developed using M. edulis as the sentinel species. In the case of A. ater, most of the stress biomarkers have been focused on cellular (phagocytosis, apoptosis, oxygen consumption, oxidative damage, ammonia excretion, and lipid radicals) or enzymatic (acetylcholinesterase, superoxide dismutase, catalase, and glutathione S-transferase) activities [14, 33, 38, 51, 52]. Our knowledge of its immune functions also remains limited. Yet, biomarkers of the immune response are emerging as being extremely useful sentinels to monitor environmental stress in marine ecosystems. Only recently have we been able to get a glimpse of hemocyte functions in A. ater and the effect of cadmium or acute thermal stress in their viability and phagocytic activities [33]. The description of genes or sequence data in the case of A. ater also remains anecdotic at best or has been restricted to descriptions of partial DNA sequences aimed at rapidly identifying mussel species present in food products [53]. Yet, the use of A. ater as a sentinel species may provide some interesting benefits since it is one of the rare mussel species that is found in both subtidal and intertidal habitats, a property that could be very useful to assess the effect of environmental stress in two physically distinct habitats at a single site. Such difference in habitat is believed to explain the different sensitivity to copper and cadmium between A. ater and Perumytilus purpuratus in the Bay of Coliumo in Chile [41]. Because such distinct habitat is likely to make a difference in exposure, ingestion rates, and overall bioenergetics, it may also explain why the accumulation of toxins, such as paralytic shellfish poison, is less variable in A. ater than in M. chilensis [54]. Comparing the amounts of metals reported for M. edulis, M galloprovincialis, and A. atra (Table 1), the last species has a similar rate of accumulation and can be seen as an ecological equivalent from this point of view. Moreover, both genera have similar life span, reproductive cycles, and growth functions. In consequence they can be used equivalently to compare individuals of the same size. A. ater could be especially useful to monitor the impact of CC given its distinct physiology, reproductive cycle, and response to thermal stress when compared to other commonly used sentinel species. For example, it could be a convenient indicator of stressors that have limited impact on sentinel blue mussels. Such complementarity in biomarkers can provide significant benefits for monitoring of complex and high-risk ecosystems with borderline climatic conditions, such as the Kerguelen Islands.
Cd Cr Pb Cu Zn Mn Mn
A. ater 1.7 2.5 7 0.575 13650 0.84 0.31
M. chilensis 1.5 2 4 0.67 15.7 2.85 —
M. edulis 1.26 — — 0.98 61 44.7 5
M. galloprovincialis 1.3 1.6 18 21 183 14.1 56.3
Values are given in g/g dry weight. Data was taken from Tapia et al., 2010 [13] (Chili), Di Salvatore et al., 2013 [14] (Argentina), Phillips, 1976 [15] (Australia), Birch and Apostolatos, 2013 [16] (Australia), Catsiki and Florou, 2006 [17] (Greece), Szefer et al., 2002 [18] (Baltic Sea), and España et al., 2007 [19] (Chili).
Comparison of heavy metal mean content in whole A. ater with related bivalves.
7. Impacts of Climate Change and Pollution on Mixed Mussel Beds with A. ater
After changes in climatic conditions, invasive plants and animals are among the greatest threats to ecological diversity. Because they provide a habitat for other benthic macroinvertebrates, mussels are essential to maintain interrelatedness and persistence of associated organisms in aquatic ecosystems. Any major disturbance in their populations may thus have severe consequences in the biodiversity of these ecosystems. In North America, for example, Zebra mussels (Dreissena polymorpha), which were transported from Europe to North America in the ballast water of ships in the mid-eighties, have been shown to negatively impact aquatic ecosystems by harming native organisms by outcompeting other filter feeders or by adhering to shells of native mussels, turtles, and crustaceans [55]. Another example of invasion is the introduction in the Parana basin of an even more dangerous species, Limnoperna fortunei, which has a glochidia larvae that can attach to fishes to be transported upstream [56]. According to The Global Invasive Species Database (GISD), however, the most aggressive alien mussel species is probably M. galloprovincialis, a native from the Mediterranean coast and the Black and Adriatic Seas. It has successfully invaded numerous marine coastal lines around the globe, most notably those near important seaports where ship hull fouling and transport of ballast water are suspected to release alien mussel species [30]. A case in point is its dominance over the indigenous A. ater in South Africa. The question therefore arises as to whether climate change could exacerbate or revert the ability of an alien species such as M. galloprovincialis to invade a region like South Africa. One could easily envisage that extreme desiccation of rocky intertidal ecosystems, caused by strong dry winds and low rainfall, would provoke a selective pressure on these mussel-dominated beds that will impact their biodiversity. Such effect might be irreversible since we now know that biodiversity helps protect ecosystems from extreme conditions. This could be particularly important at sites with a rich diversity, such as the Wellington Harbour, where the endemic ribbed mussel A. maoriana and Perna canaliculus, together with M. galloprovincialis, dominate the intertidal zone in terms of their cover and biomass [57], or in Southern Chile, where rocky intertidal are dominated by Perumytilus purpuratus, Semimytilus algosus, M. edulis, M. chilensis, Choromytilus chorus, Brachidontes granulata, and Aulacomya ater [28]. It is also plausible that climate change will impact the ability of mussels to escape the effects of natural control agents such as parasites. In South Africa, for instance, it is well known that M. galloprovincialis is particularly sensitive to Mastigocoleus, an endolithic cyanophyte that contributes to the mortality of young (less than 40 mm shell length) M. galloprovincialis by weakening its shell at the point where the adductor muscle is attached and shell repair is impossible [58]. Because A. ater is less sensitive to Mastigocoleus, any environmental changes that favor the propensity of this bacteria will put M. galloprovincialis at a disadvantage relative to A. ater. In contrast, conditions that would favor growth of Polychaetes may have a more detrimental effect on A. ater than on M. edulis. While weak infestation by Polychaetes is usually not a threat for bivalves, heavy infestation can cause serious shell damage, reduce growth, and impair reproduction. The rough surface of the valves of A. ater, compared to smooth periostracum of M. edulis, probably explains why it is much more sensitive to polydorin (Polydora rickettsii) infestation [59].
Another factor to consider is how climate change will affect the vulnerability of mussels to predators, which play a critical role in the control of the structure and diversity of local mussel beds [60]. As suggested by Griffiths and Hockey [61], because predators attack younger and smaller mussels, M. galloprovincialis is less susceptible to predation compared to A. ater, which has a significantly lower growth rate in exposed and semiexposed sites [21]. However, because A. ater has a significantly higher growth rate in sheltered sites, changes in the sea level that would impact the physical habitat of the mussel bed may favor A. ater, although one may argue that predation is likely to be more intense at sheltered sites. The rock-lobster is another predator that is particularly sensitive to environmental factors such as water temperatures, strength of the Leeuwin Current, and westerly winds [62, 63]. The scarce distribution of A. ater at Malgas Islands is indeed attributed to intense predation by rock-lobsters [64]. Changes in the population of Nucella cingulata, commonly found on the coast of South Africa, may also have a strong influence on the biodiversity of mixed beds with A. ater since this sea snail drills wider boreholes and preferentially selects bigger mussels such as A. ater [65].
8. Economical Perspective
Aquaculture is a rapidly growing economic sector that has shown a steady increase over the last 50 years [66]. According to a report published in 2013 by Transparency Market Research, the global market for aquaculture was valued at $135.10 billion in 2012 and is expected to reach $195.13 billion in 2019. Aquaculture provides half of the seafood products worldwide. Production of mussels is the third most important among bivalves, after clams and oysters, reaching approximately 1.5 million tons in 2010. This market is largely dominated by the blue mussels, which have a wide geographical distribution and which have been cultured by intertidal wooden poles for several centuries in Europe. Given the extreme southern geographical distribution of A. Ater, its production is much more limited. Historically, the production of A. ater has been exclusively derived from artisanal capture methods along the coast of Chile. Its commercial potential had steadily grown since the end of 1950s, reaching a plateau of approximately 15 000 to 20 000 tons in the seventies [67]. This method has been gradually replaced by aquaculture production. Production of A. ater is usually done using suspended systems and takes 14–24 months before harvest [68]. Despite such new methods, over the last 15–20 years, its overall production has steadily declined (http://www.fao.org/fishery/species/3533/en) [69]. In 2005, the production of A. ater barely reached 800 tons. This is extremely low compared to productions of M. edulis and M. galloprovincialis (approximately 400 000 and 115 000 tons, resp.) [70]. In South America, the production of M. chilensis reaches more than 80 000 tons, exceeding hundredfold that of A. ater. In countries such as Chile, where mussel production concentrates around three distinct species, M. chilensis, Choromytilus chorus, and A. ater, and exceeds that of the Pacific oyster and the Northern scallop, the industrial development and the greatest commercial potential are now focused on M. chilensis [26]. In 2010, the production of M. chilensis reached 221,522 tons, 1,736 tons for A. ater, and 757 tons for C. chorus. Considering that the global market of bivalves is consistently increasing, reaching 13.6 millions metric tons (mt) in 2005, and that mussels dominate the global trade, it is clear that A. ater captures only a small share of the bivalve market taking into account consumer's preference for blue mussels. A. ater, however, may still have some unexploited potential when considering the emergence of bioinspired engineering research for the development of innovative biotechnological applications. The global market for such plant and animal biological adhesives is believed to reach more than $6 billion in 2019 (http://www.marketsandmarkets.com/). Like other mussels, A. ater possesses some highly developed macroadhesion mechanisms that are extremely efficient in a humid environment and that are necessary to resist the shear force of turbulent intertidal zones. A gland in the foot of byssus-forming mussels produces adhesive polyphenolic proteins rich in dopa, lysine, and other hydroxylated amino acids. These proteins, which have low immunogenicity and are nontoxic, biodegradable, and nonpolluting, have been considered as potentially attractive for coating different types of surfaces for biotechnological usage, including immobilization of antigens on solid support for ELISA testing [71]. Compared to other mussels species, A. ater contains 15–20 times more adhesive polyphenolic proteins than any other mussels [72]. Protocols aimed at optimizing large scale production of these biological adhesive for their industrial usage have recently been developed and may accelerate the use of such bioinspired proteins in various biomedical and tissue engineering fields [73, 74].
9. Perspectives
Compared to A. ater and other mussel species, blue mussels have received much more attention from scientists and aqua farmers not only because their global production is increasing at a rapid pace, but also because it is found almost everywhere in the world and is capable of dominating indigenous mussel species, which will eventually face local and regional extinction. In contrast, A. ater, which has been historically a driving force in the economy of many countries, has seen its position in the global market of bivalves steadily declining in favor of other mussel species. This is largely due to several factors, including the fact that its geographical distribution is restricted to the Southern hemispheres and that its growth rate is slower than that of the blue mussel. For scientists, the wide distribution of blue mussels also makes it a very useful tool for monitoring the effect of environmental stress on marine ecosystems on a global scale. It is clear, however, that more attention needs to be paid to A. ater. Its progressive disappearance from the coast of South Africa is an indication of its sensitivity to the dominance by the blue mussels. Given its limited geographic distribution, one could wonder whether such dominance by the blue mussel may severely compromise the existence of A. ater. Whether climate change and pollution will exacerbate this trend is a question that deserves attention. Because of their distinctive anatomy and physiology, it is logical to believe that both species will respond differently to climate change and exposure to pollutants. Our recent comparative study between A. ater and M. desolationis supports this hypothesis [33]. Monitoring of mixed beds containing A. ater may thus represent a unique opportunity to study the effect of climate change and pollution on the biodiversity of marine ecosystems. In fact, a better knowledge of A. ater could provide a new and complementary tool for monitoring global climate changes in marine ecosystems in the Southern hemispheres, which is particularly sensitive to climate change.
The authors thank Dr. Stéphane Betoulle for helpful discussions and Dr. Edouard F. Potworowski for a critical reading of the paper.
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PREMIER LACROSSE LEAGUE AND ADIDAS ANNOUNCE GROUNDBREAKING PARTNERSHIP
LOS ANGELES / PORTLAND (April. 10, 2019) - The Premier Lacrosse League (PLL) announced today a historic multi-year partnership in which adidas will become the official athletic footwear and apparel brand for the league ahead of its debut season later this year.
"adidas is demonstrating a powerful commitment to lacrosse - shaping our future and expanding the game's global popularity," says Mike Rabil, Chief Executive Officer of PLL. "This is a seismic event in the history of lacrosse. A first-of-its-kind partnership with adidas, the world's leading apparel brand, will cultivate future generations of players and also provide the latest, most innovative products to PLL athletes."
"As the Creator sports brand, we take pride in shaping the future of sport and providing an all-new stage to showcase one of the fastest growing team sports in North America," said Jeff McGillis, VP of adidas U.S. Sports. "adidas has a ton of momentum and this new partnership provides a unique opportunity to introduce the sport of lacrosse to new fans, help empower the next of generation of creators and ultimately build lacrosse culture in the U.S."
As the official sports brand of the PLL, adidas will design and manufacture all official on-field PLL apparel for players and coaches and athletes and staff will be outfitted with adidas adizero and FREAK cleats and athletic footwear. To kick off the inaugural season, adidas will also create brand activations at local tentpole experiences throughout the PLL's inaugural season, including Opening Weekend, the All-Star Game and the League Championship. Additionally, adidas will host two PLL pop-up events at the brand's flagship stores in both Santa Monica and Los Angeles.
"We're always looking to create, innovate and challenge the status quo. A League built for the players, with a platform to gain exposure and grow the game in an unprecedented way will change the sport," said Dan Near, Sr. Director adidas Lacrosse. "We have some game-changing concepts in the works and this collaboration provides a tremendous platform to build on our vision for the sport and showcase our commitment to innovate for the best athletes in the world."
PLL features over 160 players on six teams competing in a tour-based model throughout the summer, taking place in 13 U.S. cities over a total of 14 weeks starting June 1. NBC Sports will present 16 games on NBC Sports Network (NBCSN), and three on NBC, all of which will also be streamed via authentication on NBCSports.com, and the NBC Sports app. NBC Sports Gold – NBC Sports' direct-to-consumer live streaming product powered by Playmaker Media – will live stream 20 games exclusively for its subscribers.
The Premier Lacrosse League (PLL) brings the sport of lacrosse to a national stage for the first time through a tour-based model, complete with the best players the sport has to offer. Co-founded by lacrosse superstar, philanthropist, and investor Paul Rabil and his brother, serial entrepreneur and investor, Mike Rabil, the Premier Lacrosse League is backed by an investment group comprised of The Raine Group, Creative Artists Agency (CAA), the Chernin Group, and Blum Capital. The PLL season will begin in June 2019 with six teams embarking on a 14-week season that concludes with a playoff and PLL Championship Game. The PLL season will be distributed through an exclusive media-rights agreement with NBC Sports Group. For more information, visit www.premierlacrosseleague.com and follow on social media: Instagram (@PLL), Twitter (@PremierLacrosse), Facebook (@PremierLacrosseLeague) and YouTube (YouTube.com/PLL).
adidas is a global designer and developer of athletic and lifestyle footwear, apparel and accessories with the mission to be the best sports brand in the world. As an innovation and design leader, adidas engineers the best in high-performance products to make athletes better, faster and stronger and creates a range of classic and fresh lifestyle and high-fashion lines. For more information visit news.adidas.com and join the conversation on Instagram at @adidasLacrosse.
17 thoughts on "PREMIER LACROSSE LEAGUE AND ADIDAS ANNOUNCE GROUNDBREAKING PARTNERSHIP"
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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Revised Harmonized Milk Classification System
The revisions will take place on February 1st, 2023.
All milk utilization must be declared as per their final end-use. The Harmonized Milk Classification System (HMCS) defines under which class milk components used in the manufacture of a finished dairy product must be declared to comply with this policy. This classification is to be used by Provincial Marketing Boards and/or Provincial Regulatory Agencies to bill milk components.
End-use definition: All milk used to process dairy products defined in Class 4(a) that are subsequently used as an ingredient to process another dairy product in Classes 1-3, 4(b)1, or 4(b)2 are reclassified to their end use (i.e., from Class 4(a) to Classes 1-3, 4(b)1, and 4(b)2).
Class 1 (a), (b), (c), (d)
Caption text
Milk Class
1(a) 1
All milk and milk beverages, except those defined in Class 1(a)2 and Class 1(a)3, made of partly skimmed or skimmed milk, whether treated or not for lactose intolerance, flavoured or not, with or without vitamins or minerals added, cultured milk for retail sale or the food services sector.
Eggnog and all types of dairy beverages constituted of mixtures of fresh milk and fruit and vegetable juices and other products, with a dairy content exceeding 50 percent by weight and a dairy protein content of less than 75 percent of the dairy protein contained in an equal volume of Class 1(a)1 milk with the same butterfat content.
Fortified* Class 1(a) products.
*dairy protein content exceeding that of an equal volume of fresh milk product with the same butterfat content.
1(b)
All types of cream with a minimum butterfat content of 5% for retail and food service.
1(c)
New 1(a) and 1(b) products for retail and food service approved by the provincial authorities during an introductory period.
1(d)
1(a) and 1(b) products marketed outside the ten signatory provinces of the National Milk Marketing Plan, but within the Canadian boundaries (e.g.: Yukon, NWT, Nunavut & cruise ships).
Class 2 (a), (b)
2(a)
All types of yogurt including yogurt beverages, Kefir and Lassi, excluding frozen yogurt.
2(b) 1
Milk shakes for retail sale that are complying with the federal product standard for milk shake mixes; crème fraîche, all types of fudge, pudding, and Indian sweets.
Sports/Nutrition Drinks with a minimum Protein Content 2X greater that of fluid milk products with the same butterfat content (skim milk products = 35 g of protein per liter).
Fresh Dairy Desserts (i.e.: At least 75% fresh milk content, final product shelf life requires refrigeration).
Sour cream.
All types of ice cream, ice cream mix, whether frozen or not; Other frozen dairy products including frozen yogurts, frozen desserts, and milkshake mixes not for retail sale.
Cheese with a minimum casein content of 95% derived from fluid milks not referred to elsewhere.
Cheese curds, skim milk cheese, ricotta and all other cheeses not referred to elsewhere.
Aged Cheddar (9 months and more as per Federal Dairy Product Standards).
Cheddar, cheddar type cheeses sold fresh[1]
Stirred curd, cream cheese, and cream cheese bases or cheese mixes, other than creamy bases or cheese mixes used to process productes referred to in another class.
Any product not referred to in Class 3(a)1, 3(a)2, 3(b)1, 3(c)1, 3(c)2, 3(c)3, 3(c)4, 3(c)5, 3(c)6 and 3(d) made by coagulating milk, coagulating milk products, or coagulating both milk and milk products with the aid of bacteria to form a curd; excludes rennet casein curd.
3(c) 1 Feta.
3(c) 2
Asiago, Gouda, Havarti, Parmesan, Swiss.
Munster (Muenster) Canadian-style, part skim pizza cheese, pizza cheese.
Brick, Colby, Farmer's, Jack, Monterey Jack, all types of Mozzarella other than Pizza Mozzarella and Part Skim Pizza Mozzarella and Mozzarella falling within Class 3(d).
Pizza Mozzarella and Part Skim Pizza Mozzarella not described in Class 3(d).
3(c) 6 Paneer.
Standardized Mozzarella cheeses to be used strictly on fresh pizzas by establishments registered with the CDC under terms and conditions approved by the CMSMC.
[1] Cheddar-type cheese: A cheese of descriptive nomenclature will be recognized as a cheddar-type cheese for the purpose of classification if it is a firm or semi-soft, unripened, unwashed curd cheese, with a minimum milk fat content of 25% and a maximum moisture content of 45%.
Class 4 (a), (b), (c), (d), (m)
4(a) Butter and butteroil.
Concentrated milk as an ingredient in the food industry.
Concentrated milk protein in liquid and dry forms at a concentration of at least 40% on a dry matter basis[2].
All types of powders (including but not limited to whole milk powder, skim milk powder, yogurt powder, sour cream powder, edible casein powders).
Milk and milk components used to make infant formula.
Rennet casein (dry or curd) used in the manufacture of non-standardized final products in the processed cheese category[3].
Concentrated milk for Retail, whether sweetened or not.
Losses[4]
All other products not elsewhere stated.
New industrial products approved by provincial authorities for an introductory period.
Inventories and returns[5].
Milk components for animal feed.
[2] Liquid milk protein concentrate transactions are allowed in Class 4(a) only for transactions between milk buyers for utilization in Canada. Transactions to non-milk buyer dairy will be done at Class 2(b)1 for Class 2 products, Class 3(b)1 for Class 3 products, and Class 4(b)2 for Class 4 products.
[3] As per the procedure defined in the National Audit Standards.
[4] Explained losses (dumps, dead vats, etc. as approved by milk boards).
[5] Fluid returns for products declared in 1(a)1 only.
Class 5 (a), (b), (c)
Dairy products used as an ingredient in the further processing sector
Cheese used as ingredient in further processing in Canada.
All other dairy products used as ingredients in further processing in Canada.
Dairy products used as ingredients in the Canadian confectionery sector[6]
[6] Skim milk powder (SMP) and milk protein concentrate (MPC) are not eligible to class 5(c).


I think we're going to see a lot more pasture-fed meat—we can already see that starting to filter through—as well as a general tendency to eat less meat. People are going to be increasingly looking at where their food comes from. It has been bubbling away for a little while now, and that's going to increase and become slightly more mainstream.
Also, there is a trade and investment agreement called TTIP going on between the EU and US, and if that is finalised, which is looking likely, it will have a huge impact on British farmers.
This year will see seaweed being used in so many different ways. Nori sheets and flavoured seaweed snacks are already with us, but we will see many more uses and food pairings using seaweed. I also think we'll see much more nut milk—as fresh beverages, but also used in raw desserts. And bowls: from desserts to salads, food in restaurants is going to be eaten out of bowls in 2016—infinitely better.
I think the street food scene is going to mature and, in the long term, secure an established place in London. It will evolve from being a trend to being part of the fabric of the city. But if London is going to continue to be an interesting and thriving place, we need to get more joined up across the board.
We would be crazy not to work together to make sure the city remains at the forefront of the world's culinary stage. But that is going to have to involve an acceptance that there's a need for change.
Britishness and sourcing locally—once people have seen it in action they really buy into it and realise there's a massive difference between that and mass distribution. There's been interest in it for a while, but it is becoming more accessible.
Alternative diets are also a huge thing. Gluten-free is increasingly common, and I think the next big 'fad' will be around dairy. We're also seeing a rise in London of small bakeries, which is great. It's good for the economy, it's good for our tastebuds. There are 10 million people in London, and I'm not going to feed them all, so I am all for that!
In 2016 we are looking at the ongoing saladisation of the meal. Many of our closest friends, lovers and influences are becoming vegan-curious. It's a bit like being bi-curious, in that you don't have to change your regular lifestyle that much. You get all the social éclat and psychic income of joining the growing band of meat renouncers, but without the dietary and vitamin challenges.
We are also seeing an increase in people eating solely for pleasure or solely for nutrition. This is set to become more acute over the next few years, as eating becomes a prime leisure activity. And the next big ingredient? Bananas. Rare banana cultivars (not the commonplace Cavendish variety) are very zeitgeist. And we are currently obsessed with flambé!


text:
Employment Tribunal Claims
by Naomi Cunningham & Michael Reed
Getting advice
Tagged: submissions
June 19, 2013 · Written by Naomi
More good advice from a philosopher
When you're reading or skimming argumentative essays… here is a quick trick that may save you much time and effort, especially in this age of simple searching by computer: look for "surely" in the document, and check each occurrence. Not always, not even most of the time, but often the word "surely" is as good as a blinking light locating a weak point in the argument.
Daniel C. Dennett: Intuition Pumps and Other Tools for Thinking, Allen Lane 2013, p.53.
For 'argumentative essays' read 'skeleton arguments and written submissions.' And for 'surely' read also 'obviously,' 'plainly,' 'manifestly,' 'clearly' or 'self-evidently.'
There are two uses for this technique, for a lawyer. One is to sniff out corners of the other side's argument that they're feeling a bit wobbly about, or don't quite know how to explain or justify properly – so that you can direct your attack at those weak points.
The other – perhaps more importantly – is to check your own argument for weaknesses, and add reinforcement where it's needed. If you've said 'surely blah blah..,' 'self-evidently wurra wurra..' etc. where in fact it's not sure or self-evident from what else you've written, you need to explain why 'blah blah' or 'wurra wurra' are true.
submissions, writing
Don't make the reader clamber over a pile of scaffolding
1. In this skeleton argument, references to pages of the core bundle will be in square brackets, in bold print, with the prefix "core." References to numbered pages of the supplementary bundle will be in bold square brackets with the prefix "supp."
2. This is an appeal from the decision of the Watford Employment Tribunal ("the ET") to uphold a complaint of unfair dismissal by the Respondent (the Claimant below, and hereafter referred to as "the Claimant") against the Appellant Council (the Respondent in the ET claim, and hereafter referred to as "the Council.")
3. On 7 April 2012, the EAT (Baggins J) ordered that the appeal be set down for a full hearing [core/1-2].
Skeleton arguments and written submissions often begin with stuff like this: information about how the document should be read, the procedural history of the case and so on. It makes me think of scaffolding because it was functional once, but by the time the building's finished it should all have been tidied away out of sight.
It's true, no doubt, that the average judge starting to read a skeleton argument or set of written submissions isn't expecting much in the way of laugh-out-loud moments, or goose-pimple thrills. But all the same: it's safe to assume that your judge is clever, busy, and in a hurry. These sorts of introductory paragraphs are a bad use of the limited time and attention she has to spend on your case. They're an especially bad use of the first few moments of it.
Paragraph 1 tells the judge something she can be expected to guess without difficulty. She's been given a bundle called 'core bundle,' and another bundle called 'supplementary bundle.' If you put a reference that goes [core 48] in your skeleton, what's she likely to think you mean? Is she going to start hunting around for apple cores, or is she going to reach for the core bundle and turn to page 48?
Paragraph 2 starts by repeating information contained in the notice of appeal. Why? Then it tells the judge how you're going to refer to the parties. But if the claim was an unfair dismissal claim brought against a local authority, the expressions 'the Claimant' and 'the Council' are perfectly clear without explanation.
Paragraph 3 tells the judge something else she can be taken to know. You're all there, aren't you? So someone must have let the appeal through to a full hearing; and the order will be in the bundle.
So get on with it. Say something meaningful in your first paragraph that helps the court get a grip on what the case is all about – and, ideally, does so in a way that improves your chances of winning.
advocacy, drafting, submissions, writing
March 21, 2012 · Written by Michael
Chronologies: Inside or outside?
A lot of people put chronologies inside other documents, most commonly written submissions. This is not a terrible sin, but it's normally better to keep them as a separate document.
There are three main reasons for this. First, chronologies tend to be long – at least a page and often more. So they bulk out a written submission and interrupt its flow. This does not help the submission do its job, which is to persuade the tribunal.
Second, a chronology will often be used widely during a case, not just when looking at written submissions. For example, it can be a useful tool when cross-examining or help the tribunal make sense of a confusing sequence of events in a witness evidence. There are many cases where a good chronology will be used throughout the hearing. This is slightly easier if it is a separate document, and it means you don't have to complete your written submissions before the case starts.
Third, ideally a chronology should be agreed. A lot of parties and representatives will be reluctant to agree to part of your written submissions, even if the substance isn't controversial.
This does not mean, of course, that a written submission should never contain a chronology. In particular, a short, focused chronology within the submission can often be helpful when you are making a comment about the sequence of events or their timing. Say, for example, you want the tribunal to draw inferences from the fact the Respondent's written warnings always occurred a few days after the Claimant made protected disclosures. Setting out, in a tabular chronology within your submissions, all the protected disclosures and all the written warnings can effectively make that point, in a way that can't easily be replicated in prose.
chronology, submissions
August 25, 2010 · Written by Michael
The dangers of reading the tribunal
One of the things you do in a tribunal hearing is read how you're coming over to the panel. Then you can adjust your approach accordingly. If they are with you on an issue, you may want to quit while you're ahead. If they're not you may want to redouble your efforts (or move onto a new point). The ideal is to spend the minimum time on matters where the tribunal is already convinced (or cannot be convinced) to focus on the areas where you may change their minds.
The problem with this is that it is easy to misread the tribunal.
The most damaging result of this is that you move briskly over an area – thinking that the tribunal agrees with you – when you should be dealing with it in detail. This leads to the horrible sinking feeling when you later realise that the tribunal was not convinced at all.
Of course, it is equally possible to speak on length on something that the tribunal is already convinced of. But this tends to be less damaging. This is partly because over-convincing someone of something is normally better than failing to to convince them at all. It is also because the tribunal is more likely to step in to move you on from a point they agree with than to ask you to go back to a point that they disagree with.
There is no absolute solution to this problem. You could simply deal with every point in exhaustive detail, regardless of your reading of the tribunal. But this is likely to do do more harm than good. A concise, punchy submission focused on the areas that the tribunal is in doubt, will be more convincing than anything approaching exhaustiveness.
Like many areas of advocacy, the only thing to do is to be aware of the potential problem and aim at a happy medium. Remember that, in the absence of a clear steer, it is hard to be certain what the tribunal is thinking. Be prepared to err on the side of caution, particularly on an important point. But try not to over-correct and risk boring the tribunal, losing momentum and obscuring your best points.
advocacy, submissions
April 9, 2010 · Written by Naomi
"Legal submissions shall be in writing…"
A standard instruction that turns up from time to time in case management orders goes:
Legal submissions (if any) shall be in writing and accompanied by a copy of any Law Report(s) referred to. Three copies will be required by the Tribunal and should be brought to the hearing.
There are two problems with this: (i) it assumes you know what legal submissions and Law Reports are, despite the fact that many claimants (and quite a lot of respondents) will be representing themselves with no legal advice; and (ii) it's silly.
'Legal submissions' are arguments about the law and its consequences. So if you say 'my employer threw a waste-paper basket at me,' that's an assertion of fact (true or not). It's not a legal submission, and it belongs in your witness statement. But if you say, 'throwing a waste-paper basket at me was a breach of the implied term of trust and confidence in my contract of employment, and that was a fundamental breach entitling me to resign without notice,' that's a legal submission. You don't need to put it in your witness statement, but you do need to say it at the end of the hearing – after everyone's given their evidence – when you are telling the tribunal why you should win. Telling the tribunal why you should win is called 'making submissions,' and the part of that that is about what the law says and why it helps you is 'legal submissions.'
Law reports are official printed accounts of cases that have been decided in the past, in this context mainly by the Employment Appeal Tribunal, the Court of Appeal or the House of Lords (or Supreme Court as it now is). For instance, if your employer says you didn't resign because he threw a waste-paper basket at you but because you'd found another job – so it wasn't constructive dismissal – you may want to remind the tribunal of Nottinghamshire County Council v Meikle [2005] ICR 1. That's a case in which the Court of Appeal said that a fundamental breach doesn't have to be the only cause of the resignation for the resignation to count as constructive dismissal, so it would help you to argue your case in this situation.
So the instruction quoted means that if you want to say anything about the law, you must say it in writing, and you must bring three copies of what you want to say to the tribunal; and if you want to rely on any law reports, you must attach copies.
Why it's silly
It's silly, because the tribunal doesn't actually mean it. The tribunal can't properly stop you making oral submissions on the law if you need to, and they won't try. It's true that if you want to make a legal point that is at all complicated, it's a good idea to make it in writing. But often you won't. Many cases will run from beginning to end without any significant dispute about what the relevant law is: the dispute is about who did what, when and why, and whether it was fair. But minor questions of law may well come up unexpectedly, and both parties will certainly be allowed to say their piece on them.
The advice to bring 3 copies is unhelpful, too, because if you do decide to do some written submissions, you will actually need to take 5 copies with you: 3 for the tribunal, one for you, and one for the other side.
case management, submissions
February 11, 2010 · Written by Michael
Dogs that don't bark
Inspector Gregory: "Is there any other point to which you would wish to draw my attention?"
Holmes: "To the curious incident of the dog in the night-time."
Inspector Gregory: "The dog did nothing in the night-time."
Holmes: "That was the curious incident."
People are often worried about missing evidence. For example, a claimant knows that most internal communication between his employer's managers is conducted by email. But, during the disclosure process, no relevant emails are disclosed and their existence is denied.
One approach is to try to persuade the tribunal to allow you to dig out the information. Theoretically, a computer expert could be instructed to search their system and recover relevant evidence. This, however, will be expensive and extremely disruptive. It will almost never be considered proportionate by the tribunal and in the vast majority of cases it is futile to even try.
In 999 cases of 1000 the appropriate course is simply to cross-examine and make submissions on the missing evidence. You can point out just how implausible it is that no emails were sent. If it really is terribly unlikely, and you can convince the tribunal of that, they are likely to draw very negative conclusions about the Respondent's credibility and conduct.
advocacy, cross-examination, submissions
Referring to numbers
It is often useful to number issues or similar topics. It provides structure and organisation. For example, in a written submission it is common to see something like:
Was Mr Smith an employee of Widget Makers Incorporated?
Did the letter sent by Mr Jones to Mr Smith comply with the requirements of a Step 1 letter under the Standard Dismissal and Disciplinary Procedure?
Did the decision to dismiss Mr Smith fall within the range of reasonable responses?
Should Mr Smith's compensatory award be reduced to reflect his contribution to his dismissal?
But always remember that the point of doing this is to make things easier, not to introduce a new source of potential confusion.
If your written submissions list a set of issues on page 2, then on page 11 you refer to 'Issue 3', there is a good chance that the person reading it will not remember what that issue is. They will have stop reading, break their train of thought, and flip back to page 2. Or they may press on, uncertain of what you are getting at, but hoping that it will become clear from what comes next. Neither of these possibilities is a good thing.
The solution is to refer to the nature of the issue as well as the number. For example:
Issue 3: Range of reasonable responses
Submissions arguing that dismissal fell outside the range of reasonable responses.
advocacy, submissions, writing
Submission (Part 2)
A number of people have commented or emailed about "Do not submit" which recommended that advocates eliminate "I submit" from their vocabulary when addressing the tribunal.
Since the consensus is against me it might be worth setting out in more detail why I dislike it.
Firstly, it offends against the signal to noise principle. Submissions should contain as high a percentage of substance as possible. Anything that does not contribute to your argument should be removed. "I submit" adds nothing meaningful; the tribunal knows you are making submissions.
Secondly, there is a real risk of it becoming an annoying tick. Any phrase repeated often is likely to grate. Once you start saying "I submit" it is hard to know when to stop. After all, everything you say is a submission. Many people find themselves repeating in almost every paragraph they write or every minute as they speak. This has much the same impact as fingernails on a blackboard.
Finally, it puts distance between you and your submissions. It is not as bad as saying "My client's instructions are to submit", but the affect is similar. By saying "I submit" you are emphasising your formal role. This may be more comfortable for you the advocate, but it make it harder to communicate conviction.
Abigail makes the good point that "I submit" can be used to show respect for the tribunal. There are certainly moments when this is useful. Say that the tribunal is strongly against you on a point and the dialogue is beginning to descend into a wrangle, rather than a discussion. Using "I submit" might emphasise the formal roles and defuse the confrontation. In general, however, this should not be necessary. You must respect the tribunal, but this means begin polite to them and keeping in mind their judicial role (meaning that you recognise that they are in charge of the hearing). Formal phrases, be they "I submit" or "Respectfully…" do not add anything to this.
Does anyone else have any views?
Do not submit
Many lawyers write and say things like:
In my submission, the employer failed to follow a fair procedure
This, I submit, was an act of direct sex discrimination
I am going to submit that this claim should be allowed in out of time.
All of these examples can be improved easily, by removing any reference to submissions. For example:
The employer failed to follow a fair procedure
This was an act of direct sex discrimination
This claim should be allowed in out of time.
The second examples have the advantage of being shorter, clearer and more direct. This makes them more persuasive.
January 9, 2009 · Written by Naomi & Michael
Tombstone Ltd v Raja & Heals
The Court of Appeal has commented on the proper use of skeleton arguments in Tombstone Ltd v Raja & Heals.
Although the case had nothing to do with employment law, the comments are relevant to skeleton arguments generally – in the EAT as well as the Court of Appeal.
The full comments of the Court are set out below. In summary, they warn against excessive length and make clear that skeleton arguments are intended as an aid to oral advocacy.
This is not straightforward. It is clear that in Tombstone itself the skeleton was too long. It is also true that a concise and focused argument will be more persuasive than a verbose one.
On the other hand, taking the guidance in Tombstone too much to heart is probably a mistake. In our experience, 'skeleton' arguments do now almost invariably amount to full written submissions capable of standing alone. Whether that's a good thing is open to debate; but the reality is that the members of appellate courts will normally have read the skeletons and formed at least a provisional view before the hearing begins. That means you have to do a lot of the work of persuading them in your skeleton – especially as the chances are your opponent will have.
If some judges will bark at you for producing an excessively fleshy skeleton, others will raise an eyebrow if you try to say anything in oral submissions that isn't covered in your skeleton – or, worse, make up their minds on the written material and then scarcely let you get a word in edgeways once you're on your feet.
The key is to understand that a well written skeleton can make your whole argument, without becoming over long.
Lord Justice Mummery said:
122. We end this judgment with a criticism of the excessive length and complexity of Tombstone's skeleton argument. It has 110 pages of text plus 64 pages of Appendices. Although its authors set out to assist the court, as well as the client, by a very thorough presentation of Tombstone's case, it is sensible to set reasonable limits to its length.
123. Mr Onslow described it "as an extremely long document" for a case that, while unusual, was not unduly complex. The appeal was from a judgment of modest length (27 pages). It was very hard, he said, to see what justified such voluminous arguments. Most of the legal issues have been settled by existing authority. No primary findings of fact are challenged on the appeal. He added that, from Healys' perspective, this had added to the length of their skeleton argument (56 pages), which they had tried to keep as short as possible. It had also added considerably to the cost and length of the appeal.
124. The length of Tombstone's skeleton did not assist the court. In fact, it tended to detract from Tombstone's case, which was accurately and far more succinctly stated by Mr Onslow in his written and oral responses to it. His team adopted the technique of briefly stating the points taken by Tombstone and then concisely commenting on them.
125. Practitioners who ignore practice directions on skeleton arguments (see CPR 52PD paras 5.10 "Each point should be stated as concisely as the nature of the case allows") and do so without the imposition of any formal penalty are well advised to note the risk of the court's negative reaction to unnecessarily long written submissions. The skeleton argument procedure was introduced to assist the court, as well as the parties, by improving preparations for, and the efficiency of, adversarial oral hearings, which remain central to this court's public role.
126. We remind practitioners that skeleton arguments should not be prepared as verbatim scripts to be read out in public or as footnoted theses to be read in private. Good skeleton arguments are tools with practical uses: an agenda for the hearing, a summary of the main points, propositions and arguments to be developed orally, a useful way of noting citations and references, a convenient place for making cross references, a time-saving means of avoiding unnecessary dictation to the court and laborious and pointless note-taking by the court.
127. Skeleton arguments are aids to oral advocacy. They are not written briefs which are used in some jurisdictions as substitutes for oral advocacy. An unintended and unfortunate side effect of the growth in written advocacy (written opening and closing submissions and "speaking notes", as well as skeleton arguments) has been that too many practitioners, at increased cost to their clients and diminishing assistance to the court, burden their opponents and the court with written briefs. They are anything but brief. The result is that there is no real saving of legal costs, or of precious hearing, reading and writing time. As has happened in this case, the opponent's skeleton argument becomes longer and the judgment reflecting the lengthy written submissions tends to be longer than is really necessary to explain to the parties why they have won or lost an appeal.
128. The skeletal nature of written advocacy is in danger of being overlooked. In some cases we are weighed down by the skeleton arguments and when we dare to complain about the time they take up, we are sometimes told that we can read them "in our own time" after the hearing. In our judgment, this is not what appellate advocacy is about, or ought to be about, in this court.
advocacy, appeal, submissions, writing
Also on kindle .
advocacy appeal book books bundle case management chronology compensation contract costs cross-examination Data Protection disclosure dispute resolution documents drafting EAT enforcement ET1 evidence fees grievance gross misconduct hearings interest issues legislation mitigation negotiation privilege procedure re-employment references remedies representation schedule of loss settlement statement submissions tax technology time limits unfair dismissal witnesses writing


FTDI has launched a debug cable and USB hub module intended for use alongside the Raspberry Pi (RPi) computing platform, the ultra-low-cost computer board aimed at inspiring youngsters to learn the fundamental principles of programming.
The TTL-232R-RPi USB-to-TTL Serial UART debug cabling solution incorporates the company's FT232RQ high-performance interface IC. The 1-meter cable can be used to connect the RPi to a PC to perform in-depth analysis of the software being developed. It connects directly to the RPi's serial port, which outputs kernel debug messages to be acquired by the PC.
The FT232RQ USB-to-Serial UART interface IC within the TTL-232R-RPi cable provides a USB to asynchronous serial data transfer path capable of supporting data rates from 300 bits/s to 3 Mbits/s at 3.3-V transistor-transistor logic (TTL) levels. The chip handles all the USB signalling and protocol requirements.
The RPi USB Hub Module is designed to expand the number of interfaces that can be accessed downstream from a host. It uses a USB-to-UART/MPSSE IC, along with a GL850G USB hub controller IC, to provide up to four downstream USB 2.0 Hi-Speed (480 Mbits/s) ports. The module measures 33.45 by 65 mm.


text:
Gunnar Palmér, född den 30 januari 1930, är en svensk tidigare bandyspelare. Hans moderklubb var Heffners IF, men han spelade senare i Ljusdals BK, där han blev lagets förste spelare i svenska landslaget. Han spelade med i två världsmästerskap.

Palmér tilldelades utmärkelsen Stora Grabbar av Svenska Bandyförbundet som nummer 133.

Referenser

Svenska bandyspelare
Mottagare av Stora grabbars och tjejers märke
Män
Födda 1930

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
Daily Domestic Gross Sun, Jan. 9 2005
Sun, Jan. 9 2005
1 Meet the Fockers $6,718,132 -48% 3,527 3 $1,905 $204,297,295 3 Universal
2 White Noise $5,381,759 -45% 2,261 -- $2,380 $24,113,770 1 Universal
3 Lemony Snicket's A Series of Unfortunate Events $1,978,714 -48% 3,343 -280 $592 $105,568,882 4 Paramount
4 The Aviator (2004) $1,915,408 -43% 1,867 71 $1,026 $42,808,292 3 Miramax
5 Fat Albert $1,555,492 -45% 2,675 -69 $581 $41,022,770 3 Fox
6 Ocean's Twelve $1,223,979 -49% 3,010 -280 $407 $115,318,137 5 Warner Bros.
7 Spanglish $1,050,466 -44% 2,587 98 $406 $37,510,940 4 Sony / Columbia
8 National Treasure $953,720 -53% 2,177 -105 $438 $160,524,412 8 Disney
9 The Life Aquatic with Steve Zissou $715,567 -38% 1,105 0 $648 $19,448,683 5 Disney
10 The Polar Express $709,211 -23% 2,007 -506 $353 $158,669,145 9 Warner Bros.


text:
Q: scrapy How to insert one item with three column how to insert i have three column in my flightDetails item but the only inserting is the first column
  items = DemoProjectItem()

      flightInfo = response.xpath("//div[@class='schedule-table-wrapper']/ul/li")

      for info in flightInfo:
           #flightTime
           flightTime     = info.css('div.flight-time strong').css('::text').extract()

           #details

           flightDetails     = info.css('div.flight-details').css('::text').extract()
           #flightTerminal
           flightTerminal = info.css('div.flight-status span.terminal').css('::text').extract()

           items['flightDetails']   = flightDetails
           items['flightTerminal']  = flightTerminal
           items['flightTime']      = flightTime

           yield items

pipeline
def store_db(self, item):
        self.cursor.execute("""INSERT INTO website_urls (flightDetails, flightTerminal, flightTime) VALUES (%s, %s, %s)""",(
              (item['flightDetails'][0]),
              (item['flightTerminal'][0]),
              (item['flightTime'][0])
          ))
        self.conn.commit()

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


The high cost areas on both coasts are not only the places where a decent house for $250k can be difficult to impossible to find, but in addition those also seem to be the places where it makes more sense to rent and invest. I just don't see why renting is not an option if it is the more prudent thing to do. Take the Bay Area for instance. People complain that even a run down condo costs $600k. True enough, but if they can rent the same thing for $2500 - $3000/mo, they can come out ahead in the long run by doing that and investing the rest (once maintenance, repairs, and HOA if applicable are accounted for and not just PITI).
Now of course if I find myself sitting on millions in liquid assets I will absolutely reconsider this, but until then I would rather opt more for options and more financial security.
Then you probably never want to move to Canada, especially Vancouver.
If we travel back in to the 1990's I think one could buy a decent house in Vancouver for that price.
Wow. I just did some brief research on that and it looks very unsustainable. A crash is coming for sure.
This city will eventually be just old people, no kids. Schools will shut down. It's definitely bleak in the future.
I agree with you OP! That is why I don't think I could ever rationalize living in a high COLA. Given the insane prices of real estate and rentals you would need to pay me at least double (probably more because I would want my wife's salary replaced as well) what I make now to get me to even consider moving to a Seattle, San Fran, NYC, Boston, area.
Are you assuming the individual has cash to pay for the 600k condo? The benefit of buying is leverage. If I have 20% to put down on a 600k house and it can generate 8%/yr (which is a big if) it still only produces enough to pay for 3-4 months of rent in a 2.5-3k/month rental.
Also, your house payment wouldn't actually be that large, because you would put down a down payment and wouldn't really be borrowing a $600,000 mortgage; you'd be borrowing less.
No, I am not assuming paying cash.
I agree with your conclusion, though not for all the reasons that you state. In 1989 I found a very nice 2,000 sq ft townhouse in a lovely part of Los Angeles and bought it for $ 275,000. It was a stretch at the time due to the 11.5 % interest rate but it has now been paid off for years and is worth about $ 550,000. I could easily afford to buy a $ 1 million + house now, but why? I like my home. It's in a great area, has plenty of space and it fits me like a glove. Every day I go out and appraise million dollar homes and I have yet to become envious of them. Oh sure, they have kitchens fit for a professional chef and they have 5 bedrooms, but I don't need any of that. My house is my HOME and I am happy here.


Understand the current empirical knowledge about who commits accounting fraud and misappropriates assets, and the criminals¿ reasons for doing so, as well as the most cited theories to explain such criminal behavior. Be able to reflect how this relates to the audit process and auditors' ability to detect such crimes.
The course covers research and professional literature as well as problems/cases. There is a substantial amount of reading. It is expected that you are prepared to each class (i.e., you have read the material in advance). In a graduate course, it is desirable to have significant instructor/student discussions. Student preparation for and participation in discussions of problems/cases are an important part of the learning process.
The course is taught intensively over 2 weeks, supplemented with additional separate lectures.
Auditing knowledge similar to MRR411 Revisjon (auditing). MRR 411 covers chapters 1-6, 8-11, 13 and 17-18 of Auditing & Assurance Services Third International Edition, Eilifsen, Messier Jr., Glover and Prawitt, 2014.
This course covers in-depth topics discussed in MRR411 Auditing I.
Presence and participation in student presentations, case discussions and problems are required.
Termpaper delivered in groups of 2-4 participants (60% of final grade) and two hour multiple choice/short answers exam (40% of final grade).
Research articles, professional articles, and audit cases posted on Canvas. The lectures and classes are considered part of the curriculum.


WRINKLES - EYELIDS - DARK CIRCLES - PUFFINESS - EYELASHES - RADIANCE: AN OUTSTANDING LOOK OF THE EYES IN 30 DAYS.
Deliver the required product dose by slowly pressing on the pump. With the cryo-active applicator, apply EYES-ABSOLUTE morning and evening to the eye area by exerting slight pressure and then circular massages around the eyes, eyelids and along the lash line. For optimal penetration, finish with fingertips.


I have recently received several emails from readers who were asking if I could share my ideal set of kitchen equipment. I can't think of a more fitting time of year to do so, as some of these tools may make good items to add to your wish list if, like me, you are usually stumped when people ask what sort of gift you would like to receive.
The following list, which will be published in three installments, is a very personal one I've established based on 1/ the content of my own extraordinarily messy cabinets and drawers, and 2/ what I actually use — I'm sure some of you are aware of how different these two concepts can be.
These tools can be found in cookware stores (in Paris, you should visit E. Dehillerin, Mora, La Bovida, and A.Simon, as well as Eurotra), but also online, in thrift shops, or at yard sales. And if you have friends, neighbors, or coworkers who cook, ask if they'd be up for a swap or a loan: one person's neglected kitchen gadget is another's treasured acquisition.
– Two saucepans, with lids: one small (1 liter/quart), one large (3 liters/quarts).
– A heavy pot or Dutch oven, for soups, stews, and no-knead bread. Choose a large one, round or oval, 6 to 8 liters/quarts in capacity. I wholeheartedly recommend a cast-iron cocotte, enamel-coated or not: it's definitely an investment, but the heat conduction is perfect and it will last several lifetimes. I own one large Staub and one smaller Le Creuset. These two brands I recommend if you can buy yours in France, but they are pretty pricy abroad and I hear there are now good-quality, cheaper alternatives in other countries. Make sure the handle of the lid can take high temperatures without melting, so you can use your pot in the oven, too.
– A steamer insert, with lid, to steam vegetables and fish. I use a basic set of stackable bamboo baskets (dirt-cheap at any Asian store), which you simply set over a pan of simmering water.
– An oval skillet , to cook whole fish.
– A grill pan , to sear meat and give it those nice, appetizing grill marks.
– A ceramic terrine dish, with lid.
– A Römertopf dish. This is on my wish list, to make Muriel's chicken just like she does.
– A 25-cm/10-inch round springform cake pan, for cakes that can't be turned out to be unmolded.
– A 22-cm/9-inch round cake pan to bake other cakes.
– A baking sheet. Some people are partial to silicone baking mats; I find them annoying to clean and dry, and I prefer to use a baking sheet lined with parchment paper.
– A 25-cm/10-inch quiche pan. This is a round pan made of glass or ceramic, deeper than a tart mold, in which to bake quiches and savory tarts.
– Two baking dishes, glass or ceramic: one medium (about 1.5 liters/6 cups in capacity), one large (about 3.5 liters/14 cups in capacity).
– A tray of muffin molds, to bake mini-cakes and mini-quiches. I have a preference for mini- or micro-muffin molds; they make for cuter and more reasonable servings.
– A loaf pan, about 2 liters/8 cups in capacity.
– Cookie cutters. If you have room and budget for just one set, get shapes that do not scream "holidays" too loudly, so you can use them during the rest of the year, too. The most versatile one I have is a 6-cm/2-1/3" round fluted cutter, which I also use for scones and miniature tartlet crusts.
– A set of ceramic ramekins, to bake eggs, soufflés, and custards. They are also very handy to set ingredients aside as you measure them.
– A brioche or kouglof mold.
– An 18-cm/7-inch charlotte mold; it can be used to bake small cakes and panettones, too.
– As many different silicon molds as you can possibly justify: I personally own (and use) trays of miniature tartlet molds, madeleine molds, and financiers molds, as well as a jelly roll mold.