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266 – Supply and demand: The wool crisis
Agriculture, Economics, Policy
5 May, 2014 4 September, 2014 by David Pannell
The wool crisis of 1990-91 was a spectacular case of economic mismanagement, where an industry inflicted massive costs on itself (and others) through acts of obvious and determined stupidity. Industry leaders convinced Australian wool producers to endorse a strategy that was completely devoid of economic sense. The aim was to make producers rich, but the result was that they lost billions of dollars.
What they did was establish a reserve price, below which they would not allow wool to be sold. That needn't have been disastrous, except that they set the reserve price optimistically during a period of booming demand, and then refused to lower the price when demand cooled. Farmers kept receiving the artificially high price and so produced huge volumes of wool – much more than they would have done at the real market price. At the same time, wool buyers responded to the high price by reducing their purchases of wool and switching to other textiles. The predictable result was a huge stockpile of unsold wool.
The industry borrowed billions of dollars to pay itself inflated prices for its own wool, put it in sheds and pay storage and interest costs, hoping that the price would rise again, but actually creating ever-increasing pressure for it to fall. It really was as ridiculous as that sounds. It's hard to imagine how anybody involved could not see the folly in this, but somehow wool-industry leaders convinced themselves and most wool growers that it was a good strategy.
Figures 1, 2 and 3 illustrate what was happening, in a simple supply and demand model. Figure 1 shows what the price and quantity would have been in a free market: a price of 555 c/kg, resulting in a balance between supply and demand, at 44 units. (These are not the real numbers – they are just for illustration).
Figure 2 shows what happened when the Australian Wool Corporation (AWC) set a high reserve price (of 870 c/kg), and passed that price on to farmers. Because of the artificially high price, demand for wool was reduced (to 13 units in this illustration) while production of wool was increased (to 84 units). The wool that wasn't bought (71 units – the difference between production and sales) was acquired by the AWC and stored indefinitely.
Just as in Figure 2, the AWC found itself having to acquire most of the wool being offered to the market. By the end of the scheme, the amount of wool being stored reached extraordinary levels (4.8 million bales, approaching a billion kilograms), and it was incurring around $3 million per day (over $1 billion per year) in costs of storage and interest.
The sensible way to get rid of over-production would have been to abandon the reserve-price scheme, but instead the AWC decided to tax the price received by wool producers. Presumably, the aim was to bring the amount of production down to about the volume of wool being purchased. Figure 3 illustrates this outcome. In this figure, wool buyers are still being charged 870c, so they are still only purchasing 13 units. Wool producers are being taxed 566c, so the price they receive is only 304c, resulting in production of 13 units (matching demand).
If the original reserve price system was stupid, this system of taxing producers was stupid squared. For it to eliminate surplus production, wool producers would have had to receive a lower price, and produce less wool, than in a free market. And this was a system that was intended to benefit wool producers!
Throughout the drawn-out crisis, proponents of the scheme argued that the shortfall in demand could be overcome through market promotion, and a big chunk of the wool tax was spent on this. A tenacious faith in this idea was partly what drove them to stick with the scheme long after it was clearly a disaster. If the experience proved anything, it's that this faith was unjustified.
Another factor driving them to stick doggedly with the scheme was an apparent unwillingness of the decision makers to admit that they had made mistakes. The delays in shutting it down greatly escalated the costs.
Eventually (much later than it should have) the Australian Government exercised its power to force the AWC to lower the price and later shut down the scheme. The AWC fought it all the way.
Wool producers, processors, traders and Australian taxpayers all lost money in this scheme. Charles Massy in his excellent book "Breaking the Sheep's Back" estimates that the total cost was at least $12 billion in 2011 terms (and probably much more), making it "the biggest corporate disaster in Australian history in terms of losses generated by a single corporate or statutory business entity" (Massy, 2011, p.382).
At the time of the crisis, I was living out in the wheat-sheep belt of Western Australia, so I got to hear much of the debate at the grass-roots level. Some farmers could see that the industry was making a massive mistake, but most were following the lead set by industry leaders and blaming the scheme's problems on everybody else: politicians, economists, wool customers.
It would be hard to imagine a more incompetent and irresponsible set of decisions than those of the AWC board and management throughout this episode. As a result they caused untold human misery. We can count the billions of dollars lost, but we don't have statistics for the depression, the suicides, the fractured families or the agony caused to farmers by having to shoot and bury thousands of worthless sheep. I don't think those responsible for this misery have ever been adequately held to account.
The wool industry has never recovered. It remains a shadow of its former self.
A really basic understanding of economics would have avoided all of this. Not only did the industry leaders lack this understanding, but, as Massy reveals, they actively resisted and rejected advice from competent economists when they received it, including economists who worked for them.
An online review of Massy's book sums up one of the key lessons very well: "Those who defy the markets will eventually lose. They may lose slowly, or lose in a spectacular collapse, but they will lose."
Bardley, P. (1994). The collapse of the Australian Wool Reserve Price Scheme, The Economic Journal 104(426), 1087-1105. IDEAS page
Massy, C. (2011). Breaking the Sheep's Back, University of Queensland Press. Here
Richardson, B. (2002). The politics and economics of wool marketing, 1950–2000, Australian Journal of Agricultural and Resource Economics 45(1), 95-115. Journal page here
265 – Fossil fuel subsidies
267 – Budget 2014 and the environment
78 thoughts on "266 – Supply and demand: The wool crisis"
6 May, 2014 at 10:40 pm
Is today's situation with rice in Thailand the same, if not worse?
Hi Neil. Current Thai rice policy does have some key things in common with Australian wool policy in the 1980s-90s. The Thai government has set a price for farmers that is about double the market price. As a result, production has boomed. A big stockpile of unsold rice has built up. And yes, the costs look like they are roughly similar in magnitude, and perhaps even bigger.
There are some differences too. In Thailand it was a government decision (for electoral advantage) rather than a decision of the industry. It is mainly the government that is bearing the cost (billions of dollars per year), rather than the farmers. It doesn't pose a threat to the long-term prospects of the Thai rice industry. Thai rice is a much smaller percentage of world production, so the scheme is having a smaller impact on traders, processors and other producers around the world. Once they abandon the scheme (as they will have to sooner or later), they should be able to return to more-or-less where they would have been without the scheme, whereas for wool there had been irreversible substitution away to other fibres. The Thai situation is made worse by corrupt officials, and by people bringing in rice from neighbouring countries to sell at the inflated prices.
http://www.economist.com/news/asia/21583281-increasingly-unpopular-government-sticks-its-worst-and-most-costly-policy-rice-mountain
Eubin MPETA says:
I agree that the price set by the Thai government was way above the equilibrium price and instead of helping the farmers corruption resulted in the whole rice scheme failing. I however do support government intervention when it comes to farmers because the majority of farmers cannot compete world the world prices of agricultural products.
I think it is easy to justify government support for people on welfare grounds, such as benefits for people on low incomes or unemployed people. However, I don't think it makes sense to provide benefits to people just because of the type of business they run. For one thing, why should that business be more worthy of government support than another type of business that is struggling just as much? Secondly, history shows that the great majority of payments under agricultural support schemes go to large wealthy farmers who don't need the money. On average, these schemes take money from less wealthy people and give it to more wealthy people.
Nedelka says:
I liked the final part of your comment and you are right, the attention should not be to a single item, there many producers who struggle to get their crops, however, they are not even looked at
Caleb Adeyemi says:
In all, policymakers should always allow the forces of demand and supply to set the prices of agricultural products. Government task should creating enabling environment for farmers in order to attract younger generation.
Olubayo Tunmise says:
Hi David, this resonates with me because my firm is involved in rice processing here in Nigeria. I know a lot of producers in Nigeria imports rice from Thailand via port and smuggling.
But despite the inflow of rice from Thailand, the price of rice is yet to crash as demand keeps increasing and the quality of homegrown rice is struggling to match that of the ones from your country.
Legend has it, that the reason why it is cheaper to smuggle rice in from Thailand is because those rice are the stored ones which you are talking about here.
Mamadou Diallo says:
The situation that you describe has been seen in Mali it 8 years ago. With the higher prices of the products especially rice in 2008 which caused strikes in diverse Sahel countries including Mali, the Government has subsidizing agricultural inputs such as seeds and fertilizers which contributed to boost rice production. At the same time, the Government has reduced the taxes of rice and traders enjoy to export thousands of tons coming competition with local rice. Malian consumers who have a low very purchasing power are turned to the imported rice who cost 2 times cheaper than local rice. Rice farmers could not repay inputs subsidized price credit have sell off their production and most especially small producers have quit the countryside for the city looking for other opportunities.
David, I have to admit that I was only a kid when I was dragged along to a wool scheme rally at the height of the issue. But I still remember that the issue was very much irrational and emotive. A lot of farmers were all about getting paid to produce, it was someone else's problem to sell the stuff.
To some extent there is a lot of that in all the pooled ag commodities. You only have to look at the way people reacted to the wheat board changes. Many regard themselves only as growers and don't care about the end market, demand or, surprisingly, the price. The last point caught me off guard, but it was front page of the FarmWeekly (the season after the peak in wheat prices), with a farmer standing in a crop in spring saying he needed $300/t to break even, that made me realise how unresponsive farmers are to change, especially in their produce markets.
Thus, they loved the floor price, it made everything easy.
Bingo says:
So, market economy should manage the price, then it's good if a grower could predict the price then decide which to transplant? 😀
The most significant damage to the wool industry was from the existence of the stockpile even after the scheme was abandoned. In effect it meant that there was an unlimited supply of wool overhanging the market, and of course the supply/ demand relationship is really a psychological one. It is a perception.
At that time I suggested that the entire stockpile should be destroyed…..dumped and buried in the Kalgoorlie super pit. While that was the equivalent of tearing up billions of dollars, producers would still have been better off overa period of years. One of the replies I got was, "I have too much money invested in the stockpile."
13 February, 2015 at 3:00 am
That was one of the options on the table. A lot of analysis was done to identify the best strategy overall. From memory, I don't think destroying it came out best.
What happened to ask that wool? I can imagine so many businesses benefiting from that huge stockpile, and the blight of the AWC, and make millions by producing and selling innovative and probably not so cheap wool based products.
There ought to have been done savvy business man or other getting rich during this crisis?
In Farsi, we'd say "catch fish from murky waters".
Sajid Mahmood says:
Situation is even more worst in my country Pakistan. Now the potato harvesting season is going on here in Pakistan and Govt do not set any price for potato to benefit the formers and today's price for potato in local market is US $ 10/100 kg.
4 February, 2015 at 10:11 pm
Thanks for offering this course on line, who said there is no free lunch.
Kindly shed some light on minimum wage in the context of food security. Thanks
Farman Ali says:
Dear David Pannell
What would you say about the prices of cotton in Pakistan?
Where India and china is giving subsidy to their farmers in cotton production (violating the WTO rules) and Pakistan dont give any subsidy. And poor farmers are suffering.
I don't know what Pakistan is doing with cotton prices. In general, my starting point is that any assistance provided to farmers should not be built into prices. If the government wants to give assistance, it should be by some other way, such as by a payment that isn't built into prices.
Tham says:
In Vietnam, the government set the price rice is too low. Then the middlemen (collectors) buy rice from farmers to low then middlemen and exporters got most of benefit, farmers (producers) get too little benefit from the rice value chain and have very low power to make decision on price
In some situations large companies (or governments) in the supply chain have market power and can reduce prices to farmers below a competitive level. There can be a role for government intervention in this case. I would be regulating the supply chain, rather than subsidising farmers.
Moses Olusegun Falola says:
Dear Dave,
Thanks for the educative piece on the importance of Demand and Supply.
In my country Nigeria, the impact of Nigerian government is not felt much by the farmers; hence farmers are on their own. On many occasions, there are gluts in the markets and farmers are losers because they will have to sell at ridiculous prices which will lead to loss.
It is my prayer that government in Nigeria will have strong policy and financial assistance for farmers so that many people will develop interest in farming which is the mainstay of the economy.
M.O. Falola
I don't know about Nigerian agricultural policy, but it is true that historically many developing countries have had policies in place that favoured urban dwellers and penalised farmers. This is really not a good idea, especially given the large numbers of farmers.
Another angle to this Moses,
Look at rice production in Nigeria; after FG invested through CBN, BOA and other tools, then they opened the border and imported rice flowed through, leaving rice processors in dire state.
Policies has to be progressive and not the "putting cart before the horse" that the government is doing. They can't shut an alternative source of supply when they have not ensured that the nation is self-sustaining.
Rupananda says:
Hi David
You said that government assistance to farmers should not be built into prices. As you are aware that agricultural crop cultivation is not a profitable activity in developing countries. Given that do you advocate producer subsidies are as good policy tools to assist farmers in developing countries? I know that Sri Lankan government use the fertiliser subsidy to assist farmers.
Rupe
Building assistance into input prices is usually not quite as bad as building it into output prices, but it is still not a good idea. Subsidising inputs leads to over-use of those inputs, and can create problems such as water pollution or simply waste. If assistance is to be provided, it should preferably be provided as a direct payment to farmers that doesn't affect input costs or output prices. An exception could be where an input creates external benefits.
RichardU says:
I think the best assistance is educational subsidies for farmers' children (and even farmers themselves) so they don't keep making these mistakes and supporting policies which are against their interest.
Wandera peter says:
Hi about the falling of the wool industry is the major focus by the economy was to see that it increases the demand of wool in form of raw materials to factories thanks
A.Vidhyavathi says:
In India still fertilizer subsidy is not streamlined. But government has started giving direct subsidy /cost to the LPG consumers. Instead of giving subsidized LPG the subsidy amount is directly credited into consumers bank account.
Putting a subsidy straight into a bank account sounds better than building it into the price. It avoids distorting demand for the product or input.
Sox says:
This is certainly an eye opener into economy of the Wool Industry for me. I never knew this and am pretty sure there are other industries facing this dire situation with leaders who only wants to make money.
Faisal Shahzad says:
I regret to say that the same manipulation is being done by the Pakistan Government for the production of wheat.
Firstly they declared that the production is going to be less and market price will be high in this year.Mostly people changed their cropping pattern and focus on the major wheat crop as well. But in vain farmers have to survive at he last.
Govt has declined the prices upto 40 %.
Farmers are not subsidize with the conditions relating to issue and also not legislation for the cropping pattern so that analysis can e done and further evaluation can be possible. What is your suggestion if govt does not co-operate and we have to survive it on our self
Ross McInnes says:
Like your article on 1990s Wool crisis remember it well – been in mkts 25yrs & as per current Chinese Stockmkt crash no one seems to learn about damage done from trying to fix prices – certainly makes it interesting – I call it the "gold fish theory" mkt can't remember what happened 24hrs ago let alone 20yrs.
Cheer Ross McInnes
Puruswattam Rauniyar says:
What will be if Producers and Sellers will know how make supply curve, demand curve and to find our Market equilibrium price and Market quantity.
juan says:
8 October, 2016 at 3:39 am
A great article, knowing this, agroindustry in many countries would act more logically in markets; the problem with taxes and protectionism causes more costs in markets, then countries need to set up different ways to stablish trade barriers for imports and protect local farmers.
Manuel Camacho says:
8 October, 2016 at 5:39 pm
Hi David, thanks for offering this course. I am beginning to be part of the international coffee trade and currently Climate Change, industry consolidations and producer poverty are pushing new conversations into alternative price mechanisms that can reflect changing cost of production and keep famers motivated to stay in coffee. Are there lessons from other industries and/or further reading you could recommend to be personally better prepared to understand this through a wider agricultural context? Thank you
In my view, one of the key lessons from experiences like this is that you should not be looking for alternative price mechanisms to keep any farmers in any particular product. The risks in trying to do so are too large. A better strategy would probably be to invest in research and development to create production systems that are more efficient or more productive.
Elias John says:
I support David Pannell because strategy is the key in any organization which provides proper directions and success and therefore would also reckon that better strategy would also be to invest in research and development. This will enhance and create productive systems which are efficient and more productive.
Puneeth Chengappa says:
24 November, 2016 at 12:33 pm
Dear David,
The same situation except that there was no reserve price for silk in southern states(provinces) in India . The price for silk cocoons was very high during 2011 this promoted the farmers to take up Sericulture in non conventional areas, but now due to increase in supply the Government has taken measures like reducing the import duty of silk. So now since import duty is less textile industries started buying silk from Chinese, this made the the producer get less price hence growers uprooted the plants and this policy made a balance in demand and supply. This is just one side of coin.
But the real problem is majority farmers here own land only for subsistence living so what to do with such consequences?
Awoyele Adebayo Adedamola says:
The price management of staple crops in Nigeria is yet to to standardised, however, the improved value chain management of some few staple products e.g rice and cassava has helped stabilize the prices. Presently the Rice anchour project in Nigeria is producing more rice for sale (a good business synergy between the small and medium contract farmers , Big Rice Millers and corporate Organisations). Prices are still high yet stable.
I believe in no distance future in Nigeria, the market equilibrium for most staple food will be at relatively lower price.
Opoku-Agyei Isaac says:
Hello David,
This course has really enlightened me in the economic and social consequencies of government and other board policies which may be overlooked at the time of planning and implementation. Thank you very much. In Ghana, it is only cocoa that the government through a board regulates the prices. For some time now, there hasn't be any challenge probably because about 75 percent of raw cocoa beans is exported. I am also informed that the selling price of cocoa by the board is hedged on the international market. Coordination along the cocoa value chain cannot also be underestimated. I think they have achieved a lot.
I was a teenager being raised on a sheep farm and lived through this crisis.
This article certainly brought back memories. Shooting sheep and throwing them in a pit is an awful memory that has never left me.
I recall in our area that all the blame was with the Japanese. What was the rationale behind this?
Yes, I never witnessed it, but I certainly talked to farmers who were deeply affected by having to shoot their sheep.
There were wool processors in Japan. Blaming them was completely nuts. The problem was entirely created by the Australian industry, and the Japanese processors lost heaps of money – they were victims.
Eric Doe says:
I am following the discussion.
Christian Olarinre says:
This is excellent
Excellent example. Thanks!!
Mathias Sedem Kumahor says:
I really love this discussion!
A good case study.
James Jason Kawale says:
interesting case study and we have learnt more about the development in Australia and Thailand
A big lesson, not politicized and ended in a great loss
monika says:
Hi Mr. Pannell,
So, If suppose the reserve price of the wool was dynamic and was a factor of the then market supply and demand ratio, But still securing the livelihoods of the farmers, in terms that they manage to earn the part what they invested while taking care of the sheep and the processing charges etc. Would it have been the correct implementation of the scheme ?
What I dont understand is, generally farmers are promised minimum prices to save them from the pain of facing the extreme low market prices, which does not even cover their investments put into the production. If we wish to save the farmers from facing unjustified market prices during bulk production, we are bound to have a minimum price, but then that would always drive the farmers to produce more than required. Do you think predictive analysis of production could be a solution ? I mean, if the government/other agency could announce the amount of required produce in advance and the farmers grow following that, ( but that again would be very ideal place to live in)
In this case, it was farmers themselves who effectively agreed not to sell their wool unless the price was above a threshold price. This is a really stupid strategy for a whole industry to adopt. It led to all the problems described in my article.
In some countries, minimum prices are guaranteed by governments. The system used in Thailand to increase the price of rice is a good example. This is also stupid, and has wasted billions of dollars. It inevitably fails at some point.
If the purpose of the policy is to help farmers, the best approach is to help farmers as directly as possible. Give them money as a direct payment, independent of how much they produce, rather than building it into prices. That results in a much more targeted and effective approach. If you build assistance into prices, the farmers who get the most assistance are the ones who need it least.
Aman Deep Singh says:
"Give them money as a direct payment, independent of how much they produce" completely agree with first but would like to understand second line where you mentioned 'independent of how much they produce'. for e.g if we have to pass-on direct benefit to 4 farmers A,B,C & D who are cultivating wheat on 2,3,4 & 5 hectare of land respectively, what should be the criteria to benefit them with direct payment?
It depends on what the objective of the program is. If the aim is to help the most-needy farmers, you might set up a scheme that gives more to farmers with less wealth. Or if the aim is to help all farmers equally, you could give the same payment to every farmer. Or if the aim is to help all small businesses (including small farmers) you could give the same payment to all businesses with a turnover less than a certain amount. All of these options have risks attached, though. People would make efforts to restructure or re-organise their affairs so that they qualified for the payments. e.g. split a farm in two so that you have two smaller farms (e.g. owned by husband and wife), so that you qualified for two lots of payments. This effort would be a waste of time in terms of producing more food or wealth. It is very difficult to anticipate and think through all the perverse incentives that this sort of scheme creates. One thing that's clear is that the dumbest thing you can do is build the assistance into output prices, which mainly helps the people who least need the help.
Susan Webster says:
In your discussion you mentioned how seasonality can affect the supply/demand nexus. What about quality as another factor? If the quality does not achieve benchmarks, then presumably it throws the market equilibrium price out of kilter?
It doesn't throw the market equilibrium price out of kilter. There are different prices for different quality wools. There is some degree of substitution between the different quality wools, but also sort-of different markets for them.
Johnson says:
8 December, 2018 at 10:20 pm
I am Johnson and it is really for joining this course.
Htet Myat Thu says:
I really thank you for knowing the importance of demand and supply . I also want to know how to impact the gorvement policy on market price. In Myanmar, most farmers get less benefit than the traders. I think the traders can defy the rice market in Myanmar.
But, they still are succeeful nowaday.
Htet Aung says:
Wow, over 12 billion $ lost! I always thought that cooperations are very well informed and very smart in everything that do.L
Thit Yee says:
In Myanmar, the real price of rice are not the same with the rice association's prices. Although
rice can export legally in Myanmar , illegal for other countries. Most of myanmar crops and sesonal vegatables face like rice. What should we do?
Avelino Catimba says:
Thanks for offering this course on line, I really appreciated.
Jeronimo pando says:
Thank you for letting us know about these cases, they are very important for us to understand what you are explaining about demand and supply.
Rodrigo Cuello says:
Historically the price control always bring economic disaster. Especially when the government gets inside in decisions markets (Rome, USSR, Cuba, Venezuela…)
ABBAS SAIDI MDOKA says:
Reading these comments has definitely cemented my understanding of demand and supply and its time for cooperates and governments to not only involve economists but to listen and abide to their assessments.
Varsha says:
It's a useful case study. This shows that decisions are supposed to be made according to the prevailing economic conditions in a place.
KARLA BRAVO ZAVALETA says:
1 July, 2020 at 3:45 am
Definitely would have been more logical that instead of taxing wool production in exceed, it was to come up with a sale price that would save them from excessive storage costs and not hold on to the same sales value for years. If you want to survive in a market, you should not err on the side of pride.
Juan Carlos Torres says:
This case shows us that trade strategies can affect a local and even national sector. The prices of the wool market, must be obtained from the evaluation of costs, supply and demand, as explained by the course. In Colombia it happened between 2002 to 2006 a similar case, which was called the "Paper Poster", in which the companies manufacturers, established a fixed market price for this product of the family basket. The financial superintendency of Colombia, discovered that there were no cost-standing costs and differential price balance, and only was sought to monopolize the demand. Economic sanctions exceeded 34 billion pesos. Today the regulation is still valid.
JOYCE ATTAH says:
this case really amazed me i must say, i almost doubted if it actually happened, how can industries leaders and the AWC not understand the principles and laws of economics that governs all forms of trade? were they all illiterates? of-course that wasn't the case cos there are many great businesses founded and managed by illiterates and school dropouts, this was a case of shear greed and pride and a typical example of "Pride goes before a fall". in agribusiness it doesn't matter the product, if success must be achieved, then the whole stakeholders in the entire value chain and elements of trade must be considered.This case happened in just 1990-91 and not 900-901BC, "obvious and determined stupidity" indeed. i like the fact that businesses are done in a more smarter and professional manner now and AWC can still bounce back if they really want.
Divine says:
This is serious case. I believed a lot of reexamination went on after their downfall and they learnt their own lesson taught by themselves. One single but simple mistake or ignorant can cause a whole havoc. What happened in 1990-1991 was really alarming how come they thought so and implemented that in marketing. Anyway its a lesson to all at a very high price
thank you my teacher
Clennell Petty says:
considering the fact that the AWC wanted higher prices for wool and was storing the wool in anticipation that the prices would increase. wouldn't it have been better if they slowly release the stored wool to the market is small proportions so that the price for the commodity would be at a high price since the demand would have been greater than the supply
The idea with this sort of scheme is to buy and stockpile the product when prices are relatively low, and sell it when prices are higher. But the threshold prices you set for buying and selling wool need to be realistic. In this scheme, they were extremely unrealistic.
An important lesson to be learnt there, on what happens when people can't admit they are wrong and keep trying to cling to their mistakes, there's a quite a few who could take some classes in these COVID times of crazy schemes,
Angeline Awino Deya says:
I bet this was so embarrassing to the cooperation. The forces of demand and supply in the market are very essential if one needs to stay in business. Ignoring one or both is the start of a journey towards losses and finally failure. Trying to manipulate one without doing a thorough analysis and projections will also result to losses upon losses.
I think putting price ceilings and floors is the best way to protect the interests of both the producers and consumers. Caring about the interests of just one party just can't work.
Chigozie Obasi says:
29 December, 2020 at 11:23 am
Great content David,
In addition to setting a flooring price strategy, there is another annoying case of banning importation. Recently, the Nigerian govt lifted the ban on importation after sustaining this policy for over a year; this came after numerous outcry as a result of extremely high prices of basic food materials. Simple economics, the supply was low as local production could not handle the increasing demand for food, increase demand and low production leads to increase in the price of food materials. The effect of this policy is still been felt by the the poor, hopefully, with the lifting of the ban, price will stabilize in time.
Sonal Nayak says:
6 May, 2021 at 2:37 pm
Came here from Coursera. Appreciate the write up.
Lawrence Yator says:
The write-up is so insightful. Thank you, from Coursera
Rita Mustikasari says:
Hi there. I'm taking the Cousera too that end up reading this wool case of Prof David.
What is reserve price? I guess I will understand the whole article after I finish your course in Coursera – Agriculture, Economics and Nature.
Is it similar story with BPPC (Badan Penyangga dan Pemasaran Cengkeh) of clove in 2008 in Indonesia?
A reserve price is the lowest price that the organisation will allow the product to be sold for. If the best price offered for the product is below the reserve price, the product is not sold. Instead, it is stored.
Collins Patrick Ohagwu says:
It's incredible and frankly annoying such a blunder could be perpetrated by seemingly industry experts. Yet, from the comments and recent happenings, it seems like we haven't learned much from it after all;
I've got some key takeaways;
Governments and policymakers must avoid interfering in market decisions to prevent an economic disaster like this in the near or far future.
Policymakers should be focused on creating an enabling environment to make the ag industry more attractive (e.g. investing in R&D) and leave the prices of agricultural products to be established by the forces of demand and supply.
Policies to benefit farmers must be as direct as possible, not built into decreasing input costs or increasing output prices. It has never been sustainable.
The knowledge of the supply and demand curve and market equilibrium will benefit producers and sellers far more than any price regulation scheme. Let the farmers decide what they want to grow based on data and not declarations/unrealistic speculations.
Though it's easier for farmers to only identify themselves as "growers", being indifferent to market dynamics and passing the risks down the value chain, this had ultimately led to misery as in the case of AWC.
Along with learning how to grow sustainably, modern farmers must also understand how the market works. Capacity building in this regard ensures the prosperity of the industry.


Pilkington today looks set to become the latest UK company to be swallowed by an overseas rival after the finishing touches were put to a £2.2 billion takeover at the weekend.
The Merseyside-based glass maker, which has a big automotive glass operation in Birmingham, will wrap up three months of bid talks by shaking hands on a deal with Japanese firm Nippon Sheet Glass, reports claimed.
Two previous approaches by Nippon were rejected on the grounds that they were too low, but it is understood that Pilkington will recommend an offer worth 165p a share.
A statement from Nippon to the Tokyo Stock Exchange noted the press speculation, but insisted that a decision on whether to proceed with an acquisition of Pilkington had not yet been made.
"Nippon is aware of its dis-closure obligations and will communicate any material developments with regard to its discussions with Pilkington, without delay," the Japanese firm said.
Nippon is the largest shareholder in Pilkington and its 20 per cent stake effectively prevented rivals from entering the bidding process and gate-crashing the talks.
Analysts believe Nippon can generate savings from combining its UK subsidiary NGF Europe with the head office of Pilkington as they are both located in St Helens.
The two businesses are viewed as complementary as Nippon is the number-two supplier of glass to the automotive market in Japan while Pilkington has carved out strong positions in North America and Europe.
Major customers of Nippon are expanding and analysts believe they have been putting pressure on the firm to strengthen its presence overseas.
Yesterday's reports said Pilkington chief executive Stuart Chambers will stay on to help manage the combined business, but chairman Sir Nigel Rudd will leave.


text:
FRONTLINE; Other Side of the Track, The
Other Side of the Track, The
Premiered January 1983 Since January 1983, FRONTLINE has served as American public television's - PBS - flagship public affairs series. Hailed upon its television broadcast debut as "the last best hope for broadcast documentaries," FRONTLINE's stature over 23 years is reaffirmed each week through incisive documentaries covering the scope and complexity of the human experience. Series release date: 1/1983
A view of the racetrack from the gamblers' perspective. Horse racing is America's number one spectator sport. In 1982, more than 77 million people wagered almost $12 billion at the nation's racetracks. An insider's look at the "sport of kings," focusing on tracks at Belmont in New York, where the rich indulge their interest in racing, and at Great Barrington in Massachusetts, where infirm horses run for purses that can barely pay the feed bill.
NOTE: Repeated under the title King Of The World, 11/6/1984
Chicago: "FRONTLINE; Other Side of the Track, The," 04/16/1984, WGBH Media Library & Archives, accessed January 19, 2020, http://openvault.wgbh.org/catalog/V_79418B22C799462AA08768E699B1F724.
MLA: "FRONTLINE; Other Side of the Track, The." 04/16/1984. WGBH Media Library & Archives. Web. January 19, 2020. <http://openvault.wgbh.org/catalog/V_79418B22C799462AA08768E699B1F724>.
APA: FRONTLINE; Other Side of the Track, The. Boston, MA: WGBH Media Library & Archives. Retrieved from http://openvault.wgbh.org/catalog/V_79418B22C799462AA08768E699B1F724

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


humans have realized much from every little thing round them, even the smallest debris of topic and the knowledge from outer area, yet in some way they comprehend little approximately themselves.
Emma Causey used to be a blessed girl in her middle-age years. She had all of it, a loving husband, remarkable youngsters, an endearing kin, and constant associates, in addition to a truly pleasing occupation. even though, she felt she had to recognize herself extra so that it will understand her actual function in life.
Setting on her 21 day trip on my own within the urban of Indianapolis, Indiana, she explored her atmosphere like she by no means did. She meditated in the course of the stories from her adolescence via her motherhood, ultimately discovering the reply to whatever she knew used to be lacking in her life.
Imagine or Swim – What each striking individual KNOWS"What if there has been a ebook which could assist you increase your relationships, crystallize your imaginative and prescient, and provides you again your mojo so that you can get a task or begin a enterprise? glance no additional than imagine or Swim, a how-to handbook for all times. during this ground-breaking new ebook, authors Leslie Palmer and Sean Eubanks have distilled the knowledge of the ancients and the simplest of recent thinkers into seven easy steps for life-long happiness and luck.
The world's first e-book on accidents, prevention, conditioning and sturdiness from an motion athlete's viewpoint, not only informed from idea, yet actual lifestyles reviews of sweat and occasionally blood. An informative learn for all high-risk harm athletes and any energetic individual that seeks larger functionality and less accidents.
The ebook is the results of years of non-public event within the dependancy box. There are thoughts i've got in my opinion built that are defined in those chapters. i've got witnessed a lot of those concepts aiding many people to regain their sanity and their lives . while you're the addict approximately to learn this ebook i'm hoping you will find necessary innovations to help you during this tough yet winnable conflict.
StretchSmart should help extend your flexibility; despite your age, how out of form, or stiff you're, and even though many prior makes an attempt you have got made to decide to a flexibility regimen. i've got taught hundreds of thousands of consumers over the last two decades. bettering your flexibility doesn't must be as tough as humans make it out to be!


One of the most popular RV refrigerators is the Norcold model, made by the Thetford Corp. This refrigerator uses either propane gas or electricity for power. For optimal operating function, Thetford advises running the Norcold refrigerator on AC power when you are camped at altitudes above 5,500 feet. If the refrigerator is operated on liquid propane at higher altitudes, burner outages may occur.
Ensure that your RV is parked within a 3-inch off-level side-to-side angle or a 6-inch off-level front-to-back angle. Move the RV to a more level position for optimal operation. All RVs refrigerators must be nearly completely level to properly operate.
Load food only when your refrigerator reaches optimum chilling temperature. Do this by turning on power at least one day before hitting the road, since your Norcold refrigerator must be on for at least eight hours before packing with food. Close the refrigerator completely by listening for a clicking sound when shutting the door. Once the refrigerator has reached an ideal temperature, pack it with food while ensuring that air can circulate between items. You can create more airflow space by moving or eliminating groceries.
Read and understand the fault codes that appear on your Norcold refrigerator's exterior readout panel. If you are using liquid propane for power, an error fault code of "F" means that your refrigerator won't light. If this occurs, consider the altitude of your campsite. At elevations higher than 5,500 feet, keep a butane lighter nearby and prepare to manually relight the refrigerator frequently. Colder temperatures will exacerbate the situation.
Expel the air from your propane gas supply lines. Anytime you refill and replace propane cylinders, air may become trapped in the gas lines, which may cause outages and reduced power. Purging air is easy, simply push and hold the Norcold's on/off button to turn it off, then on again. Repeat it a few more times until all fault codes are cleared and the refrigerator ignites.
Test the electricity leads going into the refrigerator control panel with a multimeter voltage reader tool. This will rule out any low voltage issues, which decrease performance. The AC voltage of a Norcold refrigerator should be in between 108 and 132 volts and between 10.5 and 15.4 volts for CV voltage.
Ensure your RV batteries are charged with your multimeter voltage reader. RV refrigerators need at least 12 volts of battery power to ignite. Check that a ground line connection exists between your refrigerator and the chassis, and also confirm that the refrigerator is connected to the ground wire.
Use tension bars on the inside of the refrigerator to prevent items from pressing against the door panel, which can lead to door handle spring failure. Be aware that barbecue lighters brought up from sea level may not work at altitude. It's best to purchase one at the altitude closest to where you will be camped.
Avoid testing AC power with your multimeter voltage reader set to DC power. This may cause a short circuit in the electrical system and damage the multimeter.
How do I Light a Norcold Gas & Electric Refrigerator?


When you live the sort of high profile rockstar diva life that Nicole and I do, its not uncommon to find yourself swarmed with a variety of types that just wanna breathe the same air as you. I know, disgusting. However, being the friendly sorts we are, we've welcomed a few of them into our home without a proper invite and instead of making an awkward scene, I've spent a little time recently getting to know a few of them.
One night I'd like to erase from memory is our infernal first night in Cancun City, Mexico. The night was like Lucifer's sauna. The lack of air conditioning in our proximity meant every movement produced an obscene amount of perspiration. It seemed our room habitually trapped the sun's heat and the ceiling fan had about as much gusto as a stone wall. Our only option was to open the windows in an attempt to rejuvenate the stale air.
We stripped and laid down. With the nightcap numbing our bodies and adding weight to our eyelids we eventually slept.
So December is now upon us, and along with an annoying expat Christmas spirit, it has also brought the cold. For some, this has meant going on a shopping sprees to secure whatever warm clothing they can find, and for others it has meant pulling out whatever winter gear they were smart enough to bring from home. Either way, Koreans and foreigners alike are layering up in however they see fit.
Not that I'm any different.


text:
A Força Aérea Real da Nova Zelândia (RNZAF) (em inglês: Royal New Zealand Air Force) (Maori: Te Tauaarangi o Aotearoa, "Guerreiros da Nova Zelândia do Céu") é o  braço aéreo da Força de Defesa da Nova Zelândia.Foi formada a partir de componentes da Nova Zelândia,  Real Força Aérea Britânica, tornando-se uma força independente em 1923, apesar de muitos tripulantes da RNZAF continuou a servir na Força Aérea Real até o final da década de 1940. A RNZAF lutaram na II Guerra Mundial, na Emergência Malaia, Guerra do Vietnã e na Guerra do Golfo fazendo diversas missões de paz das Nações Unidas.Em 1945 a RNZAF havia mais de 1.000 aviões de combate e encolheu sua força para cerca de 53 aeronaves em 2007, concentrando-se na patrulha marítima e transportação com apoio da Marinha Real da Nova Zelândia (Royal New Zealand Navy) e do Exército da Nova Zelândia (New Zealand Army).

O lema da RNZAF é a mesma que a da  RAF, Per ardua ad astra - "Pela adversidade para as estrelas". Os títulos de rank da RNZAF e os uniformes são semelhantes aos da RAF. Todas as pessoas que usam a marca da nacionalidade "Nova Zelândia"  sobre o deslizamento no ombro, o rank epaulette ou uma costurada no título ombro do uniforme.

Ligações Externas
RNZAF official site
New Zealand Defence Force (official website)

Forças armadas da Nova Zelândia

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
December 2017 , Volume 20, Issue 4, pp 3023–3036 | Cite as
The model and algorithm of distributing cooperation profits among operators of urban rail transit under PPP pattern
Li Jia
Dingyou Lei
Yinggui Zhang
Qiongfang Zeng
Juan Wang
First Online: 17 June 2017
The financing channels, investors and operators of urban rail transit are becoming more and more diversified, and public private partnership pattern has been increasingly suggested in financing and investment field of urban rail transit in China. The diversification of investors of urban rail transit will no doubt lead to the diversification of operators of urban rail transit network. To legitimately distribute the cooperation profits among operators, a model is developed based on passenger's path choice behavior by considering travel period, travel time, transfer convenience and the comprehensive proportion of different service types provided by operators. In accordance with the features of urban rail transit network and origin-destination (OD) pairs of transferring among lines of different operators, a scheme of improved rail transit network is proposed. On the basis of the algorithm of breadth-first search and depth-first search, an algorithm of searching effective paths based on backtracking and traversing along the shortest path is established by considering the factor of transfer. Taking the example of Shenzhen's rail transit network, three typical OD pairs are selected to measure and calculate, compare and analyze by six different conditions. The result shows that travel period, travel time, transfer convenience, and service types provided by operators exert great influence on the distribution of cooperation profits. Therefore, it is advisable to comprehensively consider all of these factors to improve the accuracy of cooperation profits distribution. Moreover, the proposed algorithm can search effective paths efficiently.
Urban rail transit PPP pattern Cooperation profits distribution Passenger's path choice behavior Improvement of rail transit network Effective path search
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© Springer Science+Business Media, LLC 2017
1.School of Traffic and Transportation EngineeringCentral South UniversityChangshaChina
Jia, L., Lei, D., Zhang, Y. et al. Cluster Comput (2017) 20: 3023. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10586-017-0973-6
Received 21 January 2017
Revised 01 June 2017
First Online 17 June 2017


Yandex map of Suhaj: distance measurement; change of map scale; make a route; in most sities, towns, and some villages - allow address search by street (square, avenue, highway) name and house number; change a view mode between scheme and satellite photos.
If you can't find anything, try to use Suhaj map - Google or Suhaj map by OpenStreetMap project.
You can get the link to visible map region. By sending them to another person via E-mail, ICQ, SMS or placing on web site, you can show, for examle: meeting place, address of delivery, airport, market, railway station or other object location. Who open the link - by cross determine the location.
To change map scale - use mouse weel, toddler "+ -" on the left, or scale button on the top-left corner of map area; to switch to view from satellite - use menu on the top-right corner; to measure the distance - click the ruler button on map right bottom corner, and poly route points by clicking on the map area.


Imagine owning a pet that doesn't need to be trained, walked, fed or groomed — ever. That's exactly what California ad executive Gary Dahl was after when he came up with pet rocks in 1975. Tired of the hassle and responsibility that came with animate house pets, Dahl developed a toy concept that was 1% product and 99% marketing genius: a garden-variety rock, packaged in a comfy cardboard shipping crate, complete with straw for the rock's comfort and holes so it could breathe during transport. The Pet Rock Training Manual — a tongue-in-cheek set of guidelines for pet owners, like housebreaking instructions ("Place it on some old newspapers. The rock will never know what the paper is for and will require no further instruction") — helped turn the scheme from an amusing gag gift into an inexplicable toy craze. By Christmas 1975, Americans were hooked. Although the fad was long gone by the following year, the rocks — which were collected from a beach in Baja, Calif., for pennies each and retailed for $3.95 — made Dahl a multimillionaire in about six months.


text:
SB Decade in Review: A Song a Year, Part 2 (2015-2019)
SB End-of-Year Review, 2019: Comebacks that Push Musical Frontiers
Side B: 16 Years with TVXQ
SNSD,Shinee,DBSK (TVXQ),Exo,2PM
Zico is a Millennial Mood by Turning on "Any Song"
The SB Mixtape 1/16/20: A Little Less Pop
Side B: Got7's Playful Earworms
MV Review,Shinee,BTS,SB Mixtape,Red Velvet
Crash Landing on You, Episodes 1-8: A Different Side to North Korea
SB End-Of-Year Review, 2019: A Year of Bold Heroines and Supernatural Happenings in Dramas
"Vagabond" Leaves Viewers Looking for Answers
"When the Camellia Blooms" Challenges the Stigma of Being a Single Mother
Drama Review,Suzy,Lee Seung-gi,SB End-of-Year Review,Hyun Bin
Disturbingly Hooked: Losing Attention and Artistry for a Catchy Rapline
Wonho Leaves Monsta X: Impact, International Fandoms & What It Means To Be an Idol
Mnet, Produce and the Vote Rigging Controversy
Ethnic Dot: A Discussion on Bindis in K-pop
Lee Hyori,Epik High,Monsta X,Dara,(G)I-dle
Seoulbeats Segments
Week in Review, 1/13 to 1/19
Shinee,SB Week in Review,BTS,SB Mixtape,Red Velvet
Tag: Dynamic Duo
SB End-of-Year Review, 2019: Albums That Made 2019 Less Terrible
We've come to an end of an especially tumultuous year in K-pop. As tradition dictates, Aastha, Lo, and Qian have gathered together to share their view…
SB End-of-Year Review, 2019: Boundary-Breaking MVs Take the Lead
Stunning K-pop MVs require mastery in the art of marrying music, performance, and cinematography. 2019 has not been the most spectacular year for…
The SB Mixtape, 12/7/18: Forgotten Goodies
The month of December is usually a frantic one. People are busy preparing for various holidays, making plans for travel, or studying for end of year e…
The SB Mixtape: 9/8/2018, Family Ties
The thing about playing K-pop around anyone is that you can get some strange reactions. Most of the time it's a "what is this?" deal but the sweetest r…
Dividing Up Wanna One in 1÷x=1 (Undivided)
Wanna One has certainly taken a new approach towards their third mini-album. Keeping up with the pattern of incorporating mathematical operations in th…
The SB Mixtape: 3/21/2018, Spring Break
It's officially spring! Flowers are blooming, birds are chirping, allergies are slowly killing me.... There's good and bad to spring but while no one I…
A Gift of Warmth: Dynamic Duo & Chen's "Nosedive"
Since their last album in 2015, Grand Carnival, Dynamic Duo is finally back with their single "Nosedive." The single features Chen, member of idol grou…
KCON NY Concert Day 1: Surprises and Anticipation
Let's be honest. Although KCON NY 2016 Presented by Toyota is ostensibly a festival to celebrate all things Hallyu, we all know why most people flocked…
History of K-pop: 2015, Old Faces Return, and New Faces Make History
Yesterday and the day before, I told you the story of K-pop of years past. Looking back on the music and groups of 2005 and 1995 is always a fun exerci…
History of K-pop: 2005, The year of the soloists, Epik High, and the Second Generation
Yesterday I introduced you to the beginning of K-pop with the President of Culture's old and influential group Seo Taiji and the Boys. We learned Papa …
Ailee Predebut Photo Scandal Rundown
BTS' "Spring Day" is an Emotional Conclusion
K-pop Indie Gem: So!YoON!
Zico's "Extreme" Attempts to Prove His Innocence
Gaya_SB on For Your Viewing Pleasure: A Splash of Colour: "Thank you, the name has been changed to the correct one!"
modestgoddess on Side B: Got7's Playful Earworms: "good selections"
qqqmby on For Your Viewing Pleasure: A Splash of Colour: "Though they are rare, Namgoong is one of the few two-syllable last names. It should be stylized as Namgoong Min,…"
Chongsterink on Wistful Goodbyes and Cutting Ties in IU's "Ending Scene": "Qing, here's to hoping it's truly better late than never. Thank you for putting my thoughts into words. This song…"
Nian on Verivery Play Too Safe with "Lay Back": "I'm surprised by your review! It could be because I love bass heavy songs but I think that overall one…"


text:
Heyne kan som auktorsförkortning betyda:

 Alexander Heyne
 Benjamin Heyne
 Friedrich Adolf Heyne
 Karel Heyne

Robotskapade auktorsförkortningar


Transparency is the pillar upon which Ghostery is built. We tell you as often as we can what information we collect, why we collect it, and how we use that information. This is an ongoing, never-ending effort and striking the right balance between comprehensiveness and simplicity requires constant review and communication. When you come to our website, we only collect personal data about you if you complete and submit a form where you provide that information and request something from us like our weekly newsletter or to be contacted by a sales representative. For more information on what information we collect and how we use it, go to our privacy statements that can be found below. Feel free to contact us at any time at privacy@ghostery.com if you have further concerns or questions.


A mere 11 million light-years away, Centaurus A is a giant elliptical galaxy – the closest active galaxy to Earth. This remarkable composite view of the galaxy combines image data from the x-ray ( Chandra), optical(ESO), and radio(VLA) regimes. Centaurus A's central region is a jumble of gas, dust, and stars in optical light, but both radio and x-ray telescopes trace a remarkable jet of high-energy particles streaming from the galaxy's core. The cosmic particle accelerator's power source is a black hole with about 10 million times the mass of the Sun coincident with the x-ray bright spot at the galaxy's center. Blasting out from the active galactic nucleus toward the upper left, the energetic jet extends about 13,000 light-years. A shorter jet extends from the nucleus in the opposite direction. Other x-ray bright spots in the field are binary star systems with neutron stars or stellar mass black holes. Active galaxy Centaurus A is likely the result of a merger with a spiral galaxy some 100 million years ago.
~ by aprilemillo on January 11, 2008.


text:
Q: I cannot reliably access the shared domain directory on my Server 2012R2 domain controllers I have two Virtual Domain Controllers, each one hosted on a separate physical server, in my domain. A few weeks ago, everything seemed to be all well. Recently, however, I have noticed that when I try to access the domain's shared volume (i.e. \mydomain.com), I get an error box that says "The specified network name is no longer available".
This seems to be the case on both of my domain controllers, and carries the side-effect of my group policy settings within the GPEDIT console not successfully loading. I can get a list of all the objects themselves, but clicking the objects results in each claiming there are no settings for either Computer or User, even on ones that definitely had settings.
Now, if I reboot the domain controllers, this seems to resolve it for a time. I am able to load up my policy object settings, and I am able to get to that domain directory without any fuss. If I let it sit a while, though, it goes right back to where it was before (timing is not determined, but I let it sit over the last weekend after making changes on Thursday and it was back to misbehaving on Tuesday).
Interesting that if, when I detect this breakage, I have the GPEDIT console up it doesn't stop rendering settings suddenly. If I close the console and try to re-open it, I sometimes get the error message box that says the "Stub received bad data" and the console fails to load. If I try to run it again, the console loads but wont grab the policy settings.
I don't seem to have replication issues in general, so I don't think it's anything that is going to break my domain. Indeed, it seems (though isn't quite confirmed) that computers in the domain get policy without issue even when it is "broken".
I suspect this has something to do with STIG-related settings I have been tasked to deploy on a variety of things in the domain. For Server 2012 and domain controller objects, this was set a few weeks ago, so the timing seems like it lines up. I can comb through the settings I deployed on the DC and try to work it out myself (and indeed, I will have to do that) but I believe it worthwhile to inquire here because even if I do find out what policy setting (if any) broke my domain volume access, I will need to have an understanding of why so I can work around it - I figure the learned minds here might have some experiences.
Google searching for this error seems to turn up a lot of leads, but none of the situations are quite the same, and a handful of remedial actions suggested that seem like they might apply have not yielded results.
Has anyone had a similar experience, and if so how did you resolve it?

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
1D/02, Vardan Khand 1,
Gomti Nagar Vistar, 226010
info@ssmc.in
info.saisamarpan@gmail.com
Background of SSMC
Managment Team
Methdology
Product & Services Details
Mr. Rajesh J. Singh, Director & Chairman
Mr. Rajesh Singh has completed his post graduation and formed and involved in Society and Trusts e.g. Late Shri Balbhadra Singh Shikshan Sansthan and Chandra Educational Trust working in Education and skilling sector through these social welfare trusts, he is working for child and adolescence education. He is very keen to work in Educational Sector.
Mr. Rajesh also 3 years worked with Uttar Bhartiya Education Trust working in the area of School College Education, he also associated with Rajkumari Welfare Foundation which worked for education for privilege child and social works.
He is also involved in Master Ji & Co. as Managing Partner the company is engaged in real estate, Material Supply etc.. He also formed Master J.P. Infra India Pvt. Ltd. to work in land, Building and rental houses.
Currently he has received a LOI from Mahanagar Gas Ltd. , Mumbai for setting up of MGL CNG Station at CTS no. 339, Village Malwani, Malad West, Mumbai.
Mr. Rajesh, has invested capital in the form of equity in the SSMC and involved as Shareholder and Director. He is very aggressive to provide livelihood through micro credit services to uplift and empower the marginal women.
Presently he is associated with SSMC as Chairman.
Vijay Kumar, Promoter & Managing Director:
Managing Director of the company, his educational qualification is B.Sc. & B.Ed. in 2007. He belongs from Jaunpur, U.P.. When he is started his carrier in education sector, he found in his surrounding that a lots of children were not joining school only because of their parents not able to pay school fee. Then one idea hit in his mind that if we provide livelihoods to their parents then it is possible to educate their children, after long discussion and thoughts finally decided to start financial services with entrepreneurship training through a Section-25 company named Sai Samarpan Micro Credit from his own district named Jaunpur in U.P. He is started micro finance company by his own fund and from some shareholders. From last seven years he was arranging funds from his own sources and trying to avail funds from banks but due to low portfolio banks were not showing interest although he is always positive and he kept his goal in his mind to provide livelihoods to generate income by financing marginal and vulnerable women. After financing them he monitors the loan utilisation and helping them to start their business by providing awareness, training and suggestion about the marketing. After a long motivation and healing them, the borrowers started to sending their children to the school.
Presently he is overseeing day to day activities of the company as Managing Director. All senior staffs directly report to him.
Mrs. Suneeta Rajesh Singh, Director :
Mrs. Suneeta Rajesh Singh is post graduate, her father Mr. Harinarayan L. Singh and his family members engaged in social worker, so, she find herself in a social environment and due to this her interest in Social welfare and education during her educational period, so after completion of her post graduation, she has joined Rajkumari Welfare Foundation and after looking her impressive effort, members selected her as Hon. Secretary, she is dyeing for social works and very honest with her work. She is also engaged with Late Shri Balibhadra Singh Shikshan Sansthan. She is interested in entrepreneurship development and skilling to women, so she associated with SSMC to support marginal women to upgrade their livelihoods.
She is associated as Director with SSMC.
Mr. Vivek Kumar Jaiswal, Director
Mr. Vivek has completed his graduation and joined PBA (I) Ltd. Mumbai as Technical Manager and as Supervisor, after 7 years experience in Civil & Constructions Sector, Once he came at his parental village and suddenly meet with a JLG center leader who is motivating women to join as JLG Members and borrow the loan from SSMC, after the long discussion and visiting many JLG & SHGs and SSMC's Staffs, he decided to stay at his village and do something for these women, for this vision he meet with Mr. Vijay Kumar, and after a long discussion and meetings he knew the microfinance sector and join the SSMC. Presently he is associated with SSMC, as Additional Director and involve in day to day operational and Audit Department. He has also shareholder of the SSMC.
He is the shareholder and director of the SSMC.
Mr. Avneesh Kumar Jaiswal, Executive Director :
Mr. Avneesh Kumar Jaiswal belongs to Pratapgarh has completed his graduation in Economics and joined Saket Infra Project, RMC Plant, Mumbai as Plant Manager, he is also associated in skilling and social sector during his education. After 5 years' experience in Infrastructure Development Sector he joined SSMC as Zonal Manager in 2015. After successfully working as Zonal Manager he associated with company as Executive Director and involved in day to day operational activities.
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Microfinance Livelihood Promotion Product Financing
1D/02, Vardan Khand 1, Gomti Nagar Vistar, Near Vijaya Bank, Behind CMS School, Gomti Nagar, Lucknow, U.P.-226010
ssmc.credit@gmail.com
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jalada Hamia is a challenging, brain-teasing puzzle game based on moving ice.
Create your cartoon avatar and keep mood diary throughout the day.
Use tactics in real time with a view from above. Features destructible objects..
A compact, stylish arcade game that requires skill and attention.
A small and stylish puzzle game.
You play for a cyborg who has a sudden yearning for freedom.
Test your reaction speed, vigilance and a bit of logic!
This story is not about intergalactic wars, or about saving the universe.
Have you dreamed of being a drummer, but never got around to learning how? You..


CMG has implemented Person Centred Active Support (PCAS) in all of its services. PCAS is a structured approach to supporting people with learning disabilities to maximise their engagement in meaningful activity. This might range from domestic activities at home to educational, employment and leisure activities in the community.
See Person Centred Active Support Initiative cmg.pdf to understand more about the initiative.


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Ze względu na angielskie słowo it (3 os. lp. - ono) oraz liczne inne słowa kończące się na -it ta domena jest często wykorzystywana jako część nazwy strony np. play.it (zagraj to).

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What is ESEA Title I?
The Elementary and Secondary Education Act (ESEA) is the largest federal aid program for our nation's schools. Federal funds are dispersed to the states, which then forward the funds by a formula to the school districts. The money is sent to the school districts based on the number of low-income families. However, regardless of a family's income, an eligible child may participate in the program. The program funds supplemental reading and math instruction. The North Hills School District only supports elementary reading instruction with Title I funds because of the small allocation to the district. The program serves millions of children in elementary and secondary schools. Nearly every school in the nation participates. Title I also serves children in parochial and private schools.
Why is reading support provided to children?
Reading is one of the most important subjects taught in the elementary classroom. The absence of proficient reading skills is a considerable risk factor associated with academic failure.
What is the Reading Reinforcement Program designed to do?
The program is designed to meet the individual reading needs of those students who either miss the preliminary steps or master only a part of basic reading skills.
What does the Reading Reinforcement Program provide?
The program provides small group instruction classes taught by reading specialists as well as instruction that supplements the regular school reading program.
What are the goals and objectives of the Reading Reinforcement Program?
To introduce, reinforce or extend reading skills and strategies.
To address the individual needs of each student while simultaneously promoting a lifelong love of reading.
What are the guidelines for determining who should be tested for Reading Reinforcement Program eligibility?
What are the program eligibility criteria?
Kindergarten - A student who meets the criteria in four of the six categories is eligible for the program.
Grades 3 to 6 - A student who meets the criteria in three of the four categories is eligible for the program.
Parents will be informed that their child will be screened for reading support. A time period for screening will be specified. When a decision for placement is made, parents will be sent a letter as to whether the child does or does not qualify for the program.
What assessments will be used to determine if my child is ready to exit the reading reinforcement program?
How can I support literacy at home?
You can model positive reading attitudes. Show your child the process by which you select books—the use of the title and cover, the back-cover blurb, or skimming or scanning a book. Read and follow directions in manuals and recipe books. Read and write letters together. Read travel brochures/maps together. Read aloud something of interest from the newspaper, or talk about a story which really fascinates you. Continue to read aloud.
Once children start to read for themselves, why is it still important to read aloud to them?
Reading aloud develops an understanding of more complex language patterns. In addition, it adds to your child's vocabulary and maintains your child's enjoyment of stories.
What kinds of books are best for my child to read?
Additional information about NCLB is available at www.nclb.gov and www.pde.state.pa.us.
Why do we have parent conferences?
Parent conferences provide an opportunity to review and to discuss your child's progress as well as to ask questions and to strengthen the partnership between home and school.
What is meant by a "push-in" versus "pull-out" program?
A "push-in" program offers small group instruction delivered within the regular classroom setting. A "pull-out" program provides individual and/or small group instruction within the reading reinforcement classroom.
Where may I find information about ways to help my child at home with reading or other related topics?
You may contact your child's teacher, the school's reading specialist or the school principal.
Several helpful websites can be accessed online. Please refer to "Websites" under Academics, Title I on the North Hills website for resources we have compiled.
The State Parent Advisory Council has a newsletter available titled Parents Exchanging News in electronic format. The website for this newsletter is www.spac.k12.pa.us.


Join us on Sunday mornings for a time of fellowship, Christ-centered worship, and biblical teaching. The atmosphere is friendly and casual (and so is the dress) with a good cup of coffee waiting for you!
All adults are invited to participate in one of our small group classes. The elective classes change on a semester basis so check out the current offerings here. Youth are encouraged to participate in one of our youth small groups for fellowship and Bible study. Childcare is offered for children 8 weeks of age through 5th grade.
Each week, the worship service includes prayer, a blend of contemporary music and modernized hymns, and biblical teaching. Occasionally during service, we celebrate communion, participate in baptisms or child dedication, hear special announcements, and receive updates from missionaries. Grace Life Kids is offered for children 8 weeks of age through 5th grade. Visit our Grace Life Kids Ministry page to learn more about everything the children experience on Sunday mornings! Youth, grades 6 through 12, are invited to participate in the main service or serve as a volunteer in kids ministry.