text:
Communicative rationality or communicative reason () is a theory or set of theories which describes human rationality as a necessary outcome of successful communication. This theory, borne from the over inflation of education in an age of abundance, is in particular, tied to the philosophy of German philosophers Karl-Otto Apel and Jürgen Habermas, and their program of universal pragmatics, along with its related theories such as those on discourse ethics and rational reconstruction. This view of reason is concerned with clarifying the norms and procedures by which agreement can be reached, and is therefore a view of reason as a form of public justification.

According to the theory of communicative rationality, the potential for certain kinds of reason is inherent in communication itself. Building from this, Habermas has tried to formalize that potential in explicit terms. According to Habermas, the phenomena that need to be accounted for by the theory are the "intuitively mastered rules for reaching an understanding and conducting argumentation", possessed by subjects who are capable of speech and action. The goal is to transform this implicit "know-how" into explicit "know-that", i.e. knowledge, about how we conduct ourselves in the realm of "moral-practical" reasoning.

The result of the theory is a conception of reason that Habermas sees as doing justice to the most important trends in twentieth century philosophy, while escaping the relativism which characterizes postmodernism, and also providing necessary standards for critical evaluation.

Three kinds of (formal) reason

According to Habermas, the "substantive" (i.e. formally and semantically integrated) rationality that characterized pre-modern worldviews has, since modern times, been emptied of its content and divided into three purely "formal" realms: (1) cognitive-instrumental reason; (2) moral-practical reason; and (3) aesthetic-expressive reason. The first type applies to the sciences, where experimentation and theorizing are geared towards a need to predict and control outcomes. The second type is at play in our moral and political deliberations (very broadly, answers to the question "How should I live?"), and the third type is typically found in the practices of art and literature. It is the second type which concerns Habermas.

Because of the de-centering of religion and other traditions that once played this role, according to Habermas we can no longer give substantive answers to the question "How should I live?" Additionally, there are strict limits which a "post-metaphysical" theory  must respect – namely the clarification of procedures and norms upon which our public deliberation depends. The modes of justification we use in our moral and political deliberations, and the  we determine which claims of others are valid, are what matter most, and what determine whether we are being "rational". Hence the role that Habermas sees for communicative reason is formulating appropriate methods by which to conduct our moral and political discourse.

This purely formal "division of labour" has been criticized by Nikolas Kompridis, who sees in it too strong a division between practical and aesthetic reasoning, an unjustifiably hard distinction between the "right" and the "good", and an unsupportable priority of validity to meaning.

Post-metaphysical philosophy
There are a number of specific trends that Habermas identifies as important to twentieth century philosophy, and to which he thinks his conception of communicative rationality contributes. To look at these trends is to give a clear outline of Habermas's understanding of communicative rationality. He labels all these trends as being post-metaphysical. These post-metaphysical philosophical movements have, among other things:
 called into question the substantive conceptions of rationality (e.g. "a rational person thinks this") and put forward procedural or formal conceptions instead (e.g. "a rational person thinks like this");
 replaced foundationalism with fallibilism with regard to valid knowledge and how it may be achieved;
 cast doubt on the idea that reason should be conceived abstractly beyond history and the complexities of social life, and have contextualized or situated reason in actual historical practices;
 replaced a focus on individual structures of consciousness with a concern for pragmatic structures of language and action as part of the contextualization of reason; and
 given up philosophy's traditional fixation on theoretical truth and the representational functions of language, to the extent that they also recognize the moral and expressive functions of language as part of the contextualization of reason.

Explanation
Habermas' conception of communicative rationality moves along with these contemporary currents of philosophy. Concerning (1) it can be said that:

Concerning (2), Habermas clearly and explicitly understands communicative rationality according to the terms of a reconstructive science. This means that the conception of communicative rationality is not a definitive rendering of what reason is, but rather a fallible claim. It can prescribe only formal specifications concerning what qualifies as reasonable, being open to revision in cause of experience and learning.

On (3) and (4), Habermas's entire conceptual framework is based on his understanding of social interaction and communicative practices, and he ties rationality to the validity basis of everyday speech. This framework locates reason in the everyday practices of modern individuals. This is in contradistinction to theories of rationality (e.g. Plato, Kant, etc.) that seek to ground reason in an intelligible and non-temporal realm, or objective "view from nowhere", which supposes that reason is able adequately to judge reality from a detached and disinterested perspective.

While Habermas's notion of communicative rationality is contextualized and historicized, it is not relativistic. Many philosophical contextualists take reason to be entirely context-dependent and relative. Habermas holds reason to be relatively context specific and sensitive. The difference is that Habermas explicates the deep structures of reason by examining the presuppositions and validity dimensions of everyday communication, while the relativists focus only on the content displayed in various concrete standards of rationality. Thus, Habermas can compare and contrast the rationality of various forms of society with an eye to the deeper and more universal processes at work, which enables him to justify the critique of certain forms (e.g, that Nazism is irrational and bad) and lend support to the championing of others (e.g, democracy is rational and good). The relativists on the other hand can compare and contrast the rationality of various forms of society but are unable to take up a critical stance, because they can posit no standard of rationality outside the relative and variable content of the societies in question, which leads to absurd conclusions (e.g, that Nazism is morally equivalent to democracy because the standards for both are relative).

Validity dimensions

Concerning (5), Habermas's communicative rationality emphasizes the equal importance of the three validity dimensions, which means it sees the potential for rationality in normative rightness (WE), theoretical truth (IT) and expressive or subjective truthfulness (I). The differentiation of these three "worlds" is understood as a valuable heuristic. This leaves each to its specific forms of argumentation and justification. However, these validity dimensions should be related to one another and understood as complementary pieces in a broader conception of rationality. This points towards a productive interpenetration of the validity dimensions, for example the use of moral insights by the sciences without their having to sacrifice theoretical rigor, or the inclusion of psychological data into resources of moral philosophy.

These last points concerning the breadth of communicative rationality have by far the most important implications. By differentiating the three validity dimensions and holding them as equally valuable and rational, a broader and multifaceted conception of rationality is opened. What this means is that Habermas has, through the formal pragmatic analysis of communication, revealed that rationality should not be limited to the consideration and resolution of objective concerns. He claims that the structure of communication itself demonstrates that normative and evaluative concerns can (and ought to) be resolved through rational procedures.

The clearest way to see this is to recognize that the validity dimensions implicit in communication signify that a speaker is open to the charge of being irrational if they place normative validity claims outside of rational discourse. Following Habermas, the argument relies on the following assumptions:

(a) that communication can proceed between two individuals only on the basis of a consensus (usually implicit) regarding the validity claims raised by the speech acts they exchange;

(b) that these validity claims concern at least three dimensions of validity:
 I, truthfulness
 WE, rightness
 IT, truth

(c) that a mutual understanding is maintained on the basis of the shared presupposition that any validity claim agreed upon could be justified, if necessary, by making recourse to good reasons.

From these premises it is concluded that any individual engaging in communication is accountable for the normative validity of the claims they raise. By earnestly offering a speech act to another in communication, a speaker claims not only that what they say is true (IT) but also that it is normatively right (WE) and honest (I). Moreover, the speaker implicitly offers to justify these claims if challenged and justify them with reasons. Thus, if a speaker, when challenged, can offer no acceptable reasons for the normative framework they implied through the offering of a given speech act, that speech act would be unacceptable because it is irrational.

In its essence the idea of communicative rationality draws upon the implicit validity claims that are inescapably bound to the everyday practices of individuals capable of speech and action. A mutual understanding can be achieved through communication only by fusing the perspectives of individuals, which requires they reach an agreement (even if it is only assumed) on the validity of the speech acts being shared. Moreover, the speech acts shared between individuals in communication are laden with three different types of validity claims, all of which quietly but insistently demand to be justified with good reasons. Communicative rationality appears in the intuitive competencies of communicative actors who would not feel that a mutual understanding had been achieved if the validity claims raised were unjustifiable. Thus, the simple process of reaching an understanding with others impels individuals to be accountable for what they say and to be able to justify the validity claims they raise concerning normative (WE), evaluative (I) and objective matters (IT).

Standards of justification
Of course a very important issue arises from this, which is that what constitutes a good or acceptable justification varies from context to context. Even if it is accepted that rationality must be expanded to include normative and evaluative dimensions, it is not clear what it is that makes a speech act justified, because it is unclear what constitutes a good reason.

It must be understood that there are different kinds of reasons in relation to the different validity dimensions. This is apparent, because what defines a validity dimension are the procedures of justification that are unique to it. For example, if one claims or implies with their speech act that it is raining outside, a good reason for claiming this is that one saw it out the window. If this were called into question, the claim would be vindicated by looking out the window. This is a very simple way of describing the procedures of justification unique to objective validity claims. However, if one claims or implies with their speech acts that 'abortion is acceptable in certain cases', one's reasons for claiming this must be of a different nature. The speaker would have to direct the attention of the listener to certain features of the social world that are infused with meaning and significance. The speaker would have to draw on insights into, for instance, the vulnerability of individuals under the weight of life's circumstances, the kinds of rights that humans deserve, etc. These types of considerations make up the resources available for the justification of normative validity claims.

What constitutes a good reason is a more complex problem. Accepting the distinction between the different kinds of reasons that accompany the differentiation of the validity dimensions does not give any insight into what a good reason in a particular validity dimension would be. In fact, it complicates the issue because it makes it clear that there are different procedures unique to each validity dimension and that these dimensions cannot be reduced to one another. Habermas does suggest some general guidelines concerning the rationality of communicative processes that lead to conclusions (see Universal pragmatics). But his explanations regarding the specific procedures that are unique to each validity dimension are much more elaborate.

Critique
The theory of communicative rationality has been criticized for being utopian and idealistic, for being blind to issues of gender, race, ethnicity, and sexuality, and for ignoring the role of conflict, contest, and exclusion in the historical constitution of the public sphere.

More recently, Nikolas Kompridis has taken issue with Habermas' conception of rationality as incoherent and insufficiently complex, proposing a "possibility-disclosing" role for reason that goes beyond the narrow proceduralism of Habermas' theory.

One of the main critiques of Habermas's Communicative Rationality is eurocentrism, and the idea that the western civilization is the only way of life. According to "Public Sphere and Communicative Rationality: Interrogating Habermas's Eurocentrism", Habermas does not take into account that there are different societies that happen across the world because certain countries and societies suffer from different weaknesses. Habermas's theories are based on an utopian society while this just is not the case. The authors argue that this type of communication that Habermas offers could not actually be implemented because people do not have access to the resources they would need. This is not just other societies outside the west. European countries have problems with lack of education and the technology necessary to be prepared in order to participate in this community.

In Byron Rienstra and Derek Hook article titled, "Weakening Habermas: The Undoing of Communicative Rationality", they discuss that Habermas expected too much of the people he is talking about. Habermas insinuated that the people are participating in communicative rationality have a broad knowledge on the topic at hand. But according to the authors, this is too much to ask of the people. And since these people do not have the knowledge to participate in communicative rationality, they would have no reason to defend their reasoning or position in society. They even go on to say that the preconditions that Habermas has put forward are extremely demanding and taxing on the public.

Habermas also ignored the hindrances that people may face that may cause a person not to stay educated on the topics in order to participate in communicative rationality. For example, in "From Communicative Rationality to Communicative Thinking: A Basis for Feminist Theory and Practice" by Jane Braatan, it is discussed that women have a less advantage to be involved in communicative rationality due to the history of discrimination in schools. Women have not always had complete access to schooling, and according to Habermas they should not be able to defend their opinions.

Another issues that is raised on this topic is the idea that if this theory is developed in today's age, it will segregate people even more. Due to the discrimination that people in lower social classes face, people would not be able keep up with new developments and therefore not be able to continue to contribute.

Habermas wants communicative rationality to be considered an everyday language according to "Communicative versus Strategic Rationality: Habermas Theory of Communicative Action and the Social Brain". He believes everyone should strive for the ability to be educated and able to defend their position on every topic.

See also
Instrumental and value rationality
Instrumental and value-rational action
Michael Friedman (philosopher)

Citations

Sources

Justification (epistemology)
Pragmatics
Jürgen Habermas

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text:
Trump claims 99% of US Covid-19 instances are 'completely innocent' as infections surge
Jul 05, 2020 covid19
Photograph: Saul Loeb/AFP/Getty Images
Donald Trump has celebrated independence day with a string of false and misleading claims attempting to play down the coronavirus pandemic and warning that China will be "held accountable".
The US president staged a "Salute to America" jamboree on the south lawn of the White House with flyovers by military jets, parachute jumps and patriotic songs, but little effort among guests to physical distance or wear face masks.
The country has undergone staggering changes unthinkable when Trump hosted the first such event a year ago on 4 July with tanks and other military hardware at the Lincoln Memorial. The coronavirus has infected 2.8m Americans and killed nearly 130,000, the worst tallies in the world.
Related: Trump claims 'victory' as US sees Covid-19 case records in multiple states
Saturday's national celebration was inevitably more subdued, but the president refused to let the pandemic or dismal poll figures rain on his parade, waving with his wife, Melania, from a White House balcony then walking the south lawn to ripples of applause and a cry of: "Four more years!"
President Donald Trump speaks during an event on the South Lawn of the White House on 4 July. Photograph: Tasos Katopodis/Getty Images
"We got hit by the virus that came from China," the president said, prompting a strange whoop and applause from someone in the audience. "We've made a lot of progress. Our strategy is moving along well. It goes out in one area, it rears back its ugly face in another area. But we've learned a lot. We've learned how to put out the flame."
The number of infections now regularly tops 50,000 per day, higher than in April when the US was in the first grip of infections. Dr Anthony Fauci, the nation's top infectious diseases expert, warned this week: "I think it's pretty obvious that we are not going in the right direction."
Trump returned to his now familiar and baseless complaint that America has a high caseload because it performs more tests. "Now we have tested almost 40m people. By so doing, we show cases, 99% of which are totally harmless. Results that no other country can show because no other country has the testing that we have, not in terms of the numbers or in terms of quality."
People attend an event on the South Lawn of the White House on 4 July. Photograph: Tasos Katopodis/Getty Images
It was unclear how the president arrived at the "99%" harmless figure.
He also returned to his criticisms of the source of the coronavirus. "China's secrecy, deceptions and cover up allowed it to spread all over the world. One hundred and eighty-nine countries and China must be held fully accountable."
There was applause from the guests, but the White House has so far failed to detail what measures it is considering against Beijing, with which it recently struck a major trade deal.
And contradicting Fauci and other public health experts, the president offered a wildly optimistic prediction: "We'll likely have a therapeutic and/or vaccine solution long before the end of the year." The presidential election is on 3 November.
But the lion's share of Trump's remarks were a rehashing of a speech he gave on Friday night at Mount Rushmore, breaking from 4 July tradition by seeking to stoke a culture war and pour salt on America's racial wounds instead of a unifying message.
"We are now in the process of defeating the radical left, the Marxists, the anarchists, the agitators, the looters, and people who in many instances have absolutely no clue what they are doing," he said.
"We will never allow an angry mob to tear down our statues, erase our history, indoctrinate our children or trample on our freedoms … We will teach our children to cherish and adore our country so they can build its future. Together, we will fight for the American dream."
Trump pointedly said "our way of life" began in 1492 "when Columbus discovered America". Statues of Christopher Columbus have been toppled along with those of Confederate generals during several weeks of protest against racial injustice following the police killing of George Floyd, an African American man, in Minneapolis.
Some have argued that, instead of America's familiar birthday in 1776, the nation truly began in 1619 with arrival of the first enslaved Africans in Virginia.
But Trump went on: "In every age, there have always been those who lie about the past in order to gain power in the present … Their goal is demolition. Our goal is not to destroy the greatest structure on earth, what we have built, the United States of America."
Trump touted an executive order he issued on Friday for the creation of a national garden of Americans heroes and berated the media for dishonouring, lying and slandering the country's best. He added: "We will not throw away our heroes. We will honour them and we will prove worthy of their sacrifice … The patriots who built our country were not villains. They were heroes."
Following his speech, Trump and the first lady watched a spectacular display of military jets that have taken part in America's military conflicts from the second world war onwards.
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text:
http://www.railstotrails.org/trailblog/2016/march/17/new-yorks-hudson-valley-trail-network/
New York's Hudson Valley Trail Network
The well-loved Walkway Over the Hudson serves a multitude of users. | Photo by Fred Schaeffer
Trail of the Month: March 2016
"The Walkway, when it opened, was just an unparalleled success. It instantly became a beloved community asset."
The morning wind playfully tousles Fred Schaeffer's hair as he stands in quiet wonder on the Walkway Over the Hudson—something he's done for nearly a decade of mornings since the trail opened. The view looking out over the inky waters of the river more than 200 feet below and the sleepy hillsides awakening against a softly brightening sky is one he never tires of. The enchanting setting is fitting for something once deemed impossible.
"In the beginning, everybody was skeptical," says Schaeffer, who helped spearhead the Walkway's transformation from a derelict railroad bridge into a sky-high public park. "So we started taking people out there, and once you took them out, they became believers."
Sunsets and sunrises are breathtaking from the Walkway. | Photo by Fred Schaeffer
The Walkway—the longest pedestrian bridge in the world—emerges out of the trees and over the rooftops of the old riverfront town of Poughkeepsie, crosses the vast Hudson River and touches down in the hamlet of Highland on the other side, traveling just shy of a mile and a half all told. Rail-trails join the Walkway and spin out into the hillsides in either direction: the Hudson Valley Rail Trail on the west bank and Dutchess Rail Trail to the east. Together, they form a seamless 18-mile paved pathway capturing the beauty of New York's Hudson Valley, a lush sanctuary between the bustling metropolis of New York City and the state capital of Albany.
Short Trail, Big Impact
For Schaeffer, a chance meeting in 1992 with Bill Sepe, a Poughkeepsie resident and early advocate for the project, changed the course of his life. "He took me up there and I fell in love with it," he says. "The view is breathtaking."
Much of the Dutchess County Rail Trail traverses rural countryside. | Photo by Fred Schaeffer
Sepe founded a nonprofit organization for the trail, and word began slowly spreading. Schaeffer, an attorney and avid bicyclist, was an astute pitchman for the project, presenting the idea to more than a hundred local groups and drumming up publicity in the media. "Don't look down" was the mantra as potential supporters were taken onto the bridge to envision its future. Steel grates had been placed between the ties for safety, but you could see through them to the river far below. (Today, huge concrete slabs lay atop the steel beams.)
Schaeffer was elected chairman of the Walkway Over the Hudson in 2004, and what began as a quiet ripple became a wave when the project secured $1.5 million from the Dyson Foundation three years later, as well as additional funding from federal and state sources. In a press release announcing the grant, the company's president, Robert R. Dyson, likened the project to San Francisco's iconic Golden Gate Bridge for its historical significance and visual appeal.
"Once we got money for the concept plan, we had a public meeting in Poughkeepsie," says Karl Beard, New York projects director for the Rivers and Trails Program of the National Parks Service. "It was surreal. There were hundreds of people standing in the hotel lobby because the room was overflowing. It was way more people than we expected. The enthusiasm for this was far greater than anybody imagined."
A comprehensive inspection of the bridge took place in 2007, finding that the massive steel structure and its underwater piers were still sound. From there, construction in order to ready the bridge for the public went relatively quick, coming to completion in 18 months. Spurring its development was the upcoming 400th anniversary of Henry Hudson's historic 1609 journey up the river. The state was looking for a large-scale project to commemorate the occasion and chose the Walkway as a signature endeavor.
The opening of the Walkway drew a phenomenal crowd. | Photo by Dave Rocco
"That first weekend, 40,000 people came," says Schaeffer of the trail's opening in 2009. "Nobody had any idea there would be that many. I had nightmares that I would have to call people to get them to come out."
The number of visitors that first year far exceeded expectations, and an average of 500,000 people continue to visit the bridge annually.
"The Walkway, when it opened, was just an unparalleled success," says Chris White, deputy director of planning for Ulster County. "It instantly became a beloved community asset. What the experience of that really made clear is that with these types of facilities, when you build them, people come."
On the eastern side of the bridge, the development of the Dutchess Rail Trail, which had been moving at a slower pace, began to quicken in tune with the Walkway.
"The trail was built in phases," says Colleen Pillus, communications director for the Dutchess executive's office. "There was a groundbreaking and opening [celebration] for each phase, and each one was larger than the last. The crowds have gotten bigger and the enthusiasm louder."
Finished in 2013, the trail—officially named the William R. Steinhaus Dutchess Rail Trail after the county executive who championed it—spans 13 miles through a handful of rural communities and rolling countryside. One of its unique aspects is its Veterans Memorial Mile, which features signage honoring each of the five branches of the military along a wooded section of the trail chosen as a quiet place to reflect and remember those who have served.
"Poughkeepsie is one of those Upstate New York cities that's growing and vibrant," says Dutchess Executive Marc Molinaro of the trail's beginning. "Then you feel like you're off in the Adirondacks. The trail offers a remarkable view of the county. At each trailhead, there's a reason to stop."
At trail's end, the Hopewell Depot, built in 1873 and once serving as a busy railroad hub, offers a museum and historical photo gallery inside. The building was nearly lost in a 1986 fire but restored by a corps of local volunteers.
Hopewell Junction Depot | Photo by Steve Olsen, Dutchess County Parks Director
"Hopewell Depot was in disrepair for quite some time," says Pillus. "The construction of the rail-trail propelled its restoration. When I saw it, I thought, 'That can't be repaired—there's no roof!' But as the trail generated new interest and new fundraising opportunities, the depot came back to life."
On the other side of the Hudson, two cabooses—one dating back to 1915 and the other to 1926—also showcase the region's rail history along the Hudson Valley Rail Trail.
Back in the mid-2000s, at a community meeting to envision that trail, Beard advised against making it dead straight; instead he suggested that trail advocates vary the pathway to make it more interesting. Ray Constantino, a longtime member of the local Rotary Club, who was leading the project, took the feedback to heart, and today, each sweep of the trail's serpentine curves now offers a picturesque surprise.
"There are cool spots in the heat of the summer," says Constantino of the Hudson Valley Rail Trail, which is lined with hardwood forests for much of its nearly 4-mile length between the Walkway and the town of Lloyd. "You're walking down this shaded corridor with a canopy of trees on top of the rock cuts, so it's a big tunnel of trees that is cool and damp, and you see all these little wildflowers growing in all the crevices of the rocks."
Rock cuts line much of the Hudson Valley Rail Trail. | Photo by Fred Schaeffer
Arched stone bridges carry the roadways overhead, while beneath them, travelers are immersed in a world both serene and green with only the gentle whirring of bikes or soft footsteps on the blacktop. As the trail approaches its western end, it crosses the Black Creek Preserve, a beautiful marshland and wildlife haven. Although the pathway currently ends at Tony Williams Park, two future phases of the trail are in the works to bring it just a couple of miles farther west to the college town of New Paltz and a connection with the 21-mile Wallkill Valley Rail Trail.
"Any time day or night, there's a whole gamut of different users," says Constantino proudly. "Never did I envision that there would be so much use on the trail. My wife and I will sit on a trail bench, look at each other, and just smile and say, 'Wow! Look at this! It's crazy.'"
The Great Connector
When it first opened in 1888, the railroad bridge that is now the Walkway was hailed as the Great Connector, as it offered a vital link between New England cities and supplies from Pennsylvania, the Midwest and farther afield. Now the bridge is once again reprising that role in a new way, serving as a catalyst for a rail-trail network that may one day stretch from New York City all the way to the Catskill Mountains.
"A hallmark of Michael Hein's administration is to focus on rail-trail development," says White of the current executive for Ulster County. "We have a commitment of approximately $12 million for four active trail projects that are well into design or launching into design this spring. With the Walkway, other pieces of the regional trail system started to fall into place. By connecting these trails in such an extraordinary way, it raised the bar for everyone. It captured the imagination of elected leaders, civic groups and the state. It's an exciting time for trails."
Hudson Valley Rail Trail | Photo by Ray Costantino
At a press event for the Walkway in the mid-2000s, Beard recalls "When [the reporters] asked me, 'What's your perspective?' I said, 'Well, if you look at a map of trails in this area—if you draw lines of existing and potential trails—it looks like a big floppy bow tie, and the Walkway is the knot in the bow tie. It's a destination in its own right and the destination that all these other trails strive to connect with to tie them all together."
It's an idea the resonates with White: "With every gap that we fill, our efforts spur more projects and make people think even bigger. It's a good time to be an outdoor enthusiast in the region."
Best Of Celebrating 30 Years Hall of Fame New York Trail Destinations Trail of the Month
Hudson Valley Rail Trail Association
Dutchess Rail Trail
Name: Hudson Valley Rail Trail; Walkway Over the Hudson; William R. Steinhaus Dutchess Rail Trail
Used railroad corridor: New York, New Haven and Hartford Railroad (Hudson Valley Rail Trail); Poughkeepsie-Highland Railroad (Walkway Over the Hudson); Maybrook Rail Line (Dutchess Rail Trail)
Trail website: Hudson Valley Rail Trail Association; Walkway Over the Hudson; Dutchess Rail Trail
Length: The three rail-trails seamlessly connect for a paved, 18-mile route.
Counties: Ulster and Dutchess
Start point/end point: Beginning in the west, the trail trio begins with the Hudson Valley Rail Trail at Tony Williams Park in Lloyd; from there, the paved trail heads east, crosses the Walkway Over the Hudson and connects to the Dutchess Rail Trail, which travels from Poughkeepsie to Hopewell Junction.
Surface type: Asphalt and concrete
Uses: Walking, bicycling and inline skating; wheelchair accessible; the trails are plowed in winter for year-round use.
Difficulty: Easy; all three trails are paved with the level grade typical of rail-trails.
Getting there: The Hudson Valley rail-trails are about a two-hour drive from New York City. They also can be reached by train; take Amtrak or a Metro-North train (the Hudson Line) from Grand Central Station in Manhattan to Poughkeepsie. The Walkway Over the Hudson is a few blocks from the station (about a 15-minute walk). If flying in, the closest major airport is Stewart International Airport in Newburgh, about 25 miles from the trail system.
Access and parking: There are multiple points at which to access this trail system. On the west end, two parking locations for the Hudson Valley Rail Trail include Tony Williams Park (South Riverside Road) and Highland Rotary Pavilion (101 New Paltz Road) in Lloyd. For the centrally located Walkway Over the Hudson, parking lots are available on either side of the bridge: at 87 Haviland Road in Highland and at Waryas Park and other locations within Poughkeepsie. On the eastern end of the trail system, park at the restored depot (36 Railroad Ave.) in Hopewell Junction, the terminus for the Dutchess Rail Trail.
To navigate the area with an interactive GIS map, and to see more photos, user reviews and ratings, plus loads of other trip-planning information, visit TrailLink.com, RTC's free trail-finder website.
Rentals: In Poughkeepsie, Leisure Ride Bike Rental (266 Titusville Road, 845.486.8125) rents bikes. Another option, in Wappingers Falls, is Wheel and Heel (2658 E. Main St.; 845.632.3050), about 5 miles from the southern end of the Dutchess Rail Trail.


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Look Ma, No Hands
12:12 pm UTC. (12:12 am NZST)
Rocket Lab's eighth mission lifted-off on 19 August UTC from Launch Complex 1 in New Zealand, carrying a total of four satellites aboard an Electron launch vehicle.
On board were satellites destined to begin a new constellation for UNSEENLABS, as well as more rideshare payloads for Spaceflight, consisting of a spacecraft for BlackSky and the United States Air Force Space Command.
The mission launched a CubeSat that formed the cornerstone of a new maritime surveillance constellation for French company UNSEENLABS. The constellation aims to deliver precise, reliable, and secure maritime data, enabling organizations to monitor their own vessels and observe those that present risks, such as pirates and illegal vessels.
Mission management and rideshare aggregator, Spaceflight, also manifested three satellites on its second rideshare mission with Rocket Lab. Among the rideshare payloads was BlackSky's Global-4 Earth-imaging satellite. The satellite joined BlackSky Global-3, which was launched to low Earth orbit on an Electron vehicle in June 2019. BlackSky's constellation delivers rapid-revisit satellite imagery to assist with monitoring economic activity such as crop development and herd migration, or surveying damage following natural disasters.
The final spacecraft manifested on the mission were two experimental satellites for the United States Air Force Space Command, designed to test new technologies including propulsion, power, communications, and drag capabilities for potential applications on future spacecraft.
Payloads encapsulated in Electron's fairing
Lift-off. Credit: Sam Toms


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Home›Featured›Celebrating 10 Years at the FNUniv
Celebrating 10 Years at the FNUniv
A dreamcatcher proudly displayed in the now decade-old FNUniv. /image: Emily Wright
Article: Evan Radford – News Writer
FNUniv has given the opportunity to celebrate culture and learn
For Cadmus Delorme, Student Recruitment Officer and recent graduate of the First Nations University of Canada (FNUniv), education is First Nations peoples' "greatest weapon of today."
"One of the treaty promises was education. When the chiefs touched that pen in 1874, one of the chiefs said, 'we'll give you one of our children, and you give us one of yours, and together we'll teach each other's education.' And that today is what First Nations University of Canada does," says Delorme.
Delorme says the tools of education, of "writing skills and administration skills," will lead to "less poverty and less social issues," and to "economic booms."
Delorme's comments come as FNUniv celebrated its ten-year anniversary on Sep 12 to mark its current title (the previous title was Saskatchewan Indian Federated College). The celebration also commemorated the ten years that staff, faculty, and, most importantly, students have called their holistic, expansive, inclusive building home.
And it does feel like home.
Laughter and chatter reverberate throughout the building. The sunlight floods in through the glass of Veterans Memorial Tipi, wrapping passers-by in comforting warmth. If the white interior serves as a peaceful backdrop for the building, then the vibrantly deep colors of its artwork bring it to life: rustic blues, dusty yellows, and deep reds that border on maroon all enliven the senses and awaken the self.
The themes of home and inclusion permeate the university, as evidenced by Delorme's and others' comments.
Delorme explains that as a recruitment officer, he goes beyond simply putting bodies in classrooms.
"I help [students] register. [Or] help them find a hundred dollars if they might be lacking a hundred dollars for the one time [registration] fee; I help them find an apartment; help them find daycare."
He says he's involved in "the whole value chain, right to getting [students] to their first class."
It's fitting, then, that Misty Longman, Manager of the Aboriginal Student Support Centre at the University of Regina, refers to FNUniv as a "second home."
Longman attended FNUniv from 2003 to 2008; she describes it as small, and more "community oriented than a bigger institution." She's fond of its people who share "likeminded viewpoints and backgrounds, including instructors and professors."
Similarly, Daphne Kay notes how instructors at FNUniv have "cultural sensitivity," allowing it to be so "welcoming and very inviting." She says at FNUniv "everyone is learning at the same pace. There are no preconceived ideas that you 'know all this already.'"
Kay is in her fourth year of studies. She's majoring in political science and minoring in the Salteaux language. She is also the President of the Indigenous Students Association at the University of Regina.
The sense of home and belonging connects with the inclusion of FNUniv.
"Anyone can go there, anyone can apply there, and anyone can get a degree there. It really represents inclusiveness as well as bringing back [Indigenous] culture," says Kay.
Huge segments of Indigenous culture were suppressed and wiped out because of the residential school system, initiated when "the federal government [of Canada] contracted with the Anglican, Presbyterian, and United Church denominations as well as various Roman Catholic orders to run residential schools in 1892," states Religious Studies professor Bryan Hillis.
It should be noted the Gordon Residential School was the last residential school to be shut down; it was located in Saskatchewan. It closed in 1996.
Canada's recent brutal past actions towards First Nations peoples underscores the importance of having FNUniv as a place of inclusion, support, and growth.
Daphne Kay says "Because [First Nations] people are still in that residential school phase, a lot of people are ashamed to talk their language, ashamed to take part in their cultural things. Having FNUniv on our campus means we have a better opportunity of having [our cultural things] here."
For Kay, Indigenous culture is equally vital to future generations of children and grandchildren.
She explains, "when growing up, I learned a few words here or there, but elders were still afraid or ashamed to speak their own language. A few elders would only speak their own language and I couldn't talk to them. So, learning my language is one of the greatest things that came from university at FNUniv. I have a cultural connection and I can also teach my children. I never got to know my language as a child. Language is a lifeblood to a culture, so when you fully understand it, everything becomes more colourful, detailed, intriguing, and more meaningful."
On top of the vital role FNUniv plays for First Nations people, equally important is building on the tradition of dual-education between First Nations and non-First Nations peoples.
Brad Bellegarde is the Vice President of Communication for the FNUniv Student's Association. He hopes that all University of Regina students will "take a class [at FNUniv], come take a look around." He underscores that "[FNUniv has] an open door and we want to bring more non-First Nations people to learn more. Non-First Nations people are treaty people too."
Daphne Kay agrees, "I'd like to see the stereotype diminished that only Aboriginals or Indigenous ancestry people can go there. I want everyone to know that anyone can go there, and that enrolment numbers should be up because it's a great place to be."
According to Racelle Kooy, FNUniv Director of Communications, "as of [Sept. 12, 2013], there are 755 registered FNUniv students. This is a 15% increase year over year from 2012, and 2012 was a 10% increase from 2011." The university pegs its number of graduates at just over 3,000.
During its thirty-seven year tenure (both as SIFC and as FNUniv), the university has seen 25,000 students from Luther College, Campion College, and the University of Regina benefit from its offerings.
Looking to the future, Delorme, Longman, and Kay all want the university to ensure it is a place of inclusion, growth, and learning for First Nations and non-First Nations peoples Canada wide. All three see enrolment numbers increasing over the next ten years.
TagsCanadacultureFirst Nations UniversityFNUniv
Sports Roundtable – Hockey Season!
The Carillon apologizes (no, really)
We, the people, will never be defeated. Julia Peterson
Solidarity march held to support the Wet'suwet'en nation
Campus refuses to give solutions/Morgan Ortman
Students respond to campus' lack of action
Rest in power. Wikimedia Commons
176 civilians pay the price for U.S. drone strike on Soleimani
Evan D. Radford | Celebrating 10 Years at the FNUniv 30 December, 2013 at 17:34
[…] written for The Carillon, the University of Regina student newspaper, September 19, […]
Big league contributors join Cougars
Hollywood's extended summer
Dead on arrival: Rivalries


Today we are discussing the Miracle Morning, and the acronym S.A.V.E.R.S.
S.A.V.E.R.S. is Silence, Affirmations, Visualization, Exercise, Reading, Scribing.
We talk about our morning routines, and how S.A.V.E.R.S. can be applied to a morning routine easily.


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Home Older News Archive Nick Mason interviewed by Dream Theater's drummer
Nick Mason interviewed by Dream Theater's drummer
It was recently revealed that Nick Mason was to be interviewed by a guest editor for the UK drumming magazine "Rhythm". Mike Portnoy, who drums for Dream Theater (the band that recently released a DVD of their live version of Pink Floyd's Dark Side Of The Moon) has now been talking about his assignment for the publication.
Portnoy said: "I am honored to have been asked to play 'guest editor' for this upcoming issue and I was given the opportunity to pick four drummers to interview that were influences on me and help shape me as a drummer in my formative years.
"The four guys I ended up choosing were Neil Peart, Nick Mason, Bill Bruford and Lars Ulrich. (For those of you knowing my love for THE BEATLES and wondering...yes I did have Ringo on my initial list as well, but Rhythm had just recently done a piece with him, so he was scratched off...)
"All four guys were totally accomodating, totally cool and totally happy to be on board for the project.
On his interview with Nick: "Next up was Nick Mason who was in town to play 'Dark Side of the Moon' live with Roger Waters. I met with him in his dressing room at Madison Square Garden and we chatted for about an hour about stuff ranging from Syd Barrett to performing 'The Wall' live.
"After we did a photo session together (as I did with Neil as well, by the way), he invited me up to the stage to sit with him at his kit for souncheck. I must admit it was a pretty surreal experience sitting up there with him and Roger while they ran through 'Shine On You Crazy Diamond' and 'Comfortably Numb'. Once again, the fanboy in me struck as I just had to have Nick and Roger sign my vinyl copy of 'The Wall'...as it is my favorite album of all time!
Due to hit the UK stores at the end of December, the magazine is also available in selected countries as an import. Hopefully we'll have details of the mail order possibilities shortly...
Last Updated ( Sunday, 24 December 2006 )


On the payment page select the division you play in. In the drop down menu, select the team you play on. Once you have select the team you play on, click on "Buy Now" that is directly below your team name.
If you wish to pay by cash or check to the league or team captain, you can close this page without making a payment.
Team fees are $5200.00 per team. Your captain must ensure that 50% of the team fee is paid Saturday 9/29/18. 75% by 10/27/18 and 100% by 11/24/18.


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P.D. James and the Strange Case of a Slow European Recognition
November 27, 2014 BlogCrime in Translation, Golden Age, James, MysteryInternational Crime Fiction Research Group
Phyllis Dorothy James (1920- 2014) died yesterday in Oxford, at the age of 94. Homages from readers and fellow authors, notably Val McDermid, have been prompt and undivided (with no quote of Chandler, on English Mystery Writers). They tended to reflect on her literary achievements and stylistic merits, and on comparisons with Jane Austen. But numbers (such as longevity, output, and dates) matter too. They are especially important parameters in Crime Fiction. Here are a few, to help putting her career in international perspective.
20 years (too late): P.D. James stated that success came to her 20 years too late. A look at numbers might explain how and why
1920 (born in): PD James is often linked with Colin Dexter, Reginald Hill and Ruth Rendell, despite being a good 10 years their senior. Together they are seen as representing a new "Golden Age" of the British mystery novel, i.e. as following in the footsteps of the 1930's Detection Club, illustrated by figures such as Agatha Christie, Dorothy Sayers and Austin Freeman. James is, more accurately, an exact contemporary of European Writers such as Leonardo Sciascia and Friedrich Dürrenmatt and the American Patricia Highsmith, whose writing purposefully blurred the lines between so-called genre fiction and literary novel.
19 novels: Her output, while by no means small, is by comparison with some prolific standards set in and around the crime genre by the likes of Edgar Wallace, G.K. Chesterton and Simenon, not especially large. Agatha Christie published 66 mystery novels. Certainly, this relative scarcity will be seen by many as an indication of heightened quality, of more careful and painstaking writing. In Arts, rarity usually trumps quantity. It also means that her work circulates almost as much in other forms than as books, with 14 film and TV adaptations to date. Her titles in English are also easily outnumbered by translations in other languages.
1962: (first novel published) Cover her Face, her Debut novel was published by Faber & Faber. It featured the poetry reading Scotland Yard detective Adam Dalgliesh, inspired by a teacher of literature who had taught her. Her first novel featuring Detective Cordelia Gray, An Unsuitable Job for a Woman was published in 1972.
27 years : The time it took for her first novel to be translated into French. While Christie's 1926 The Murder of Roger Ackroyd was immediately translated there and became the 1st volume in the then just created "Le Masque" collection (1927), it is not until 1989 that Fayard published James's À visage couvert (Translation Denise Meunier). And only in 2002 was it published in "Les Intégrales du Masque". Most other countries were (uncharacteristically, for a leading author of English crime fiction) slow in translating this book :
1976, Norwegian : Martingale-mordet, Aschehoug (Translation Nils Brantzeg)
1980, German : Ein Spiel zuviel: Roman. Tübingen: Wunderlich (Translation Wolfdietrich Müller)
1983, Dutch : Geen prijs te hoog. Amsterdam : Elsevier (translation Liesbeth Kramer-Plokker)
1983, Portuguese : O enigma de Sally Jupp, Livros de bolso. Clube do crime, 16, Mem Martins: Europa-América (Translation Inês Busse)
1992, Russian : Lit︠s︡o ee zakroĭte. Moskva: Ex Libris
1993, Italian : Copritele il volto. Milano: A. Mondadori (Translation Marco Buzzi)
1997, Spanish: Cubridle el rostro. Barcelona: Edhasa
1997, Czech : Zahalte jí tvář. Vyd. 1. Praha: Motto (Translation Zlata Kufnerová)
About International Crime Fiction Research Group
The International CrimeFiction research group, based at @QUB_Humanities, connects scholars working on popular fiction, popular culture and digital humanities. View all posts by International Crime Fiction Research Group →
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'Human capital development must be top priority for countries like Nepal'
Rajat M.Nag is a member of the Board of Directors at Partnership for Transparency, India. Nag was the Managing Director General of the Asian Development Bank (ADB) in Manila from 2006 to 2013 and has held several other top positions at the ADB. He is internationally well known for his intellectual leadership, extensive operational experience, and in-depth knowledge of development issues, particularly in infrastructure financing, public-private partnerships, and regional cooperation. He holds engineering degrees from the Indian Institute of Technology, Delhi, and the University of Saskatchewan in Canada. He also has a Master's Degree in Business Administration from Canada and in Economics from the London School of Economics. He talked in detail with Bhim Gautam of nepalinfrastructure.com, about the private sector's involvement in infrastructure development at a time when a green investment has become the global development agenda.
How are you observing development initiatives taken by Nepal, India, and other SAARC countries? Are they following the appropriate development model?
First of all, each country must follow what is appropriate for that country. A small country will have different issues while a big country like India has diverse issues. So, the development model cannot be one-size-fits-all. And even within a country, you have to have a different perspective. Because what may be relevant for the mountains is not relevant for the hill region. If you've got different geo-climatic conditions. So, the important thing is to get the decision-making closest to the people as far as possible. Because ultimately, it must be the people who decide. So, is Nepal following it? I think federalism is a very good idea. Rather than decentralizing it, should be taken under a bottom-up rather than a top-down approach. I think it is a win-win proposition. But not everybody will win equally all the time. So, somebody will win a bit, somebody will win a bit more. I said in the session there should not be unanimous on everything. So, in the SAARC, the problem is that its charter calls for unanimous agreement. If one country disagrees, the decision does not happen.
The development model cannot be one-size-fits-all. And even within a country, you have to have a different perspective. Because what may be relevant for the mountains is not relevant for the hill region.
Whereas in Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, and Nepal (BBIN), a sub-regional grouping of SAARC, or in the Bay of Bengal Initiative for Multi-sectoral Technical and Economic Cooperation (BIMSTEC), we follow the Greater Mekong (GM) model where any two countries of sub-region of Southeast Asia can decide on a project and do it. We need a similar arrangement in SAARC also. But the important thing is regional cooperation is critical for shared prosperity for everybody to benefit.
Nepal is making efforts to undertake development activities based on sustainability. However, the gap between the poor and rich people is widening. How can we address the problem of income inequality?
Income inequality is a problem not just in Nepal, It's a problem everywhere and for a long time. There was a belief that the country should grow and once you grow, others will also benefit due to the trickle-down effect. Now experience tells us it has not happened. Therefore, when we talk about infrastructure, we have to focus on infrastructure in public health and schools which are very important for people at the bottom of the pyramid. Of course, we need the six-lane highways. But if we were to prioritize, I should always accord priority to the access of the people at the bottom to their basic needs such as rural roads, connectivity to the market, electricity, education, and health. We also need to have large projects, but it's a question of priorities and priority. I think the priority should be on the basic infrastructure needed for sustainable and inclusive growth. And, the growth is more shared by everybody other than just for a handful of people, let's say 10 percent or less.
There is no contradiction between green infrastructure and good infrastructure. So, any infrastructure, whether it is basic infrastructure or large physical infrastructure, like energy projects, transmission lines, or expressways, all have to be green or environmentally friendly.
How can we synchronize infrastructure development and sustainability? As green infrastructure has become a global agenda, how can we promote it from our context?
There is no contradiction between green infrastructure and good infrastructure. So, any infrastructure, whether it is basic infrastructure or large physical infrastructure, like energy projects, transmission lines, or expressways, all have to be green or environmentally friendly. So, it is not a question of green infrastructure. Not all infrastructures have to be green but should be climate resilient, because climate change is a very serious existential challenge. And Nepal is one of the countries which are most vulnerable to environmental challenges. And when environmental degradation worsens, the poor suffer the most. I have always believed that green growth has to be the mantra as any growth has to be based on green infrastructure development. It has to be particularly because the poor are most affected by climate change, they're more vulnerable.
How can a small country like Nepal arrange sufficient funds for green infrastructures, which are comparatively costlier?
Though green infrastructure might be relatively costlier, in the long run, it will be more viable and beneficial. And therefore, that is a global priority.
You are right. Sometimes green infrastructures might need more investment, but we must build them for the benefit of ourselves. Because if infrastructures are not green or climate resilient, they will get damaged or destroyed in four/five years. Of course, Nepal doesn't have a problem as severe as the sea level rise, which is making many countries vulnerable to submersion. Deforestation is another problem. If the hills aren't protected properly, then the rainfall can trigger more landslides and floods making downstream people more vulnerable to its effects. Though green infrastructure might be relatively costlier, in the long run, it will be more viable and beneficial. And therefore, that is a global priority.
Transparency, balance, and sustainability are crucial aspects of development. How are you assessing the role of government to promote these principles in infrastructure development?
I think the role of the government is critical. The government can't develop infrastructure everywhere given the limited resources. The government can't fulfill more than 2%-5% needs for infrastructure. The government should create an enabling environment for the private sector to invest in this sector through good governance, transparency, and policy predictability. The Nepal government should boost the confidence of the private sector creating an appealing environment for private sector investment in infrastructure. There is no dearth of money, the private sector has enough money to invest. But what we need is an investment-friendly environment, without which no foreign investment comes to Nepal or domestic investors will be interested to put money into infrastructure projects.
The government should build roads, but where the private sector is not interested. And the private sector can build hydropower or expressways or airports which can offer higher returns.
Why Nepal's private sector is not interested in the road infrastructure sector unlike in India where private investment in this sector is impressive?
The private sector gets involved in the sector where they find a higher rate of return on their investment. The government should offer incentives or other measures that can lure the private sector into road development. The government should build roads, but where the private sector is not interested. And the private sector can build hydropower or expressways or airports which can offer higher returns.
You are observing Nepal's development closely, how do you analyze development being adopted by Nepal, and what would be your suggestion to move forward with sustainable development?
The role of the government is to provide basic services, law and order, and transparency, and then the private sector will come with money.
As my parent used to say that emphasis should be laid on human capital development. My emphasis is not just on Nepal but on all countries similar to Nepal. They must focus on human capital along with the development of physical capital. We have young people and committed people. So, we must give high priority to developing the human capital, make sure they get quality education and make sure they're healthy as well. Tourism is another highly potential sector. I kept saying nobody can offer the Himalayas like Nepal, but how do you exploit it? The role of the government is to provide basic services, law and order, and transparency, and then the private sector will come with money.
Tags: #Human capital development #Rajat M.Nag
Nepal and Japan sign two agreements for improving irrigation and urban electricity distribution
Nepal's economy to grow by 4.7 pc in 2023, inflation to decline to 6.1 pc : ADB


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Review: Super Furry Animals 'Radiator'
by Modestas Mankus
The thundering-like album 'Radiator' by the Welsh band Super Furry Animals has been re-released after its 20th anniversary.
The album peaked at number 8 on the UK album charts and was undoubtedly worth the spot. Now, it has been re-released on vinyl, CD, and digital which includes the original fourteen songs that have been given a deserved remaster.
So is the album any good? Yes, it is. Super Furry Animals showcase maturity, rawness and simply a vibe beyond many. 'Radiator' is a perfect mix of weirdness, energy and abrupt sounds that will drive you into a world of energy that is not given out by many bands. Super Furry Animals really carry their name throughout this album and undoubtedly this is their most cherished album.
"Raw & genuine album that deservedly got a remaster"
Personally, my favourite song from the album is 'Chupacabras'. Not to take anything away from the rest of the album, but this has the most driven energy that separates the listener from the world surrounding him. Its consistent scream-like chants driven by hardcore guitar is a pure middle finger to the overdone mainstream, so this type of music is genuinely refreshing for those that like to escape the everyday norm. I think the re-release of this album could not be timed any better. Many would argue that Rock still gets on the main stage but be honest and think about how many bands have hit the UK charts as of recent.
Overall, the album is tough it drives you from one track to another with its energy and ambiance, dipping in and out. Truly great music from a band that has more than once showcased their talents. Some might argue that old should not be brought back but in this case, it definitely should be. The remastered version of the album is a great recollection of the original release which arguably deserved even more attention in its early days.
Review: Super Furry Animals 'Radiator'Overall, the album is tough it drives you from one track to another with its energy and ambiance, dipping in and out. Truly great music from a band that has more than once showcased their talents. Some might argue that old should not be brought back but in this case, it definitely should be. The remastered version of the album is a great recollection of the original release which arguably could have even got more attention in its early days.


Aircel, the fifth largest Telecom Operator in India, has launched new Rate Cutters for its customers in Orissa Circle.
Now Aircel customers in Orissa can enjoy all Local & National Calls at 2p/3sec pulse making it effective at Rs. 0.40p/min by buying the new Rate Cutter priced at Rs. 18 & Rs. 38.
Why does Aircel not provide such good offers in TN & Chennai???
The reason is it has a really HUGE customer base in TN, and Aircel believes it's unbeatable. Many are porting out of Aircel now, as there is no useful plans in Aircel.
I must accept that they provide lots of full talk time offers in TN and they r useful, but there are no useful rate cutters.
Rate Cutters are mainly on monthly basis not for 6 months or an year… Rate cutters of denominations Rs 35, 49, 57… till Rs 99 provide reduced call rates just for a month, and for 3 months one has to put Rs 121 or above, so there'll be no benefit for avg users. The reduced call rates is in min pulse and that too not attractive for calls made to other N/Ws.
The case of SMS plans is even bad, RS 33 for 10000 loc SMS (no nat'l), an avg user will need just around 1000 odd smses per month, no plans for that. Next comes a beautiful plan for STD SMS @ Rs 34, it provides just 300 Nat SMSes, keep in mind only nat and no loc SMSes, so for nat+loc, one has to spend RS 67….


This page is for documenting the history of microformats, both conceptually, and by name.
2000-03-21 Dan Connolly proposed that XHTML be used as the source of data (as opposed to databases, RDF, random XML etc.).
of the thing... why not use that as the primary source?
While no-one who created/founded XFN or microformats was on that list or saw it until years after the fact, it's the earliest reference found so far for the concept of preferring HTML for the primary source of data.
2003-03-11 rel="friend" on blogroll hyperlinks to people proposed by Tantek at the SXSW Interactive "Beyond the Blog" session during Q&A while sitting next to future GMPG co-founder Matthew Mullenweg.
rel-license first widespread public introduction (as part of that 'real world semantics' presentation).
2004-02-25 blog post: creative commons supports rel="license" - longer more detailed explanation of how rel-license works and the principles/thinking behind its invention 2+ weeks beforehand (as publicly proposed/presented 2004-02-11 at ETech).
2004-09-10 hCard conceived, introduced, and later blogged on the 30th. See hCard history for more.
2004-09-11 hCalendar also conceived, introduced, and later blogged on the 30th. hCard history has links relating to it as well.
2005-06-20: microformats.org launched at Supernova workshop.
2010-05-02: microformats2 proposed and conceptually explored during a discussion session at FOO East 2010.
The history is chronologically (not reverse) ordered (earliest first).
The history is greatly in need of further documentation with specific dates. Please contribute what you can find and cite/hyperlink sources!
presentations for a list of presentations / sessions on microformats which themselves often contain quite a bit of historical information.
GMPG history for GMPG specific events.
The "history" tab (in between "edit" and "protect" in the MediaWiki UI at the top) of each microformats specification is a useful place to find datetimes for when specific significant implementations and examples in the wild were launched/published (or references to when they were lauched/published).
The Technorati Developer's wiki Microformats page is useful for wiki edit histories before 2005-06-20.
Terms. When was a term first introduced, by whom, etc.
Specs. When a "solid" version for a microformat was published/announced (and follow-ups, e.g. hReview 0.1, 0.2, 0.3), when were microformats specifications first introduced.
Print articles. When each *print* article on microformats was published. Please provide full Chicago Manual of Style citation info.
This page is for the history of microformats and is thus scoped to just that. Microformats are of course built upon many other technologies and concepts, but let's avoid diluting this page with items which are not specific to microformats, even if they are related. I've moved some content to the following pages which folks are free to add more to if they wish.


It's a wonderful thing to visit new countries and taste authentic, local cuisine. For many this is the highlight of traveling. But if you've been on the road for a while or if you're an expat sometimes you just have to have the taste of home. Enter Circle. An unassuming café that specializes in burgers and other American short-order favorites on Cua Dai Road about a third of the way to the beach.
For many Hoi An expats Circle is a must-have hit at least once a week. Tourists have been discovering it too and several Trip Advisor reviewers claim Circle burgers are the best they've ever had!
Yes, Circle makes some of the best burgers in Vietnam. What's its secret? It's the Juicy Lucy – a Minneapolis invention stuffed with cheese before cooking – that's the huge crowd-pleaser served with the warning to take care as the hidden molten cheese will be piping hot. But chef, Anh, has a deft touch with all her creations: from BLTs to Vietnamese staples including the backpacker favorite – hangover noodles.
Meanwhile, Jeff keeps front-of-house running smoothly and customers are invariably smiling contentedly. The customer service is exemplary and on our visit the prevailing good mood was infectious. We settled in among cheerful yellow-slatted table-tops and, as we sipped our icy cold beers waiting for the burgers to arrive, Country Music star Alison Krauss drifted across the room. For a while I was transported to country town America but the oh so familiar Asian traffic hubub outside dragged me back to earth eventually.
At Circle repeat customers are common.