text:
Pirates Homestand Highlights June 8-18
The Pirates return home to PNC Park for the sixth homestand of the season as they play host to the Miami Marlins, Colorado Rockies and Chicago Cubs for a 10-game stretch.
The Pirates return home to PNC Park for the sixth homestand of the season as they play host to the Miami Marlins, Colorado Rockies and Chicago Cubs for a 10-game stretch.The 10-day homestand is highlighted by many activities in and around PNC Park such as Star Wars Night on Thursday,
The 10-day homestand is highlighted by many activities in and around PNC Park such as Star Wars Night on Thursday, June 8; Friday, June 9 is Fireworks Night at PNC Park; African American Heritage Celebration takes place on Friday, June 16 and Jordy Mercer Bobblehead Night on Saturday, June 17.
Thursday, June 8, 2017-Pirates vs. Miami Marlins (7:05 p.m.)
One Empty Seat: Tonight the Pirates will participate in a pregame Chair of Honor dedication ceremony at PNC Park where the Club will unveil a dedicated seat that will remain empty throughout the year. The "One Empty Seat" concept was developed by Rolling Thunder, a non-profit organization veterans group raising awareness of American POW and MIA service members. The seat serves as a reminder of the sacrifices made by the more than 92,000 American service members who are Prisoners of War or Missing in Action since World War I.
Military Appreciation Day: Come out to support and honor our brave American military service men and women. The Pirates will wear their Military Appreciation Days camouflage jerseys and special hats.
On-Field Military Ceremony: As part of tonight's Military Appreciation Day efforts, a group from the Veteran's Trust will be honored during a pregame on-field ceremony and hosted in the Pirates Charities Suite. The Trust provides grants to veteran's service organizations, county directors of veteran's affairs, and statewide charitable organizations that assist veterans in need of shelter and other necessities.
50/50 Raffle: Tonight's Pirates Charities 50/50 Raffle, supported by Rivers Casino, will benefit The Veteran's Trust.
Star Wars Night: The Pirates invite you, your family, and friends and fellow Jedi Masters to the third Star Wars Night at PNC Park. Join us for a special themed night including a pregame costume contest on the sidewalk on Federal Street near the Roberto Clemente statue beginning at 6 p.m. (contest registration starts at 5 p.m.). Characters will also be on Federal Street and concourses pregame for photos and will participate in on-field pregame ceremonies. The first 1,000 fans to order tickets online at pirates.com/starwars will also receive the official Pirates Star Wars T-Shirt.
Spirits Tasting: Join us for a 90-miniute pregame spirits tasting tonight at PNC Park. Fans will have the opportunity to taste a variety of fine spirits and learn more about the history and characteristics of the spirits from representatives of Raise Your Spirits. For just $80 fans receive a ticket in a luxury suite, an invite to a pregame spirit tasting in Club 3000, and more. For complete information and to order tickets visit pirates.com/spirits.
Friday, June 9, 2017-Pirates vs. Miami Marlins (7:05 p.m.)
Cole Visit: Gerrit Cole and his wife, Amy, will visit with kids at the Pittsburgh Children's Institute today from 11:30 a.m. to 12:30 p.m.
Block Party: Come down early to join us before today's game for the Friday Baierl Kia Block Party on Federal Street. Fans are invited to come party on the street as food and beer sales will be available. Pirates alumni Bob Friend will be the special guest bartender at the Leinenkugel Bar that will be located on Federal Street.
Zambelli Fireworks Night: Fans are encouraged to stay in their seats immediately following the game and enjoy an amazing Zambelli Fireworks International fireworks display, presented by PPG.
Saturday, June 10, 2017 - Pirates vs. Miami Marlins (4:05 p.m.)
Wiffle Ball Game: Today from noon to 1 p.m., the Pirates will host the first-ever Parents vs Kids Social Media Wiffle Ball Game on the field at PNC Park as part of the Pirates Play Ball weekend. Participants won two roster spots (them and their child) through Pirates Facebook and Twitter earlier this week. The day will include an opportunity to play an exclusive game on the field and enjoy today's Pirates game in the Pirates Social Media Suite.
Block Party: Come down early to join us before today's game for the Saturday Block Party on Federal Street. Fans are invited to come party on the street as food and beer sales will be available. Pirates alumni Bob Robertson will be the special guest bartender at the Leinenkugel Bar that will be located on Federal Street.
Day School Graduating Class: Today the Pirates will welcome the Children's Institute Day School's graduating class. The kids will meet with the Pirate Parrot in the PNC Park Press Conference room pregame and enjoy tonight's game from a PNC Park luxury suite, courtesy of Pirates Charities.
Free Shirt Saturday: The Pirates popular Free Shirt days are back in 2017 as the first 20,000 fans, with paid admission, will receive a Pirates tee presented by Sheetz.
Scratch and Win: Everyone is a winner with the special Scratch 'n Win presented by Eat 'n Park. All fans will receive a scratch-off ticket upon entering PNC Park with an opportunity to win one of several great prizes.
Sunday, June 11, 2017 - Pirates vs. Miami Marlins (1:35 p.m.)
Play Ball: Today the Pirates will host area youth between the ages of 7 and 14-years-old from 8 a.m. to 10 a.m. for a morning of fun baseball activities on the field at PNC Park. The event is part of the Pirates' and MLB's Play Ball campaign, presented by Chevy. The on-field session will be instructed by Pirates coaches, and will include visits from Pirates player(s), alumni, mascots, and more. Youth in attendance will participate in fun and engaging baseball activities, receive two tickets to the game later that day, and take part in the Group Salute before the game. For complete information and a schedule, please visit pirates.com/playball.
Play Ball Activities: Starting at 11:30 a.m., there will be baseball-themed activities open to the public on Federal Street and on the Riverwalk, with giveaways, including specially-designed Pirates Play Ball t-shirts, and the opportunity to interact with Pirates alumni, mascots, and Bucco Brigade. Additionally, all kids at the game will be able to take part in hitting drills at Playground Park from the time the gates open through the 7th inning.
Kids Bat: Today, all kids ages 14 and younger, with paid admission, will receive a kids Play Ball plastic bat presented by MLB Play Ball.
Kids Day: Come down early and join the fun as the #1 Cochran Family Fun Zone will be open on Federal Street from 11 a.m. to 1 p.m. Lined up outside PNC Park will be special Play Ball stations, inflatable rides, face painting, information about the Bucaroos Kids Club, presented by Chick-fil-A, and more.
Kids Run the Bases: Kids attending today's game are invited to stick around after to run the bases on the field at PNC Park with the Kids Run the Bases, presented by the Original Pizza Logs.
Girl Scouts Day: Today the Pirates present Girl Scouts Day at PNC Park, a celebration of area Girl Scouts and their families and friends. Participating Girl Scouts will also receive a Pittsburgh Pirates Girl Scout Day patch. For tickets and more information, visit pirates.com/girlscouts.
Uncork for a Cause: Tonight Gerrit Cole and his wife Amy will host a special "Uncork for a Cause" event at Sienna Mercato's rooftop garden from 7 to 9 p.m. to benefit Pirates Charities and The Children's Institute. General admission to the event is $100 per person and VIP passes are available for $250 as each will feature the release of Gerrit's very own 2014 Sonoma Reserve Red Wine. For more information and to purchase tickets, please visit UncorkforaCause.com.
Monday, June 12, 2017-Pirates vs. Colorado Rockies (7:05 p.m.)
Paint Party on the Rooftop: Join the Pirates as they partner with Paint Monkey on select Monday nights throughout the season, to create a Pirates masterpiece. Enjoy a pre-game painting session (canvases are pre-sketched) on the Miller Lite Rooftop and stay for the game afterwards. Prices start at $60 per date and include a space in one painting class and one seat to the game. For more information visit pirates.com/paintmonkey.
Hop for Leukemia: Tonight the Pirates distributed tickets to McKnight Elementary, the fundraising winners for the Leukemia and Lymphoma Society's "Hop for Leukemia" program. The top five fundraisers will be honored as tonight's Fans of the Game and will take part in a pregame group salute.
Tuesday, June 13, 2017-Pirates vs. Colorado Rockies (7:05 p.m.)
Bucs Bacon Fest at PNC: Tonight is the very first Bucs Bacon Fest at PNC Park with a pregame tasting of all things bacon, including caramel-bacon popcorn, sloppy bacon joe's, chicken fried bacon steak, and more! Each ticket is $45 and includes access to the exclusive Bacon Fest in the Picnic Park from 5:30 to 7 p.m. and a Corner Box seat for tonight's game. For complete information and to order tickets, visit pirates.com/bacon.
Pirates Play Ball Team of the Game: Today is part of the Pirates season-long initiative honoring a youth baseball/softball team(s) of the game every Tuesday home game. Tonight the Pirates will honor Swissvale Pony League Baseball on the field in a pregame ceremony.
Pups in the Park: Fans can enjoy Bucco baseball with their pooch as the Pirates present one of 13 Pup Nights, presented by Rachael Ray Nutrish, at PNC Park. Each ticket package (1 person & 1 dog) costs just $35 with additional human tickets available for $35 each. A portion of the proceeds benefit local animal shelters and seats are limited and subject to availability. For complete information, visit pirates.com/pups. Tonight's Pup Night ticket package includes a free Pirates branded ball thrower dog toy.
THON Night: Tonight join fellow Penn State students, alumni and fans to help raise money For The Kids in support of the annual PSU THON. THON is a student-run philanthropy committed to enhancing the lives of children and families impacted by childhood cancer. A portion of ticket proceeds through this offer will be donated to the Penn State IFC/Panhellenic Dance Marathon. For tickets and more information, visit pirates.com/THON.
Wednesday, June 14, 2017-Pirates vs. Colorado Rockies (7:05 p.m.)
Beer Passport: Beer Passport ticket holders 21-and-older are invited to a 90-minute beer sampling event that begins when gates open at 5:30 p.m. For more information and to order tickets, visit pirates.com/beerpassport.
University Night with Robert Morris University: Tonight is a Pirates University Night with Robert Morris University. All fans who purchase University Night tickets will receive a ticket in one of two special sections and a Pirates/RMU hat. This season the Pirates will host University Nights on select Wednesday dates. Students, alumni and fans of local universities are invited to cheer on the Pirates together at PNC Park. For complete information and a list of the 2017 University Nights, visit pirates.com/universitynights.
Lady Bucs Night: Tonight is one of four 2017 Lady Bucs Nights at PNC Park. Kick off each by joining us in the Picnic Park for a pregame event, including food and non-alcoholic beverages. Packages are $60 and include one Pirates game ticket, tonight's exclusive promotional item - a Pirates wine tumbler -- and access to the catered Lady Bucs event in Picnic Park from 5:30 to 7 p.m. No need to enjoy this night alone, invite friends, coworkers and more as groups are highly encouraged. For tickets and info, visit pirates.com/LadyBucs.
Cystic Fibrosis "65 Roses Club": The "65 Roses Club" is a group of Pirates fans who have joined together to raise funds to fight cystic fibrosis. By making a pledge to the Cystic Fibrosis Foundation for every home run the Pirates hit, fans will have the opportunity to meet Pirates celebrities at private pre-game receptions throughout the season. After the reception, everyone will enjoy the game to cheer on the Bucs. The club gets its name from the way a child often learns to say "cystic fibrosis," which sounds like "sixty-five roses." It is a national sports program supported by teams in all areas of athletics, including baseball, football, basketball, hockey and soccer, to help raise funds to fight cystic fibrosis.
Friday, June 16, 2017-Pirates vs. Chicago Cubs (7:05 p.m.) African-American Heritage Day
African-American Heritage Sports Luncheon: In celebration of African-American heritage in sports, the Pirates are hosting an invite only luncheon at PNC Park Rivertowne Brewing Hall of Fame Club from 11:30 a.m. to 1:30 p.m. The keynote speaker is former MLB player and current MLB Network analyst Harold Reynolds, who will also throw out a ceremonial first pitch before tonight's game.
African American Heritage Celebration: Tonight the Pirates will celebrate African-American Heritage Night at PNC Park. Pre-game, the Pirates will celebrate African-American baseball players past, present, and future. Ceremonies include:
Group Salute Acknowledgement: Student and teacher representatives from the Perry Hilltop "Corner of Hope" Negro League Murals. The Corner of Hope is a newly renovated Park in Perry Hilltop on the Northside and earlier this year these students worked with their teacher and professional artist Sandy Kessler Kaminski to restore the 20-year-old Negro League-themed murals.
Fan-of-the-Game: Pittsburgh RBI Swissvale player, Eli Wilson and 2017 Josh Gibson Foundation Scholarship recipient, Terence Johnson-Hart.
Warning-Track Salute: Players, coaches and families from the Pittsburgh RBI Program.
Negro League Celebration: As part of the African American Heritage Celebration, the Pirates and Cubs will honor Negro League baseball by wearing the uniforms of Negro League teams from their respective cities, with the Pirates wearing Homestead Grays uniforms and the Cubs wearing Leland Giants uniforms. The jerseys from tonight's game will be authenticated and available for auction at a later date on pirates.com/auctions.
Block Party: Come down early to join us before today's game for the Friday Baierl Kia Block Party on Federal Street. Fans are invited to come party on the street as food and beer sales will be available. Pirates alumni Grant Jackson will be the special guest bartender at the Leinenkugel Bar that will be located on Federal Street.
Saturday, June 17, 2017-Pirates vs. Chicago Cubs (8:15 p.m.)
Pitch, Hit and Run: Today from 8 a.m. to 11 a.m., the Pirates will host the Pitch, Hit and Run Team Championship on the field at PNC Park. Pitch, Hit & Run is an exciting baseball/softball skills competition that provides boys and girls, ages seven to 14, the opportunity to showcase their pitching, hitting and running abilities. Competitors in the Team Championship, one hosted by each MLB Club, have earned their way by winning their Local and Sectional competitions. The top scores nationwide at Team Championships earn an all-expense paid trip to the MLB All-Star Game to compete in the National Finals competition.
Jordy Mercer Bobblehead: Tonight the first 20,000 fans with paid admission to PNC Park will receive a Jordy Mercer Bobblehead, courtesy of Levin Furniture.
Block Party: Come down early to join us before today's game for the Saturday Block Party on Federal Street. Fans are invited to come party on the street as food and beer sales will be available. Pirates alumni Omar Moreno will be the special guest bartender at the Leinenkugel Bar that will be located on Federal Street.
The Clint Seymour "Play Ball" Fund: Tonight, 10 matches from Big Brothers Big Sisters of Greater Pittsburgh will get to enjoy batting practice and the baseball game, courtesy of Pirates Charities and The Clint Seymour "Play Ball" Fund. The Clint Seymour "Play Ball" Fund enables youngsters and adolescents to experience the joy and enthusiasm that can derive from the game of baseball and relationships built among teammates and mentors.
Father's Day Uniforms: This Saturday and Sunday, in honor of Father's Day, the Pirates and Cubs will wear special blue accented uniforms to raise awareness for prostate cancer. For a second consecutive year Father's Day uniforms will maintain the same Club marks but also will feature light blue incorporated in the logos. The caps will have a blue shadow tech heather crown and graphite visor. Also like Mother's Day, each Club may choose from two different pairs of light blue-infused socks. Players have worn blue ribbons and sported blue wristbands throughout the years on Father's Day since MLB first partnered with the Prostate Cancer Foundation in 1996.
Sunday, June 18, 2017-Pirates vs. Chicago Cubs (1:35 p.m.) Father's Day
Oms in the Outfield: Today the Pirates will host the third annual OMs in the Outfield Yoga Day at PNC Park. This unique yoga practice will be held in the morning starting at 8:30 a.m. in the outfield. Participants get a grandstand ticket for the game, a yoga block, a Pirates Cap, plus will be honored on the field during a special pregame ceremony. In addition, the first 900 registrants will receive a Yoga Mat in addition to the Yoga Block. For tickets and more information, visit pirates.com/yoga.
Kids and Dads Military Replica Cap: Today, all dads and kids ages 14 and younger, with paid admission, will receive a Pirates replica military cap, courtesy of Kennywood.
Kids Day: Come down early and join the fun as the #1 Cochran Family Fun Zone will be open on Federal Street from 11 a.m. to 1 p.m. Lined up outside PNC Park will be inflatable rides, face painting, information about the Bucaroos Kids Club, presented by Chick-fil-A and more.
Summer Six-Packs
The Pirates and Papa John's partner on the return of the Summer Six-Packs, presented by Papa John's. The popular ticket plans are available now at pirates.com/summer and are starting as low as $126. As a special bonus, each Summer Six-Pack plan includes a free seventh game and a voucher for one free large two-topping pizza from Papa John's. The plans offer the ultimate flexibility, as fans are able to select any games throughout the remainder of the 2017 season and build their own package.
Ballpark Pass
The Pittsburgh Pirates announced the new Ballpark Pass plan starting in June and good for the remainder of the 2017 season. The mobile-only ticketing package is designed for Pirates fans looking for the ultimate value and the ability to attend every game at PNC Park starting June 8 vs the Miami Marlins, thru the remainder of the season, 53 games in all. Access to the Pirates Ballpark Pass tickets will be available only on mobile devices through the MLB.com Ballpark App and packages are based upon availability. Each package guarantees fans an SRO ticket to all home games starting in June for a monthly fee of only $29.99. Packages are available now at pirates.com/BallparkPass.
Wins for Kids
Pirates Charities, Pirates Manager Clint Hurdle and his wife, Karla, announced the return of the "Wins for Kids" fundraising campaign for the 2017 season, in partnership with ROOT SPORTS™. The program is now in its seventh season of raising funds for Pirates Charities and The Children's Institute of Pittsburgh's center for Prader-Willi Syndrome, through donations from fans and supporters. The Wins for Kids program encourages fans to contribute with a one-time donation for 2017 or monetary pledges for each Pirates win throughout the season. Fans who donate to the program will receive a variety of exciting incentives. For complete information, visit Pirates.com/WinsforKids.
Lady Bucs Nights
Ladies, join us this season for Lady Bucs Nights at PNC now with new unique experiences. Kick off each by joining us in the Picnic Park for a pregame event including food and non-alcoholic beverages. Packages are $60 and include one Pirates Game Ticket, one exclusive promotional item, and access to the catered Lady Bucs event in Picnic Park from 5:30 to 7 p.m. No need to enjoy this night alone, invite your friends, coworkers and sorority sisters to join you - groups are highly encouraged. Just remember - it is LADIES ONLY! In addition, each night pick up your exclusive Lady Bucs promotional item:
•THIS HOMESTAND: June 14 vs Colorado Rockies - Pirates Wine Tumbler
•July 18 vs Milwaukee Brewers - RUME Bag
•September 7 vs Chicago Cubs - Pirates Beanie
Pirates Charities 50/50 Raffles
The Pirates Charities 50/50 Raffle, supported by Rivers Casino, is back for the 2017 season. The 50/50 Raffles will take place during each Pirates home game throughout the season. Raffle ticket prices are three (3) tickets for $5, 10 tickets for $10 and 40 tickets for $20 with all proceeds benefiting Pirates Charities. Raffle ticket sales close after the last out in the sixth inning. The winning number will be drawn and announced in the 8th inning and the winner will receive 50 percent of the total pot. Winning numbers will also be posted on pirates.com/5050raffle within three business days.
2017 Bucaroos Kids Club
The Bucaroos Kids Club, presented by Chick-fil-A, is open to all kids ages 14 and younger. The club offers special member-only benefits and has two great membership options-one of which is free. Fans can visit pirates.com/bucaroos to learn more about the different membership options and how to earn free game ticket vouchers, great gear and access to our exclusive Rewards Program.
Current BKC members can pick up their silver membership packets at the BKC table located on the sidewalk on Federal Street in between PNC Bank and the Rivertowne Brewing Hall of Fame entrance.
Hunt Auctions Kiosk
Located on the main concourse behind section 125, the Hunt Auctions kiosk is your one and only source for game-used and autographed items at PNC Park. Stop by to own your piece of the 2017 Pirates season, or check out our new autographed and game-used products featuring Gerrit Cole, Josh Bell, Tyler Glasnow, Andrew McCutchen and more.
Fan Values
Giant Eagle Advantage Card: The Pirates and Giant Eagle partner to offer fans a chance to save up to $10 on tickets for Sunday thru Thursday home games. Visit pirates.com/advantagecard for more details.
PNC Bank Pirates Card: The Pirates and PNC Bank team up to offer discounted tickets for select games at PNC Park. Fans can use their PNC Bank Pirates card and save $5 PLUS get $5 in Loaded Value on select games throughout the season (excluding Friday and Saturday home games in June and July)! For tickets and more information visit pirates.com/pnccheckcard.
Sugardale All You Can Eat: The All You Can Eat Seats, presented by Sugardale, are a popular way to enjoy a game in Sections 201 through 205. Tickets include all the hot dogs, hamburgers, nachos, salads, popcorn, peanuts, peanut butter-filled pretzels, ice cream and soda you can handle for one low price -- and there are dedicated All You Can Eat concession stands with a speed line approach. Please visit pirates.com/allyoucaneat for tickets and pricing.
DICK'S Scorecard: Score exclusive savings of up to $10 off select Sunday thru Thursday regular season Pirates games with your DICK'S Sporting Goods ScoreCard. For tickets and more information visit pirates.com/scorecard.
Port Authority ConnectCard: Get specially-priced tickets with your Port Authority ConnectCard! Save up to $10 this season on Sunday thru Thursday games at PNC Park. For tickets and more information visit pirates.com/connectcard.
For a complete list of the 2017 Pirates promotions and special events, visit pirates.com/promotions.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Q: Angular 9 with jsPDF module : Type 'typeof jsPDF' has no construct signatures Angular 9
Module which has issue jsPDF (installed types + packages itself)
When doing ng serve it works
When doing ng build --prod , it has errors
ERROR in src/app/xxx/xxxx.componentomponent.ts:52:27 - error TS2351: This expression is not constructable.
  Type 'typeof jsPDF' has no construct signatures.

52       let pdf = new jsPDF('p', 'mm', 'a4');
                             ~~~~~

  src/app/xxx/xxxx.component.ts:7:1
    7 import * as jsPDF from 'jspdf';
      ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
    Type originates at this import. A namespace-style import cannot be called or constructed, and will cause a failure at runtime. Consider using a default import or import require here instead.

tsconfig file has "esModuleInterop": true,
{
  "compileOnSave": false,
  "compilerOptions": {
    "baseUrl": "./",
    "outDir": "./dist/out-tsc",
    "sourceMap": true,
    "declaration": false,
    "downlevelIteration": true,
    "experimentalDecorators": true,
    "module": "esnext",
    "moduleResolution": "node",
    "resolveJsonModule": true,
    "esModuleInterop": true,
    "importHelpers": true,
    "target": "es2015",
    "allowSyntheticDefaultImports":true,
    "typeRoots": [
      "node_modules/@types"
    ],
    "lib": [
      "es2018",
      "dom"
    ]
  },
  "angularCompilerOptions": {
    "fullTemplateTypeCheck": true,
    "strictInjectionParameters": true
  }
}

I import the module like this :
**import * as jsPDF from 'jspdf';**

Use it like this inside my class :
 generatePDF() {
    var data = document.getElementById('contentToConvert');
    html2canvas(data).then(canvas => {
      var imgWidth = 208;
      var imgHeight = canvas.height * imgWidth / canvas.width;
      const contentDataURL = canvas.toDataURL('image/png')
      let pdf = **new jsPDF**('p', 'mm', 'a4');
      var position = 0;
      pdf.addImage(contentDataURL, 'PNG', 0, position, imgWidth, imgHeight)
      pdf.save('skill-set.pdf');
    });
  }

I also tried to add the module js files in scripts section of angular.json
  "scripts": [
              "node_modules/jquery/dist/jquery.min.js",
              "node_modules/bootstrap/dist/js/bootstrap.min.js",
              **"node_modules/jspdf/dist/jspdf.min.js"**
            ]

A: I setup a fresh angular 10 project and was able to use jspdf.

*

*Create new Angular app

> npx @angular/cli new pdf-viewer --strict --defaults true

*Install jspdf package from npm registry

> cd pdf-viewer
> npm install jspdf --save
> npm install @types/jspdf --save-dev

*Update tsconfig.base.json. Add allowSyntheticDefaultImports inside compilerOptions
"allowSyntheticDefaultImports": true

*Add some jspdf code to test in src/app/app.component.ts
import { Component, ChangeDetectionStrategy } from '@angular/core';
import jsPDF from 'jspdf';

@Component({
  selector: 'app-root',
  templateUrl: './app.component.html',
  styleUrls: ['./app.component.css'],
  changeDetection: ChangeDetectionStrategy.OnPush,
})
export class AppComponent {
  title = 'pdf-viewer';

  constructor() {
    this.generatePDF();
  }

  private generatePDF(): void {
    const doc = new jsPDF();

    doc.text('Hello world!', 10, 10);
    doc.save('a4.pdf');
  }
}

*Launch angular application and navigate to http://localhost:4200. You will notice that a4.pdf gets downloaded as soon as we open the webpage. Open the PDF file to verify the integrity of the file.

> npm start

A: (tested in angular 10, so I guess this fix is for newer angular versions)
instead of this :
import * as jsPDF from 'jspdf';

write this :
import jspdf from 'jspdf';

[Watch out ! both jspdf in 2nd line are in small letter]
then your
let pdf = new jsPDF('p', 'mm', 'a4');

would work too, just change all to small letter (you must import in small letter like my 2nd import line before doing this)
let pdf = new jspdf('p', 'mm', 'a4');

A: instead of this :
import * as jsPDF from 'jspdf';

write this :
import JSPDF from 'jspdf';

then your
let pdf = new JSPDF.jsPDF();

A: Just import like this:
import { jsPDF } from 'jspdf';

// and Initialize JSPDF
var doc = new jsPDF("p", "mm", "a4");

This works for me.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


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text:
Mathew Olagoke Ayodele
Dr., Department of Science Education, Faculty of Education, Ekiti State University, Ado Ekiti, Nigeria
J. Oba Fatoba
European Journal of Special Education Research
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Home > Volume 2, Issue 2, 2017 >	Ayodele
EFFECTS OF SMALL-GROUP LEARNING INSTRUCTION ON ATTITUDES AND PERFORMANCE OF BASIC SCIENCE STUDENTS IN EKITI STATE, NIGERIA
Mathew Olagoke Ayodele, J. Oba Fatoba
The study assessed the effect of small-group learning instruction on attitudes and performance of Basic Science students in Ekiti State, Nigeria. The study adopted a quasi-experimental of pre-test, post-test research design and was carried out on 180 JSS 2 students selected from six secondary schools using purposive sampling techniques. The two instruments used for the study included: Basic Science Performance Test (BSPT) and Students' Attitudinal Scale (SAS). Five hypotheses were generated for the study and tested at 0.05 level of significance. The findings of the study revealed that small-group learning instruction had significant and positive effects on students' attitudes and performance in Basic Science. The findings also indicated that gender had no significant effect on attitude of students taught using small-group learning instruction. Based on the academic success recorded by the small group learning classrooms, it was suggested that small-group learning instruction which is more student-centered and having potential of enhancing students' attitudes toward Basic Science should be adopted as a teaching strategy in schools.
Article visualizations:
small-group learning instruction, students' performance, attitude, junior secondary school students and basic science
PDF Academia.edu Read the Full Article on Calameo
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DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.46827/ejsss.v0i0.72
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On Saturday September 8th 2018, Make Sure You Have Fun™ is back at Spirit Lodge. Catch Producer and J.I.D Official Tour DJ Christo, DJ Bamboo, DJ TOPGUN of RAGE CLUB & RB w/ Special Guests. Come party with Christo before he hits the road this fall with J.I.D. for Mac Miller's Swimming Tour!


We're going from beginner to advanced with YouTube SEO Strategies in this post.
First, let's go over the difference between ranking on YouTube and Google.
YouTube is one of the most popular search engines (along with Google).
And, if your video on YouTube covers a popular topic/keyword, it can be a goldmine for driving traffic to your website, creating brand awareness, increasing sales, and the list goes on and on. That is if it's properly optimized (SEO).
Many people have a bit of a misperception on YouTube SEO.
They try and/or want to rank high on Google organic search for their YouTube videos.
This is the wrong way to optimize your videos.
When you're optimizing your YouTube videos, you want to focus on optimizing them for YouTube search.
You have to think of YouTube as a separate search engine from Google.
YouTube videos and channels don't drive a lot of traffic from Google organic searches. Meaning it's not as likely that your video will rank high on Google Search as it would on YouTube. Google just doesn't display as many videos in the top spots, whereas YouTube only displays videos. So, think of them separately.
How does YouTube Rank Videos?
All three stages play a vital role in your YouTube marketing success.
You want to find the keyword sweet spot for each of your videos.
If you're just getting started, gather a list of keyword ideas.
Type in your keywords into YouTube search to see what appears. YouTube will start to autofill in and provide you with a bunch of keywords related to your keyword.
This will help you to generate a list of keyword ideas.
Target keywords that are long tail (longer keyword terms).
Now, that you've got an idea of what keywords might be right for you, let's take it to the next level.
Spy on your competitors for any search term you can find that's ranking well on YouTube that would be appropriate for your video. Look at what titles, descriptions, and tags they're using.
You can use a tool like vidIQ (https://vidiq.com/) to assist.
Using vidIQ, look for a video that's ranking well for a particular keyword in your niche that doesn't have a lot of subscribers.
That means that keyword falls into the category of a keyword sweet spot for you, leaving lots of room to rank (for channels that have lots of subscribers on them).
Audience retention, which is a significant ranking factor, is the percentage of video a viewer watches. The longer someone watches your video, the better.
Person A creates a video that's two minutes long.
Person B creates a video that's five minutes long.
Each video has the same audience retention of 50%.
Which video will YouTube promote more, or are they equal?
The answer is: person B's video will outrank person A's video.
50% of Person A's video is equal to one minute.
50% of Person B's video is equal to two and a half minutes.
Two and a half minutes is longer than one minute.
YouTube wants to promote videos that people watch for a more extended period. Meaning, the more minutes that people watch your video, the more likely it is for YouTube to boost your rankings.
Please note, that does not mean you should drag your video out to be extra-long just to try to increase your YouTube rankings.
Total watch time is also a ranking factor. Total watch time is the accumulative number of minutes people have watched your video over its lifespan.
How do you develop a high-retention video for YouTube that will increase total watch time?
Make viewers want to stay till the end by preview what's coming up later (towards the end of your video) in the beginning of your video. Give them a reason to stick around.
There's also another ranking factor that many don't take into account: session time. Session time is the total amount of time someone spends on YouTube after they start watching your video.
If a person watches your video (part or) all the way through and then leaves YouTube, that's a loss for YouTube.
Now, if someone watches your video (win for you) and then stays on YouTube to watch another video, it's a win for YouTube.
If they remain on YouTube and watch another one of your videos, that's a double win for you as YouTube will up your rankings and have you show up in the suggested video section.
What do you do to guarantee that someone stays on your YouTube channel for an extended session time? Optimize your playlist.
There's more detail about optimizing your playlist later in this article (FYI- The previous sentence is a great example of the type of things you should say at the beginning of your video. Now you want to keep reading to find out about optimizing your playlist). For now, just note that if someone watches one of your videos in a playlist, it will automatically play the next one in the playlist.
Equaling… You got it: a longer session time.
Optimize your channel for more views and subscribers. How? Focus on the header, playlists and about section. You can find the exact dimensions here.
Make sure your header image is sized appropriately and visually appealing. Also, add links to your other social sites and website.
Just as necessary as the header image, make sure your icon looks professional.
Create a trailer intro video that welcomes people and briefly tells them what your channel is all about and why they should subscribe.
Address who your channel is designed for at the beginning of the video.
End the trailer with a CTA (call to action) to subscribe.
If you haven't optimized your about section for the top keywords you want to rank for, you're missing out.
Fill the about section out.
A well optimized about page can also rank in YouTube for popular keywords.
Use the keywords you want to rank for, but don't keyword stuff.
We briefly mentioned the importance of playlists earlier (see I knew you would stick around and read on from that section). Set up playlists and add them to your general page.
Use benefit rich playlist titles. Give your playlist a compelling name that will encourage someone to click through.
I also recommend having at least four videos in each playlist. Since after YouTube plays the first video, a person landed on, it will play the next in the playlist. If the viewer stays watching for the following videos in the playlist, it will increase their session time.
Now that we've covered the best SEO practices for producing your video let's dive into how to optimize your video when you load it.
YouTube lets users manually input the video title, description, tags, etc.
These items all make it easier for your ideal audience to find you.
All of these items and the ones listed below should ideally optimize from the get-go.
Before you upload your video, change the name of it to include your keyword.
You already did your keyword research prior, so this should be easy.
Make sure you get the keyword you want to rank for as early in the description as possible and make the title interesting to entice people to click through.
Most people write a very short few sentence description. Big mistake for them… easy win for you.
Your video description helps YouTube and Google understand the context of your video. And the better they understand your video, the higher you'll rank (and the more often you'll show up in the Suggested Video sidebar).
Include your keyword in the first 25 words.
Make the description at least 250 words.
Use your keyword 2-4 times.
Include links to reference materials on your website.
Add timestamps that correlate your text to the time in the video. This lets viewers jump to the section they're looking for, aiding in better engagement.
Add CTA (call to action) – Suggest that they subscribe to your channel or spoiler alert: keep reading, we've got the ultimate CTA a little further down in this post when we dive into how to increase audience interaction.
These tags are not as important as title and description, but if you can try to use your first tag as the exact keyword, then a few variations, the overall topic.
Be conservative. Don't go tag crazy.
Adding transcripts provides YouTube with more information about the content of your video.
You need to upload your transcript manually.
I always suggest those that are focusing on local SEO make sure to include their location variable words in the content of the videos. Don't make YouTube guess.
Yes, YouTube can detect topics and keywords from your video, but you need to upload a transcript manually to optimize your video.
Get the details on creating a transcript file.
You can upload a custom thumbnail in the video manager, under Info & Settings.
Timing matters. The ideal time to post to YouTube is between 12:00PM-4:00PM during the week and 9:00AM-11AM on the weekends (Eastern time). The best days to publish are Thursdays and Saturdays.
Audience interacting signals are a huge ranking factor for YouTube.
This means the more like, comments, and subscribe the more YouTube will show your video to more people.
How do you get more audience interactive signals?
Here are some tricks to getting more audience interactive signals.
Instead of asking your viewers to share their thoughts, give them an easy to answer multiple choice questions. This makes it super simple for them to comment. And people love to give their input.
Also, the more positive interaction someone has with your video, the more likely they are to share and recommend your videos!
Great, you've got your video loaded and optimized, now what?
Promote it. Promote it. Promote it. Did I mention… Promote it!
Unlike traditional SEO for websites, where you continue to gain momentum from the extended time your content sits there, YouTube is different.
If your video performs well in the first 24hours it a winner.
If not, you should put forth your best efforts to improve the rankings, but chances are you're not going to see a massive jump in rankings.
So, what can you do to gain traffic and momentum in that first crucial timespan? Share your videos and respond to those comments!
Make sure you're sending out your YouTube video via social media channels and email it to your database. Again, ideally promote your video as much as possible during those first 24hours.
You can also mention your video on Quora, Reddit, and other online communities. If you decide to do this, don't be spammy and just include a link to your video. Search for topics/questions related to your video and type out a helpful response that positions as the industry authority leader that you are. At the end of your response embed your video.
Write a blog post on the same topic and embed the video in it. You can use a variation of your transcript. If you don't want to type it all out, look for someone on Fiverr to transcribe it for you.
Use a link in all emails sent out from your staff in the email signature. Add a line like "Check out our latest YouTube video" with the link.
Boost social media posts that include the video.
Advertise through YouTube. They have a variety of advertising options.
I hope after reading this, you're ready to tackle your YouTube videos with fresh insight. I can't wait to hear how it goes.
Have a question you want to be answered. Click here to ask the experts!
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text:
Home English The Leaderless People of Mogadishu: Your Lives Matter
Farmaajo has become a spectator to Mogadishu's bloodletting and will be remembered as the worst thing that happened to the city since the civil war.
My heart goes out to those who lost their lives or were injured in the Ex-Kontrool atrocity, and the hundreds more whose entire futures had been cruelly destroyed.
In 2019, there were at least 930 victims who were blown up, assassinated or seriously injured in explosions in Mogadishu alone. This is an average of 78 people every month who have come to harm within the city's 5-square mile radius – almost three people every 24 hours. The first car bomb of 2019 happened on the 14th of January. As I write today, the first explosions of this year are already being reported – another car bomb in the city. Many lives will be lost again.
Whilst these statistics are likely to be gross understatements, the true scale of the daily deaths and injuries in Mogadishu is impossible to count accurately. However, these numbers are nonetheless deeply horrifying and show one thing: behind the "progress" façade of debt relief and economic reform lies a brutal reality: how a legacy of indifference and incompetent leadership has turned Mogadishu into a city of death and residents' lives worthless.
The government is at a point where accepting the inevitability of these terrorist horrors has become so routine, doing nothing is instinctive and rehearsed. The sequence is also appallingly familiar too: an attack happens; many people lose their lives or are injured; a highfalutin wail combined with Twitter selfies with the injured follows; and all is forgotten until the next horror strikes.
Terrorism is a difficult menace to tackle at the best of times. It requires serious leadership, an understanding of the threats and the development of key enabling pillars to mitigate it. Significant gaps in the capabilities of the law enforcement agencies mean Mogadishu was always uniquely exposed and terrorist attacks within the city were not entirely new. However, the inevitability of these terror attacks, their ferocity and frequency mean something has changed: we are not seeing exceptional cases of one-off events. We are now in a world where what happened at Zoobe and Ex-Kontrool have sadly become the norm. It is utterly shocking.
Wrong place in history
On the 20th of May 2017, president Farmaajo mentioned in his first press conference that he removed his picture from his office and decided to hang the picture frame of president Aden Adde on his office wall instead. He explained that the picture will remind him every day of the honour of serving one's people, good democracy and true value of courageous leadership. He wanted to be remembered as one of the great Somali leaders.
Like so much about Farmaajo, it is difficult to know whether he was indulging in misplaced nostalgia after the "Farmaajo II Geeya" euphoria a few weeks earlier or if he really meant it. However, this episode tells us a lot about the man's mindset and his obsession with recognition and place in history. Unlike Sharif Sheikh, whose leadership was stress tested in war, Farmaajo craves acceptance and validation to prove himself.
Farmaajo is of course no Aden Adde and will never be – that much is clear. We also know now that leadership in a crisis was never one of Farmaajo's strong virtues as the people of Mogadishu realised it to their cost. Unconscious incompetence is one thing – something can be done about it; indifference to daily savagery at your doorstep when you are the president, whose overriding priority is to protect people's lives, is all together different. We are not seeing isolated failings of leadership here, rather a president whose basic conviction in humanity for his people is lacking. If the unspeakable atrocities that are happening in Mogadishu, and the thousands who have been killed or maimed in the past three years under his watch have not strained the president's conscience, then we are seeing something that is truly troubling. Indeed, a new low for the country.
Too pusillanimous to do anything
Our optimism three years ago of a new dawn has now turned into the grim realisation that Farmaajo will go down in history as the worst thing that ever happened to Mogadishu since the civil war. The dreadful thing is not so much a president too pusillanimous to help his people as how his tone from the top normalised serial indifference to the atrocities in Mogadishu – an inaction that has inspired so many across the entire machinery of his government. That is why, as hundreds are murdered in the city, no one is ever held accountable, nor are any lessons learned. This is the enduring nightmare that he leaves behind for the people of Mogadishu.
At the country starts the final year of his presidency, there is a sense of understandable dread all round. We now have emboldened and resurgent terrorists, murdering the country's best and brightest in unspeakable horrors; a city in permanent lock down under emergency rule, crippling residents' lives; a president reportedly unable to venture out of his compound and paralysed with fear; a new genre of self-serving charlatans in government who are content at being spectators to atrocities and have no stake in what is happening in the city. Worse, the option to walk away from it all means it will be the people of Mogadishu that are left with the consequences.
Add this to the new group of self-interested "Maqaam Doon" whose sole purpose is the chance to turn the city into another "Maamul Qoboleeyd", thus completing the country descent into managed mayhem and self-destruction.
The lives of the people of Mogadishu must mean something
There is no cost in expressing ambition, only in trying to realise it. One can not defeat terror by appearing to take action through a microphone within the confines of Villa Somalia. So many Potemkin initiatives on security were created, giving the appearance of good progress without the reality. It is when these Potemkin structures are cruelly exploited and exposed that the real moments of tragedy hits the people of Mogadishu. That is why atrocities like Zoobe and Ex-Kontrool happen; the reason there is no effective strategy for fighting terrorism in the country; and why Mogadishu has become a giant prison of its residents. Our naive optimism of three years ago has led to this fearful realism which pervades today.
As we look to the future, we must learn the lessons of these horrors. The real danger is to let the current state of affairs become so accepted and normalised, alternatives to it no longer come to mind – in essence, ending up with the horror of another continuity Farmaajo. We should not let that happen. The people of Mogadishu have paid an enormous price with their lives and will continue to do so. We, as a country, can and must do better than this.
We ended up with Farmaajo because he had deeper pockets than his rivals and for want of anyone better, rather than because he was a potential Aden Adde. This is a warning from history and a key lesson for tomorrow.
Farmaajo will not miraculously discover his conscience or backbone in his final year in office. For someone who craves recognition, his own place in history is already assured for the wrong reasons: Qalbi Dhagax, Zoobe, Ex-Kontrool, and of course the bloodletting in Mogadishu. It is an appalling legacy.
The people of Mogadishu may be leaderless, but their lives matter.
Aloow Wadani Wax Tara, Dadkiisa Iyo Dalkiisana Jeceyl Noo Keen.
By: Abdi Ali
abdirahman.ali3@gmail.com
Disclaimer: The views and opinions expressed in this article are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the official policy or position of Caasimada Online. For publication please email your article caasimada@live.com. Thank You


Current knowledge on associations between variations in fetal growth on the one hand and blood pressure, non-insulin dependent diabetes, coronary heart disease and cancer in adulthood on the other is reviewed and related to more conventional preoccupations of perinatal epidemiology. Commonly used definitions and indicators of impaired fetal growth, possible explanations and mechanisms of the association between fetal growth impairment and later disease, and the concept and operational definitions of programming are discussed. Implications and research priorities that can be derived from this information are presented.
The notion that some adult diseases may have their origins in utero has recently captured attention across a wide area of big-medical science. Editorial comment on this idea has ranged from the enthusiastic, referring to 'paradigm shifts' (Robinson, 1992), to the critical and sceptical (Paneth and Susser, 1995). Perinatal epidemiologists have tended to welcome it as a boost and extension of scope while those working with experimental systems have taken up the challenge to develop and refine informative animal models. Among researchers in cardiovascular disease, this idea has been more controversial, as it has sometimes been regarded as undermining efforts to establish and promote a clear public health message focussed on modifications of adult behaviours and circumstances.
The idea that adult health may reflect circumstances in childhood or even earlier in life is one that dates back many years (Kuh and Davey Smith, 1993). However, in the field of cardiovascular disease the work of David Barker's group in the UK, has been central to the development and study of the fetal origins hypothesis in its current form (Barker 1992, 1994). As mentioned below, others have been developing a parallel interest in the fetal origins of various cancers.
The early work suggesting that cardiovascular disease and cancer may have origins in utero was no more than suggestive. For instance, geographical correlation studies showed that contemporary mortality rates from coronary heart disease were related to infant mortality rates 50 or more years ago by area within England and Wales (Williams et al, 1979; Barker and Osmond, 1986). Although intriguing, these studies could only be treated as hypothesis generators. In particular, there was widespread concern (Ben-Shlomo and Davey Smith, 1991) that the apparent association between early life circumstances and later disease may be simply a consequence of socioeconomic confounding. It was argued that infant mortality could simply be an indicator of relative socioeconomic conditions of each area at the time of birth and hence in adult life given the persistence of the geography of socioeconomic deprivation in Britain this century.
Since these early studies, much more work has been done, particularly with respect to cardiovascular disease. This paper sets out to summarise what is now known about the association between in utero circumstances/fetal growth and risk of disease in adult life. Emphasis will be placed upon reviewing the most robust and direct evidence. A more general, demographically orientated review has been published elsewhere (Elo and Preston, 1992), as has another review focusing on methodological problems with the evidence (Joseph and Kramer, 1996). The paper also aims to relate this work to the more conventional preoccupations of perinatal epidemiology, and to develop a discussion of possible mechanisms and directions for future research.
The effect of birth weight on blood pressure is the most studied association between fetal growth and later physiological characteristics. This association has recently been reviewed by Law and Shiell (1996) who examined the results of 32 papers identified in a systematic search of the literature. This review shows clearly that at all ages, with the possible exception of the pubertal period, there is a tendency for blood pressure to increase as birth weight goes down. This association is seen in different countries and in males and females.
The possibility of socio-economic confounding has been addressed in a number of studies, and it is apparent that this does not provide an explanation for the association between birth weight and blood pressure. For instance, in the Uppsala study, adjustment for maternal marital status and socio-economic status at birth, and social class, drinking habits and education at age 50 had little substantive effect upon the association between birth weight and blood pressure (Koupilová et al, 1997).
b) blood pressure goes up with weight and BMI.
It has been suggested (Paneth and Susser, 1995) that it is misleading to adjust for current body size, as from a public health perspective it is the net effect of birth weight that is important. It may be, however, that the effect of birth weight on blood pressure is potentiated by body size later in life. This is clearly illustrated in Table 1, taken from the Uppsala study of 50 year old men (Leon et al, 1996), where it is apparent that men in the top third of the BMI distribution showed a stronger relation of birth weight to systolic and diastolic blood pressure compared to those in the bottom third of the BMI distribution.
Table 1 also illustrates that the association between birth weight and blood pressure is continuous over the entire range of birth weight. This is a very consistent and thought provoking finding that does not naturally fit with the tendency within peri-natal epidemiology to think in terms of binary divides between 'small' and 'normal'. The long-term effects of birth weight are not simply driven by recognisable peri-natal pathology. The Uppsala data also suggest that the blood pressure-birth weight association is strongest among those men who were born at term (38-41 weeks).
One of the striking findings of the Uppsala study has been that the strength of the birth weight blood pressure association is much steeper among men who were of above median height at age 50, compared to those who were at or below median height (Table 2). This finding has been replicated in an analysis of the Hertfordshire data (Law et al, 1996). The question is how do we interpret this result? In pert-natal epidemiology much thought has been given to the question of how to assess whether a new born has suffered an impairment of growth relative to its genetic potential, as already discussed by Bakketeig in his contribution to this meeting. Looking at size at birth relative to that of previous births has been an interesting approach (Skjaerven and Bakketeig, 1989). By analogy, it could be argued that the group composed of those who are relatively tall as adults but small at birth contain a greater proportion of people who failed to achieve their growth potential in utero than the group of similar size at birth but who were shorter as adults. Here we are using adult height as an index of differences in genetic growth potential between individuals. Thus it may be this sort of failure to achieve ones growth potential in utero that is particularly significant for later blood pressure.
Barker and colleagues, more than other researchers in this field, have examined the association between blood pressure and measures of size and shape at birth other than weight. For example, the ratio of birth weight to placental weight was suggested to be an important predictor of subsequent blood pressure (Barker et al, 1990), with men who were light at birth but had heavy placentas having the highest mean blood pressure. However, the Uppsala study has failed to replicate this observation, finding in fact that blood pressure tended to go down as placental weight increases. Other studies have also failed to find any consistent association with placental weight or the placental to birth weight ratio.
Finally with respect to blood pressure, two analyses suggest that blood pressure in pregnancy is related to the birth weight of the mother. A recent report from a Belgian case-control study of 1,822 women delivering with hypertension at a university hospital between 1988 and 1993 plus matched 'normal' delivery controls, found the risk of preeclampsia or pregnancy-induced hypertension to be inversely related to the pregnant women's own birth weights (Hanssens et al, 1996). Relative to women weighing 3000-3999 g at birth, those who weighed < 2500 g, 2500-2999 g and > 4000 g had a risk of preeclampsia that was respectively 2.16 (95% CI 1.07-4.38), 2.35 (95% CI 1.52-3.62) and 0.81 (95% CI 0.44-1.48). Consistent with this, preliminary analyses (Leon, personal communication) of data from the Scandinavian SGA study (Bakketeig et al, 1993) suggest that mean blood pressure at each stage of pregnancy is inversely related to the women's own birth weights.
The evidence for an association between size at birth and non-insulin dependent diabetes and insulin action is summarised in a forthcoming review (McKeigue, 1997). Birth weight and/or ponderal index (birth weight/birth length�) have been found to be inversely related to impaired glucose tolerance/non-insulin dependent diabetes in adults in Hertfordshire (Hales et al, 1991) and Preston (Phipps et al, 1993) in the UK, among Pima-Americans (McCance et al, 1994), US male health professionals (Curhan et al, 1996) and in Uppsala men (Lithell et al, 1996). Several studies have also suggested that size at birth is related to glucose levels in children (Yajnik et al, 1995; Law et al, 1995). In general, these associations are strengthened by adjustment for current body mass index. Size at birth has also been found to be inversely related to measures of insulin resistance or insulin levels in these and other populations.
In 60 year old Uppsala men (Lithell et al, 1996), the prevalence of diabetes was more strongly associated with ponderal index than birth weight. Men in the bottom quintile of ponderal index had a three-fold greater prevalence of diabetes than men in the other four quintiles. This effect was independent of body mass index. As measures of beta-cell function and insulin action were available in these men at age 50, it was possible to investigate whether either of these factors mediated the association between size at birth and diabetes. It was found that adjustment for the acute phase insulin response to an intravenous glucose tolerance test (IVGTT) was unrelated to size at birth. This suggested that beta-cell function was not the principal mediating factor. However, the 1-hour insulin level from the IVGTT at 50 was strongly related to ponderal index. Moreover, adjustment for this reduced the strength of association between ponderal index and diabetes at age 60, although it did not entirely eliminate it. This has been interpreted as suggesting that impairments in fetal growth, best measured by ponderal index rather than birth weight, result in a permanent reduction in insulin sensitivity. These conclusions are in line with a range of results from David Barker's group. The focus of current work in this area is to try and uncover the specific defect in insulin action which seems to be affected by fetal growth.
Figures in parentheses are numbers of men.
*In the full data set of 2322 men median height is 176 cm.
The classic epidemiological studies of cardiovascular disease (and cancer) have tended to start with cohorts of people already in adult life, many being restricted to people in middle age or older. They provide little if any information about the influence of early life factors on the incidence of cardiovascular events. The evidence that does exist for pre-adult influences on cardiovascular disease, extending back from adolescence through childhood, into infancy and ultimately fetal life, has been recently reviewed elsewhere (Leon and Ben-Shlomo, 1997). As already mentioned, geographic analyses, and other designs including mobility studies (Strachan et al, 1995; Elford et al, 1989; Notkola et al, 1985; Vågerö and Leon, 1994), have played a useful role in generating hypotheses. Their central weakness is that it is difficult to convincingly exclude the possibility that the measures of early life circumstances are only associated with disease risk in so far as they are correlates of adult circumstances and behaviour.
The British Hertfordshire cohort study has been an important source of information about the relationship between birth weight and mortality from coronary heart disease (Barker et al, 1989; Fall et al, 1992; Osmond et al, 1993; Fall et al, 1995; Fall et al, 1995; Vijayakumar et al, 1995; Martyn et al, 1996). This area of Southern Britain was fortunate to have an exceptionally well organised midwifery service in the first part of this century. From 1911 births were required to be notified by the attending midwife within 36 hours of delivery. Information on birth weight as well as details of the mother were reported. In addition, local health visitors recorded information on a special form about the infants progress throughout the first 12 months of life, including their weight at one year. Barker and colleagues extracted this information, and set about tracing the fate of the 22 thousand singleton births born 1911-30 who survived childhood and for whom birth weight and weight at one year was known. Limitations of the British system used to determine date and cause of death of such cohorts meant that it was only possible to look at mortality from 1951. Moreover, only those members of the cohort who could be definitely identified in the national register in 1951 were included. Because of difficulties introduced by change of name for women on marriage, the trace rate for women (60%) was lower than for men (79%). Thus, of the 37 thousand live singleton births originally identified, the mortality analyses (1951-1992) are based on only 16 thousand (43%). This low rate of inclusion has been the focus of criticism. However, although the mortality cohort may not be entirely representative of all the births 1911-30, it is difficult to see how the analysis of mortality in relation to size at birth or at 1 year within the 16 thousand could be seriously biased.
What then has the Hertfordshire cohort revealed? As shown in Table 3, there is a decline in the rate ratio for coronary heart disease (CHD) as birth weight increases, although this is only statistically significant for men. An even more consistent pattern of decline in the rate ratios for CHD was found among men by weight at one year. Weight at one year has also been found to be inversely related to the prevalence of CHD (Fall et al, 1995) and left ventricular mass (Vijayakumar et al, 1995) in special studies of several hundred men from the original Hertfordshire cohort. Associations of birth weight with these outcomes were not as smooth.
The Hertfordshire findings with respect to CHD and birth weight have now been confirmed in studies of men in Sheffield, England (Barker et al, 1993), Caerphilly, Wales (Franker et al, 1996) and Uppsala, Sweden (Køupilová and Leon, 1996). Data for women are less common, but the same picture has emerged from an analysis of CHD from the US Nurses Health Study (Rich-Edwards et al, 1997). The only published data that have failed to confirm this general pattern is from an analysis of mortality among a relatively small number of men born in Gothenburg, Sweden in 1913 (Eriksson et al, 1994). Information on size at birth in Sheffield, Uppsala and Gothenburg was obtained from hospital or midwives' records, while in the case of Caerphilly and the US Nurses Health Study, birth weight was obtained from recall by the subjects or their female relatives. The main shortcoming of the Hertfordshire mortality study is that information on socioeconomic circumstances, health and lifestyle in adult life is not available for the cohort. As a consequence, it has not been possible to look at the confounding and mediating influences of these factors on the association between birth weight and CHD. However, the Uppsala and Caerphilly cohorts and the US Nurses Health Study are based on prospectively followed study populations recruited in adult life for whom information on adult circumstances and cardiovascular risk factors is available. In these studies adjustment for socio-economic factors in adult life and at birth had little if any impact on the strength of the birth weight CHD associations. Furthermore, adjustment for a range of cardiovascular risk factors including blood pressure and serum cholesterol had no substantive impact on the strength of the associations.
Figures in parentheses are numbers of deaths.
On closer inspection, the pattern shown in Table 3 from Hertfordshire, is not one of a consistent linear decline in mortality from the lowest to the highest birth weight categories. There is a slight up turn in the CHD rate in the highest birth weight group. It is striking that this reverse-J shaped association is also apparent in the results from Uppsala and the US Nurses Health Study. The published results from the Sheffield study do not show separate estimates for birth weights over 9 lbs. It is probable that this upturn in risk seen in the highest birth weight category is because this group contains an appreciable proportion of macrosomic births to mothers who had impaired glycaemic control in pregnancy. This itself may lead to an increased risk of non-insulin dependent diabetes in the offspring either for genetic reasons, or because of long-term down-regulation of insulin receptors or some other similar phenomenon in response to the high levels of fetal exposure to glucose.
In focussing upon the associations between fetal growth and CHD we should not lose sight of the evidence that postnatal growth may be important. There is now substantial evidence that adult height is inversley associated with CHD risk. This association has been found in a range of different settings, and appears to be independent of other known risk factors (Yarnell et al, 1992; Palmer et al, 1990; Leon et al, 1995). The few studies that have been able to look at the height association adjusting for birth weight (Yarnell et al, 1992; Rich Edwards et al, 1995) suggest that these factors have an independent effect on CHD risk. Recent analyses of a cohort of children whose height was measured in the late 1930s, has found that height under the age of 14 years is inversley correlated with mortality from coronary heart disease, with leg length being a particularly strong predictor (Gunnell et al, in press). Leg length, more than trunk length, is believed to be sensitive to environmental circumstances.
In summary, a consistent picture is emerging of a decline in risk of CHD with increasing size at birth, with a suggestion of a small upturn in risk among those weighing over 9.5 Ibs. This pattern has been observed in a number of different populations. It does not appear to be accounted for by socio-economic confounding. More strikingly, the association does not seem to be mediated by blood pressure or other established adult cardiovascular risk factors.
It has been suggested that in utero circumstances may affect later risk of a range of hormonally related cancers, i.e., cancers of the breast (Le Marchand et al, 1988; Ekbom et al; 1992; Sanderson et al, 1996; Ekbom et al, 1995; Michels et al, 1996), testis (Depue et al, 1983; Brown et al, 1986; Akre et al, 1996), ovary (Walker et al, 1988) and prostate (Ekbom et al, 1996; Tibblin et al, 1995). At present, however, there is little consistency in the findings of the few studies that have investigated these associations (Leon and Ben-Shlomo, 1997). Despite this there has been an appreciable amount of hypothesising on the possible mechanisms that could lead to in utero influences on risk of these malignancies (Trichopoulos, 1990a/b; Trichopoulos and Lipworth, 1995; Lipworth et al, 1995). Further work needs to be done on this area.


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Undergraduate Advisor Handbook
C. PROCEDURES FOR APPOINTMENT OF FACULTY MEMBERS
CONTRACT APPOINTMENTS
Short-term faculty appointments are given on a contract basis to faculty whose teaching or other academic assignments last for a limited period, usually less than one year. Remuneration is provided without regular employee benefits. Such contract appointments specify precisely the tasks and responsibilities to be performed. Contracts are reviewed each term and may be terminated on one month's paid notice.
Appointments to the non-tenure track may be renewed annually.
Recommendation by President 2:140:1
The appointment of all salaried administrators to the university shall be proposed by the president to the Andrews University Board of Trustees which has the final authority in making appointments of all university personnel. Before the president makes any personnel recommendations to the Andrews University Board of Trustees, he shall have been advised via the Search Committee process (see policy #2:142) or other appropriate processes.
The appointment of university administrators is different to that of faculty members in one respect. Faculty members are recommended by their peers via the search process and are then appointed for a fixed but renewable period. Administrators are identified during the search process and, after appointment by the Andrews University Board of Trustees, they serve at the pleasure of the Board with scheduled periodic reviews for renewal or termination of appointment (see policy #2:140:1 below).
Evaluation and Reappointment of Administrators 2:140:1
Annual Development Plan and Evaluation. 2:140:1:1
Administrators will prepare an Annual Development Plan with specific goals informed by self-evaluation, peer evaluation, and the advice of the administrative supervisor. A job description tailored to the leadership needs of the position is the basis for development of the plan and is filed with the Office of Human Resources. An annual evaluation with regard to achievement of these goals occurs at the Plans Conference at which time a new Annual Plan is prepared.
Five Year Review for Reappointment 2:140:1:2
Officers of the university and officers of the schools are reviewed for reappointment every five years. The evaluation occurs during the year of the university constituency session in the year following the General Conference quinquennial session. The Office of the President shall be responsible for coordinating this periodic evaluation. Evaluation data will be obtained from administrative peers as well as the persons supervised by the administrator. Recommendations for reappointment for another term will be made by the president to the Board of Trustees.
Special Review of Administrator 2:140:1:3
Calls for a special evaluation of a department head or other administrator may occur at any time. Such a special review is called for by the president only when compelling reasons have been submitted to the president by a significant number of the person's work associates. In such a special review, a committee shall be appointed by the president.
Department Chair 2:140:2
The department chair is a faculty administrator who serves as the official communication channel for all regular business between the faculty of the department and the university's administration. The chair represents the department in matters that are referred to the dean for decision or approval. The chairs' responsibilities include but are not limited to:
Ensuring the overall quality of the department's instructional program and research activities
Administration of department resources
Ensuring that classes are met and conducted responsibly
Ensuring that departmental advising is accurately and effectively performed
Playing a key role in the preparation and administration of annual budgets
Understanding and implementing – effectively, consistently and equitably – all personnel policies, in association with faculty colleagues
Facilitating the ongoing professional development of faculty colleagues
Evaluating faculty
Facilitating students success
Manner of Appointment 2:140:2:1
Appointment to the chair-ship of a department is made by the Board of Trustees at the recommendation of the president and after the usual search process (see policy #2:142:6, Item 2). The president obtains advice from the departmental faculty, the dean of the school in question, the dean of the school of graduate studies and research for departments that offer graduate degrees, and the provost. Faculty members re-employed after retirement are not eligible to serve as chairs.
Term of Service and Review 2:140:2:2
The usual expected term of service for a department chair is four years and may be renewed after annual evaluations. A faculty member who accepts appointment as chair of a department is expected to remain with the university for the full term except where special arrangements are made with the Board of Trustees.
Rotating Chair 2:140:2:3
A department may request the school dean and provost to establish a rotating chair on the basis of procedures developed by the department. Nominees are approved by the usual procedure described in 2:140:2:1.
Evaluation and Reappointment of Chair 2:140:2:4
(1) Annual Development Plan and Evaluation 2:140:2:4:1
Chairs will prepare an Annual Development Plan with specific goals informed by self-evaluation, faculty peer evaluation, assessment of learner outcomes (see policy #2:440), and the advice of the dean of the school. A job description tailored to the department's leadership needs and based on the expectations described in the Chairs' Manual is the basis for development of the plan.
An annual evaluation with regard to achievement of these goals occurs annually at the Plans Conference with the dean of the school. At this conference a new Annual Plan is prepared.
(2) Fourth-Year Review 2:140:2:4:2
Department chairs are reviewed by the dean of the school for reappointment early in the fourth year of the term of service. . Based on the outcome of the evaluation, a chair may be re-appointed for a four-year term. . The office of the provost shall be responsible for coordinating this periodic evaluation. Evaluation data will be obtained from departmental faculty with input from the dean of the School of Graduate Studies and Research, for departments that offer graduate degrees. Recommendations on reappointments will be made by the dean of the school to the provost who then recommends to the president. Reappointment for another term will be made by the Board of Trustees.
(3) Special Review of Chair 2:140:2:4:3
Calls for a special review of a department chair as provided for in policy #2:140:1:3 may occur at any time. Such a special review is initiated by the provost when a majority of the departmental faculty submits compelling reasons to the provost for such a review.
In such a special evaluation, a special review committee shall be appointed by the provost, who shall also chair the committee. Members of the committee shall include the dean of the relevant school, the dean of the school of graduate studies and research for departments that offer graduate degrees, the faculty members of the department, a full professor from another department in the university and the Director of Human Resources.
Acting Chair 2:140:3
A faculty member may be appointed acting chair of a department by the president upon recommendation of the dean(s) and provost when the incumbent chair is absent from the campus for an extended period such as a sabbatical leave or assignments away from the university. An acting chair may also be appointed on an interim basis during the search process to fill a vacancy in the chair-ship.
Selection of the acting chair will be based on appropriate criteria (see also policy #2:140:2:1 for non- eligibility of retirees). Extra remuneration is granted to the acting chair for the duration of the post if the usual fiscal management responsibilities of the chair are cared for. Such a person's role will not guarantee consideration for the chair-ship of the department at the time of a future vacancy. If the term of service will be for at least a year, the appointment is made by the Board of Trustees.
Interdisciplinary Program Coordinators 2:141:1
A faculty member may be appointed a coordinator for an interdisciplinary, or inter-school program by the dean(s) of the appropriate school(s) upon the recommendation of the appropriate chair(s) and faculty. Normally the same type of search process used to identify a chair is used to select an interdisciplinary studies coordinator (see policy #2:142:6, item 2). Extra remuneration is granted to such a coordinator if fiscal management responsibilities are held. Evaluation and review processes for interdisciplinary program coordinators are the same as used for chairs (see policy #2:140:2:1).
Area Coordinator 2:141:2
Because of specialization or size, some academic departments may be subdivided into program areas with a coordinator responsible for each area. Program area coordinators are appointed within a department upon the recommendation of the relevant academic dean(s), and department chair(s). Evaluation and promotion review processes for area coordinators are the same as used for faculty (see policies #2:326 and #2:307).
SEARCH COMMITTEE PROCEDURES FOR OFFICERS AND FACULTY
Centrality of Search Committees to Employment Process 2:142:1
Under the supervision of the president, vice presidents and deans, the university maintains a process for the recruitment, selection, and separation of administrators or faculty. The most crucial step in the selection of officers of the university, officers of schools and new faculty members lies in the search process whereby peers express themselves on potential candidates for vacant positions. (See also policies #1:717 and #2:140:2:1).
Administrators and the Andrews University Board of Trustees shall carefully regard the recommendations of search committees.
Timing of Search Committees 2:142:2
The administration will appoint a search committee as soon as a vacancy is expected. Ample time should be allowed for the search process to facilitate advertising of the position and for negotiating transfers from other institutions.
Terms of Reference for Search Committees 2:142:3
Search committees are appointed to:
Obtain a job description and/or position criteria from the relevant department/school or entity.
Determine the procedures and schedule to be followed during the search process including implementing the affirmative action policy of the university (See also Section 1, Appendix 1-I).
Seek qualified potential candidates through wide advertising and enquiry. Official advertisements are processed by Human Resources after approval by the president or the vice president under whom the vacancy has occurred.
Communicate with and evaluate all applicants by a variety of methods including curriculum vitae, determination of immigration status if appropriate, reference checks, scheduled interviews and guest lectures.
Recommend to the president qualified individuals (preferably at least three (3) persons).
Search committees provide formal counsel to the president or the Andrews University Board of Trustees, but they should consult and communicate with the departments, schools or university officers in question as defined in policy #2:142:5 below, until they have rendered their report and the positions in question have been filled.
Appointment of Search Committee Members 2:142:4
Depending on the position to be filled search committee members are nominated by relevant peers or representative university groups and are appointed by the chief officer involved as described in policy #2:142:5 below. The selection of members should take account of the diverse nature of the university community.
Composition of Search Committees 2:142:5
Departments or schools will nominate a representative group as a search committee, including a person outside of the department/school/university. Unless prescribed by policy, search committees elect a chair and secretary at their first organizational meeting.
If a search committee member becomes a candidate for the vacant position, he/she must withdraw from the search committee and may be replaced.
The following are specific prescriptions for the composition of search committees dealing with different types of vacancies.
For Faculty Positions 2:142:5:1
When a faculty vacancy occurs, the dean of the relevant school/Director of the James White Library shall call the department together to choose a search committee. One member of the search committee must be from another school of the university appointed by the dean of the school where the search committee is to function. If the position involves graduate faculty responsibilities, the school's graduate program director or the graduate dean must be included. Departments should include one (1) student on the search committee. See also policy # 2:225:2 regarding search committee organization for departments which employ faculty of other faiths.
For Department Chair 2:142:5:2
When a department chair vacancy occurs, the dean of the school in question shall call the department together in order to choose a search committee. The search committee membership must include at least one (1) member, appointed by the dean, who is a department chair from another department in the same school. One (1) faculty member from another school shall be appointed by the dean of the school in which the search committee is to function. If the position involves graduate faculty responsibilities, the school's graduate program director or the graduate dean must be included. Departments should include one (1) student on the search committee.
For Academic Office Directors 2:142:5:3
When a vacancy occurs for a position of Director of an academic office, such as the James White Library, the Records Office, the General Education Office, etc., the provost shall call a meeting of the relevant faculty and users of the services, to form a search committee. The search committee membership must contain two (2) faculty members representing the constituent schools of the university appointed by the provost. The committee should include one (1) student in the membership of the search committee.
For Officers of Schools 2:142:5:4
a. Dean
When a dean's position becomes vacant, the provost shall convene the faculty of the school in question in order to appoint a search committee.
The search committee shall consist of five (5) to seven (7) individuals including (a) one person from another school of the university and (b) faculty from the school in question including at least one (1) full professor and one (1) department chair. If the school offers graduate degrees, the search committee must include the Graduate Dean. Schools are also encouraged to include one (1) student.
b. Associate and Assistant Dean
When a vacancy for an associate or assistant dean occurs, the dean of the relevant school shall convene the chairs or program coordinators of the school in question in order to appoint a search committee.
The search committee should include representation from the chairs, senior faculty, and at least one academic professional staff member from outside the school as determined by the job description of the position being filled. The dean should chair the committee.
For Officers of the University 2:142:5:5
a. President of the university
When the Office of the President becomes vacant the chair of the Andrews University Board of Trustees shall request the Andrews University Board of Trustees to appoint a search committee. The search committee shall include representation from the board of trustees, faculty, staff, alumni, and students. This committee shall give the vice presidents, deans, and faculty an opportunity to offer counsel before a recommendation is made. It renders its report to the Andrews University Board of Trustees in session.
b. Vice President
When a vacancy occurs for a vice president, the president of the university shall appoint a search committee of persons representing the constituents of the university as follows:
Representative(s) For Provost For other VP's
vice president nominated in Cabinet: 1 1
deans nominated in Deans' Council 3 2
faculty of the university, at least two (2) of whom must be full professors nominated in a meeting of the General Faculty 4 3
staff nominated in a staff assembly: 1 3
Board of Trustee member appointed by the chair of the Board of Trustees: 1 1
students, one (1) recommended by the Undergraduate (AUSA) officers and one (1) recommended by the Graduate (AUGSA) Student Association officers: 2 2
members appointed by the president to represent university interests not otherwise adequately represented: 1 3
The president shall also seek advice from the vice presidents and the deans before making recommendations to the Andrews University Board of Trustees.
c.Assistant and Associate Vice President, Treasurer and Controller, Director of Human Resources, and the Chief Inform
When a vacancy occurs for an assistant or associate vice president, a treasurer or controller, the chief information officer, or the director of Human Resources, the president or the vice president under whom the vacancy occurs, shall appoint a search committee of persons representing the peers and constituents of the position, and shall serve as chair.
Strong consideration shall be given to the recommendations of the vice president in whose domain the vacancy has occurred, since an assistant or associate vice president works closely with the vice president.
General Procedures for Use by Search Committees 2:142:6
Orientation to Search Procedures: At the first meeting of the appointed search committee, the Director of Human Resources shall provide an orientation to the policies and procedures relevant to the recruitment and hiring of all university employees. At this meeting, the expected job description and preferred characteristics for the position should be identified.
Protocol: Before a prospective employee from another Adventist educational institution or another division within the university is invited for an interview, courtesy requires that the appropriate administrator be contacted for permission. Normally, invitations for positions to be filled for the succeeding school year are not appropriate after May 1.
On-Campus Interviews: When on-campus interviews are scheduled with the top candidates for a position, the schedule must include the President, the respective Vice-President, the Graduate Dean (if appropriate), the Director (or designee) of Human Resources, and the proposed co-workers. Prospective faculty should be invited to present a guest lecture or seminar for the department.
Other Information: Information on certain matters should be sought in the search interviews: (a) the visa status of the prospective employee; (b) any financial obligations which would be owed to the current employer such as unamortized doctoral support expenses; (c) whether person is vested within the denominational retirement plan.
Consideration for Supervisor Recommendations: Inasmuch as a person who will be an assistant or associate to an officer will work closely with that officer, the officer's own recommendations should be strongly considered.
Recommendation of Other Colleagues: In selecting an officer of the university, the counsel of other officers (deans, other vice presidents) shall be sought by the vice president under whom the vacancy exists.
Exceptional Case Departments: Searches for vacant faculty positions in exceptional case departments where non-Adventists may be considered include the following requirements: (a) the chair of the search committee must be a Seventh-day Adventist; (b) more than half the members of the search committee must be Seventh- day Adventists; (c) the committee must extensively seek and demonstrate how they have sought qualified Adventist candidates before considering candidates who are not Seventh-day Adventists; and (d) the vote to recommend employment of a non-Seventh-day Adventist must be taken at a meeting attended by all Adventist members of the search committee.
Reports on Search Progress: The search committee shall periodically report on its progress to the appropriate faculty, officers, or other concerned individuals.
Report to the President: When the search committee has identified the preferred candidate(s), the relevant vice president shall convey the search committee's report to the president, together with the advice of the other officers and his/her own recommendations. The president will authorize Human Resources to issue a letter to the preferred candidate with an offer of employment and to inform the active candidates not chosen that an employment letter has been sent to a candidate other than himself or herself.
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