text:
Q: unable to start embedded container maven spring boot I have a problem with running the spring boot project. it failed to run. the error showing:
2017-12-07 13:55:54.639  INFO 8624 --- [           main] s.c.a.AnnotationConfigApplicationContext : Refreshing org.springframework.context.annotation.AnnotationConfigApplicationContext@2a5c8d3f: startup date [Thu Dec 07 13:55:54 ICT 2017]; root of context hierarchy
2017-12-07 13:55:54.842  INFO 8624 --- [           main] f.a.AutowiredAnnotationBeanPostProcessor : JSR-330 'javax.inject.Inject' annotation found and supported for autowiring
2017-12-07 13:55:54.881  INFO 8624 --- [           main] trationDelegate$BeanPostProcessorChecker : Bean 'configurationPropertiesRebinderAutoConfiguration' of type [org.springframework.cloud.autoconfigure.ConfigurationPropertiesRebinderAutoConfiguration$$EnhancerBySpringCGLIB$$f3f6c3e5] is not eligible for getting processed by all BeanPostProcessors (for example: not eligible for auto-proxying)

  .   ____          _            __ _ _
 /\\ / ___'_ __ _ _(_)_ __  __ _ \ \ \ \
( ( )\___ | '_ | '_| | '_ \/ _` | \ \ \ \
 \\/  ___)| |_)| | | | | || (_| |  ) ) ) )
  '  |____| .__|_| |_|_| |_\__, | / / / /
 =========|_|==============|___/=/_/_/_/
 :: Spring Boot ::        (v1.5.6.RELEASE)

2017-12-07 13:55:55.240  INFO 8624 --- [           main] c.c.c.ConfigServicePropertySourceLocator : Fetching config from server at: http://localhost:8888
2017-12-07 13:55:56.317  WARN 8624 --- [           main] c.c.c.ConfigServicePropertySourceLocator : Could not locate PropertySource: I/O error on GET request for "http://localhost:8888/hpx-delivery-report/default": Connection refused: connect; nested exception is java.net.ConnectException: Connection refused: connect
2017-12-07 13:55:56.318  INFO 8624 --- [           main] c.p.i.m.s.b.uniqueid.EPolicyApplication  : No active profile set, falling back to default profiles: default
2017-12-07 13:55:56.327  INFO 8624 --- [           main] ationConfigEmbeddedWebApplicationContext : Refreshing org.springframework.boot.context.embedded.AnnotationConfigEmbeddedWebApplicationContext@3dd1dc90: startup date [Thu Dec 07 13:55:56 ICT 2017]; parent: org.springframework.context.annotation.AnnotationConfigApplicationContext@2a5c8d3f
2017-12-07 13:55:57.518  INFO 8624 --- [           main] o.s.cloud.context.scope.GenericScope     : BeanFactory id=781352cf-bed8-31d9-a952-be1fa48d68a0
2017-12-07 13:55:57.537  INFO 8624 --- [           main] f.a.AutowiredAnnotationBeanPostProcessor : JSR-330 'javax.inject.Inject' annotation found and supported for autowiring
2017-12-07 13:55:57.635  INFO 8624 --- [           main] trationDelegate$BeanPostProcessorChecker : Bean 'org.springframework.transaction.annotation.ProxyTransactionManagementConfiguration' of type [org.springframework.transaction.annotation.ProxyTransactionManagementConfiguration$$EnhancerBySpringCGLIB$$d7dcc0e8] is not eligible for getting processed by all BeanPostProcessors (for example: not eligible for auto-proxying)
2017-12-07 13:55:57.671  INFO 8624 --- [           main] trationDelegate$BeanPostProcessorChecker : Bean 'org.springframework.cloud.autoconfigure.ConfigurationPropertiesRebinderAutoConfiguration' of type [org.springframework.cloud.autoconfigure.ConfigurationPropertiesRebinderAutoConfiguration$$EnhancerBySpringCGLIB$$f3f6c3e5] is not eligible for getting processed by all BeanPostProcessors (for example: not eligible for auto-proxying)
2017-12-07 13:55:57.676  WARN 8624 --- [           main] ationConfigEmbeddedWebApplicationContext : Exception encountered during context initialization - cancelling refresh attempt: org.springframework.context.ApplicationContextException: Unable to start embedded container; nested exception is org.springframework.context.ApplicationContextException: Unable to start EmbeddedWebApplicationContext due to missing EmbeddedServletContainerFactory bean.
2017-12-07 13:55:57.683  INFO 8624 --- [           main] utoConfigurationReportLoggingInitializer :

Error starting ApplicationContext. To display the auto-configuration report re-run your application with 'debug' enabled.
2017-12-07 13:55:57.690 ERROR 8624 --- [           main] o.s.boot.SpringApplication               : Application startup failed

org.springframework.context.ApplicationContextException: Unable to start embedded container; nested exception is org.springframework.context.ApplicationContextException: Unable to start EmbeddedWebApplicationContext due to missing EmbeddedServletContainerFactory bean.
    at org.springframework.boot.context.embedded.EmbeddedWebApplicationContext.onRefresh(EmbeddedWebApplicationContext.java:137) ~[spring-boot-1.5.6.RELEASE.jar:1.5.6.RELEASE]
    at org.springframework.context.support.AbstractApplicationContext.refresh(AbstractApplicationContext.java:537) ~[spring-context-4.3.10.RELEASE.jar:4.3.10.RELEASE]
    at org.springframework.boot.context.embedded.EmbeddedWebApplicationContext.refresh(EmbeddedWebApplicationContext.java:122) ~[spring-boot-1.5.6.RELEASE.jar:1.5.6.RELEASE]
    at org.springframework.boot.SpringApplication.refresh(SpringApplication.java:693) [spring-boot-1.5.6.RELEASE.jar:1.5.6.RELEASE]
    at org.springframework.boot.SpringApplication.refreshContext(SpringApplication.java:360) [spring-boot-1.5.6.RELEASE.jar:1.5.6.RELEASE]
    at org.springframework.boot.SpringApplication.run(SpringApplication.java:303) [spring-boot-1.5.6.RELEASE.jar:1.5.6.RELEASE]
    at org.springframework.boot.SpringApplication.run(SpringApplication.java:1118) [spring-boot-1.5.6.RELEASE.jar:1.5.6.RELEASE]
    at org.springframework.boot.SpringApplication.run(SpringApplication.java:1107) [spring-boot-1.5.6.RELEASE.jar:1.5.6.RELEASE]
    at com.prudential.integration.middleware.spring.boot.uniqueid.EPolicyApplication.main(EPolicyApplication.java:10) [classes/:na]
Caused by: org.springframework.context.ApplicationContextException: Unable to start EmbeddedWebApplicationContext due to missing EmbeddedServletContainerFactory bean.
    at org.springframework.boot.context.embedded.EmbeddedWebApplicationContext.getEmbeddedServletContainerFactory(EmbeddedWebApplicationContext.java:189) ~[spring-boot-1.5.6.RELEASE.jar:1.5.6.RELEASE]
    at org.springframework.boot.context.embedded.EmbeddedWebApplicationContext.createEmbeddedServletContainer(EmbeddedWebApplicationContext.java:162) ~[spring-boot-1.5.6.RELEASE.jar:1.5.6.RELEASE]
    at org.springframework.boot.context.embedded.EmbeddedWebApplicationContext.onRefresh(EmbeddedWebApplicationContext.java:134) ~[spring-boot-1.5.6.RELEASE.jar:1.5.6.RELEASE]
    ... 8 common frames omitted

before it, I have javax.servlet.api dependency but I think this is the problem, so I remove that dependencies but when I try to run spring boot project, still failed. I also exclude starter tomcat dependencies but still failed. I also see the solution with same problem in stackoverflow too but I can't find the solution.
my pom.xml:
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<project xmlns="http://maven.apache.org/POM/4.0.0" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
    xsi:schemaLocation="http://maven.apache.org/POM/4.0.0 http://maven.apache.org/xsd/maven-4.0.0.xsd">
    <modelVersion>4.0.0</modelVersion>

    <groupId>com.prudential.integration.middleware.spring.boot</groupId>
    <artifactId>hpx-aws-letter-unique-id</artifactId>
    <version>0.0.1-SNAPSHOT</version>
    <packaging>war</packaging>

    <name>hpx-aws-letter-unique-id</name>
    <description>Hpx Aws Letter Unique Id Service Spring Boot</description>
    <parent>
        <groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId>
        <artifactId>spring-boot-starter-parent</artifactId>
        <version>1.5.6.RELEASE</version>
        <relativePath /> <!-- lookup parent from repository -->
    </parent>

    <properties>
        <project.build.sourceEncoding>UTF-8</project.build.sourceEncoding>
        <project.reporting.outputEncoding>UTF-8</project.reporting.outputEncoding>
        <java.version>1.8</java.version>
        <swagger.version>2.7.0</swagger.version>
        <jboss.home>${env.JBOSS_HOME}</jboss.home>
        <config.server>http://10.170.49.103/configserver</config.server>
        <spring-cloud.version>1.3.2.RELEASE</spring-cloud.version>
    </properties>

    <dependencies>
        <dependency>
            <groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId>
            <artifactId>spring-boot-starter</artifactId>
        </dependency>

        <dependency>
            <groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId>
            <artifactId>spring-boot-starter-data-jpa</artifactId>
        </dependency>
        <dependency>
            <groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId>
            <artifactId>spring-boot-starter-web</artifactId>
            <exclusions>
                <exclusion>
                    <groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId>
                    <artifactId>spring-boot-starter-tomcat</artifactId>
                </exclusion>
            </exclusions>
        </dependency>

        <dependency>
            <groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId>
            <artifactId>spring-boot-starter-test</artifactId>
            <scope>test</scope>
        </dependency>

        <!-- QueryDSL -->
        <dependency>
            <groupId>com.querydsl</groupId>
            <artifactId>querydsl-core</artifactId>
        </dependency>
        <dependency>
            <groupId>com.querydsl</groupId>
            <artifactId>querydsl-apt</artifactId>
        </dependency>
        <dependency>
            <groupId>com.querydsl</groupId>
            <artifactId>querydsl-jpa</artifactId>
        </dependency>

        <!-- Swagger -->
        <dependency>
            <groupId>io.springfox</groupId>
            <artifactId>springfox-swagger2</artifactId>
            <version>${swagger.version}</version>
        </dependency>
        <dependency>
            <groupId>io.springfox</groupId>
            <artifactId>springfox-swagger-ui</artifactId>
            <version>${swagger.version}</version>
        </dependency>

        <dependency>
            <groupId>org.postgresql</groupId>
            <artifactId>postgresql</artifactId>
            <scope>runtime</scope>
        </dependency>
        <dependency>
            <groupId>com.github.jmnarloch</groupId>
            <artifactId>modelmapper-spring-boot-starter</artifactId>
            <version>1.1.0</version>
        </dependency>
        <dependency>
            <groupId>org.apache.poi</groupId>
            <artifactId>poi-ooxml</artifactId>
            <version>3.15</version>
        </dependency>
        <dependency>
            <groupId>net.sourceforge.jexcelapi</groupId>
            <artifactId>jxl</artifactId>
            <version>2.6.12</version>
        </dependency>
        <dependency>
            <groupId>org.apache.commons</groupId>
            <artifactId>commons-lang3</artifactId>
            <version>3.6</version>
        </dependency>

        <dependency>
            <groupId>com.jcraft</groupId>
            <artifactId>jsch</artifactId>
            <version>0.1.54</version>
        </dependency>

        <!-- https://mvnrepository.com/artifact/org.apache.httpcomponents/httpclient -->
    <dependency>
        <groupId>org.apache.httpcomponents</groupId>
        <artifactId>httpclient</artifactId>
        <version>4.5.3</version>
    </dependency>

    <dependency>
    <groupId>org.json</groupId>
        <artifactId>json</artifactId>
        <version>20171018</version>
    </dependency>

        <dependency>
            <groupId>commons-codec</groupId>
            <artifactId>commons-codec</artifactId>
            <version>1.9</version>
        </dependency>
    </dependencies>

    <build>
        <finalName>${project.name}-${project.version}</finalName>
        <plugins>

            <!-- JBOSS maven plugin to simulate deployment to JBOSS -->
            <plugin>
                <groupId>org.jboss.as.plugins</groupId>
                <artifactId>jboss-as-maven-plugin</artifactId>
                <version>7.9.Final</version>
                <configuration>
                    <jbossHome>${jboss.home}</jbossHome>
                    <serverArgs>
                        <serverArg>-Dspring.profiles.active=${run.profiles}</serverArg>
                        <serverArg>-Dspring.cloud.config.uri=${config.server}</serverArg>
                    </serverArgs>
                </configuration>
            </plugin>

            <!-- QueryDSL Generator -->
            <plugin>
                <groupId>com.mysema.maven</groupId>
                <artifactId>apt-maven-plugin</artifactId>
                <version>1.1.3</version>
            </plugin>

            <plugin>
                <groupId>org.apache.maven.plugins</groupId>
                <artifactId>maven-surefire-plugin</artifactId>
                <configuration>
                    <skipTests>true</skipTests>
                </configuration>
            </plugin>
        <plugin>
            <groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId>
            <artifactId>spring-boot-maven-plugin</artifactId>
            <version>1.5.9.RELEASE</version>
            <executions>
                <execution>
                    <goals>
                        <goal>repackage</goal>
                    </goals>
                </execution>
            </executions>
        </plugin>
        </plugins>
    </build>
</project>

my controller:
@RestController
@RequestMapping("/hpx")
@Api(value="hpx", description="HPX Web Service")
public class HPXController {

    final static Logger logger = Logger.getLogger(HPXController.class);

    @RequestMapping(value = "/testing", method = RequestMethod.POST)
    public String tesMethod(){
        return "testing method";
    }
}

my configuration:
@SpringBootApplication
public class EPolicyApplication {

    public static void main(String[] args) {
        SpringApplication.run(EPolicyApplication.class, args);
    }
}

servlet:
public class ServletInitializer extends SpringBootServletInitializer {

    @Override
    protected SpringApplicationBuilder configure(SpringApplicationBuilder application) {
        return application.sources(EPolicyApplication.class);
    }

}

A: You need spring boot maven plugin to run it using mvn spring-boot:run. Please add below plugin to your pom.xml.
<plugin>
      <groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId>
      <artifactId>spring-boot-maven-plugin</artifactId>
      <version>1.5.9.RELEASE</version>
      <executions>
        <execution>
          <goals>
            <goal>repackage</goal>
          </goals>
        </execution>
      </executions>
</plugin>

Also make the tomcat dependency as provided so that it wont be added in the war.
    <dependency>
        <groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId>
        <artifactId>spring-boot-starter-tomcat</artifactId>
        <scope>provided</scope>
    </dependency>

You can modify the goal as per your requirement or remove it.
Then with embedded tomcat you test your application with above commands. To deploy it to external app server you need to package it as a war and copy it to specific directory of your App server (i.e. Jboss EAP).

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
Birkkarspitze es el pico más alto del sistema de los Montes del Karwendel en Tirol en el oeste de Austria. El pico de la cumbre tiene una altitud de 2749 .

La ruta normal pasa por la cabaña Karwendelhütte y lleva en 2 á 3 horas a la cumbre.

Montañas de los Alpes de Austria
Montañas del estado de Tirol
Picos ultraprominentes de Austria

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


I am also in the middle of creating my own patterns and origianls pieces as well. Here is a set of Ornaments that I just finished and listed on Etsy....I think I am going to make a up a pattern for these. I have to get back into making patterns for the pieces I design.
I think I have to fix the angel.....she looks mad!!! ha! I am also going to make her dress a little longer...it looks a little stumpy as it is.
Yep just the head!!! But I just have to figure out if I want to make a snowMAN or snowLady! I am pictuing a very plumpy rolly polly snowMAN we will just see where I go with it!
I have to make a few more heads this weekend to make more of these dolls but I have to pick out different matterial for their dress......we will see!!!
.AUTUMN AND CHRISTMAS!! I am getting back to my sewing...finished my Halloween/Autumn additions and now I am excited to get going with Christmas!!!
This guy I actually made a little while ago and I love him!!! He is all original and just a great Halloween folk art piece!
It is hard to see but he is holding a burlap bag with a black cat and the crow has a piece of candy corn!
Here are a few pictures of my spot at Millcity Antiques....Need to fill in some spaces but I am getting there!!
Now that I have finished my Halloween/Autumn projects....................CHRISTMAS TIME!!!
Finished the drop leaf coffee table!!
I am also finishing up a GREAT blanket-cedar Lane hope chest. I got it at the antique shop and I am painting the top. I might keep this one because it is really a beautiful cedar chest!! We will see. I'm getting excited about the fall and will be putting a hold on my painting...running out of floor space in my space ...and concentrating on halloween/fall stuff!! My FAVORITE time of the year!!! Can't wait for the cold air and cider!!!!
Darn! Forgot the before picture!!!
Soooo I got another great piece of furniture at Goodwill....I had NO IDEA what I was going to paint on it. I knew it was going to be black and I painted the gold squares still having not a clue what to do....so downstairs it went until I figured out what to paint.
I just have to get some antiquing glaze on it and it will be ready for my shop! I still have TONS to finish up.
I am in a new location that I absolutly LOVE!! It is called Mill City in Manchester. It is in one of the old Mill buildings so it has UBER charm!! I will post some pics of my space when I can!
SO MANY PIECES SO LITTLE TIME!!!
http://www.millcitynh.com/index.html I JUST LOVE THE HUGE CEILINGS AND THE MILL FEEL!! What a beautiful building! I can't wait to move in....I have to next week. So I have to finsh a bunch of my furniture.......remove my inventory from Collectors Eye.......and pack for a week in Cape Cod!! ALL BEFORE NEXT FRIDAY!!!
Then I picked up the TOP of a vintage drop leave desk. I loved it, it was all plain wood and just finished my painting on it.
And last but not least...ANOTHER SCHOOL DESK!! I just love these. By themselves they are adorable but I can hadly get them in such good condition that they DON'T need painting!!!I still have to do some touch ups but it is ALMOST finished!!! I acutally have another one that I will start but it is just the bench, there is no desk to the next one I will finish.
Now I just have a bunch more to finish up before next week!!! I better get cracking on them!!
WHERE ARE THE BUMBLE BEES STRIPES???
LOL- just as I was loading my chair into my van....I noticed something about those bees...............WHERE ARE THE STRIPES?? So I have since added their little bumble stripes and will take back to my store over the weekend!!!! I wonder if anyone else would have picked up on it if I didn't notice it first!!!!
I have finally off a few pieces and they are headin' to my shop tomorrow! I have had that old hood milk can light for about 5 years now .......I found it in the basement and just finished it!!
I think I have painted about 6 dry sinks to date!! I just love them, one of these days I will paint one for myself!!!
.......this little table? Not sure yet!!!
It is old and has a ton of paint on it....it will take a while to strip it down but I loved it!!! I LOVE GOODWILL for furniture to repaint!!!!
Making your house a primitive HOME!!


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text:
Photography by Elizabeth Judge Wyant
Items can be purchased ($2.22+) by clicking on the "BUY" button, to view available items and pricing. Items will arrive WITHOUT copyright.
Photos that have been highly edited altered or abstract.
IMG_9868edit17
IMG_8825IOm
IMG_8807Glw
Pontiac Easton Cruise Night, May 24, 2014
Easton, PA 5/6/2014
Karl Stirner Arts Trail
Easton Cemetery, Easton, PA 4/8/2014 The cemetery was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1990
In 1785 Christian Bixler III opened a small jewelry and clock-making shop in downtown Easton, Pennsylvania. This clock (once known as the Orr's clock) still stands as a reminder. Easton, PA 2/14/14
Frost, Easton, PA 1/7/2014
IMG_7002poster
IMG_6228layers
Haunted Tour 2013
IMG_0248edit1
Rock Church, Easton, PA 8/20/2013
Lebanese Heritage Festival 8/3/2013
Ocean City, NJ 7/30/2013
Easton Heritage Day 7/7/2013
Simon Mansion, Easton, PA 6/5/2013
State Theatre, Easton, PA 6/1/2013
Easton, PA 4/26/2013
Sunset, Easton, PA 3/9/2013
Easton, PA 12/14/2012
Jacktown Gas & Steam Engine Show 11/24/2012

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Another important topic we must discuss is keeping your cool on social media. There are times when unhappy customers would post harsh negative feedbacks and reviews about your business. This can really damage your company's reputation and most of the time it isn't your company's fault.
If you want to protect your company's reputation, you must never respond inappropriately or show any signs of anger on social media. The best thing to do when this happens is to apologize to your unhappy customer sincerely. Also, offer compensation if needed – this would make other people see you as a company that cares for its customers.
Social media has almost the same impact as a blog. You can also attract clients through social media posts while building your brand image easily. Many people spend most of their free time on social media. Make sure to combine this with your other internet marketing strategies.
Believe it or not, some businesses commit a big mistake in marketing their business: omitting the whole marketing plan. As insane as it sounds, this is a harsh reality.
Business owners that neglect the whole marketing plan often have their own reasons. A common reason would be thinking that their products is perfect – perfect enough that it doesn't need marketing to sell. Even the greatest product in the world wouldn't make you rich if no one knows about it.
Content can be easily obtained by writing them yourself or hiring a freelance writer. Sure, you may even use some basic SEO techniques but these won't be effective if it isn't quality written content.
SEO can definitely bring you more website traffic. But if you want a more effective SEO strategy, try targeting locals living within the vicinity of your business. A more specific target audience will allow you to have a higher conversion rate.
Using specific cities and areas would help you target a specific local audience. Don't ignore this; targeting the right people would help you increase your sales.
Most large corporations tend to hide their company's strategies to their own clients. This might result in losses amounting in millions if ever their strategies fall in the wrong hands. Even though they aren't transparent with their strategies, clients still hire these large companies because of their reputation.
But as a small business, you can't afford to lose any potential client. Hiding your strategies wouldn't convince your clients that you could help them or that your product is that good – forcing you to explain your strategy in detail in order to get a sale.
You can also use this as an advantage. Why not email all your prospective clients? Never hesitate to offer your services and/or products to clients you have an email contact with.
Many small businesses run their social media accounts every single day. But there's another way to increase your website's traffic – YouTube. YouTube can attract a lot of your target audience since creating an interactive video isn't impossible, it's actually easy.
Many companies have succeeded due to the viral videos that they post on YouTube. When your video goes viral, so does your company – you can expect a great increase in your revenue. Companies that have a specific product for sale can also promote their products features in creative and interactive ways. Videos are a very powerful tool in marketing and so is YouTube.
Keywords are effective in increasing SEO of your content, but each keyword has different metrics. Always make sure that the keyword(s) that you'll be using are actually getting search traffic.
Failing to research on keywords may lead you to use the wrong keywords – making you target a drastically smaller audience that you deserve. Don't worry; there are different software available that would help you see how often people search for keyword/s.
SEO can drastically improve when many inbound links from other websites link to your content. This is a main factor that determines the quality of the content – allowing you to rank higher in search engines like Google.
But you can't simply spam links to your content through low quality websites. The truth is that this would actually harm your business instead of benefiting it – making you almost invisible on search engines; you wouldn't want this to happen.
Focus more on quality, not on quantity. Always make sure that outbound links linking to your content would be quality and reliable websites and never ever pay cheap websites to link their content to your website.
Startup businesses are usually restricted by their budget and funding. If you want a cheaper way to sell your product/service, you can try out affiliate programs. Affiliate partners would promote or sell your product/service, only for a small commission. Having an affiliate partner that gets a lot of visitors per day would definitely increase you revenue each month.
Affiliate programs can give you a stream of income in your startup business' early stages. Earning from affiliate programs is reliable since it motivates your affiliate partners to sell your products and services. Consider this option as an additional source of revenue – many businesses already have.
If you want your startup business to succeed, pay-to-play wouldn't do. People hate paying for something, especially online software and services. This would make people to move away from your company and look for a similar business offering their service online, for free.
Take note that this not apply with all lines of businesses. Some businesses sell products and you cannot give away your products for free.
But why do people hate the pay-to-play method?
Sometimes it's better to offer free value with additional perks that are paid for. Again, this doesn't apply to all business industries since others would need to sell their products and services to earn revenue.
Your company's logo, website, and online poster ads may seem very important but this only makes up a small portion of your internet marketing strategy. A common mistake that many business owners make is overspending on their website, logo, and online poster ads. Sure, you'll get stunning visuals but have you ever considered the quality of your website's content?
Investing less on content wouldn't bring in potential clients. Your website might even be spammed with keywords – doing more harm than good to your company. Your budget should be allocated equally between web design, good copy and SEO content.
If you've tried everything possible to make your website SEO-friendly, but haven't seen any improvement on your conversion rates – there is a big problem. You may notice a lot of people visiting your website all because of your SEO efforts. But why aren't they buying from you? Or why aren't you earning revenue?
All businesses earn revenue in different ways – some earn by selling their products and services, while others earn solely through advertisements. Now that you have attracted potential clients to your website, you need to think a conversion strategy. Advertisements can easily earn you money only by increasing your website visitors. But for product-focused websites – How will you convert each visitor into a paying customer?
Always make sure you have a concrete conversion strategy. Otherwise you wouldn't see an increase to your revenue. No business can afford to ignore a conversion strategy.
Business owners would soon realize that digital marketing has a lot of elements. No business owner can do everything himself or herself while also running the business. If you want effective results, you need the help of individuals who specialize in a certain task.
Many business owners commonly ignore hiring experts for each task – mainly because outsourcing these services is costly. But every business needs them and ignoring them would make your website less efficient.
Also, there are agencies that offer teams of experts that can handle multiple tasks for your website. The good thing is that this option is way cheaper than hiring different experts for each task – helping you save money while also creating and keeping an effective marketing strategy.
Don't expect all your digital and internet marketing efforts to take effect within a few hours. Most of the time digital marketing will take time to reward you. The goal is to focus more on long term benefits rather than short term ones. Never quit your internet marketing strategy just because you don't see the results in a few days time.
Internet and digital marketing isn't a short term strategy – it's a long term strategy, which others fail to realize. Significant results would only show at least 4-6 months after implementing internet marketing and SEO tactics.
Are you guilty of committing any of these marketing mistakes? So am I! But the important thing is to identify the problem and commit to changing it. Comment and let me know what marketing mistakes resonate most with you and your business!
Now that you know the 17 marketing mistakes almost every business makes online, you can easily avoid them now. Avoid these at all costs for a more efficient and effective internet marketing strategy. In 4-6 months, you'll see the results of all your internet marketing efforts. Make the most out of your online strategy.
Now go out there and get your online marketing in check to acquire customers!


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Transfer Station Concrete Design
28 KB 06-246 Transfer Station Concrete Design.pdf
The design and strength of the concrete components of a transfer station are important because a failure in any portion of the concrete structure may cause a release of contaminants to the ground water.
The first consideration in the design of any concrete structure is the load that will be imposed on it. Concrete can attain a design compressive strength as high as 9000 pounds per square inch (PSI) but 3000 PSI to 4000 PSI is the usual range. With reinforcing steel and sufficient thickness, 3000-PSI concrete can successfully withstand the loads induced by loaded route trucks and transfer station power equipment. Most transfer station operations involve dumping either on a tipping floor or directly into a transferring vehicle. Scraping waste from the floor will be a normal practice. This procedure requires that the concrete be resistant to continuous abrasion from scraping with heavy equipment. Therefore to address this concern it may be beneficial to use higher design strength concrete with air entrainment to promote durability. Air entrained concrete is also more resistant to the freezing and thawing stresses placed on it by weather extremes.
All concrete cracks over time because it has a high shrinkage coefficient. It is necessary to provide contraction-cracking control in the form of contraction joints. Contracting joints will also be the entryway for pollutants to enter the ground from the tipping floor. It will be necessary to seal the joints to prevent leakage while also preventing tearing the sealing material out of the joint. The Nebraska Department of Environmental Quality (NDEQ) suggests that contraction joints be placed on the basis of 100 square feet of surface area of the tipping floor or 30 lineal feet of vertical wall. The Department suggests that the joints in the flat work not be sawed but be of the molded type. The joint molding tool for this work could be shaped wider at the surface of the floor to hold the joint sealant below the wearing surface of the tipping floor. Vertical wall contraction joints should also include a water stop.
If there are any questions or other issues that need to be discussed, please call the Waste Management Section at (402) 471-4210.
NDEQ Home Page http://deq.ne.gov/
NDEQ Waste Management Section - (402) 471-4210
NDEQ Toll Free Number - (877) 253-2603
NDEQ Hazardous Waste Compliance Assistant	- (402) 471-8308
Email questions to: NDEQ.moreinfo@nebraska.gov
NDEQ Publications:
Title 132 – Integrated Solid Waste Management Regulations
Titles are available on the NDEQ Home Page under "Laws/Regs & EQC", "Rules & Regulations"
Produced by: Nebraska Department of Environmental Quality, P.O. Box 98922, Lincoln, NE 68509-8922; phone (402) 471-2186. To view this, and other information related to our agency, visit our web site at http://deq.ne.gov.


Curp broke the Men's World Record in the Half Marathon in 1985, clocking 1:00:55 at the Philadelphia Distance Run. His record stood for five years. Curp was one of America's leading road racers in the 1980s and 1990s.
Gorman is the only woman to have won Boston and New York Marathons two times a-piece, and one of only two woman runners to win both in the same year. Although she grew up in Japan, Gorman came to the U.S. in 1964. She took up running while in her early 30s to gain weight. In 1970, she ran an indoor 100-mile run in 21:04:00 in Los Angeles. She set an unofficial world's best for the women's marathon of 2:46:36 at the Western Hemisphere Marathon (now the Culver City Marathon) in 1973, just four years after she began running. Four months later, in April 1974, she won the Boston Marathon in a course record of 2:47:11. Gorman would also place second at Boston in 1976, and then won again in 1977. She won the New York City Marathon in 1976 and 1977, at the age of 41 and 42 respectively. She is currently the last American woman to win the New York City Marathon. She set a personal best during her 1976 victory with a time of 2:39:11. Frequently injured in subsequent years, Gorman competed sporadically through the years 1978 to 1981.
Lindsay was almost unbeatable from 1979 to 1981. In 1979 and 1980 he earned the Road Racer of the Year award from "Runner Magazine".
Kempainen developed under the tutelage of Vin Lananna, who recruited him to Dartmouth. A 30:14 for 10,000m as a frosh showed Kempainen's potential. The next year, he made the NCAA final in the 5,000m. By the time of his senior year in 1988, he ran 28:42.51, placed third in the NCAA's and made it to the Olympic Trials. After college, a couple of years spent concentrating on the 10,000m gave him a runner-up finish at nationals. The results of Kempainen's first marathon, the Twin Cities race, indicated he had made the right choice. He finished second in 2:12:12. The next year, at the Olympic Trials, he ran a solid 2:12:54 for third place, becoming an Olympian at age 25. He followed that up with a 17th in Barcelona in 2:15:53. In 1993 he finished second in the New York City Marathon in a PR 2:11:03. Kempainen won the 1996 Olympic Trials Marathon, ironically his first win in any major marathon. His 2:12:45 victory earned him a cool $100K, but also what many would consider an embarrassment. In the closing stages of the race, he battled severe stomach cramps and vomited repeatedly without breaking his stride, a scene that television journalists delighted in showing. Nike later crafted an ad campaign around the incident, something Kempainen claimed didn't bother him. As Kempainen prepped for the Olympics, he suffered tendinitis in the iliotibial bands in both legs. He lost nearly two months of running and waited till nearly the last moment before deciding to go through with the Olympic marathon. Kempainen planned to run an "evenly-paced, efficient race" and avoid the surges at the front of the pack. Hoping to improve on his Barcelona placing, he trudged back to the Olympic stadium in 31st place. "This is the first marathon I really died in," he said of his 2:18:38. Kempainen subsequently retired from competitive running and works as an Associate Professor of Medicine at the University of Minnesota specializing in the treatment of cystic fibrosis.
At 13, as a freshman at Dover High School in New Hampshire, Schiro competed in the Kinney National Cross-Country championship and placed 19th among the nation's best high school runners. In the next two years, she was 10th and then third. In May of her junior year, at age 16, Schiro was the youngest runner in the 1984 Olympic marathon trials in Olympia, Wash. She ran well for most of the race, but faded slightly when the unfamiliar distance took its toll. She finished ninth in 2:34:24, still a world junior record. Schiro-O'Brien earned a trip to Seoul, South Korea, for the Olympic Games.From 1988 until 1991, Schrio-O?Brien won even more prestigious events. She set a 10-mile world record in 1989 with a time of 51:47 minutes, she earned USA Track and Field?s Number 1 ranking among female road runners in 1990, and she won the Los Angeles Marathon in 1991, with a time of 2:29:30. It was a personal best time for her. Again, she qualified for the Olympic Team in 1992, placing second in the Olympic Trials. More important than winning second, was the way she helped out an opponent and future Olympic team member. While reading about Mrs. Schiro-O?Brien on-line, I discovered that during the Olympic trials, the lead runners had come to a water station at the 15-mile mark, and a runner named Janis Klecker fell. Instead of leaving her behind, Schiro-O?Brien stopped and helped her get up. Both thought their chances of making the Olympic team had disappeared, but ironically, Klecker finished first with a time 2:30:12, and Schiro-O?Brien finished second, trailing Klecker by only 14 seconds. At the 1992 Olympics in Barcelona, Spain, no American runner finished before Schiro-O?Brien. After running in hot and humid weather, she placed tenth. That run also left her with a back injury, which would keep her out of competitive running for two years.
Kastor was awarded a prestigious RRCA Roads Scholar grant in 1997, which helped launch her award winning running carreer. She holds American records in the marathon and half-marathon as well as numerous road distances. Her most noted accomplishment is winning the bronze in the 2004 Women's Olympic Marathon in Athens, Greece. She won the 2005 Chicago Marathon and followed that by winning the 2006 London Marathon, setting an American record. She placed sixth at the 2006 New York City Marathon and fifth at the 2007 Boston Marathon. In April 2008, Kastor won the U.S. women's Olympic marathon trials in Boston, Massachusetts.
Keflezighi and his family were refugees from Eritrea via Italy to United States where he became a naturalized citizen in 1998, the same year in which he graduated from UCLA. While at UCLA Meb received numerous all American awards and other accolades. In the 2004 Summer Olympics, Meb finished second in the men's marathon, winning a silver medal in a personal season's best time of 2 hours, 11 minutes and 29 seconds. This was the first medal won by an American man in the Olympic marathon since Frank Shorter won the gold in the 1972 Olympics and took the silver medal in the 1976 Summer Olympics in Montreal. His fastest times for some standard distances are 3:42.29 for 1,500 meters, set in 1998; 13:11.77 for 5,000 meters, set in 2000; 27:13.98 for 10,000 meters, set in 2001 (a still-standing American record); and 2:09:21 for the marathon, set in 2009 at the London Marathon.
Spangler is most noted as a marathon runner and has the distinction of setting an American junior record of 2:33:52 for the distance at age 19 and an American master record of 2:32:39 at age 40. But it was a marathon in 1996 at age 32 that captured attention and many hearts in the running community. In 1994, within the qualifying window for the 1996 Olympic Marathon Trials race, Spangler finished the Chicago marathon in 2:42, well below the 2:50 standard. During the cold Chicago months Spangler was able to take leave from her insurance job and move to California to train. She came to the race with confidence and enjoyed the element of surprise when she continued to stay in the lead pack as the race progressed. Spangler won the race over a fairly hilly course in 2:29:54 to finally earn an Olympic berth after her third attempt to qualify for the Olympic team. Spangler said afterwards that she was hoping to make the top three to qualify, but never dreamed of winning. By August, 1996, when the Olympics were held in Atlanta, Spangler had injury problems again and was unable to finish the Olympic marathon. Spangler again set her sites on yet another Olympic Trials qualifying time at the 2003 LaSalle Bank Chicago Marathon and for this race she was 40. With much less mileage in the bank than in previous races, but much wiser from past experience, Spangler finished in 2:32:39. In the process she set an American master record for women and met the ?A? Olympic Trials standard by running better than 2:40. The following April she made her fourth Olympic Trials appearance and only her ninth marathon ever. In the race in St. Louis Spangler ran 2:36 for 10th place.
St. Hilaire's career started as a teenager in high school and earned her an athletic scholarship to the University of Vermont where she was an All-American track star and the national collegiate track and field champion in 1980. Her running has literally taken her around the world. She was a member of the US World Championship Track & Field Team in Tokyo in 1991 and the 1992 US Olympic Team in Barcelona, where she finished 8th in the final of the 10,000 meters. In 1993 she was ranked No. 1 in the US Track & Field Association's World Road Race rankings. ?St. Hilaire held a number of running records, including the 5K (3.1 miles) American road record in 1989. ?Today, she still races as a master (over 40), often finishing first in that division and still in the top 10 when paired with younger racers. She also serves as a mentor to rising young track stars.
Williams is a native of Michigan who came south to run for the University of Tennessee and through hard work and determination became America?s best 10,000 meter runner during most of the 1990s. Also as a high school senior he finished 2nd in the USA Junior XC Trials and was 23rd at the World Championships. By 1991, his senior year at Tennessee, his 5K time had improved to 13:41.50 and he had run 28:18.4 for the 10K finishing 2nd in 10,000 and 3rd in 5000 at NCAA Nationals. The fall after graduating from college, he won USA XC Championships and was ranked fifth in the U.S. at 10,000 by Track & Field News. In 1992 Williams finished 19th in World XC Championships, won the 10,000 (28:19.82) at the U.S. Olympic Trials and finished 10th in 10,000 at Olympic Games that Fall. At the end of the year Track and Field News ranked him as the top U.S. runner at the 10,000 and eighth at the 5000. After being injured for much of 1994, but still running well enough at the end of that year to qualify for the US XC team for the next year, Williams came back in 1995 to run what he described as one of the best races of his life when he was 9th at the World XC Championships. He also was the US 10,000 champion and took 9th at the World Championships that year. In 1996 he again was the top finisher in the 10,000 Olympic Trials race, but had a disappointing DNF in his heat at the Games in Atlanta. In 1997, he made his marathon debut in Chicago where he ran 2:11:17, finishing 10th. That year he also recorded best of 13:20.39 for 5K, 27:58.13 for 10K and won the US indoor 3000 in 7:50.49. Wilson also holds the American 15K record of 42:22 that he achieved at Gate River Run, which he won five times, in Jacksonville, Fla.
Although Khalid Khannouchi has not retired from running as of his Hall of Fame induction - as evidenced by his fourth place finish in the 2008 Olympic Trials Marathon - he has been selected for induction into the RRCA Hall of Fame based on his outstanding long distance performances during the first 37 years of his life. Khannouchi was born in Meknes, Morocco on January 1, 1971 and moved to the United States in 1992 after being refused training assistance from the Morocco track and field federation. He found a job in Brooklyn as a dish washer while living with friends and was able to begin serious training. By 1993, Khannouchi?s name began to appear among the top 20 road racers in America as ranked by Runner?s World magazine. But it was in 1997, when he won the LaSalle Bank Chicago Marathon in 2:07:10 in the fastest marathon debut in history, that his name became one of the most recognized in running circles. That win, along with other outstanding road race performances earned Khannouchi the top ranking by Runner?s World in 1997, an honor that he would attain in 1999, 2000, 2001, and 2002 as well. Khannouchi and Chicago have mixed together well over the runner?s career. He returned to Chicago in 1998 and ran almost as fast as the previous year (2:07:19) but finished second. The following year he ran a world record time of 2:05:42 in winning Chicago a second time. The year 2000, was very significant in Khannouchi?s life as he became a U.S. citizen in May of that year. After running 2:08:36 in the Flora London marathon in the spring, he went to Chicago as a U.S. citizen where he set an American record by winning the LaSalle Bank event a third time in 2:07:01. After a year plagued by injury, Khannouchi produced his most outstanding marathon performances in 2002 when he lowered his world record in winning the London marathon in 2:05:38 in the spring and then that fall won in Chicago for the fourth time in 2:05:56. With these performances he became the first runner to complete two sub-2:06 marathons in the same year.


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Tag: Radio
IEEE 802.11ay wireless technology: Next-gen 60GHz WiFi
A new standard for 60GHz Wi-Fi goes beyond 802.11ad wireless speed & range
A new standard for high speed multi-gigabit WiFi is emerging. Though products based on the IEEE 802.11ad (WiGig) standard have really only begun rolling out, an effort to deliver an enhancement called IEEE 802.11ay that promises to deliver faster and longer range Wi-Fi networks is gaining steam.
The up-coming 802.11ay is as an enhancement of 802.11ad in the unlicensed 60 GHz millimeter wave band of spectrum, and should be a natural upgrade. The upgrade will offer significant speed and range improvements.
CableFree WiFi Logo
802.11ay is a type of WLAN in the IEEE 802.11 set of WLANs. It will have a frequency of 60 GHz, a transmission rate of 20–40 Gbit/s and an extended transmission distance of 300–500 meters. It has also been noted that it is likely to have mechanisms for channel bonding and MU-MIMO technologies. It is expected to be released in 2017. 802.11ay will not be a new type of WLAN in the IEEE 802.11 set, but will simply be an improvement on 802.11ad.
Where 802.11ad uses a maximum of 2.16 GHz bandwidth, 802.11ay bonds four of those channels together for a maximum bandwidth of 8.64 GHz. MIMO is also added with a maximum of 4 streams. The link-rate per stream is 44Gbit/s, with four streams this goes up to 176Gbit/s. Higher order modulation is also added, probably up to 256-QAM. 802.11ay applications could include replacement for Ethernet and other cables within offices or homes, and provide backhaul connectivity outside for service providers.
What is the difference between ad and ay?
The 802.11ad standard was published in 2012 and the technology gives devices access to the unlicensed and relatively unclogged 60 GHz millimeter wave spectrum band for multimedia streaming, VR headset connectivity, computer-to-monitor wireless links and other apps that don't require more than say 30 or 40 feet of unimpeded space. It has been adopted by chipmakers as well as vendors of routers, access points and other devices. The Wi-Fi Alliance runs a WiGig certification program for vendors, and the early 11ad gear on the market most commonly supports data transfer rates of 4.6Gbps – way faster than 802.11n and 11ac, but more limited in range and unable to penetrate solid objects.
The backwards compatible 802.11ay amendment to 802.11ad is designed to boost speeds several-fold. That initially would amount to a transmission rate of 20 to 30Gbps and a range of 33 to 100 feet with 11ay-to-11ay device setups, but once channel bonding, MIMO and other capabilities are exploited, you could be getting closer to 200Gbps and reaching distances approaching 1,000 feet, according to industry players.
11ay, as the specs are being developed, "is really allowing for a wider range of products than you'd get with ad, which has one set of data rates that everyone supports… ay has a lot more parameters to play with in channel bonding, MIMO and features at the MAC level to allow a far greater range of performance and products" according to one chipset vendor.
Other up-coming Fast WiFi standards: 802.11ax
IEEE 802.11ay 60GHz networking
Users should not confuse 802.11ay with 802.11ax, which will work in the 2.5 and 5 GHz bands. The lower frequency bands for 11ax will penetrate walls. 11ay will not.
What will 802.11ay be used for?
It remains to be seen how soon the high speeds of 11ay will really be needed for internal uses, as 802.11ac — including Wave 2 products — are already pretty robust. But experts say that if 11ad doesn't quite do it for you given its distance limitations, "11ay will finally be the technology that would let you snip that Ethernet cord – you no longer have to run Ethernet cables to everyone's desk… there's enough wireless bandwidth in ay."
Many are enthusiastic about 802.1ay's potential as a fixed point-to-point or point-to-multipoint outdoor backhaul technology, especially in light of scaled back fiber rollout plans by providers like Google and Verizon in the face of extraordinary costs associated with such implementations. "I'm more bullish on using ad & ay for backhaul (instead of mesh) in the case of campus & city networks — provided that it has a useful range" according to one industry expert
But it's possible that 802.11ay could find a role in internal mesh and backbone networks as well as for other uses such as providing connectivity to VR headsets, supporting server backups and handling cloud applications that require low latency. "I believe that eventually, there will be enterprise applications for this – but it's probably a few years into the future, given that we will have 802.11ax fairly soon & because there's still a lot of 5 GHz band available for that (and ac).
When will 802.11ay become reality?
The 802.11ay task group had its initial meeting in 2015 and the spec only hit the Draft 0.1 stage in January. Though it is expected to reach Draft 1.0 by July 2017, according to the IEEE task group. If that mark is hit, expect pre-standard 11ay products to start rolling out within a year of that time.
Who is behind 802.11ay?
The IEEE task force leading the 11ay work includes representatives from major equipment and chipsets vendors. The group states its goal as this: "Task Group ay is expected to develop an amendment that defines standardized modifications to both the IEEE 802.11 physical layers (PHY) and the IEEE 802,11 medium access control layer (MAC) that enables at least one mode of operation capable of supporting a maximum throughput of at least 20 gigabits per second (measured at the MAC data service access point), while maintaining or improving the power efficiency per station. This amendment also defines operations for license-exempt bands above 45 GHz while ensuring backward compatibility and coexistence with legacy directional multi-gigabit stations (defined by IEEE 802.11ad-2012 amendment) operating in the same band."
Posted on March 31, 2017 November 27, 2018 Author adminCategories Gigabit Wireless, TechnologyTags 60GHz, Gigabit, Millimeter Wave, Point to Multipoint, Point to Point, Radio, Technologies, Technology, V-Band, Wi-Man, WiFi, Wireless
5G – 5th Generation Mobile Wireless Networks
5G Mobile Wireless Technology
Preliminary details and information about the wireless technology being developed for 5th generation or 5G mobile wireless or cellular telecommunications systems
With the 4G telecommunications systems now starting to be deployed, eyes are looking towards the development of 5th generation or 5G technology and services.
Although the deployment of any wireless or cellular system takes many years, development of the 5G technology systems is being investigated. The new 5G technologies will need to be chosen developed and perfected to enable timely and reliable deployment.
The new 5th generation, 5G technology for cellular systems will probably start to come to fruition around 2020 with deployment following on afterwards.
5G mobile systems status
The current status of the 5G technology for cellular systems is very much in the early development stages. Very many companies are looking into the technologies that could be used to become part of the system. In addition to this a number of universities have set up 5G research units focussed on developing the technologies for 5G
In addition to this the standards bodies, particularly 3GPP are aware of the development but are not actively planning the 5G systems yet.
Many of the technologies to be used for 5G will start to appear in the systems used for 4G and then as the new 5G cellular system starts to formulate in a more concrete manner, they will be incorporated into the new 5G cellular system.
The major issue with 5G technology is that there is such an enormously wide variation in the requirements: superfast downloads to small data requirements for IoT than any one system will not be able to meet these needs. Accordingly a layer approach is likely to be adopted. As one commentator stated: 5G is not just a mobile technology. It is ubiquitous access to high & low data rate services.
5G cellular systems overview
5G Wireless Technologies
As the different generations of cellular telecommunications have evolved, each one has brought its own improvements. The same will be true of 5G technology.
First generation, 1G: These phones were analogue and were the first mobile or cellular phones to be used. Although revolutionary in their time they offered very low levels of spectrum efficiency and security.
Second generation, 2G: These were based around digital technology and offered much better spectrum efficiency, security and new features such as text messages and low data rate communications.
Third generation, 3G: The aim of this technology was to provide high speed data. The original technology was enhanced to allow data up to 14 Mbps and more.
Fourth generation, 4G: This was an all-IP based technology capable of providing data rates up to 1 Gbps.
Any new 5th generation, 5G cellular technology needs to provide significant gains over previous systems to provide an adequate business case for mobile operators to invest in any new system.
Facilities that might be seen with 5G technology include far better levels of connectivity and coverage. The term World Wide Wireless Web, or WWWW is being coined for this.
For 5G technology to be able to achieve this, new methods of connecting will be required as one of the main drawbacks with previous generations is lack of coverage, dropped calls and low performance at cell edges. 5G technology will need to address this.
5G specifications
Although the standards bodies have not yet defined the parameters needed to meet a 5G performance level yet, other organisations have set their own aims, that may eventually influence the final specifications.
Typical parameters for a 5G standard may include:
SUGGESTED 5G WIRELESS PERFORMANCE
SUGGESTED PERFORMANCE
Network capacity 10 000 times capacity of current network
Peak data rate 10 Gbps
Cell edge data rate 100 Mbps
Latency < 1 ms
These are some of the ideas being put forwards for a 5G standard, but they are not accepted by any official bodies yet.
There are several key areas that are being investigated by research organisations. These include:
Millimeter-Wave technologies: Using frequencies much higher in the frequency spectrum opens up more spectrum and also provides the possibility of having much wide channel bandwidth – possibly 1 – 2 GHz. However this poses new challenges for handset development where maximum frequencies of around 2 GHz and bandwidths of 10 – 20 MHz are currently in use. For 5G, frequencies of above 50GHz are being considered and this will present some real challenges in terms of the circuit design, the technology, and also the way the system is used as these frequencies do not travel as far and are absorbed almost completely by obstacles.
Future PHY / MAC: The new physical layer and MAC presents many new interesting possibilities in a number of areas:
Waveforms: One key area of interest is that of the new waveforms that may be seen. OFDM has been used very successfully in 4G LTE as well as a number of other high data rate systems, but it does have some limitations in some circumstances. Formats being proposed include: GFDM, Generalised Frequency Division Multiplexing, as well as FBMC, Filter Bank Multi-Carrier, UFMC, Universal Filtered MultiCarrier. Each has its own advantages and limitations and it is possible that adaptive schemes may be employed, utilising different waveforms adaptively for the 5G mobile systems as the requirements dictate. This provides considerably more flexibility for 5G mobile communications. Read more about 5G waveforms
Multiple Access Schemes: Again a variety of new access schemes are being investigated for 5G technology. Techniques including OFDMA, SCMA, NOMA, PDMA, MUSA and IDMA have all been mentioned. Read more about 5G multiple access schemes
Modulation: Whilst PSK and QAM have provided excellent performance in terms of spectral efficiency, resilience and capacity, the major drawback is that of a high peak to average power ratio. Modulation schemes like APSK could provide advantages in some circumstances. Read more about 5G modulation schemes
Duplex methods: There are several candidate forms of duplex that are being considered. Currently systems use either frequency division duplex, FDD or time division duplex, TDD. New possibilities are opening up for 5G including flexible duplex, where the time or frequencies allocated are variable according toth e load in either direction or a new scheme called division free duplex or single channel full duplex. This scheme for 5G would enable simultaneous transmission and reception on the same channel. Read more about 5G full duplex
Massive MIMO: Although MIMO is being used in many applications from LTE to Wi-Fi, etc, the numbers of antennas is fairly limited -. Using microwave frequencies opens up the possibility of using many tens of antennas on a single equipment becomes a real possibility because of the antenna sizes and spacings in terms of a wavelength.
Dense networks Reducing the size of cells provides a much more overall effective use of the available spectrum. Techniques to ensure that small cells in the macro-network and deployed as femtocells can operate satisfactorily are required.
Other 5G concepts
5G Mobile Networks
There are many new concepts that are being investigated and developed for the new 5th generation mobile system. Some of these include:
Pervasive networks : This technology being considered for 5G cellular systems is where a user can concurrently be connected to several wireless access technologies and seamlessly move between them.
Group cooperative relay: This is a technique that is being considered to make the high data rates available over a wider area of the cell. Currently data rates fall towards the cell edge where interference levels are higher and signal levels lower.
Cognitive radio technology: If cognitive radio technology was used for 5th generation, 5G cellular systems, then it would enable the user equipment / handset to look at the radio landscape in which it is located and choose the optimum radio access network, modulation scheme and other parameters to configure itself to gain the best connection and optimum performance.
Wireless mesh networking and dynamic ad-hoc networking: With the variety of different access schemes it will be possible to link to others nearby to provide ad-hoc wireless networks for much speedier data flows.
Smart antennas: Another major element of any 5G cellular system will be that of smart antennas. Using these it will be possible to alter the beam direction to enable more direct communications and limit interference and increase overall cell capacity.
There are many new techniques and technologies that will be used in the new 5G cellular or mobile telecommunications system. These new 5G technologies are still being developed and the overall standards have not yet be defined. However as the required technologies develop, they will be incorporated into the new system which will be defined by the standards bodies over the coming years.
Posted on November 8, 2016 November 27, 2018 Author adminCategories Gigabit WirelessTags 4G, 4G/LTE, 5G, Advanced, Gigabit Wireless, LTE, Mobile, Point to Multipoint, Radio, Technologies, Technology
OFDM (Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing)
What is OFDM? (Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing)
OFDM: Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing, is a form of signal modulation that divides a high data rate modulating stream placing them onto many slowly modulated narrowband close-spaced subcarriers, and in this way is less sensitive to frequency selective fading.
Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing or OFDM is a modulation format that is being used for many of the latest wireless and telecommunications standards.
OFDM has been adopted in the Wi-Fi arena where the standards like 802.11a, 802.11n, 802.11ac and more. It has also been chosen for the cellular telecommunications standard LTE / LTE-A, and in addition to this it has been adopted by other standards such as WiMAX and many more.
Orthogonal frequency division multiplexing has also been adopted for a number of broadcast standards from DAB Digital Radio to the Digital Video Broadcast standards, DVB. It has also been adopted for other broadcast systems as well including Digital Radio Mondiale used for the long medium and short wave bands.
Although OFDM, orthogonal frequency division multiplexing is more complicated than earlier forms of signal format, it provides some distinct advantages in terms of data transmission, especially where high data rates are needed along with relatively wide bandwidths.
What is OFDM? – The concept
OFDM is a form of multicarrier modulation. An OFDM signal consists of a number of closely spaced modulated carriers. When modulation of any form – voice, data, etc. is applied to a carrier, then sidebands spread out either side. It is necessary for a receiver to be able to receive the whole signal to be able to successfully demodulate the data. As a result when signals are transmitted close to one another they must be spaced so that the receiver can separate them using a filter and there must be a guard band between them. This is not the case with OFDM. Although the sidebands from each carrier overlap, they can still be received without the interference that might be expected because they are orthogonal to each another. This is achieved by having the carrier spacing equal to the reciprocal of the symbol period.
Traditional view of receiving signals carrying modulation
To see how OFDM works, it is necessary to look at the receiver. This acts as a bank of demodulators, translating each carrier down to DC. The resulting signal is integrated over the symbol period to regenerate the data from that carrier. The same demodulator also demodulates the other carriers. As the carrier spacing equal to the reciprocal of the symbol period means that they will have a whole number of cycles in the symbol period and their contribution will sum to zero – in other words there is no interference contribution.
One requirement of the OFDM transmitting and receiving systems is that they must be linear. Any non-linearity will cause interference between the carriers as a result of inter-modulation distortion. This will introduce unwanted signals that would cause interference and impair the orthogonality of the transmission.
In terms of the equipment to be used the high peak to average ratio of multi-carrier systems such as OFDM requires the RF final amplifier on the output of the transmitter to be able to handle the peaks whilst the average power is much lower and this leads to inefficiency. In some systems the peaks are limited. Although this introduces distortion that results in a higher level of data errors, the system can rely on the error correction to remove them.
Data on OFDM
The data to be transmitted on an OFDM signal is spread across the carriers of the signal, each carrier taking part of the payload. This reduces the data rate taken by each carrier. The lower data rate has the advantage that interference from reflections is much less critical. This is achieved by adding a guard band time or guard interval into the system. This ensures that the data is only sampled when the signal is stable and no new delayed signals arrive that would alter the timing and phase of the signal.
The distribution of the data across a large number of carriers in the OFDM signal has some further advantages. Nulls caused by multi-path effects or interference on a given frequency only affect a small number of the carriers, the remaining ones being received correctly. By using error-coding techniques, which does mean adding further data to the transmitted signal, it enables many or all of the corrupted data to be reconstructed within the receiver. This can be done because the error correction code is transmitted in a different part of the signal.
OFDM advantages & disadvantages
OFDM advantages
OFDM has been used in many high data rate wireless systems because of the many advantages it provides.
Immunity to selective fading: One of the main advantages of OFDM is that is more resistant to frequency selective fading than single carrier systems because it divides the overall channel into multiple narrowband signals that are affected individually as flat fading sub-channels.
Resilience to interference: Interference appearing on a channel may be bandwidth limited and in this way will not affect all the sub-channels. This means that not all the data is lost.
Spectrum efficiency: Using close-spaced overlapping sub-carriers, a significant OFDM advantage is that it makes efficient use of the available spectrum.
Resilient to ISI: Another advantage of OFDM is that it is very resilient to inter-symbol and inter-frame interference. This results from the low data rate on each of the sub-channels.
Resilient to narrow-band effects: Using adequate channel coding and interleaving it is possible to recover symbols lost due to the frequency selectivity of the channel and narrow band interference. Not all the data is lost.
Simpler channel equalisation: One of the issues with CDMA systems was the complexity of the channel equalisation which had to be applied across the whole channel. An advantage of OFDM is that using multiple sub-channels, the channel equalization becomes much simpler.
OFDM disadvantages
Whilst OFDM has been widely used, there are still a few disadvantages to its use which need to be addressed when considering its use.
High peak to average power ratio: An OFDM signal has a noise like amplitude variation and has a relatively high large dynamic range, or peak to average power ratio. This impacts the RF amplifier efficiency as the amplifiers need to be linear and accommodate the large amplitude variations and these factors mean the amplifier cannot operate with a high efficiency level.
Sensitive to carrier offset and drift: Another disadvantage of OFDM is that is sensitive to carrier frequency offset and drift. Single carrier systems are less sensitive.
OFDM variants
There are several other variants of OFDM for which the initials are seen in the technical literature. These follow the basic format for OFDM, but have additional attributes or variations:
COFDM: Coded Orthogonal frequency division multiplexing. A form of OFDM where error correction coding is incorporated into the signal.
Flash OFDM: This is a variant of OFDM that was developed by Flarion and it is a fast hopped form of OFDM. It uses multiple tones and fast hopping to spread signals over a given spectrum band.
OFDMA: Orthogonal frequency division multiple access. A scheme used to provide a multiple access capability for applications such as cellular telecommunications when using OFDM technologies.
VOFDM: Vector OFDM. This form of OFDM uses the concept of MIMO technology. It is being developed by CISCO Systems. MIMO stands for Multiple Input Multiple output and it uses multiple antennas to transmit and receive the signals so that multi-path effects can be utilised to enhance the signal reception and improve the transmission speeds that can be supported.
WOFDM: Wideband OFDM. The concept of this form of OFDM is that it uses a degree of spacing between the channels that is large enough that any frequency errors between transmitter and receiver do not affect the performance. It is particularly applicable to Wi-Fi systems.
Each of these forms of OFDM utilise the same basic concept of using close spaced orthogonal carriers each carrying low data rate signals. During the demodulation phase the data is then combined to provide the complete signal.
OFDM, orthogonal frequency division multiplexing has gained a significant presence in the wireless market place. The combination of high data capacity, high spectral efficiency, and its resilience to interference as a result of multi-path effects means that it is ideal for the high data applications that have become a major factor in today's communications scene.
For more information on wireless technology and OFDM, please Contact Us
Posted on April 22, 2015 January 16, 2020 Author adminCategories Gigabit Wireless, TechnologyTags Gigabit Wireless, OFDM, Radio, Technologies, Technology, Wireless
Gigabit Wireless Technologies
Which technologies can we consider for a modern Gigabit Wireless Network?
Free Space Optics (FSO)
Millimeter Wave (MMW)
WiFi 802.1ac
Building a Gigabit Wireless Network
Building a modern Gigabit Wireless Network will require choosing the appropriate technology for the precise network requirements. With wireless, there is no "magic technology" or "one size fits all" approach – a successful network deployment will consider which technologies are best suited
Choosing the correct technology for a Gigabit Wireless Network is essential to ensure you have the very best throughput, capacity and network uptime.
Ask our team of experts who will be delighted to assist in designing an choosing exactly the right products and solutions to meet your needs
Contact us with any questions and requirements:
Posted on March 30, 2015 March 30, 2015 Author adminCategories Gigabit Wireless, TechnologyTags 60GHz, 80GHz, E-Band, Free Space Optics, FSO, Gigabit Wireless, Microwave, Millimeter Wave, MIMO Radio, Point to Multipoint, Point to Point, Radio, Technologies, Technology, V-Band, WiFi
Welcome to Gigabit-Wireless.com
Welcome – to the informational site for Gigabit Wireless Networking. We consider the available technologies for Gigabit Wireless Metropolitan Area Networks including:
Microwave up to 6Gbps
Millimeter Wave up to 10Gbps & 40Gbps
Free Space Optics up to 1.5Gbps
AC-MIMO Radio
802.11ac WiFi
802.11ax WiFi: 1-6GHz Gigabit WiFi
802.11ay WiFi: 30Gbps 60GHz WiFi
4G/LTE technologies
Feel welcome to read our site and find out more about building modern, reliable and scalable Gigabit Wireless Networks for Wireless Metropolitan Area Networks (Wi-Man), 4G/LTE backhaul networks, Small Cell Backhaul, Corporate Networks and Campus and CCTV wireless networks.
We include technology introduction papers as well as usage cases to guide users in the very latest in Gigabit Wireless technology and deployment. Modern wireless products can reach 10Gbps or higher capacity.
Applications for Wireless
Gigabit Wireless Technology
Gigabit Wireless networks are used in a wide range of applications which include
4G/LTE Backhaul Networks
Last Mile Networks
Campus Sites
Corporate Networks
Education networks
Metro WiFi
If you are considering a wireless network with 10Gbps or higher capacity, please ask our team of experts who will be delighted to assist:
For further Information on 10GBE Wireless
Posted on March 30, 2015 March 31, 2017 Author adminCategories Gigabit WirelessTags 10GBE, 10Gbps, 10Gbps Wireless, 40GBE, 40Gbps, 4G, 5G, 60GHz, 70GHz, 80GHz, backhaul, E-Band, Free Space Optics, FSO, Gigabit, Gigabit Wireless, LTE, Microwave, Millimeter Wave, MIMO Radio, MMW, Point to Multipoint, Point to Point, Radio, V-Band, Wireless


text:
Harmony & Dave
Interviewed at
Le Cool
Harmony & Dave at Bluebell Coffee
Polaroids (American Edition)
GET IT ON BANDCAMP
HARMONY & DAVE TALK ABOUT THEIR NEW ALBUM "WILD MEMORIES" AND MOTEL UTOPIA
Today, the online magazine Le Cool Valencia has published an interview in which we talk about our new album "Wild memories", our coming band name change to Motel Utopia, the new stage we are immersed in and a lot more.
You can read it on Le Cool Valencia.
HARMONY IN MONDO SONORO MAGAZINE
The current issue of February of Mondo Sonoro Magazine: Comunidad Valenciana Edition comes with an interview to Harmony. She talks about her experience in the United States as a musician and the differences with Spain.
You can read it online on Mondo Sonoro.
POLAROIDS REEDITION AVAILABLE ON BANDCAMP
Limited edition of Polaroids (American Edition) is already here. It includes a hand-drawn CD and two bonus tracks: "Days of Summer" and "Winter's come" in a live acoustic performance "in the woods", only with ukulele and all the sounds of nature in a single take.
There are two formats. The CD version is $12/10€ plus shipping. And the Digital version (mp3, FLAC, wav) is $5/4€. Both available on Bandcamp.
Digital Edition is included if you buy the CD
HARMONY AND DAVE TO PERFORM IN THE LEADING ROLES IN "THE OTHER SIDE OF LOVE"
This weekend we have been shooting a short film written and directed by Mariah Boucher with Maria Alejandra Agüero as the director of photography. We are very happy to be part of this project in which we are also contributing with some songs of our album Polaroids for the soundtrack.
POSSIBLE AMERICAN REEDITION
Currently all the copies of our first album Polaroids are SOLD OUT except 4 copies that we keep in Spain. You can get a digital copy of it in Bandcamp.
We are thinking seriously in a reedition/limited edition of our album Polaroids (American Edition).
OUR FIRST CONCERT IN THE USA
Yesterday was one of those magical nights, a milestone. Used to intimate live concerts, playing to an audience of more than, I don't know, 200 people? and receive such energy was awesome. Not playing your regular instruments is not easy. Going out on stage with just an ukulele is not easy. The silence, the respect and the absolute dedication of the audience was amazing. Their applause and their later comments. We only have words of gratitude. One of the best audiences, without a doubt. We will take a thousand new little memories of that night, we met wonderful people, soooo many smiles and beautiful words to us. It was pleasantly overwhelming.
Thanks, thanks, thanks. I never thought we would end up playing in the USA, and much less that the feedback would be this one. There are dreams which come true, and this was always one of ours. Thinking that we started with this band less than a year and a half ago and this beautiful things are happening to us, is an absolute gift for us. And having the privilege of sharing it with the person I love the most, anyways, I have no words (that moment together in the backstage before going out will remain in my heart forever). We feel very happy, we are happy. Learning and growing.
Harmony & Dave to perform at One World Concert at Ithaca College
This Friday October 24, 2014, Harmony & Dave will appear at the concert organized by the ICIC (Ithaca College International Club).
Copyright 2015 Harmony & Dave


Home / Uncategorized / Announcing a New Sale and a New Book!
We have loved working on this novel together – and it is a novel, not an anthology. We've done something innovative and experimental here in using six voices to bring to life six characters, and then interweave their stories through one novel narrative. We can't wait for you to read it – and it'll be coming in the Fall of 2019. So stay tuned for cover reveals, and preorders, and all the fun stuff coming just around the corner!