text:
\section{Introduction}

Information and Communication Technologies (ICT)  have been revolutionizing education systems around the world. Adoption of online mode of teaching and learning by deploying Learning Management Systems \cite{mcgill2009task} and Massive Online Open Courses\cite{breslow2013studying} are some of the indicators of the impact of ICT on education. Web platforms and mobile devices are the technologies which universities are preferring to create and distribute educational contents.

In recent times, emerging technologies such as Blockchain and Internet of Things (IoT) have opened up opportunities for educators to devise technological interventions to their pressing problems. Some of the novel applications of blockchain technologies include certificates management, evaluating students' professional ability, and enhancing students' interactions in e-learning. The detailed surveys of applications of Blockchain technology  \cite{alammary2019blockchain} and IoT \cite{al2020survey} in  Education highlight the importance of these technologies to improve educational outcomes.

In this chapter,  we present a high-level design of a model to provide administrative support for conducting university examinations around these two emerging technologies of Blockchain and IoT.
Section 2 and 3 describe the university examinations system practised in  India and challenges faced to conduct examinations. In Section 4 and 5, we identify functional and non-functional requirements, especially security and monitoring requirements, to develop Blockchain and IoT based governance support. We adopt a software architecture approach to define the proposed high-level design.   We describe in Section 7 a mapping of architecturally significant requirements to the main design elements from Blockchain and IoT.

\section{University Examinations System in India} Institutes of Higher Education in India can be classified into three broad categories depending upon the level of autonomy granted to them concerning the conduct of examinations. These are: (i) Affiliating Universities, (ii) Autonomous Colleges, and (iii) Deemed Universities.
\begin{enumerate}
    \item {\bf Affiliating University} These are the institutes of higher education to which other colleges are affiliated. Further, affiliating universities prescribe a curriculum, conduct examinations, maintain academic records of students, and award degree certificates to them. The colleges are typically distributed over a wide geographical area sometimes spanning over thousands of kilometres. All the administrative and academic powers are centralized at the university level with little or no autonomy to the colleges affiliated to the university.

    These kinds of universities adopt {\em standardized examinations} as a mode of assessment. In standardized exams, thousands of students are assessed through a standard question paper. Unlike the online method of tests consisting of Multiple-Choice-Questions (MCQ),  these examinations consist of essay type descriptive questions, and they are typically conducted in paper-pen mode.

    \item {\bf Autonomous Colleges} Autonomous colleges have autonomy concerning prescribing curricula and conducting examinations. Like affiliated colleges, autonomous institutes are affiliated to a university. For these institutes, the role of a university is to maintain academic records of students and award degree certificates to them. Such autonomous colleges have no powers to award degree certificates.

    \item {\bf Deemed Universities} A deemed university is an institute of higher education with power to prescribe curricula, conduct examinations, and award degree certificates. But no control of affiliating colleges to it beyond its campus.

\end{enumerate}
 In this chapter, we propose a governing model to administer standardized examinations for affiliating universities to which autonomous and non-autonomous colleges are affiliated. The proposed model is designed around two technologies of Blockchain and IoT.

 \section{Challenges in Administering University Examinations} \label{uc}

 Universities face various kind of challenges concerning the conduct of examinations. These  challenges are  of four types, namely, (i) Administrative, (ii) Infrastructure, (iii) Resource, and  (iv) Security \cite{aggarwalCommitteeReport}.   We describe some of the security challenges needing technological interventions in this section.
 \begin{enumerate}
     \item {\bf Leakage of Sensitive Information [SC1]} Many universities rely on manual processes to transfer sensitive documents such as question papers, identities of paper setters, mark-statements, and stationery items related to the conduct of examinations. Leakage of such sensitive documents before the scheduled examinations by agencies involved in this process have been reported at numerous times. Such leakage has serious consequences on the scheduling of examinations, cancellation of examinations, and repeating examinations. Honest and sincere students need to bear the burden of such leakages.
     \item {\bf Tampering with Valuable Information [SC2]} Incidences of tampering of valuable information such as students grades and the names of students on grade-sheets by administrative staffs engaged in the process of examinations have also been reported. Such incidences lead misinformation and wrong academic credentials to students.
     \item {\bf Generating and Distributing Fake Certificates [SC3]} Generating fake degree certificates for the students who have not enrolled in any degree programs by a third party is also a common threat faced by many universities.  Such incidences are increasingly happening for programs with high job potentials.
     \item {\bf Security threats due to the deployment of ICT [SC4]} Some of the universities have started adopting ICT for effective administration purposes. In addition to the existing security challenges involved in the manual process, the use of ICT has exposed universities to various kinds of cyber-attacks, such as a denial of service attacks.
 \end{enumerate}
 Addressing these challenges is one of the main motivations behind exploring the applications of  blockchain technology to improve the functioning of examinations system.

 \section{Functional Requirements for University Examinations} \label{fr}
 An examinations section of a university conducts various kinds of examinations throughout a year. These examinations are either mid-semester, end-semester or remedial examinations. The broad process of examinations can be broken down among the following tasks.  To use the Software Engineering terminology, these are the functional requirements or use-cases to be supported by the proposed  system.
\begin{enumerate}
    \item  {\bf To enroll  students for examinations [FRQ1]} Students perform this activity to enroll and express their willingness to appear for a particular course examination. Students earn specified course credits by qualifying a course examination.
     \item  {\bf To assign identification credentials to students [FRQ2]}.The university assigns a unique identification when a student enrolls for the first course. The unique identification needs to hide students real-life identity at the same time it needs to be linked to the real-life identity.
     \item {\bf To make classroom attendance mandatory for university examinations [FRQ3]:} Many universities make it compulsory to fulfil the requirement of minimum classroom attendance for appearing to the End-Semester-Examinations. Universities need a mechanism to implement this requirement  and to link a students' classroom attendance to the issue of their hall tickets or admit cards [FRQ4].
    \item {\bf To issue hall tickets or admit cards [FRQ4]} Hall tickets or admit cards are the paper-based permission documents which are required to enter in an examination hall. It contains photo-identity of a student and courses enrolled by the student.

    \item  {\bf To generate  question papers for examinations [FRQ5]} Test examinations for a course can be generated automatically, or course expert can manually prepare it. An automatic system makes use of pre-defined question item bank and set of rules to produce examinations as discussed in \cite{kale2013algorithm,wankhede2016qualitative}. In a manual mode, a course expert submits a question paper to a university.
    \item {\bf To distribute Examinations related material [FRQ6]:} Universities distribute pre-printed stationery to affiliated colleges along with question papers so that affiliated colleges can conduct examinations on-time without any glitches.
    \item {\bf To maintain examination record [FRQ7]:} Universities need to manage the data about the academic credentials achieved by a student during the registration time and after graduation for a long time for verification and validation purposes.
    \item {\bf To issue degree certificates and transcripts [FRQ8]:} Universities award degree certificates to students upon successful completion of a program requirement. Universities issue transcripts are showing details of academic credentials to students.
    \item {\bf To verify and validate students records [FRQ9]:}  In case of students graduated, universities receive requests from various recruitment agencies to validate degree certificates and transcripts.

    \item {\bf To manage assets and inventory of stationary items required for conducting university examinations: [FRQ10]} Universities maintain an inventory of stationery items (e.g., papers, pockets, staplers), and assets like printers, copiers, and vehicles.   Continuous monitoring of the usages of these assets and inventory items is an essential and time-consuming activity to conduct examinations.
   \end{enumerate}

A software system realizing these functional requirements has to share and distribute the sensitive information among various stakeholders  over the internet. Hence, it  necessitates to analyze the design of software system from information security point of view.

 \section{Information Security Requirement Analysis for University Examinations} \label{nfr}
 Many universities have started adopting ICT to provide administrative support for the examinations tasks listed in Section \ref{uc}. These approaches  either outsource the implementation of these functionality to a cloud service provider or realize it as a  centralized client-server application. Though both the approaches bring a degree of automation and efficiency in performing tasks, they are prone to information security attacks. So far no such incidences have been reported but occurrences of such attacks can not be ruled out in future.
 \begin{enumerate}
     \item {\bf Data Confidentiality [SRQ1]:} This requirement ensures that sensitive information such as question papers, model answer, student assessment records, information about affiliated colleges shall not be shared with any unauthorized applications or users. This requirement protects systems against attacks such as intentional and unintentional information leakage and data breaches.

     \item {\bf Data Integrity [SRQ2]:} Data integrity is another important requirement to avoid tampering with data. An un-authorized application shall not modify or tamper with information records such as grades of students, enrolled courses and other such information.
     \item{\bf Authentication [SRQ3]:} Authentication of users and applications is the most primitive way to recognize legal users and applications. A strong application protects the system from data breaches and information leakage.
     \item{\bf Authorization [SRQ4]:} Illegal tampering and modification of data shall be  ensured by providing various levels of authorization corresponding to the kinds of users of systems such as teachers, paper setters, evaluators, heads of the departments, principals,and a controller of examinations.
     \item {\bf Denial of Service Attacks [SRQ5]:} Such kinds of attacks are initiated by external users through flooding the network with excessive traffic. For example, when university declares the results of an examination un-intentional denial-of-service attacks can occur if  a large number of students open multiple sessions to know results. A malicious users can intentionally block the access to an examination service by flooding network with excessive traffic.
     \item {\bf Man-in-the-middle [SRQ6]:} In Man-in-the-middle kinds attacks,  a malicious user intercepts communication between two parties with an intention to tamper the messages. From the examination system point of view, a proxy student may appear for an online examination, or modify a question paper delivered over the internet through such kinds of attacks. A robust examinations system shall prevent such kinds of attacks.
     \item {\bf Privilege escalation [SRQ7]:}A malicious user often an authenticated user can use flaws in the system design to gain privileged access to perform unauthorized actions. For example, an authenticated student acquires rights of teacher to modify grade-sheets.
     \item {\bf Privacy Leakage [SRQ8]:}  These are data breach attacks initiated normally by internal staff having access to private information of users. In such kinds of attacks, internal staff shares the private information to third party. In the context of examination system, social profile of students, asset information of the colleges affiliated to the universities are some of the private information.
 \end{enumerate}

 A robust and trustworthy platform is required to implement such kinds of security requirements.

 \section{Architectural Elements in  Blockchain} \label{ae}

The existing web technologies have introduced an information-centric model which has revolutionized the education system. For example, the emergence of MOOC \cite{mcauley2010mooc} platforms such as Coursera ($www.coursera.org$) has been attributed to the growth and widespread adoption of online technologies for teaching and learning processes. This centralized model has bridged the information gap that exists between a content provider and content consumers by creating a third-party for information exchange called intermediaries or agents or service providers.

Some of the advantages of web technologies for content distribution are that processes of teaching and learning are simplified, and the time required to learn has been drastically reduced because of access to quality learning material \cite{kiwelekar2020architectural}.  Despite the various benefits of web technologies, the Internet has always remained an unreliable platform to share valuable personal information because of its mediator-centric model for information exchange.   The information shared with such sites is still susceptible to breach of security and privacy attacks. Due to these limitations,  applications of web technologies have not been extended to other relevant academic processes such as examinations.

The {\em emerging blockchain technology} removes these pitfalls by laying a trust layer on top of the existing Internet technology. It replaces the mediator-centric model of information exchange with the peer-to-peer model or decentralized model.   It transforms the Internet into a trustworthy platform for doing business when transacting parties that do not trust each other.
Initially emerged as a platform to exchange digital currency over the Internet, now the blockchain technology is gradually emerging as a general-purpose platform for sharing and protecting information \cite{crosby2016blockchain}.

This section reviews the four fundamental concepts common across various blockchain implementations. These are: \cite{dinh2018}:
(i) Distributed Ledger [DL],
(ii) Cryptography (CRYPT),
(iii) Consensus Protocols (CP), and
(iv) Smart Contracts (SC)

\subsection{Distributed Ledgers}

In the context of a blockchain-based information system, ledgers are the databases storing up-to-date information about business transactions. These are distributed among all the nodes participating in the network.  So multiple copies of a ledger exist in a business network.  A consensus protocol ensures consistency of each copy with each other. These ledgers are used to store information about valuable assets such as coins, land records, diamonds, student's academic credentials and others.

As shown in Figure \ref{bc}, distributed ledgers arrange records in a chain-format.    Here, multiple transactions related to an asset are grouped in a block. The $(n+1)^{th}$ block in the chain links to the $n^{th}$ block and the $n^{th}$ block links to the $(n-1)^{th}$ block and so on.  Due to this peculiar arrangement, distributed ledgers are also known as a blockchain.  The blockchain data structure permits only append of new records. Updating and deletion of records are not permissible.

\begin{figure}[t]
\centering
    \includegraphics[scale=0.28]{Blockchain}
    \caption{Blockchain}
    \label{bc}
\end{figure}

The most critical design feature of blockchain-based information system is the use of hash pointers instead of physical memory based pointers to link blocks in a chain. A hash pointer is a message digest calculated from the information content of a block. Whenever a node attempts to tamper the information content, a small change in the information leads to a ripple effect of changes in hash-pointers.  Thus, making it impossible to change the data once it has been recorded in the blockchain.

The distribution of ledgers across the network and use of hash-pointers enable mediator-less business transactions and immutability of stored information. These are the two significant quality attributes associated with blockchain-based information systems.

\subsection{Cryptography}\label{crypt}
Blockchain technology makes heavy use of cryptographic functions to assure trust among the users transacting over a blockchain-based business network. These cryptographic functions address various purposes. Some of them are:

1) {\em Authenticating the identity of agents involved in a business transaction}:\newline Blockchain-based systems use a kind of asymmetric key cryptography. These protocols use two different keys called public and private keys. The public keys are open and used as addresses for performing business transactions while private keys are secret and used for validating the transactions. Secure Hash Algorithm (SHA-256 used in  Bitcoin \cite{nakamoto2019bitcoin}) and Elliptic Curve Digital Signature Algorithm   ( ECDSA used in  Hyperledger \cite{cachin2016architecture}) are some of the cryptographic protocols used for this purpose \cite{luntovskyy2018cryptographic}.  Cryptographic functions such as digital signature are also used to authenticate a particular transaction.

2) {\em Ensuring Privacy}: The blockchain technology adopts various mechanisms to preserve the privacy of a transaction.  Below we discuss these mechanisms and their intentions behind the design.
\begin{enumerate}
    \item  {\em Decentralised Privacy}.   The blockchain technology adopts decentralization as one of the guiding design principles. It eliminates the role of mediator to store transaction information at a central place.  The transaction information is distributed throughout a business network. Thus the threat of a mediator sharing the transaction information with a third party is eliminated.
\item {\em Use of Asymmetric Cryptography}.  The blockchain technology uses asymmetric key cryptography to protect the identity of transaction owners and to authenticate a transaction.   Transactions are delinked from the real-world identity of transaction owners. The transaction owners are identified through using public keys which an owner can generate multiple times.  In this way, transactions are pseudo-anonymous. The private keys are used to authenticate a transaction.
\item  {\em Additional Mechanism for Anonymity}:  In the majority of blockchains implementations, transaction owners are identified through pseudo-anonymous identity. To provide full anonymity, additional mechanisms such as mixing transaction information, and a cryptographic technique called Zero-Knowledge proof can be used.  Zero-knowledge proof \cite{wang2018designing} is a verification technique which assures the validity of information without disclosing additional information.
\end{enumerate}

 \begin{sidewaystable}[h]
     \centering
     \begin{tabular}{|p{2.25in}| p{0.2in}| p{0.2in}|p{0.2in}|p{0.2in}|p{4.5in}|}
     \hline
     Functional Requirements   & \multicolumn{4}{|p{0.8in}|}{Blockchain Elements} & Remarks \\ \cline{2-5}
         &
       \begin{sideways}DL\end{sideways}  &
       \begin{sideways}CRYPT\end{sideways}  &
       \begin{sideways}CP\end{sideways}  &
       \begin{sideways} SC \end{sideways}  &
      \\ \hline

        To enroll  students for examinations [FRQ1] & X & X & X &  &  This functionality shall record the cryptographic hash of records in the DL. The consensus protocol shall ensure consistency among all copies of DL.   \\ \hline

        To assign identification credentials to students [FRQ2] & X  & X &  &  &  This functionality shall assign unique public keys to students using blockchain as a Public-Key-Infrastructure \cite{yakubov2018blockchain}.    \\ \hline

       To issue hall tickets [FRQ4] & X & X &  X & & Hall tickets shall be implemented as tokens/coins which are transferred to the accounts of students before examinations and they are collected upon entry inside a hall.   \\ \hline

     To generate  question papers for examinations [FRQ5] & X & & X & X & This functionality shall record hash of question item banks in the DL and implement the logic of automated generation of examinations as a smart-contract \cite{kale2013algorithm}. \\ \hline

    To distribute examinations related material [FRQ6]  & X & X & X & & Each stationery item shall be tagged with RFID tags so that the movement of stationery items can be tracked and traced. \\ \hline

     To maintain examination record [FRQ7] & X & X & X & & Distributed ledgers shall be used to record the hash-values of the academic credentials of students. The consensus protocol shall ensure consistency among the multiple copies of ledgers. \\ \hline

    To issue degree certificates and transcripts [FRQ8] & X & & & X & The functionality shall be implemented as a contract which generates certificates and transcripts for qualified students. \\ \hline

    To verify and validate students' transcripts  and certificates [FRQ9] X &  &  &  & X & It shall be implemented as a smart contract. \\ \hline

     \end{tabular}
     \caption{Mapping of Functional Requirements to Blockchain Architectural Elements}
     \label{frmap}
 \end{sidewaystable}

 \begin{sidewaystable}[h]
     \centering
     \begin{tabular}{|p{2.25in}| p{0.2in}| p{0.2in}|p{0.2in}|p{0.2in}|p{4.5in}|}
     \hline
     Information Security Requirements   & \multicolumn{4}{|p{0.8in}|}{Blockchain Elements} & Remarks \\ \cline{2-5}
         &
       \begin{sideways}DL\end{sideways}  &
       \begin{sideways}CRYPT\end{sideways}  &
       \begin{sideways}CP\end{sideways}  &
       \begin{sideways} SC \end{sideways}  &
      \\ \hline

    Data Confidentiality [SRQ1] & & X & & & Cryptography functions shall be used  to secure storage of information and communication among users.  \\ \hline

   Data Integrity [SRQ2] & X & & X &  & Data integrity shall be   ensured through immutable DL and consensus protocols. \\ \hline

     Authentication [SRQ3] & & X & & & Blockchains cryptographic mechanisms have been increasingly employed to authenticate devices (e.g., IoT and  wireless sensor networks) \cite{hammi2018bubbles}. The proposed system shall use blockchain-based mechanisms for authenticating users and applications \\ \hline

     Authorization [SRQ4]  & & & & X & A logic to ensure proper authorization and violation of authorization shall be implemented as a smart-contract \\ \hline

     Denial of Service Attacks [SRQ5] & X &  &  X & & Blockchain-based systems being decentralized are more resilient against DoS attacks, and the level of resiliency depends on the consensus protocol used. The consensus protocol, such as  Practical Byzantine Fault Tolerant protocols shall be used to provide an acceptable level of resiliency. \\ \hline

     Man-in-the-middle [SRQ6] &  & & & X &  A logic to detect and avoid such attacks  shall be implemented as a smart-contract. \\ \hline

     Privilege escalation [SRQ7]  &  & & & X &  A logic to detect and avoid such attacks  shall be implemented as a smart-contract. \\ \hline

     \end{tabular}
     \caption{A Mapping of Non-Functional Requirements to Blockchain Architectural Elements}
     \label{nfrmap}
 \end{sidewaystable}

\subsection{Consensus Protocols}
In decentralized systems, agreeing upon the global state of the transaction is a challenge. In a centralized system, this is not an issue because only one copy of transaction history is present at the central authority (e.g., Banks main Server machine). Blockchain being a decentralized system holds multiple replicas of transactions at several nodes. Agreeing upon the unique state of the transaction is an issue which is solved by executing a consensus process involving all the nodes in the system. This process is typically carried out in three stages. In the first phase, a node is elected/selected as a leader node to decide upon a single state. In the second stage, transactions are validated. In the third stage, transactions are committed.

A variety of consensus algorithms exists \cite{sankar2017survey} in a blockchain-based system. These are often compared based upon how scalable the algorithm is and several malicious nodes it tolerates. The Proof-of-Work (PoW) algorithm used in Bitcoin is one example of the consensus protocol. It selects the leader node responsible for deciding upon a global state by solving a cryptographic puzzle.
The Proof-of-Stake (PoS) is another consensus protocol in which a leader is selected with the highest stakes in the network. The Practical Byzantine Fault Tolerant (PBFT) is the third example of consensus protocol for which the goal is to reach consensus in the event of failure of some of the nodes (e.g., up to 30\% nodes in the network) or they fail to provide accurate information to reach consensus.

\subsection{Smart-Contracts}
Smart-contracts \cite{cong2019blockchain} are the most significant element in the blockchain-based system because it provides mechanism to configure the behaviour of such systems. Blockchain programmers can customize the working of blockchain systems by writing programs called {\em Smart-Contract}. The smart contracts are scripts which are executed when a specific event occurs in a system. For example, in the context of Bitcoin, a coin may be released when more than one signatures are validated, or when miners solve a cryptographic puzzle.

These scripts can be written in a native language provided by blockchain systems or general-purpose programmable language. For example, Bitcoin provides a simple and less expressive native language to write a smart contract while Ethereum provides a Turing complete native language called Solidity to write smart contracts. In Hyperledger, blockchain programmers can write a smart contract in a general-purpose language such as Java/Go.

 \begin{figure}[t]
\centering
\begin{subfigure}{.5\textwidth}
  \centering
  \includegraphics[scale=0.24]{C-S}
  \caption{A Cloud-based Design}
  \label{fig:sub1}
\end{subfigure}%
\begin{subfigure}{.5\textwidth}
  \centering
  \includegraphics[scale=0.24]{decent}
  \caption{Decentralized and Autonomous Design}
  \label{fig:sub2}
\end{subfigure}
\caption{Centralized versus Decentralized University Examinations System}
\label{fig:test}
\end{figure}

 \section{A Prescriptive Architecture for University Examinations}

 An architecture of a software system can be designed by identifying Architecturally Significant Requirements (ASR) and mapping them to the elements in the desired architecture style \cite{kiwelekar2010ontological}. For example, a three-tier architecture of a system can be specified by mapping ASR to the {\em presentation}, {\em business process logic} and {\em data access layer}. Such kinds of architecture design are referred to as {\em prescriptive architecture}.  In addition to architectural mappings, the prescriptive architectures also include a set of essential design choices to be made early in the life-cycle.
 The purpose of prescriptive architecture is to provide broad guidelines for downstream software engineering processes such as detailed design and implementation.

 Figure \ref{layer} shows  the proposed software architecture designed around {\em Layered} architecture style. We prescribe a three-layered software organization with one additional cross-cutting layer. These layers are: {\em (i) Data Scanning and Data Sensing Layer}, {\em (ii)  Data Processing Layer}, {\em (iii) Data Validation and Report Generation Layer}. Most of the security requirements to be implemented using Blockchain Technology are {\em cross-cutting concerns} and represented as a vertical module. A cross-cutting concern is a requirement whose implementation is distributed
across multiple software modules \cite{eaddy2008crosscutting}.

 \begin{figure}[t]
     \centering
     \includegraphics[scale=0.25]{blockdia.png}
     \caption{Software Architecture of the Proposed System for University Examinations}
     \label{layer}
 \end{figure}

 \subsection{IoT  for Monitoring and Asset Management}

 We have grouped the functional requirements identified in Section \ref{fr} in two broad categories one that needs the IoT technology for the implementing requirements and others that need blockchain technology.

 Our motivation behind using IoT is to support continuous monitoring and management of assets and inventory of stationery items required to conduct examinations addressing the requirements FRQ3 and FRQ10.

 The following three IoT devices are used for this purpose.
 \begin{enumerate}
     \item {\bf Bio-metric Sensors for Attendance Monitoring} The proposed system shall collect the data about students' class attendance through bio-metric sensors such as finger-print scanners \cite{zainal2014design}.  The collected information shall be recorded updated on a daily/weekly basis to the blockchain ledgers. Based on the collected attendance information, the system shall issue admit cards to students satisfying minimum attendance requirements. Thus, it ensures the functional requirement FRQ3.
     \item {\bf Bar-code Scanner for data updating} Maintaining up-to-date information of stationery items required to conduct examination is one of the challenges. To address this challenge, the system shall use bar-code scanning and labelling of stationery items \cite{vamsi2020iot}. The inventory shall be maintained in a decentralized manner through blockchain technology.
     \item {\bf RFID for asset localization and management} The system shall use Radio Frequency Identifier (RFID) tags to locate and track the movement of mobile equipment and machinery such as printers, vehicles, laptops,  and server machines. The tracking information shall be recorded in a decentralized manner through the use of blockchain technology \cite{toyoda2017novel}.
 \end{enumerate}

 \subsection{Blockchain  Technology for  Decentralization and Autonomous Functioning}
 The choice of blockchain technology as the primary method for implementation is guided by the intention to bring more decentralization and autonomy in the functioning of university departments and colleges affiliated to it. This section provides a blueprint to implement such a system by defining a mapping of software requirements to the main blockchain elements.

 The Section \ref{fr} and \ref{nfr} identify such architecturally significant requirements which are functional and non-functional in nature. The major architectural elements in blockchain-based decentralized and autonomous systems are described in Section \ref{ae}. These are (i) Distributed Ledgers (DL), (ii) Cryptography (CRYPT), (iii) Consensus Protocols (CP), and (iv) Smart-Contracts (SC).

 The first kind of mappings, as defined in Table \ref{frmap}, provides the mapping of functional requirements identified in Section \ref{fr} to the four elements of a blockchain-based system. The rationale behind a particular mapping and design guidelines are briefly described under the {\em Remark} column in the table. Similarly, Table \ref{nfrmap} provides mapping for the security requirements identified in Section \ref{nfr}.

 In addition to architectural mappings, a prescriptive architecture includes a discussion on design choices considered while specifying a high-level of design. Here we consider the following design choices.

 \begin{enumerate}
     \item {\bf Public vs Private Blockchain}: A business network implemented around public blockchains allows any member to join or leave the network without permission of the authority. For example, Bitcoin is a public blockchain, any node can participate during a consensus process.

     Unlike a public blockchain, membership of business network formed around the private blockchain is restricted, and it is granted by a membership service solely implemented for this purpose.

     We prefer a private blockchain over public blockchain because the university examinations system is small in size as compared to the community dealing with cryptocurrencies. Also, our purpose is to support existing administrative processes followed by universities. The role of universities is to grant membership to affiliated colleges which can be implemented as a membership service. Here, it also be noted that our purpose is not to create a self-governing digital university system around the blockchain platform.

   \item  {\bf Consensus Protocols} As seen in Section \ref{ae}, the purpose of consensus protocols is to reach consensus on the global state of ledgers distributed across the network. Various consensus protocols such as Proof-of-Work (PoW), Proof-of-Stake (PoS), and Practical Byzantine Fault Tolerant (PBFT) are some of the alternatives available for this purpose.

   We prefer PBFT over other consensus protocols because it provides fault-tolerant behaviour or it protects from a  single point failure situation. In addition to it, PBFT  is a scalable protocol tolerating about one-third malicious users.

     \item {\bf Blockchain platform for implementation} Two existing blockchain frameworks, i.e. Hyperledger and Ethereum, are considered. The Hyperledger is preferred because of the available development support, and shorter learning time owing to the support of Java as a programming language for coding smart-contracts \cite{valenta2017comparison}.
 \end{enumerate}

 \section{Conclusion}

 The chapter proposes the use of Blockchain technology and IoT to build administrative support for the university examinations system. We considered the examinations system as practised in Indian Universities. Many Indian universities have started employing cloud-based solutions to administer examinations conducted by them. However, cloud-based services are susceptible to attacks such as breaching the privacy of information shared to them and leakage of confidential information vital for fairly conducting examinations. Hence the motivation behind adopting a blockchain-based approach to administer examinations originates from the intention to enhance the reputation of universities by improving trust in the process of assessment.

To develop the high-level design of the Blockchain and IoT based approach, the chapter identifies architecturally significant requirements which include functional needs as well as information security requirements.  Then the identified requirements are mapped to the main architectural elements of the blockchain-based system, i.e. distributed ledgers, cryptography, consensus protocols and smart contracts. The use of  IoT devices such as Finger-print scanners, Bar code scanners, and RFID  are suggested for asset management and localization.

The approach proposed in the chapter has the potential to realize various administrative tasks during examinations in a hassle-free manner. Further, migrating existing software-based solutions used for administering university examinations to a blockchain-based solution is the biggest challenge that needs to be addressed at the time of implementation.
\bibliographystyle{plain}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaArXiv


text:
2356hrs:
I could've quite easily missed today's entry. So scrappy has been the internet service of late.
The flu has subsided somewhat but a headache has taken its place. Pain builds endurance.
Meanwhile, I thought the following programme went quite well:
Labels: Dadyaal, Ravinder Pandita, Sharda
I have really been 'under the weather' since yesterday....a nasty flu has gripped me and isn't letting go just yet.
I couldn't forsake the weekly programme on JKTV though:
Earlier in the day we gave advance notice of an impending programme on Sharda tomorrow:
Labels: An Internal Narrative, Dadyaal, Internal J & K Political Process, JKTV, Sharda
File work is very lengthy, tedious and cannot be utilised or measured by others until it takes final shape.
When it gets categorised according to subject and is made available online, search-able by category or keyword.
As it stands, my online work to date is not even 10% of the total work I have done.
In an environment where the merit of research is almost non existent and where visible public activity on the ground gets far more attention; this makes my task subject to a form of double jeopardy of sorts.
Visible public activity can raise emotions or sentiments momentarily but organised/referenced/categorised research will eventually make the necessary difference at the negotiating table. It will also be increasingly useful for our future generations.
Thus, the equation is a tough one:
More public activity will mean less time for research. The former attracts public assistance despite its short-term utility whereas the more pain staking and time consuming work does not attract public assistance despite its long term value and necessity.
Labels: Dadyaal, Life of an Activist in AJK
I have so much to write, especially about the neighbour to my immediate West.
Labels: Dadyaal
I don't think I have done justice to this medium yet. The Daily Diary is still not accurately reflecting my experience. Far from it at times.
This is worrying me.....
I lost the opportunity to post for Day 175 of 2020 by just over a minute. I had been trying to post the aforementioned entry since at least 2330hrs and if it weren't for the erratic net service today, I would have been successful.
The rain did provide some very welcome reprieve and relief from the rising heat in the evening though!
Back in Dadyaal. The heat is a challenge and I'm already thinking of Sharda.
Labels: Dadyaal, Sharda
I even managed to conduct our weekly programme live from near the LOC today!
A lot of attention is needed for various aspects of public interest, beyond the traditional sloganeering that we've been accustomed to.
It could almost be described as a do or die situation.
I consider it my duty to make as many of my co-citizens as aware as possible, in terms of what lies ahead.
Labels: An Internal Narrative, British Colonialism, Charoi, Internal J & K Political Process, JKTV
While still enjoying the open expanses of the LOC. minus the un-needed presence of Indian and Pakistani soldiers whereby both seem to be synchronised with each other, in contrast to the enmity both teach us, depending on which side of the LOC we reside in.
This has given me the much needed time to refine and organise my filework and also catch up on some much welcome alternative reading about the Indian partition in 1947.
I can gather from my experience that we as a society or polity haven't evolved much since then. We still base our public or political activity on what we can achieve personally from any anticipated change.
This only makes my job harder......and more difficult for all those associated with me in any way. Not least because my approach revolves around empowering my people as a whole, not enriching a few.
We moved even closer to the LOC yesterday evening. Amongst other matters of concern, a forest fire erupted yesterday on a peak facing us when our backs are turned away from the LOC. It engulfed all the peaks as far as the eye could see.
Almost 24 hours later, smoke is still emerging from various parts of the forest.
I'm not a particular fan of autocracy but we had a line of kings pre 1947 who treated the whole territory of Jammu Kashmir & Allied as their own personal property. One distinct advantage of that compared to the below zero governance of today was that they took extreme care of the forests and other natural resources.
You care for what you own is a natural inclination. Hence, the advocacy of Ownership Building Measures (OBMs) for the past decade in AJK.
1621hrs...
I ventured out towards the LOC yesterday morning in search of fresh spring water and open green spaces....
This is the first time I've ventured out of Dadyaal since early March.
I did obtain what I desired but I also got intermittent gun fire in my midst (between Indian and Pakistani soldiers), the near absence of electricity - at low voltage when available - and the total absence of communication networks.
I did climb up to a particular hilltop to obtain an internet signal yesterday evening but it was not to be.
I missed my diary input for only the second time this year thus (Day 169 of 2020).
Today I've had to improvise and I did so successfully!
Work on the People's Assembly is intensifying and simultaneously dealing with my co-citizens throughout the 32 subdivisions is no simple affair.
One of our co-citizens has taken the initiative to create a Youtube channel named 'Talk with Tanveer'. Here's the first video:
Labels: An Internal Narrative, Dadyaal, Hari Singh, People to People Contact, People's Assembly, Youtube
Communicating with each other is very delicate and can be time consuming. You want your co-citizens to understand things to the extent of adding their atoms to a synchronised and representative collective struggle.
Many of us are working hard to make it to that bridge, where we all meet.
This cross LOC discussion on Sharda took place yesterday. Over the past decade or so of working on this civilisational pursuit I have understood that people to people contact is far more powerful and effective than the edicts of governments, which are usually slow in responding to public sentiment and have much more than they can give attention to, sitting on their plate:
Labels: Dadyaal, People to People Contact, Sharda
One gets so incensed when they hear of Pakistan's bold claims about AJK and GB when in actual fact all they are doing is basking in the glory of human rights violations in Indian-controlled Jammu & Kashmir. The logic they've been relying on is: an Indian negative equals a Pakistani plus!
These supposed pluses of Pakistan have made governance in this region so hollow and hypocritical that it has become so unbearable for many here. Take the example of this yet to be constructed University campus in Rawalakot:
ایک ٹریکٹر ہے جس کے ٹائر تک نہیں ہے۔
آزاد کشمیر میں علم کے لئے دی گیٔ زمین لیکن یہاں کرپشن ہے کی رک نے کا نام ہی نہیں لے رہا۔
آزاد کشمیر کی حکومت کیا کر رہی ہے، اس کی نظر کہاں ہے۔#CorruptionInAJK
#کشمیر@sahaafi @AKLM_Official @farooq_pm pic.twitter.com/Bo4fKSdncp
— AKLM_0FFICIAL_URDU (@AKLM_0FFICIAL) June 14, 2020
So, all this material has been lying here for years without any prospect of the University campus being built. Much of the construction material is also being siphoned off with the passage of time:
آزاد کشمیر میں آپ کرپشن کر سکتے ہے، کیونکی حکومت کچھ نہیں کرے گی۔
سامان کی دیکھ بھال کے لئے محافظ نہیں ڈاکو رکھے۔#CorruptionInAJK#کشمیر @AKLM_Official @sahaafi @farooq_pm @Masood__Khan pic.twitter.com/GTDHGuFIj8
We've continued our weekly Urdu programme without hiccup so far.....continuing this weekly feature till the day I die will be a test of my stamina:
Labels: AJK, An Internal Narrative, Dadyaal, Education in AJK, Gilgit Baltistan, Internal J & K Political Process, JKTV, Pakistani Propaganda, public policy, Rawalakot
Despite conducting this exercise of a daily diary for almost 2 and a half years now, whereby I've even succeeded in almost achieving a 100% strike rate (that is, inputting an entry on a daily basis) I still get tongue tied or rather suffer from writer's block once in a while.
Today has been such a day.
Friday is my day off and all the bones in my body are relieved.....
Good to see that our artists are achieving some prime global exposure. More power to your pencil Malik Sajad of the Valley of Kashmir!
Opinion | Life in Indian Controlled Kashmir: The Longest Lockdown - The New York Times #kashmir #lockdown and a valid and much needed perspective on #kashmir https://t.co/1qtg9xpv6Q
— Dr Neelam Raina (@neelamraina) June 11, 2020
Part of my duty here is to help and encourage my co-citizens to write and communicate effectively in English, the lingua franca of the modern age in many senses. This can be time consuming and it inevitably entails neglecting other matters that are pending in public interest, momentarily at least. Here is one such example which I have edited and I hope other co-citizens also adopt this path, as we will find it difficult to communicate our rights struggle to the rest of the world in Urdu:
Strategic significance (for India Pakistan & China) and Chinese interference in the region
To understand the strategic and geographical importance of Ladakh, we will begin by briefly providing an introduction to the territory:
1) Ladakh
Ladakh is the Land of Passes (La = Passes & Dakh = Land) and is the largest in area among the three main regions of the Jammu & Kashmir State viz. Jammu, Kashmir and Ladakh. It has an area of 96,390 square kilometres (37,216 square miles)*. Until 1979 it was a single district before it was divided into 3 districts viz. Leh, Zanskar and Kargil.
The entire range is traversed by the North-West and South-East into Ladakh and Zanskar ranges, flanked on the North by the Karakoram Range and on the South by the great Himalayan range. The Indus River and its major tributaries; the Shyok-Nurba, Chang-
Chenmo, Hanle, Zanskar and Suru-Dras rivers drain the region. Glacio-fluvial processes aided by freeze-thaw weathering form the high altitude landscape of Ladakh.
Ladakh gained geopolitical significance in the 1940's due to partitioning disputes with Pakistan to the North and since the 1960s with China to the East. Historically, Ladakh was an independent kingdom from about A.D. 950 until 1834 when Hindu Dogras from Jammu (which is South West of Ladakh) invaded it. After the Dogras gained control of Kashmir; Ladakh and neighbouring Baltistan fell under the rule of the Maharaja of Jammu and Kashmir. Following the Indo-Pakistan war of 1947, the Baltistan region fell on the Pakistan side of the cease-fire line and the rest of Ladakh became part of the Indian controlled state of Jammu and Kashmir.
Today, geopolitically contested borders with Pakistan and China bind Ladakh. In the early 1960's a substantial area of Eastern Ladakh was annexed by China. Amidst increasing tensions between India and Pakistan, the Chinese invasion of Tibet in the 1950's was followed by their occupation of the Aksai Chin region of Ladakh in 1962. Consequently, Ladakh has become one of India's most important strategic zones. Its geographic location and border disputes with Pakistan and China have assured a firm foothold for Indian army presence since.
2) Climate
Ladakh has an extremely harsh environment and is one of the highest and driest inhabited places on earth. Its climate is referred to as a 'cold desert' climate due to its combined features of arctic and desert climates. These include wide diurnal and seasonal fluctuations in temperature, from -40°C in winter to +35°C in summer and extremely low precipitation, annually to the measure of 10 cm to 30 cm primarily from snow. Due to high altitude and low humidity, the radiation level is amongst the highest in the world (up to 6-7Kwh/mm). The soil is thin, sandy and porous. These combined factors explain why the entire area is nearly devoid of vegetation, with the exception of valley floors and irrigated areas.
The people of Ladakh living close to the international border have to deal with special problems arising out of their distinct geo-physical situation and concomitant socio-economic conditions.
3) Land
Ladakh in its relatively small area encompasses an enormous variety of landscapes, their difference being based primarily on the great range of altitudes.
Altitude differences entail enormous ecological diversities and these in turn affect the way people adapt to their environment. The land surface can be broadly divided into the upper zone above 4,500 metres and the lower zone between 4,500 and 2,700 metres. About 74 percent of the land surface is in the upper zone. The land below this altitude has vast stretches of barren, rugged and rocky terrain interspersed by pockets of cultivation and a few natural pastures. Most human settlement is situated at elevations of 2,800 metres to 4,100 metres above sea level.
The soil in this territory ranges from gravely and sandy loams on the alluvial fans to sandy and silt clay loams on the flood plains of the Indus river.
Ladakh's soil is described as skeletal and calcareous with alkaline reaction. By and large the soil is coarse and sandy having varying quantities of pebble. The soils are characterized by low organic matter content and poor water retention capacity. The pH (measure of acidity) of soil ranges from 7.4 to 9.5. There is a potential problem of salinisation especially on the flood plains of the Indus river. The variety of soils in association with elevation and moisture availability suggests the need for an agro-ecosystem based diversified approach to agricultural development in Ladakh.
4) Socio-economic set-up
The primary social unit is at the household level, while religion is seen to be equally important. Hindi, Urdu and English are taught from grade I, while most speak Ladakhi with local variants. The Changpa speak a Tibetan dialect of Ladakhi. Leh's population is majority Buddhist and historically associated with Tibet, while Kargil consists mostly of Balti and Muslim Dards.
Nearly all activity is agricultural, with the exception of the large number of monasteries and the major regional trading towns of Leh and Kargil.
This is changing with increasing (Indian) national and international influence.
5) Culture
For centuries the area of Ladakh was home to a rich and self-sustaining culture. Lying on the edge of the Tibetan plateau, this region was always open to influences other than Tibetan. Central Ladakh was the bastion of Buddhism while Western Ladakh accepted the relatively newer religion of Islam and much of the culture that came with it. At the level of popular culture, Ladakh evolved its own highly distinct style. It has a wealth of oral literature, some derived from the ancient pre-Buddhist past of Tibet such as that based on the national epic; the 'Kesar Saga' while some seems to spring from the native genius of the people. This includes a corpus of folk songs reflecting every aspect of everyday life and yet rich in symbolism and imagery.
Ladakh's music has its own distinct flavour as does its dance, an essential part of Buddhist social life.
6) Agriculture
Historically, agriculture has been the mainstay of the Ladakhi economy. People have developed very specific agricultural adaptations in order to survive in this harsh terrain.
Through a complex network of irrigation canals and through ingenious methods of fertilising the soil, the people here historically produced more than enough food for their needs. Despite the increase in possible sources of income from other sources today - in the shape of government employment, military service and the growing tourism industry - the centrality of agriculture in Ladakh persists to this day.
The vast majority of Ladakhis are self-supporting farmers, living in small settlements scattered in the high desert. The average family holding is five acres though occasionally a household might have as many as ten. Optimum acreage is determined by the size of the family, roughly one acre per working member of the household. The principle crop in Ladakh is barley and about two thirds of the fields are planted with such while the remainder are planted with fast growing varieties of wheat.
7) Strategic significance in ancient times
Ladakh has great geostrategic importance since ancient times and the passes of this region connect some of the most politically and economically significant zones of the world like Central Asia, South Asia, China and the Middle East.
Ladakh is one of the most important regions of Jammu & Kashmir situated on the northern most point of the State. Historically Ladakh included Leh, Kargil, Gilgit, Hunza and Skardu. It was indeed a part of strategic Greater Central Asia since ancient times. For thousands of years the Russians, Chinese, Persian, Tibetan and Indian Empires fought over the passes of this region in order to dominate each other.
Geographically, at present Ladakh remains the second largest division in Jammu & Kashmir with an area of 59,146 square kilometres (22,836 square miles)** whereas Jammu has 26,293 square kilometres (10,152 square miles) while the Kashmir Valley has 15,948 square kilometres (6,158 square miles) of territory. The area under Pakistani administration consists of Gilgit Baltistan with 72,971 square kilometres (28,174 square miles) and Azad Jammu & Kashmir (AJK) with 13,297 square kilometres (5,134 square miles). Meanwhile, China controls the Aksai Chin part of Ladakh which it wrestled off India in 1962, an area comprising of 37,244 square kilometres (14,380 square miles) and it also entered into an agreement with Pakistan to obtain the Trans Karakorum Tract (Shaksgam Valley) of Gilgit Baltistan in 1963. This territory comprises of 6,993 square kilometres (2,700 square miles)***.
8) Ladakh as a buffer zone
In mid-April (2020) a Chinese army unit of 30-odd troops crossed the Line of Actual Control (LoAC) into Ladakh (on the Indian controlled side) and put up their tents for the night.
This event - which was not an isolated incident - caused much consternation in the
Indian media and symbolises the mutual suspicion that both countries have towards each other. These sentiments of mistrust are expressed in the fact that both sides have been building up their military presence along the LoAC in recent years. Considering both countries are rising nations which share a 3,800 kilometre long border of which large parts remain disputed, there is concern that increased cross-LoAC tensions could become a source of potential instability.
Like India's struggle with Pakistan over Kashmir, the dispute over Aksai Chin is almost as old as India itself. The origins of this contention date back to the British Raj which failed to demarcate the border between its colony and China definitively. By and large, today's border issue revolves around two main boundary designs that had been put forward by the British. One of them, the Johnson-line places Aksai Chin under Indian control whereas the other, the MacDonald-line includes it in Chinese territory. However, none of these boundaries had ever been anchored in a binding bilateral treaty.
Hence, the status of the Indo (rather J & K) - Chinese border in the Western section at the time of Indian independence remained unsolved. With New Delhi using the Johnson-line as its national border and Beijing adhering to the MacDonald-line, Aksai Chin became a breeding ground for conflict. In the 1950's, after the People's Liberation Army (PLA) had annexed Xinjiang and Tibet, Beijing ordered the construction of a road to connect both regions. This road known as Highway-219, runs through Aksai Chin and it means that China had already started to take effective control of that area.
However, it was not until 1957 that the Indians learnt about the road. A proposal by Zhou En Lai to settle the border issue by recognising Indian control over Arunachal Pradesh and Chinese control over Aksai Chin was rejected by Jawaharlal Nehru. India's move for a forward policy to keep the Chinese forces in check and eventually push them out of Aksai Chin (which the Indians perceive as an integral part of Ladakh) was met with a Chinese military campaign that plunged both countries in a brief but bloody war in 1962, which ended in humiliation for India. Since then the MacDonald-line has been the de facto border in the Western sector.
9) Ladakh is Rich In Natural Resources
Ladakh is situated within the upper reaches of the Indus watershed, which in total supports about 120 million people in India (in the states of Haryana, Himachal Pradesh, Punjab, Rajasthan and including Jammu & Kashmir) and about 93 million in the Pakistani province of the Punjab (literally meaning 'The Land of the Five Rivers'). Careful management of water resources within Ladakh is therefore vitally important, not only for the livelihood of Ladakhis and the ecosystems of Ladakh but for the health of the whole river system itself.
Solar radiation also happens to be one of the most abundant natural resources in Ladakh, with annual solar radiation exceeding the averages for many areas of India with high insulation.
Another promising natural resource which marks Ladakh out in the Indian subcontinent is its geothermal potential. Surveys have identified geothermal resources at depths suitable for exploration and development. Some estimates suggest a potential of as much as 40
megawatts in Puga Valley (South East Ladakh). This resource could also be developed to provide grid-connected power to smaller settlements.
The presence of resources is what makes China, India and (possibly) Pakistan to struggle over Ladakh. Meanwhile, India and Pakistan remain in conflict with each other over Siachen while China and India battle over Aksai Chin in this region. Ladakh's geostrategic importance has increased in the backdrop of these conflicts.
10) Tourism in Ladakh
From trekking and mountaineering to Buddhist tours of various monasteries, Ladakh has it all. Popularly known as the 'Lama Land' or 'Little Tibet', Ladakh lies at altitudes ranging between about 2,743 metres and 7,672 metres. Interestingly, the thin air makes the heat of the sun even more intense than at lower altitudes. Thus, it is said that only in Ladakh can a man sitting in the sun with his feet in the shade suffer from sunstroke and frostbite at the same time!
11) Ladakh's geopolitical significance
In modern times, Ladakh assumed strategic significance with the rise of the British Empire in India during the 19th century. Maharaja Ranjit Singh of the Punjab helped establish Dogra rule in Jammu and Kashmir by recognising the strategic importance of this region. Gulab Singh emerged as the leader of the Dogras while being subordinate to Ranjit Singh. It was the former who further recognised the strategic importance of Ladakh and with the aid of his soldiers under the leadership of Zorawar Singh, embarked on a military campaign to Ladakh and after much trial and error (between 1834 and 1842) was able to conquer it.
After the fall of Ranjit Singh's empire in the Punjab in the 1840's, the British appeared to continue his policies in respect of these regions. Gulab Singh further expanded and consolidated his kingdom of Jammu & Kashmir by offering to pay 75 lakh rupees for reparations in the first Anglo-Sikh War that the Sikhs couldn't pay to the British.
Later, many in the British Empire criticised themselves (or each other) for what they saw as a blunder when they began re-examining the great strategic importance of Jammu & Kashmir in general and Ladakh in particular. Moreover, the extension of Russian power into Central Asia during the 19th century ushered in the beginning of the 'Great Game'. The geostrategic importance of this region intensified for the British Government of India in the context of a European power reaching the North Western borders of their empire in India. The British in response increased their power in this region by establishing an agency at Gilgit and a commission at Leh.
Post 1947 on imminent British departure, geopolitical change happened once more in Ladakh when in due course large parts of the territory were occupied by China, India and Pakistan.
Post 1991 has seen the onset of yet another 'Great Game' and thus added geostrategic significance has emerged whereby Central Asia now has a relatively easier geographic access with and to this disputed region. It has almost become common knowledge that the interests of many different nations such as the USA, China, Iran, Turkey, Russia, India and Pakistan are to increase their access to the abundant natural resources of these Central Asian countries.
Indeed, a country such as India would have geographical proximity to Central Asia only through this region as Tajikistan is a mere 20 kilometres from Gilgit Baltistan, which could also be considered as Greater Ladakh in some senses.
In addition to this immense resource potential and the growing tourism sector since 1976, Ladakh remains contested by the growing nations of China, India and (possibly) Pakistan. However, the various territorial disputes involving these 3 aforementioned countries have arguably hampered the infrastructural development of this region. Accessibility to and from the outside world is also troublesome.
The Chinese though have succeeded in accessing this region for themselves by constructing the Karakoram Highway through Gilgit Baltistan. Consequently, the distance between China and the Arab World which used to take months of travel, is now being covered in days.
It is also generally believed that the presence of NATO and a war like situation in Afghanistan has increased the importance of Ladakh (including Gilgit Baltistan) for China and this importance will continue to rise. The Pakistani incursion into Kargil in 1999, the Chinese presence in Gilgit Baltistan and the recent Chinese incursion into the Indian (claimed) part of Ladakh is testimony to this fact.
It should be pointed out though that the people of Ladakh do not want to see their land as a place of confrontation. Rather, they wish to see their undoubtedly geo-strategic land as a trade hub whereby cooperation rather than competition between various neighbours would lead to an anticipated rise in peace and prosperity.
The land of Ladakh should be envisaged as the land of connectivity, like it was in ancient times. It wants to enjoy the significance of being located along one of the many ancient silk routes that pass through this region. This would enhance the development of human civilisation as a whole as trade would develop culture, religion, philosophy and all other modes of creative thinking.
The passes of the Ladakh region connect some of the most politically and economically significant zones of the world including Central Asia, South Asia, China (East Asia) and the Middle East. Neighbours of the Ladakh region include China in the North, Tajikistan and Afghanistan in the West and Pakistan in the South.
It can be reiterated that the South Asian countries can reach Central Asian markets through this region. Countries like Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan and Kazakhstan are rich in uranium, cotton, oil and gas resources. In future, an oil and gas pipeline from Iran to China can pass through this mountainous corridor. India's energy needs can also be met by constructing a pipeline from Central Asia via this region as can the already proposed pipeline project of Tajikistan-Afghanistan-Pakistan-India pass through this region.
Meanwhile, China and India can also use this territory for energy connectivity. However, neither China nor India nor Pakistan show any such interest of cooperation in this region for what are perceived to be security reasons. However, it cannot be emphasised enough how the benefit of cooperation is highly greater than the cost of confrontation. In the age of globalization and interdependence, no country can survive alone. Every nation is dependent on each other and therefore one should look for means of cooperation and integration despite whatever political difficulties may be involved.
Positive development in this region will further lead to the positive development in relations between China, India and Pakistan. Ladakh could once again become the gateway to Central Asia.
Thus, the entire Ladakh region including Gilgit Baltistan needs to be perceived as a land of contact with three regions: Tibet in the East, Xinjiang in the North, Pakistan in the West, Afghanistan and Central Asia in the North West.
Let Ladakh the roof of the world be the roof for the meeting of different nations..
This article was initially researched, compiled and written by Khan Umair Khan
It was edited by Tanveer Ahmed @ ajkpublicagency.org
*This figure includes the region of Aksai Chin, with China since 1962 and originally considered a part of Ladakh
**This figure does not include Aksai Chin
***The figures quoted for these 7 distinct regions make up the erstwhile Dogra State of Jammu Kashmir & Allied. They have all been taken from Wikipedia and do not correlate exactly to the figure of 222,236 square kilometres (85,806 square miles) often quoted by Indian sources. The disparity is likely because the 2 areas controlled by China have an element of being counted twice.
End....
Labels: Dadyaal, Kashmir, Khan Umair Khan, Ladakh, Malik Sajad, neutrality, New York Times
This has been the most physically enduring week in living memory for me.
I hope it gets easier here on but that can never be taken for granted....
I think this gesture will go a long way in repairing the mistrust that has emerged over the past 73 years between our 2 most prominent communities in Jammu Kashmir & Allied:
Extremism has no place in the land of rishis and Sufis. Civil society of the majority community has a larger role to play in rehabilitation of kashmiri pandits in valley. Killing of Ajay Pandita sarpanch by jehadis have widened the gap & there is no condemnation from Kashmiris.🍁 https://t.co/Non1cfQUXI
— Ravinder Pandita (@panditaAPMCC63) June 10, 2020
Labels: Dadyaal, Health & Fitness, J & K, Ravinder Pandita, Religious Harmony, Sajjad Raja
3 different exercises requiring an hour each per day every day for 6 days a week.
I've just about reached that milestone today.
Will the body build or break is almost similar to the question of Jammu Kashmir & Allied.
With Beijing, Delhi and Islamabad engaged, we need to return from New York to London.
Labels: Beijing, British Parliament, Dadyaal, Delhi, Geographic Nationalism, Health & Fitness, Islamabad, London, National Question, New York, United Nations
Managing everything is a rough ride......in such a society...
Another statue of a British slave trader bites the dust:
UPDATE: The statue of slave trader Robert Milligan has now been removed from West India Quay.
It's a sad truth that much of our wealth was derived from the slave trade - but this does not have to be celebrated in our public spaces. #BlackLivesMatterpic.twitter.com/ca98capgnQ
— Sadiq Khan (@SadiqKhan) June 9, 2020
Returning closer to home, here's a short video of women and children of our territory in (Dathote) Paachot, Rawalakot marching for a long standing demand in public interest. All they want is a metalled road but the local authorities have proved powerless in fulfilling such a basic demand:
آزاد کشمیر کے راولاکوٹ کے ایک گاوں بہروٹہ پاچھیوٹ میں اپنے حقوق کے لئیے احتجاج کیا۔
آخر کب تک ہمیں اپنے حق سے محروم رکھا جاۓ گا۔#FreeKashmir#Kashmir@AKLM_Official @sahaafi @khawajaatteeq pic.twitter.com/Yeo5kAzobc
— AKLM_0FFICIAL_URDU (@AKLM_0FFICIAL) June 9, 2020
Labels: Black Lives Matter, British Colonialism, Dadyaal, Dathote, female activism, London, Rawalakot
Leaving it late once again. The heat is rising and life is no less hectic.
It took a long time for this to happen but the #BlackLivesMatter movement has certainly come home to what could arguably be described as its original source:
For those of you who can't read the FB caption:
The moment a statue of slave trader Edward Colston is pulled down in Bristol city centre during #BLMbristol
Also rolled down the street & dumped in the harbour...
Little History...
Edward Colston ran a company that shipped 84,000 kidnapped African men, women & children to the Americas - 19,000 of these are estimated to have died during the crossing.
Also it was dropped into the water under Pero's Bridge - Named after an African slave brought to Bristol.
If that's not symbolic I don't know what is.
The following piece of news is very disturbing and signifies the first Kashmiri Pandit casualty in this needless conflict since 2003. Ajay Pandita was popular amongst his Muslim voters, many of whom travelled many kilometres and defied many of their co-religionists to vote for him as their sarpanch (local community level political representative). He had also returned from exile some years ago and put trust in his fellow citizens to keep him safe. Alas, he appears to have been murdered by some frustrated teenagers.
This is the reverse of what we need. May the Almighty give his family patience and give us the sense to realise the damage we are doing to ourselves by committing these insane acts. We have a lot of hard work to do ahead:
Shocking to hear that terrorists gunned down a kashmiri pandit sarpanch in Lookbhawan Anantnag today afternoon.He was residing in his ancestral renovated home. Trust gap widens.Kashmiriyat stabbed by islamic jehad again.I am saddened as a peace builder.This is not done. Om Shanti pic.twitter.com/BFiJ0oNzyE
— Ravinder Pandita (@panditaAPMCC63) June 8, 2020
One feels humbled to read about such events, even if one is relying on a colonial traveller to tell the tale. I also wonder if others have written on this event from 1863:
An account of a generally unknown massacre of civilians in Yasin Valley conducted by Dogra soldiers in 1863.https://t.co/v9t4YM8yNT
— The Kashmir Discourse (@TheKDiscourse) June 8, 2020
Labels: Ajay Pandita, Black Lives Matter, Bristol, British Colonialism, Dadyaal, Dogras, Gilgit Baltistan, history, JKTV, terrorism, Yasin Valley
Sunday, 7 June 2020
I think Sunday will always be a busy day, for the rest of my life.
First of all, let's be aware of censorship in our midst. It does appear that the Indian government has blocked JKTV's Facebook page in most parts of India:
For those of you who cannot read the caption in the FB post above:
JKTV Facebook Page Blocked in India by Facebook.
Worldwide Protest against Facebook's censorship in Kashmir and JKTV page blocking on the request of Indian govt to kill independent Kashmiri Voices.
#JKTV the Voice of The Voiceless
From Indian repression in Jammu & Kashmir to Pakistani repression in the same:
Iftikhar Hussain leader of KNM #بے_قصور_بابا_جان pic.twitter.com/r2UIfhf2fk
— Ashfaq Kashmiri (@AshfaqKashmiri8) June 7, 2020
This was also on the JKTV menu today and it couldn't be missed. Two legal stalwarts - both originating from Jammu Kashmir & Allied - one a 74 year old Kashmiri Pandit who retired as Chief Justice of the Indian Supreme Court while the other was a 87 year old former Chief Justice of the High Court in AJK.
Welcome to the thoughts of Markandey Katju and Abdul Majeed Maiik respectively:
Two observations:
In general, I agreed with most of what Justice Abdul Majeed Malik had to say as opposed to what Justice Markandey Katju had to say, except on 2 points.
1) The British were foremost responsible for the partition of India based on religious identity. Both the Muslim League and Congress were complicit in their own ways.
2) Azaadi or freedom cannot and should not be merely parroted for attention. There must a method, a narrative and a practical plan for governance that will provide our detractors a rationale for accepting our stance.
Finally, it may be worthwhile to note that we have already reached our eighth week of a regular weekly programme (Every Sunday at 9pm AJK time) in pursuit of defining our internal narrative in AJK:
Labels: Abdul Majeed Malik, An Internal Narrative, Dadyaal, Freedom of Expression, Geographic Nationalism, Gilgit Baltistan, Iftikhar Hussain Karbalai, India, JKTV, Markandey Katju, National Question
All in order but I left this duty for last today.
Friday is designated as a rest day but I have been summoned for yet another outing towards the peripheries of Dadyaal.
I won't go though. Friday is my rest day from physical exertion as I am increasingly exerting myself for the other 6 days of the week.
I also need to develop on this thread as we gradually transition from public opinion research to economic research:
Offer from a citizen of #AJK & #GilgitBaltistan :
10,000 rupees for each #Pakistani citizen per month is what we are offering, subject to their personal income being less than 6 lakh rupees per annum.
In return for #Pakistan agreeing to reduce its military presence in AJK. pic.twitter.com/iz7kHq9Ljg
— Tanveer Ahmed (@sahaafi) June 4, 2020
The above proposition is geared towards addressing the welfare of Pakistani society, which has suffered needlessly for the sake of Pakistan's doomed expansionist strategy in Jammu Kashmir & Allied areas. We have always held good intentions for our neighbours and want an end to this mutual destruction of the region. A seemingly intractable lose-lose situation for all concerned.
For that, we need to transform this conflict economy environment to a peace economy environment. As the tweet above clearly suggests, we are willing to pay for this transformation.
One must bear in mind that this proposition is a form of income support for working people or those that are in a position to work but can't practically find employment. It would subsidise the earnings of those whose income falls below the threshold mentioned and those who are actively seeking work. Unfortunately, unlike some trolls and ill-intentioned propagandists (which Pakistan has too many of), this is not a blanket offer for every citizen of their country.
It excludes the vast majority of people.
1) Those under the age of 16.
2) Elderly/retired people.
3) Those whose income or assets exceed the threshold.
4) Women who are not active in the workplace.
5) Students and those engaged in other pursuits distinct from full time work.
Finally, it should be reiterated that this proposition is a goodwill gesture to transform the region into a healthy array of peace economies and encourage people to work and conduct business - increase economic activity essentially - and it is not designed as a free for all handout to make people even lazier then they may already be.
It should also be noted that the funds for this 'regional economic package' will come from the public treasury of the whole State of Jammu Kashmir & Allied and not just from AJK. It will be designed, monitored and executed by our own government and not simply handed over to the Pakistani State. We will - needless to say - afford these associated costs too.
The package is clearly designed as a genuine incentive for demilitarisation. The Pakistani retreat will be in calculated phases while an alternative indigenously led security framework is put in place. This initiative will then open avenues for an Indian military retreat in a likewise manner. Consequent to which, discussions can begin to negotiate a Chinese military withdrawal.
This financial package is not intended for India or China as the context of their presence does not warrant such an initiative. The Indians entered when the Pakistani invasion provided that pretext to them, thus a Pakistani military withdrawal will cancel India's reasoning for its military presence here. Even if you study the UN template on this region, the emphasis on initial Pakistani withdrawal is a conditional feature of that mechanism.
In short; given geopolitical, diplomatic and economic realities it is 'relatively' easier to make Pakistan withdraw from our territory compared to India and China. Given that they are our Muslim neighbours they should understand our point of view better than others and also understand that this is for their benefit. We deferred to them for 73 years and suffered even more than them for our blind allegiance, now it is their turn to listen to us, not blindly as we did but with very open eyes and ears. Likewise, it is relatively easier to make India withdraw from our territory compared to China.
Overall, we do need a global agreement to protect our neutrality and ensure that our territory is not used by any country to the detriment of any other country. We want to close the doors of conflict in our region and pre-empt looming water wars.
This applies to India and Pakistan as much as it does to China and America.
Meanwhile, the above Twitter post generated a far more energetic conversation on Facebook, where it was initially posted yesterday:
Labels: AJK, China, conflict transformation, Dadyaal, Demilitarisation, Economy, India, Jammu Kashmir & Allied, neutrality, Pakistan, public opinion, Research & Development, United Nations, USA, water management technology
I resumed football a few days ago after a lay off for over 3 weeks. When injuries occur at my age (48) they take a lot more time to recover than if I were a couple of decades younger. I notice that whenever I put my foot down and exert myself over a certain level, some ligament or muscle will give way. This means that I need to build my strength to a certain level before I could do all those things I would do on a daily basis over 3 decades ago.
In short, I've spent a lot of years away from football and am paying for it now.
Serendipity gives us the following portrait:
ColorFull Stones Of Indus River Skardu
_gilgit.Baltistan... ❤ pic.twitter.com/2dIvbWSXz6
— Bakhtawar Shah🇵🇰 (@gb__pk) June 4, 2020
As activists in AJK, we must intensify our campaign to identify lame or destructive elements in our bureaucracy/admin part of the 'executive', which remains constant and unscrutinised unlike the politicians who campaign from one election to the next:
DC Bagh & SHO thorar must be suspended from their office and investigated on torturing, humiliating and launching FIRs against citizens. Public office holders are public servants and must not be allowed to behave like a king or even boss @farooq_pm @PIDAZADKASHMIR @Masood__Khan pic.twitter.com/GIZ5JXmG2s
— JKPNP (@JKPNP3) June 4, 2020
Labels: Dadyaal, FIFA World Cup 2022, Geographic Nationalism, Gilgit Baltistan, Government Service in J & K, Skardu

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Used BMW X3 cars in Redditch
The pioneer of the Sports Activity Vehicle class, the BMW X3 has continued to push boundaries. A true all-rounder, it offers sweeping exterior contours matched by a refined and spacious cabin. The interior is equipped with a host of innovative technology features, while the ride itself is responsive and enormous fun. Take a closer look at the range of used BMW X3 models for sale in Redditch right here at Monarch Motor Company. We're a leading supplier of used cars in Redditch and you can rest assured that we'll do everything possible to help you find the right vehicle to suit your budget and lifestyle. Contact a member of the team now to find out more.
Finance is available to UK residents aged 18 years or older, subject to status. Terms & Conditions apply. Indemnities may be required. Other finance offers may be available but cannot be used in conjunction with this offer. We work with a number of carefully selected credit providers who may be able to offer you finance for your purchase, commission may be received. We are only able to offer finance products from these providers. Postal Address: Monarch Motor Company, Unit 9 New Meadow Road, Lakeside, Redditch, Worcestershire B98 8YW. Find contact details here.
Monarch Motor Company Unit 9 New Meadow RoadLakesideRedditchWorcestershireB98 8YW
Monarch Motor Company is authorised and regulated by the Financial Conduct Authority, FRN: 678995. All finance is subject to status and income. Written Quotation on request. We act as a credit broker not a lender. We work with a number of carefully selected credit providers who may be able to offer you finance for your purchase. We are only able to offer finance products from these providers.


Tampa, Fla., August 9, 2016 – QuickSupport, the industry's first full remote support app for Windows 10 Mobile devices has today been publicly launched by TeamViewer. Unlike other mobile device support connections for Android and iOS, QuickSupport acts as a "pure" remote control connection, allowing users to see and control the remote screen in the same way as when connecting to a PC.
Microsoft built an API for screen sharing and remote controlling in close cooperation with TeamViewer. This provided TeamViewer with the possibility to develop QuickSupport Preview for Windows 10 Mobile. TeamViewer is the first and only company in the industry to offer full remote control access to Windows Phones, meeting the overwhelming demand from customers.
The QuickSupport Preview app is available for testing to free users and users with a Premium or Corporate license that have the full version of TeamViewer 11 for Windows/Mac/Linux. QuickSupport Preview can be downloaded from the Windows Store.


text:
A kukukukuk, más néven anguk vagy angák Pápua Új-Guinea őslakói közé tartoznak.

Egy nehezen megközelíthető, hegyvidéki területen élnek Új-Guinea szigetén. Bár termetük kicsi, régebben a térség egyik legharciasabb és legkegyetlenebb népének számítottak, de ma már barátságosak. Sokáig bizalmatlanok voltak az idegenekkel szemben, a közeli törzsi területek ellen pedig véres rajtaütéseket vezettek, nevük puszta említése is gyakran félelmet ébresztett más törzsek lakóiban. 1967-ben az ausztrál hadsereg katonáinak egy csoportja expedíciót indított a kukukukuk területére azzal a szándékkal, hogy elnyerjék az őslakók barátságát. Aseki faluba érkezve a gyerekeknek édességet osztogatva a felnőttek bizalmát is hamarosan elnyerték, így azok elvegyültek a katonák között, érdeklődéssel figyelve puskáikat és összehasonlítva azokat saját fegyvereikkel.

Népük 12 klánra tagozódik, ezek közül 5 nagyobb, 7 kisebb. Hitük szerint az egész emberiség egy olyan területről ered, amely ma Menyamya körzetben található. Az 5 nagyobb kukukuku klán (kaintiba, nanima, közép-aseki, kariba-divea, és Kapau-menti kukukukuk) valóban innen származik. A Kapau-mentiek lélekszáma 87 000 fő, 99%-uk keresztény. Őseik az Aakeanga néven említett istenben hittek. A törzs tagjai keményen dolgoznak, már a hatéves gyermekek is részt vesznek a fizikai munkákban.

Kultúra, szokások
A kukukukuk nagyon jó íjászok, és jellegzetes, négyágú csillagot formázó fejű kőbuzogányaik vannak. Fő élelmük az édesburgonya, táróval és levélzöldségekkel kiegészítve. Állati eredetű fehérjét nem vagy csak nagyon kis mennyiségben fogyasztanak.

Jellegzetes a halálhoz való hozzáállásuk és a holttestekkel kapcsolatos szokásaik. Közeli hozzátartozójuk halálát gyászolva gyakran sárgás vagy fehéres agyaggal kenik be saját arcukat és testüket, és bizonyos területeken nehéz, Jób könnye növényből készült pártákat viselnek, amelyeket egyesével távolítanak el, amíg véget ér a gyászidőszak. Egyik, a külvilág számára legbizarrabbnak tűnő, mind a tudósok, mind a filmkészítők érdeklődését felkeltő szokásuk a halottak testének megfüstölése és vörös agyaggal való bekenése volt. Az Aseki körzetben ma is több tucatnyi helyen fellelhetők ilyen füstölt múmiák, bár legtöbbük lelőhelye mostanra feledésbe merült. A szokás eredete is bizonytalan, legtöbbször csak olyan szóbeszédek terjednek róla, amelyek valószínűleg nem is igazak. Még a helyiek is különböző történeteket mesélnek ugyanarról. Az bizonyos, hogy az első beszámolót ilyen füstölt múmiákról 1907-ben készítette Charles Higginson brit felfedező, de van, aki úgy tudja, a szokás csak az első világháború után kezdődött, amikor (számukra ellenségesnek tűnő) keresztény hittérítők érkeztek a területre, és csak egy nemzedékkel később ért véget a múmiafüstölés, amikor már egy újabb csoport hittérítő elterjesztette közöttük a keresztény vallást. Mások szintén a hittérítőkhöz kötik a szokás megszűnését, konkrétan az 1949-es évhez, viszont ők azt állítják, előtte évszázadokig zajlott.

Arról is eltérnek a vélemények, hogy a kukukukuk körében előfordult-e a kannibalizmus. Higginson 1907-es említése szerint igen, mert a holttestfüstöléskor előszeretettel elfogyasztották a halott belső szerveit, mások viszont azt állítják, soha nem volt jellemző. A 20. században a múmiákról készült majdnem minden leírás megemlíti, hogy a halottak testzsírját később ételeik elkészítéséhez használták fel, de van, aki ezt csak "a fehér ember hazugságának" tartja.

Jegyzetek

Pápua Új-Guinea
Óceániai népek

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


From the pure romance of Paris and Venice to the irresistible beaches of the Greek Islands and French Riviera, Europe truly has something for everyone.
With so many countries on the United Kingdom's doorstep, it's hard to resist a weekend, week or more exploring Europe. The region's most visited country is of course France - and with treasures like Paris, Nice, Cannes, Lyon and Toulouse only an hour or so away from London, it comes as no surprise. It is here you can scale the Eiffel Tower at night and soak up the amazing view of Paris; swim in the fluorescent blue waters of the French Riviera; taste the world's finest wines amongst the stunning scenery of Bordeaux; and discover more than a thousand years of history on Mont Saint-Michel.
France's Mediterranean neighbour Italy is equally jam-packed with stunning scenery and exciting things to do. Whether your idea of a great holiday is lazing by the water on the Tuscan coast, conquering the historical icons of Rome or exploring the maze of waterways in Venice, you're sure to find an Italian adventure that's ideal for you. Spain and the Netherlands are also fantastic holiday spots, easily accessible from the UK and with Business Class flights available. Experience the canal lifestyle in Amsterdam or fly across to Spain's Costa Brava cost for a picturesque beach break.
Fancy a European ski holiday? Europe boasts some of the world's best ski destinations, from Courchevel and Val d'Isere in France to Kitzbuhel and St Anton in Austria, and of course the breathtaking slopes of the Swiss Alps. Alternatively, save money by choosing one of Europe's lesser-known ski areas in Poland, Czech Republic or Bulgaria.
If you've already explored the main tourist favourites of France, Italy and Spain, you may be more interested in exploring Eastern and Southeastern regions. This beautiful area includes coastal gems like Zadar, Croatia and Constanta, Romania, and historical treasure chests such as Istanbul, Turkey and Budapest, Hungary.
To book your flight or for more information, call a Flight Centre consultant on 0800 587 0058.


I hope you guys notice this post is a lil bit different?
Flash back to 13th December.
I forget what's the name but the setting and the taste is superb awesome!
Love this very much cause it is quite rare to have tiger prawn soup in menu.
Surprisingly that the soup is very light feel and tasty!
To a person that not a fish lover, this is surprisingly out of my expected.
A lil disappointing for me as I don't really like the flavour outcome.
I actually booked the surprised through online by mentioning that, I would love to have a surprised cake for him.
I thought that they will written at the dessert that I've order earlier, but it turns out no words.
I was so disappointing that they forget my surprised, but who knows they served another plate right away!
KJ was so shock, HAHA!
He even warm me not to do this embarrassing things to him as the night have another person that owns the same birthday with him.
Should we sing for him, miss?
Can you sing along with us?
You see his face. HAHA! In fact, that's the face I love the most.
Happy birthday to you naa baby! You know I love you much.
Hope I can see your embarrassing moment every year!
Hope you like your lil pressie too!
Thank you so much my BaoBeiC for helping me to bought this pressie.
I hope you'll be spending this RM200 Red's Revenge voucher for your Christmas accessories!
Thank you to all of you that participate! You guys are rowkx.
I hope I could update one more post before Christmas!


text:
Q: Issue with Javascript Date format I am using Momentjs to validate a date/time string in Javascript .
var day= "Sunday, February 14th 2010, 3:25:50 pm";
var valid=moment(day,"dddd, MMMM Do YYYY, h:mm:ss a").isValid();
alert(valid);

This always returns false . I am not sure what the issue is .
I am using the Momentjs library - http://momentjs.com/docs/#/parsing/is-valid/
I have created a jsfiddle as well - http://jsfiddle.net/FUDf7/1/
Please help .

A: use D[th] instead: fiddle
ps I have no idea why Do not working

A: I think 14th is your problem
http://jsfiddle.net/blackjim/FUDf7/3/
var day= "Sunday, February 14 2010, 3:25:50 pm";
var valid=moment(day,"dddd MMMM D YYYY h:mm:ss a").isValid();
alert(valid);

A: There's no support for ordinals in parsing—see the source code:
    /************************************
        Parsing
    ************************************/

    // get the regex to find the next token
    function getParseRegexForToken(token, config) {
        switch (token) {
        case 'DDDD':
            return parseTokenThreeDigits;
        case 'YYYY':
            return parseTokenFourDigits;
        case 'YYYYY':
            return parseTokenSixDigits;
        case 'S':
        case 'SS':
        case 'SSS':
        case 'DDD':
            return parseTokenOneToThreeDigits;
        case 'MMM':
        case 'MMMM':
        case 'dd':
        case 'ddd':
        case 'dddd':
            return parseTokenWord;
        case 'a':
        case 'A':
            return getLangDefinition(config._l)._meridiemParse;
        case 'X':
            return parseTokenTimestampMs;
        case 'Z':
        case 'ZZ':
            return parseTokenTimezone;
        case 'T':
            return parseTokenT;
        case 'MM':
        case 'DD':
        case 'YY':
        case 'HH':
        case 'hh':
        case 'mm':
        case 'ss':
        case 'M':
        case 'D':
        case 'd':
        case 'H':
        case 'h':
        case 'm':
        case 's':
            return parseTokenOneOrTwoDigits;
        default :
            return new RegExp(token.replace('\\', ''));
        }
    }

It's been reported as a bug, but it's not going to get fixed "unless there is more demand for this."

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


toothbrush holder love your teeth suction walmart.
toothbrush holder spin clear set in india.
toothbrush holder wall mounted frosted glass mount.
toothbrush holder menu your house for modern living sanitizer target.
toothbrush holder wall mount plastic.
toothbrush holder bathroom toothpaste wall wash gargle suit suction cup plastic storage rack box set from australia.
toothbrush holder propaganda tooth sanitizer travel.
toothbrush holder brush your damn teeth ceramic suction australia.
toothbrush holder wall mounted amp freestanding electric set in india.
toothbrush holder family and toothpaste with 3 cups hanging ideas.
toothbrush holder stainless steel bathroom toothpaste stand amazon canada.
toothbrush holder and soap dispenser set of two travel.
toothbrush holder a wall target.
toothbrush holder whimsical plastic dinosaur wall mounted.
toothbrush holder storage box bathroom products accessories suction hooks tooth brush set walmart.
toothbrush holder porcelain walmart canada.
toothbrush holder product reviews wall mount india.
toothbrush holder acrylic clear by target.
toothbrush holder wall mounted model 1 set target.
toothbrush holder wall mounted ceramic classic by travel.
toothbrush holder suction wall bathroom silicone toothpaste storage razor organizer tools electric target.
toothbrush holder durable stainless steel razor with self adhesive bathroom accessories organizer 3 holes electric ideas.
toothbrush holder home bathroom pure color plastic family suction cups wall stand hook and toothpaste walmart.
toothbrush holder cool and unusual holders target.
toothbrush holder wall mounted uk.
toothbrush holder style luxury gold double cup wall mounted suction australia.
toothbrush holder fox travel kmart.
toothbrush holder easy store amazon india.
toothbrush holder toothbrushes in sanitizer travel.