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Surrogacy in Russia and Abroad
Pregnancy Surveillance
Adoption?
Myths About Surrogacy
Legal Aspects of Surrogacy
Legal Cases of Surrogacy
Surrogacy vs. Religion
Egg and Sperm Donation
Unsafe Ultrascan Screening
Home » Surrogacy » History
«Abraham sends Hagar and Ishmael away»
Gustave Doré, 1852 yr.
Even in ancient times people dreamed of reproducing an offspring, strived to have children of their own in spite of infertility which was incurable.
The first surrogate mother
The first surrogate mother in history is believed to have lived somewhere near the city of Hebron, the land of Canaan, two thousand years before the birth of Christ. Here is what the Bible says about this (The Genesis, 16).
Sarah, elderly Abraham's wife, was barren and hired her maiden Hagar to carry a child for her husband.
1 Now Sarai Abram's wife bare him no children: and she had an handmaid, an Egyptian, whose name was Hagar.
2And Sarai said unto Abram, Behold now, the LORD hath restrained me from bearing: I pray thee, go in unto my maid; it may be that I may obtain children by her. And Abram hearkened to the voice of Sarai.
3 And Sarai Abram's wife took Hagar her maid the Egyptian, after Abram had dwelt ten years in the land of Canaan, and gave her to her husband Abram to be his wife.
4 And he went in unto Hagar, and she conceived: and when she saw that she had conceived, her mistress was despised in her eyes.
5 And Sarai said unto Abram, My wrong be upon thee: I have given my maid into thy bosom; and when she saw that she had conceived, I was despised in her eyes: the LORD judge between me and thee.
6 But Abram said unto Sarai, Behold, thy maid is in thy hand; do to her as it pleaseth thee. And when Sarai dealt hardly with her, she fled from her face.
7 And the angel of the LORD found her by a fountain of water in the wilderness, by the fountain in the way to Shur.
8 And he said, Hagar, Sarai's maid, whence camest thou? and whither wilt thou go? And she said, I flee from the face of my mistress Sarai.
9 And the angel of the LORD said unto her, Return to thy mistress, and submit thyself under her hands.
10 And the angel of the LORD said unto her, I will multiply thy seed exceedingly, that it shall not be numbered for multitude.
11 And the angel of the LORD said unto her, Behold, thou art with child, and shalt bear a son, and shalt call his name Ishmael; because the LORD hath heard thy affliction.
12 And he will be a wild man; his hand will be against every man, and every man's hand against him; and he shall dwell in the presence of all his brethren.
13 And she called the name of the LORD that spake unto her, Thou God seest me: for she said, Have I also here looked after him that seeth me?
14 Wherefore the well was called Beer-lahai-roi; behold, it is between Kadesh and Bered.
15 And Hagar bare Abram a son: and Abram called his son's name, which Hagar bare, Ishmael.
16 And Abram was fourscore and six years old, when Hagar bare Ishmael to Abram.
Abraham was 86 at that time, but he was still able to conceive a child despite his age.
In 1910 BC Hagar gave birth to a son called Ishmael. Sarah admitted him into the family by putting him in her lap as this required traditions. Ishmael was the first child in history born due to the so-called traditional surrogacy programme.
By the way, the Arabs are believed to descend from Ishmael's offspring, that is why they are sometimes called the Hagarenes or the Ismailites.
It's interesting that 14 years after the birth of Ishmael, in 1897 BC (the year of the Fall of Sodom and Gomorrah), Sarah managed to get pregnant by her spouse who was about 100 years old at that time.
«The Testing of Abraham's Faith»
Hammurabi's Code
Hammurabi's Code
The second surrogacy programme known to us was carried out in the Sumer Mesopotamia in the middle of the XVIII century BC. It's worth mentioning that in the Sumer Mesopotamia surrogacy was generally recognized and was on absolutely legal grounds. Hammurabi's Code (1792-1759) was drawn up in 1780 and was the first document to stipulate the principle of presumption of innocence ('innocent until proven guilty'). That document required that an infertile wife wishing to reproduce an offspring should find a bondwoman for her husband. Additional bondwomen were only allowed in cases when the selected maid never delivered a boy. 'Successful' surrogate mothers were even entitled to certain social benefits.
§ 144. If a man take a wife and this woman give her husband a maid-servant, and she bear him children, but this man wishes to take another wife, this shall not be permitted to him; he shall not take a second wife.
§ 145. If a man take a wife, and she bear him no children, and he intend to take another wife: if he take this second wife, and bring her into the house, this second wife shall not be allowed equality with his wife.
§ 146. If a man take a wife and she give this man a maid-servant as wife and she bear him children, and then this maid assume equality with the wife: because she has borne him children her master shall not sell her for money, but he may keep her as a slave, reckoning her among the maid-servants.
§ 147. If she have not borne him children, then her mistress may sell her for money.
We do not know other Sumerian surrogate mothers' names. Bilhah, Rachel's, Jacob's second infertile wife, maid, became the second surrogate mother and bore sons Dan and Naphtali to Jacob.Here is what the Bible says: (Genesis, 30)
1 And when Rachel saw that she bare Jacob no children, Rachel envied her sister; and said unto Jacob, Give me children, or else I die.
2 And Jacob's anger was kindled against Rachel: and he said, Am I in God's stead, who hath withheld from thee the fruit of the womb?
3 And she said, Behold my maid Bilhah, go in unto her; and she shall bear upon my knees that I may also have children by her.
4 And she gave him Bilhah her handmaid to wife: and Jacob went in unto her.
5 And Bilhah conceived, and bare Jacob a son.
6 And Rachel said, God hath judged me, and hath also heard my voice, and hath given me a son: therefore called she his name Dan.
«Jacob and Rachel at the Well»
Julius Schnorr von Carolsfeld, 1850-1860
7 And Bilhah Rachel's maid conceived again, and bare Jacob a second son.
8 And Rachel said, With great wrestlings have I wrestled with my sister, and I have prevailed: and she called his name Naphtali.
9 When Leah saw that she had left bearing, she took Zilpah her maid, and gave her Jacob to wife.
10 And Zilpah Leah's maid bare Jacob a son.
11 And Leah said, A troop cometh: and she called his name Gad.
12 And Zilpah Leah's maid bare Jacob a second son.
13 And Leah said, Happy am I, for the daughters will call me blessed: and she called his name Asher.
14 And Reuben went in the days of wheat harvest, and found mandrakes in the field, and brought them unto his mother Leah. Then Rachel said to Leah, Give me, I pray thee, of thy son's mandrakes.
15 And she said unto her, Is it a small matter that thou hast taken my husband? and wouldest thou take away my son's mandrakes also? And Rachel said, Therefore he shall lie with thee to night for thy son's mandrakes.
16 And Jacob came out of the field in the evening, and Leah went out to meet him, and said, Thou must come in unto me; for surely I have hired thee with my son's mandrakes. And he lay with her that night.
17 And God hearkened unto Leah, and she conceived, and bare Jacob the fifth son.
18 And Leah said, God hath given me my hire, because I have given my maiden to my husband: and she called his name Issachar.
19 And Leah conceived again, and bare Jacob the sixth son.
20 And Leah said, God hath endued me with a good dowry; now will my husband dwell with me, because I have born him six sons: and she called his name Zebulun.
21 And afterwards she bare a daughter, and called her name Dinah.
22 And God remembered Rachel, and God hearkened to her, and opened her womb.
By the way, no matter how strange it might seem, surrogacy sometimes takes unexpected turns – after the birth of the baby or even during pregnancy the 'client' becomes pregnant herself. That's what happened to Rachel, too.
The third surrogate mother
Zilpah, Jacob's first wife Leah's maid, became the third surrogate mother. She bore four sons to Jacob and then became temporarily barren. Zilpah gave Jacob two sons: Gad and Asher. After that, Leah became fertile and bore another two sons (Issachar and Zebulun) and a daughter Dinah to Jacob.
The holy book tells us about the so-called traditional type of surrogacy when due to poor reproductive technologies the surrogate mother was artificially inseminated and thus acted as a donor and surrogate mother at the same time. From the legal point of view, however, those boys were recognized as biblical prophets' and their spouses' own children.
Surrogacy in ancient Egypt
Surrogacy was quite common in Ancient Egypt. Many of Egyptian Pharaohs asked their concubines to help them in producing an offspring. The ancient rulers of Egypt were believed to directly descend from the God of Sun Ra. To avoid mixing blood of the Sun with ordinary blood, Pharaohs married their sisters.
No need to say that their children were not too healthy and there were a great number of miscarriages. For example, Amenhotep I, the Pharaoh who reigned in the XVI century BC, did not have a successor and that's why he had to ask one of his maids to bear a child for him.
However, even though children delivered by maids were treated as Pharaohs' children, they were a little bit infringed in their rights and could pretend to the throne only when there were no other 'nobler and more legal' pretenders to it.
Amenhotep I
Amenhotep's son Thutmose reigned over the Kingdom for 30 years, conquered half of the ancient world, led thousands of hundreds of slaves to Egypt… but was toppled from the throne by pagan priests when his stepsister and wife the Empress of Sun died in 1490 BC.
A more legal Pharaoh's daughter ascended the throne then – it was the sixteen-year-old Hutsepshut who became the first female ruler in history. She came to the throne even though Thutmose had a son from a maid – the thirty-year-old Thutmose II – and a grandson who had also been delivered by a surrogate mother – the future warrior Thutmose III, Amenhotep's II father.
Egyptian rulers ascended the throne in accordance with the so-called 'sun' female blood line and a Pharaoh's son could come to the throne only if he married his stepsister or half-sister.
Thutmose I
Thutmose II
Surrogacy in ancient Greece and Rome
Surrogacy was also common in ancient Greece and Rome. Plutarch tells us the story of King of Galatia Deiotarus and his infertile wife Stratonica who personally picked a beautiful concubine Electra for her husband among his prisoners and brought up their children as if those ones 'were hers, with love and generosity'.
Traditional surrogacy in which the surrogate mother acts as the biological mother of the baby is quite common in surrogacy-friendly countries even nowadays.
There is a very interesting Indian legend saying that a thousand years after the biblical events mentioned above, in 599 AD, the 24th Tirthankar was born after an embryo had been transferred from one woman's womb to another one's. That Tirthankak is the last 24th Jain Buddha, one of the key figures of the Jain Mythology Mahivara (in Sanskrit this name literally means 'Great Hero'). He was destined to become great and, consequently, be born in a family of the legendary Kshatriya (warrior) caste.
However, Mahivara decided to change his destiny and so he was born in Brahma'a caste (the priests' caste). He changed the life karma he had had before his rebirth and incarnated into a fetus into Brahmin Devananda's womb. According to the legend, Devananda, wife of a Brahmin named Rishabhdeva, conceived him. The gods, ingeniously, transferred the embryo to the womb of Trishala. According to Swetambara sect the expectant mother was believed to have seen 14 auspicious dreams.
And according to Digambara sect it was 16 dreams. The Astrologers interpreted these dreams, stated that the child would be either an emperor or a Teerthankar. Trishala and Devananda, whose deliveries were on the same day, became the first women who had carried other people's baby, that is, the first surrogate mothers in the modern meaning of this notion.
Concubines were also quite common in the medieval Europe. Charles le Grand became a widower in 800, and he had a few concubines then, but children delivered by these women were treated as illegal. However, they managed to become highly-respected priests: Drogon became the Archbishop of Metz, and his younger brother Hugh (Hugo) – the abbot of Saint-Quentin. Their high-ranking posts are mainly accounted for by the education their father had provided them with.
Kievan Rus
Grand Prince St. Vladimir I, Equal-to-the-Apls (955-1015), the one who christened Kievan Rus in 988, had more than 800 concubines before the Christianization and entered into five official pagan marriages (including a marriage with a Czech princess and Bulgarian tsarevna). However, he wanted to have as many male successors as possible, that's why he took a Greek woman, his own brother Yaropolk's widow, as a concubine.
In 978 the notorious Sviatopolk I Vladimirovich (Sviatopolk the Accursed) was born. Vladimir recognized him as his lawful successor, Sviatopolk yet insisted on his uncle Yaropolk's paternity (there were rumors that Yulia (his mother) was already pregnant when Yaropolk died).
It was Sviatoslav, born as people said then 'from two fathers', became Knyaz of Kiev after the death of his father in spite of Vladimir having elder and more lawful male children. He was later dethroned by his stepbrother Yaroslav Mudry (Yaroslav the Wise).
Sviatopolk I Vladimirovich
(Sviatopolk the Accursed)
Cultural and religious peculiarities were not an obstacle for implementing a traditional surrogacy programme in the Medieval era in China, Korea and Japan. One of such cases which became a precedent in history is described in a brilliant movie 'The Surrogate Woman' by a famous Korean film director Im Kwon-Taek.
A member of a noble Lee family married an infertile woman and hired a minor country girl for her to carry a child for him. By the way, the actress interpreting the surrogate mother's role won the Best Actress Nomination at the Venice Film Festival.
Scottish surgeon, one of the most distinguished scientists and surgeons of his day
Research in the field of artificial insemination
Artificial insemination has been studied for several centuries already.
In 1677 the inventor of microscope, the Dutch scholar A. Leeuwenhoek examined human semen and was the first to detect spermatozoons. He made a suggestion that a spermatozoon was a kind of seed, and a woman's uterus created a favourable environment for its 'sprouting'. In 1790 a distinguished Scottish surgeon and venereologist John Hunter (1728-1793) injected a man's semen into his wife's vagina with a syringe to overcome infertility. By doing this, he implemented the first artificial insemination in history. Due to his experiment, the woman became pregnant and later gave birth to a healthy child.
In 1880 the first IVF attempt in history was tested on guinea pigs. 11 years later, in 1891 a French scientist Heape was the first to carry out a successful IVF by transferring an embryo from one guinea rabbit to another one, thus making it the first 'surrogate mother' in history.
In 1893-97 V. Gruzdev (1866-1938) suggested a theory of importance of egg's maturity for conception to take place and he was also the first to apply his patented method to rabbits. Later on his theory laid down the principles of GIFT (gamete intrafallopian transfer; egg cells are removed from the woman's ovary, mixed with sperm, and introduced into one of her Fallopian tubes).
Starting with the 1920th, artificial insemination by the husband's or a selected donor's sperm has become widely-spread in infertility treatment.
The first IVF
The first IVF involving human reproductive materials was conducted in 1944 by Harvard gynecologists J. Roach and M. Minkin. They cultivated a human egg and inseminated it in vitro which resulted in the development of a 2-cell embryo.
Despite all these early discoveries, the IVF fathers are considered to be two distinguished and famous British researchers – biologist Robert Edwards and gynecologist Patrick Steptoe.
Edwards had his first success in fertilizing a human egg in vitro in 1967.
The first 'alien child' pregnancy (which unfortunately turned out to be extrauterine) was registered in 1976, following 9 years of continuous research and experiments. On November 10, 1977 when the amount of IFV failures had exceeded 600, the doctors carried out an 8-cell embryo transfer after which the embryo was finally accepted by the mother's organism.
The world's first 'test tube' baby
And, finally, the world's first 'test tube' baby was born just before midnight on 25 July 1978 at Oldham General Hospital in England. Reproductologists and embryologists could consider this date as their professional holiday.
It took more than 600 IVF attempts for Louise to make her historic entry into the world. You can find some more information and details about Louise, her birth and all the things that preceded it in the article made up by the embryologists themselves and published in Lancet journal (Steptoe PC, Edwards RG. Birth after the implantation of human embryo.Lancet 1978;2:366).
Another 'test tube' baby followed soon after. In 1980 in Melbourne (Australia) after 8 years of intensive research in Carl Wood's and Alex Lopata's laboratory a 'test tube' boy was born, and in 1981 the first IVF programme was implemented in the US.
Lesley and John Brown with their daughter Louise Brown
The first Soviet 'test tube' baby Lena was conceived in Leonov's laboratory in Moscow and born in February 1986 just a few years before the famous Perestroika. In a few months another IVF child Kirill was born in St. Petersburg.
Boris Leonov was actually the founding father of IVF and reproductive technologies in Russia. In the period of Soviet stagnation, when there was no Internet and other communications means were quite poor, when the country was almost isolated from European countries and the information flow was more than poor, he managed to understand and make up the principles of IVF basing on his scattered knowledge about IVF attempts in the West, and he did his best to start implementing similar programmes on the territory of the USSR.
He actually applied himself to a 'start-up' field in the Soviet science. It is his persistence and ability to persuade people that made it possible to open the first Soviet IVF clinic – the Ministry of Health allocated $500.000 (a hefty sum of money at that time) to do it. So, it is no one but B. Leonov who should be considered as godfather of thousands of IVF children who made their entry into this world due to his programmes and techniques.
In just 30 years, since the birth of Louise Brown, more than two million children were born in the world, conceived "in vitro."
The first traditional surrogacy programme
Speaking about surrogacy itself, it was a Michigan lawyer Noel Keane who became the pioneer in this field. He is the founder of the first surrogacy agency in the US (1976). His first programmes were based on the so-called traditional type of surrogacy, that is the surrogate mother's egg was fertilized in vivo by the biological father's sperm. By 1988, due to the enthusiastic lawyer's efforts, 302 babies had been born.
The first coordinated traditional surrogacy programme in the US (and in the world) was successfully implemented in 1980 by Richard M. Levin's Surrogate Parenting Associates, Inc. company in Louisville (KY, US). Medical screening and various legal regulations before the start of the programme took them long 9 months. However, the pregnancy itself was achieved at the first attempt and resulted in the delivery of a healthy boy. Five days after the delivery, the surrogate mother gave up her rights to the baby in favour of the biological father.
That was actually the first case of coordination of the traditional surrogacy programme in the world. Surrogate Parenting Associates, Inc. has helped in delivering more than 500 children so far, and Dr. Levin, as well as Mr. Keane, have become famous people and distinguished specialists.
The first gestational surrogacy programme
The first gestational surrogacy programme (in which the surrogate mother carries the biological parents' embryo) was implemented in Ann Arbor (MI, US) in April 1986. The girl was conceived in vitro with the sperm and egg of the biological parents. The IVF was conducted at the Mt. Sinai Health Care Foundation in Cleveland by Dr. Wolf Utian. The 37-year-old biological mother had her uterus removed, that's why she asked her 22-year-old friend, who had already delivered two children, to bear her daughter. The legal part of this programme was taken care of by Noel Keane and one of its major conditions was to keep everything confidential.
The first surrogacy programme implemented among relatives, when 48-year-old Pat Anthony successfully bore and delivered three grandchildren for her own 25-year-old daughter Karen Ferreira-Jorge, was carried out in South Africa in October 1987. Karen and her 33-year-old husband Alsino already had a son at that time, but the couple was dreaming of four children. Karren, who had her uterus removed because of a heavy postnatal bleeding, thought that their dream would never become true. After learning about surrogacy, the couple selected a potential surrogate mother but had to give up her services for fear that she should keep the babies to herself. Then Karren's mother Patricia decided to help her daughter and her son-in-law
She almost insisted on taking part in an IVF programme. The enthusiastic lady had four out of eleven embryos transferred into her womb, and three of them were successfully accepted by the surrogate mother's organism. The birth was given by cesarean section and the delivery was filmed by British journalists who paid $500.000 for the exclusive permission to do it. The babies were called David, Jose and Paula. According to the Child Status Bill which was in force in South Africa at this time, Miss Anthony was treated as mother of triplets, that's why she had to give up her parental right for her daughter and son-in-law who then adopted their own children.
Relatives become surrogate mothers quite often. In North Caroline (US), a woman who had been trying to treat infertility for 6 years asked her sister to bear a child for her, and in May 1994 she had her baby born. In Great Britain Edith Jones had her own daughter's embryo transferred into her womb because the latter was not able to maintain pregnancy on her own. In 2005 in South Africa the daughter-in-law of a prominent cardiosurgeon Susan Vosloo bore two twins for her: two girls called Nina and Lila.
Since 1976 in the US only there have been more than 40,000 surrogate babies born. Most of them were conceived within the so-called traditional surrogacy programme. At present only 15 cases of surrogate mothers' refusal to give up the baby for the intended parents are registered. The most notorious of them is the so-called 'Baby M' case which was heard in court in 1988 in New Jersey. Mary Beth Whitehead-Gould, the baby's traditional surrogate mother, decided to keep the baby that she had borne for William and Elizabeth Stern. After the delivery the surrogate mother fled with the baby to Florida, but private detectives hired by the Sterns sought her and brought her back to NJ. The Supreme Court of New Jersey entitled Miss Whitehead-Gould with parental rights as the baby's genetic mother. However, the custody of the 'Baby M' was given to the Sterns, the surrogate mother was entitled to occasional visits only.
Only four of these cases were won by the surrogate mothers and they managed to gain sole custody of their children. In one of the cases the intended parents decided to have only one of the twins delivered by the surrogate mother, but the court gave sole custody of both children to the surrogate mother in order to keep the twins together.
Interestingly enough, but we know more than 50 cases when the intended parents gave up their own children carried for them by a surrogate mother. Usually the parents decided to give up the child because they managed to get pregnant themselves, or they did not want to have twins or triplets, or they wanted a girl instead of a boy (or vice versa), the child might be born with various physical defects and, finally, the intended parents might be just light-minded. However, 50 is a small figure against the total number of implemented surrogacy programmes – it makes only 0,125% of them.
By the way, 500,000 mothers leave their children in maternity hospitals annually in Russia, which makes 4% of all the children born in this country every year.
The first surrogacy programme in the USSR and Russia
The first surrogacy programme in the USSR was implemented in Kharkov in 1995. The surrogate mother, as in South Africa, was a woman who successfully carried a baby for her own daughter whose uterus was entirely absent from her birth. So the lady acted both as the surrogate mother and the child's grandmother.
The first Russian surrogacy programme was implemented in 1995 at the IVF centre at the D.O. Otta Institute of Obstetrics and Gynecology of the Russian Academy of Medical Sciences in St.-Petersburg. One of the first patients of this centre was a young woman who had to have her uterus removed because of delivery complications (her child died the next day after the delivery by С-section). The woman did not lose hope of having a child though.
She already knew about successful surrogacy programmes abroad, but in Russia there were no doctors who could carry out such a programme, it was impossible to find a surrogate mother in this country. However, she somehow managed to persuade an unmarried 24-year-old friend of hers, who had never had children of her own yet, to become the surrogate mother for her child. The pregnancy was achieved at the first attempt and ultrasound scanning showed that she was pregnant with twins!
The pregnancy period was quite difficult, the surrogate mother was even taken to hospital for several times to maintain the pregnancy. As it often happens in a multifetal pregnancy, the delivery was premature and the birth was given by С-section. The 7-month-old girls weighed a bit more than 2 kilos at birth and were in quite good health. The surrogate mother was given a three-room apartment in St.-Petersburg for her services. By the way, the ladies managed to remain on good friendly terms, the surrogate mother often sees her friend's children who treat her as their aunt.
Nowadays there are dozens of successful clinics, medical centers and laboratories who are involved in IVF. We can't give you accurate figures here, but we are certain that 10 years of IVF practice have given birth to thousands of children.
Legal cases in Russia
There are no statistics on surrogacy legal cases in Russia. We can mention only three cases.
In 2004 a couple from Chita (a Russian city) hired a traditional surrogacy mother who was artificially inseminated by the genetic father's sperm. The surrogate mother did not give up the child for the intended parents, but they did not intend to bring the case to court. The surrogate mother sought alimony and the court awarded her with it. That's a classical case revealing all the mistakes committed by a couple who hired a surrogate mother on their own – they should have done IVF, not an insemination, and they should have used a donor's eggs to avoid the genetic relation between the surrogate mother and the baby she carried. And there is no need to say that they should have drawn up a sort of contract to fix all the formal and legal details.
An interesting legal case was heard in court on-line in a popular TV-show 'Chas suda' ('The Court Time') on November 29, 2004. The surrogate mother bore a child with a heart disease for a couple. It was not said whether the surrogate mother was 'traditional' or gestational. The parents gave up their baby saying that they did not want a sick child. They also did not pay the money compensation they had promised to the surrogate mother before. She filed a suit in court for them to pay her the promised sum of money, but the court declined it saying that 'the European Counsel suggests hiring as surrogates sisters, close relatives and friends of the infertile woman only', reimbursing only the pregnancy expenses. Well, no comments are needed.
Probably, the most interesting case was heard in one of Moscow courts at the end of 2005. A Russian couple implemented a successful IVF programme in one of Moscow clinics. However, the surrogate mother, who had previously given her consent for bearing the embryos and putting the intended parents' names on the child's Birth Certificate upon delivery, tried to question the Birth Certificate after the document had been issued. She explained to the court that she had thought 'she'd live with the baby's father', and there is no need to say that such a 'marriage' never came to the father's mind. No matter how strange it can be (according to Paragraph 3, Article 52 of the Family Code of the Russian Federation, the surrogate mother is not entitled to question the Birth Certificate after this document had been issued), that suit was accepted and the court even arranged a few hearings of it. Eventually, this case was dismissed.
Alain Apin and Alexander Iratov with their daughter Ksenia
Usually, intended parents do not want to reveal the fact that their child has been carried by a surrogate mother. However, there are exceptions to this rule. The most 'famous' biological parents of Russia are the popular singer Alyona Apina and her husband Aleksandr Iratov.
Having lost hope in having a natural child, they decided to hire a surrogate mother. So they found a well-educated provincial lady (mother of two children), who agreed to bear their child for a certain sum of money. After the delivery, Alyona took her daughter and the women do not keep contact at all now.
A famous businesswoman Olga Slutsker (the President of a chain of Wealth and Recreation Centres World Class) hired an American lady Lucy who became the surrogate mother for her son Misha. The two women got on very good friendly terms, they keep contact and have even become close friends
We can only admire people who do not keep their 'surrogacy experience' in secret. And then, they shouldn't be afraid of being blackmailed that someone will 'reveal their baby's secret' because, in fact, there is no secret at all.
Western 'stars' are usually not so overt when speaking about surrogacy.
In May 2005 Sharon Stone had her second son Laird Vonne Stone. She adopted her first son with her ex-husband Phil Bronstein. Some sources claim it is the actress' biological child who had been carried by a surrogate mother from Texas. No one knows where the IVF programme was implemented and whom Sharon Stone had chosen as the sperm donor. The actress had to adopt the boy.
Sharon Stone in the company of sons – Lairda Vonn Stone and Quinn Kelly Stone
The birth of 47-year-old Prince Albert's of Monaco black son is also covered with mystery. Some people believe that a 33-year-old Togolese Nicole Cost working as a flight attendant acted as a traditional surrogate mother. The black boy called Alexandre Eric Stephane was born on August 24, 2003. After the positive DNA test, the happy father officially recognized the newborn boy as his heir and gave his son and his mother an apartment in Paris, a BMW and allocated €10,000 per month to cover their living expenses. Well, Alexandre Eric is probably unlikely to become Prince of Monaco (only if his father amends Act 1249 about the Succession of the Throne), but he will definitely inherit his father's fortune, estimated at more than €2 billion.
Michael Jackson was one of the few who openly declared that he had hired a traditional surrogate mother to deliver his third child – Prince Michael II. When selecting the surrogate mother, the singer was interested in her intellect only, other aspects such as her ethnic origin, age etc. were not important for him.
The famous Italian designers Dolce and Gabbana also said once that they were going to hire a surrogate.
Nowadays mass media speak more and more about surrogacy and newborn surrogate babies.
One of the most interesting cases took place in the US, where a gay family is bringing up five surrogate babies now. It was like this: in July 2002 two gay men (36-year-old lawyer Michael Meehan and his partner, 31-year-old stylist Thomas Dysarz) from Lexington (KY, US) had four children at once – three boys (Michael, Jacob and Tristan) and a girl named Taylor. They were born, as it usually happens in a multiple pregnancy, a bit premature – nine weeks earlier than the full term. They were delivered by a 23-year-old surrogate mother Verity Brooks who was also the oocyte donor. Michael acted as the biological father of the children by donating his sperm for the IVF. Both fathers were allowed to be present at the delivery. In January 2004 the same Verity Brooks carried another baby for the two fathers. This time it was Thomas who was the babys' biological father. Both times Verity had four embryos implanted, but last time only one of them was accepted by the surrogate mother's organism. According to the legislation of Kentucky, the surrogate mother can give up her maternity rights three days after the delivery. As the biological parents did not deny their paternity, they did not have to adopt the children. The only problem they faced was that the Kentucky law does not allow putting the names of two fathers onto the Birth Certificate.
In April 2005 in the US a 25-year-old Therese Anderson who had been hired as a surrogate mother for Louise Gonzales and Enrique Moreno, a childless couple from Mexico, delivered five lovely boys – Gabriel, Xavier, Jorge, Enrique and Victor. These children were born healthy, though one of them had some heart disturbances. The surrogate mother received only $15,000 for her services, she did not insist on paying her extra for delivering several babies.
On December 14, 2005 in Ural a 35-year-old surrogate mother Tatyana delivered triplets for her sister Marina. Marina had had two attempts of transfer before, but they were not successful. Then Tatyana, who had already delivered two healthy children of her own, offered to help her. The two babies, even though premature, were able to breathe on their own. The biological mother, unable to 'deal' with three babies, asked the surrogate mother to keep two babies to herself. The relations between the sisters were not registered officially. They had a verbal agreement only.
Ekaterina Germanova and her son Andrei
Quite an interesting and actually unique in Russia surrogacy programme was implemented in November 2005. In this case, the dead biological father's sperm was used for the conception to take place. Ten years before that a 19-year-old Andrei Zakharov was to follow a course of chemotherapy in Israel.
Before starting the treatment, he, as it was required, left a sample of his sperm for cryoconservation. The course of therapy he had followed proved to be not really efficient, and in eight years Andrei died being childless.
His mother Ekaterina Germanova set up her mind to have a grandchild from her son then.
Reproductologists from the Ekaterinburg centre of Family Medicine helped Ekaterina in making her dream come true. Andrei's sperm was delivered to Ekaterinburg where a gestational surrogacy programme (with an egg-donation) was implemented. By the way, his mother faced a lot of problems when transporting her son's sperm to Russia. According to the law, only Andrei's wife could use her beloved husband's sperm and a special will was to have been made up then. Nevertheless, the Israeli authorities met this persistent lady's wishes and allowed her to take all the 25 tubes with her son's sperm sample.
On November 16 a surrogate mother gave birth to a healthy boy! The surrogate mother got a one-room apartment in Ekaterinburg for her services. Now Ekaterina is the only guardian of her grandchild and she is going to pick him up for adoption soon.
The court ruled that she could not be taken for the baby's grandmother as the surrogate mother is his only relative. In this case, the refusal to register Ekaterina Zakharova as the baby's grandmother was not legal. She should have acted in the following way: she should have established the child's paternity, after what Ekaterina Germanova would have been automatically recognized as the child's grandmother. As far as Germanova are planning to have more than one grandchild, we could advise her turning to competent law counsels in due time.
Ekaterina Zakharova with Gosha
In February 2006 in Moscow a successful surrogacy programme was implemented by the Nirovs family. After numerous failures of IVF the biological mother, who was trying the last attempt, decided to implement a surrogacy programme just to be on the safe side. Both women had two embryos implanted. Both of them became pregnant, and both of them had twins! During pregnancy both women – Svetlana (biological) and Nadezhda (surrogate) – became almost close friends. The children were born nice and healthy and there were no problems when getting the documents.
The 41-year-old Englishwoman Carole Horlock is the leader among all the surrogate mothers. She started her 'career' in 1995 and since then she has delivered 12 children for childless couples – 8 girls and 4 boys, including twins and even triplets! A Greek couple has become Carole's latest clients. The biological mother was seriously operated on two years ago and since then she is totally barren. However, she is still able to produce eggs. Horlock had 3 embryos transferred into her womb in 2007, and all three of them were successfully accepted by the surrogate mother's organism. On March 15 the surrogate mother gave the Greek couple triplets
The delivery, as it often happens in a multiple pregnancy, was a little bit premature (at the 35th week), but the babies were quite plump and healthy. By the way, that's the only surrogacy programme within which Carole carried children genetically related to other people. All the other children had been conceived by an artificial insemination, i.e. it was a traditional surrogacy programme in which the surrogate mother really has to give up her own child.
Isn't it nice that parents can finally have their heirs who'll make them happy and fill their lives with love and care? The more surrogate children are born in this world, the more happiness, love and joy will be in it!
By the way, one shouldn't forget that surrogacy helps in solving one of the major social problems – the one of population reproduction, because death rate in Russia has been exceeding birth rate for more than 10 years already!
By Konstantin Svitnev's research paper
"Surrogacy in Russia and in the World"
www.jurconsult.ru
Login to Surrogacy in Russia and Abroad


text:
Q: Proving another digammabinomial series result This series is related to some extent to the previous question of mine, that is Computing $\sum_{n=1}^{\infty} \frac{\psi\left(\frac{n+1}{2}\right)}{ \binom{2n}{n}}$, where an approach by series only is expected. To answer one of the questions
in the previous post, no CAS is able to compute these series, and I suppose this won't be
possible in the near future either.
Prove that
$$\sum_{n=1}^{\infty} \left(\frac{\displaystyle \psi(n)-\psi\left(n-\frac{1}{2}\right)}{\displaystyle \binom{4n-2}{2n-1}}+\frac{\displaystyle \psi\left(n+\frac{1}{2}\right)-\psi(n)}{\displaystyle \binom{4n}{2n}}\right) =$$
$$\frac{\pi}{3\sqrt{3}}+\frac{1}{75}\left(\log(1073741824)-3\sqrt{5} \pi^2+\pi\left(\Re \{{4 i \sqrt{5} \log(5- \sqrt{5} + i (\sqrt{15}- \sqrt{3})  ) -
 2 i \sqrt{5} \log(5 +\sqrt{5}+ i (\sqrt{3} + \sqrt{15}))\}}+6\sqrt{5}\arctan\left(\sqrt{\frac{5}{3}}\right)-5\sqrt{3}\right)+\sqrt{5}\left(\log(79228162514264337593543950336) \log\left(\frac{3-\sqrt{5}}{2}\right)
+  \log(324518553658426726783156020576256)\log\left(\frac{3+\sqrt{5}}{2}\right)+24\Re \left\{\operatorname{Li}_2\left(\frac{\sqrt{3}+i}{\sqrt{3}+i\sqrt{5}}\right)-\operatorname{Li}_2\left(\frac{\sqrt{3}+i}{\sqrt{3}-i\sqrt{5}}\right)\right\}\right)\right)$$
A supplementary question -  Find the closed form of
$$\sum_{n=1}^{\infty} (-1)^{n+1}\left(\frac{\displaystyle \psi(n)-\psi\left(n-\frac{1}{2}\right)}{\displaystyle \binom{4n-2}{2n-1}}+\frac{\displaystyle \psi\left(n+\frac{1}{2}\right)-\psi(n)}{\displaystyle \binom{4n}{2n}}\right)$$
Hopefully Cleo might help with the alternating version.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


I have been meaning to apply a new design to my blog ever since I transferred it to WordPress last year. However, my knowledge of PHP is limited to what PHP actually stands for and therefore it was difficult to allocate very much time to it, let alone apply new designs.
With the development of Taggloo and learning Manx, I felt it was time to develop some improved presence, and this is the result.
Since the revitalised Windows Media Centre user interface, and then Windows Phone 7, I have become a big fan of the Metro user experience. It is super simple, smooth and is an experience that is easily portable between the "three screens" of Windows Phone 7, Windows 8 and XBox 360. The design applied to this blog was drafted quickly on the back of a piece of paper in the office as the idea hit me. What I have ended up with is a slick and distinctive result that I feel is sincere to Metro's philosophy of clean lines and content-first.
The blog runs on the Umbraco Content Management System, and is affording me the opportunity to re-assess the CMS for other projects I may become involved in. It feels like a very mature product, if a little difficult to grasp at first and not entirely suitable for the non-technical user. However, it feels like where Sitecore is, in terms of the importance attached to XSLT. The intricacies of Umbraco notwithstanding, once I'd figured out the XSLT structure, I was away!
The blog would not be possible without the help of Andreas Heinakroon, who very kindly adapted my back-of-fag-packet scratchings to an all singing, all dancing HTML template that could be applied to my blog, complete with winking tiles. Until I worked with Andreas, I thought I could come up with designs – at least mediocre ones! How wrong I was! Never underestimate the power of a good designer. I would definitely check out his blog, for a refreshing outlook.
Also, thanks to Owen Cutajar, who hosted my blog on his WordPress platform while I continuously prevaricated in trying to get a new design sorted and the necessary time to devote to learning PHP and WordPress specifics.


text:
// Copyright (c) Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved.
// Licensed under the MIT License.
// Code generated by Microsoft (R) AutoRest Code Generator.

package com.azure.resourcemanager.securityinsights.fluent.models;

import com.azure.core.annotation.Immutable;
import com.azure.resourcemanager.securityinsights.models.EntityCommonProperties;
import com.fasterxml.jackson.annotation.JsonProperty;

/** AzureResource entity property bag. */
@Immutable
public final class AzureResourceEntityProperties extends EntityCommonProperties {
    /*
     * The azure resource id of the resource
     */
    @JsonProperty(value = "resourceId", access = JsonProperty.Access.WRITE_ONLY)
    private String resourceId;

    /*
     * The subscription id of the resource
     */
    @JsonProperty(value = "subscriptionId", access = JsonProperty.Access.WRITE_ONLY)
    private String subscriptionId;

    /**
     * Get the resourceId property: The azure resource id of the resource.
     *
     * @return the resourceId value.
     */
    public String resourceId() {
        return this.resourceId;
    }

    /**
     * Get the subscriptionId property: The subscription id of the resource.
     *
     * @return the subscriptionId value.
     */
    public String subscriptionId() {
        return this.subscriptionId;
    }

    /**
     * Validates the instance.
     *
     * @throws IllegalArgumentException thrown if the instance is not valid.
     */
    @Override
    public void validate() {
        super.validate();
    }
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
Saints Row 2
Saints Row 2 Multiplayer Hands-on
Reclaim the streets with our first look at competitive play in Stilwater.
By Nate Ahearn
Posted: 25 Sep 2008 5:00 pm
As the open world action genre continues to push forward and expand on consoles, it's inevitable that multiplayer starts to play a larger role. There's no better example of this than Saints Row 2, a game where two players can join up and play cooperatively through the entire campaign (something we've talked about before) as well as engaging in more traditional competitive play.
Up until a few days ago, the details of the adversarial multiplayer had been shrouded in secrecy, but now that launch is only a few weeks away, THQ is ready to remove the curtain.
There are two main modes of play within Saints Row 2:
Saints Row 2 - PC
Gangsta Brawl and Strong Arm. Gangsta Brawl is centered on the straight killing of the enemy (whether it be team-based or free-for-all), while Strong Arm is more about building up your wad of cash by completing different activities, all of which are pulled directly from the game's campaign.
It's also important to note a few of the style changes that the core gameplay has undergone in making the transition to the multiplayer arena. First, there's no longer an animation for getting into a car. Instead, your character just pops into the driver's seat. It eliminates the two or three seconds that it usually takes your hooligan to get into an automobile. It doesn't sound like a huge change, but it's actually a life saver if you're looking for a quick get away from oncoming traffic. And no, you can't magically teleport into a speeding, out of control vehicle like those white dudes from The Matrix.
The next change is known simply as "tags." Just like in the single-player game, there are walls throughout the environment -- which in multiplayer is a single neighborhood, not all of Stilwater -- that can be tagged. But rather than earning respect as you would in story mode, your team will get a strategic bonus (this applies to both Gangsta Brawl and Strong Arm). The most effective is easily Smoke Screen, which puts a haze over your opponent's screen that's similar to the effect of being on drugs in the campaign. Their character will also be enveloped in smoke for a set interval that repeats every so often, making aiming when stationary a real chore. Other power ups include nitrous for your team's cars, doubling the cash your team gets for each kill, sending the coppers after the opposition and many others that we'll save for you to discover.
Now the two respective core game modes: First, there's Strong Arm. Players jump in to a set number of rounds with a designated mix of the eight possible activities. You can choose a time limit, a score limit, weapon loadouts; pretty much everything you'd expect from this type of game. The activities that I got to try were Hitman, Destruction Derby, Insurance Fraud, Mayhem and Escort. They feel very similar to their campaign brethren, excluding Brawl and Theft which are unique, but the insanity has been ratcheted up considerably.
Insurance Fraud sees players from one team mauling their teammates, sending their bodies high into the air in an effort to get the most cash possible. Destruction Derby tasked my team with destroying the opposition's rides by any means necessary. Satchel charges, shotguns, careening golf carts; everything is fair game. There's also a giant monster truck that is driving around the environment with a truly massive life bar that teams can try and bring down for a huge cash reward. No one had the stones to try in my game. Hitman is a rotating VIP variant, while Escort tasks players to bring a set of three hoes to different clients across the city.
DeveloperVolition
PublisherTHQ
Release DateAugust 2, 2011
PlatformsPlayStation 3, Xbox 360, PC, Wireless
IGN's Top 10 Free-To-Play Games on Steam

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
In 2008, as a result of public and international pressure over overwhelming evidence of systematic human rights abuse committed by the Colombian armed forces, particularly extrajudicial executions, the Ministry of Defense (MoD) announced the establishment of 15 internal measures aimed at improving the human rights performance of the Armed Forces. The measures were part of the government's comprehensive policy on human rights and international humanitarian law created in 2008. They were designed to build on Directive 300-38 from 2007, which emphasizes captures over kills as a primary criterion for evaluating military success; and a human rights certification program based on polygraph assessment and verification of operational history for all candidates for promotion to the rank of Lieutenant Colonel and above.
Additionally, Directive 25 (2008) of the MoD created a system for receiving complaints of violation of human rights on the national level, as well as a system for addressing them and ensuring that the complaints are recognized by the pertinent civilian judicial authorities and notified to the Inspector General so that proper administrative and disciplinary measures can be taken.
Entry points
Understanding their limited capacity to institutionalise the 15 measures the Colombian MoD sought partnerships with academic institutions, civil society and the international community in an unprecedented manner. For example, they worked with the Pontifica Universidad Javeriana to develop and implement a Single Teaching Model (MUP) on human rights and international humanitarian law, and created instructor guidelines in the process. Moreover, the MoD sought support from the ICRC and the UN in country for training and accompaniment (referring to technical support in the form of recommendations and not meaning monitoring or evaluation) to help bring credibility to the implementation of the 15 measures.
For example, in 2009, the ICRC began assisting the armed forces carry out workshops on lessons learned from past human rights violations. Case studies provided the Divisions with models for how to respect human rights and international humanitarian law when carrying out their duties.
In 2012, a team of SSR and human rights experts (including the author) was formed by UN OHCHR at the request of the MoD to accompany the military forces in the implementation of seven of the 15 measures. These included accompanying the MoD in the revision of their human rights training, system of human rights certification system for all officers and establishment of a human rights complaint reception system at the tactical level amongst others. In the absence of an international accreditation system for human rights and IHL military formation, training and education programmes, this accompaniment by OHCHR Office in Colombia (funded by in-country donors) was a good example of an SSR monitoring mechanism being locally driven and internationally supported.
One very interesting relationship that is worth highlighting for its innovation is the MoD's working relationship with United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA). This has resulted in a comprehensive policy focuses on Sexual Reproductive Rights, Equality and Gender-based Violence, Sexual Health and Reproduction, with an Emphasis on HIV. The programme includes incorporating obligatory and specialised education and formation training to military and police forces, from recruit to officer level, making Colombia the first Latin American country to do so.
In regards to sexual violence and other forms of gender-based violence (GBV), through this programme the Ministry generates internal awareness of its no tolerance policy as well as of the applicable internal regulations, domestic legislation and the international legal norms such as International Humanitarian Law (IHL). The training on awareness and prevention of GBV becomes progressively sophisticated up through the ranks with command responsibility a central theme, including at the lower levels of command. Moreover, with the assistance of UNFPA, an internal (but public) protocol was created to orientate on managing the prevention of GBV in armed conflict. See
In 2011, the Ministry, in partnership with UNFPA published their training manual on the prevention of sexual violence and protection of women and international humanitarian law. The accessibility of this training document demonstrated good practice for democratic governance in a society that counts on a strong gender movement and on a very critical civil society supporting women's and victims' rights.
Since 2008, the Colombian Military have reported a sharp decrease in external complaints against their personnel in operations. The reduction in the number of complaints made against the armed forces is one of the Ministry's key indicators that the comprehensive policy is having a positive impact. The Ministry has also reported building a number of partnerships with various NGOs and representatives from minority communities such as indigenous groups to participate in their training programs. This outreach for external partnerships is a positive step towards strengthening a culture of democratic governance.
Lessons Identified
In spite of progress being documented by the MoD via their statistics on human rights complaints, it is important to highlight that in the case of the military forces, it is the same institution that monitors and processes the complaints made against them. The Colombian military has offices and accessible communication lines open to the public throughout the country established as a result of Directive 25 (2008). This includes the establishment of a human rights complaints office in each military unit and a national toll free number for human rights complaints.
However, the manner in which the military processes complaints made against them is not yet a fully transparent process. This implies that the number of complaints registered and made public by the Colombian military may not reflect reality, including in cases of allegations of GBV. This in turn may impact how the military are converting lessons identified stemming from allegations of human rights and IHL violations against them into didactical human rights and IHL training material.
As a result, the UN has been advocating that the MoD ensure their complaints system has connectivity with civilian agencies on these issues and to make public the claims reported to each division commander or regional police chief through periodic television appearances.
The openness showed by the Colombian MoD should be recognised as a positive model, especially considering that armed confrontations between armed actors continue and mistrust between the military forces and civil society has deep roots. Since then, the MoD has learned to better cooperate with different actors on accountability and use the resulting partnership to become more effective operationally.
Selected Resources
Política en derechos sexuales y reproductivos, equidad y violencia basada en género, salud sexual y reproductiva, con énfasis en VIH
Prevención de la violencia sexual protección de la mujer y derecho internacional humanitario
Protocolo para la fuerza pública en el manejo de la violencia sexual con énfasis en la violencia sexual con ocasión del conflicto armado


text:
Gates Guilty Plea Strengthens Muellers Hand Against Manafort
February 25, 2018 February 25, 2018 NewsEditor	Donald John Trump, Europe, Money Laundering, Paul John Manafort, politics, SPECIAL COUNSEL, U.S. Democrats, ukraine, Virginia, Washington, White House
As the newest cooperator for Special Counsel Robert Mueller, Rick Gates gives prosecutors a powerful weapon in pursuing former Trump campaign chairman Paul Manafort and possible election collusion with Russia.
Gates, who pleaded guilty Friday in Washington, was Manafort's right-hand man and worked with him for a decade in his political consulting firm lobbying on behalf of Ukraine before joining him on Donald Trump's presidential campaign in 2016. Gates also remained on the Trump campaign after Manafort resigned in August 2016, and he helped plan Trump's inauguration.
In a victory for Mueller, Gates admitted he conspired with Manafort to defraud the U.S. by failing to disclose their work as unregistered foreign agents for Ukraine, and by hiding his offshore bank accounts. Mueller also extracted an admission that Gates had made a false statement to his office. It was the fourth criminal conviction that the special counsel has obtained from someone who lied to U.S. authorities.
Gates, 45, is now poised to testify against Manafort, who was indicted twice alongside him — first on Oct. 27 on money-laundering and unregistered-lobbying charges in Washington, and then Thursday on tax and bank fraud charges in Alexandria, Virginia.
Manafort was indicted anew on Friday in Washington, with Mueller dropping four charges of failing to report offshore accounts, because those were included in the Virginia case. The lobbying allegations against Manafort were expanded, and new claims about Manafort's use of loans from his shell companies to avoid paying taxes on foreign income were added. Prosecutors also added allegations that the pair enlisted top former European politicians, secretly paying them to push their Ukraine agenda.
Offshore Accounts
Mueller's office is prepared to have Gates tell jurors how he helped Manafort use dozens of offshore accounts to launder money, while failing to disclose their Ukrainian work as required under the Foreign Agents Registration Act, according to former prosecutors.
Follow the Trump Administration's Every Move
"This is someone who was on the inside of what the government was alleging, knows Manafort perhaps better than anyone else, and has admitted committing the very crimes that Manafort is accused of," said Lee Vartan, a former federal prosecutor.
It's not clear from public filings what, if anything, Gates could offer Mueller's team about whether anyone in the Trump campaign colluded with Russians — the central mission of Mueller's appointment. But Democrats in Congress pounced on the plea as a sign that Gates may have more to offer.
"Gates was also in a position to observe the inner workings of the campaign at its most senior level" and could prove a key source of information on potential coordination between the Trump campaign and the Russian government, said top House Intelligence Committee Democrat Adam Schiff.
Related: Meeting That Gates Admits Lying About Matches Rohrabacher Dinner
Gates had a unique vantage point on a pivotal year. He worked closely with a Trump-affiliated political action committee, America First, and was present, according to a person familiar with the situation, at several meetings at the White House during the administration's early months.
Gates admitted Friday to the core of the government's case — that he engaged in decade-long criminal conspiracy that hid tens of millions of dollars that moved through offshore accounts. Manafort's firm earned some of that money while performing unregistered lobbying and other activities for former Ukrainian President Viktor Yanukovych and his political party, he admitted. Gates said he worked to hide their lobbying of Congress, the executive branch, and others on behalf of their Ukrainian clients.
They engaged in a "global lobbying strategy to promote Ukraine's interest," Gates admitted in a court document. The scheme to hide their lobbying efforts included false letters to the Justice Department sent in November 2016 and February 2017, Gates admitted.
At Manafort's behest, Gates wired more than 2 million euros from offshore accounts to pay the former European politicians to help their lobbying efforts, according to the Gates' filing. The revised Manafort indictment includes virtually identical allegations.
Ends Speculation
Gates's plea ends weeks of speculation that he was preparing to cooperate with Mueller, who has charged 19 people in his investigation and secured four other guilty pleas. Gates, a father of four young children, said he accepted the deal reluctantly.
"Despite my initial desire to vigorously defend myself, I have had a change of heart," Gates said in a letter to his family, according to ABC News. "The reality of how long this legal process will likely take, the cost, and the circus-like atmosphere of an anticipated trial are too much. I will better serve my family moving forward by exiting this process."
Gates admitted to making a false statement during a Feb. 1 proffer at the Special Counsel's office, a question-and-answer session that's often a prelude to a plea agreement.
That same day, Gates's three attorneys asked the judge to be allowed to step aside, citing "irreconcilable differences" with their client. The charging document unsealed Friday, which included the false-statement charge, was filed in court on Feb. 2.
Gates signed his guilty plea on Friday before walking into court. Prosecutors agreed not to charge him for his "disclosed participation" in other crimes, including money laundering, false statements, personal and corporate tax and offshore account offenses, bank fraud and obstruction of justice.
U.S. District Judge Amy Berman Jackson, presiding over Gates's guilty plea, said he faces between 57 and 71 months in prison under advisory guidelines. He could get less time if prosecutors are satisfied with his cooperation.
'Incredibly Strong'
Gates, appearing in a blue suit, white shirt and a tie, was soft spoken and respectful during the proceedings as he stood with his attorney, Tom Green.
Gates could help bolster what was already a solid case, according to Paul Fishman, the former U.S. attorney in New Jersey. "The indictments alone reflect what appears to be an incredibly strong case against Manafort simply based on the documents and the tracing of the various transactions," Fishman said.
Manafort maintained his innocence and said he would continue to defend himself.
"I had hoped and expected my business colleague would have had the strength to continue the battle to prove our innocence," Manafort said in a statement. "For reasons yet to surface he chose to do otherwise."
Read more: http://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2018-02-23/gates-guilty-plea-strengthens-mueller-s-hand-against-manafort
Police investigate after 4 were dead near Burk's Falls, Ont. – CBC.ca
A coal kingpin's defamation lawsuit against John Oliver has been dismissed
Key downtown Edmonton intersection reopens ahead of Monday commute CBC.ca A busy downtown Edmonton thoroughfare is...
Scarlett Johansson says she should be able to play any role she wants, identity politics be...
The Internet thinks the dad who tried to tackle Nassar is a hero
Elizabeth Wettlaufer expected to plead guilty in nursing home killings – CBC.ca
First We Gave This Girl A Barbie. Then We Gave Her A Doll With Normal Proportions. Then We Gave Her A Doll With Goat Hooves.
Remembering the Berry sisters one year after their demises – CBC.ca
Friends wear matching bikinis to make an important point about body shaming.


text:
Topeka es un pueblo ubicado en el condado de LaGrange en el estado estadounidense de Indiana. En el Censo de 2010 tenía una población de 1153 habitantes y una densidad poblacional de 256,29 personas por km². Se encuentra al norte del estado, a pocos kilómetros al sur de la frontera con Míchigan.

Geografía
Topeka se encuentra ubicado en las coordenadas . Según la Oficina del Censo de los Estados Unidos, Topeka tiene una superficie total de 4.5 km², de la cual 4.5 km² corresponden a tierra firme y (0%) 0 km² es agua.

Demografía
Según el censo de 2010, había 1153 personas residiendo en Topeka. La densidad de población era de 256,29 hab./km². De los 1153 habitantes, Topeka estaba compuesto por el 94.45% blancos, el 0.26% eran afroamericanos, el 0% eran amerindios, el 0.95% eran asiáticos, el 0% eran isleños del Pacífico, el 1.65% eran de otras razas y el 2.69% pertenecían a dos o más razas. Del total de la población el 3.64% eran hispanos o latinos de cualquier raza.

Referencias

Enlaces externos

Pueblos de Indiana
Localidades del condado de LaGrange (Indiana)

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
Archive for the tag "Islam is no longer a religion"
Islam Explained in Layman's Terms!
Having spent time in many Muslim countries I was deeply impressed with this book review. Dr. Hammond is an obvious genius in explaining the threat we face watching our Liberal/Progressive politicians race to resettle Muslims into our society. The future will prove that this is one of the most dangerous moves in the history of the United States. My decision to post this was easy but convincing Americans to believe it is fact will be hard. This old man will not have to worry as I will be long gone but I feel so sorry for my family and yours. If anyone knows who wrote the review let me know and I will give them credit. C Brewer
Adapted from Dr. Peter Hammond's book: Slavery, Terrorism and Islam: The Historical Roots and Contemporary Threat.
– In the first place Islam is not a religion, nor is it a cult. In its fullest form, it is a complete, total, 100% system of life.
– Islam has religious, legal, political, economic, social, and military components. The religious component is a beard for all of the other components.
– "Islamization" begins when there are sufficient Muslims in a country to agitate for their religious privileges.
– When politically correct, tolerant, and culturally diverse societies agree to Muslim demands for their religious privileges, some of the other components tend to creep in. Here's how it works:
As long as the Muslim population remains around or under 2% in any given country, they will be for the most part be regarded as a peace-loving minority, and not as a threat to other citizens. This is the case in:
– United States — Muslim 0.6%
– Australia — Muslim 1.5%
– Canada — Muslim 1.9%
– China — Muslim 1.8%
– Italy — Muslim 1.5%
– Norway — Muslim 1.8%
At 2% to 5%, they begin to proselytize from other ethnic minorities and disaffected groups, often with major recruiting from the jails and among street gangs. This is happening in:
– Denmark — Muslim 2%
– Germany — Muslim 3.7%
– United Kingdom — Muslim 2.7%
– Spain — Muslim 4%
– Thailand — Muslim 4.6%
From 5% on, they exercise an inordinate influence in proportion to their percentage of the population.
For example: they will push for the introduction of halal (clean by Islamic standards) food, thereby securing food preparation jobs for Muslims. They will increase pressure on supermarket chains to feature halal on their shelves; along with threats for failure to comply. This is occurring in:
France — Muslim 8%
Philippines — Muslim 5%
Sweden — Muslim 5%
Switzerland — Muslim 4.3%
The Netherlands — Muslim 5.5%
Trinidad & Tobago — Muslim 5.8%
At this point, they will work to get the ruling government to allow them to rule themselves (within their ghettos) under Sharia, the Islamic Law. The ultimate goal of Islamists is to establish Sharia law over the entire world.
When Muslims approach 10% of the population, they tend to increase lawlessness as a means of complaint about their conditions. In Paris, we are already seeing car-burnings. Any non-Muslim action offends Islam and results in uprisings and threats, such as in Amsterdam, with opposition to Mohammed cartoons and films about Islam.
Such tensions are seen daily, particularly in Muslim sections in:
Guyana — Muslim 10%
India — Muslim 13.4%
Israel — Muslim 16%
Kenya — Muslim 10%
Russia — Muslim 15%
After reaching 20%, nations can expect hair-trigger rioting, jihad militia formations, sporadic killings, and the burnings of Christian churches and Jewish synagogues, such as in:
Ethiopia — Muslim 32.8%
At 40%, nations experience widespread massacres, chronic terror attacks, and ongoing militia warfare, such as in:
Bosnia — Muslim 40%
Chad — Muslim 53.1%
Lebanon — Muslim 59.7%
From 60%, nations experience unfettered persecution of non-believers of all other religions (including non-conforming Muslims), sporadic ethnic cleansing (genocide), use of Sharia Law as a weapon, and Jizya, the tax placed on infidels, such as in:
Albania — Muslim 70%
Malaysia — Muslim 60.4%
Qatar — Muslim 77.5%
Sudan — Muslim 70%
After 80%, expect daily intimidation and violent jihad, some State-run ethnic cleansing, and even some genocide, as these nations drive out the infidels, and move toward 100% Muslim, such as has been experienced and in some ways is on-going in:
Bangladesh — Muslim 83%
Egypt — Muslim 90%
Gaza — Muslim 98.7%
Indonesia — Muslim 86.1%
Iran — Muslim 98%
Iraq — Muslim 97%
Jordan — Muslim 92%
Morocco — Muslim 98.7%
Pakistan — Muslim 97%
Palestine — Muslim 99%
Syria — Muslim 90%
Tajikistan — Muslim 90%
Turkey — Muslim 99.8%
U A E — Muslim 96%
100% will usher in the peace of 'Dar-es-Salaam' — the Islamic House of Peace. Here, there's supposed to be peace, because everybody is a Muslim, the Madrasses' are the only schools, and the Koran is the only word, such as in:
Afghanistan — Muslim 100%
Saudi Arabia — Muslim 100%
Somalia — Muslim 100%
Yemen — Muslim 100%
Unfortunately, peace is never achieved, as in these 100% states the most radical Muslims intimidate and spew hatred, and satisfy their blood lust by killing less radical Muslims, for a variety of reasons.
'Before I was nine I had learned the basic canon of Arab life. It was me against my brother; my brother against our father; my family against my cousins and the clan; the clan against the tribe; the tribe against the world, & all of us against the infidel. Leon Uris, 'The Haj'
It is important to understand that in some countries, with well under 100% Muslim populations, such as France, the minority Muslim populations live in ghettos, within which they are 100% Muslim, and within which they live by Sharia Law.
The national police do not even enter these ghettos.
There are no national courts, nor schools, nor non-Muslim religious facilities.
In such situations, Muslims do not integrate into the community at large. The children attend madrases; they learn only the Koran.
To even associate with an infidel is a crime punishable with death. Therefore, in some areas of certain nations, Muslim Imams and extremists exercise more power than the national average would indicate.
Today's 1.5 billion Muslims make up 22% of the world's population. But their birth rates dwarf the birth rates of Christians, Hindus, Buddhists, Jews, and all other believers.
Muslims will exceed 50% of the world's population by the end of this century………..unless?
TWIMC,
Please look up Dr Hammond on Wikipedia and Snopes. I think the good Doctor is genuinely scared of the threat that Islam or the Muslim culture/religion will have on North America and any other place where Constitutional Republic's, i.e., Democracies such as the United States of America, Australia, Canada and the United Kingdom, operate in a nation of laws and freedom's, not solely based upon religious dogma.
What is your position?
Posted by cb75948 in America, misc and tagged America, Dr.Peter Hammond, hatred, Islam is a system of life, Islam is no longer a religion, LEADERSHIP, misc, Muslims, Political, Sharia Law, slavery, Terrorism and Islam | Leave a comment


Kate joined IES in September 2015, and her research interests centre mainly on the field of health and wellbeing and social inequality within both the public policy and employer/ HR strands. Since joining IES Kate has contributed to research examining the use of mindfulness for organisational change, and several evaluation projects: of the Workplace Wellbeing Charter for Public Health England; for Mind of their 'Blue Light' programme for workplace wellbeing; for the Social Care Institute for Excellence of the Carers' Employment project, and for the Health Foundation of the NHS Innovator Accelerator Programme.
Kate is an experienced qualitative researcher, and has carried out observation and semi-structured interviews for IES research into Employment Support Allowance Claimant Trials for the Department for Work and Pensions (DWP). She has also has experience of analysing quantitative data, and during her doctorate managed the construction, dissemination, and analysis of a survey of over 200 NHS clinicians using SPSS.
Prior to joining IES Kate completed a PhD in the application of mindfulness therapies in the NHS at the University of Sussex, having completed a MSc in Social Policy & Planning (with merit) at the London School of Economics. Her previous work includes roles in policy research/fundraising for a mental health community development charity, as an education link worker and project manager for Rethink offering training courses for adult education teachers on mental health and managing challenging behaviour, as a support worker for people living in supported accommodation, and as an English/life skills tutor.


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Q: mysql_general_log with syslog server Im running wamp on Windows 2008 X64 virtual machine.
I would like to save mysql's general_log file to a syslog server. Is it possible to setup a syslog server as the saving location?
Thanks in advance

A: There are a few products that will do what you want.  Intersect Alliance make a tool called Snare, and there's also the open source eventlog-to-syslog.


Two stages of the argument, I've shown you sort of normal monetary policy.
And now I've shown you normal market fluctuation.
That monetary policy isn't doing anything about.
Okay, it's all absorbed in the private banking system.
So the Fed Funds rate just stays where it is and everything, everything is fine.
And we never see this.
The central bank doesn't, doesn't, doesn't intervene, intervene here.
But what if, okay, it's a really, big shock?
into a position where they're anxious Issues about those, okay.
And there's a very big shock that's when the Fed can come into play.
I said there's these asset price distortions, okay?
The world that Badget knew.
England had a bank rate that it's set above the market interest rate.
that there's the central bank is setting an interest rate sort of like that.
the, the lender of last resort to, to, to the market.
bank can lend more to the dealers, help the dealers.
By borrowing from the borrowing reserves for itself from the.
back-stop the dealers, okay? That's the point.
shock and keeps it within bounds, okay.
This is basically lender of last resort sort of operations.
see, and the way you see, the way you know that.
As you see, really, these, these, these market rates of interest spiking.
Or asset prices plummeting, or something.
acting as a lender of last resort in, in this, in this, in this way.
Classic lender of last resort. Activity.
the liquidity risk it's taking on by having short positions in money itself.
ultimate money, at least domestically. We haven't done internationally yet.
So that's why the Fed is able to relieve a crisis.
Because what is, what is a crisis you know, this is the crisis.
Everyone wants deposits. Everyone wants money.
And they don't want securities.
Well, it has to add up in the economy, right.
and used to fund the positions in the security.
See there's expansion of the balance through the dealers.
is the expansion ultimately of, of the Fed.
Of all of these people here, here, and here.


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The Webber 180°
Posted by rookief1 on July 18, 2012 · Leave a Comment
"I'm high on confidence at the moment and firing on all cylinders."
It was only a matter of months ago that the clouds were rolling in on Mark Webber's career, the media vultures were circling and ready to call time on what had been a somewhat interesting career. Starting out in the popular backmarker team Minardi the Australian debuted at home in 2002 and scooped up points with fifth place. Since then he's earned the respect of the grid by often putting the car he drives further up the grid than expected, but within teams that haven't given him the opportunity to challenge for a title.
The first podium
Webber's career has made for tough viewing at times, when fellow Flavio Briatore stablemate Fernando Alonso bedded in at Renault, the Australian followed his heart to Williams with hopes of emulating the success of days past, but where the Spaniard prospered Webber struggled. However a move to a relatively fresh face on the grid, a reincarnation of former team Jaguar at the advice of Briatore, allowed Webber to revitalise his career and back up a 2005 Monaco podium with one at the Nürburgring in 2007.
Working with Red Bull Racing, Webber reached the potential many attributed him in his early days, becoming a serious title contender in 2010 but faltered and left his team mate to bask in the glory of the ultimate victory. The disappointment apparently bled into 2011 and to what led to a much reported annus horribilis, unable to extract the same performance at Sebastian Vettel he lived in the soon to be double world champion's shadow. His improved points tally did nothing to soothe the disappointment.
Notably the Australian is a fan of sports psychology and a healthy off-season has seen him return in remarkable form, learning to surf and participating in his newly reinvigorated Tasmania Challenge gave him the boost to start 2012 positively. Although he earned a best ever finish at his home race it still saw him miss the podium, but his results have been consistent, which have brought home a fistful of points on all but one occasion.
When 2012 was still in it's infacy Christian Horner painted a glossy PR view of Webber's impending season, "He has gone away and trained hard through the winter and his enthusiasm has rejuvenated and I think 2012 could be a very strong year for Mark." Easy to say, harder to do, even if Webber himself echoed his boss' sentiments. A broken man after 2011? Simply, no.
Comparing last season to this In 2011 Webber had appeared on the podium five times by the ninth race, however this year he's only managed that feat twice, but the kicker is both of those times he's taken the win. Part of the classics range in Formula One, Monaco and Silverstone have both played the Australian national anthem thanks to the lad from Queanbeyan. On the verge of the halfway point of the season Webber is closer to Alonso who currently resides in the number one slot than his team mate in third, a strong position for a man who's retirement was the hot topic throughout 2011.
That chatter persisted into this year, with Daniel Ricciardo and Jean-Eric Vergne tied into Toro Rosso it was a matter of who would be replace Webber, and although the duo scored points early on, the rookies have struggled to match that form. Becoming the first Australian to win around the streets of Monaco twice ensured the vultures were caged, now the talk turned from the Bull to the Prancing Horse.
How about 2014?
The prospect of Webber joining his grid buddy Alonso stirred the Silly Season Rumour Mill into overdrive, and curiously evasive comments from the man himself added fuel to the fire. "Yeah…I'll..I think I'll be in Formula 1 next year." Webber was just as helpful last year, "If the team doesn't want me anymore, I will have to ask myself a question — hang up my helmet or change teams?" Safe to say he knows how to use the media to his advantage. Needless to say he was happy to announce his continued residence at the Milton Keynes based outfit for the 2013 season, but admitted contact was made between him and that prestigious scarlet hued team.
So for Mark Webber there is only question that needs answering now, "Are you going to start 2013 as a world champion?"
Filed under 2012 season, Red Bull Racing · Tagged with Australia, Championship, Christian Horner, Daniel Ricciardo, Fernando Alonso, Flavio Briatore, Jean-Eric Vergne, Mark Webber, Red Bull, Williams
← Silverstone GP 2012
Germany GP 2012 →
RT @_rosiposi: Man working long shifts as an essential worker forced to pee behind van as most toilets are closed whilst a perverted strang… 2 days ago


Autoblog showcases the Method 2, a fully functional Mech with fully functional mechanical hands. It costs 8 million dollars.
We'll be honest, over the years on Translogic we've featured a lot of potentially scary tech. Like in many facets of life though, often the things that seem the most frightening actually turn out to be some of the most incredible. On this episode, we've hit new heights of both fear and amazement as our host Bucko actually gets to drive a fully functional, bipedal, outrageously badass mech suit. Stop reading. Just watch.


This week LTG (our parent company) announced its intent to acquire PeopleFluent. PeopleFluent happens to be one of our longstanding customers going back to 2008. This isn't the first time that LTG has acquired a company since we've been part of the group.
When LTG bought NetDimensions last year, we had some questions to answer. We pointed out that LTG had to that point supported our agnostic position in the industry. And a further year into our time at LTG, that support has continued without question.
The systems that require SCORM and xAPI support have stretched far beyond learning management systems (LMSs). Today, we sell to talent management providers and human capital management systems (HCMSs). Truthfully, every one of our customers competes directly with another of our customers. We treat customer information very carefully, and we love all our children the same.
It's going to be an exciting time for LTG and PeopleFluent both. And for Rustici Software, it's business as usual.


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16 Actresses Who Got Married At The Peak Of Their Careers
Home / Bollywood Stories
Tags: Celeb Weddings Bollywood Celebrity Weddings Bollywood Actresses
By Neelam Jain Last Updated: Sep 14, 2017 | 02:44:04 IST
Marriage and motherhood have always been the talking point in regards to a woman's career. However, there are many A-list actresses in Bollywood who took a chance by opting marital bliss when they were reigning the tinsel town. They preferred their personal lives over their career and for many, this didn't put a full stop to their careers.
Let's get to see the actresses-par-excellence, who didn't give a second thought and chose the family way first.
Recommended Read: 7 Bollywood And Television Celebrity Couples Who Are Expecting Babies In 2017
#1. Bhagyashree
It is sad that the highly-skilled actress, Bhagyashree didn't take her career drive seriously. The beautiful face broke many hearts when she disappeared from the glamour industry. After her huge blockbuster Maine Pyar Kiya, she strangely got married at an early age of 19. The young actress no doubt garnered a lot of fame for her acting prowess, but she chose to settle down with actor-turned-producer husband, Himalaya Dasani.
In fact, in an interview, she revealed that she sacrificed her career for the person she loved the most. Though she has started doing TV soaps like Laut Aao Trisha, she can hardly create the same aura again.
#2. Madhuri
Madhuri's screen life hardly needs a mention. But still, we would like to count on movies like Hum Aapke Hain Koun, Tezaab, Khalnaayak and Dil To Pagal Hai that has made her the diva she is. Call her the empress or the reigning beauty of Bollywood, Madhuri had happily put an end to her booming career post marriage and motherhood.
The biggest diva of the era, however, made a striking comeback in Aaja Nachle. She also won accolades for her performance in Dedh Ishqiya, but the movies didn't prove to be that huge a hit. Well, covering the lost ground is not that easy, especially with that age-ticking bomb.
Read Here: 8 Plus Size Television Actresses Who Have Proved That Flab Is Fabulous
#3. Twinkle Khanna
Though she has never made it to an A-list, the lady has never failed to impress the audience either. Paired opposite stars like Ajay Devgn and Akshay Kumar, she has delivered a few cool and romantic hits.
But soon the actress stopped trying her luck after her last movie Love Ke Liye Saala Kuch Bhi Karega and got married to her fellow actor Akshay Kumar in 2001. We hope if she was still there to spread some magic. Today, she is a successful interior decorator and is enjoying her married life with two kids.
#4. Farah Naaz
Soon after the fans started having Naaz on her, Farah got lost in the crowd of forgotten actresses. After delivering hits like Imaandaar, Faasle and Naqaab, Farah disappeared from the silver screen. We last saw her in the movie Hulchul in a supporting role. She got married to Vindu Dara Singh when she was just 22 and compromised her career.
#5. Saira Bano
The yesteryear siren, Saira Bano was happily climbing the ladder of stardom and success when she sealed her acting career by marrying Bollywood's superstar, Dilip Kumar. She has proved her mettle in Bollywood with some big-scale movies like Padosan, Junglee and Jhuk Gaya Aasmaan.
However, all the talent went futile when she tied the knot at the ripe age of 22 after a fairytale romance with the 'tragedy king'.
#6. Sonali Bendre
Though she has never emerged as a successful actress, the song Humma Humma from Bombay got her into the game. No sooner, the fans started liking her. The Sarfarosh actress decided to leave Bollywood in order to raise her two kids. Work took a backseat for the lady after tying the knot with director Goldie Behl. Today she is happy being an adorable mum-at-home.
However, her screen appearances are not completely over. She still manages to channel her skills by judging and hosting reality shows. The fans also got to see her cameos in Kal Ho Na Ho and Once Upon A Time in Mumbaai Dobaara.
#7. Neetu Singh
Starring since her childhood and one of the top actresses of her time, Neetu Singh was happy to hang her sandals. Today her life revolves around her family and two kids. After doing some twenty movies as a lead actress, she retired at an early age which definitely created a lot of buzz. The lady who also scored a Filmfare nomination dated Rishi Kapoor and got married when she was just 21.
Post-marriage she hardly took up roles, and it is said that quitting the film industry was her personal choice. She has recently been a part of movies like Love Aaj Kal, Jab Tak Hai Jaan, Do Dooni Chaar, Besharam.
#8. Meenakshi Sheshadri
She is another of a high-achiever who 'opted out' of work. We wonder why the pretty actress of late 80s, who gave super-duper hits like Damini, Ghayal and Hero, turned her back to Bollywood.
An incredibly talented actress, who could have ruled the industry for long, stopped acting after marrying Harish Mysore. Meenakshi now lives in the US with her husband and two kids. Hats off to an amazing sacrifice.
#9. Babita
A well-known actress back in the 60s, Babita has won many accolades for her powerful performances in movies like Haseena Maan Jaegee, Banphool and Doli. But at the early age of 23, the actress chose to bid goodbye to the world of showbiz after marrying actor Randhir Kapoor. Unfortunately, the actress never returned and disappointed her fans by selecting marriage over career.
#10. Namrata Shirodkar
Namrata Shirodkar shot to fame with hit films like Vaastav and Bride and Prejudice but soon faded away after marrying Tollywood superstar, Mahesh Babu in 2005. The charm, beauty, talent; she had everything that can her help make a mark in the glamour industry. But her married life took precedence over her work life.
#11. Mandakini
The hot siren Mandakini created huge waves with her striking features and performance in Ram Teri Ganga Maili and Aakhri Baazi. But the Anglo-Indian actress got lost in the dark after making to the A-list of actresses of her time.
Though she did a few movies after her marriage in 1990, it was an end of her journey towards stardom. She got married to a Buddhist monk and is settled in Mumbai as per reports. Even after a couple of decades, her killer looks and aura asks for attention.
#12. Kajol
The dusky diva has weaved her magic into movies like Dilwale Dulhania Le Jayenge, Kabhi Khushi Kabhie Gham, Kuch Kuch Hota Hai, Karan Arjun and Baazigar. So, while riding high on the success of these blockbusters, her marriage came as a shock to the fans as well as the industry. However, she did not leave the showbiz world completely.
The huge hits like My Name Is Khan and Dilwale marked her comeback with much aplomb. Thankfully, she was never out of sight and kept proving worth and talent time and again.
Also Read: After 17 Years, Kajol Finally Reveals That Why She Married Ajay Devgn At The Peak Of Her Career
#13. Asin
It was really shocking to see the new-age girl Asin wrapping up all her Bollywood assignments and choosing home over the career. She has given up acting after marrying Micromax co-founder Rahul Sharma.
Being a part of movies like Ghajini, Ready, Bol Bachchan and having acted with bigshots like Aamir, Salman and Akshay, it gets all the more tough to believe that the actress has hung up her acting shoes to settle as a wife. We are sad that her career shrunk half way.
#14. Aishwarya Rai
She is not just an actress, but a beauty queen of Indian cinema who too chose a path of a family. She had a bright career throughout, but when she married, it was her heydeys of career and success. The light-eyed beauty was doing films like Guru, Provoked and Dhoom 2 at that point of time.
The best part is that she has not completely broken her relation with movies. We last saw her in flicks like Jazbaa and Ae Dil Hai Mushkil.
Must Read: 9 Cutesy Moments Of Abhishek Bachchan And Aishwarya Rai That Prove They Still Adore Each Other
#15. Vidya Balan
Marriage was least expected of Vidya Balan, who began ruling the hearts of people for her commendable performances in movies Dirty Picture, Kahaani, Paa and Ishqiya. She not only got married but also believes that women's career doesn't stop after marriage.
The 37-year old actress opts for performance-oriented roles and marriage or age really doesn't matter to her. We are proud of the lady who is defying the norms with her insistence and courage.
#16. Sridevi
The acting queen and mega-star, Sridevi who has given hundreds of hits to the industry was the most talked about actress of her time. We just cannot forget her stellar performances in hit films like Chandni, Mr India, Khuda Gawaah, Chaalbaaz and Laadla.
However, the top-notch actress decided to take the plunge at the peak of her career. She married Boney Kapoor and became a family-oriented girl. We guess the added responsibilities stopped her for taking more offers.
Recommended Read: 8 Bollywood And Television Celebrities Who Were Engaged But Never Got Married To Each Other
So, how would you like to access the decision of the actresses? There are a few who put an end to their ambitions and happily opted for a homely life. Some are striking a great wife-work balance while some think that marriage hardly hampers your profession. So, whatever is their theory and idea, the fact is that the things do get changed as compared to what they are in the prime days of your career. Do you have a similar opinion? Kindly share your views with us.
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The interference is clearly apparent on film.
The Play: Bregman led off the 6th inning of Wednesday's Astros-Rockies game with a fly ball to deep left field where outfielder Gerardo Parra jumped in attempt to catch the ball, which fell back onto the playing field as Bregman circled the bases, winding up at third base before all was said and done.
The Challenge: Upon Replay Review as the result of a challenge by Rockies Manager Bud Black, it was determined that a spectator interfered with Parra by reaching out of the stands and touching a live ball, hindering Parra's opportunity to make the catch, and the Replay Official thus declared batter Bregman out on the play.
"It was a f* joke, and they should be f* ashamed of themselves. Obviously, the guy has never played f* baseball before in his life, the guy in charge of whoever made that decision.
"There is no possible way you can say that a left fielder jumping backwards into a wall is guaranteed to make a catch. It changed the whole f* game. We're up 2-1 at the time, I'm at third base. We need a fly ball to the outfield to get me in, and it's 3-1. It's f* horrible."
Said Parra, "I never saw the fan touch the ball until I saw the replay, but I feel I would have had that ball."
This isn't the first fan INT play at COL in 2018.
Deja Vu: If you feel like we've been here before, that's because we have, yet with the opposite result. This is the second time in 2018 that a visiting team has taken umbrage with a Replay Review decision concerning potential fan interference on a fly ball to deep left field at Colorado's Coors Field.
The first play of the season occurred on April 9, 2018, when 2B Umpire Brian Gorman ejected Padres Manager for arguing a review decision that affirmed 3B Umpire Dan Iassogna's spectator interference no-call that awarded Rockies batter Carlos Gonzalez with a home run. The write-up for that ejection report is at the following related link.
Related Post: MLB Ejection 011 - Brian Gorman (1; Andy Green) (4/9/18).
The Rule: By definition, "Spectator interference occurs when a spectator (or an object thrown by the spectator) hinders a player's attempt to make a play on a live ball, by going onto the playing field, or reaching out of the stands and over the playing field."
Bregman was slightly upset with the call.
Pursuant to Rule 6.01(e), "When there is spectator interference with any thrown or batted ball, the ball shall be dead at the moment of interference and the umpire shall impose such penalties as in his opinion will nullify the act of interference."
Furthermore, "APPROVED RULING: If spectator interference clearly prevents a fielder from catching a fly ball, the umpire shall declare the batter out."
The Claim: Bregman said, "there's no possible way a left fielder jumping backwards into a wall is guaranteed to make a catch."
Fact Check: This statement is factually true. There is no way that such a catch is guaranteed.
Rules-wise, the claim as false as most of George Washington's teeth.
Rule 6.01(e) states that if interference "clearly prevents" a fielder from catching a fly ball, the batter is out. Bregman's statement—"is guaranteed to make a catch"—is 1) a much higher standard, and 2) not in the rulebook.
I actually searched the Official Baseball Rules for the words "guaranteed" and "guarantee," and neither appear anywhere in OBR.
So while Bregman is correct in that the catch is not guaranteed, the rules don't require this level of strict scrutiny in order to declare the batter out—if a catch is clearly prevented, it's an out.
To be clear, this is not an "ordinary effort" situation, either—spectator interference only concerns itself with whether the interfering act "clearly prevents a fielder from catching a fly ball."
In my view, it clearly did.
Gil's Call: How many times has a player, coach, or manager said something about an official that makes you want to respond and correct the plethora of inaccuracies that have just spewed forth?
The spectator interference rule inaccuracy notwithstanding, Bregman made it personal by stating, "Obviously, the guy [in charge] has never played f* baseball before in his life"—let's entertain this statement.
According to scheduling & stats scout Russ, Brian Gorman and Gary Cederstrom's crews are in Replay this week. Gorman—well, we all know the Tom Gorman story of how Brian grew up with baseball—and Cederstrom lettered in baseball for the Minot State College Beavers.
As for Senior Director of Instant Replay Justin Klemm, this interview with Midwest Ump Pete Reiser revealed that Klemm played ball at Temple University before starting his minor league umpiring career.
Regardless, pursuant to Bregman's logic, unless one is familiar with the fielding acumen required for a particular play, one has no authority to rule on it.
...jumping backwards into a wall.
Thus, as for Bregman's claim that an outfielder jumping backwards into a wall lessens the likelihood of a catch...Bregman is an infielder who has played a total of 3.2 innings in the outfield over the course of his three-year career.
...which means that 3.2 innings in a Major League outfield may or may not be enough experience to determine what a career outfielder like Parra is and is not capable of.
In my estimation as a center fielder who never quite made it past high school ball, if a fan reaches out of the stands and puts a hand in front of my glove while I'm tracking a fly ball, even jumping for it, the fan has clearly prevented me from catching said fly ball.
Perhaps it's the fielder in me, but I have an out...though your mileage may vary.


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Q: append multiple div I want to add multiple circles to the body and bind a function so that each circle will do a random move on click. I already tried something like this: http://jsfiddle.net/Xw29r/375/
$(function() {
$('.button1').click(function(){
    $('body').append('<div class="circles"> </div>')
    .bind('click',function() {
        var h = $('body').height()-100;
        var w = $('body').width()-100;

        var movh = Math.floor( Math.random() * h);
        var movw = Math.floor( Math.random() * w);
    $(this).animate({
     top: movh,
     left: movw
    }, 1000);
});
});
});

$(this) gets the body, but how can I get the appended div each time? when I bind the $(.circles) class, all circles will be moved.

A: You can use different classes for different circles or you can identify your circles by id:
div id="circle1"/ div id="circle2" / etc.
Have you ever tried this: http://d3js.org/ ? It's a very powerful library. D3 "Three circles tutorial: http://mbostock.github.com/d3/tutorial/circle.html