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John Hooper
Born: c. 1495
Birthplace: Somerset, England
Died: 9-Feb-1555
Location of death: Gloucester, Gloucestershire, England
Cause of death: Execution
Occupation: Religion
Nationality: England
Executive summary: Zwinglian bishop of Gloucester
Bishop of Gloucester and Worcester and martyr, born in Somerset about the end of the 15th century and graduated B.A. at Oxford in 1519. He is said to have then entered the Cistercian monastery at Gloucester but in 1538 a John Hooper appears among the names of the Black friars at Gloucester and also among the White friars at Bristol who surrendered their houses to the king. A John Hooper was likewise canon of Wormesley priory in Herefordshire; but identification of any of these with the future bishop is doubtful. The Greyfriars' Chronicle says that Hooper was "sometime a white monk"; and in the sentence pronounced against him by Stephen Gardiner he is described as "olim monachus de Cliva Ordinis Cisterciensis", i.e. of the Cistercian house at Cleeve in Somerset. On the other hand, at his deprivation he was not accused, like the other married bishops who had been monks or friars, of infidelity to the vow of chastity; and his own letters to Heinrich Bullinger are curiously reticent on this part of his history. He there speaks of himself as being the only son and heir of his father and as fearing to be deprived of his inheritance if he adopted the reformed religion. Before 1546 he had secured employment in the household of Sir Thomas Arundell, a man of influential connections. Hooper speaks of himself at this period as being "a courtier and living too much of a court life in the palace of our king." But he chanced upon some of Zwingli's works and Bullinger's commentaries on St. Paul's epistles; and after some molestation in England and some correspondence with Bullinger on the lawfulness of complying against his conscience with the established religion, he determined to secure what property he could and take refuge on the continent. He had an adventurous journey, being twice imprisoned, driven about for three months on the sea, and reaching Strassburg in the midst of the Schmalkaldic war. There he married Anne de Tserclaes, and later on he proceeded by way of Basle to Zürich, where his Zwinglian convictions were confirmed by constant intercourse with Zwingli's successor, Bullinger.
It was not until May 1549, after he had published various works at Zürich, that Hooper again arrived in England. He at once became the principal champion of Swiss Protestantism against the Lutherans as well as the Catholics, and was appointed chaplain to Protector Somerset. Somerset's fall in the following October endangered Hooper's position, and for a time he was in hourly dread of imprisonment and martyrdom, more especially as he had taken a prominent part against Gardiner and Bonner, whose restoration to their sees was now anticipated. Warwick, afterwards duke of Northumberland, however, overcame the reactionaries in the Council, and early in 1550 the Reformation resumed its course. Hooper became Warwick's chaplain, and after a course of Lent lectures before the king he was offered the bishopric of Gloucester. This led to a prolonged controversy; Hooper had already denounced the "Aaronic vestments" and the oath by the saints prescribed in the new Ordinal; and he refused to be consecrated according to its rites. Thomas Cranmer, Nicholas Ridley, Martin Bucer and others urged him to submit in vain; confinement to his house by order of the Council proved equally ineffectual; and it was not until he had spent some weeks in the Fleet prison that the "father of nonconformity" consented to conform, and Hooper submitted to consecration with the legal ceremonies (March 8, 1551).
Once seated in his bishopric Hooper set about his episcopal duties with exemplary vigor. His visitation of his diocese revealed a condition of almost incredible ignorance among his clergy. Fewer than half could say the Ten Commandments; some could not even repeat the Lord's Prayer in English. Hooper did his best in the time at his disposal; but in less than a year the bishopric of Gloucester was reduced to an archdeaconry and added to Worcester, of which Hooper was made bishop in succession to Nicholas Heath. He was opposed to Northumberland's plot for the exclusion of Mary from the throne; but this did not save him from speedy imprisonment. He was sent to the Fleet prison on the 1st of September 1553 on a doubtful charge of debt to the queen; but the real cause was his stanchness to a religion which was still by law established. Edward VI's legislation was, however, repealed in the following month, and in March 1554 Hooper was deprived of his bishopric as a married man. There was still no statute by which he could be condemned to the stake, but Hooper was kept in prison; and the revival of the heresy acts in December 1554 was swiftly followed by execution. On the 29th of January 1555, Hooper, Rogers, Rowland Taylor and others were condemned by Gardiner and degraded by Bonner. Hooper was sent down to suffer at Gloucester, where he was burned on the 9th of February, meeting his fate with steadfast courage and unshaken conviction.
Hooper was the first of the bishops to suffer because his Zwinglian views placed him further beyond the pale than Cranmer, Ridley and Latimer. He represented the extreme reforming party in England. While he expressed dissatisfaction with some of John Calvin's earlier writings, he approved of the Consensus Tigurinus negotiated in 1549 between the Zwinglians and Calvinists of Switzerland; and it was this form of religion that he labored to spread in England against the wishes of Cranmer, Ridley, Bucer, Peter Martyr and other more conservative theologians. He would have reduced episcopacy to narrow limits; and his views had considerable influence on the Puritans of Elizabeth's reign, when many editions of Hooper's various works were published.
Wife: Anne de Tserclaes (m. in Strassburg)
Debtor's Prison (1-Sep-1553)
Heresy (Jan-1555)
Burned at the Stake Gloucester, England (9-Feb-1555)


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https://www.sfgate.com/travel/burningman/article/Burning-Man-Art-mutant-vehicles-build-week-dust-13184007.php
Dispatches from Burning Man: 60 mph winds, low visibility and whiteouts force gate closure on day 1
By Dianne de Guzman, SFGATE
Updated 7:07 am PDT, Monday, August 27, 2018
Early arrivals to Burning Man take part in "Build Week" ahead of the main event, showing some of the work, art setup and mutant cars that arrive on the playa before most attendees.
Photo: Sidney Erthal
Update as of Aug. 26 at 6:45 p.m.: A tweet from Burning Man's traffic account stated that the entry gate is now open, but new arrivals should expect long delays.
Burning Man attendees are settling into their first day at the weeklong event, but those arriving Sunday were hit with high winds, and plenty of dust and smoke — triggering organizers to close the entrance to the camp for hours Sunday afternoon.
Long wait times at the gate into Burning Man are a natural byproduct of welcoming an estimated 70,000 attendees onto the playa, with estimated waits extending to six hours at its peak. By 3:30 p.m. Sunday afternoon, however, the Twitter account monitoring traffic announced that "extreme weather" was forcing the gate to close amid rolling whiteouts.
GATE CURRENTLY CLOSED.
Extreme weather is expected to continue for several hours. We are not allowing access from CR34 onto the playa and advise all to hold in Reno or return there if enroute. If on Gate Road, please shelter in place until conditions allow operation to resume.
— Burning Man Traffic (@bmantraffic) August 26, 2018
"Extreme weather is expected to continue for several hours," read the tweet. "We are not allowing access from CR34 onto the playa and advise all to hold in Reno or return there if enroute. If on Gate Road, please shelter in place until conditions allow operation to resume."
By about 4:20 p.m., the Nevada Highway Patrol's Northern Command tweeted that the "extreme weather" consisted of 50- to 60-mile-per-hour winds that left drivers with "zero visibility" and cautioned that "travel conditions are extremely hazardous." Later tweets from the Burning Man traffic account asked Burners to remain in nearby cities, warning that cars are being turned away and that the weather could last "for several hours."
A livestream broadcasting from the Burning Man grounds showed some of the dusty conditions in Black Rock City Sunday afternoon.
The winds were initially estimated to hit 25 to 35 miles per hour and were expected to affect the playa until Monday night, the Reno Gazette-Journal reported. Add onto that the smoke from Northern California and southeast Oregon wildfires, which created a haziness that welcomed Burners "home."
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The winds are expected to calm to the typical desert wind and temperatures that Burners are used to, bouncing back to the mid-80s during the day, with moderate winds, meteorologists said.
Photographer Sidney Erthal, a 14-year Burning Man veteran, shared some early images of the Burning Man event from its "Build Week" ahead of Saturday's midnight opening of the Burning Man gates. The colorful and showy cadre of cars typical of Burning Man lined up for registration at the "Department of Mutant Vehicles" creating an impromptu show of the moving art shows allowed on the playa for this year.
Take a look through the slideshow above for a preview of some of the mutant vehicles and art in its various stages of being built for the week.
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When it comes to technology, we are always skeptical. We are not sure if we should incorporate this new technology in our business because it is a little advanced, or maybe they do things that we aren't sure about. Well, technology is not a bad thing, we must remember this. Technology works for us, or viceversa, so we shouldn't actually be careful or hesitant of putting up some new devices or using new software on our computer or cell phone. Technology offers many development when used properly; thus, don't waste time being focused on the negative areas of innovations, definitely, benefits we get from these devices would surely outweigh the disadvantages.
There are various programs, devices, and gadgets to choose from that keep us safe everyday or make our lives highly easier. Including satellites that provide our cell phones with service, home alarm systems that save us from burglaries, as well as small computers in our cars to tell us when something is wrong. We do not deny all of these pieces of technology, instead we embrace them. So why not accept newer pieces of technology that are advanced to help us more than the current technology right now? That's the reason why today, there is a system which has revolutionized to deal with your home and business. It is the cell phone surveillance equipment that is accessible for home and business. You it's true, it's simple to watch now your home and business anywhere you go, and be sure that they are safe from harm. This appears impossible to some, but it is happening and you can use it too.
Anytime surveillance is taken into the palm, a whole new world will be opened up. Suddenly, you can see your home and business wherever you go. This revolution is here to enable you to secure your assets and other valuables.
You can forget stress if a person is breaking in while you are on vacation or simply just enjoying quality time with your family at home. Whenever your security is right at the palm of your hands, you possibly can monitor your business at your convenience.
Software and equipment have already been developed, and can easily be utilized by all to further protect and monitor clients and employees services. The existence of cell phone surveillance assures a smooth flow in the business operations.
When you are a businessman, it is highly recommended to accept these wonderful devices and software as a way to prevent fraud and other uncertainty to steal your fortune. With some investment affixed to these innovations, you will be preventing the occurrence of negative events that could cause bankruptcy if not being treated well.
Next article The Healthier Way Of Losing Weight.


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Activities The Great Outdoors
Choosing an Inboard or Outboard Engine
Tips for Buying a Sailboat
Scuba Diving & Snorkeling
Tom Lochhaas
Tom Lochhaas is an experienced sailor who has developed several boating safety books with the American Red Cross and the U.S. Coast Guard Auxiliary.
You should consider many different questions when deciding what kind of sailboat is best for you.
If you are looking for a large daysailer or a small cruising sailboat, you may be choosing between sailboats that have an inboard engine and those having an outboard motor. Each offers certain advantages.
Inboard vs Outboard Engine
Many aspects of inboards and outboards are similar. Fuel consumption does not vary hugely, and parts and mechanics are equally available for both when a problem occurs. Standard maintenance can easily be done by owners of both. Operating controls are similar. Many sailboat outboards, like inboards, are battery started and use alternators to return power to the batteries and supply the boat's needs.
Yet there are many other important differences.
What Engine Was the Boat Built For?
The huge majority of sailboats large enough to have a motor were built for either an inboard or an outboard, so you'll usually be choosing between boats that already have one or the other installed. Yet you may still need to decide between Boat A with one type and similar Boat B with the other. The two catboats shown in these photos, for example, are of roughly the same size, and one has an outboard while the other has an inboard.
As boats age, however, engines sometimes need to be replaced, and sometimes an owner replaces the original inboard engine with an outboard. (This virtually never happens in the reverse, however, as boats built for outboards do not have the room or structural support for an inboard engine to be later added.)
If you're looking at a sailboat converted from an inboard engine to an outboard, be observant when you take the boat for its sea trials. With a very large outboard motor, for example, the boat may be imbalanced by having that weight far astern and may "squat" in the water and not sail as well. Also ensure that the fuel tank was properly installed so that leaks or fumes cannot collect belowdecks and create an explosion risk.
Benefits and Disadvantages of Inboards and Outboards
Inboard engines and outboard motors each have their own benefits but also disadvantages. If choosing between comparable boats with different engine types, be sure you have considered these differences:
Advantages of an Inboard Engine
Most inboards are diesels, which are generally more reliable, cost less to run and maintain, and eliminate the hazards of gasoline
A marine diesel engine that has been well maintained can last most of a lifetime (lots of 30+-year-old diesels still running well on sailboats)
The engine's weight is low in the hull, contributing positively as ballast for increased stability
An inborn engine is out of sight and out of mind – and does not disturb the beauty of the boat's appearance
As only a very general rule, most sailboats with inborn engines have more electrical power and more extensive systems and equipment installed for cruising
The prop is lower in the water and less likely to cavitate in steep waves
Disadvantages of an Inboard Engine
Inboards are heavier and make the boat a little slower
Inboards are typically mounted in tight spaces and are often difficult to work on
It is very difficult and expensive to remove an inboard engine for overhaul or replacement, and sometimes impossible without cutting through fiberglass
Replacing an inboard with a new inboard is more expensive than with an outboard of comparable size
Inboards take up a lot of space below
Inboard engines require shaft packing where the prop shaft exits the hull, increasing the risk of water leaking into the boat (even - rarely - fatally)
Advantages of an Outboard Motor
Accessibility makes it easy to service the motor
An outboard can be removed much more easily for repair or replacement
In most cases the motor can be raised or tilted to get the prop out of the water, producing less drag when sailing – and reducing the risk of entangling lines or debris in the water
Depending on the mounting, it may be possible to turn the motor for increased steering capability in tight places
Newer four-stroke engines are quiet and vibration-free
Outboard motors are cheaper than inboard engines
Need a new outboard motor for your small sailboat? Check out the great new propane-powered outboards from Lehr.
Disadvantages of an Outboard Motor
To many eyes, an outboard makes sailboats look ugly
Because the prop is not deep in the water, it may cavitate (spin without power) when the stern rises up in steep waves
Unless the boat was well designed to prevent this, the gasoline fuel tank may be positioned awkwardly or even dangerously
Older two-stroke motors can be noisy and smoky
An oversized outboard can make the sailboat unbalanced
As in other decisions when shopping for a sailboat, the best type of motor depends mostly on your preferred uses of the boat. The same is true when comparing fixed keel and centerboard sailboats or sloops and ketches.
Outboard Motor Bracket
Outboard motors are typically mounted on sailboats via separate bracket, not clamped on the transom as on most powerboats. Check the bracket carefully in any boat you are considering. It needs to be sturdy and mounted securely, and it should be rated for the outboard motor's weight. Newer four-strokes are heavier than older two-strokes, so if you (or the previous owner) replace the outboard, you need to make sure the bracket is still appropriate.
Many outboard brackets, like the one shown here, can be moved up and down to raise and lower the motor. This is a beneficial function because the mounting does not always provide enough room for all outboards to be tilted forward on their own mounts. Measure this carefully if you're buying a sailboat with an installed bracket but no motor until you buy your own.
A final word: some sailboat builders have resolved the debate between inboards and outboards by designing the cockpit and hull with a well in which an outboard is mounted. In this case the outboard functions like an inboard with many of the advantages of both. While this design is a compromise in some respects, it works well on many boats. The biggest disadvantage is usually that because the well has fixed dimensions, it is impossible to install a larger outboard. Since newer four-strokes are larger than two-strokes of similar horsepower, it can be impossible in some cases to upgrade from an older two-stroke outboard to a four-stroke with greater or even comparable horsepower.
6 Types of Boat Engines
Review of Lehr Propane Outboard Engine
Choosing a Centerboard or Fixed Keel Sailboat
How to Tow a Dinghy Behind a Sailboat
Interesting Facts About Navy Submarines
The Sunfish: A Perfect Lake or Urban Sailboat
Best Saltwater Trolling Motors
Cast-Iron Bathtubs vs. Fiberglass Coating
Learn All About Alaska Fishing Jobs
How to Anchor a Sailboat
Simple Reefing System for Sailors
What Does a Camshaft Do?
The Best Small Business Opportunities
How Brake Calipers Work
Best Sailing and Boating Apps
Honda Civic 2.2 i-CTDi Diesel Test Drive


In all market environments, it's important to understand the fundamentals behind your investment strategy, portfolio composition and overall financial plan. Understanding the underlying elements can provide well-founded confidence that may help you avoid emotional responses and stick with your plan in times of uncertainty. With that in mind, let's examine what goes into constructing and customizing a portfolio that advances your financial objectives and also is suitable for your unique situation.
Three essential elements hold up the structure of a well-balanced portfolio: risk tolerance, asset allocation, and that most ubiquitous of investment terms, diversification. And all three complement and strengthen each other.
One of the most critical elements in investing is accurately identifying your tolerance for risk. Your tolerance informs your asset allocation, which in turn determines how well-diversified you are. Owning a portfolio outside an investor's comfort zone for risk is a recipe for trouble that often takes the form of selling at or near a market bottom or, on the flip side, loading up on risky securities during periods of market euphoria. In both cases, temporary conditions can cause investors to abandon their long-term plans and make ill-timed and costly decisions.
But honestly evaluating your tolerance for risk can be tricky. A "moderate" risk tolerance can mean very different things to different people. Even a metric that seems precise – "I can tolerate a 20% maximum decline" – may sound acceptable when discussed in a calm office environment but feel very different when the market is acting irrationally. A better approach may be to think in terms of actual dollars. For example, if your latest monthly statement on your once-$750,000 portfolio now reads $598,000, how are you going to react? That's a 20% decline – not outside the realm of possibility – so if seeing the number in absolute terms raises concerns, it may be time to rethink things with the help of your advisor.
In addition to accurately determining your true risk tolerance, structuring the investment portfolio that's right for you means revisiting basic considerations such as asset allocation.
Although neither will ensure a profit or guarantee against a loss, asset allocation and diversification are foundational elements of any financial plan. Your true risk tolerance, along with your time horizon, provides guidelines for allocating your capital among different asset classes, and each carries its own level of risk. These include stocks, bonds, cash and other investments.
The classic balanced portfolio of 60% stocks / 40% bonds can provide a good initial reference point, but there's also nothing wrong with cash, especially for near-term goals. Keeping a portion of your portfolio liquid also can help you remain calm during volatile markets and let you potentially take advantage of possible bargains that may crop up.
Your advisor can be very helpful here, so it's vital to provide him or her with your total financial picture, including securities you hold in other accounts, property such as vacation homes or boats – anything that represents a significant part of your overall wealth. Bear in mind, too, that market movements will affect your overall asset allocation mix and may require readjusting your portfolio.
Your advisor can help you find the mix that's best for you at this particular stage of life, as well. Every life event, from graduation to the birth of a child to divorce, should remind you to take another look at your allocation to ensure it reflects your current tolerance for risk.
Although asset allocation can seem complex, it actually proceeds from a simple question: What do you want your money to do? Your answer will largely determine where you are on the risk spectrum.
When you'll need the money, your time horizon, plays heavily into what asset classes you include in your portfolio. You'll likely make different investment decisions depending on whether you're saving for a short-term goal, like a down payment on a home, or a longer-term one, like retirement. Short-term needs may be met with cash or cash alternatives, like CDs, while long-term plans might require the growth potential offered through equities.
Someone just starting out may be willing to assume greater investment risk as a trade-off for potentially higher returns given the longer time frame available to offset potential losses. On the other hand, others who are approaching retirement or need more liquidity may prefer less risky investments.
Once you and your advisor have settled on an overall asset allocation, make certain you are well-diversified within each asset class and investment style. Non-correlated investments, those that move independently of each other, can help your portfolio weather market gyrations better, knowing something is likely to gain ground when another asset is underperforming. In addition to tempering volatility, owning a variety of securities can provide exposure to multiple opportunities that could elevate your overall portfolio.
Compounding, which is the time-tested strategy of letting your investments continue to grow unabated. As you accumulate more wealth, it in turn may multiply itself over time.
To help set yourself on a disciplined path to reaching your goals, whatever they are, work with your advisor to determine how much to save over each time period and automate those investments to give yourself the best chance of reaching them. Automated investing programs offered by many employers allow you to "pay yourself first" with an automatic monthly transfer to your investment account. Doing so will enable you to "dollar cost average" your investment buys and possibly benefit from the power of compounding. It's time in the market, not timing the market, that potentially produces results.
The financial markets have an endless capacity to surprise, so it's important to remain flexible and think of your financial plan as dynamic – something built on time-tested principals but also something you revisit periodically and can revise if conditions change fundamentally. Also, be sure your advisor knows about any significant changes in your life and/or your financial objectives, so you both can be sure your plan stays on track.
*Dollar cost averaging does not assure a profit and does not protect against loss. It invovles continuous investment regardless of fluctuating price levels of such securities. Investors should consider their financial ability to continue purchases through periods of low price levels.
Diversification and asset allocation do not ensure a profit or protection against a loss. Investing involves risk and you may incur a profit or loss regardless of strategy selected.


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Politicians should get wings clipped on infrastructure
By Ross Gittins
December 3, 2017 — 2.03pm
The more our ever-more "professional" politicians put political tactics ahead of economic strategy – put staying in government ahead of governing well – the more pressure they come under to cede more of their power to independent authorities.
The obvious instance is our move in the mid-1990s to transfer control over interest rates ("monetary policy") from the elected government to the independent central bank.
Shifting interest rates away from those tempted to move rates down before elections and up after them has proved far better for the stability of the economy.
Another issue on which voters don't trust politicians to make good decisions – mainly because of the risk of collusion between them – is their own remuneration.
Promises to build particular projects in a state, or even an electorate, are a key device all parties use to buy votes in election campaigns. Credit:Louie Douvis
So, first, responsibility for setting politicians' salaries, and now, their expenses, has been handed over to independent bodies.
Then there was the Gonski report's proposal that responsibility for determining the size of grants to public, Catholic and independent schools be taken away from deal-making pollies and given to a properly constituted authority, following rational and transparent criteria.
The idea was rejected by Julia Gillard but, particularly now the amazing variance in the deals Labor did with different school systems has been revealed under the Coalition's version of Gonski, there's still hope we'll end up with an independent, rules-based grants authority.
Some years ago, the Business Council took up a proposal by Dr Nicholas Gruen for the example set by monetary policy to be spread to fiscal (budget) policy. An independent body would set the budget's key parameters – for spending, revenue and budget balance – leaving the government to decide the specific measures to take within those parameters.
Infrastructure Australia chief executive Philip Davies and Victorian Treasurer Tim Pallas. Credit:Ben Rushton
The idea didn't gain traction, but it may have boosted the push for independent evaluation of infrastructure projects.
You can see an acknowledgement that "something needs to be done" in the establishment of Infrastructure Australia by the Rudd government, and its rejig by the Abbott government, as a supposedly "independent statutory body providing independent research and advice to all levels of government".
The second Sydney airport is a huge new infrastructure project. Credit:Katherine Griffiths
Trouble is, the authority has little authority. Its role is to create the illusion of independent evaluation and reformed behaviour, while the reality continues unchanged.
There's no obligation for even the federal government to have all major projects evaluated, for them to be evaluated before a government commits to them and begins work, nor for those evaluations to be made public as soon as they're completed, so voters can debate the merits of particular projects with hard evidence.
Promises to build particular projects in a state, or even an electorate, are a key device all parties use to buy votes in election campaigns.
As Marion Terrill, of the Grattan Institute, has demonstrated, few of the projects promised by the government, opposition and Greens at last year's election had been ticked by Infrastructure Australia, and many of those it had ticked weren't on anyone's list of promises.
Terrill's research has revealed the huge proportion of government spending on capital works that's unlikely to yield much economic or social return to taxpayers.
For some years the Reserve Bank, backed by the International Monetary Fund and the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, has argued that fiscal policy should be doing more to help monetary policy get our economy back to trend growth by spending more on worthwhile infrastructure projects. These would add to demand in the short run, and to supply capacity in the medium run by improving private sector productivity.
This changed approach would involve shifting the focus of fiscal policy from the overall budget deficit (including capital works spending) to the more meaningful recurrent or operating deficit.
This year's budget seemingly accepted this proposal, promising to give great prominence to the NOB – net operating balance – and announcing two huge new infrastructure projects: the second Sydney airport and the Melbourne to Brisbane inland freight railway.
See the problem? Government infrastructure spending does wonders for the economy only if the money's spent on much-needed projects. As a proper evaluation would show, the inland railway is a waste of money (the product of a deal with the Nationals).
So it's little wonder that cities and infrastructure are the third big item, after healthcare and education, on the Productivity Commission's new agenda for micro-economic reform.
It's first recommendation? "It is essential that governments ensure that proposed projects are subject to benefit-cost evaluations and that these, as well as evaluations of alternative proposals for meeting objectives, are available for public scrutiny before decisions are made."
This is something the professed believers in Smaller Government, and those professing to be terribly worried about lifting our productivity, should be making much more noise about.
Ross Gittins is the Economics Editor of The Sydney Morning Herald.


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Home - Scholarships - Edinburgh Trust Latest LLM Scholarships, UK-2022
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Edinburgh Law School is ecstatic to be able to provide funding options for exceptional and deserving students to pursue their legal study in the United law.
This Scholarships for LLM by Research are available for the academic year 2022-2023. The Edinburgh Legal Education Trust is offering a one-year scholarship that can be offered dependent on the students' progress. This monetary award of £10,926 is open to both domestic and international students who apply for an LLM by Research degree at the University of Edinburgh.
✅ Interesting Facts About Edinburgh Law School
✅ Brief Description
✅ Eligibility
✅ How to Apply
✅ Scholarships Benefits
This University, one of the world's top universities, houses the Edinburgh Law School. In the 2019 Times Higher Education World University Rankings for Law, the law school is rated 17th.
Why should you go to the University of Edinburgh to study?
The open and multidisciplinary traditions of Scots law are at the heart of Edinburgh Law School. They are a fully comprehensive law school devoted to being an open, inclusive, and socially responsible member of the society that affects civic change both locally and globally.
Established in 1707, is a law school affiliated with the University of Edinburgh in Edinburgh, Scotland, United Kingdom. It is housed in the historic Old College, the University's first campus. Two of the twelve justices on the Supreme Court of the United Kingdom, including the current President and Deputy President, are alumni of Edinburgh.
The University of Edinburgh was placed first in Scotland and fourth in the United Kingdom in the Research Excellence Framework, which was commissioned by the UK government in 2014. Edinburgh was ranked 10th in the UK in The Guardian's 2022 league table rankings. Edinburgh was ranked eighth in the UK in the Complete University Guide league rankings for 2022. Edinburgh was ranked 11th in the UK in the 2018 The Times league rankings.
Throughout its history, the School (or Faculty) of Law has hosted some of Europe's top legal minds. Professor Erskine's Principles (1754) and those of Professor George Joseph Bell became classic texts in Scots Law, and James Muirhead's work on Roman Law received international acclaim. As Regius Professor at Edinburgh in the twentieth century, the prominent legal theorist Professor Sir Neil MacCormick authored fundamental writings on legal philosophy.
Professor of European Union Law Professor Niamh Nic Shuibhne; academic and novelist Professor Alexander McCall Smith; former Judge at the European Court of First Instance Sir David Edward QC; former Scottish Law Commissioners Emeritus Professor George Gretton, Professor Hector MacQueen, Professor Gerry Maher QC, Professor Andrew Murray (architect of the Pan Am Flight 103 bombing trial).
Application Deadline: The application path for this scholarship closes on 9th May 2022.
University or Organization: Edinburgh Law School
Department: NA
Course Level: Master
Award: £10,926
Number of Awards: NA
Access Mode: Online
Nationality: International
The award can be taken in the UK.
Eligible Countries: Domestic and foreign national students are eligible to apply.
Eligible Course or Subjects: LLM degree by research at Edinburgh Law School can be applied for.
Eligibility Criteria: To be eligible, the applicants must meet all the following/given criteria:
The applicants must be accepted by the University of Edinburgh for the degree of LLM by Research.
The applicants must hold an honours degree in law or an ordinary degree in law plus an honours degree in a different discipline.
How to Apply: Admission applications for a PhD programme at the law school must be made online. Students are required to fill the scholarship application form and mail it to [email protected] to submit.
Supporting Documents: The students are required to present the following documents to the university:
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text:
1999 FY20 (asteroide 31571) é um asteroide da cintura principal. Possui uma excentricidade de 0.03773570 e uma inclinação de 3.44515º.

Este asteroide foi descoberto no dia 25 de março de 1999 por Klet em Kleť.

Ver também
 Lista de asteroides
 Asteroide da cintura principal

Ligações externas

Asteroides da cintura principal
Objetos astronômicos descobertos em 1999

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


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On 03/28/2019 a Palmer Grand Jury returned a true bill on Ian McCleod Lleshi, age 35 of Willow for Felony Eluding, Assault in the Third Degree on a Police Officer, Assault in the Third Degree, Criminal Mischief in the Third Degree, five additional counts of Burglary in the First Degree, one additional count of Burglary in the Second Degree, and five additional counts of Theft in the Second Degree, following an investigation by a Mat-Su West patrol Trooper of incidents occurring from Willow to Trapper Creek. Charges for six additional misdemeanors for Criminal Mischief and Criminal Trespass were also filed.
On 10/22/18 at 4:30 p.m., AST contacted Ian Lleshi at a residence on E. Good Fishin Avenue in the Caswell Lakes Subdivision in Willow. Lleshi was in possession of numerous stolen items confirmed from 3 separate incidents in the previous month in the Willow area. Lleshi was arrested for the original charges of Burglary in the 1st Degree x 3 counts, Burglary in the 2nd Degree, Vehicle Theft in the 1st Degree x 2 counts, Theft in the 2nd Degree x 3 counts, Theft in the 3rd Degree, and Criminal Mischief in the 4th Degree x 3 counts. Lleshi was transported to the MSPT facility in Palmer and remanded into custody where he was held without bail. Investigation continues regarding other incidents in the area including the vehicle pursuit.
On 10/09/2018, at approximately 7:27 a.m., the Alaska State Troopers attempted to stop a grey 1999 Dodge 1500 pick-up truck near mile 63 of the Parks Highway in Willow for speeding and driving recklessly. Investigation revealed the truck failed to stop and a traffic pursuit ensued. The truck eluded AST by driving in excess of the speed limit and nearly colliding with a civilian vehicle. AST attempted to safely end the pursuit by using the pursuit intervention maneuver (PIT), but the truck took evasive maneuvers and struck the patrol vehicle. The driver exited the truck while it was still in motion and fled on foot into the woods near the Nancy Lake Parkway. An AST K9, AST Helo 3 and State Park Rangers searched the area, but were not able to locate the suspect. Further investigation revealed the truck was stolen from a residence on Dolly Varden Drive in Willow.
Anyone with information about this incident or who had to take evasive action to avoid a collision during the pursuit is encouraged to contact the Alaska State Troopers at 352-5401 or Crime Stoppers at 745-3333. This incident is still under investigation.


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To avail special price for the residents of Bangladesh, please
The Inheritance Powder
By Hilary Standing (Author)
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First Published: 2016	No. of Pages: 356	Weight (kg): 1
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*UPL edition is only for sale in South and Southeast Asian region. Please order from Amazon.co.uk or RedDoor Publishing website if you are not in this region. Thanks.
This novel is a work of fiction based on a real situation. A well-intentioned development programme, executed over many years, to provide clean drinking water to rural people in Bangladesh produced what has been described as the worst mass chemical poisoning in human history. The novel is set in 2003 but the slow poisoning by arsenic of millions of people in the affected areas continues to this day. A comprehensive, long term solution remains elusive.
Bangladesh is not alone in having this problem. Naturally occurring arsenic is a common contaminant of groundwater across the world, particularly in deltaic regions, but Bangladesh remains by far the worst affected country. One of the most detailed accounts of this catastrophe can be found in Venomous Earth: How arsenic caused the world's worst mass poisoning (Macmillan 2005) by Andrew Meharg, then Professor of Biogeochemistry at Aberdeen University and a world expert on arsenic contamination. In the writing of this novel, I have drawn on this and many other international and local sources on arsenic contamination. I have also drawn on the legal judgement in the House of Lords in 2006 relating to a court case taken out by a group of Bangladeshi citizens. The case alleged that a UK agency involved in the geological assessment of aquifers for Bangladesh's tubewell digging programme was negligent for not testing for arsenic in the groundwater.
These facts provided inspiration, but the story is entirely fictional. All characters, organisations and events are imaginary, including all named agencies and Government departments. The town and district of Shimulganj are also my inventions. The city of Dhaka is real, as are major landmarks such as the Liberation War Museum, but readers who know the city intimately may spot one or two small liberties with its geography. Beyond this, any resemblance to existing or former organisations and to individuals, alive or dead, is purely coincidental.
This book features in: Literature and Fiction Novels
Blame... Dilruba Z. Ara
A List Of Offences... Dilruba Z. Ara
Fire of Bengal... Eva Wimmer
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ইউপিএল বার্ষিক গ্রন্থ প্রদর্শনী ২০১৬ | UPL Grand Sale 2016 16/09/2016
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(CreditMan) - Herron Fisher, insolvency practitioners, have been appointed administrators of Vinance Plc, a well-known wine portfolio manager / broker. Based in Greenwich, London, Vinance Plc manages more than GBP £50 million worth of fine wine assets for thousands of investor clients in nine countries. Herron Fisher have now taken over the day-to-day control and management of the company, which was put into administration in the High Court on Friday 16 November 2012. Herron Fisher will aim to rescue the company as a going concern, or failing that achieve a better result for the company's creditors as a whole than would be likely if the company was simply wound up (liquidated).


text:
Q: PHP $_GET variable usage When using the $_GET functionality, I'm getting errors sometimes and warning other times and I wanted to know why.
The below snip-it works:
Fries: $_GET[chkFries]

But, when I put a single quote around chkFries, I get an error, why?
The below snip-it works:
if(!empty($_GET["chkFries"]))

But, when I remove the double quotes, I get the following error, why?

Notice: Use of undefined constant chkFries - assumed 'chkFries' in /var/www/html/checkBoxDemo/checkBoxDemo.php on line 20

Below are two files in my program.

<TITLE>Fast food ordering</TITLE>

Menu

<FORM action = "checkBoxDemo.php">

<input type="checkbox" name="chkFries" value="1.00">Fries

<input type="checkbox" name="chkSoda" value="0.50">Soda

<input type="checkbox" name="chkBurger" value="2.00">Burger

<input type="checkbox" name="chkShake" value="0.25">Shake

<input type="submit">
</FORM>

PHP Program

    Check Box Demo PHP

This is what you ordered

<?PHP
print <<<HERE

Fries: $_GET[chkFries]

Soda: $_GET[chkSoda]

Burger: $_GET[chkBurger]

Shake: $_GET[chkShake]

HERE;

$total=0;

if(!empty($_GET["chkFries"]))
$total=$total+$_GET['chkFries'];

if (!empty($_GET['chkSoda']))
$total=$total+$_GET['chkSoda'];

if (!empty($_GET['chkBurger']))
$total=$total+$_GET['chkBurger'];

if (!empty($_GET['chkShake']))
$total=$total+$_GET['chkShake'];

print "Your total is: $total";
?>

A: You have several issues:

*

*Your
 tags needs closing

*Using quotes inside a quoted block can be problematic

I suggest you simplify things a bit:
print "Fries: " . $_GET["chkFries"] . "
" .
    "Soda: " . $_GET["chkSoda"] . "
" .
    "Burger: " . $_GET["chkBurger"] . "
" .
    "Shake: " . $_GET["chkShake"] . "
";

A: FYI
First of all: NEVER use unescaped $_GET, $_POST, $_REQUEST, $_SESSION. Further reading: http://phpsecurity.readthedocs.org/en/latest/Cross-Site-Scripting-%28XSS%29.html
Secondly, you should post the notice. It looks like you are using undfined variables. As long as you have no value for your checkbox, the variable will not exist. For example when you are browsing to this site for the first time.
Solution
<?php

  $order = array();

  $order['fries'] = htmlentities($_GET["chkFries"]);
  // Copy and past for the rest

?>

This is what you ordered

  <? if($fries) ?>
    Fries: <? echo $fries; ?>
  <? endif ?>

  <?

    $total = 0;

    foreach ($order as $price) {
      if($price > 0) $total += $price;
    }

    echo "Your total is: $total";

  ?>

This code is untested.
Reason for the notice
You have been using constans in your arrays because of the missing quotation marks in your HERE section.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
All posts tagged "chicago public schools"
Chance the Rapper Continues to Raise Money for Chicago Public Schools
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text:
Ohio School Funding Falls Below Inflation Over Past Decade, Funding Gaps Remain Between Rich and Poor
It is a reality across America that when state and local school revenues are combined, the school districts serving our society's wealthiest children continue to have the most money to spend on teachers and curriculum and enrichment while the school districts serving our poorest children have the least resources. It has also been confirmed again and again that when poverty is concentrated—that is when a high percentage of children in a school are very poor—the school's financial needs are much greater.
Surely it should not surprise us, then, that in a new report, Howard Fleeter, an economist and school funding analyst at the Ohio Education Policy Institute, demonstrates that in Ohio, in the twenty years since the Ohio Supreme Court found Ohio's school funding unconstitutional and Ohio revised its funding formula, more money continues to be invested in the education of students in wealthy suburbs than in poorer rural and urban schools. Fleeter begins the report with a bit of background: "After the first Supreme Court ruling in the DeRolph lawsuit on March 24, 1997, a state panel was assembled to review and revise Ohio's school funding formula. FY1999 was the first year that new formula was implemented."
Fleeter examines funding in 604 of the state's school districts by separating Ohio's school districts into quintiles based on the local property tax base in each district. He finds that over two decades, revenue has increased for all Ohio school districts, but the nuances are far more complicated: "First, there is a pronounced trend in each of the two 10-year periods after DeRolph showing that the largest increases in local revenues were in the wealthiest school districts, while the smallest increases were in the poorest school districts… Second, there is a very stark difference in the pattern of state aid from FY99 to FY09 vs. that from FY09 to FY19. From FY99 to FY09 the inflation adjusted state average increase in per pupil state resources was $870 per pupil, while there was a -$64 pupil inflation-adjusted decrease in state resources per pupil during the FY09 to FY19 time frame… Finally,, in terms of total state and local resources… the first 10 years after the DeRolph ruling was responsible for the bulk of the increase in total resources apparent since FY99."
Covering Fleeter's new report, the Columbus Dispatch's Jim Siegel explains why state funding increased in the first decade after the decision and then dropped in the most recent decade after the Great Recession in 2008 and 2009. State policies over the decade have further intensified what the recession began: "GOP leaders also eliminated the tangible personal property tax, which more than a decade ago generated about $1.1 billion per year for schools. For a time, state officials reimbursed schools for those losses, but that has largely been phased out…. And finally, there are Gov. John Kasich's funding formula and fiscal priorities, including income-tax cuts that have meant an estimated $3 billion less in available revenue each year."
Siegel quotes Fleeter in an interview about the new report: "Clearly, he (Gov. Kasich) has prioritized reducing the income tax and has done that at every possibility. Those revenues, if we had them, would go a long way toward making (the numbers) look different." Fleeter also tells Siegel that Governor Kasich's school funding formula has made funding less equitable: "The formula itself is kind of just spraying money in a not-very-targeted way."
And the problem isn't that poor local school districts are failing to try to pass their local levies and do their part locally. Fleeter's report explores the role of local tax effort across school districts: "(T)he wealthiest school districts… have the lowest tax effort… and the poorest school districts in Ohio… have the second highest tax effort…. The Tax Effort measure shows that when ability to pay is taken into account, the low wealth districts are levying taxes at the highest rate relative to their income, while the highest wealth districts are levying taxes at the lowest rate relative to income."
For Ohio Statehouse News Jason Aubrey also interviews Fleeter about the new report and the problem of Ohio's continuing over reliance on local property taxes. Fleeter tells Aubrey: "The poor districts, no matter how hard they try to get their voters to support levies, just can't raise enough money." Aubrey demonstrates Fleeter's analysis with an example from Franklin County: "Let's say a low wealth district like Hamilton Local School District in Franklin County were to ask voters to pass a 1 mill levy. Even if they did, the levy would not bring in as much money as if a high wealth district like Upper Arlington City Schools were to ask its voters to pass a 1 mill levy. That's because the property values are different in both areas."
Fleeter's new report concludes: "(W)hile state & local revenues have increased for all wealth quintiles, the lowest wealth districts still have lower total revenues per pupil than do the highest wealth districts… This is an indication that the funding gap between low wealth and high wealth districts has not been narrowed appreciably since the DeRolph decision."
This entry was posted in Addressing Child Poverty & Inequality, Equity & Opportunity to Learn and tagged funding gap remains between Ohio's richest and poorest school districts, new report from Ohio Education Policy Institute's Howard Fleeter on Ohio school funding, Ohio school funding, state funding in Ohio has fallen in most recent decade. Bookmark the permalink.
← Bill Lager, David Brennan, and Ron Packard: Swindlers Stealing Tax Dollars from Ohio Public Schools
William Mathis: What Standardized Tests Measure and What They Can't Tell Us →
2 thoughts on "Ohio School Funding Falls Below Inflation Over Past Decade, Funding Gaps Remain Between Rich and Poor"
drext727 says:
Reblogged this on David R. Taylor-Thoughts on Education and commented:
As long as they keep wasting money on Charter Schools, this will continue.
Susan Kaeser says:
This is really clear. Thanks for writing it. Should the coalition sponsor a forum on school funding? Susie
Sent from Mail for Windows 10


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I have always considered my inclination to anarchy to be irreducible to a politics. Anarchist commitments run deeper. They are more intimate, concerning supposedly personal or private matters; but they also overflow the instrumental realm of getting things done. Over time, I have shifted from thinking that anarchist commitments are more than a politics to thinking that they are something other than a politics. I continue to return to this latter formulation. It requires thinking things through, not just picking a team; it is more difficult to articulate and it is more troubling to our inherited common sense. I do not think I am alone in this. It has occurred to some of us to register this feeling of otherness by calling our anarchist commitments an ethics. It has also occurred to some of us to call these commitments anti-political. I think these formulations are, for many of us, implicitly interlinked, though hardly interchangeable. What concerns me here in the main is the challenge of what it could mean to live out our commitments as an ethics—though I think the relevance of this thinking to anti-politics will be clarified as well.
When we use the term "ethical" we're never referring to a set of precepts capable of formulation, of rules to observe, of codes to establish. Coming from us, the word "ethical" designates everything having to do with forms-of-life. ... No formal ethics is possible. There is only the interplay of forms-of-life among themselves, and the protocols of experimentation that guide them locally.
Many of us have been able to reject morality as a form of social control, as the stultifying pressure of the Mass on us, as imposed or self-imposed limitation on what we do and what we are capable of doing. Much the same could be said for any ethical universalism which, though emphasizing ways of life and not moral codes or injunctions, tends to homogenize ways of life in the name of a shared good; it does so by surreptitiously presupposing that good and treating it as a natural fact or self-evident transcultural reality. In short, it rejects transcendent morality only to re-introduce it immanently. Our rejection of this single Good went often enough in the direction of pluralism: the story went that there were many Goods, many valid or desirable forms of life. This seemed obvious enough, even intuitive, to many of us. The story went well with anarchist principles of decentralization and voluntary association, and resonated with many in the years when anti-globalization rhetoric emphasized Multiculturalism as a practice of resistance and The Local as the site of its practice. It also made sense, or at least was useful, insofar as it was an efficient way to communicate an anarchist perspective to non-anarchists, especially to potential anarchists.
I have come to realize, after what I now recognize to be good deal of confusion, if not unconscious hedging, that even as I labored on the limits of pluralism, my thinking was incongruous with that position. My writing and conversations repeatedly gestured in the direction of another position, irreducible to universalism and ever more desperate attempts at pluralism. It is a nihilism that denies the validity of the singular Good at the heart of universalism, as well as the distinct senses of the Good at the heart of pluralism. For nihilists, the only ethical gesture is negative: a rejection of the claims to authority of universalism and pluralism. For us, all such claims are empty, groundless, ultimately meaningless. And this is what was really at stake in distinguishing ethics and morality. My idea of a happy life is not something I reason my way to, or choose, but rather something that manifests senselessly... but I can use my reasoning (my judgment, even!) to help in pushing back, reducing, destroying everything that blocks my way of life.
This report on what must be not only my own trajectory, but also part of the history of the last twenty-five years (more or less for some others) is due in part to some crucial pages in Duane Rousselle's After Post-Anarchism that consolidated this thought of nihilism for me. Rousselle argues that the nihilist position I have just described has always been the ethical core of anarchism, and that we are now in a moment where this may finally be recognized.
I want to respond to After Post-Anarchism because it contains that significant provocation. Unfortunately, for most of its readers, this book cannot but be an exotic object. To whatever degree it discusses familiar ideas or even lived situations, it does so through arcane routes. Yes, it is difficult reading; but it is not by engaging with what is most difficult in it that readers will happen upon the few remarkable insights that it contains. Rousselle's writing is difficult because of the density of his references and because of an unfortunate penchant for wordiness and digression. Although I would be the last to say that every idea articulated in theoretical or abstract terms can also be phrased in ordinary, so-called accessible language, I suspect that much of what I find valuable in After Post-Anarchism can indeed be restated otherwise. I intend to do so here. As I noted, this aspect of After Post-Anarchism struck me as an unusually clear formulation of thoughts I had been struggling to express for years (among other places, in the pages of this magazine). So, instead of a broader critique of post-anarchism (which Rousselle has a knack for folding back into a plea for its relevance) I will limit myself to some brief remarks about his misprision of the respective roles of theory and practice.
Post-anarchism receives numerous formulations in this book, but really only two definitions. The first is simply that it is a "discursive strategy" (31): not so much a theory as the outcome of ongoing discussions and debates in a theoretical space where anarchism, post-structuralism, and new social movements (as theorized by their participants and outsiders) intersect. In this respect I could make many objections or clarifications, but I will simply note that for such investigations to proceed as Rousselle intends, anarchism (as "classical anarchism," 4 and passim) must be interpreted as "anarchist philosophy," sometimes "traditional anarchist philosophy" (39 and passim). The second definition, which follows from the first but is more provocative, is that post-anarchism "is simply anarchism folded back onto itself" (136). For Rousselle this means an anarchic questioning of the ethical basis of anarchism, a search for the anarchy in anarchism; he later specifies his own version of this folding in terms of the distinction between manifest and latent contents of statements.
One more critical remark about the weakness in this approach. Rousselle describes post-anarchism in a third way, and this one is not so much a definition as an illustration. He writes that post-anarchism is the "new paradigm" (126) of anarchist thought: "The paradigm shift... that made its way into the anarchist discourse, as 'post-anarchism,' allowed for the realization and elucidation of the ethical component of traditional anarchist philosophy" (129). He is so zealous in his promotion of this term that several times in his book he annexes authors who explicitly reject the term, such as Uri Gordon and Gabriel Kuhn, to the cause. This all seems to me to be in bad taste. There is also a more profound problem at stake: paradigm shifts do not happen because one says they do. The declarative, performative wishes evidenced whenever Rousselle uses the language of advancement or progress, as though what was at stake here was a science, tell us much about his intentions, but always fall flat in terms of convincingness. Even if there is a paradigm shift at work in anarchist theory (or practice!), there is no reason to consider the shift as an improvement. We are probably just catching up to an increasingly complex, chaotic, and uncontrollable world. So I fault him for misunderstanding what a paradigm shift is, for wildly exaggerating the overall importance of post-anarchism, and for framing anarchism too abstractly as an inchoate philosophy. Nevertheless, returning to my principal reasons for writing this essay, I will now praise Rousselle, for some of what he writes about ethics.
Early in After Post-Anarchism Rousselle states that, answering what he calls "the question of place" (roughly, on what grounds do you make an ethical claim?) there are three types of responses. There are universalist theories, which state that "there is a shared objective essence that grounds all normative principles irrespective of the stated values of independently situated subjects or social groups" (41). This would include most religiously grounded moralities, as well as appeals to human nature. Most such theories are absolutist, but they need not all be so; utilitarianism is an example of a "normative theory that proposes that the correct solution is the one that provides the greatest good to the majority of the population." The second set of theories, which corresponds to what I called pluralism in the opening section, is what Rousselle refers to as ethical relativism. "Relativists believe that social groups do indeed differ in their respective ethical value systems and that each respective system constitutes a place of ethical discourse"(43). That is, there are different systems (of belief, culture, custom, etc.) that may ground morals. Again, there is an interesting subset, a limit-case: "At the limit of relativist ethics is the belief that the unique subject is the place from which ethical principles are thought to arise"(43). This corresponds to most types of individualism.
The provocation I am underlining in Rousselle's book is that, rather than try once more to save pluralism by pushing it farther into a parodic relativism, he pursues what he calls ethical nihilism. His first stab at a definition runs: "ethical nihilism is the belief that ethical truths, if they can be said to exist at all, derive from the paradoxical non-place within the heart of any place" (43). That is, nihilism denies the ground, or at least the grounding or claim to grounding, in ethical universalism and pluralism. "Nihilists seek to discredit and/or interrupt all universalist and relativist responses to the question of place [...] nihilists are critics of all that currently exists and they raise this critique against all such one-sided foundations and systems" (44–45). Obviously, this completes the triplicity with which I began this essay.
Now, most anarchists will drop off at some point in the chain of implication, judging it to have gone too far past what they regard as common sense. (Our enemies might be less inclined to think they have gone too far.) What does this mean? Roughly speaking, that under analysis the initial emphases on opposition to state or religious authority give way to an unbounded hostility to all authority; that the opposition to political representation opens onto being against all representation; and that the critique of the unfoundedness of existing moral codes concludes in a sense of the ungroundedness of all morality. And they do so in two senses: historically, as the overall tendency of anarchism has sufficient time to develop (that it will be repressed and denied by its adherents as well as enemies is not evidence against this); and psychologically or subjectively, since this overall tendency is also an intimate matter in the life of individuals, part of the unconscious of its first and present proponents (and so analogous claims about repression by adherents and enemies most certainly apply).
Rousselle suggests that, although most post-anarchists thought they were improving upon anarchism or developing its intuitions, they were in fact rendering it more docile, because more akin to liberal ideals; he, on the other hand, has revealed its nihilist core, its true and original inclination to anarchy. The problem now becomes: when anarchists disavow this nihilist core, opting for some version of relativism (or universalism!), how do we answer them? For the same reasons that I do not take Kropotkin's or Bakunin's manifest ideas as my guides, I do not take what analysis might reveal as their latent content as my guide. And if I do not find this kind of argumentation compelling, why would I use it on another? This is where Rousselle's intellectualist assumptions undercut the force of his claims. I do think, however, that the ethical nihilist position is at the core of most anarchist discourse and practice, as its latent content. That is, I think he is basically right, not specifically about so-called classical anarchism, but, proximately and for the most part, about anarchists. Rousselle's psychoanalytically inspired method of reading texts should be transformed into a rhetoric, or rather a counter-rhetoric, that can intervene in the present more directly. What he does with old texts, others might be able to do with people, groups, and contemporary texts. But how and when to use this counter-rhetoric? The least I can say is that I am not in the business of convincing anyone about what they really think. I may well keep my analysis to myself, or state it in resignation of being misunderstood; or I may use it to attack. Whatever the case, the nihilist position will be known in that it exposes the differend between itself and the others, and between the others and themselves.
In my language, the negation corresponds to ethics as a way of life; the account of error, to what I call a counter-rhetoric. I praise Rousselle, then, because he contributed to a defense of what is negative in anarchism, while also hinting at a defense of negativity as such. He makes space for us to read passages such as the one by Mackie, above, creatively, offering them to us as lessons—logical lessons about what anarchy means. Its core is the negation.
Such logical lessons are useful, arguably necessary, if we want to discard hope at this juncture and think with more sobriety. Most of the thinking from this perspective remains to be done. It concerns the conjunctions and disjunctions between several senses of nihilism. First, there are those most familiar in the milieu as positions: nihilist anarchy and nihilist communism. Second, there is nihilism as a theoretical concern in other writers, from Jacobi to Baudrillard. Lastly, there is the diagnostic sense of nihilism inherited from Nietzsche. Articulating these with the ethical nihilism Rousselle discovers/invents at the core of anarchism will be a complicated task, so I will limit myself here to an enumeration of provisional consequences stemming from what I have written so far. I offer these consequences as a relay from After Post-Anarchism's provocations to the thinking that remains to be done: to make it possible, to prepare it as best I know how. The first two consequences suggest how we might deploy the triplicity to understand and critique contemporary anarchist approaches. The latter two concern the broader relevance and context for ethical nihilism, setting out from the anarchist context.
The first consequence is that it is now clear that many contemporary anarchists confusedly combine ethical universalism with ethical pluralism; and ethical universalism with ethical nihilism. In a society like ours, one whose ideal is supposedly liberal democracy, we should expect pluralist language to be the most likely one in which radicals will offer their analysis and proposals. Community organizing, consciousness-raising, and so on, have obvious links to liberalism and are at best its radical forms. As a result, moralistic types — those who publically advocate a renewal of society, an improvement of government and management (as self-government, self-management), suggesting pluralist approaches — are likely to refuse to discuss or make explicit the universalist core of their thought. Others might advocate the same practices, while privately sensing or even admitting the hollowness of the values they defend. (One disingenuous result of these private/public conflicts is the unrestrained impulse to act no matter what, as though action can never be damaging or compromised, coupled with claims that it is all an experiment, that we are learning as we go, and so on.) This offers a new perspective on the emergence and significance of second-wave anarchy generally, including post-Left anarchy, green/anti-civilization anarchy, and, I suppose, post-anarchism as well, all of which might now be seen as attempts to analyze and reveal these contradictions, to make explicit the ways in which anarchist discourse was always at war with itself.
The second consequence complements the first: another set of anarchists confuses ethical pluralism with ethical nihilism. Here merely stating the ethical nihilist position coherently has effects. In this respect I think of those who might have overcome the liberal value-set in politics, advocating destruction of the existent, but continue to drift back to pluralist/relativist perspectives in everyday life and problem-solving due to a lack of imagination. This probably results from unconsciously positing a pluralist society as what comes after a destructive moment, while not consciously framing destructive action as having any particular goal beyond destruction of the existent. I should add here that it would be hasty to collapse the ethical nihilist position into any one practice or set of practices. Destructive practices, partial or absolute, do not follow mechanically from negation. Destruction is not the practical application of a negative theory. I am certainly not saying that destruction is not worthwhile as a practice or set of practices; but I am saying that nihilists by definition reject the overidentification of any practice with their negation of existing moralities and normative approaches to ethics. It is my sense that, once the nihilist position exists as something other than a caricature, the other positions will be increasingly undermined from within and without.
The third consequence is that ethical nihilism is more than a theory. It is a way of living and thinking, a form-of-life in which the two are not separate. That Rousselle discusses it only as a theory leaves it to the rest of us to elaborate what else it is, what it looks like, as some say, or how it is practiced. It is my sense that he was able to write this book because of events and situations in his life, in the milieu, in other places. So when I invoke the practical aspect of nihilism, having already said that it cannot be reduced to any practice or set of practices, I mean two things. First, that I mean to underline the unusual tone of all the practices of those that accept some version of the perspective that there is no Outside (to capitalism, civilization, or the existent), or that are profoundly skeptical about any proposed measures to get Outside. Second, that to speak of practices related to ethical nihilism continues to make it seem like a theory that endorses or suggests a course of action, while its interest is precisely that it may not do so. Monsieur Dupont's phrase Do Nothing is relevant here: "Do Nothing... was and remains a provocation. [...] Do Nothing is an immediate reflection of Do Something and its moral apparatus." From weird practices to doing nothing: this is precisely the enigmatic space where anti-politics converges with ethics. Yes, there is a gap, perhaps a colossal gap, between the implosion-moment of societies like ours and the eternal meaninglessness of value claims and moral codes. Anti-politics might be said only to address the former, while ethical nihilism ultimately invokes the latter. But anti-politics may also reveal ethical nihilism; our willful action may accelerate the ex- or implosion of the world to reveal more of the meaninglessness it has been designed to conceal.
The realm for the essence and event of nihilism is metaphysics itself, always assuming that by "metaphysics" we are not thinking of a doctrine or only of a specialized discipline of philosophy but of the fundamental structure of beings in their entirety ... Metaphysics is the space of history in which it becomes destiny for the supersensory world, ideas, God, moral law, the authority of reason, progress, the happiness of the greatest number, culture, and civilization to forfeit their constructive power and to become void.
Dare I add here that something of this condition was also gestured toward in a few precious texts on postmodernism, texts which raised tremendous questions about their present, and by extension ours, only to be buried in an avalanche of increasingly unimaginative discussions, as if to systematically shut down the possibility of such questioning?
What these four consequences add up to is perhaps something on the order of a paradigm shift that some of us are perhaps dimly beginning to perceive. Or perhaps it is much bigger and more terrifying than a paradigm shift could ever be. Rousselle overestimates the importance and centrality of post-anarchism to anarchist theory (and, needless to say, various milieus), and his claim that his theorizing after post-anarchism consolidates the shift from pluralist/relativist post-anarchism, with its reformist and radical liberal tendencies, and a fully nihilist theory expressing the latent destructive content of anarchism, is misplaced. But increasing emphasis on nihilist ideas, and the increasing prevalence of what could be called nihilist measures, is a condition that involves us all to some degree. And we have tried to think it through and respond. The call for an end to government instead of a better, more democratic, more egalitarian form of government is ancient. The call for the abolition of work instead of just, fair, or dignified work is decades old, at least. How many of us no longer criticize competition so as to contrast it with cooperation, but because the victory it offers is laughably meaningless? How many of us have more or less explicitly shifted from advocating a plurality of genders to pondering the conditions for the abolition of gender as such? What to make of the increasing opposition to programmatism and demands in moments of confrontation and occupation?
I intuit two things here: that pluralism seems to continually reveal its relativist core more and more often, and that the revelation of the relativist core will make it increasingly easier for the nihilist position to be stated, with all of its disruptive effects. Conversely, as I have suggested, merely stating the nihilist position coherently has effects. I propose that those interested make it their business to deploy the triplicity. To which I will immediately add: there will be stupid and parodic versions of this moment. For some of us this moment will be lived entirely as parody and stupidity. But there will also be, for some, an opportunity to refine what our anarchism has always meant, not as the direction history or society is going in, not as the truth of a tradition, or as an ideal of any sort, but as that which breaks from such orientations in the most absolute sense: the negating prefixes a-, an-, anti-... anti-politics as a provisional orientation, branching out into countless refusals. Our ethics emerges and gives itself to thought only where breaks and refusals clear a sufficient space. We know almost nothing about such spaces, so our ethics might also be defined as the provisional disorientation with which we approach our ways of living, the interminable and necessary skepticism that characterizes our thinking's motion.
 "Il senso più comune non è il più vero," wrote the heretic Giordano Bruno: "The most common sense is not the truest." The type of thinking I invoke here takes its distance from what the Mass regards as common sense.
 Theory of Bloom</em>, LBC Books version, 144. These phrases condense an entire trajectory of writing on ethics that encompasses Deleuze, Agamben, and Badiou, beginning, naturally, with Spinoza and Nietzsche.
 I do not intend to attack what is all too easy to criticize in a book framed as an intervention into post-anarchism, a topic that I am not concerned with, and which I am sure is less than popular with the readership of AJODA. I happily leave the task of settling the accounts of this book with the proponents and opponents of post-anarchism to those who find it worthwhile. I similarly leave to one side the discussion of the relation of Georges Bataille's ideas to ethical nihilism in the book's final chapter.
 Rousselle only makes occasional references to "classical" anarchists other than Kropotkin, who is his major case study. I take it this is because Kropotkin is thought of as the most explicitly ethical of the original anarchists, and also because he has been the object of sustained attention among post-anarchists.
 Rousselle frames this claim as a claim about theory, and the conditions under which theories are formulated. He does not frame this as a historical argument, although the idea of conditions obviously implies theory. For example, he references in passing the shared approach of the Russian Nihilists and Kropotkin in a discussion of an article by John Slatter: "Slatter took Kropotkin at his word when he argued that '[anarchists must] bend the knee to no authority whatsoever, however respected [...] accept no principle so long as it is unestablished by reason' (Kropotkin as quoted in Slatter, 261). Here, however, Kropotkin's rationalism was maintained but only to reveal a useful parallel: 'The appeal to reason rather than to tradition or custom in moral matters is one made earlier in Russian intellectual history by the so-called 'nihilists'' (ibid.). Like Kropotkin, the Russian 'nihilists' (or 'The New People', as they were called) adopted a rationalist/positivist discourse as a way to achieve a distance from the authority of the church and consequently from metaphysical philosophies. The meta-ethics of Kropotkin's work … thus reveals, not 'mutual aid,' but a tireless negativity akin to the spirit of the Russian nihilists: '[the anarchist must] fight against existing society with its upside-down morality and look forward to the day when it would be no more' (Kropotkin as cited by Slatter, ibid)" (146–147).
 This is obviously where one should reiterate the argument made by Shawn Wilbur and Jesse Cohn against the first wave of post-anarchists: they had built their collective case on a caricaturesque reduction of historical anarchists in their reconstruction of "classical anarchism." Many egoists, for example, explicitly stated what Rousselle claims can only be grasped as a latent content (i.e. what appears only when explicit statements are analyzed). The best one can say about Rousselle's analysis in this regard is that it destabilizes what many consider to be the center and the margins of the anarchist tradition, or canon. But it does leave one wondering why he discusses Kropotkin at such length instead of Stirner or Novatore, for example, who are referenced only in passing. Is there something at stake for him in emphasizing ethical nihilism as a latent content as opposed to a manifest one?
 For those not familiar with it, this term was introduced by John Moore to refer to anarchist theory and practice after the Situationist International. It might be considered telling that Moore offered the term in a review of a foundational post-anarchist book by Todd May. The review was originally published in Anarchist Studies, but I know it from a zine called Second Wave Anarchy.
 "Nietzsche's word: God is Dead," in Off the Beaten Track, 165.
 A useful term I borrow from Théorie Communiste. As they define it: "a theory and practice of class struggle in which the proletariat finds, in its drive toward liberation, the fundamental elements of a future social organisation which become the programme to be realised. This revolution is thus the affirmation of the proletariat, whether as a dictatorship of the proletariat, workers' councils, the liberation of work, a period of transition, the withering of the state, generalised self-management, or a 'society of associated producers'." "Much Ado About Nothing," in Endnotes 1, 155.


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Home > Products > Better World Arts Magnetic Bookmark - Shorty Robertson
Better World Arts Magnetic Bookmark - Shorty Robertson
These cute little bookmarks clasp over the page and attach via a magnet. Each bookmark has an image and story about the artist on the back. Australian Made.
The artist and artwork -
Shorty Jangala Robertson was born at Jila (Chilla Well), a large soakage and claypan north west of Yuendumu, a remote Aboriginal community located 290 kms north-west of Alice Springs in the NT. He lived a nomadic hunter-gatherer lifestyle with his parents and extended Warlpiri family.
His childhood memories consist of stories associated with the Coniston massacre of Aboriginal people. Families were also shot at Wantaparri, close to Jila. Shorty Jangala Robertson had virtually no contact with white fellas during his youth but remembered leaving Jila for Mt Theo 'to hide' from being shot. His father died at Mt Theo. He moved with his mother to Mt Doreen Station, and subsequently the new settlement of Yuendumu. During World War II, the army took people from Yuendumu to the other Warlpiri settlement at Lajamanu. Shorty was taken and separated from his mother; however, she came to get him on foot and together they travelled hundreds of miles back to Chilla Well.
Drought food and medical supplies forced Shorty and his family back to Yuendumu from time to time. His working life was full of adventure and hard work for different enterprises in the Alice Springs and Yuendumu areas. He finally settled at Yuendumu in 1967 after the Australian Citizen Referendum. It is extraordinary in all his travels and jobs over his whole working life, that he escaped the burgeoning and flourishing Central Desert art movement of the 1970's and 1980's. Thus Shorty's paintings are fresh, vigorous and new. His use of colour to paint and interpret his dreamings of Ngapa (Water), Watiyawarnu (Acacia), Yankirri (Emu) and Pamapardu (Flying Ant) is vital, yet upholding the Warlpiri tradition. Shorty was well in his 70's when he started painting. He was an active member of the Warlukurlangu Artists Aboriginal Association, an Aboriginal owned and governed art centre located in Yuendumu. His first solo exhibition at Alcaston Gallery in 2003 was met with great artistic acclaim. Since then he exhibited in Aboriginal Art Exhibitions in Australia and overseas.
Shorty passed away in 2014.
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