text:
\section{Introduction}

Despite of the complicate processes taking place during the formation, disc galaxies exhibit tight correlations among their luminosities, sizes, and rotation speed \citep{sal96,cou07}. In the standard hierarchical galaxy formation model with cold dark matter (CDM), galaxies form out of the dissipational collapsed gas within the cold dark matter halos. The structural and dynamical properties of galaxies reflect the properties of the parent dark halos \citep{mo98,vdb98,vdb00,nav00}. Empirical galaxy scaling relations thus provide stringent constraints on galaxy formation and evolution models.

One of the most extensively studied scaling relations is the correlation between the luminosities and the rotation velocities of disc galaxies, the Tully-Fisher relation \citep{tul77}. The relation was first identified using the B-band luminosity. Follow-up studies showed that the slope of the Tully-Fisher relation depends on the wavelength. Also, the scatter in luminosity at fixed velocity reduced at longer wavelengths \citep{aar80,bot87,ber94,tul00}. Furthermore, some low surface brightness, gas-rich galaxies appear to be extreme outliers; they rotate too fast for their luminosities or stellar masses \citep{per91,zwa95,mat98,mcg00}. These features can be understood in the context of an arguably more fundamental scaling relation between the baryonic mass and the velocity, the baryonic Tully-Fisher relation \citep{wal99,mcg00}. When the baryonic mass, the total mass from stars and gas, is used as the metric instead of the luminosity, the correlation holds as a power-law for at least $\sim 4$ order of magnitudes in mass. The Tully-Fisher relation holds because the luminosity works as a proxy for the mass, therefore, the slope and the scatter depend on the mass-to-light ratio. Gas-rich galaxies deviate from the Tully-Fisher relation because the stellar light and stellar mass are no longer good proxies for the total baryonic mass.

The luminosities, or the stellar masses, of the stellar discs also tightly correlate with their sizes. The correlations are often referred as the mass-size or luminosity-size relation. On average, brighter or more massive discs are larger \citep{cho85,she03,fat10}. However, the luminosity-size relation or the stellar mass-size relation is not a single power-law. At the low luminosity or low mass regime, the slope of the relation becomes shallower and the scatter in the size at fixed luminosity of stellar mass increases \citep{she03}.
Recently, a large number of very low surface brightness galaxies, named Ultra Diffuse Galaxies (UDGs), are identified in nearby galaxy clusters \citep{vd15a,kod15,mun15,vdb16}. These galaxies are more than an order of magnitude larger than the average size of galaxies with similar luminosities. They are extreme outliers in the luminosity-size relation.
Follow-up studies identified more UDGs outside clusters \citep{mer16,lei17} and their formation mechanisms are in hot debate.

The lessons learned from the Tully-Fisher relation urge us to examine the correlation between the baryonic mass and the sizes of galaxy discs. In this paper, I will demonstrate that when the baryonic mass is used as the metric, the relation between the mass and the size holds as a single power law across $\sim 3$ orders of magnitude in mass. The observed stellar mass and morphological dependence of the stellar mass-size relation and the formation of some UDGs can be understood under the context of the baryonic mass-size relation.
I describe the sample and the measurements in Section~2. The mass-size relation of late-type galaxies is presented in Section~3. Section~4 discusses the result and the implication. This paper adopts the Hubble constant $H_0 = 75$ km~s$^{-1}$Mpc$^{-1}$.

\section{Data}

\subsection{Galaxy sample}

The goal of this paper is to study the relation between the baryonic masses and the scale lengths of the stellar discs of late-type galaxies, therefore, galaxies in discussion need to have both surface photometry and H\,{\sc i} gas content available. I draw the galaxy samples from two sources. The first part is selected from the \textit{Cosmicflow-Spitzer} project \citep{sor12}. The original purpose of the \textit{Cosmicflow-Spitzer} is to derive distances of galaxies using the Tully-Fisher relation \citep{tul77} from the \textit{Spitzer} \citep{wer04} 3.6$\mu$m photometry and H\,{\sc i} linewidth. The second part is from \citet{wu15}, who measured the surface brightness profiles of $\sim500$ extragalactic H\,{\sc i} source from the Arecibo Legacy Fast ALFA \citep[ALFALFA;][]{hay11} survey in the Wide-field Infrared Explorer \citep[WISE;][]{wri10} 3.4$\mu$m and 4.5$\mu$m bands. The surface photometry and the H\,{\sc i} gas content are available in the Extragalactic Distance Database \footnote{\url{http://edd.ifa.hawaii.edu/}} \citep[EDD;][]{tul09}.

A few selection criteria are applied to select galaxies studied in this paper. First, for \textit{Spitzer-Cosmicflow} galaxies, only whose H\,{\sc i} fluxes are also available in the EDD are included in order to measure the total baryonic mass. Second, I only include galaxies with numerical morphological type $T \geq -2$ (S0 or later type) in the Hyperleda catalog \citep{mak14} to ensure that an exponential fit to the galaxy disc is reasonable. The last, galaxies with axis ratio $b/a < 0.35$ (inclination angle $i>73$) are excluded from analysis. These galaxies are highly inclined, therefore, their de-projected disc structure parameters are less certain.

There are 501 and 629 galaxies fulfill the above criteria for the \textit{Spitzer-Cosmicflow} and the \citet{wu15} galaxies, respectively. I refer the two sets of galaxies as CF2 and Wu15 samples. For 44 galaxies presenting in both samples, I adopt the measurements from the Wu15 sample. In total, 1086 galaxies are analyzed in this study.

\subsection{Galaxy masses and sizes}

I derived the stellar mass based on the \textit{Spitzer} 3.6$\mu$m and WISE 3.4$\mu$m fluxes. For the Wu15 sample, the ratio between the stellar mass and 3.4$\mu$m flux is determined by the calibration of \citet{clu14} using WISE [3.4]-[4.5] colour \citep[see details in][]{wu15}. For the CF2 sample, not all galaxies are observed in \textit{Spitzer} 4.5$\mu$m, therefore, I adopt a constant mass-to-light ratio $\Upsilon_{3.6\mu m}$. Several calibrations have shown that a constant $\Upsilon_{3.6\mu m}$ is a good approximation \citep{mei14,mcg14,que15}. In this paper, I determine the $\Upsilon_{3.6\mu m}$ from 44 galaxies presenting in both the CF2 and Wu15 samples. A $\Upsilon_{3.6\mu m} = 0.47 M_\odot/L_\odot$ yields statistically consistent stellar mass measurements between the two samples.

The H\,{\sc i} mass is calculated as $M_{HI} = 2.356 \times 10^5 \times D^2 \times F$, where D is distance in Mpc and F is H\,{\sc i} flux in Jy~km~s$^{-1}$. I adopt the atomic gas mass $M_{atom} = 1.4 \times M_{HI}$ to include the contribution from helium and metals. There is no direct measurement for the molecular gas mass for most of galaxies. I estimate the molecular gas from the scaling relation formulate by \citet{wu15} basing on measurements of CO gas in $\sim 100$ galaxies \citep{bot14}: $\log(M_{H2}/M_{HI}) = 0.66 \times \log(M_\star/M_\odot) - 7.392$.
For most galaxies, the molecular gas consists only a small fraction ($<10\%$) of the total baryonic content. Although the scatter in the CO gas mass among individual galaxies is not small \citep[$\sim0.4$~dex;][]{bot14}, the main conclusion of this paper is unlikely affected. I have also repeated the analysis without the molecular gas, i.e., only considering the stellar and H\,{\sc i} gas masses. The result remains the same. The baryonic mass in this paper refers to the sum of stellar mass, atomic gas mass, and molecular gas mass. The distributions of galaxy properties are shown in Fig.~\ref{fig:dist}.

\begin{figure*}
	\centering
	\includegraphics[width=0.9\textwidth]{dist.pdf}
	\caption{Distributions of galaxy properties. The upper and lower panels show the distribution of stellar masses, baryonic masses, gas fraction, and numerical morphological types (T) of the CF2 and the Wu15 sample, respectively. Galaxies in the Wu15 sample have on average lower masses and later morphological type. The Wu15 sample also contains more gas-rich galaxies.}
	\label{fig:dist}
\end{figure*}

In this paper, I use the disc scale length $R_d$ for the size. I refer readers \citet{sor12} and \citet{wu15} for detailed processes of the measurements. The photometry and structural parameters are available on EDD. Here I explain the salient points of the derivation.

The 1-D surface brightness profile is fit by an exponential form within a certain radius range.  The fiducial inner fitting range is set as the effective radius, the radius enclosing $50\%$ of stellar light. The outer fitting range is set as the isophot of $\mu_{3.6\mu m} =25.5$~mag~arcsec$^{-2}$ and $\mu_{3.4\mu m} = 25.0$~mag~arcsec$^{-2}$ for the CF2 and the Wu15 samples, respectively. This procedure mitigates the effect of the bar and the bulge, which could bias the measurement of scale length. I also measure the scale length with different inner fitting ranges, from the radius enclosing 25\% to 75\% of stellar light, to test the robustness of the measurement. I find that the derived scale lengths change by $\sim10\%$, where a smaller inner fitting range leads to on average shorter scale lengths. This systematics is similar to previous studies using SDSS optical bands \citep{fat10}. The main conclusion of this paper is not affected by the fitting range. Among 44 galaxies presenting in both samples, I find no systematic difference and a scatter of $\sim0.15$~dex between scale lengths measured from \textit{Spitzer} 3.6$\mu$m and WISE 3.4$\mu$m.

Another commonly used definition of the size of galaxies is the effective radius ($R_e$). For a pure exponential disc, $R_e = 1.68 R_d$. In general, the relation between $R_d$ and $R_e$ depends on the structure of the galaxy. I take $R_d$ as the definition of the size of the stellar disc and note it as $R_\ast$ hereafter. The main conclusion of this paper does not change if I use $R_e$ as the definition. Relevant figures are presented in the Appendix.

\section{Baryonic Mass--Size Relations}

\begin{figure*}
	\centering
	\includegraphics[width=0.9\textwidth]{RvsM_sigma_v7.pdf}
	\caption{\textit{(a,b)} The sizes as a function of the stellar masses and the baryonic masses. The best-fit relations are plotted as the solid black lines. The dashed lines indicate 0.36~dex shifts in $R_\ast$. Galaxies from the CF2 and the Wu15 are labeled as red and blue dots, respectively. At lower stellar masses, several galaxies from the Wu15 sample appear to be much larger than the average at fixed stellar mass, while almost all galaxies follow the same scaling relation between the size and the baryonic mass. \textit{(c,d)} The scatter in $\log(R_\ast)$ at fixed masses. The scatter increases towards lower stellar masses. On the contrary, it is nearly constant at all baryonic masses. \textit{(e,f)} The fraction of outliers. The outliers is defined as galaxies which lie $>0.36$~dex (2$\sigma$ of the $R_\ast$--$M_b$ relation) away from the best-fit relation at fixed masses. The gray area shows the ranges of the outlier fraction if the best-fit relations are altered by 2$\sigma$.
	The fraction of outliers increases at $\log(M_\ast/M_\odot)\lesssim9$ but is generally $<0.1$ at all baryonic masses. }
	\label{fig:RM}
\end{figure*}

Fig.~\ref{fig:RM}a plots the size of the stellar disc $R_\ast$ as a function of stellar mass $M_\ast$. The CF2 and Wu15 samples are in red and blue, respectively. The tight correlation between $R_\ast$ and $M_\ast$ has been observed in previous studies \citep{cou07,fat10}. However, at the low $M_\ast$ regime, the number of galaxies deviating from the mean relation increases. Many galaxies with $M_\ast \simeq 10^8 M_\odot$ have stellar discs as large as discs in galaxies of $M_\ast \simeq 10^{10} M_\odot$. Fig.~\ref{fig:RM}c shows the scatter in sizes at fixed $M_\ast$. The scatter is calculated as the standard deviation of $\log(R_\ast)$ relative to the median in each mass bin. The scatter in sizes increases at low $M_\ast$, as seen by previous studies \citep{she03}.
Fig.~\ref{fig:RM}a also shows that the outliers are all from the Wu15 sample, which is selected based on their H\,{\sc i} flux. Some galaxies in the CF2 sample also have stellar masses as low as $M_\ast \simeq 10^7 M_\odot$, but none of them deviates significantly from the mean $R_\ast$--$M_\ast$ relation.

Fig.~\ref{fig:RM}b plots $R_\ast$ as a function of the baryonic mass ($M_b$). A tighter power-law relation holds between $R_\ast$ and $M_b$ for the entire mass range, with a scatter $\sigma_{\log(R)}\simeq0.18$~dex (Fig.~\ref{fig:RM}d).
In addition, there is essentially no outliers in the $R_\ast$--$M_b$ relation. By using the baryons instead of stars as the metric for masses of galaxies, the relation between the size and mass of disc galaxies can be described as a single power-law down to at least $M_b \simeq 10^8 M_\odot$.

I fit $\log(R_\ast)$ and $\log(M_b)$ to a linear relation using orthogonal distance regression. To estimate the uncertainty of the fit, I repeat the fit for 1000 times, for each time the mass and the size of each galaxy are disturbed by a small amount drawn from a Gaussian distribution, whose standard deviation is the uncertainty of the measurement.
The 50th percentile and the 16th and the 84th percentile from the 1000 trials are taken as the best-fit parameters and the uncertainties, respectively. I assign a conservative 0.35~dex uncertainty to the stellar mass according to the calibration of \citet{clu14}, but note that a much smaller uncertainty of 0.1~dex is also advocated by \citet{mei14}. The uncertainty in the molecular gas mass is set to be 0.4~dex \citep{bot14}. The uncertainty on the atomic gas mass comes from the uncertainty of the H\,{\sc i} 21~cm flux \citep{tul09,hay11}. For $R_\ast$, a 0.15~dex uncertainty is assigned to each galaxy (see Section~2).
An extra uncertainty of the distance of 20\% \citep{tul13} is also included in the error budget. The best-fit relation for Fig~\ref{fig:RM}b is:

\begin{equation}
\label{eq:mbrd}
\log(R_\ast/kpc) = (0.385^{+0.008}_{-0.013}) \times [\log(M_b/M_\odot)-10] + (0.281^{+0.010}_{-0.009})
\end{equation}
The slope and the scatter are in broad agreement with those of the stellar mass-size relation at high mass found in previous studies \citep[$\sim 0.3$--$0.4$, ][]{she03,cou07,fer13,mos13}. The best-fit $R_\ast$--$M_\ast$ relation has a shallower slope of 0.321$^{+0.011}_{-0.011}$ and an intercept of 0.343$^{+0.009}_{-0.009}$.

Fig.~\ref{fig:RM}e and Fig.~\ref{fig:RM}f show the fraction of outliers at fixed $M_\ast$ and $M_b$, respectively. An outlier is defined as a galaxy whose scale length is larger or smaller than the average at fixed mass by 0.36~dex (2$\sigma$ of the $R_\ast$--$M_b$ relation). At fixed $M_\ast$, the fraction of outliers increases towards the low mass end. The outlier fraction is $\sim10\%$ at $\log(M_\ast/M_\odot)\simeq9$ and reaches $\sim30\%$ at $\log(M_\ast/M_\odot)\simeq8$. On the contrary, the $2\sigma$ outlier fraction at fixed $M_b$ is generally below 10\% at all masses, close to the 5\% expected from a normal distribution.

\begin{figure*}
	\centering
	\includegraphics[width=0.9\textwidth]{RM_fg_v2.pdf}
	\caption{The relation between sizes and masses of galaxies, colour coded by the gas fraction. Similar to Fig.~\ref{fig:RM}, this figure shows the relation between the scale length and the stellar mass (left panel) and baryonic mass (right panel). The colour represents for the gas fraction, $M_g/M_b$, where gas-rich galaxies are in blue and gas-poor galaxies are in red. At fixed stellar mass, outliers from the mean relation are extremely gas-rich, with $M_g/M_b \sim 1$. The outliers in the stellar mass-size relation follow the average baryonic mass-size relation. Their sizes are comparable to other galaxies at fixed baryonic masses.}
	\label{fig:RMfg}
\end{figure*}

Fig.~\ref{fig:RMfg} shows again the $R_\ast$ as functions of $M_\ast$ and $M_b$, but the galaxies are colour-coded by their gas fraction ($M_g/M_b$). Fig.~\ref{fig:RMfg} shows that the outliers in the $R_\ast$--$M_\ast$ relation are galaxies with high gas fractions ($M_g/M_b \simeq 1$). While they follow the average $R_\ast$--$M_b$ relation, they appear to be much larger than galaxies of similar $M_\ast$ because most of their baryons are in the form of gas.

The correlation between the gas fraction and the galaxy size is further illustrated in Fig.~\ref{fig:dfgdr}. For each galaxy, I calculate the median size and the median gas fraction of galaxies of similar masses ($\Delta M < 0.1$~dex). The relative size ($\Delta R_\ast$) and gas fraction ($\Delta M_g/M_b$) of the galaxy are the difference between the value of the galaxy and the median. Fig.~\ref{fig:dfgdr} plots  $\Delta R_\ast$ as a function of $\Delta M_g/M_b$, calculated at fixed $M_\ast$ and $M_b$, respectively. On average, gas-rich galaxies are larger at fixed $M_\ast$. The Spearman correlation coefficient suggests a moderate correlation between the size and the gas fraction of galaxies at fixed $M_\ast$. On the other hand, the size depends only weakly on the gas fraction at fix $M_b$.

\begin{figure*}
	\centering
	\includegraphics[width=0.9\textwidth]{dRdfg.pdf}
	\caption{The correlation between the gas fraction and the sizes of galaxies. The $\Delta (M_g/M_b)$ and $\Delta R_\ast$ are the relative gas fraction and size of each galaxy comparing to galaxies of similar masses. Figure (a) and (b) plots the  $\Delta (M_g/M_b)$ and the $\Delta R_\ast$ calculated at fixed stellar masses and baryonic masses, respectively. The dashed lines are the best linear fits. The Spearman correlation coefficient is shown at the bottom-right of each panel. At fixed stellar mass, the size has an intermediate dependence on the gas fraction, where gas-rich galaxies are on average larger. The correlation is weaker at fixed baryonic mass. }
	\label{fig:dfgdr}
\end{figure*}

\section{Discussion}

\subsection{The scatter and the slope of the $R_\ast$-$M_\ast$ relation}

The $R_\ast$-$M_b$ relation is a single power law across $\sim3$ orders of magnitude in $M_b$. In this study, there is essentially no outliers and the scatter in $R_\ast$ does not change with $M_b$.
On the contrary, the slope and the scatter of the $R_\ast$-$M_\ast$ relation depend on $M_\ast$ \citep{she03,dut12}.

This mass dependence of the $R_\ast$-$M_\ast$ relation can be understood in the context of the $R_\ast$-$M_b$ relation. Fig.~\ref{fig:RMfg} has shown that in general, the gas fraction, $M_g/M_b$, increases progressively toward the low-mass end. This result is consistent with H\,{\sc i} surveys on nearby galaxies \citep{mcg97,hua12,bot14,pee14}. At the high-mass end, the stellar mass is the dominant component, therefore, the slope and the scatter of the $R_\ast$-$M_\ast$ relation is similar to the $M_\ast$-$M_b$ relation \citep{she03,cou07,fer13,mos13}.
However, at the low-mass end, the stellar mass is no long a good proxy for the total baryons. At fixed $M_\ast$, the scatter in size is a combination of the scatter in the $R_\ast$-$M_b$ relation and the scatter in the gas fraction.
As a result, the scatter increases towards low $M_\ast$ end due to a larger variation in the gas masses and the baryonic masses of galaxies. The slope flattens at low $M_\ast$ because there is increasing number of gas-rich, high $M_b$ galaxies at given $M_\ast$, making the average size larger.

Beyond the local Universe, \citet{vdw14} measured the stellar mass-size relation of star-forming galaxies up to $z = 3$ and found shallow slopes of $\sim0.22$ at all redshifts. At higher redshifts, star-forming galaxies are expected to have more gas than galaxies in the local Universe and may consist of a non-negligible fraction of the total baryonic budget \citep{dav11,fu12,tac13}.
Therefore, the slope of $R_\ast$-$M_\ast$ relations may not reflect the slope of the $R_\ast$-$M_b$ relation even for massive star-forming galaxies. Future instruments like the Square Kilometer Array (SKA) will be needed for studying the evolution of the $R_\ast$-$M_b$ relation.

\subsection{Implication on Ultra Diffuse Galaxies}

The Ultra Diffuse Galaxies (UDGs) is a new category of galaxies which have low stellar masses ($M_\ast \lesssim 10^8 M_\odot$) but are 100 to 1000 times larger than galaxies of similar stellar masses. A large population of UDGs are first found in the Coma cluster \citep{vd15a,kod15}, with red optical colour and absent of star-formation activities \citep{vd15a,vd15b}. Later searches identified UDGs with similar structural properties but with a wide range of environments and optical colours \citep{mun15,mer16,yag16}.

In Fig.~\ref{fig:RMfg}a, those extreme outliers would be classified as UDGs based on their structures. However, they follow the baryonic mass-size relation as other galaxies. There are another $\sim$100 similar galaxies also identified in the ALFALFA survey. These gas-rich UDGs are star-forming, with blue optical colours, and with high spin parameters \citep{lei17}. The high angular momenta prevent gas from collapsing and forming stars quickly, therefore, these galaxies remain gas-rich and appear to be outliers in the stellar mass-size relation \citep{amo16}.

However, this formation mechanism may not necessarily apply to all UDGs. Those UDGs with red optical colours may be absent of star-forming activities, thus, likely gas-poor. In this case, the gas-poor UDGs will still be outliers in the $R_\ast$--$M_b$ plane (Fig~\ref{fig:RMfg}b) and appear to have less baryonic mass compared to galaxies of similar sizes. It is interesting that redder UDGs are on average located in denser regions \citep{vd15a,lei17}. The correlation between the environments and the colours may suggest a different route to form UDGs in clusters. The cluster UDGs may be galaxies which formed the first generation of stars then lost their gas through cluster-related mechanisms \citep{vd15a}. In this scenario, we may expect more UDGs in clusters than in less dense environments, which is consistent with recent observations \citep{vdb17}. Obtaining the gas mass of cluster UDGs and locating them on the $R_\ast$--$M_b$ plane will directly test the hypothesis.

\subsection{The scatter of the $R_\ast$-$M_b$ relation}
\label{sec:scatter}

At fixed mass, the size of discs is largely determined by its angular momentum content. It is usually assumed that the specific angular momentum of the disc correlates tightly with it of the parent halo, usually represented by the dimensionless spin parameter $\lambda$ \citep{pee69,bul01}, therefore, the scatter in the size-mass relation is determined by the intrinsic distribution of $\lambda$. Theoretical studies generally found that the distribution of $\lambda$ can be approximated by a log-normal function and the dispersion is nearly independent of the halo mass \citep{bet07,mac07,mac08}. Most studies found a dispersion $\sigma(\ln \lambda) \simeq 0.5$, which is $\sim 0.2$~dex. In the $R_\ast$-$M_b$ relation, the scatter in $R_\ast$ at fixed $M_b$ is $\sim0.18$~dex. Taking into account the $\sim0.15$~dex uncertainty in size measurement, the intrinsic scatter is $\sim 0.1$~dex, only half of the dispersion of $\lambda$ predicted for halos. The scatter in the size of late-type galaxies thus cannot be simply attributed to the spin of the haloes. Previous studies had also pointed out the smaller scatter in the $R_\ast$-$M_\ast$ relation and have not yet reached a consensus on its origin \citep{dut07,gne07,sai11,des15}.

The assumption of the strong correlation between the angular momentum of baryons and haloes is challenged by numerical simulations.
Several works have shown that mergers and feedback in star-formation processes can significantly alter the angular momentum of gas and haloes, resulting distinct distributions of spin parameter and misaligned angular momentum vectors between the gas and haloes \citep{che03,sha05,hah10,tek15,zju17}. Furthermore, the sizes are measured from the stellar component, which may not be representative for the baryonic disc. It is well known that the gas and the stars in disc galaxies do not have the same structure, where the extent of the gas is a few times larger than that of the stars \citep{oli91,mar95,vdb01,ton06,dut11,big12,kra13,obr14,but17}. For gas-rich galaxies, the sizes of stellar discs can be very different from the baryonic discs. It is intriguing that the scatter of the $R_\ast$-$M_b$ relation does not appear to be mass-dependent even for the mass range that the gas is on average the dominant component ($M_b \lesssim 10^9 M_\odot$). Moreover, a subset of the sample are extremely gas-rich, whose stellar components consist only $\sim10\%$ of the baryons but they still follow the same $R_\ast$-$M_b$ relation. It appears that detailed baryonic physics and star-formation processes need to be taken into account to explain the small scatter of the $R_\ast$-$M_b$ relation.

\subsection{The slope of the $R_\ast$-$M_b$ relation}

The size of the stellar disc and the baryonic mass scale as a single power law, $R_\ast \propto M_b^{0.385}$. For a virialized halo, the size and the mass are also expected to scale as a power law but with a different slope, $R_h \propto M_h^{1/3}$. The two scaling relations provide an opportunity to link the sizes of stellar discs with the sizes of dark halos.

In order to do so, the first step is finding the mapping between the halo mass $M_h$ and the baryonic mass $M_b$.
Studies using different methods have shown that the baryon-to-halo mass ratio ($M_b/M_h$) depends on halo mass, where for galaxy-size haloes, less massive halos retain smaller fractions of baryons \citep{dut12,pap12,san16}. Both \citet{dut12} and \citet{san16} provide the $M_b$ and $M_h$ of their model galaxies and their $M_b-M_h$ relations are in good agreement. For the mass range discussed in this paper, I approximate the $M_b-M_h$ relation based on the model galaxies in \citet{san16}:
\begin{equation}
\label{eq:mbmh}
\log(M_b/M_\odot) = 1.50 [\log(M_h/M_\odot)-11.50] + 10.00.
\end{equation}

For the relation between the size and the mass ofvirialized dark matter haloes:
\begin{align}
\label{eq:rhmh}
\begin{split}
R_h(kpc) & = \left(\frac{M_h G}{100H_0^2}\right)^{1/3} \\
         & = 134 \times \left(\frac{M_h}{10^{11.5}M_\odot}\right)^{1/3}.
\end{split}
\end{align}
Here the size and mass are defined as $R_{200}$ and $M_{200}$, the radius within which the mean mass density is 200 times of the critical density, and the mass within $R_{200}$, respectively.

From the observed $R_\ast-M_b$ relation, with the assumption of virialized haloes and the adopted $M_b-M_h$ relation (Equation~\ref{eq:mbrd},\ref{eq:mbmh}, and \ref{eq:rhmh}), the relation between the sizes of stellar discs and the haloes is:
\begin{equation}
\label{eq:rsrh}
R_\ast/R_h = 0.014 \left(\frac{M_h}{10^{11.5}M_\odot}\right)^{0.24}.
\end{equation}

The mass-dependence in Equation~\ref{eq:rsrh} is in apparent conflict with the result based on abundance matching. \citet{kra13} established the connection between haloes in simulation and observed galaxies by matching their cumulative halo and stellar mass functions. Based on this abundance matching ansatz, \citet{kra13} found that $R_\ast/R_h$ is a constant across 8 orders of magnitude in stellar mass.

However, Fig.~\ref{fig:RMfg}a and Fig.~\ref{fig:dfgdr}a have shown that at fixed $M_\ast$, larger galaxies contain on average more gas, thus, more massive in terms of baryons. One will expect that at fixed $M_\ast$, larger galaxies reside on average in more massive haloes. This positive correlation between halo masses and galaxy sizes at fixed stellar mass has been shown in both observations using halo masses from weak lensing and cosmological hydrodynamical simulations \citep{cha17}.
As a result, the abundance matching based on the star-to-halo mass ratio is subject to the systematic dependence on galaxy sizes and the inferred disc-to-halo size ratio need to be examined with care \citep{kra13,hua17,som17}.

\section{Conclusion}
From $\sim1000$ local morphologically late-type galaxies, I demonstrate that the scaling relation between the scale lengths of the stellar discs and the baryonic masses is a single power law scaling as $R_\ast \propto M_b^{0.385}$ across $\sim3$ orders of magnitude in baryonic mass. The scatter in the scale lengths at fixed baryonic mass is independent of mass and there is essentially no outlier. The intrinsic scatter of the $R_\ast$-$M_b$ relation at fixed $M_b$ is $\sim0.1$~dex. This tight size distribution cannot be directly attributed to the halo spin, which would predict a wider size distribution.

The slope and the scatter of the $R_\ast$-$M_\ast$ relation can be understood in the context of the $R_\ast$-$M_b$ relation. At the low $M_\ast$ end, the star is no longer a good tracer for baryons. The scatter increases and the slope deviates from the $R_\ast$-$M_b$ relation because of the large variation of gas masses and baryonic masses in galaxies of similar stellar masses.
Also, the disc sizes at fixed $M_\ast$ has a positive correlation with the gas fraction that larger galaxies contain on average more gas and baryons. This correlation suggests that abundance matching based on the star-to-halo mass relation is subject to the systematic dependence on galaxy size.

The formation of gas-rich UDGs can be naturally explained by the $R_\ast$-$M_b$ relation. These gas-rich UDGs are likely galaxies with high angular momentum, which prevents gas from forming stars quickly. As a result, they appear to be outliers in the $R_\ast$-$M_\ast$ relation. However, some UDGs residing in galaxy clusters may form through losing gas due to cluster-related mechanisms. Measuring their gas mass and comparing them with the average $R_\ast$-$M_b$ relation will test this hypothesis.

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Mazel Tov to Ryan's on his Bar Mitzvah! The ceremony took place at the Main Line Reform Temple and his party was at The Cynwyd Club in Bala Cynwyd, Pennsylvania. We loved the sports theme and how much fun the kids had with all the costumes and props. Here are some favorites.


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Telco Executive Moves – Week 45
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Telco Executive Moves – Week 45, 2019
The latest announcements of executive leadership changes within the telecommunications sector for the period: 1st November – 7th November 2019.
Spirit Telecom
Mr Greg Ridder has been appointed as Spirit Telecom's newest Board member and will commence his directorship on 21 November 2019.
According to the commpany's press release, Mr Ridder's appointment adds ASX experience and ecommerce expertise at board level with the
upcoming launch of the Spirit X digital sales platform (B2B Telco sales).
Accenture names John Walsh Group Chief Executive — Communications, Media & Technology, succeeding Omar Abbosh.
Mr Walsh is currently Senior Managing Director of Communications, Media & Technology (CMT) in North America, as well as Office Managing Director for Accenture in Northern California.
In his new role, John Walsh will lead the Communications, Media & Technology operating group. He will join Accenture's Global Management Committee.
DTCP
Deutsche Telekom Capital Partners Management GmbH : DTCP is opening its fourth office that will be located in Seoul.
The focus of the Seoul office will be to establish the DTCP brand in Asia and further build the company's global network in the technology and venture capital sectors.
Dillon Seo, an experienced technologist and one of the earlier Oculus employees, has joined DTCP as South Korea Country Manager.
ServiceNow has appointed Marion Ryan as Vice President of alliances and channel across Asia Pacific and Japan (APJ) as the software giant deepens its commitment to partners.
Based in Singapore, Ryan is charged with overseeing the development and growth of the vendor's partner ecosystem regionally, drawing on more than 25 years of industry experience.
Marion Ryan joins from SAP, having spent more than 12 years in the business, including eight of those in Singapore in the role of vice president and head of channels across APJ.
Jukka Leinonen, CEO of the Finnish telcom operator DNA, has been appointed Head of Telenor Group's Nordic cluster.
In his new role, Mr Leinonen will be part of Telenor's Group Executive Management and assume the role of chair of Telenor Sweden and Telenor Denmark, in addition to retaining his responsibilities as CEO of DNA in Finland.
The newly formed Nordic Cluster includes the company's operations in Sweden, Denmark, Norway and Finland.
Vodafone has announced that Vivek Badrinath will be appointed Chief Executive of its new European tower company, referred to as 'TowerCo', effective 1 April 2020.
Vivek Badrinath is currently the Chief Executive of Vodafone's Rest of World operations.
Vodafone also announces that it will simplify its management structure with the removal of the Rest of World regional organisation, from the beginning of FY20/21.
Following this reorganisation, Shameel Joosub, the Chief Executive of Vodacom Group, will be joining Vodafone's Executive Committee, effective 1 April 2020.
MassTech
Masstech has announced that James Whitebread has joined the company as Chief Digital Officer.
James Whitebread has a strong background in product design and development for sports and media and entertainment (M&E), extensive experience in telecoms, pharmaceuticals, and security.
Current Telefonica Uruguay Chief Executive Marcelo Tarakdjian will take over as Movistar Argentina CEO starting 01 February 2020.
Mr Tarakdjian has held numerous positions at the company's Uruguayan subsidiary, heading various business units, including the marketing department, before being named CEO around 4 years ago.
Universal Electronics
Universal Electronics has announced the appointment of Sue Ann R. Hamilton, technology, media & telecom expert, to the board.
The board has appointed Sue Ann R. Hamilton as an Independent Director effective November 1, 2019.
Enet has announced the appointment of Jon Florsheim as its new non-executive Chairman.
Mr. Florsheim has over 27 years' experience in telecoms and media. Most recently he served as Chief Commercial Officer of eir. Previously he was Chief Executive Officer of European pay TV operator M7.
BAI Communications
BAI Communications has announced the appointment of Don Morrison as the Executive Chairman of its Canadian business, effective 11th November 2019.
The role of Executive Chairman has been created as BAI Communications Canada CEO, Ken Ranger, relocates to London to take up a new post as Chief Operating Officer for BAI Communications in the UK.
As Executive Chairman, Don Morrison will be driving the business, following a handover from Ken.
InterDigital
InterDigital has announced the appointment of Melissa Leneis as Chief Human Resources Officer.
Ms. Leneis joined InterDigital in September 2018 as Vice President, HR Business Partner.
The Ofcom Board has announced that Jonathan Oxley will become interim Chief Executive.
Mr Oxley is currently Group Director for Competition and Board member for Ofcom. He will step up as interim Chief Executive when Sharon White leaves at the end of November.
The Board of Directors of Technicolor has appointed Richard Moat as Chief Executive Officer in replacement of Frédéric Rose.
Richard Moat will bring to Technicolor his considerable experience as a CEO, who has successfully led business transformations in the telecoms and media industries.
Mr. Moat has also been appointed by the Board of Directors as Director of Technicolor in replacement of Mr. Rose, who resigned from his position as Board member.
Deutsche Glasfaser has named Raimund Winkler (left) and Jochen Mogalle (right) as new members of the Management Board. Both have already taken up their posts.
The management team will be strengthened with two industry-experienced employees: Raimund Winkler (formerly Vodafone Management) will be responsible for, among other things, the customer-relevant operations and customer management areas. Jochen Mogalle, formerly Managing Director of Drillisch Online GmbH, will be responsible for managing the areas B2B and Wholesale.
Ooredoo has announced the appointment of Mr. Mansoor Rashid Al-Khater as the new CEO of Ooredoo Tunisia, succeeding Youssef Al Masri, effective 5 November 2019.
Mr. Al-Khater has extensive experience with Ooredoo, having worked with the company since 2009. His most recent role prior to his appointment as CEO, Ooredoo Tunisia was that of Chief Group Strategy Officer.
Pareteum
Pareteum appoints Laura W. Thomas (left) as Interim Chief Financial Officer, and Mary Beth Vitale (right) to its Board of Directors.
Ms. Thomas brings over 30 years of experience in the telecommunications industry, including assisting large and small organizations through significant operational challenges and upholding corporate governance and transparency among stakeholders.
Ms. Vitale brings a wealth of experience as an independent board member to public and private companies in various stages of growth and global expansion, having chaired the Audit, Risk and Technology, Compensation, and Nominating and Governance Committees for boards of directors as well as being lead director.
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Telecom Executive Moves – First Weeks Of 2020
Telecom Executive Moves – Last edition for 2019
Telecom Executive Moves – week 50, 2019
Retweet on TwitterNadya Kanarieva Retweeted
Carlos E. Galvan Paz@C_GalvanPaz·
SPAIN: Telefónica recognised as a Leader in Gartner's Magic Quadrant for Managed IoT Connectivity Services, Worldwide, for the sixth year in a row. #Telecoms
Nadya Kanarieva@Talent_Digger·
60% of 650 senior IT decision makers interviewed in 2019 agree that their organization's highly skilled mainframe employees retiring and taking application knowledge and experience out of the business poses a big risk for them (Mainframe Modernization Survey 2019)
Dr. Clément MENGUE@Clement_MENGUE·
#Telecoms, #CIO Top story of the day: Healthcare's digital transformation: 5 predictions for 2020 | CIO https://www.cio.com/article/3509462/healthcare-s-digital-transformation-5-predictions-for-2020.html?hss_channel=tw-17392332, see more http://tweetedtimes.com/v/2161?s=tnp
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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


FAQ | What is a good, experienced sign installation company?
Green Sign Company and its team have over a 100 combined years of talent. We have installed signs across the United States and even Canada. Our local install area is Indiana, Ohio and Kentucky. Our install and service techs are certified and trained to be safe, professional and efficient.


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Bernie WINS At Fox News Town Hall…
01) Bernie WINS At Fox News Town Hall
"Bernie crushed it at Fox News' Town Hall.
Bernie Sanders's Fox News town hall, which aired Monday night, showed that contrary to the belief of many of his detractors (and some of his supporters), the Vermont senator really does have more than one rhetorical mode.
There was the mode he used for the town hall part, and the mode he used for the Fox News part — represented by anchors Bret Baier and Martha MacCallum, who liberally interspersed questions from the audience with questions of their own.
When speaking directly to audience members or to the TV audience watching at home, Sanders was sincere and open. When asked about President Donald Trump, he spoke with emotion about how he hoped everyone could agree a "pathological liar" should not be president; in his closing statement, he practically begged for more comity in the country, without backing off his insistence that the rich need to do more to provide for working families.
https://www.vox.com/2019/4/15/18323347/bernie-sanders-town-hall-fox-news-bret-baier"
← Candace Owens Plays The Race Card When Caught Saying Dumb Things… Get Woke Go Broke Officially CONFIRMED By University??!… →


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Q: Haskell: proving with Typeable that `exists t. a ~ D t` I have
data D t = ...
data SomeStuff = forall a (Typeable a, ...) => SomeStuff a

and at some point I get a SomeStuff whose internal a I'd like to try and cast to D t (where t can by any type, I'm only interested in the D part). Something which (in pseudo-Haskell) would look like:
case someStuff of
  SomeStuff (_ :: a) -> case eqT :: Maybe (a :~: (exists t. D t)) of
    Just Refl -> -- proven that `exists t. a ~ D t`
    Nothing -> -- nothing to do here

I've been fiddling around with Data.Type.Equality and Type.Reflection (like App etc) and I can't get it to work. Anyone has a way to do that?

A: Testing whether the type is of the form D _ can be achieved exploiting Type.Reflection, as follows.
We start from giving some concrete definitions modeled on your example, so that we can test our code later on.
{-# LANGUAGE GADTs, RankNTypes, ScopedTypeVariables, TypeOperators, TypeApplications #-}
{-# OPTIONS -Wall #-}

import Type.Reflection

data D t = D1 | D2  -- whatever
data SomeStuff = forall a. (Typeable a, Show a) => SomeStuff a

Then, we test for D _ as follows:
foo :: SomeStuff -> (forall t. D t -> String) -> String
foo (SomeStuff (x :: a)) f = case typeRep @a of
   App d _ | Just HRefl <- eqTypeRep (typeRep @D) d -> f x
   _ -> "the SomeStuff argument does not contain a value of type D t for any t"

Above, we take as arguments both the SomeStuff value and a polymorphic function f. The latter requires an argument of the form D _ and is used here only to show that our approach actually works -- you can remove the f argument if you don't need that.
After that, we take takeRep @a which models the (reflected) type representation of our unknown type a. We check whether that matches with the pattern App d _, i.e. whether type a is an application of d to something we don't care _. If so, we check whether d is indeed the (reflected representation of) our D type constructor. Matching the result of eqTypeRepl against Just HRefl makes GHC assume a ~ D t for some fresh type variable t, which is what we want. After that, we can call f x confirming GHC inferred the wanted type.
As an alternative, we can exploit view patterns to make our code more compact, without sacrificing the readability too much:
foo :: SomeStuff -> (forall t. D t -> String) -> String
foo (SomeStuff (x :: a)) f = case typeRep @a of
   App (eqTypeRep (typeRep @D) -> Just HRefl) _ -> f x
   _ -> "the SomeStuff argument does not contain a value of type D t for any t"

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


CEG Dealer School will be hosting a March Madness event at the Fashion Show that will showcase our school and its students. CEG students and graduates will be providing free casino lessons to Fashion Show patrons who are on hand to enjoy March Madness festivities in the Great Hall.
Our event will be located in the Great Hall outside of the Apple Store and directly on the Fashion Show runway.
Inform Alex or Lisa that you wish to attend. And add your name and phone number to the sign-up sheet at the school registration desk. .
On each event day CEG Event Dealers will be meeting at the school 90 minutes in advance of the event start time for a "pre-shift" meeting. After this meeting, we will carpool over to Fashion Show.
Please stay alert for updates on our website and at the Front Desk. If you have any questions at all reach out to Alex or Lisa.
Event Dealers will be given Shirts as long as supplies last. However, if you plan to participate, please wear Black Pants and a clean, ironed White button down shirt.
This event is a showcase of YOU. Smile, have fun and engage!!.
There is absolutely NO SMOKING or VAPING Anywhere inside the Fashion Show. We will show you a designated location for taking breaks.
CEG will have bottled water for its Dealers and snacks. However, no food can be consumed on the event floor.
Supervisors will be designated by their badges. The Table Games Pit will be operated like a real pit and adhere to all regular casino rules.
Designated supervisors include David, Alex, Lisa, Lauren and Jay.


FREMONT, CA: The global semiconductor packaging equipment market is predicted to grow at a CAGR of more than eight percent by 2020, reports Technavio.
The increasing adoption of IoT in the consumer electronics and automotive sectors will drive the demand for wireless devices, demanding a high level of integration. To cope with this, semiconductor manufacturers have started developing new designs to support multiple applications on a single platform leading to the purchase of new IC packaging equipment especially the die-level packaging equipment. The mounting demand for system-on-chip, application processors and basebands, which are integrated into mobile and consumer electronic devices, will create demand for die-level packaging equipment.
APAC is predicted to dominate the market accounting for more than 72 percentof the total market shares by 2020. Presence of several major foundries such as Taiwan Semiconductor Manufacturing, United Microelectronics, Samsung, and Semiconductor Manufacturing International is considered to be the driving factor behind this. APAC also has major OSATs such as ASE and STATS ChipPAC. Study shows that the utilization of semiconductor devices is the largest in APAC due to the presence of leading consumer electronics manufacturers such as Samsung, Sony, LG, Toshiba, and Panasonic. Moreover, major global companies such as Apple and HP also have their production facilities in the region.
With a couple of major semiconductor manufacturers such as GlobalFoundries and Intel, North America is forecast to stand second after APAC. The region also has high adoption rate of communication devices such as smartphones and phablets creating the need for semiconductor packaging systems. The growth rate of Europe semiconductor packaging equipment market is low compared to other regional segments, due to the presence of a lower number of semiconductor foundries and semiconductor IC manufacturers. Europe also has low concentration of electronic device manufacturers, reducing the need for semiconductor devices, and consequently for semiconductor manufacturing equipment. The semiconductor packaging equipment market in Europe was valued at USD 64.09 million in 2015.


"I was 33, had just broken up with my boyfriend and was beginning to think I'd never have a family life.I'd always been attracted to mavericks, handsome men, who – after a year or so – made it clear they had no intention of settling down.
As of April 2017, the leading dating website in the United States was with a U. As of the first quarter of 2017, the Match Group had 3.44 million paid subscribers across all its platforms in North America. Statista assumes no liability for the information given being complete or correct.
Scarred by their parents' (or their own) divorces, this generation approaches affairs of the heart with the same pragmatism as it might buying a car or booking a holiday.
Yes, according to psychologists at Chicago University who last week reported that marriages that begin online – whether on an online dating site or via social networking sites like Facebook – stood a greater chance of success than those that began in the "real world".
The researchers interviewed 20,000 people who had married between 20.


MT Eye provides a variety of content services that are closely related to daily lives, including "music.jp" and "Lunarna". Shared storage is critical to support their operation. However, each site had different storage requirements. And as shared storage provides one setting only, problems quickly surfaced.
The company switched to an operation system based on the local disk of each site. Under this new environment, the company aimed to secure the same availability as a cluster solution that does not require shared storage.
MT Eye mainly engages in content distribution services that makes everyday life happy and convenient. Their products range from entertainment to lifestyle information and health care.
Shared storage has been positioned as the center of IT infrastructure that supports the operation of various services. By allocating the volumes required by each site from the shared storage, the company enjoyed a cost-effective and efficient operation.
However, issues from the operation system gradually arose over the years. MT Eye was forced to make a big decision as their operational shared storage no longer had any maintenance service. Hiroyuki Okawa of foundation system division explained that there is no guarantee that their current IT system would run well even if they purchased a new shared storage. Also, they were running a risk where they might incur high cost to operate certain sites. Hence, Mt. Eye stepped up to operate a local disk for each site. Unfortunately, this also did not prove to be smooth sailing. Even if it is a local disk, it is necessary to maintain the same availability level as shared storage, and performance level must be upheld.
In search for a solution, MT Eye first focused on using the Always On availability group, one of the functions of Microsoft SQL Server. It mirrored databases among multiple sites mutually and automatically failover in case of trouble. In order to use the Always On availability group, it is necessary to upgrade Microsoft SQL Server from Standard Edition to Enterprise Edition. To do this would result in a significant cost increase.
They found they could have a SANLess Cluster solution which used Windows Server standard failover clustering function and SIOS DataKeeper. Okawa emphasised that this way, they could continue to have Microsoft SQL Server as the Standard Edition. And yet at the same time, be assured of the same availability as the Always On availability group. It was also great to know that the cluster configuration that combines LifeKeeper and DataKeeper was already on another Linux system-based system.
Tomioka Tetsuhei of the Infrastructure Systems Department was still unsure. To ease his uncertainties, the company borrowed DataKeeper's verification license from SIOS for testing. They assembled a cluster configuration close to the actual operation and repeated elaborate performance verification from February to March 2016. The performance deterioration was also seen when compared with the conventional system configuration using shared storage. He added that it was especially beneficial that they could pick between synchronous and asynchronous modes of replication depending on the system requirements.
As of March 2017, MT Eye had already completed the transition to the SANLess Cluster solution for sites such as "Life Ranger Navi" (Life Information Service) and "Lunarna". They were planning to finish the transition for the largest "music.jp" on the company's website. With the completion, it was finally possible to provide storage resources corresponding to different requirements for each site such as performance emphasis and capacity emphasis.
If the company completely eliminated the use of shared storage, they could save on setting up a data centre. It also meant they could remove network equipment such as SAN switches from the rack together. In addition, the SANLess Clusters solution could also be migrated to major public cloud environments such as Amazon Web Service and Microsoft Azure. It could be said that the MT Eye infrastructure had acquired unprecedented agility and could respond to the demands of various sites.


Finally back on the upswing the Sacramento River is one of the largest river systems in the Western US. It boasts 100s of miles of access, but we focus on the areas where fishing is best. Salmon fishing in the Sac can be excellent from July through November when seasonal runs send upwards of one million king salmon into the swift flowing, off colored water. Because of its size, however, the Sacramento is no place for first timers. With thousands of holes to learn, underwater obstructions to watch out for and endless miles of water, we can put you on the hotspot and strike zone consistently.
Boca Reservoir is an artificial lake in the Tahoe National Forest of Nevada County, California, created by the construction of Boca Dam across Little Truckee River, approximately 10 km northeast of Truckee. It is located downstream (south) of Stampede Dam and reservoir, and to the east of Prosser Creek Dam and Reservoir.
Stampede Reservoir is about 15 miles northeast of the town of Truckee. Stampede is known for it outstanding kokanee and mackinaw (Lake Trout) fishing where lake trout over 10 pounds are common and can exceed the 20 lb mark. Stampede is also home to some great brown trout and small mouth fishing.
Located just outside of Truckee, Donner Lake is home to some of the biggest mackinaw (lake trout) in the state. Depending on the year, Donner can produce some huge kokanee. We have taken 20" kokanee out of Donner in past years.
Folsom Lake offers trout, catfish, big and small mouth bass or perch. Folsom Lake provides habitat for largemouth, smallmouth, and spotted bass. Many bass over 10 pounds have been taken from the lake and the record largemouth bass topped 16 pounds. The lake also holds good populations of rainbow trout, crappie, bluegill catfish, and a good population of Land Locked Kings. Around the main body of Folsom Lake anglers have a lot of success along the shore of the main peninsula between the two river forks. They also do well down near the dam at Folsom Point and Beal's Point.
The lake offers year-round fishing for rainbow trout, king salmon, largemouth bass, spotted bass, smallmouth bass, channel catfish, bluegill and crappie.


Fun colors and kid-tough construction!
Durable rubber cover and nylon winding.
Perfect for use indoors or out.
For recess, field days and recreational play.
Extremely durable with nylon winding and a rubber cover. Perfect for indoors or out. Available in 3 sizes: Junior, Intermediate and Official. Sets of 6 includes 1 each color.


text:
New Jersey, New York City, Railroad Current, Trains
For New York New Jersey Rail, new KLW power
February 27, 2016 penneyvanderbilt	3 Comments
New York New Jersey Rail, LLC (NYNJR), a rail-barge short line wholly owned by the Port Authority of New York & New Jersey, has taken delivery on three new ultra-low-emissions SE10B diesel-electric switcher locomotives from Knoxville Locomotive Works (KLW). The contract, valued at $5.25 million, marks the first collaboration between the Port Authority and KLW.
Design, engineering and production of these 1,050-hp, single-engine locomotives originated in KLW's manufacturing facilities in Knoxville, Tenn. They're equipped with drive train systems patented by KLW and MTU. KLW describes them as "designed to reduce locomotive emissions and to mitigate fuel waste. These benefits are achieved without compromising reliability performance or power degradation through the deployment of enhanced electronic control systems and improved tractive effort capabilities."
NYNJR is operating its SE10Bs at its terminals in Jersey City, N.J. and Brooklyn, N.Y., primarily for positioning railcars for cross-harbor freight operations. KLW says the locomotives, compared to the units they are replacing, will reduce emissions levels and fuel consumption by more than 90% and 60%, respectively, and significantly reduce engine noise levels.
"For Knoxville Locomotive Works, this venture underscores our long-term commitment to deliver advanced technology locomotive power to the North American and international rail markets," said KLW Chairman Pete Claussen. "It is gratifying we can do this with a localized Tennessee work force and with a predominance of U.S. manufactured assemblies and components."
"Our customers have consistently told us that two of the most significant challenges they currently face are increasingly stringent emissions standards and increasing fuel costs," said MTU America Inc. Director of Industrial Sales Scott Woodruff. "Knoxville Locomotive Works has been on the leading edge of designing the best locomotive solutions to meet those challenges, and MTU is committed to helping locomotive builders like KLW deliver the cleanest, most efficient new products to their customers."
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3 thoughts on "For New York New Jersey Rail, new KLW power"
AND IT'S SO PRETTY-LOOKING!!! 😀
OUT WITH THE LATEST. YOU'RE THE GREATEST!!!! 🙂
penneyvanderbilt says:
Reblogged this on KCJones.


With more than 5000m2 of indoor and outdoor spaces, Alaïa Chalet is the largest action sports centre in Switzerland. Near the resort of Crans-Montana, it offers athletes the opportunity to practice their sport in an idyllic mountain setting.
A space dedicated to the realization of videos and photos but also ideal for seminars. And for budding musicians or professionals, our studio is ideal for your recordings!
Secure Wifi, printer and chill area.
Possibility to rent a space by the day, week, month or year.
For professionals or private individuals.
Organic juices, homemade beers, homemade cocktails: everyone will find what they are looking for at Alaïa Chalet. And to fill your appetite, nice dishes at a nice price are waiting for you! In summer, don't miss the sunsets on our terrace!
With leading brands in the world of action sports, our shop offers a selection of products for all tastes! Skis, snowboards, skateboards, glasses, googles, t-shirts: if you need an accessory, you will certainly find it at the Alaïa Chalet!


See the locations of free courtesy phones that provide access to the campus police and campus extensions.
Also see the locations of call boxes in UCSD parking lots.
For more information, contact the ITS Service Desk at servicedesk@ucsd.edu.


Please print and submit your study abroad application and deposit to the FVCC Business Office in Blake Hall.
4. AGE: Whitney will not grant a loan to a student under age 18 without approval of the Whitney Board of Trustees ( Board ).


text:
package android.app;

// Dummy class for tests to compile
public class Application {
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


• Jasper Sightseeing with Maligne Lake Cruise .
This tour offers scenic vistas of Banff and Jasper National Parks - Mountains, Lakes, Waterfalls & Canyons, walking on the glaciers, journeying the mountaintop in a cable car , cruising the Lakes & sudden wild life viewing of this beautiful land shall keep you coming again and again.
Upon arrival at Calgary International Airport transfer to Banff by coach. Savor the beauty of the Canadian Rockies as we pass by the resorts of Kananaskis and Canmore. Your day is free to explore the Banff Town ship.
Jasper offers a variety of incredible opportunities for sightseeing. Your sightseeing tour of Jasper features a visit to the Pyramid and Patricia Lakes, Maligne Canyon with its narrow gorge and limestone walls falling 50 meters below. It also includes a visit to the Jasper's oldest attraction - The Maligne Lake. A one and half-hour boat cruise (seasonal) will take you past the glacier studded mountain peaks to world famous Spirit Island unsurpassed for the scenery it affords.
Steeped in history and fabulous panoramas, your journey once again on the stunning Ice Fields Parkway shall bring you to Lake Louise. At Lake Louise, where the Victoria Glacier reflects on the water, you have time to sit back and enjoy the picture-perfect setting or walk on one of the many hiking paths near the lake.
Your morning at leisure at one of the most stunning places in the Canadian Rockies. Afternoon proceed to Calgary.


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Sponsored by [**Microsoft for Startups Founders Hub**](http://pythonbytes.fm/foundershub2022).

**Brian #1:** [**Awesome pytest speedup**](https://github.com/zupo/awesome-pytest-speedup)

- Neyts Zupan
- A checklist of best practices to speed up your pytest suite.
- as a talk at [Plone NAMUR 2022](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uvkSOaFYsLo)
- Measure first
- Then make sure (all items have explanations)
    -  Hardware is fast
        - use a faster computer
        - also try a self-hosted runner
            - seriously, a dedicated computer (or a few) for making test runs faster might be worth it. CI resources are usually slower in cloud than local, and even expensive VM farms are often slower. Try local
    -  Collection is fast
        - utilize `norecursedirs` and specifying the location of the tests, either on the command line or with `[testpaths](https://docs.pytest.org/en/7.1.x/reference/reference.html#confval-testpaths)`
    -  PYTHONDONTWRITEBYTECODE=1 is set
        - might help
    -  Built-in pytest plugins are disabled
        - try `-p no:pastebin -p no:nose -p no:doctest`
    -  Only a subset of tests are executed
        - Especially when developing or debugging, run a subset and [skip the slow tests](https://pypi.org/project/pytest-skip-slow/).
    -  Network access is disabled
        - `[pytest-socket](https://pypi.org/project/pytest-socket/)` can make sure of that
    -  Disk access is disabled
        - interesting idea
    -  Database access is optimized
        - great discussion here, including using truncate and rollback.
    -  Tests run in parallel
        - [pytest-xdist](https://pypi.org/project/pytest-xdist) or similar
- Then keep them fast
    - monitor test speed

**Michael #2:** Strive to travel without a laptop

- [**Prompt from Panic**](https://panic.com/prompt/) for SSH on iThings
- [**github.dev**](https://github.dev) for an editor on iPad
- Push to branch for continuous deployment
- BTW, Apple could just make M1 iPads boot to macOS rather than chase silly multi windowing systems (stage manager, etc, etc)

**Brian #3:** **Some fun tools from the previous testing article**

- [hyperfine](https://github.com/sharkdp/hyperfine) for timing the whole suite
-  `pytest` `--``durations 10` for finding test times of slowest 10 tests
    - leave the `10` off to find times of everything, sorted
- [pyinstrument](https://pyinstrument.readthedocs.io/en/latest/home.html) for profiling with nice tree structures
    - and [how to use it with pytest](https://pyinstrument.readthedocs.io/en/latest/guide.html#profile-pytest-tests)
- [pytest-socket](https://pypi.org/project/pytest-socket/) disables network calls with `--disable-socket`, helping to find tests that use network calls.
- [pyfakefs](https://github.com/pytest-dev/pyfakefs), a fake file system that mocks the Python file system modules. "Using pyfakefs, your tests operate on a fake file system in memory without touching the real disk."
- [BlueRacer.io](https://github.com/apps/blueracer-io)

**Michael #4:** [**Refurb**](https://github.com/dosisod/refurb)

- A tool for refurbishing and modernizing Python codebases
- Think of it as suggesting the pythonic line of code.
- A little sampling of what I got on Talk Python Training
    - file.py:186:25 [FURB106]: Replace `x.replace("\t", " ")` with `x.expandtabs(1)`
    - file.py:128:17 [FURB131]: Replace `del x[y]` with `x.pop(y)`
    - file.py:103:17 [FURB131]: Replace `del x[y]` with `x.pop(y)`
    - file.py:112:39 [FURB109]: Replace `not in [x, y, z]` with `not in (x, y, z)`
    - file.py:45:5 [FURB131]: Replace `del x[y]` with `x.pop(y)`
    - file.py:81:21 [FURB131]: Replace `del x[y]` with `x.pop(y)`
    - file.py:143:9 [FURB131]: Replace `del x[y]` with `x.pop(y)`
    - file.py:8:50 [FURB123]: Replace `list(x)` with `x.copy()`
- You don't always want the change, can suppress the recommendation with either a CLI flag or comment.

**Extras**

Michael:

- Back on [**episode 54**](https://pythonbytes.fm/episodes/show/54/pyannotate-your-way-to-the-future) in 2017 we discussed python apps in systemd daemons.
    - Multiprocessing allows for a cool way to save on server memory
    - Do the scheduled work a multiprocessing.Process
    - Here's [**an example from Talk Python Training**](https://python-bytes-static.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/glances-view.png)
- Completely rewrote [**search UI for Talk Python courses**](https://twitter.com/TalkPython/status/1580691498416615426)
- [**Google analytics is now illegal**](https://youtu.be/9K--N8frWq0)?
- [**Fleet**](https://www.jetbrains.com/fleet/) is *finally* in public preview
- I'll be on [**a JetBrains/PyCharm webcast**](https://blog.jetbrains.com/pycharm/2022/10/webinar-django-in-pycharm/) Thursday.

**Joke:** [**Tests pass**](https://twitter.com/PR0GRAMMERHUM0R/status/1578943360705781762)


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text:
George's Completes Purchase of Tyson Foods' Plant
10 May 2011, at 8:25am
US - George's has completed the purchase of a Tyson Foods poultry plant in Harrisonberg, which was announced in March.
George's Inc. of Springdale said yesterday, 9 May, that it has completed the purchase of Tyson Foods Inc.'s poultry complex in Harrisonburg, Virginia, reports Arkansas Business.
The sale does not affect Tyson's other operations in Virginia, which include poultry production complexes at Glen Allen and Temperanceville.
The transfer of ownership took effect on 7 May and includes a processing plant in Harrisonburg and a hatchery in Broadway, as well as a feed mill and truck shop in New Market.
The companies did not disclose a sale price. The deal was originally announced in March.
The Harrisonburg complex employs more than 500 people and has 121 contract poultry farms. It produces commodity boneless and whole bird chicken, and chicken leg quarters for sale to retail, foodservice and international customers.
Gary George, chairman and CEO of George's, commented: "We expect to retain substantially all of the people who were employed by Tyson and will also honour the contracts Tyson had with local poultry growers.
"In fact, we plan to gradually increase poultry production in the complex, using more of its existing capacity. We believe this will benefit growers by reducing the amount of time between flocks and will help our production employees by giving them more work hours each week."
According to Arkansas Business, the Harrisonburg complex was among the poultry operations that publicly traded Tyson, also based in Springdale, acquired in 1989, when it purchased Holly Farms.


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10 of the best hairdressers and barbers in Edinburgh according to Google reviews
Newtongrange bakery wins World Championships pie awards
Work underway on 57 social rent homes to meet high Midlothian demand
Work is well underway on the construction of 57 affordable homes in a prime location within Midlothian, being built by CALA Homes (East) on behalf of Dunedin Canmore, part of Wheatley Group.
By Morag Kuc
Thursday, 14th October 2021, 6:00 am
Pictured: Stephen Faller (Land Manager, CALA Homes (East)), Mary Mulligan (Chair of Dunedin Canmore Housing Association) and Christine Grahame MSP
Comprising 16 cottage flats, 13 terraced homes and 28 apartments, the homes form part of the wider Mauricewood Masterplan in Penicuik and will be adjacent to CALA's popular Belwood Oaks development.
All of the apartments and homes will be for social rent with the provision of electric vehicle charging facilities for future tenants.
The delivery of the new homes will provide a timely boost to supply as demand for homes continues to surge across Midlothian and will mark a significant contribution to Midlothian Council's commitment to building 1,000 new affordable houses in the region.
The homes will be constructed by CALA, for Dunedin Canmore, with the first tenants due to move into their new homes in summer 2023.
Commenting, Christine Grahame, MSP for Midlothian South, Tweeddale and Lauderdale, said: "It's great to see this development progressing well and I know this housing will be in demand when the time comes to let it.
"Social housing is an important part of our property mix and it's vital that there's the supply to meet demand for it, particularly as private sector options are often so unaffordable for many."
Stephen Faller, Land Manager for CALA Homes (East), said: "Our work in Penicuik is seeing us deliver popular private family homes, alongside unlocking around £9m of financial contributions to Midlothian Council towards improvements to Education, Transport and local Community Facilities in the locale.
"It is now great to see the construction of the affordable homes well underway after months of planning and detailed design work with our partner Dunedin Canmore.
"These new affordable properties will provide a welcome boost to many families on social housing waiting lists and the broad mix of one, two and three-bed apartments and terraced homes will ensure we are catering for a wide range in the Penicuik area."
Recent data shows that between 2007 and 2019, social housing applications have almost doubled in Midlothian.
David Fletcher, Wheatley Group Director of Development said: "It is great to see CALA starting work on these new homes, which will help meet the high demand for affordable homes in Midlothian.
"These 57 homes, part of nearly 400 Dunedin Canmore will build in the region over the next three years, will make a significant difference in the lives of our customers and their families.
"We're delighted this project is being supported both by Midlothian Council and by over £3.9 million in Scottish Government grant funding."
The housebuilder has also invested heavily in the wider Midlothian community. A report by economic consultancy estimates that CALA's work will result in a £15.7 million boost in new infrastructure, such as schools and leisure facilities across the county, as well as an estimated £15.6m boost to the local economy with the creation of more than 290 jobs.
CALA's record of delivering attractive communities, including affordable properties, at a wide range of sites across Midlothian has also seen it work closely with Melville Housing Association at its Eagle's Green development in Bonnyrigg to incorporate 14 high quality, affordable homes into a site next to Broomieknowe Golf Club.
WorkMidlothianCala Homes
Penicuik Farmfoods store set to close
Edinburgh creative agency Lux ushers in four-day week as profits lift
Pet retailer Jollyes set to open branches in Edinburgh, Glenrothes and Stirling in coming months
Edinburgh and Glasgow 'will enjoy skyrocketing economic growth in 2022'


It probably goes without saying that I am going to be opposed to anything supported by the Christian extremist American Family Association. But there is a bit of legislation they have been pushing in Congress that I'd like to bring to your attention because it seems to be gaining support. H.Con.Res. 274 would not only reaffirm "In God We Trust" as the official motto of the United States, but it would encourage public display of this motto in all public buildings, including public schools.
We all recognize the need to return God to His proper place in our public life and especially in our system of public education. You can help return this nation to God by contacting your representative today!
So much for this national motto not being inherently religious.
It is good to see the American Humanist Association out in front on this one, but I worry that this is the sort of resolution that may pass if we cannot bring additional pressure on our elected representatives.


Poona the Fuckdog (And Other Plays for Children) is the kind of show that seems like it was written after ingesting a handful of sleeping pills with a four-pack of Red Bull.
That Dragon, Cancer is a window into the soul, probing our collective thoughts and feelings in a way that feels at once real but with sweeping flourishes so as to constantly invigorate.
While watching Laurier Musical Theatre's stage production of the play based on the 1980 film, 9 to 5, I wondered if I just didn't like this kind of musical theatre.
Many beloved films deserved more Academy recognition than they ended up getting and for me, the biggest snubs of the year have something in common.


In this episode Adam enjoys some microwave smores, Allan is likely internetless, and the Two Hosers explain why you want a bounce disc.
hey guys, Allen your mic is very Bass heavy the last few weeks. my computer audio setup (which does have a sub) is very boomy, mostly just on your voice. Adam sounds great. just fyi.
I've been recording the show from Vancouver and I travelled relatively light which means no proper mixing setup. I've been relying on semi-decent headphones. That, and a number of variables (mic, location etc) have meant a lack of consistency. It will improve soon though. But next week's show was a Vancouver one as well. The one after that MAY be better but no promises. After that, we're golden.