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Author: roganwright
November 6, 2020 November 10, 2020 roganwright Diversity, Local/Regional History, Women's History
100 Years of Woman Suffrage
The right of citizens of the United States to vote shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any State on account of sex.
U.S. Senate website, Art & History, Timeline: The Senate and the 19th Amendment
Introduced on January 10, 1878 by California Republican Senator Aaron Sargent, the "Susan B. Anthony Amendment" took 42 years to be passed and ratified by the requisite states to become a part of the United States Constitution. Over the course of those 42 years, women organized to advocate for their rights, sending petitions, protesting, and lobbying lawmakers in Washington. In response, women were condescended to, reviled, vilified, and assaulted by opponents to woman suffrage.
The woman suffrage amendment was defeated in the Senate four times, in 1887, 1914, 1918, and June of 1919. The amendment passed the House of Representatives on May 21, 1919 and finally passed in the Senate on June 4, 1920. It was quickly ratified by the required three-fourths of states when Tennessee became the 36th state to ratify the amendment on August 26, 1920, granting women nationwide the right to vote. Their first opportunity to exercise that right happening just two months and seven days later in the 1920 election.
Last fall, I was asked to put together an exhibit commemorating the 19th Amendment to be displayed sometime in 2020. Generally, our exhibits highlight materials in one of our main collecting areas. National politics is not one of those collecting areas. Still, with a little searching of our catalog and finding aids, I was able to identify some unique and interesting items related to the fight for woman suffrage and the passage of the 19th Amendment.
If you happen to be in Newman Library before the end of the year, you can check out the Votes for Women exhibit in the Special Collections and University Archives windows on the first floor. For those who won't be stopping by the library, some letters from suffragists included in our collections are highlighted here.
First are two letters from Adelaide Avery Claflin (July 28, 1846 – May 31, 1931) to Mrs. Hollander discussing an upcoming speaking engagement for the woman suffrage association. These are from the Adelaide A. Claflin Letters (Ms1992-005). Claflin was a resident of Quincy, Massachusetts and began speaking publicly in support of woman suffrage in 1883. She became a member of the Qunicy school committee in 1884 and was the first known woman to hold elected office in the town. For more about Claflin and the suffrage movement in Qunicy, check out Remember the Ladies: Woman's Suffrage and the Black Holes of Local History on the Quincy History Blog.
Claflin Letter, November 11, 1884, page 1
Claflin Letter, November 11, 1884, pages 2-3
The first letter reads:
Tues. Nov. 11 1884,
Mrs. Hollander,
I have received a note from Mrs. Stone, (giving me your name simply as above,) and asking me to communicate with you in case I were willing to speak for you in Somerville on Sunday, the 22d and on the same subject on which I lately spoke in South Boston. As the 22nd is Saturday, I am left in a little doubt as to the real date desired, and I am also a little embarrassed in my writing by some other causes. I have a bad cold just now, but probably would be well enough to speak by that time, and would like to do so, as far as I know at present. But I did not speak, exactly, at So. Boston, I read a written essay upon "What women as a class owe to each other", and this essay, substantially, was read to the Somerville Woman's Club a year ago. I do not know whether that club is in the same part of Somerville, or whether that would be any objection. I should, therefore be glad to hear further from you in regard to the circumstances, as Mrs. Stone's note was extremely brief.
Adelaide A. Claflin
21 Chestnut St.
Maſ.
Claflin Letter, November 14, 1884, page 2-3
The second letter reads:
Friday, Nov. 14, 1884,
My dear Mrs. Hollander,
I am much obliged for your explanation in regard to the lectures and I am glad such a course is undertaken. With regard to myself, I only mentioned the So. Boston paper, because Mrs. Stone wrote to me about that. I have spoken for the Massachusetts Suffrage Association, upon that question, a good many times within the past two years, and feel that I can always say something upon most aspects of the woman suffrage question. Mrs. Stone has often asked me to speak upon municipal suffrage because she liked my presentation of that subject – but some of the Somerville friends have very likely heard me speak upon it in Boston, and I would rather prefer myself to speak in a more general way. I have had some experience in regards to schools, having been teacher, mother, and school committee, and had some special advantages here in Quincy where educational matters have been much discussed, and I have been in the thick of it. How would you like as subject "The need of the feminine influence in the school, the town, and the state"? Or if that is too large – the first two leaving out the "state"? I think I could make some useful points in an address of that kind. But if there is any special branch of the suffrage, or woman question, which would be more desirable to you as a step in the unfolding of your scheme of lectures I think it would be safe enough for your President to announce it for me for the 23rd. I have studied the woman question all my life, and while I do not profess to have solved as great a problem, I feel pretty sure I can talk about most parts of it in a tolerably rational manner. I write thus because there is not time before Sunday for me to hear from you and write again as to subject, and I should like to meet the wishes of the committee in that respect. I should be glad to know how long an address is desired and whether it is to be in a parlor or a church, etc.
Adelaide A. Claflin,
21 Chestnut St.,
Qunicy
As an alternative subject I might suggest "The reaction of equal rights upon woman and society."
A.A.C.
Next is a letter from Lila M. Valentine to J. D. Eggleston, president of Virginia Polytechnic Institute, from the Records of the Office of the President, Joseph Dupuy Eggleston (Record Group 2/7). Lila Meade Valentine was co-founder of the Equal Suffrage League of Virginia and served as its first president. Learn more about her at Encyclopedia Virginia.
Lila Meade Valentine letter, April 2, 1919, page 1
The letter from Valentine reads:
Dr. J. D. Eggleston. April 2, 1915
Blacksburg, Va.
My dear [cousin?].
Can you arrange for me to speak any one of the following days, April 21, 22, 23, 24, 26? I am to help in the Pennsylvania campaign in ?? City April 28. I should greatly appreciate a prompt reply as I have several other invitations to fill in, and only wait your decision to readjust them because of your May 1st limit.
Cordially yours
Lila M Valentine
I regret very much that you felt compelled to resign from our State Board of Education. We can ill afford to do without your valuable aid. L.M.V.
Finally, a letter from Eulalie Salley to Mrs. Francis Bear of Roanoke, Virginia, from the Eulalie Salley Letter (Ms2013-079). Salley was born in Augusta, Georgia in 1883 and lived on her grandparents' plantation in Louisville, Georgia before moving to Aiken, South Carolina in 1892. Her education included a year each at Mary Baldwin College in Virginia and Converse College in Spartanburg, South Carolina. Around 1912, Salley organized the Aiken County Equal Suffrage League and served as its first president. She campaigned for suffrage by door-to-door canvassing, hosting fundraisers, and even dropping leaflets from an airplane. The end of this letter mentions her efforts to elect Gilbert McMillan to office in South Carolina and his role in South Carolina finally ratifying the 19th Amendment in 1969, 50 years after it became part of the U.S. Constitution. Learn more about Eulalie Salley in the South Carolina Encyclopedia.
Eulalie Salley letter, January 12, 1974, page 1
The Eulalie Salley letter reads:
Eulalie Salley, Realtor
111 Park Avenue, S. W.
Aiken, South Carolina 29801
Mrs. Francis Bear,
"Bearcliff" 100 Etheridge Road,
Dear Frances.
I'm not at all surprised that your Mother did not tell you about my interest in politics. She and I are always so busy talking about members of the family that there is no time for anything else during her fleeting visits. In fact, most of our time is taken up with talk about that beautiful boy of yours.
I am so glad to know of your interest in politics. I'm wondering if you have joined the League of Women Voters or any other Woman's organization in Roanoke. If not, you should, fo you would find it fasinating. I don't see why you don't begin right now to run for some public office—maybe by starting off with City Council or the State Legislature.
Here in Aiken we have a woman County Commissioner and a woman member of the South Carolina Lefislature. I campained for both of them, along with my faithful Gilbert McMillan. (Gilbert is a distant cousin of Louises' husband, Raiford). He is the one who got the South Carolina legislature to ratify the Nineteenth amendment, a bill women had been working on for fifty years with no success.
Gilbert was a new commer and we decided we needed some one fresh in the Senate so 300 women got out and campained and elected him. It was very exciting.
It took me a long time to find out that if you wanted a law passed, you had better get your own man and get him to go to Columbia and pass it for you.
I hope Jody will do well in his school and I know you are going to be proud of him.
In addition to these materials, the Special Collections and University Archives exhibit also includes articles about women's voting from the Ladies' Home Journal from 1920, items from the New York Association Opposed to Woman Suffrage, and some suffrage cookbooks. If you get a chance to stop by the library while the exhibit is up, check it out to see everything on display. If you don't make it in before 2021, the items are always available to view upon request.
January 28, 2019 roganwright About Special Collections and University Archives, New Acquisitions
Exploring our technology
When people think of Special Collections or of archives generally, they typically think of boxes of old dusty papers or shelf after shelf of rare books.
In truth, we aren't very dusty. Dust damages our materials, so we try to keep it away. And, while we do have many rare books, that is only a small part of what we're about. Archives exist to house information. In the past, that information was mainly recorded on some form of paper whether that be a scroll, a sheet of paper, or a book. In the mid-20th century, this began to change. More and more content was created on computers and stored on removable media such as floppy disks, CDs, DVDs, zip drives, removable hard drives, thumb drives, etc.
Image from @palak_dev on Twitter: https://twitter.com/palak_dev/status/962137797640388608
During the same period, archives continued to focus mainly on paper. The form of more recent records became printouts of work done on computers. But the long-term preservation format remained paper. Multiple efforts within the profession focused on figuring out how to handle material given to archives on disks and, more recently, as files in the cloud. Today, the profession has a fairly good idea of how to deal with digital data as material in archives, preserving the data and migrating it to new formats while showing that the intellectual content hasn't been altered.
Unsurprisingly, our Special Collections has followed along this evolution in practice. We have many records on disk sitting in boxes and many records that have been transferred off their original disks in order to preserve them better. We also have a collecting focus on the History of Science and Technology. The developments in the field of archival practice and our topical interest in the history of technology have provided ample reason for us to acquire various forms of hardware.
The hardware we have allows us to convert many types of digital content to more modern formats for continued use. We're also exploring making some of the older hardware available for our patrons to experience its use. Let's take a look at some of the technology we have in our Special Collections.
First up, we have the humble copier. We have a couple of these. They are networked and can scan items at high resolutions. While this doesn't convert digital content to newer formats, it can help quickly create digital copies of physical materials.
We also have a variety of scanners. The one pictured above is an Epson flatbed scanner. These scanners help us digitize content to share it online. We have many types including flatbed, book scanners, and an overhead camera. With the variety of scanners we have, we are able to create digital copies of our physical materials for use in online content distribution.
For video conversion and playback, we have a number of machines. Pictured above:
Panasonic PV-V4623S 4-Head HiFi VCR
JVC HR-S6900U HiFi Stereo S-VHS VCR
Pioneer LD-V4200 LaserDisc Player
And here we have some video and some audio equipment including:
Funai ZV427FX4A DVD Recorder/VCR with Line-in Recording
JVCRX-111 AM/FM Stereo Receiver
JVC TD-W505 Hi-Fi U-Turn Auto-Reverse Double-Mechanism Cassette Deck
Sony CDP-591 Stereo Compact Disc Player
Technics SL-Q300 Direct Drive Automatic Turntable System (record player – not pictured)
Of these, the Funai VHS/DVD player gets the most use for conversion purposes which makes sense because it has built-in VHS to DVD conversion capabilities. The others live on our A/V media cart and can be wheeled into our reading room if a patron wants to view an item that is on VHS, DVD, or LaserDisc or listen to one of our cassette tapes or records.
This little gadget does most of the work for our video conversion operations. It is an Elgato Video Capture S-Video/HDMI/Component Video Capture Device. It allows us to connect almost any video player directly to a computer and record the video playback as a digital file. So, even if we don't maintain a machine for playing a certain type of media, if we can get ahold of one with S-Video, HDMI, or component video outputs, we can convert the contents to digital formats.
Our audio station provides capabilities for audio cassette tapes and reel-to-reel tapes. To support this, we have the following equipment:
Apogee Duet FireWire Audio Interface
TEAC W-865R Double Auto-Reverse Cassette Deck
Technics RS-T992 Stereo Double Cassette Deck (not pictured)
Tascam DA-30 mkII Digital Audio Tape Deck
Pioneer RT-909 2-Channel Stereo Auto Reverse Tape Deck (reel-to-reel player – front)
Tascam 44-OB 4 Channel Recorder/Reproducer (reel-to-reel player back)
Our audio conversion is done on a Macbook Pro using the open source Audacity software.
When it comes to converting computer files, one of our most versatile tools is the lowly CD drive. Since many computers today don't include one, we have one centrally located in a cabinet for anyone who might need it.
For more advanced digital processing, we have a forensic recovery of evidence device or F.R.E.D. The FRED allows us to capture a disk image of a computer disk without altering any of the data contained on the disk. Along with the FRED, we have a number of different types of drives that can be connected including a 3.5″ floppy drive, a 5″ floppy drive, a zip drive and more.
Osborne 1 Microcomputer in operational configuration
As we move further into the technology space by offering the chance for our patrons to interact with older technology, we're acquiring older hardware as part of our collections. Pictured above is the first such piece we acquired: the Osborne 1 Portable Microcomputer. For more about this item, check my blog post from last fall.
Commodore 64 with peripherals
Our newest addition is a Commodore 64 complete with a printer, joystick, monitor, and floppy disk drive. It includes multiple programs and is in excellent condition. It's not quite ready for its public debut as it has a faulty power supply and requires some maintenance and repair before getting listed in our public catalog.
That's just a small overview of the technology we use in Special Collections. Our jobs as archivists continue to evolve and we strive to be experts on the past and the present with an eye to the future when it comes to technology. The variety is one of the best parts of working here. I certainly couldn't have predicted I'd be repairing hardware on an old Commodore 64 as part of my job but I love it anyway.
I hope you've found this post interesting and educational. If you're interested in learning more about our Osborne 1 and Commodore 64, keep an eye on this blog. We'll post more when they're ready for people to stop by and try them out.
September 20, 2018 roganwright New Acquisitions, Pop Culture, Science and Engineering
Osborne 1 Portable Microcomputer
Osborne 1 Microcomputer in portable configuration
We recently received an Osborne 1 Portable Microcomputer as a donation from Virginia Tech alumnus, Bob Sweeney. We asked him some questions about his background and this computer. Here are his answers:
Q: Tell us a little about your background as it relates to computing in the 1970s-1980s.
A:At the time, I was a technical writer for a software house that developed products for the HP-3000. We were a small company and I could not always get access to a terminal to access theLARC-3000 word processor I used (Los Altos Research Center – chosen because it spelled Larc, as in "Going out on a larc."). I was an experienced TW, but this job was the first that allowed me to us a WP. Well, allowed is the wrong word. My buddy – Steve White, VT Class of 1962 – was our head of sales. I mentioned to him that I was ready for my manuscript to go to the typing pool. He replied, "Bob, we're a computer company. You use the computer." (I never wanted to do it any other way again. I'd spent 2/3rd of my time proofreading!)
Q: What initially attracted you to the Osborne 1?
A:The Osborne 1 ads showed people carrying the machine in elevators, buses, through an airport. At $1600 with a printer and a bundle of software, this was an affordable machine. When I bought the O1, for instance, a business man was buying a comparable machine (same printer, same processor, same drive, same memory) and he paid twice as much for his IBM. By the by, you probably can find one of those ads online.
Osborne 1 ad c.1981
Q: What was your experience with the computer? Did it work as advertised?
A:It was great! I used its WordStar WP to do my stuff at home and prepare files for the HP. (LARC-3000 was an embedded-command WP. For example, like HTML, …. for bold,
…
 for paragraphs.) I could encode the files for HP. With a simple application (included) I could conduct work as though the Osborne was a terminal to the HP. Best of all, I could save my files on a floppy, allowing me to work at home, offline!
I loved the Epson printer, too. In fact, I had trouble reloading the paper one day. I got out the manual and was surprised to find no loading instructions! In frustration, I tried again. The path was so simple, if you just stuck the paper in, it would load properly! I'd thought too hard about it!
Q: The computer was advertised as portable, did you transport it from place to place like one would with a modern laptop?
A:Yes, I carried it from home to work and back. But best of all, we were working on a proposal with a customer in Boston. We took the Osborne up with us on the plane and that night updated the propsal!
Q:What was your favorite thing about this computer?
A:That flexibility. WordStar was easy to use. There was also Basic and VisiCal, although I used neither much. We did do several proposals and business plans using the Visicalc and its links to WordStar (A mail merge function). (If I remember, VisiCalc was the first spreadsheet for microcomputers. We could probably dump it into LARC-3000, too.)
Q:What was your least favorite thing?
A:As you've seen, the screen is small! I got a magnifier for the screen, but my nephew – with good eyes – threw it away!
Q:Why did you decide to find a home for the computer rather than recycling it as many would do?
A:It has no value, so I just couldn't send it off to some beach in India. It was my first and started me out on a career of the future. I still marvel at how any writer did it in the old days! You spent twice as much – possibly three times as much – of your days proofing than writing. (Of course, we also had to learn a new skill – usually from several hard experiences – backing up.
Q:Is there anything more you would like to share about the Osborne 1 Computer?
A:Not as famous as the Apple, but the Osborne 1 was an important step for businesses in the computer revolution. They would be better known if they'd developed an IBM clone. They did have a machine with a larger screen, but it was still CP/M.
Some Computer History
When looking at history, we often ascribe specific importance to that which is first. For example, in 1911 Roald Amundsen from Norway was the first person to reach the South Pole and in 1926 he was recognized as the first person to reach the North Pole. Regardless of the objective truth of these claims (whether indigenous people reached the North Pole before him) he is granted a certain cachet by being recognized as the first. You can find an entire list of similar firsts on Biography Online's site.
What does all of this have to do with the Osborne 1 portable microcomputer? Well, it is one of those special things that is special because of its status as first. The Osborne 1 was the first portable microcomputer. For those not familiar with computing history, this was the first (type of) computer (the woman, not the machine):
Computer at her work with microscope and the Friden calculating machine. (NASA).
After human computers came large room-sized machines such as the Harvard Mark 1 in 1944.
Harvard Mark 1 room sized computer. 1944. (computerhistory.org)
As the world of computer technology progressed through the later half of the 1940s and through the 1950s and 1960s, improvements to computer technology were developed and introduced. Punch card input gave way to keyboard input. Components got smaller, leading to "microcomputers" which are just computers that are small. The term generally refers to computers smaller than room sized. Screens were added. Networking via phone lines was added. New and exciting programming languages were created.
As the 1970s progressed, we saw the introduction of the first personal computers (meaning small machines that were within the grasp of an individual to own/operate) from companies such as IBM, with the IBM 5150 Personal Computer being released in 1981. The 5150 followed a great deal of work by IBM in developing a commercial personal computer. Their main competitor was Xerox who introduced the Xerox PARC Alto (a computer that we would recognize today – with a monitor, mouse, and keyboard) in 1974.
In 1976, Apple released the Apple I and then followed with the Apple II in 1977. That year, Tandy Radio Shack (TRS) released their TRS-80, Atari released their computer gaming console, and Commodore entered the market with the PET. Computers were entering the public consciousness and it wasn't unheard of for people to have a computer at home. It was also becoming much more commonplace to have one at work. During this time, the subject of portable computers was a hot topic and there were entrants to the space as early as 1973 (HP-9830A). Still, an affordable, easily portable personal computer was something that remained mostly a dream until the Osborne 1 was announced in 1981.
Osborne 1 ad: Afghani Mujahadeen posing with the Osborne 1. c.1981
The Osborne 1 was billed as revolutionary, hence the ad featuring the Mujahadeen. It was the first really portable computer. It weighed 24 pounds and came in a case designed to absorb the inevitable knocks it would receive being transported from place to place. It was the first product of the Osborne Computer Corporation, named for its founder Adam Osborne, and known for lending its name to the Osborne Effect – a company going out of business by announcing a new product too soon and killing sales of their current product. Despite its demise in 1985, the Osborne Computer Corporation succeeded in producing a viable portable computer
Cover, Osborne 1 pamphlet, c.1981
Interior front, Osborne 1 pamphlet, c.1981
Interior back, Osborne 1 pamphlet, c.1981
Back cover, Osborne 1 pamphlet, c.1981
The corporation had effective marketing and certainly grabbed the attention of the computer-savvy business professional of the early 1980s.
BYTE magazine, March 1982, page 33
BYTE magazine, August 1981, page 35
And, Interface Age magazine whose tag line was "published for the home computerist" named it an "outstanding buy" in November of 1981.
Interface Age, November 1981, page 62
Our Osborne 1 is the first of what we hope will be many classic computers housed in Special Collections and available for the public to interact with. If you want to see this piece of computing history, stop by Special Collections in Newman Library anytime Monday-Friday 8:00 AM-5:00 PM.
April 20, 2018 roganwright Architecture, Just for Fun, Pop Culture, Science and Engineering
R. Buckminster Fuller. This name is probably familiar to most people in the United States. It conjures images of futuristic domed cities of the type typical to a mid-20th century vision of the future.
Cover of "Three Structures by Buckminster Fuller in the garden of the Museum of Modern Art, New York."
Interior page of "Three Structures by Buckminster Fuller" depicting various aspects of his unique design elements.
Interior page from "Three Structures by Buckminster Fuller"
Richard Buckminster Fuller, also called Bucky, was a celebrity. He was an engineer, an architect, a veteran, an environmentalist, a philosopher, and a poet. He was a celebrity because of these things rather than in spite of them. He was born July 12, 1895 in Milton, Massachusetts. He went to Harvard University for two years but did not finish. He later went to the United States Naval Academy (1917). He was an officer in the United States Navy during World War I.
For me, Fuller is a legendary figure. I grew up with cultural references to "bucky" balls, images of domed cities in speculative fiction, and knowing conceptually about the structure of fullerenes. So, when I was wandering through the archives looking for something to post about this week, I was excited to see a box labeled "R. Buckminster Fuller Collection 1949-1978" (Ms1975-007). Opening it up was like opening a present.
Our collection includes one folder of correspondence from and to Fuller, three folders containing copies of things Fuller wrote, six folders of things written about Fuller, and two oversized folders containing some rather large items within those categories. Looking through the materials, they aren't like what most people expect to find in an archives. They aren't handwritten. They aren't really old. They aren't deteriorating. They're just extremely fascinating.
The letters are from November 1953 – December 1962. Most are from Fuller's time working on his business Geodesics, Inc. They are typed. They are unsigned. Yet, for a fan of his work, they are exhilarating to read. The first one I laid eyes on was written while Fuller was with the Department of Architecture at the University of Minnesota. As if these being Fuller's own words wasn't enough, a connection to Minnesota biases me in favor of something from the start.
In the letter, Fuller is telling Tyler Rogers of Owens-Corning Fiberglas Co. about the challenges and modifications of his designs that have been necessary because of a lack of the necessary facilities to safely employ fiberglas in their construction. The letter is a finely crafted plea for assistance from this fiberglas manufacturer, and, according to a note added at the end, the plea was successful leading Owens-Corning to supply all the fiberglas used in the project to construct Fuller's dome.
Take a look. Maybe you'll find it as fascinating as I do:
Digging further into the materials, even just glancing, I learned much more about this mythic figure from my childhood. Had he been alive today, I am confident Fuller would have been viewed as an activist. His engineering ideas were rooted in his conception of the need for humanity to work together to support itself. He felt that domes could solve world housing problems. He also felt that industrialization had led the world to war and that as long as income inequality was creating "energy slaves" we would inevitably progress into further wars. Dipping into our small collection yields evidence of these views quite quickly.
An illustration created by Fuller in 1927.
The above illustration hints at Fuller's environmentalism and highlights his concern for housing the population of the Earth. It reads:
26% of Earth's surface is dry land
85% of all Earth's dry land is here shown
86% of all dry land shown is above equator
The whole of the human family could stand on Bermuda
All crowded into England they would have 750 sq feet each
"United we stand, divided we fall" is correct mentaly and spiritualy but falacious physicaly or materialy
2,000,000,000 new homes will be required in next 80 years
An example of his analysis of the world's energy economy and its effect on the incidence of world conflict appears on the same folded sheet:
This graphic is from 1952 and is titled "The Twentieth Century." His analysis reads:
World Industrialization: Its rate of attainment as an industrially objective advantage to individuals. i.e. When 100 inanimate energy slaves* are in continual active service per each and every family existing in governing economy and those energy slaves are primarily focused upon regeneratively advancing standards of living and in articulating amplifying degrees of intellectual and physical freedoms until critical point is reached majority of world men are "have nots" and are incitable to socialism by revolution against the seemingly ever more unduly privileged minority after 1972 majority are "haves".
* One energy slave equals each unit of "one trillion foot pound equivalents per annum" consumed annually by respective economies from both import and domestic sources, computed at 100% of potential content
Overall, it's an interesting plot. His analysis, while raising the specter of Communism as villain (typical of the early 1950s), shows global instability and a trend toward possible conflict through 1972. That tipping point is supposedly when most people in the world will go from being "have nots" to being "haves". His predictions may or may not have been accurate (I'll leave the correlative analysis up to you) but they certainly are interesting.
The last thing I'll share is a portion of something I found somewhat interesting from among Fuller's writings. Most of his writings in our collection are reprints of articles he had published. From a publishing standpoint, I find them interesting because of how they are printed. They are self-contained. In the case of the one I will share, an entire page describing articles in the publication is present but the only one that is printed with full clarity is the one by Fuller – the others have been "blurred" via the addition of slight pixilation of the ink in the printing process. I have yet to actually read this article, so I won't go into depth. I also won't share the entire thing here because I really don't want to make the publication if came from mad at me. Also, just to be clear, I'm reading it for the article (I mean, really, that's all that's even here!).
Cover of a reprint booklet containing articles in Playboy and Think.
Description page from Playboy including the article description for Fuller's article.
The first page of Fuller's Playboy article.
This is just a hint of what's in our R. Buckminster Fuller Collection (Ms1975-007). I plan to delve into it more myself to satisfy my curiosity about this fascinating man. Please stop by and do the same! And, if you want even more Buckminster Fuller content, Fuller donated his full archive to Standord University in 1999 where it is available as the R. Buckminster Fuller Collection.
February 8, 2018 roganwright botany, Events, Local/Regional History, Rare Books
Flora Virginica and the Natural History of Carolina, Florida and the Bahama Islands
Over the past few months, I've stepped outside my normal topical areas of social justice and the history of traditionally marginalized communities. This departure was related to an exhibit titled Flora Virginica that is on display in our reading room from February 5, through March 16. I enjoy putting together exhibits, so I was happy to take this on even though it was something I knew nothing about. This blog post will include a description of the exhibit, the reasons for its existence, and the interesting history I discovered while putting it together (only not in that order). Enjoy!
An Exhibit, In Partnership
In 2012, the Flora of Virginia Project published Flora of Virginia (QK191 .W43 2012), a 1,572 page comprehensive compendium of Virginia plants. It's a thick botanical tome of little interest to most people outside the botanical sciences. We acquired multiple copies in the library when it was first published and it isn't one of our particular collecting focuses. It wasn't something we were particularly focused on highlighting.
Cover of the 2012 Flora of Virginia
Sample page of the 2012 Flora of Virginia (page 951)
Skip ahead to fall of 2017 and an email from the Massey Herbarium to the Director of Special Collections mentioning an exhibit about Flora of Virginia that the Massey was going to be hosting. Special Collections was being involved because there was an opportunity to display an original Flora Virginica in support of the Massey exhibit. This is where I entered the process.
Over the course of a couple of months, I worked with Jordan Metzgarat the Massey Herbarium and Bland Crowder, editor of the 2012 Flora of Virginia, from the Flora of Virginia Project to arrange a loan of an original 18th century Flora Virginica. During the process of arranging this part of the exhibit, it was suggested that I might also wish to exhibit some 18th century Mark Catesby prints alongside the book. Still not knowing much about the project or the books, I opened discussions with Lynn McCashin, the Executive Director of the Garden Club of Virginia, to arrange a loan of some of their Catesby prints. The next few months consisted of multiple emails negotiating the logistics of the loans. As the date for the exhibit approached, I began to research these items so that I could create some didactic labels for the exhibit (those short little descriptions that go next to items in museum-type displays).
In order to adequately describe the 1762 edition of Flora Virginica and the 1771 Catesby prints – and explain what they had to do with one another and Virginia history, I had to learn that history myself. Where did I start? A general web search, of course. Wikipedia offers great superficial overviews on just about any topic. That was enough to get me oriented before moving on to better sources including the Encyclopedia Virginia, JSTOR Global Plants, the Catesby Commemorative Trust, The Royal Society, and the University of North Carolina Libraries. During the course of this research, I learned some interesting details about the people who created these items and their places in botanical and zoological history.
Flora Virginica, 1762
Flora Virginica, 1762 printing
Flora Virginica(QK191 .G86 1739a) is a precursor to Flora of Virginia. They are actually named the same – just in different languages. The original Flora Virginica was published in two parts, the first in 1739 and the second in 1743. Then, a combined edition was published in 1762. All three editions were published in Latin by Lugduni Bavatorum publishers in Leiden, Zuid Holland, Nederland. They all list Johannes Fredericus Gronovius as the person who classified the specimens and wrote the book. They also list John Clayton as the observer and collector of the plants. This attribution has led to much debate over the correct citation of authorship. Many, using modern standards, have claimed that Gronovius plagiarized Clayton's work. Scholarship as recent as 2004 has addressed the authorship issue directly and concluded that Clayton likely did not have much chance of being published without the help of someone like Gronovius and the actions of the latter would not have been deemed plagiarism using the standards of the 1700's. Proper credit for authorship, then, is probably to list them both.
Amidst the issues of authorship, I discovered some interesting things about the men who created what was the only comprehensive listing of Virginia plants for over 200 years. John Clayton was born in England in 1694/5 and came to America sometime before 1720. His move to the Virginia Colony was likely due to his father's position as Attorney General of Virginia. Clayton was an amateur botanist. He was a plantation owner, a slave owner, and Clerk of Gloucester County, VA for more than 50 years. He liked to travel around the state and collect specimens of flora and fauna.
Gronovius was a Dutch naturalist and friend of Carl Linnaeus. He built up a reputation in the Netherlands as a botanist and had his own herbarium. He was considered a professional and had standing within the scientific world to publish.As part of Clayton's amateur botanical work, he compiled for Gronovius a catalog of various plants using Linnaean classification. This catalog is what Gronovius eventually turned into Flora Virginica.
So what about Mark Catesby?
Mark Catesby was born in 1683 and was an English naturalist and a Fellow of the Royal Society of London. He first traveled to Virginia in 1712, accompanying his sister and her children. Over the next seven years (1712-1719), he collected and sent to England a variety of botanical specimens from Virginia and Jamaica before returning to England himself. During this time, at least one ornithological specimen and several plants were provided to Catesby by John Clayton. That one connection is why the Catesby prints are often displayed with Flora Virginica … that one connection and the fact that the Catesby prints include gorgeous illustrations of many of the plants mentioned in Flora Virginica.
After a few years in England, where he became a member of The Royal Society, Catesby returned to America to begin work on his grand project. He spent the next 20 years compiling specimens, teaching himself to illustrate them, and writing his Natural History of Carolina, Florida, and the Bahama Islands (QH41 .C28 1754).
The 1754 reprint of Catesby's book
Plate 50, Volume II: The Ribbon Snake, Winter's Bark
Plate 60, Volume II: The Bead Snake, The Virginian Potato
Plate 87, Volume II: The Sappadillo Tree
He wrote and illustrated the book(s) entirely himself, publishing them in eleven sections totaling more than 220 hand-colored etchings. In order to finance all this work, Catesby sold subscriptions, offering the book in sections of 20 plates every four months. The first section was published in 1729 and he presented Her Majesty Queen Caroline with her copy in person. Following Catesby's death in 1749, his work was republished twice, in 1754 and 1771. Catesby's work was done before Linnaean classification was developed but the 1771 reprint includes a catalog of the Linnaean names for the flora and fauna depicted in the book.
While Flora Virginica is recognized as the most comprehensive listing of Virginia plants from 1739 to 2012, Catesby's History of Carolina, Florida, and the Bahama Islands is known as the earliest published work illustrating and describing North American flora and Fauna. It was published almost 100 years before Audubon's TheBirds of America (QL674 .A9 1827a).
The Exhibit
Through the generous courtesy of the Flora of Virginia Project and the Garden Club of Virginia, we have an exhibit containing a 1762 original Flora Virginica, a 1946 reproduction Flora Virginica, and two Catesby prints from the 1771 reprinting: The Summer Red-Bird, The Western Plane Tree and The Red Start, The Black Walnut. This exhibit gives viewers a chance to appreciate the wonderful history of all of the items with an abbreviated version of the information presented here. If you're in the area and want to see the exhibit in person, stop by Special Collections and take a look.
Exhibit photo with 'The Red Start, The Black Walnut' print and reproduction of 'Flora Virginica'
Exhibit photo with original 'Flora Virginica' and 'The Summer Red-Bird, The Wester Plane Tree' print
While you're visiting, if you are interested in taking a look at a copy of Flora Virginica in person (reading Latin helps), Special Collections has one copy of the 1946 reproduction on site and two in remote storage(QK191 .G86 1739a). If you want to see the amazing Catesby illustrations in person, Special Collections has a copy of the 1754 reprintingof Natural History of Carolina, Florida, and the Bahama Islands (QH41 .C28 1754). As for the 2012 Flora of Virginia, Newman Library has two copies and Special Collections has one (QK191 .W43 2012). And, if you're curious about Audubon's The Birds of America(QL674 .A9 1827a), Special Collections has a 1985 issue of the double elephant folio in our reading room – it's our only item with its own piece of furniture.
A full listing of events related to the Massey Herbarium Flora of Virginia exhibit is available atmasseyherbarium.org/fov.
November 30, 2017 roganwright Diversity, The 1960s, Women's History
The History of the LGBTQ Civil Rights Movement
Have you ever thought about the history of LGBTQ rights in the United States? Did you learn about historic figures and events in the LGBTQ Civil Rights Movement in elementary school? middle school? high school? college? Did you ever learn about these important figures and events in US History? For the majority of people, the answers will be "no". It's a sad reality that this topic isn't covered in most schools and that most students will not be exposed to this history unless they choose a course of study in college that requires a course about LGBTQ people.
As part of our efforts to collect and highlight archival material about the LGBTQ+ community, our partnership with the LGBTQ+ Resource Center at Virginia Tech, and in support of LGBTQ+ History Month (October), we arranged to host an exhibit from the ONE Archives Foundation highlighting archival material from the ONE National Gay & Lesbian Archives at the University of Southern California (USC) Libraries. The exhibit is titled The History of the LGBTQ Civil Rights Movement.
The start of the "The History of the LGBTQ Civil Rights Movement" exhibit on display at Virginia Tech. The exhibit is on display from right to left due to the normal traffic patterns in this part of the library, so a sign noting the start of the exhibit is helpful.
The exhibit consists of 39 panels that are 24 x 36 inches. We had them printed on adhesive vinyl and put them up in the hallway outside the library's new digital humanities classroom. The exhibit includes information on early "gayborhoods" in the 1940s, the Lavender Scare during 1950s McCarthyism, the Stonewall Riots in the 1960s, the AIDS crisis in the 1980s, the push for marriage equality in the 1990s and 2000s, and more.
A wide shot showing the "The History of the LGBTQ Civil Rights Movement" exhibit extending down a hallway.
Closeup of the "Harvey Milk Assassinated" poster from The History of the LGBTQ Civil rights Movement exhibit.
A closeup of four panels from the "The History of the LGBTQ Civil Rights Movement" exhibit.
Closeup of the "Marriage Equality" poster from The History of the LGBTQ Civil rights Movement exhibit.
We first posted the exhibit during LGBTQ+ History Month and invited attendees at our LGBTQ+ History at Virginia Tech archival exhibit to take a look after viewing documents from local LGBTQ+ history. Since then, many people have stopped to read through the exhibit panels.
In November, Aline Souza, a graduate student in Creative Technologies and Architecture, took some time to look through the exhibit. After reading through the panels, she said "I like the exhibit because it gives me a chance of a transformative experience on my way to class. I find it unique because it combines good graphics and colors with information about things that happened that I'd never know about."
Aline Souza, a graduate student in Creative Technologies and Architecture, views the exhibit.
The History of the LGBTQ Civil Rights Movement exhibit was put up on on October 16, 2017 and will be on display through December 21, 2017 on the first floor of Newman Library (from the cafe, head up the ramp and turn right at the bathrooms). If you're on campus, take a moment to stop by Newman Library and take a look.
September 14, 2017 roganwright Just for Fun, Local/Regional History, Rare Books
The Birds of Florida, Plate 58: Rose-Breasted Grosbeak (Female), Florida Cardinal (Male & Female), Blue Grosbeak (Male & Female), Rose-Breasted Grosbeak (Male)
Nestled among our primary collecting areas focused on the American Civil War, the History of Food and Drink, and the History of Women in the Built Environment, there are a few collections on ornithology (the study of birds) and ology (the study or collecting of bird eggs). One of those collections has been blogged about here before in Hidden History at Special Collections II: The Harold B. Bailey Autograph Bookwith a focus on a unique autograph book hidden in a collection about birds. Unlike that previous post, this one is For the Birds!
Today, we're flying in to take a look at the Bailey-Law Collection 1825-1971 (Ms1982-002). This collection has 32 containers of manuscript material in Special Collections and over 350 monographs (books) in both the main library collection and our rare books collection that can be found in the library catalog by searching "Bailey-Law Collection". In addition to the holdings that remain here at Newman Library, the collection included numerous bird skins, bird eggs, and mammal skins. These were of particular interest when the collection was originally acquired by the Department of Biology in 1969. When the collection transferred to the library in 1990, they were placed in the Virginia Tech branch of the Virginia Museum of Natural History. They were later transferred to theVirginia Museum of Natural Historyin Martinsville, VA. In 2014, some of the museum staff came here to look through the papers related to their specimens. You can check out their blog post about the visit here: A Visit to the Bailey-Law Special Collection.
Much of the collection includes personal correspondence and notes from research and field work. What really grabbed my attention when looking through the collection were the two books by Harold H. Bailey: The Birds of Virginia(1913) and The Birds of Florida(1925). Not only do we have copies of these works – we also have the author's personal correspondence, papers, and research notes from his time writing the books. It's all pretty swanky. The Birds of Florida is especially thrilling for a bird enthusiast because it is full of lithographs of gorgeous water-color paintings done for the book.
The first of these volumes isThe Birds of Virginia.Published in 1913, it has 362 pages of information about birds that nest in Virginia. The photographs are primarily black-and-white and often depict bird nests filled with eggs. For your viewing pleasure today, we have a picture of the cover, some advertising for this book, an couple interior shots of the book, and scans of three of the plates used to print the photos in the book.
Left: Cover of The Birds of Virginia by Harold H. Bailey (1913)
Upper Right: Pages 102-103 ofThe Birds of Virginia showing images of baby Marsh Hawks and a chapter on Family Buteonidae (Hawks, Eagles, Kites, Etc.)
Lower Right: Pages 250-251 ofThe Birds of Virginia showing part of a chapter on the Summer Redbird and an image of Summer Tangers.
Note the insect damage on page 250-251. This is likely the result of a larvalanobium punctatum or similar beetle – one of many insects colloquially referred to as a "book worm".
Letter advertising The Birds of Virginia
Cover of pamphlet of reviews for The Birds of Virginia
Interior of pamphlet of reviews for The Birds of Virginia
Back of pamphlet of reviews for The Birds of Virginia
Above are some ads from yesteryear. These ads are all extolling the virtues ofThe Birds of Virginia. Would you have been moved to purchase?
Upper Left: "The Virginia Rail" "At Home" (top) "After Leaving" (bottom). Photos by V. Burtch
Lower Left: "A Red-Tailed Hawks' Nest" Photo by C. F. Stone
Right: "The Author in a Heron Rookery" Photo by W. D. Emerson
Finally, forThe Birds of Virginia, three plates used in the printing process for the book. Two of nests and one of the author, H. H. Bailey.
Next up: The Birds of Florida(1925). This book was just a few years later but has a very different focus. Where the earlier book was focused on nesting behavior of the various bird species and included photos of nests and eggs; this book is more on par with The Birds of America by John James Audubon A reprint of the double elephant folio of the Audubon book is on display in our Special Collections reading room. It has gained the nick-name "The Big Book of Birds" thanks to the library's radio show Stacks on Stacks on WUVT which depicted what the birds look like in beautiful watercolor. Here for your viewing pleasure are some shots of the different versions of this book we have, advertising, interior shots, and scans of some of the lithographs of the watercolors.
Two copies of The Birds of Florida by H. H. Bailey
Here are the two copies of this book that are in our rare books collection. The one of the left is a proof and contains all of the original watercolor paintings pasted onto paperboard. The one on the right is an actual published copy.
Left: Ad forThe Birds of Florida from Library Journal
Middle: Ad forThe Birds of Florida
Right: Ad forThe Birds of Florida
These are some ads for The Birds of Florida. At least one appeared in Library Journaland two are very directly targeted toward librarians. One mentions that the author knows the book came out too late and everyone had already spent their budgets. It asks that people still order the book now and pay for it later.
Left: Original watercolor from proof of The Birds of Florida
Right: Lithograph from published copy of The Birds of Florida
Above are two images from The Birds of Florida depicting the Carolina Paroquet (parakeet), Ivory-Billed Woodpecker, and Southern Hairy Woodpecker. The one on the left is from the proof and is the original watercolor painting done for the book. The one on the right is the lithograph that appears in the published copy of the book. I chose this image because I happen to like parrots and the Carolina Parakeet, now extinct, was the only species of parrot native to North America.
There is so much more I could write about this collection but this is already a massively long post. So, I'll just leave you with a selection of images from The Birds of Florida. If you should wish to see these wonderful books for yourself, there are copies in the Newman Library collection and in Special Collections. To see the additional materials we have from the author, visit the Special Collections reading room anytime Monday-Friday 8 to 5 and request collection Ms1982-002.
Upper Left:The Birds of Florida, Plate 36: Swallow-Tailed Kite, Everglade Kite (Adult & Immature), White-Tailed Kite, Mississippi Kite
Upper Middle:The Birds of Florida, Plate 40: Bald Eagle (1st year, 2nd year, Adult), Osprey, Harlan's Hawk, Red-Tailed Hawk
Upper Right:The Birds of Florida, Plate 19: White Ibis (Adult & Immature), Glossy Ibis, Roseate Spoonbill, White-Faced Glossy Ibis, Scarlet Ibis, Wood Ibis
Lower Left:The Birds of Florida, Plate 47: Chimney Swift, Whip-poor-will, Chuck-Wills-Widow, Nighthawk
Lower Right:The Birds of Florida: Plate 68: Magnolia Warbler (Male & Female), Blackburnian Warbler, Yellow-Throated Warbler, Black-Throated Blue Warbler (Male & Female), Myrtle Warbler
July 13, 2017 roganwright African American History, Local/Regional History, New Acquisitions, Rare Books
The Peabodian, 1939
While looking through some recently acquired items, I came across a yearbook from 1939. Generally, an old yearbook is a good reference book for research about people or a school but they're also relatively easy to find. This one, however, seemed special. The yearbook is The Peabodian from 1939. There are a few things that make it interesting: the history of Peabody High school, the content of the yearbook, the construction of the yearbook, and how few copies are available for use. This book has history.
Cover, The Peabodian, 1939.
Images of the school building and the principal.
It's clear from the moment one picks it up that this yearbook is special. The cover is faded and stained with a late-art deco style design. The interior contains 111 pages printed on the front only. Each page is mimeographedand bound through two holes to the cover. The photos in the yearbook are black-and-white prints that were pasted to the pages. Looking at each page, the age of the volume is apparent. The paste used to secure the photos began to release at some point and someone taped the photos in. Then, the tape was removed and the photos were glued in again. Because of the failing adhesives over the years, there are some photos missing. Still, the volume is beautifully made and was likely somewhat expensive when it was printed. At this time, the only copies of this yearbook that we know of are the one we just acquired and one other at the University of Virginia.
Sample page of senior portraits.
Senior superlatives page 1
Peabody High School was originally known as the Colored High School. Instruction began in 1870 in an old First Baptist Church building in Petersburg, Virginia. It was the first public school established for people of color in Virginia. The first five principals were white men. In 1874, after outgrowing the old church, a new building opened to house the school. It was named for Massachusetts Philanthropist George Peabody because much of the funding for the new building came from The George Peabody Fund. In 1882, the first person of color was named principal: Alfred Pryor. In the early nineteen-teens, the school moved again. The new site had two buildings: Peabody, the senior high school, and Williams, the junior high school – named for Henry Williams, the minister of the Gilfield Baptist Church in Petersburg. This came shortly before Virginia schools moved from a three year high school course of study to a four year course. By 1921-1922, Peabody had an accredited four year high school course of study. It moved again in 1951 to a new facility. Due to Virginia's campaign of Massive Resistance, the school remained segregated until 1970. When it was finally integrated, the school board decided Peabody would be a middle school and Petersburg High School would be the area's only high school. The school is in operation to this day as Peabody Middle School.
The yearbook contains a dedication to Mr. H. Colson Jackson. This is Henry Colson Jackson who was born in 1903 in Petersburg, Virginia. During his 70 year teaching career, one of the places he taught was Peabody High School.
Dedication page
The dedication reads:
We dedicate this book to one who has held a place of respect and admiration among the students of Peabody High School for many years.One who has been a friend and advisor to all who have asked his help or advice. One who is untiring in any endeavor he undertakes, and who strives for perfection, a man who is cooperative and understanding – – – – Mr. H. Colson Jackson.
More about H. Colson Jackson and his wife can be found in Special Collections and Archives at Virginia State University in The Alice and Henry Colson Jackson Papers and The Colson-Hill Family Papers.
This yearbook comes just a few years after the start of many of the school's clubs:
The Peabody Script (school newspaper) – Started in 1936
Dramatic Club – Started in 1937-1938
Girls Club – Started in 1937
Peabody Melodic Club – Started in 1938
Civics Club – Unknown start date but sponsoring faculty changed in 1939
Domestic Science Club – Started in 1934
Domestic Art Club – Started in 1936, Reorganized in 1939
Peabody Hi-y Club – Started in 1932, split into a Senior Hi-y Club (for juniors and seniors) and a Junior Hi-y Club (for freshmen and sophomores) in 1939
Public Speaking and Debating Club – Started in 1936
Athletics (football, basketball) – Started in 1936
Dramatic Club
The Peabody Melodic Club
Senior Hi-y Club
Athletics Photos
These extracurriculars mostly began during the short time that Clarence W. Seay was principal and then continued once Donald C. Wingo took the position. During the short time they existed up to this point, the clubs were active in bringing art and entertainment to the student body and the area. The Dramatic Club had already participated twice in the Annual State Dramatic Tournament and the Peabody Melodic Club had hosted the Huntington High School Chorus and was raising money to buy a "radio-victrola" (a radio).
At the back of the yearbook, there is a section for advertisements which mostly consists of ads from local establishments in Petersburg, Virginia. In addition to that, there is a full-page color advertisement for Milton Bradley Co. School Supplies. This is indeed the Milton Bradley Company that comes to mind today as a board game manufacturer. Milton Bradley (the person) believed strongly in early childhood education and this led him to expand his business beyond games and into school supplies. Some interesting information on this can be found on the FindingUniverse site or in various biographical articles about Bradley. This part of the business continued until the end of the 1930s depression era.
Looking through this volume of Virginia history, U.S. history, and the history of education for people of color highlights the joy and pride this group of students and educators took in their pursuits. From senior quotes to senior superlatives and debate to football, the students at this school were engaged and amazing.
More about the history of the school can be found on the Peabody High School National Alumni Association site.For more on education for people of color in Virginia and the commonwealth's struggle to desegregate, check out the Desegregation of Virginia Education (DOVE) project hosted by Old Dominion University's Special Collections and University Archives. To see the yearbook for yourself, stop by Special Collections at Virginia Tech and we'd be happy to let you take a look.


The sofa is durable: The great thing about this sofa, is that it is durable. The leather is genuine and is one of the reasons why the sofa is so durable.
You should just remember that there are cheaper versions that are made with leather that's not genuine. This isn't durable sofas and this isn't what we are talking about here. Only the genuine sofa that is made with real leather is durable.
It is really comfortable and relaxing: After a hard day at the office, the only thing that you want to do, is to sit on your loveseat recliner leather sofa and relax. This is exactly what you can do with this sofa. You are going to be comfortable, and will relax back in your recliner.
There are not many sofas that are as comfortable and relaxing as this sofa. This is the most important reason why this sofa is so popular and why this is one of the most bought sofas on the market.
It's not as expensive as other sofas: There are many of these recliner sofas that are really expensive. But, if you are looking to buy this sofa, then you will realize that even if this is an expensive sofa, this isn't one of the most expensive sofas on the market.
Most people will be able to afford this sofa. And, will have the benefit of enjoying the comfort and relaxation.
If you are considering purchasing the loveseat recliner leather sofa, you might wonder if this is going to be a good buy or not. But, with these benefits, you will realize that this might be the sofa that your living room needs. This is a great sofa that will be comfortable to anyone. There are not many people that were regretting the purchase of this sofa.


2017 Greatmats National Horse Trainer of the Year Kelly Murphy-Alley could barely contain her excitement when she learned he had been nominated for the annual award.
''Overwhelmed with joy'' were the words she used describe what she was feeling.
Coming from a small town where she was only person around to rodeo, Kelly is well known in her community, but sometimes found it difficult to carve out her place in the ''man's world'' of horse training.
''A woman as a horse trainer is a good thing because we have a different way of going about it,'' she said.
At the age of 18, Kelly received a rodeo scholarship and moved from her home in Wilmore, Kentucky, to Texas. After being away for a while, the now 28-year-old returned home and recently began training horses that have been rehomed from the rescue center down the road and taking retired thoroughbred race horse and retraining them for other events. She also breaks 2 year old thoroughbreds for racing and coaches the University of Kentucky women's rodeo team. Her participation in the Retired Race Horse Project earned her a nomination for the Greatmats award which helped validate her as a top-level trainer.
Kelly brings that passion, and her 13 years of training experience, with her as she mentors other young women, teaching the how to ride, how to rodeo, how to respect horses, how to train and how to be patient.
Fellow finalist Bill Brown was the recipient of a surprise rally by his colleagues who organized the nomination and a plan to recruit votes.
Bill finished within 40 votes of Kelly as the two combined for more than 1,300 of the record-setting 2,400 total votes cast in the third year of the award contest.
A former carpenter, Bill, now age 50, has been in the horse industry for more than 25 years and has coached at both the collegiate (reigning) and high school (Gymkhana) levels and recently took his high school program to the state championship for the first time in its more than 10-year existence.
Another of his favorite experiences as a horse trainer involved taking one of his rescue horses from being a starving, severely undersized 2-year old to a being a show horse as a full grown mare 4 years later.
''With a little bit of coaching, some good kids and a little bit of encouragement, you can change the lives of kids and horses,'' Bill said.
On that note, he also expressed his gratitude to those who supported him in the contest.


text:
Disney puts out PS3 game and a Blu-ray movie on one disc
Disney is taking advantage of a technology that more content developers should be. The studio has released a special edition version Blu-ray Disc that allow users to watch the original Toy Story movie and play the Toy Story 3 movie-based game without swapping discs.
When players pop in the Toy Story 3 Hybrid Premium Edition game, the game will be playable from the PS3's menu just like any other game disc. However, move over to the "Video" field of the system, and there will be something there too: the complete Toy Story 1 movie.
The idea of cross media launching from a single disc first showed up on Sony's PSP system, where some UMD movies had a game demo built in. The PS3's ecosystem works similarly, allowing Blu-ray Disc manufacturers to partition the disc to recognize different types of media.
For example, a PS3 game developer could put the game soundtrack on the disc, and users could easily access it through the system's "Music" menu. However, hardly anyone has really taken advantage of this feature due to the fact that it costs more and most gamers would probably overlook it anyway.
However, I think there's a potential market here. It would be great to see more game developers and movie studios working to cross-promote content through the powerful Blu-ray medium and the way the PS3 makes it easy to siphon off different types of content.
For now, Toy Story 3 is a start. It carries a $15 premium over the standard version of the Toy Story 3 PS3 game, at $65.
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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Model : Perempuan model long dress dengan kombinasi sopalan polos di bagian samping kiri dan lengan, variasi pita tali ikat, serta aksen kerutan karet di bagian belakang. Laki-laki model hem lengan pendek.
Batiks are many kinds of Indonesia heritage that the art of cloth and motive. Many regions in Indonesia have unique motive batik that different with other reigions. We can find this on museum batik.
We can find more than thousand motif of batiks on many town or region in Indonesia. Almost towns or regions in Indonesia have a unique motif batik that present the real culture of their place.


The year was 1776, and against a backdrop where the freedom of the American colonists was consistently infringed upon, a group of men had just signed the most profound document ever to acknowledge the God-given liberty that humanity should enjoy as our birthright — the American Declaration of Independence. The concluding sentence of this document states that the signers "mutually pledge to each other our Lives, our Fortunes, and our sacred Honor." These words were chosen carefully, and though the Founding Fathers pledged all three, I contend that a person who sacrifices even just one of these in defense of freedom is nothing short of a hero.
Fast forward to 2019, and we are surrounded by constant reminders that the battle for freedom is a living struggle that must be relentlessly and actively fought. Our taxpayer-funded universities are increasingly telling students that they cannot fully exercise their freedom of speech. Parents are constantly being told that only the state is capable of correctly educating their children for a productive life. And then there are renewed calls to repeal Michigan's right-to-work law, which protects us from forced unionization as a condition of employment. We need heroes of liberty today as much as ever.
Some of us are blessed to use our professional careers to advance freedom. But we all have a role to play and it is a battle we all fight together; none of us, individuals or institutions, can win it alone. Your financial gifts, dear reader, are a heroic act. Thank you for making 2018 the year that the Mackinac Center was the best equipped we've ever been to be your voice defending, and indeed advancing, liberty. In 2019 let us keep alive and continually renew the pledge that was made between heroic men centuries ago — and is still relevant today.


We're delighted we got a chance to interview AKIRA, the Japanese performer. Although she is known for being very cool, during the interview, she showed us her cute side!
Akira, you have performed both in Mainland China and Taiwan, what is the difference between fans from Mainland China and Taiwan?
Compared to your debut with DISACODE,what do you think about your solo music debut and your career with DISACODE?
Since you have completed half of your Asian tour, what was the most memorable thing during the tour?
Akira told us that the most memorable thing was that lots of Taiwanese fans had posted lots of warm messages on her Facebook page, this made a profound impression on her and is deeply memorable.
Which song is the most impressive among your musical works?
AKIRA thinks her debut single Aoki Tsuki Michite (蒼き月満ちて)is the most impressive one among all her music work, because this was the most meaningful work to herself and also the most important work.
Any singer or band you would like to collaborate with?
Any instrument you want to learn?
Apart from performing in Asia, have you considered performing in some music festivals in Europe?
AKIRA hopes that there will be more people who will recognize her and like her music in the future and she hopes her fans will continue to support her and her music!


Gloves PURELY for boxing bag?
My gym just installed its very first boxing bag and I'd like to take advantage. I bought a pair of generic hand wraps from walmart, and they seeem to do the trick, but they sometimes leave my knuckles bloody.
So I'm looking for a pair of gloves for extra hand protection. I have no desire to pursue actual boxing training (speed bag, sparring, etc.), just looking for a basic/cheap pair of gloves to protect my hand when I use the bag for those 10 or so minutes.
pretty much anything you get off the rack at a sports store will be fine. sparring gloves and competition gloves are way more expensive than bag gloves.
Right on, thx. 12 or 16 oz?
Doesn't really matter. Id lean toward 16 cuz they're heavier which is better for protection, strength, and longevity but for the amount you're gonna use them just get whatever's cheaper. THOUGH, if you can get ones with closures that wrap around your wrist get those. Sprained wrists are no fun.
Should I opt for wrist closures EVEN IF I already will wear wraps (of which 30% or so will go towards wrapping my wrist) underneath them?
I'm from peru, what gave you the impression I'm canadian?
lol jk, there's a winners 5 minutes from me, I'll take a look.
Bag gloves are often listed as "Training Gloves" on the packaging/online listing. Typically, you'll want 12 oz. training gloves for exclusively bag work. Sparring gloves are usually 16 oz. which are not quite as good for use with the heavy bag.
I never understood this. Why aren't 16oz gloves good/recommended for bag work?
I I know that, but if size is the issue, what's so bad about it being bulky?
Something wrong? Got suggestions? PM me!
Not too sure, probably the way I wrap em? I'm not going THAT hard to be honest, I'm just as confused as you are why it occurs.
Boxing for boxers, not spectators.


text:
Q: nestjs / TypeOrm database transaction Assuming we have 2 services, A and B.
Service A has a function doing the following:

*

*Validate the data

*Call a service B function, that makes changes to the database

*Do some more stuff

*Do changes to the database

Now, let's assume that one of the following, steps 3 or 4 failed.
Since service B made changes in the database, those changes are still there.
Is there any way of rolling the database back in this case? I though about database transactions, but I couldn't find any way to do that in nest js, although it is supported by TypeOrm, it doesn't look natural to nest.
If not, I am now "stuck" with the changes occured by service B, but without the changes should have happen by A.
Thanks a lot.

A: In this case, you have to use the same transaction manager for both database operations. Unfortunately, I do not have an example repository, but I have found a potential solution using Continuation Local Storage (CLS) in Node:
https://github.com/typeorm/typeorm/issues/1895
This applies to Express.js, but you can create an instance of TransactionManager (for example, in a nest middleware) and store it per each request context. You then will be able to re-use this transactional manager across your service method calls, provided they are annotated with the @Transaction decorator implementation in the link above.
If there are no errors in your function chain, the transaction manager will commit all the changes made. Otherwise, the manager will roll back any changes.
Hope this helps!

A: Many solutions are available, they should all be based on SQL transaction management.
Personally I feel that the simplest way to achieve that is to use the same EntityManager instance when you execute code on your database. Then you can use something like:
getConnection().transaction(entityManager -> {
    service1.doStuff1(entityManager);
    service2.doStuff2(entityManager);
});

You can spawn a QueryRunner from an EntityManager instance that will be wrapped in the same transaction in case you execute raw SQL outside ORM operations. You need also to spawn Repository instances from EntityManager as well or they will execute code outside the main transaction.

A: Here is how I solved it since I needed to use a pessimistic lock.
I feel it is the "Nest" way of doing things as you can simply ask NestJS to inject an instance of a Typeorm Connection and you're good to go.
@Injectable()
class MyService {
  // 1. Inject the Typeorm Connection
  constructor(@InjectConnection() private connection: Connection) { }

  async findById(id: number): Promise<Thing> {
    return new Promise(resolve => {
      // 2. Do your business logic
      this.connection.transaction(async entityManager => {
        resolve(
          await entityManager.findOne(Thing, id, {
            lock: { mode: 'pessimistic_write' },
          }),
        );
      });
    });
  }
}

Simply place whatever other logic you need inside the .transaction block and you're good to go.
NOTE: You MUST use the entityManager provided by the .transaction method or else it will not work.

A: typeorm-transactional uses CLS (Continuation Local Storage) to handle and propagate transactions between different repositories and service methods.
@Injectable()
export class PostService {
  constructor(
    private readonly authorRepository: AuthorRepository,
    private readonly postRepository: PostRepository,
  ) {}

  @Transactional() // will open a transaction if one doesn't already exist
  async createPost(authorUsername: string, message: string): Promise<Post> {
    const author = await this.authorRepository.create({ username: authorUsername });
    return this.postRepository.save({ message, author_id: author.id });
  }
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


Ozzie Guillen hasn't stopped the bleeding. There's still a ways to go.
By addressing reporters –– and Cuban protestors –– in an hour-long news conference Tuesday, the Marlins manager took a small step in easing the pain over his polarizing comments concerning Cuban dictator Fidel Castro.
Earlier this week, Guillen told Time Magazine that he loved Castro for his staying power. The comments ignited a downpour of criticism considering Castro's heinous background.
Based on his explanation, Guillen was likely trying to crack a joke about Castro and couldn't deliver it as accurately as possible in his second language.
Still, considering the sensitivity of this issue in Miami, this won't be a quick fix for Guillen. During –– or after the season –– the skipper should look to immerse himself in the community and educate himself on Cuba's history with Castro.
Here's some perspective: In the Boston market, Red Sox prospects Jose Iglesias and Juan Carlos Linares are the poster children for Castro's egregious era. Both risked their lives to escape Cuba and pursue a better life in the United States.
Linares was forced to sail on a small boat through alligator-infested waters to make the trek. Iglesias requested and received political asylum after bolting a Cuban team hotel in the middle of the night.
Those escapes were a result of Castro's abuse of power. For decades, the Cuban dictator lied and murdered anyone opposed to his administration as he established his regime on the island.
Now, imagine a community of refugees –– that's Little Havana in Miami, also the location of the new Marlins ballpark. No one can blame the community for asking Marlins ownership to fire Guillen.
During Tuesday's news conference, Guillen attributed his comments to a mishap in speaking English –– English is the Venezuelan native's second language. As the question was presented, Guillen said he thought in Spanish and answered in English.
That's understandable. Known for his sarcastic remarks, Guillen still admitted to uttering "I love Fidel Castro" one way or the other, even if the Time Magazine reporter didn't present the context of the conversation properly. It's still a mistake.
Honestly, I don't believe Guillen loves Castro. His words seemed like a slip of the tongue. Guillen, born in Ocumare del Tuy in Venezuela, has witnessed Venezuelan president Hugo Chavez's dictatorial tendencies in his home country.
Since grasping power, Chavez has described Castro as a mentor. So Guillen isn't gutless and heartless, as he knows the ramifications of Chavez's administration on his friends and family members in Venezuela.
It'll take some personal interaction with the Cuban community in Little Havana to repair the relationship. And while Tuesday was the first step in stopping the bleeding, there's still a ways to go.


Since our founding in 1994, NorthPoint Office Furniture has been helping companies and homeowners in Marietta, Georgia, furnish their offices with first-rate, new and used office furnishings at budget-friendly prices. Our friendly and knowledgeable team is dedicated to providing rapid response solutions to our customers' needs, ensuring they find the perfect office furnishings to suit their specific needs, price range, and style preferences.
When you visit our stunning, 8,000-square-foot showroom, you'll be able to peruse our massive selection of office furnishings and fully staged displays, allowing you to easily picture the pieces in your own workspace. Furthermore, at NorthPoint Office Furniture, low prices doesn't mean low quality. We only offer products from the industry's leading manufacturers, such as Global, Martin Furniture, Humanscale, Office Star, DMI, and HON, ensuring paramount performance, durability, and style.
To learn more about our extensive inventory of exceptional office furnishings and how we can help to enhance the functionality and aesthetic appeal of your workspace in Marietta, GA, contact NorthPoint Office Furniture today.


text:
Startup DNA | team
page-template-default,page,page-id-15558,ajax_fade,page_not_loaded,,qode-title-hidden,qode-theme-ver-10.0,wpb-js-composer js-comp-ver-4.12,vc_responsive
Hari Thrivikramji (Founder)
Hari is a serial entrepreneur who has been involved in businesses as varied as Cable TV, Beauty Salons, Restaurants, Management Consulting, Mobile Gaming, Personal Coaching and Healthcare. He is a successful entrepreneur who has managed to make a comfortable living and enjoy life mostly outside the corporate sphere. He has trained as a medical doctor (MBBS, Trivandrum Medical College, University of Kerala). He has an MBA in General Management from Cardiff Business School (UK), an MBA in International Management from Thunderbird School of Global Management (USA), an MSc in Finance from the London Business School (UK) and an MSc in Leadership and Strategy (Sloan Fellow), also from the London Business School (UK). He has lived and worked in India, the USA, Switzerland and the UK. In addition to his other entrepreneurial activities, he also serves as advisor, investor and consultant to startups.
Marina George (Director)
Marina started her career with Tata Consultancy Services (TCS, India), followed by stints in other companies in roles of increasing responsibility, leading up to the position of Account Manager (UST Global, USA), heading a team of over 200 people, responsible for the most profitable account for the company. After this corporate career, she has conducted several business analysis and strategy projects within a company she co-owns. Currently she heads a mobile gaming startup with a team of developers who have cutting edge skills in web and mobile development. Marina has trained as an Electronics Engineer. She has been involved with providing support services to multiple startups and lends her spare time to advising budding entrepreneurs on IT infrastructure and social media marketing.
Other team members are all trained in business analysis and provide support to the services that are offered through Startup DNA.
Curiosity is Key(s) 1 hour ago
@fifthwallvc, the largest venture capital firm focused on technologies for the global real estate industry, announced the close of its second real estate technology fund at $503M >> cretech.com/news/fifth-wal… via @DiscoverCREtech #proptech #VentureCapital
YourStory 10 hours ago
After investing in more than 130 startups, Sanjay Mehta has set up 100X.VC, a new venture capital firm that aims to invest in 100 early-stage startups in one year. @100X_VC @mehtasanjay @ShashankRandev @NinadKarpe @YagneshS2707 @VazzupK yourstory.com/2019/07/ventur…
Forbes 1 day ago
Finix, a 3-year-old, 30-person startup based in San Francisco, raised $17.5 million in Series A funding from Bain Capital Ventures, Visa and Insight Venture Partners, among other investors on.forbes.com/6010Eazf2 by @JeffKauflin


Car Title Loans in Tustin!
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Whether it's an emergency or just money to hold you over till payday we can get you the cash now! Getting a car title loan gives you the ability to get cash out of your vehicle. Within minutes we can tell you if you qualify for a car title loan. We are one of the largest car title loans company in Tustin, CA.
I am self-employed and due to the economy times were very hard on me. Business was very slow which affected my income greatly; I wasn't able to pay for rent or buy groceries for my wife and kids. I was very stressed and scared because I did not know what to do!
I heard so many bad things about title loan companies like; they are money sharks, they will take your car if you are one day late, and that they are very insensitive. Naturally I was very scared and hesitant to even consider a title loan. I had no choice but to call and see if I could get approved for a title loan because my credit was very bad! I searched online and found Wilshire Consumer Credit. Their name popped out at me because I remember hearing them on the radio and I saw a commercial on T.V. at one point. I filled out the online application and received a message saying that a loan officer will be contacting me shortly.
About twenty minutes after I received a call from a young man named Enrique stating that he was my loan officer from Wilshire Consumer Credit. I was very surprised with the fast call back!
I explained to him my story and he was very sympathetic. He explained to me that my car did not qualify because the whole sale value was low but I had a different option because I was a California resident. He told me I qualified for a secured loan. He explained that we would use my car as collateral and we can just get the deal done super fast. I was very happy to hear that he was still willing to help me even though I didn't think my car would qualify!
He explained everything in great detail and was very honest about the payments and APR. I was very pleased that he was not hiding anything from me. Although the APR was a high and scary number, he explained that there is no pre-payment penalty and that I would only be paying interest for as long as I had the loan open with Wilshire. This was great because I was intending to pay off the loan in 2 months anyways (which I did do).
After sending in all the documents and application to him my loan was processed right away. I got a call from a Claudia (my loan processor) to tell me that we could meet in their offices the same day. I was very surprised how fast they processed my loan! Sure enough that evening I signed the contract and had a check.
There may be money hungry companies out there but Wilshire Consumer is not one of them! My whole experience with Wilshire Consumer Credit was wonderful! They are very: honest, knowledgeable, understanding and professional when it comes to handling their clientele. I highly recommend going with Wilshire Consumer Credit for your financial loans. "
Car Title Loans in Tustin offer car title loans with service that's unmatched by any other title loan company in California. Our customers benefit from some of the most competitive rates in California because we don't have hidden charges and no pre-payment penalties! We don't need gimmicks to gain you as a customer; our superior customer service comes second to none. We can have cash in your hands in a quick and confidential manner.
When you choose Car Title Loans in Tustin, you can rest assured that you are doing business with a legitimate title loan lender not someone who will sell your information.
We strive to make you a satisfied customer. We understand that there are other companies that you can do your car title loan with that is why we offer some of the most competitive rates, no pre-payment penalties and flexible terms.


The trail was closed starting Thursday afternoon.
The Cascadilla Gorge Trail between College Avenue and Linn Street was closed starting Thursday afternoon because of falling rocks.
A Cornell campus alert states that section of the trail will remain closed until further notice.


Film lovers, lend me your ears! On January 26-28, Polson will be playing host to the amazing Flathead Lake International Cinemafest! Clear your schedule and grab your all-movie pass today for one of the area's premier motion picture events.
Now in its sixth year, FLIC is one of the most beautiful film festivals in the world! Surrounded by the majesty of the Mission Mountains and the crystal waters of Flathead Lake, movie goers travel from far and wide to attend this incredible event.
True to its name, FLIC 2018 will feature full-length features, shorts, animated films, and documentaries from 18 diverse countries, including India, Australia, Canada, Spain, Taiwan, Turkey, Croatia, Iran, Israel, and the USA. Plus, several independent films produced right here in Montana will be screened!
By purchasing your all-movie pass today, you are guaranteed access to every one of the 60+ domestic and international films that will be shown over the three-day event, starting Friday, January 26 and ending Sunday, January 28. Passes are $40 and can be purchased here. Learn more about this amazing event on their Facebook page and website. FLIC 2018 will be held at Showboat Cinemas, located at 416 Main Street in Polson.
Check out the video below to get a taste of what you can expect at FLIC!


At this year's IAAPA Attractions Expo, Lagotronics Projects will be showing a wide range of interactive experiences. From interactive dark rides for theme and amusement parks, to immersive interactive experiences for FECs and museums.
In addition the Lagotronics Projects' team has announced plans to open a new GameChanger attraction. Coming to an FEC with an "amazing and well known IP", more information will be released at IAAPA.
Lagotronics Projects has been creating unforgettable memories since 1979. Having started out in the audio and lighting business, today we create interactive experiences for theme parks, museums, amusement parks and shopping malls. We have been pioneers since our earliest beginnings, providing innovative solutions in the field of interactive systems, game development, audio, video, lighting and show control. We don't just push boundaries - we break through them. We believe our strength is in knowledge, innovation, customized solutions and out-of-the-box thinking. Thanks to our extensive knowledge, expertise and experience, we are seeing increasing demand for our services. We create unique, customized solutions for our clients and make sure their visitors leave with a big smile on their face.
At this year's IAAPA Attractions Expo, Lagotronics Projects will be showing a wide range of interactive experiences.


text:
export { default } from './Dialog';
export { default as DialogActions } from './DialogActions';
export { default as DialogTitle } from './DialogTitle';
export { default as DialogContent } from './DialogContent';
export { default as DialogContentText } from './DialogContentText';
export { default as withResponsiveFullScreen } from './withResponsiveFullScreen';

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


The protein leverage theory suggest that each animal has a minimum requirement for protein and eating food continues until that requirement is met. High protein foods satisfy the requirement sooner an therefore cause appetite suppression earlier.
The main problem with forced calorie restriction diets is the fact that after a while, you feel hungry. It may take a week, a month or a year, but sooner or later most people who cut calories get hungry. This causes an increase in food intake which ultimately causes weight regain. Controlling appetite is therefore paramount if weight loss is to occur. The protein leverage theory states that protein might offer some assistance in this regard.
The protein leverage theory suggests that each animals has a requirement for amino acids. Amino acids are found in protein, and therefore dietary protein provides the necessary amino acids. If lower protein foods are eaten, then compensatory increases in food intake occurs to maintain the minimum amino acid intake. Higher protein foods satisfy the requirement for amino acids more quickly and so less total food in consumed.
The protein leverage hypothesis might explain why high protein diets cause weight loss. Increasing the protein intake causes satisfaction of the protein requirements at a lower total calorie load, and as a result appetite is down regulated to prevent additional food intake. Supplementing the diet with protein powder would have the same effect as eating high protein foods in that it would provide the protein requirements at a lower total load of energy.
When you are out and about, finding high protein foods is difficult. It is only when you try to find such foods that you realise that most Western food is carbohydrate based. If the protein leverage hypothesis is correct, people eating such foods will not satisfy their protein requirements and so appetite will be stimulated to increase protein intake. Under such conditions, only at very high calorie intakes with protein requirements be met, thus facilitating weight gain.
If the protein leverage hypothesis is true, then protein requirement is likely not fixed. Exercise, particularly resistance training is known to increase the requirement for dietary protein. Therefore undertaking resistance training would create a higher set point for protein compared to the untrained state. Protein supplements are probably necessary under such conditions so as not to facilitate the consumption of too many calories to satisfy amino acid requirements.
Tinned mackerel is a good source of protein and long chain fatty acids.
Meal preparation is a vital aspect of weight loss. However, it's a forgotten tool. Controlling what you put in your mouth is imperative if your fat burning efforts are not to be in vain. If you're out and about and don't have access to your own food supply, you fall at the mercy of the food industry and their salty sugary junk foods. Snacking on the food that you can buy in convenience stores, cafes and restaurants means you will end up fat and unhappy.
Most mainstream shops sell junk foods only. Sure there is the odd speciality shop that caters for the healthier individual, but generally shops sell to the masses. Most convenience foods are filled with sugar and salt and have little in the way of nutritional value. If you rely on foods you can buy when out and about you will seriously hamper your fat burning efforts. To get lean you must prepare your own foods and by-pass the food manufacturers junk.
The forgotten art of meal preparation is a key aspect of successful weight loss. By taking control of your own food supply, you not only control when you eat, you control what you eat. This prevents addictive disease causing foods entering your food supply and helps maintain correct metabolic function. It also provides a supply of food to eat BEFORE you get hungry, because as we know very well, hunger should be avoided at all costs if fat burning is a priority.
Meal preparation can be as simple or as complex as you requires. If you wish to pre cook meals and take them with you, this is perfectly acceptable. However, meal preparation can be as simple as buying some nuts and fruit and packing them in your bag. There are many foods such as nuts, seeds and dried fruit that can be easily carried and used as required. Certain tinned foods such as fish, and supplements such as whey protein can also be prepared in advance.
Many people buy supplements and never take them. I might be wrong, but I am pretty certain that supplements don't have an effect unless you actually take them. Going away for the weekend and leaving your supplements at home will do you no favours, and is pretty lame. Some supplements such as vitamin C are water soluble and this means then must be consumed everyday. Packing your supplements is therefore important if you want to stay healthy.
Meal replacement powders (MRPs) can be a great way to get good quality nutrition on the go. Although aimed at athletes, MRPs contain high levels of proteins and are usually supplemented with vitamins and minerals. Just make sure you get a brand that doesn't contain simple sugars, but which has polysaccharides as the carbohydrate source. Throwing a couple of sachets of Met-Rx in your bag the night before a trip can really take the sting out of meal preparation.
Green tea is an effective fat burner. This may result from a combination of its methylxanthine, catechin and theanine content.
Both tea and coffee are associated with improved body composition. The exact reasons for this effect are said by many to be due to the methylxanthine content of the drinks. Methylxanthines include caffeine, theophylline and theobromine, and all have been shown to increase metabolic rate and cause fat burning effects. The three methylxanthines have different effects in humans, and they are also present in different concentrations in tea and coffee.
Coffee beans are a rich source of caffeine. It is therefore no surprise that coffee contains caffeine as well. Caffeine is a central nervous stimulant and known ergogenic aid. Not only can it increase motivation to exercise, it also delays fatigue and increases use of fat as a fuel. The weight loss effects of caffeine are well known and herbs containing caffeine, such as guarana, are used in many weight loss products.
While coffee contains mainly caffeine, tea contains mainly theophylline. Theophylline isn't as good as caffeine at stimulating the central nervous system and therefore theophylline isn't as good a fat burner as caffeine. Tea does contain caffeine, but generally not as much as coffee. Theophylline does relax smooth muscle better than caffeine, which is why it is often also found in cold remedies and drugs given to asthmatics.
Interestingly black tea contains more caffeine than green tea. But green tea is a better fat burner than black tea. therefore caffeine cannot be the only reason that tea causes fat loss. Compositional studies investigating the chemical makeup of green tea have shown a number of other substances that may enhance its fat burning effects. While methylxanthines are important, they clearly are not the whole story when it comes to the weight loss effects of tea and coffee.
Theanine is an amino acid in tea that has some interesting effects. In particular it increases alpha brain wave patterns. Alpha brain waves are the waves that cause relaxation, focus and what athletes call the zone. Tea therefore has significant anti-stress effects that explain its relaxing properties. Because stress is associated with weight gain and belly fat, some of the weight loss effect of green tea may be explained by its theanine content.
Green tea is also a rich source of catechin. Catechin is flavonoid that may aid weight loss. While catechin appears to possess no fat burning effects of its own, it can enhance the fat burning effects of caffeine. In addition, evidence shown that catechin may inhibit glucose absorption because it competes for the same intestinal transporter as glucose. Therefore it may regulate blood sugar levels favourably, which is known to have weight loss effects.
Is Coffee A One Trick Pony?
Caffeine appears to be the primary mechanism of fat burning for coffee. However, tea appears to have multiple mechanisms to cause weight loss, and these may act synergistically. In this respect, while coffee contains high concentrations of the most favourable methylxanthine for fat burning, it is an inferior fat burner compared to green tea. People are also more prone to put sugar in coffee, which almost certainly attenuates any benefits it may have.


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