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Blood flow dynamics in the snake spectacle
Kevin van Doorn, Jacob G. Sivak
Journal of Experimental Biology 2013 216: 4190-4195; doi: 10.1242/jeb.093658
Kevin van Doorn
University of Waterloo School of Optometry, 200 University Avenue West, Waterloo, ON, Canada, N2L 3G1
For correspondence: kvandoor@uwaterloo.ca
Jacob G. Sivak
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The eyes of snakes are shielded beneath a layer of transparent integument referred to as the 'reptilian spectacle'. Well adapted to vision by virtue of its optical transparency, it nevertheless retains one characteristic of the integument that would otherwise prove detrimental to vision: its vascularity. Given the potential consequence of spectacle blood vessels on visual clarity, one might expect adaptations to have evolved that mitigate their negative impact. Earlier research demonstrated an adaptation to their spatial layout in only one species to reduce the vessels' density in the region serving the foveal and binocular visual fields. Here, we present a study of spectacle blood flow dynamics and provide evidence of a mechanism to mitigate the spectacle blood vessels' deleterious effect on vision by regulation of blood flow through them. It was found that when snakes are at rest and undisturbed, spectacle vessels undergo cycles of dilation and constriction, such that the majority of the time the vessels are fully constricted, effectively removing them from the visual field. When snakes are presented with a visual threat, spectacle vessels constrict and remain constricted for longer periods than occur during the resting cycles, thus guaranteeing the best possible visual capabilities in times of need. Finally, during the snakes' renewal phase when they are generating a new stratum corneum, the resting cycle is abolished, spectacle vessels remain dilated and blood flow remains strong and continuous. The significance of these findings in terms of the visual capabilities and physiology of snakes is discussed.
The reptilian spectacle is a layer of transparent integument that overlays the eyes of some squamate reptiles, isolating them from the external environment. Ubiquitous among snakes and nearly so in geckos (family Eublepharidae being the exception), spectacles have also evolved in several other disparate squamate taxa, including for example xantusiid night lizards and some scincids, teiids and lacertids (Walls, 1942; Greer, 1983). Arising from the fusion of embryonic tissues that would otherwise form eyelids (Schwartz-Karsten, 1933; Neher, 1935; Bellairs and Boyd, 1947), the spectacle's anatomy is homologous with that of the skin in having a stratum corneum (the spectacle scale), an epidermis and a dermis, but differs in that the posterior-most layer is conjunctival in origin, similar to eyelids (Ficalbi, 1888; Walls, 1942). The spectacle remains unattached to the eye, behaving essentially as a fixed, immobile window beneath which the eye rotates freely.
Unlike either the skin or most eyelids, the spectacle is optically transparent, ideally suited to vision but for one characteristic that it shares with the rest of the integument: its vascularity (Fig. 1). The presence of blood vessels in the snake spectacle dermis was first noted by Quekett (Quekett, 1852). The vascular supply to and anatomical layout of the spectacle blood vessels was later described in great detail by Lüdicke (Lüdicke, 1940; Lüdicke, 1969; Lüdicke, 1971; Lüdicke, 1973; Lüdicke, 1977; Lüdicke and Kaiser, 1975) and Mead (Mead, 1976), who showed the arrangement of blood vessels to vary taxonomically between families. The organization of spectacle vessels in colubrid and elapid snakes differs from that of boids, pythonids, aniilids, crotaline vipers and acrochordids in having a vertically oriented layout rather than a radial arrangement.
That an optically transmissive region of the visual apparatus is vascularized is quite remarkable as few other tetrapods possess non-pathological, non-retinal vasculature in the light path. This suggests that blood vessels in the visual field can have a negative impact on visual clarity and that spectacle blood vessels therefore could conceivably constrain their owners' visual capabilities because of optical scatter, absorption and possibly even perception of the vessels themselves as entoptic phenomena (i.e. the visualization of structures within one's own eyes, such as our own perception of 'floaters' located in our vitreous body). Supporting this assertion, the green vine snake, Ahaetulla nasuta (Colubridae), one of few snake species known to possess a fovea (Duke-Elder, 1958), exhibits a naso-temporal asymmetry in the density of spectacle vessels, with the nasal region having a lower vascular density than elsewhere in the spectacle (Lüdicke, 1969). This region supplies the species' anteriorly oriented foveal and binocular visual fields. The spectacles of other colubrids described by Lüdicke, none of which are foveated, show little or no perceivable asymmetry, which suggests the unusual arrangement in A. nasuta to be an adaptation to the spectacle vessel organization to minimize visual disturbance in the region of highest acuity of this highly visual species.
Though the spatial layout of spectacle blood vessels has been well described in several species, little commentary has been made on the blood flow dynamics within those vessels but for Mead (Mead, 1976) who, noting the transparency of the blood vessel walls, observed erythrocytes flowing through them but stated only that, 'The vessels … fill without any obvious directional priority in the anesthetized animal'. Mead made no comment on blood flow in non-anaesthetized, unrestrained animals. One may consider that alternatively or in addition to spatial adaptations in the layout of the spectacle's vascular meshwork, temporal adaptations in blood flow dynamics could benefit vision by means of constricting and emptying the spectacle blood vessels in times of visual need, effectively removing the vessels from the visual field altogether. Here, we describe studies that provide experimental evidence of such an adaptation by imaging spectacle blood in the coachwhip snake (Masticophis flagellum) when it is at rest and when a potential threat is visually perceived.
Blood vessels in the spectacle of a coachwhip snake (Masticophis flagellum). (A) Image taken during the renewal phase of the integument when the spectacle becomes cloudy. The vessels are most apparent in the region that overlays the iris–pupil boundary because of their higher contrast with the background in this region. (B) The spectacle under retro-illumination, showing the vessels in the illuminated anterior portion of the pupil on the right side. The vessels are dorso-ventrally arranged as is typical for colubrid snakes. Debris and scratches are visible on the spectacle scale (particularly the left side), attesting to its protective role.
The main experimental subjects were three coachwhip snakes, M. flagellum (Colubridae) (Shaw 1802) obtained from a local pet store and private keepers. They ranged in age from 2 to 5 years, with the following sizes: 130 cm snout to vent length and 445 g; 120 cm and 320 g; and 97 cm and 240 g. The snakes were housed in separate terraria equipped with burrows and water dishes. Ambient temperature was kept at ~27°C with daytime basking spots of ~31°C, and lighting was on a 12 h:12 h light:dark cycle. Snakes were fed once per week with frozen/thawed mice. Additional observations were made during the renewal phase of the integument on a juvenile corn snake, Pantherophis guttatus (formerly Elaphe guttata; Colubridae) (Linnaeus 1766), kept in similar conditions.
Observations of spectacle blood flow were made using a modified slit-lamp that had a near-infrared (NIR) low-pass filter in the light path between the lamp and condenser so that it emitted only NIR wavelengths. The animals' eyes were illuminated using combinations of retro-illumination and oblique illumination. Retro-illumination consists of reflecting light off the retina to backlight objects within or in front of the eye so that they appear dark against a brightly illuminated pupil, whereas oblique illumination involves illuminating structures from the side to give objects a more three-dimensional appearance. A NIR-sensitive camcorder (Sony HC7 with its NIR-blocking filter removed) was mounted to a beam splitter on the slit-lamp to allow blood flow to be monitored on the camcorder's LCD screen. With the zoom lens set to the longest focal length and the slit-lamp set to a 40× objective, the system was measured with a graticule to resolve a lower limit of ~12 μm, which is just sufficient to observe individual erythrocytes that, in M. flagellum, measure about 12.6 μm on the short axis (Hartman and Lessler, 1964).
To restrict a subject animal's mobility, it was placed within a transparent acrylic box with internal dimensions of 3.5×5×95 cm. In practice, this box was large enough that the animal was not restrained but was nevertheless constrained to a small space. The box was mounted on a tripod, easing placement of one of the animal's eyes to within the focal range of the slit-lamp, and allowing for quick minor adjustments throughout the experiment to compensate for small shifts in the animal's position. It was found that after an initial 1–3 min of agitated movement within the box, coachwhip snakes settle down and tend to remain nearly motionless under the experimental conditions described here, making them excellent model animals for high-magnification observations over long periods.
To prevent the snake from visually observing the experimenter, curtains were mounted on the slit-lamp table, allowing only the slit-lamp objectives and mirror to be visible to the snake. Thus hidden, the experimenter was free to manipulate the controls of the slit-lamp and enter data without alarming the snake.
Animals were allowed to acclimate in the box for 10–15 min prior to data collection. After this time, the experimenter began recording to the nearest second when blood flow in the spectacle began and stopped. Data were recorded for 70 min. An explanation should be made on the nomenclature of blood flow used in this report. Because the vessel walls of the spectacle blood vessels are transparent, it proved difficult to image their dilation and constriction. As a result, the nomenclature used in this article will primarily be descriptive of the presence and absence of blood flow, rather than on the vessels' degree of dilation and constriction.
The timeline of an experimental trial is shown in Fig. 2. No stimulus was presented during the initial 30 min of the trial to permit collection of baseline blood flow data. At 30 min into the trial, a potential threat to the snake was simulated by having the experimenter step out from behind the curtain for 8 min, and perform routine laboratory activities within 1.5 m of the boxed snake. It should be noted that in the case of these captive coachwhip snakes, a human was deemed an effective stimulus, as demonstrated by their vigilant behaviour and occasional attempts to hide or flee when their terraria were approached. After the 8 min, the experimenter returned behind the curtain. The simulated threat was repeated 16 min later, when the experimenter again stepped out from behind the curtain for 8 min. The experiment was concluded 8 min after cessation of the second simulated threat.
Each of the three snakes was tested seven times in as many days, thus ensuring that they were only tested once per day. Although independent observations were made during the snakes' moulting phase, experiments were not conducted during this time because of clouding of the spectacle, general changes in behaviour, and changes in spectacle blood flow dynamics, which became apparent in preliminary studies and which will be discussed below. All observations were made at an ambient temperature of 27°C and ambient fluorescent illumination of ~290 lx.
Timeline of an experimental trial. Each trial lasted for 70 min, with the snake remaining undisturbed for the first 30 min. This was followed by an 8 min period during which a visual threat was presented (Threat 1), after which the threat was removed to leave the subject undisturbed for 16 min before the threat was presented a second time for 8 min (Threat 2). The trial concluded after the subject was left undisturbed for another 8 min. b1, d1, a1, b2, d2, a2 refer to the 8 min blocks before, during and after the first and second threats from which statistical comparisons were made.
All experimental procedures were in accordance with the animal utilization guidelines of the University of Waterloo, the Canadian Council of Animal Care, and the Ontario Animals for Research Act.
Two sets of analyses were performed. The first was performed on the initial 30 min undisturbed phase to determine whether there was a significant difference between the durations of periods with and without flow, between experimental subjects, or whether habituation was taking place between trials. These analyses were done using univariate multifactorial ANOVA with the following three factors: (1) day of the trial (of which there were 7), (2) experimental subject (of which there were 3), and (3) the presence or absence of flow as a binary value.
The second set of analyses was performed to determine whether there was any change in the proportion of spectacle blood flow during periods of perceived threat. To this end, the total duration of periods without blood flow was converted to sine-transformed proportions between 0 and 1 and compared with the 8 min of observed blood flow both before and after each threat presentation. Three factors were taken into consideration in these analyses: (1) the day of the experiment (of which there were 7), (2) the threat event within each experiment (of which there were 2), and (3) whether the block of time was before, during or after the presented threat. These data were analysed using univariate multifactorial repeated-measures ANOVA, and calculations were corrected with the Greenhouse–Geisser epsilon to account for non-sphericity in the data. Probability values equal to or less than 0.05 were considered statistically significant.
All statistical analyses were performed using the Systat 13 and Mystat 12 statistical software packages.
Spectacle flow in undisturbed snakes
During the initial 30 min of the trials, when snakes were at rest and undisturbed, significant differences (P=0.000) were found between the durations of flow (mean=57 s, s.d.=49 s) and empty periods (mean=115 s, s.d.=80 s) when data from all snakes were pooled. In any given trial, durations of flow were generally shorter than the empty periods. Differences between individual snakes were seen in the durations of flow periods (P=0.006) but not empty periods (P=0.640). Differences were also observed between trials in the durations of both flow periods (P=0.000) and empty periods (P=0.017), indicating significant variation from day to day. Fig. 3 is a graphical representation of spectacle blood flow and empty periods over the initial 30 undisturbed minutes during two trials in different snakes.
Effect of threat perception on spectacle flow
The effect of threat perception on spectacle blood flow is illustrated in Fig. 4. During the 8 min of perceived threat, the mean duration of individual flow events was reduced to 33.5 s (s.d.=17.6 s), down from 57 s (s.d.=49 s), when data from all subjects were pooled. Additionally, the total proportion of time during which flow occurred was reduced when compared with the 8 min prior to and after the presented threat (P=0.011). No difference was found between trials (P=0.633) or between the first and second threat events within a trial (P=0.150). Interaction terms between any or all of the three factors were also found to be not significant. Fig. 5 shows a box plot of the proportion of time during which spectacle blood flow occurred before, during and after each threat event.
Additional observations
Spectacle blood flow was found to stop altogether when a subject was physically restrained, presumably due to a strong sympathetic response. Because of what was perceived as unnecessary stress that could negatively impact subsequent experiments, these observations were not carried out systematically to determine how long the vessels would remain empty during physical restraint.
During the renewal phase of the integument, spectacle blood flow was found to remain constant when the snakes were undisturbed – i.e. there was no constriction or emptying of the blood vessels. When the snakes were handled or otherwise disturbed, blood flow would slow or stop for brief periods of the order of 1–10 s, but the spectacle blood vessels remained fully dilated and did not empty. Erythrocytes merely remained motionless within the vessels. See supplementary material Movie 1 for a video recording of spectacle blood flow in a moulting juvenile corn snake.
Representative trials in two different snakes illustrate when spectacle blood flow occurred (blue lines) in the initial 30 min undisturbed phase. Although the pattern in the lower graph is less regular than that in the upper graph, cycles of blood flow and emptying of the spectacle vessels are nevertheless evident in both. In particular, the variability in duration of flow and empty periods is clearly apparent.
Graph of two representative trials. The blue lines indicate when spectacle blood flow occurred. The periods during which the threats were presented are indicated by the red lines labelled 'Threat 1' and 'Threat 2'. A visual appraisal is sufficient to determine that the total duration of blood flow during the threat presentations is shorter than when the subject was undisturbed.
The primary purpose of this study was to document and characterize blood flow dynamics in the snake spectacle under various conditions according to factors both endogenous (when at rest and during moulting) and environmental (when a potential threat is visually perceived) and, in so doing, to determine whether these dynamics could support a mechanism for mitigating visual clarity loss due to the blood vessels.
Three characteristics of spectacle blood flow were apparent from these experiments: (1) regardless of whether the animal is at rest or disturbed, blood flow is discontinuous, except during the moulting phase; (2) the visual perception of a potentially threatening organism induces a reduction in the proportion of time during which spectacle blood flow occurs; and (3) spectacle blood flow during the integument renewal phase remains strong and, though flow can stop briefly if the animal is disturbed, the vessels do not constrict or empty.
Prior to discussing these findings in turn, a brief discussion of visual acuity of snakes is in order. While any visual consequences due to the presence of blood vessels have not been verified experimentally, this discussion will assume that they limit visual capacity, based on the fact that few vertebrates have non-retinal blood vessels in the optically transmissive portions of the eye and that Lüdicke's (Lüdicke, 1969) findings of the spatial distribution of blood vessels in A. nasuta's spectacle show a reduced density of vasculature in the foveal and binocular fields, which we can infer to be an adaptation to minimize visual disturbance in these fields. Baker and colleagues (Baker et al., 2007) provide one of the few published measures of visual acuity in snakes and found the midland banded water snake (Nerodia sipedon pleuralis) to have an acuity of ~4.9 cycles deg−1 by recording evoked telencephalic potentials. As a reference, the acuities of cats and dogs measured with similar techniques are respectively 3.2–6.5 and 12.6 cycles deg−1 (Berkley and Watkins, 1973; Odom et al., 1983); that of rats is ~0.44–1.2 cycles deg−1, the measure varying according to the specific technique used (Boyes and Dyer, 1983). The water snake's acuity is thus quite respectable for a small eye, and Baker and colleagues (Baker et al., 2007) commented that larger-eyed snakes like coachwhips (as used in the present study) may well achieve higher acuity results. Although the acuity of coachwhips has not been measured, their large eyes and their ecology and behaviour all imply a high reliance on vision (Greene, 1997), suggesting that their visual clarity would be negatively impacted by blood flow through the spectacle vasculature, similar to A. nasuta. One anatomical advantage the coachwhip may have in minimizing the perception of its own spectacle vasculature is the protrusion of its crystalline lens through its pupil, which sets a lower boundary on pupil constriction. A comparatively larger pupil minimizes the depth of field of an eye (Smith and Atchison, 1997), suggesting that coachwhips, as well as other species with larger pupils, are less likely to perceive the spectacle vessels as entoptic phenomena. Conversely, those species with pupils that constrict to thin slits, such as some boids, pythonids and viperids, would be more susceptible to casting perceptible images of the spectacle vessels on their retinas, especially given the short focal lengths of snake eyes (Sivak, 1977; Howland et al., 2004), which further increase the depth of field.
The cyclical pattern of flow through the spectacle vessels may act to reduce their negative impact on vision, particularly in light of the transparency of the blood vessel walls (Mead, 1976). When flow is absent, the vessels are particularly challenging to observe even with a slit-lamp. The animals' initial perception of potential threats therefore depends partly on the likelihood that the spectacle vessels were empty at the time the threats presented themselves (assuming that discontinuous flow is also characteristic in the wild even at rest), particularly when the target is at the threshold of their acuity under the given conditions. While these blood vessels are necessarily permanent, immobile fixtures of the spectacle, their location within the visual field will dynamically vary with rotation of the eyes. As a result, visual adaptation to the blood vessels [e.g. from Troxler's effect in which stationary images on the retina appear to fade or disappear (Troxler, 1804)] would only occur when the eyes remain still for extended periods (Lettvin et al., 1968). It was found that at rest the coachwhip's eyes remain remarkably steady, exhibiting few to no saccades compared with a human subject, whose eyes exhibit constant minute shifts in gaze direction. This ability of snakes to maintain a steady gaze may thus eliminate their perception of the spectacle vessels, similarly to humans' (and presumably other mammals') psychophysical adaptation to their own retinal vasculature.
Although likely to be subject to sympathetic innervation, the factors responsible for timing the resting cycles of dilation and constriction of the spectacle vessels remain unknown. However, as cutaneous vasculature, these vessels may be involved in thermoregulation (Bartholomew, 1982). In pilot experiments, it was found that the proportion of spectacle flow appeared to be related to some degree to ambient temperature, with lower temperatures resulting in longer periods without flow. This is consistent with the animals being moved from a heated terrarium to a lower ambient temperature, which would result in cutaneous vasoconstriction to minimize heat loss and maintain core temperature (Morgareidge and White, 1969; Rice and Bradshaw, 1980; Bartholomew, 1982). It is certainly possible that the transfer to the transparent box and/or merely being held within it was stressful enough to the experimental animals to affect the durations of the flow and empty periods. This could explain the variation observed between trials, but there is unfortunately no simple way to test this.
Plot of the proportion of time during which spectacle blood flow occurred before, during and after each threat event. The plots, which are based on seven trials on each of three coachwhip snakes, show the mean (horizontal bar), the 25–75% intervals and the standard deviation, as well as outliers. It can be seen that the proportion of flow during the threat events is less than that during the 8 min blocks before and after each threat was presented. The 25–75% intervals are similar in the 8 min before and after each threat, indicating a rapid return to baseline after the threat is removed.
The rapid return to resting state blood flow dynamics after the removal of threatening stimuli suggests a neural mechanism is involved in the regulation of spectacle blood flow. The question remains whether the observed vascular changes were occurring only in the spectacle or whether they occurred across the whole integument. After all, and in spite of its transparency and unique attributes, the spectacle is part of the integument, and general sympathetic responses may be accompanied by localized cutaneous vasoconstriction (Nalivaiko and Blessing, 1999; Blessing, 2003) concurrently with localized cutaneous vasodilation (Vianna and Carrive, 2005). An application of the same experimental methodology to observe cutaneous vasculature in other regions of the integument was unsuccessful, as the surface capillaries could not be discerned even at high magnification, possibly due to the size difference between these and the comparatively large spectacle capillaries, or because the translucency of the scales optically blurs structures beneath them. It also remains unknown whether the reported observations were due to a generalized sympathetic response or to a blood flow control mechanism specific to aiding vision. The end result is the same, however: when a potential threat must be tracked or targeted, an emptying and constriction of the spectacle blood vessels occurs. This would be of visual benefit in anticipation of a strike or an escape that requires improved acuity to be effectively carried out.
With regard to the constant spectacle blood flow during the renewal phase of the integument, this is presumably necessary to support the cellular proliferation involved in the generation of a new stratum corneum (Maderson, 1985; Maderson, 1998) as well as to bring to the region eosinophils, which are associated with the sloughing process (Maderson, 1965). This constant blood flow is therefore likely to occur across the animals' integument, bringing with it possible thermoregulatory implications during the renewal phase.
Given that blood vessels are well known to occur in the spectacle dermis of snakes and have also been described in geckos, xantusiid night lizards (Mead, 1976) and amphisbaenids (Foureaux et al., 2010), they may be a common characteristic of spectacled squamates in general. In contrast, few non-squamate tetrapods have blood vessels in the optical path of their eyes, and those that do restrict them to the cornea. These are species that have reduced eyes [the giant salamander Megalobatrachus – see Duke-Elder, citing Tawara and Kurose (Duke-Elder, 1958; Tawara, 1933; Kurose, 1956)], or are known to exhibit modest visual acuity [the Florida manatee Trichechus manatus latirostris (Rochon-Duvigneaud, 1943; Bauer et al., 2003; Harper et al., 2005)], or possess keratinized corneas [the armadillo Dasypus (Duke-Elder, 1958)], the armadillo paralleling spectacled squamates in maintaining a keratin barrier over the eye, which has been suggested to inhibit the diffusion of atmospheric oxygen into the cornea (Walls, 1942). Unlike the case with spectacled reptiles, the image (whether blurry or sharp) of corneal vessels cast upon these animals' retinas would remain stationary even with shifts in gaze, thus benefitting from Troxler's fading of stabilized retinal images. The only other species known to maintain blood vessels in the optical path are those with transparent nictitating membranes such as penguins (Sivak and Glover, 1986).
Further research will be necessary to determine whether the vascular dynamics described here hold true for other species of snakes and squamates with spectacles or windowed eyelids, as well as in species that possess transparent nictitating membranes. Attempts to image blood flow in the gecko spectacle using the same techniques as used with the snakes were largely unsuccessful as on only one occasion was a single blood cell observed in a specimen of marbled gecko, Gekko grossmanni (K.v.D. and J.G.S., unpublished observations). This might be accounted for by its smaller spectacle vessels, which measure 4–17 μm in width (Lüdicke, 1971), or by its small erythrocytes, which measure as little as 9 μm on the short axis (Saint Girons and Saint Girons, 1969; Starostová et al., 2005), taxing the resolving power of the imaging system. It is also possible that G. grossmanni simply exhibits little blood flow in the spectacle under stressful laboratory conditions, either by having a greater resistance to anoxia, by supplying the cornea and spectacle via diffusion from the iridial or limbal vasculature, and/or via the diffusion of atmospheric oxygen into and through the spectacle.
As integument, the reptilian spectacle, being adapted to the ocular need of tissue transparency, offers unprecedented value as a means to study cutaneous vascular physiology. In combination with their large erythrocytes, which are easier to image than those of mammals, snakes in particular may be an excellent model animal for studying peripheral vascular dynamics as demonstrated by these experiments. The imaging techniques described here could be of significant utility in studying cutaneous blood flow dynamics during thermoregulation, or for any other purpose that calls for the quantification of cutaneous vascular flow.
We are immensely grateful to Mr Robin Jones for his masterful assistance with building and modifying the research apparatus and to Ms Nancy Gibson for her remarkable insight into animal behaviour and husbandry. We would also like to thank two anonymous reviewers for their helpful suggestions on improving the manuscript.
K.v.D. designed and performed the research; K.v.D. and J.S. wrote the paper.
Supplementary material available online at http://jeb.biologists.org/cgi/content/full/216/22/4190/DC1
No competing interests declared.
This work was supported by a Doctoral Postgraduate Scholarship from the Natural Science and Engineering Research Council of Canada (NSERC) to K.v.D. and an NSERC grant to J.S.
© 2013. Published by The Company of Biologists Ltd
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White, F. N.
(1969). Cutaneous vascular changes during heating and cooling in the Galapagos marine iguana. Nature 223, 587-591.
Nalivaiko, E. and
(1999). Synchronous changes in ear and tail blood flow following salient and noxious stimuli in rabbits. Brain Res. 847, 343-346.
Neher, E. M.
(1935). The origin of the brille in Crotalus confluentus lutosus (Great Basin rattlesnake). Trans. Am. Ophthalmol. Soc. 33, 533-545.
Odom, J. V.,
Bromberg, N. M. and
Dawson, W. W.
(1983). Canine visual acuity: retinal and cortical field potentials evoked by pattern stimulation. Am. J. Physiol. 245, R637-R641.
Quekett, J.
(1852). Observations on the vascularity of the capsule of the crystalline lens, especially that of certain reptilia. Trans. Microsc. Soc. Lond. 3, 9-13. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2818.1852.tb06020.x.
Rice, G. E. and
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Saint Girons, H.
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Schwartz-Karsten, H.
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Sivak, J. G.
(1977). The role of the spectacle in the visual optics of the snake eye. Vision Res. 17, 293-298.
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Tags: EU | Turkey | Child Abuse
Turkish Teacher Gets 508 Years in Prison for Child Abuse
Associated Press Wednesday, 20 April 2016 02:23 PM
ANKARA, Turkey (AP) — A Turkish court sentenced a teacher Wednesday to more than 508 years behind bars for sexually abusing 10 boys under his care at two religious foundations.
The state-run Anadolu Agency said the teacher was sentenced at the first hearing of a case that traumatized the country and led to accusations of a cover-up. He was convicted of the charges of sexually abusing the children, restricting their freedoms, malicious injury, and forcing them to watch pornographic imagery, the agency reported.
The 54-year-old man, named only as "M.B.," was charged with assaulting the boys, aged between 10 and 12, at boarding homes, one of which was run by a foundation linked to Turkey's ruling party.
The man denied the accusation during the trial, claiming that the boys had sexual relations with each other, the private Dogan news agency reported. He also maintained that he had earlier confessed to the crime under police pressure. He was escorted out of the courthouse protected by police holding up shields.
The country's minister for family affairs, Sema Ramazanoglu, sparked an outcry after she described the assaults as a one-time event and accused opposition parties of trying to besmirch the government-linked Ensar Foundation.
The minister later survived a censure motion in parliament submitted by the opposition, which accused her of negligence in preventing violence against women and children.
Lawyer Oktay Yilmaz, representing five of the boys, said criminal complaints have also been filed against the two foundations.
A Turkish court sentenced a teacher Wednesday to more than 508 years behind bars for sexually abusing 10 boys under his care at two religious foundations.The state-run Anadolu Agency said the teacher was sentenced at the first hearing of a case that traumatized the country...
EU,Turkey,Child Abuse
Wednesday, 20 April 2016 02:23 PM

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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Putin praises Kommunarka hospital for high-quality work
The Russian leader pointed to the high quality of patient care in the hospital, where suspected coronavirus patients are located
Photo {{sliderIndex+1}} from 3
© Alexei Druzhinin/Russian Presidential Press and Information Office/TASS
MOSCOW, March 24. /TASS/. Russian President Vladimir Putin has pointed to the well-coordinated high-quality work of the staff at the hospital in Moscow's community of Kommunarka where suspected coronavirus patients are located. According to Rossiya 24 television, the president said as much at a meeting during his visit to the hospital.
Moscow mayor calls for quarantine of people older than 65 in all Russian million cities
"I watched them [the hospital staff] working, all of them are on duty," he said. "One can feel that people know what should be done and how. They have everything, they effectively use their equipment and means."
Putin pointed the high quality of patient care in the hospital. "A completely different life begins for the people who are recovering. All that is largely thanks to you," he said. "I know from my own experience that one has to be able to manage the work, and you have succeeded in doing so," he said addressing the hospital's senior officials.
Earlier on Tuesday, the head of state chaired a meeting on fighting the coronavirus, after which he inspected the medical center in Kommunarka.
Russia calls for investigating indiscriminate deaths of women during conflicts — diplomat
According to Dmitry Polyansky, Russia considers it "inadmissible to turn a blind eye to such crimes or justify them by the inevitability of the so-called collateral losses"


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World's Oldest and Most Complete Torah Scroll Found, Italian Professor Claims
Wednesday May 29 2013 10:05AM
Umesh jhade
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A document that an Italian expert says to be the oldest known complete Torah scroll is seen at the Alma mater Studiorum Universita' di Bologna. (Alma Mater Studiorum Universita' di Bologna/AP Photo)
An Italian professor believes he has found the world's oldest and most complete torah scroll safely tucked away in the archives of University of Bologna.
The ancient scroll of Judaism's most important text is almost 120 feet long and made of sheep skin.
The manuscript had been stored in the university's library at least since the 18th century, but had been incorrectly dated and had remained unnoticed. The University of Bologna is the oldest university in the Western world.
On Tuesday the university released a statement announcing that Mauro Perani, who has been professor of Hebrew at the university since 1977, came upon the scroll while compiling the library catalogue and has since been able to date it somewhere between the 12th and 13th centuries.
"I didn't discover a scroll that had been hidden away in a hole," Perani told ABC News today.
He said the manuscript has been in the university library for centuries, but no one had understood its importance until now. Perani said that he felt "great excitement" about making such an important discovery and he spoke with great passion when describing it and his studies. "It is one of the most intact copies of the Torah, but sadly it is missing its decorative features."
Leonello Modona, the librarian at the university in 1889, erroneously dated the scroll as being from the 17th century. Modono was Jewish and had a good knowledge of Hebrew, but Perani explained that at that time the tools required to correctly date ancient texts were not available.
Once Perani came upon the manuscript in November 2012, he immediately understood that it was much older than how it had been catalogued. The professor saw that the scroll was written in the square oriental Babylonian style, and not in the Palestinian style that was used in the 17th century.
He also spotted another clue: the scroll did not follow the rules of Hebrew script written by the scholar Maimonides in his Code of Jewish religious law in the second half of the 12th century which forbade many features found in this scroll. Every manuscript written since the Code follows the rules. Perani consulted the top experts in the field from Paris to Jerusalem and was able to conclude that the copy of the Torah is at least 800 years old, probably written between the years 1155 and 1225. Two carbon-14 tests were carried out on the manuscript in Italy and the United states which confirmed Perani's conclusions.
Perani said, "The value of this discovery is due to its rarity and to the importance that the Torah has for Jews and Judaism."
The find isn't the oldest Torah text in the world. The Leningrad and the Aleppo bibles - both of them Hebrew codexes, or books - pre-date the Bologna scroll by more than 200 years. But this is the oldest Torah scroll, Perani told the Associated Press.
Over the centuries many Torah scrolls have been lost or destroyed especially as a result of Jewish persecution which makes any example of great historical and religious importance.
This most ancient scroll will now be preserved with greater care at the library of the University of Bologna, while leading ancient bookbinders have already offered to examine and restore the scroll "free of charge," said Perani.
Editor's Note: This article was originally published by ABCNews, here, and is licenced as Public Domain under Creative Commons. See Creative Commons - Attribution Licence.
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View source for April 2014 update
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==Case law== *'''Advance decision case.''' {{pagesummary|Nottinghamshire Healthcare NHS Trust v RC (2014) EWHC 1136 (COP), (2014) MHLO 20}} *'''Capacity case.''' {{pagesummary|Wandsworth CCG v IA (2014) EWHC 990 (COP), (2014) MHLO 19}} *'''Gift application case.''' {{pagesummary|Julia Lomas v AK (gift application) (2014) EWHC B11 (COP), (2014) MHLO 21}} *'''Community care case.''' {{pagesummary|R (LH) v Shropshire Council (2014) EWCA Civ 404, (2014) MHLO 18}} *'''LPA case.''' {{pagesummary|Re Davies (2012) MHLO 184 (LPA)}} *'''LPA case.''' {{pagesummary|Re Buckley (2013) MHLO 144 (LPA)}} *'''LPA case.''' {{pagesummary|Re Rider (2013) MHLO 143 (LPA)}} *'''LPA case.''' {{pagesummary|Re Barac (2013) MHLO 142 (LPA)}} *'''LPA case.''' {{pagesummary|Re Bishop (2013) MHLO 141 (LPA)}} ==Mind== *'''Mind, 'The effects of changes to Legal Aid' (April 2014).''' (1) Mind has posted a survey on its website to find out how legal aid cuts introduced by the Legal Aid, Sentencing and Punishment of Offenders Act 2012 are affecting people with mental health problems. It will also be used to respond to the call for evidence for the Justice Committee. The survey can be completed by those with experience of mental health problems, whether themselves or as a friend, advocate, family member or carer. (2) Additionally, Mind would like to hear from lawyers and those providing advice or support or services to people with mental health conditions in relation to how those advised and represented have been affected (ideally with case studies). Responses to Andy Kempster (a.kempster@mind.org.uk) by 23/4/14. See [[Mind (Charity)]] ==Law Society== *'''Law Society, 'Practice note: Financial abuse' (13/6/13).''' This practice note contains information under the following headings: (1) Introduction; (2) SRA principles; (3) Financial abuse: (a) what is financial abuse? (b) forms of financial abuse; (4) Identification of adults vulnerable to abuse and precaution to be taken: (a) groups at particular risk; (b) what to be alert for - known indicators for abusive activity; (c) identification and the assessment of capacity; (5) Taking action to prevent abuse: (a) powers of attorney; (b) gifts; (c) wills; (d) estate administration; (e) mis-selling; (f) language and cultural barriers; (6) Addressing suspected abuse - what steps to take: (a) confidentiality; (b) Office of the Public Guardian; (c) litigation; (d) deputyship; (e) appointeeship; (f) the role of the local authority; (g) abuse and neglect by legal professionals; (h) criminal offences; (7) Further information: (a) Law Society; (b) Solicitors Regulation Authority; (c) guidance; (d) useful contacts; (e) other resources; (f) acknowledgements. See [[Law Society]] ==Care Quality Commission== *'''Care Quality Commission, 'Briefing for providers on the Deprivation of Liberty Safeguards' (4/4/14).''' See [[CQC]] ==Healthcare Inspectorate Wales== *'''Healthcare Inspectorate Wales, 'Monitoring the use of the Mental Health Act in 2011-2013' (22/4/14).''' Also: HIW, 'Healthcare Inspectorate Wales publishes its third report for monitoring the use of the Mental Health Act' (website news item, 22/4/14); HIW, 'Monitoring the use of the Mental Health Act: HIW produces third report' (press release, 22/4/14). See [[Healthcare Inspectorate Wales]] ==Articles== *'''Alex Ruck Keene and Catherine Dobson, 'Deprivation of liberty in the hospital setting' (39 Essex Street, 10/4/14).''' See [[39 Essex Street Mental Capacity Law Newsletter]] *'''Tristan Donovan, 'Court of Protection adds weight to social worker evidence in mental capacity assessments' (Community Care, 4/4/14).''' This article relates to the 7/11/13 version of form COP3. See [[Court of Protection forms]] ==Events== *'''Conference.''' The York Chronic Disorders of Consciousness Research Centre and Court of Protection Practitioners' Association are jointly holding a conference on Friday '''9/5/14''' at the University of York entitled 'Withholding and Withdrawing Treatment from Patients in a Vegetative or Minimally Conscious State'. Price: Free to COPPA members and staff and University of York students; £30 to others. CPD: SRA and BSB accreditation sought. See [[Media:COPPA withholding treatment conference 9May14.pdf|flyer]] for further details and booking information. See [[Events]] *'''Taking Stock conference.''' The 2013 Annual 'Taking Stock' Conference (The Mental Health and Mental Capacity Acts in Practice) will take place at the Royal Northern College of Music in Manchester on Friday '''17/10/13''' from 9.30am to 4.00pm. The speakers are: Neil Allen (Thoughts on the New Code); Yogi Amin (Benevolence - How does this fit in to the Test for Liberty?); Phil Fennell (The Myth of Consent in Psychiatry); Camilla Parker (The Mental Health Care of Children and Young People - A minor concern?); Alison Yung (Early Intervention in Psychosis - Evidence and Evidence Gaps); plus a key-note speaker to be confirmed. CPD: SRA accreditation sought. Price: £125; £100 for bookings confirmed before 27/6/14; concessions for voluntary sector organisations. See [[Media:Taking Stock conference flyer 17Oct14.pdf|flyer]] for further information about the programme and speakers, and for booking information. See [[Events]] *'''MHLA panel courses.''' The Mental Health Lawyers Association have organised a further two-day panel course in '''London''' on Monday '''12/5/14''' and Tuesday '''13/5/14''' (the April course in London having sold out, and the Law Society having announced that 13/6/14 is the latest date for an application to the panel to be guaranteed to be decided by 1/8/14). The course will also be held in '''Newcastle''' on Tuesday '''22/4/14''' and Wednesday '''23/4/14'''. Price: £300 (members); £390 (non-members); £250 (for third and subsequent members in a group). CPD: 12 SRA-accredited hours. See [http://www.mhla.co.uk/meetings-and-courses/accreditation-scheme-courses-in-2014/ MHLA website] for further details. See [[Events]] ==Website and CPD== *'''CPD.''' Questionnaires for February and March 2014 have been uploaded. Obtain 12 CPD points online for £60: see [[CPD scheme]] for details. *'''Cases.''' On 30/4/14 Mental Health Law Online contained [[Mental health case law|1490 categorised cases]] *'''Chronology.''' See [[April 2014 chronology]] for this month's changes to the website in date order. ==Twitter== {{monthly|twitter|2014|4}} [[Category:Updates]]
Julia Lomas v AK (gift application) (2014) EWHC B11 (COP), (2014) MHLO 21 (view source)
Nottinghamshire Healthcare NHS Trust v RC (2014) EWHC 1136 (COP), (2014) MHLO 20 (view source)
R (LH) v Shropshire Council (2014) EWCA Civ 404, (2014) MHLO 18 (view source)
Re Barac (2013) MHLO 142 (LPA) (view source)
Re Bishop (2013) MHLO 141 (LPA) (view source)
Re Buckley (2013) MHLO 144 (LPA) (view source)
Re Davies (2012) MHLO 184 (LPA) (view source)
Re Rider (2013) MHLO 143 (LPA) (view source)
Wandsworth CCG v IA (2014) EWHC 990 (COP), (2014) MHLO 19 (view source)
Template:Extension DPL (view source)
Template:Monthly (view source)
Template:Page in category dpl (view source)
Template:Pagesummary (view source)
Return to April 2014 update.
Retrieved from "http://mentalhealthlaw.co.uk/April_2014_update"


The Odisha Right to Public Services Act, 2012 in Odisha is an exemplary initiative by the State Government to check corruption in public service delivery. The law enables the citizens to demand public services as a right and also includes a provision for penal action against officials failing to provide the services within the stipulated time.The idea is to generate a demand for services, and to provide citizens with a platform for getting their grievances redressed in a time bound manner.Delivery of important service in a time bound manner is the hallmark of Good Governance. Government of Odisha has time and again initiated steps for improving the service delivery to its citizen. Keeping with the ethos of a welfare state, Government of Odisha has passed a landmark legislation "Odisha Right to Public Service Act,2012" that guarantees the delivery of public services in a time bound manner, with the passing of Right to Public Service Act, Government of Odisha has taken another strong to bring transparency in delivery of the public service.
The Odisha Right to Public Service Act 2012 aims to cover various guarantees under a single umbrella at the state level. It looks towards addressing the already growing demand of citizens for improved public services, reducing corruption through imposing penalties on Public Authorities for default in delivery of Services and aims at universalization of public services. In addition, what was under the Citizens' Charters, an administrative guarantee has been translated into a legal right, justifiable under the provisions of ORTPS Act.
Different service which a citizen can obtain from different Departments will be notified, along with time limit for delivery of such services.
· In case a citizen is unable to get the said services within the prescribed time limit, he / she may file an appeal before an Appellate Authority. The Appellate Authority will consider the case and pass necessary order.
If the Revisional Officer observed that there is delay in providing the service, beyond the stipulated time, he may also impose a penalty not exceeding Rs.250/- per each day of delay.
The penalty shall be charged from the Designated Officer, Appellate authority and the concerned subordinate staff, as the case may be and shall be in the proportion, to be decided by the Revisioal Authority.
However, the Designated Officer, Appellate Authority and subordinate staff, will be given a reasonable opportunity of being heard before any penalty is imposed on him / her.
In exercise of the power conferred by section 3 read with sections 5 and 6 the Odisha Right to Public Services Act, 2012 (Odisha Act 8 of 2012) the State Government do hereby declare the services as given in column (1) of the Schedule given below to be provided to the eligible persons within-the specified time limit as specified against each such services in column (2) thereof by Designated Officers as in column (3) for the purposes of the said Act and also notify the Appellate and Revisional Authority respectively in column (4) and (5) of the said Schedule for passing of order under if any provisions of the said Act whenever an application to preferred to them.
IIC/ OIC of the concerned Police station.


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Jeff Bridges Diagnosed With Lymphoma
The Oscar-winning actor broke the news on social media.
Jeff Bridges [Axel Dupeux/The Wall Street Journal]
Academy Award winner Jeff Bridges has been diagnosed with lymphoma. The iconic actor shared the news on his official social media. Despite the devastating news, The Big Lebowski star seemed optimistic about the treatment ahead. Read the full post below.
As the Dude would say.. New S**T has come to light. I have been diagnosed with Lymphoma. Although it is a serious disease, I feel fortunate that I have a great team of doctors and the prognosis is good. I'm starting treatment and will keep you posted on my recovery. I'm profoundly grateful for the love and support from my family and friends. Thank you for your prayers and well wishes. And, while I have you, please remember to go vote. Because we are all in this together. Vote.org
Love, Jeff
Jeff Bridges is fondly known for his wild role in the cult classic The Big Lebowski. Some of Bridges' more prominent performances include Thunderbolt and Lightfoot, The Contender, The Fisher King, Iron Man, True Grit, The Giver, Hell or High Water, and others. In 1982, he starred as Kevin Flynn in Tron and in 2010 he reprised his role in Tron: Legacy. That same year, Bridges won the Academy Award for Best Actor for his performance in Crazy Heart.
Bridges' latest film was the 2018 neo-noir flick Bad Times at the El Royale which was written and directed by Drew Goddard.


Goa is a well-known location for vacationers and is situated in India. It has a wealthy history and tradition and was dominated from time to time by different dynasties. The Portuguese ruled this sate for 450 many years until Indian army took control. When it celebration time in Goa, beaches have a significant role to perform. You can have great deal of fun on these spots. When it arrives to tourism in Goa, twelve percent of the people with foreign origin come to Goa just to have fun on these beaches.
As component of the biometric verify-in procedure, your digital picture as nicely as fingerprint will be captured. This will allow the IIMs to confirm your identity during any follow-up interviews. As soon as the check-in process is finished, you will be escorted to your assigned seats. There could be some waiting time before the test starts, to permit you to be checked in. For the full test working day process, a video clip is available from the CAT website.
Shopping facilities are also extremely attractive for the vacationers when they are in Chandigarh. Many new shops and buying malls are there in different parts of the city. The vacationers will get vibrant colour of the marketplace in the evening and they will get various things for the family members and near ones. Thus in Chandigarh you will come throughout with a unique blend of natural and artificial spots of tourism.
If you're rushing to the CAT centre with 1 eye on the road and the other on your view, don't be shocked to discover your nerves fried by the time you attain. Be there early, with plenty of time to unwind and get used to your surroundings. Find out nicely in progress where you will be seated, and double check your Indian Army Rally and stationery. In case you are late, do close your eyes for a moment and consider a few deep breaths to calm yourself.
Hamida Banu Begam constructed Humayun's Tomb in the memory of Humayun. There is a beautiful garden in entrance of the tomb with drinking water channels. Qutab Minar looks fascinating at any time of the working day. It is a majestic monument and mark of Delhi life. It is situated at South Delhi. The tourists can't skip the Iron Pillar when they are in Qutab Minar.
The most important component of the trip to Jabalpur is to know the locations of high tourist points of interest and then make a list of it. For instance, Bhedaghat or Dhuanndhar waterfall and might other people in accordance to your choice. But make a correct be aware with places really worth visiting. So, neither time will be wasted nor you will be puzzled when you will attain the metropolis.
It was performed on 64 squares, like today's chess but involved 4 gamers who were to lead the black, the red, the green or the yellow army. Every participant had a Rajah (that moved like an real king) and pieces that represented the 4 possible corps of an Indian military: An elephant (same as these days's rook), a horse (same as a knight), a ship (that moved only in diagonal and only two steps at a time) and 4 soldiers (like today's pawns, these moved only of 1 stage and took in a diagonal).
RashtraPati Bhawan is a massive developing in Delhi. In previous it was recognized as Viceroy's House. At present the President of India life right here. Therefore going to Delhi is a lifetime encounter for the tourists.


There is no Dojo listed in Llanrwst. This page shows 20 Martial Arts Schools found within 19 Miles of Llanrwst. Based on the information available from these Dojos, Karate, Kick Boxing, Krav Maga, Shito Ryu Karate, Shukokai, Kung Fu & Jiu-Jitsu (Jujutsu/Jujitsu) are the most offered Martial Arts in Llanrwst area. Most of these schools offer self defense classes for men, women and children near Llanrwst.
Chart based on information available from Martial Arts Schools in Llanrwst area.
Distance is shown approximately from the downtown area of Llanrwst. For a list of Martial Arts Schools near you, Search with your complete address. Click on a Dojo name to view details. Clicking on 'Map' next to a Dojo will show the school on the Map.
See Martial Arts Schools in places nearby Llanrwst: Betws-y-coed, Llansantffraid Glan Conwy, Conwy, Deganwy & Llandudno.
Are you associated with a Martial Arts School, Club or Dojo in the Llanrwst area? Please make sure it is listed with dojos.co.uk.


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Home / Sport / Global / Cricket
West Indies Shrug Off Average Tag In Second Test
With the conclusion of the second Test Match of three in the Caribbean between the West Indies and England, many questions have been raised over the quality of this England side. Especially when that same squad came into the series off the back of an away whitewash, 3-0, in Sri Lanka and a flattering but nonetheless impressive 4-1 home victory against the reigning test champions, India. And yet, they have now been comprehensively beaten for the second time in as many weeks against a team written off many before the series. Going into the series, prominent ex-England players questioned the talent of the West Indian players, most notably Geoffrey Boycott, who described the team as "very ordinary, average cricketers" in his column for The Telegraph. Some may assert that this is a fair representation of a team that has not won a test series against a top-8 side since 2012, at home versus a New Zealand side yet to be inspired by captain Brendan McCullum.
However, what some seem to have glossed over, is the evident quality that this current West Indies side possesses. Skipper Jason Holder is inspired in home conditions, averaging 52 with the bat in the last two years – higher than his counter-part Joe Root. Even the much-maligned wicket-keeper Shane Dowrich has a higher first-class batting average than England's Keaton Jennings and Jos Buttler. Furthermore, the batting line-up contains two of the most exciting young cricketers in the world, Shrimon Hetmyer and Shai Hope, both of whom have admittedly modest averages, but enough talent to be seen as more than "very average". Both have shown their undoubted talents in away performances. Hetmyer, who captained his team U19 World Cup glory in 2016 with consecutive fifties in the quarter and semi-finals, made an outstanding 106 from just 78 balls in a One Day International versus India last October. Hope's glimpse of his vast potential came in a Test match against England in 2017. He scored a hundred in both innings of the Test match, a feat only accomplished three times by a West Indian since Gordon Greenidge's famous effort at Old Trafford in 1976. It was also the first time for it to ever happen at Headingly, a ground that has seen some of best batting talent in the world consistently turn up for over a century – including the aforementioned Boycott, Sachin Tendulkar, and current England captain Joe Root.
Notwithstanding their batting capabilities in their home conditions, the West Indies have a bowling attack that has the fear-inspiring quality of Walsh and Ambrose of the 1990s, and before them Garner, Roberts, Marshall, and Holding of the 1970s and 1980s. Holder, along with Gabriel, Roach and Joseph form a pacey and dangerous attack, even on the increasingly low and slow Caribbean wickets. They have collectively shown England the way to bowl in these trying conditions – with immaculate lengths, bounce and no shortage of pace. Gabriel and Joseph especially has shown signs of the fearsome pace of old, ripping through the opposition's top order in a fashion not witness by the Caribbean faithful for a long while. Indeed, all four of the West Indies' bowlers average under 25 in home conditions, a key indicator of world-class bowling talent.
While the finger will be pointed at a disappointing England, cricket should open their eyes to the fact that, at home, the West Indies have resoundingly shrugged off the "average" tag that has plagued the conversation around them for many years now. Next week's match, while a dead-rubber, could further cement them back into cricket's limelight heading into a World Cup in 2019 where they will undoubtedly feel that they could pull off a few scalps.
Feb 15, 2019 By Rhodri Evans Filed Under: Cricket, Global, Uncategorized, Sport Tagged With: Cricket, West Indies, England, Jason Holder
Tweets by Exeposé Sport


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DTC Broadcast AEON 4K transmitter deployed for Australia's first live 4K test
NEP Australia has purchased an additional four DTC AEON RF systems
Hampshire(9/11/2018) -
NEP Australia, which provides outsourced technical production solutions to sports, entertainment, live shows and outside broadcast events, has purchased an additional four DTC AEON RF systems to expand its existing ultra high definition (UHD-4K) inventory.
Marc Segar, Director of Technical Services for NEP Australia, said, "We have been trialling the DTC AEON on a series of 4K test events in the lead up to our inaugural UHD-4K cricket coverage for Foxtel's FOX SPORTS channels in Australia. The RF performance of AEON in 4K mode is excellent and outperforms our current HD systems."
From November, Australian cricket fans will be able to view live matches in greater detail than ever before on Foxtel's new dedicated UHD channel, which will feature every men's Test match in Australia as well as One Day Internationals, T20 matches, and selected "Big Bash League" games.
NEP, will employ the DTC AEON RF camera systems in four mobile production units – HD11, HD12, HD13 and HD14 – as part of a major upgrade to make them fully UHD-4K capable for FOX SPORTS' 4K cricket coverage.
DTC Domo Broadcast Regional Sales Manager – APAC, Gareth James, said, "Not only has the success of the trials with NEP and FOX SPORTS paved the way for an exciting new era in Australian sports television, it has led to a repeat order from NEP Australia for additional AEON transmitter technology. We're grateful for the excellent sales and technical support provided by our partner in the region, AV Group Technologies, led by Managing Director Adrian Chespy."
In related news, NEP Australia's Segar is scheduled to present two papers at the upcoming IBC 2018 show in Amsterdam from 13-18 September.
Also at IBC, DTC Domo Broadcast will further extend the AEON transmitter range for wireless 4K/UHD video by introducing AEON-CC on Stand 1.F41.
About DTC Domo Broadcast - Broadcasting without boundaries
DTC Broadcast (Domo Tactical Communications) is at the forefront of wireless broadcast communication technologies. DTC has developed its cutting-edge technologies for the broadcast market providing real technical and operational benefits that empower users to broadcast without boundaries.
A world-class supplier of wireless links globally and a leader in the MPEG4 and HEVC wireless technology revolution, DTC offers high-quality, DVB-T low-delay broadcast transmitter/receiver systems and IP solutions designed specifically for electronic news gathering, outside broadcast, satellite newsgathering, motor and extreme sports coverage, portable field monitoring and video assist applications.
Backed by more than 50 years' experience in the military and surveillance market, DTC's broadcast portfolio benefits from the ultra-high build quality and ruggedness these markets require.
For more information www.domobroadcast.tv
About NEP Australia
NEP is Australia's largest and most experienced outside broadcast and studio facilities company, providing broadcast infrastructure for major sport and studio productions across the country and internationally. NEP facilitates more than 2,000 hours of Australian broadcast television each year, including live sport (NRL, AFL, Cricket, MotoGP, Australian Formula 1 Grand Prix), popular series and drama (My Kitchen Rules, The Voice, Family Feud, The Chase, Australian Ninja Warrior) and live entertainment and event programs (Dancing with the Stars, The Footy Show and the annual Logie awards). The company is also internationally recognised for its technical expertise in host broadcasting and major events, managing complex projects including the 2018 Gold Coast Commonwealth Games, 2014 G20 Leaders' Summit, and 2014 Glasgow Commonwealth Games. NEP Australia is wholly owned by NEP Group Inc. More information is available at https://www.nepgroup.com.au/
Manor Marketing (Consultants) Ltd
Jennie Marwick-Evans
jennie@manormarketing.tv


text:
James Stroud Classical Guitar Competition Final Round October 16, 2020, at 7:00 p.m. US Eastern Time
Streaming begins
Friday, October 16, 2020, at 7:00 p.m.
US Eastern Time
JAMES STROUD CLASSICAL GUITAR COMPETITION
Presented in cooperation with the
Cleveland Institute of Music
AYTAHN BENAVI (Texas)
Dionisio Aguado (1784–1849)
Rondo no. 2 in A minor
Angelo Gilardino (b. 1941)
The Joyful Island (conceived and written for Aytahn Benavi)
Vicente Asencio (1908–1979)
La Joia, Collectici Intim
PATRICIA HERNANDEZ (Florida)
John Dowland (1563–1626)
Fantasia No. 7
Johann Kaspar Mertz (1806–1856)
Fantasie Hongroise, Op. 65, No. 1
Mauro Giuliani (1781–1829)
Grand Overture, Op. 61
IAN TUBBS (Indiana)
Johann Sebastian Bach (1685–1750)
From: Suite in E minor, BWV 996
Prelude and Presto
William Walton (1902–1983)
From: 5 Bagatelles
I. Allegro
Nikita Koshkin (b.1956)
From: The Prince's Toys
IV. Playing Soldiers
ERIC WANG (California)
From: Sonata No. 2
Johann Sebartian Bach (1685–1750)
From: Prelude, Fugue, and Allegro, BWV 998
Manuel M. Ponce (1882–1948)
From: Sonata Romantica
Allegro non troppo e serioso
FINAL ROUND JURY
Stephen Aron (USA), Mark Delpriora (USA), Matteo Mela (Italy), Lorenzo Micheli (Italy), Nigel North (England), Marco Sartor (Uruguay), Jason Vieaux (USA).
FINALISTS' BIOGRAPHIES
Aytahn Benavi is 18 years old and lives in Austin, Texas. He began studying guitar at the age of 5. Aytahn enjoys performing solo, as well as with the Austin Classical Guitar and Austin Bella Corda guitar orchestras. His favorite musical experience was playing on the NPR show ?From The Top. Aytahn is currently a senior at the Liberal Arts and Science Academy, and enjoys playing tennis in his free time.
Patricia Hernandez is 16 years old and has been playing the classical guitar for 9 years. She has a strong passion for music and performing, which she aims to use to spread goodness. As a 7 year old girl, Patricia started her classes with Doctor Federico Musgrove Stetson at the Hess Conservatory of Music and has been studying with him privately and in other conservatories ever since. Currently she is a scholarship student at the Miami Conservatory of Music. She also studies with Professor Rafael Padron as a soloist and as a part of the Miami Guitar Duo, alongside her twin sister. Patricia has received master classes from various artists such as Jason Vieaux, Martha Masters, René Izquierdo, Irina Kulikova, the Kupinski Guitar Duo, Jorge Luis Zamora and others. She has attended, competed, and won many classical guitar competitions in the past 5 years. Patricia is excited to see what the world of classical guitar will bring her in life and plans on further fulfilling her passion while impacting others with her instrument.
Ian Tubbs is 15 years old. Since 2016, Ian has received top prizes in several competitions, including Guitar Art Festival in Serbia, Indiana University Jacobs School of Music, Columbus State Guitar Symposium, Latino Arts Guitar Festival in Wisconsin, Texas A&M Guitar Symposium, Orange County Guitar Circle at Chapman University, and the University of Louisville Guitar Festival. He has also had the privilege to play in guitar ensembles at the University of Indianapolis, Latino Arts Guitar Festival and the Bloomington Classical Guitar Society at the Jacobs School of Music, and with a guitar orchestra in Belgrade, Serbia. In 2018, Ian was awarded the Bloomington Classical Guitar Society Aspiring Artist Award, after which he performed a solo concert in Auer Hall at the Jacobs School of Music. In addition to practicing and performing, Ian enjoys soccer, engineering, church youth group, reading, and photography.
Eric Wang is a 10th grader at Valley Christian High School in his hometown of San Jose, California. He started classical guitar at age 4. He has won 1st prize in many classical guitar competitions including Guitar Foundation of America Competition (2018, Youth Junior Division) and Parkening International Guitar Competition (2019, Youth Division). In 2020 National YoungArts Competition, he was a Silver Award winner. Eric was a featured classical guitarist on NPR's "From the Top."


text:
Chandra Levy's Parents Want Life , Not Death as Penalty for Murder
By Jeralyn, Section Death Penalty
Posted on Sat Feb 21, 2009 at 05:06:10 PM EST
Tags: Chandra Levy (all tags)
The AP reports Robert Levy, in discussing the imminent arrest of a suspect in the murder of his daughter Chandra Levy, says:
Robert Levy said he and his wife, Susan, were not told the identity of the person to be arrested "but we all know who it is." He would not elaborate but said they would favor a life sentence for the killer.
"If someone is executed, they really don't suffer too much," he said.
Here are some other reasons, in their own words, family members of other murder victims have for opposing the death penalty.
[Note to the AP: The man about to be arrested may or may not be the killer of Chandra. While it's apparent that Mr. Levy would oppose the death penalty for whoever the killer is, this article can be read to imply the suspect is the killer. Future editions should make that clear.]
< Saturday Open Thread | Pentagon Report: Guantanamo Complies With Geneva Conventions >
Chandra Levy's Parents Want Life , Not Death as Penalty for Murder | 9 comments (9 topical)
I am delighted to see this ... (5.00 / 2) (#1)
by Meteor Blades on Sat Feb 21, 2009 at 05:17:56 PM EST
...and I agree entirely with Mr. Levy's views. One can be against the death penalty (and feel the criminal-justice system is a mess for too little focus on rehabilitation and too much on locking up drug-related offenders) and still favor a tough-on-real-crime approach.
Life without parole is a tough-on-crime approach that I favor. Capital punishment is too easy.
My wife and I both include these codas in our wills:
Special Circumstances: If I should be the victim of a murder, and the perpetrator of this crime is caught, tried and convicted; or if said perpetrator confesses to this murder; I instruct my attorney-in-fact to implore the prosecutor, jury, judge or others adjudicating this case not to seek or impose the death penalty, a punishment I oppose under all circumstances.
Good point. (none / 0) (#3)
by atdleft on Sat Feb 21, 2009 at 05:24:52 PM EST
One can be against the death penalty (and feel the criminal-justice system is a mess for too little focus on rehabilitation and too much on locking up drug-related offenders) and still favor a tough-on-real-crime approach.
And especially in places like California with such a HUGE backlog of capital convictions, the death penalty is just too ridiculously lengthy and costly. We may even end up saving money on court proceedings by adopting universal "LWOP".
I never thought of providing that provision (none / 0) (#8)
by befuddledvoter on Sun Feb 22, 2009 at 04:52:38 PM EST
in a will. What a great idea!! I am opposed to the death penalty under all circumstances.
It's good logic... (none / 0) (#2)
Especially here in CA, where capital cases can drag on for decades. There's no real point of having the death penalty other than giving folks a sense of "revenge". Life imprisonment is an appropriate "tough on crime penalty" that can actually work for everyone.
as a bargaining tool (none / 0) (#4)
by jharp on Sat Feb 21, 2009 at 07:06:46 PM EST
Against the death penalty but always liked how it could used as a bargaining chip in plea deals.
However, I have since reevaluated my position.
It needs to be ended. In all instances.
But, But, But (none / 0) (#5)
by msobel on Sun Feb 22, 2009 at 10:37:58 AM EST
Fox News announced that Gary Condi had been convicted many times. Surely that will be the basis for a reasonable doubt case for whoever is wrongfully accused of this horrendous Democratic crime.
since the crime occured in DC, (none / 0) (#6)
by cpinva on Sun Feb 22, 2009 at 12:29:07 PM EST
and DC doesn't have the death penalty, what the levy's want is particularly irrelevant.
unless this can somehow be turned into a federal crime (asserting it took place in rock creek park, for example), life w/o parole would be the maximum punishment.
bear in mind, just because the presumed killer is now located in CA, doesn't mean the crime happened there.
But if the case can be tried (none / 0) (#7)
by DFLer on Sun Feb 22, 2009 at 04:04:35 PM EST
in a Federal court, can't the death penalty apply?
This is why the Dru Sjodin murder was tried in fed court (because of kidnapping charges?) North Dakota has no DP. The feds do.
victim statements (none / 0) (#9)
by diogenes on Sun Feb 22, 2009 at 05:32:19 PM EST
Of course, since victim statements presumably should have no relevance in determining guilt or penalty then I guess that what the Levys think shouldn't matter much. Or has the defense bar agreed universally to the relevance of victim statements?


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administered with tramadol. Steroid administration was excluded from these clinical trials. Serotonin syndrome occurring with overdose of Zofran alone has also been reported. In these trial(s) patients were receiving multiple concomitant perioperative and postoperative medications in both treatment groups. Pediatric cases consistent with serotonin syndrome have been reported after inadvertent oral overdoses of ondansetron (exceeding estimated ingestion of 5 mg per kg) in young children. Reported symptoms included somnolence, agitation, tachycardia, tachypnea, hypertension, flushing, mydriasis, diaphoresis, myoclonic movements, horizontal nystagmus, hyperreflexia, and seizure.
Postoperative 16 mg administered 1 hour before induction of anesthesia. Drug Interaction Studies CYP 3A4 Inducers: Ondansetron elimination may be affected by cytochrome P-450 inducers. Integumentary: Rash (approximately 1 of patients). Tramadol Although no pharmacokinetic drug interaction between ondansetron and tramadol has been observed, data from 2 small trials indicate that when used together, Zofran may increase patient-controlled administration of tramadol. In two trials the response rates to Zofran 4 mg three times a day in patients younger than 12 years was similar to Zofran 8 mg three times daily in patients 12 to 18 years. The background risk of major birth defects and miscarriage for the indicated population is unknown. Pediatric Use The safety and effectiveness of orally administered Zofran have been established in pediatric patients 4 years and older for the prevention of nausea and vomiting associated with moderately emetogenic cancer chemotherapy. Pediatric Trials Three openlabel, single-arm, non-US trials have been performed with 182 pediatric patients aged 4 to 18 years with cancer who were given a variety of cisplatin or noncisplatin regimens. Zofran and Zofran ODT are registered trademarks of the GSK group of companies. Nonclinical Toxicology Carcinogenesis, Mutagenesis, Impairment of Fertility Carcinogenic effects were not seen in 2-year studies in rats and mice with oral ondansetron doses up ebuyer promo code january 2019 to 10 mg/kg per day and 30 mg/kg per day, respectively (approximately 4 and 6 times the maximum recommended human oral.


The 2 stars Hotel Bibi Honim is located in 2 minutes of walk from Labi Hauz Ensemble.
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The hotel offers 8 rooms, decorated in traditional style and equipped with satellite TV and air conditioning. The bathrooms are provided with hairdryers and toiletries.
The reconstructed building of the hotel was one of the residence of a vizier of Bukhara in 18th-century. The hotel has an «ivan»- an open terrace with wooden pillars ornamented with fretwork. The walls are adorned with traditional decorative elements.


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The Kia Sephia comes equipped with an in tank fuel pump. The pump is electrically powered and is replaced as a complete module that includes the pump and fuel level indicator packaged together as one unit.
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The repetition tag has no usage guidance.
Can an elliptical construction be used in a list?
do we repeat the preposition "of" after as well as between objects?
I thought of the puppets as well as of their doll house. I thought of the puppets as well as their doll house. Can we omit the preposition in the second part, after as well as?
How to avoid double repetitive words usage?
Extra/repeated pronoun after name "Time, it waits…": correct, colloquialism or error?
Is the repetition of "one" as pronoun in the mentioned sentence idiomatic?
How to differentiate Simple past or repetitive/regular activity in the past?
People who commented before me did not notice. People who commented before I did, did not notice. The usage of two 'did's did not sound good to me, so I was confused.
Dubbing animations and movies is much harder than dubbing documentaries. Is it necessary to repeat dubbing here?
Reduplicated usage of "my": what does this mean?
Can I use "is" twice in the question starting with "Is"?
I want to ask the below question: Is "West Indies" is not a country? Here, can I use "is" twice? Or the second "is" not required and can I simply ask: Is "West Indies" not a country?
Why "hundreds and hundreds" instead of just "hundreds"?
What does one mean by "hundreds and hundreds"? What's the difference between "hundreds and hundreds" and "hundreds"?
I have trouble with the repetitive usage of 'of' and this is how the sentence goes: X and Y make the unbeatable team of strategic essentials of good XYZ.
How can I construct this sentence in a better manner?
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How can I combine these verbs without repeating the object?
For example, in the previous example, an HTML element containing ``Search Results" can be used as an anchor. How to say it so that "example" doesn't repeat?
is this subject repetition incorrect or just inelegant?
Is it necessary to repeat "had" in the following sentence?
I followed the dog. Luckily, as if it had become tired, or (had) reached its desired spot, it stopped. Do I need the second had? Why or why not?
How to avoid the repetition of "of"?
I'll meet you in the city, that is, I will if the trains are running. I am wondering why after will, there is no verb.
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I'd like describe my father : First at all, when I decide to do some work, I don't worry because I know my father is behind me I use 3 times of "I" how can I change sentence for decrease "I"?
repeating "your" in a list?
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Can I omit the second "is" in "is… and is…"?
What is the correct syntax: This column is a primary key and null. or This column is a primary key and is null. Should I write is again?


text:
CSR Racing 1.7.1 for Mac
CSR Racing for Mac
NaturalMotion(Free)
Download Latest Version for Mac
CSR Racing is one of the best racing games for Mac users and it is absolutely free. You need to keep your vehicle on full throttle and reach the finish line. However, it has such amazing graphics that the gameplay becomes quite addictive and the users remain glued to their screens. There are many high end cars to choose from. These include the likes of the Chevy Corvette, BMW M3 and Audi R8 which are not only great in terms of looks but have an amazing and powerful performance as well. The cars also come with many customization options that include many aerodynamic changes, nitrous injections and even turbo which make your cars run faster than ever.
The game has been designed for the latest versions of the Mac computers and works the best on Retina displays. This is why people using Macs with OS X Mountain Lion or higher find better results with this game. There are many other cars that the users would be able to drive in this racing game. These include Ford GT, Nissan, Chevrolet Camaro, GT-R, Mini and other GM cars amongst many others. These cars are also customizable by the users. The gameplay is about winning the race from the gangs. You would have to beat the leaders of the gang and then take over their territory. One by one, you have to win all these territories, until the whole city is under your control. Though the game is not as huge and spectacular as the commercial racing games available for Macs, it has superb graphics and an exciting gameplay which makes it quite an entertaining pick.
Wednesday, April 30th 2014
NaturalMotion
https://www.zynga.com/
Download Latest Version for Free
We don't have any change log information yet for version 1.7.1 of CSR Racing. Sometimes publishers take a little while to make this information available, so please check back in a few days to see if it has been updated.
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The problem is that that bit of info in the tooltip is only one step removed from the wardrobe data and contains all the information needed to to link the right wardrobe info from the data within the item data.Going from the other direction from the item data to where it might drop in game is a long, tangled maze of many possible destinations. And requires a lot of human interpretation. For example, that item might lead to a loot table that is attached to a named mob. In data. But that that mob might never have been placed in game because it was some designer's abandoned idea - because a large amount f design is trying out lots of ideas that end up not panning out for any number of reasons. But data wise, it is all valid data. SO anything automated would lead players on tons of wild goose chases after ghosts that aren't actually real.


text:
Ray Fenwick and the Rest
Friday 25th March at 7.30pm
Covid 19 Declaration - This show will be run subject to our guidance and restrictions. Please email Box Office if you have any questions.
Ray Fenwick has had a long and eminent career in the music business, having acquired his first guitar at the age of 10 and performing his first paid gig at 14. His first professional group was a ska/bluebeat group called "Rupert and the Red Devils" and in 1964, he joined The Syndicats as a replacement for Steve Howe (Yes, Asia). In 2003, Ray joined Steve Howe's Remedy and appeared on their live concert DVD Elements, having produced the scores for the entire band.
Ray was with the Spencer Davis Group from 1967 to 1969 and co-wrote the theme song to the 1970s ITV kids' show Magpie. It was credited to "The Murgatroyd Band", which was basically The Spencer Davis Group at the time!
In July 1972, he played guitar on a number of the tracks for Bo Diddley's Chess Records album The London Bo Diddley Sessions and during the mid- '70s, was a member of the Ian Gillan Band, including a world tour. He also participated in the Jon Lord live album Windows and was a member of the studio project Forcefield, along with Tony Martin (Black Sabbath), Cozy Powell, Jan Akkerman and Neil Murray (Whitesnake, Black Sabbath). Ray then returned to session work and featured on former Rainbow vocalist, Graham Bonnet's album, Here comes the Night in 1991.
Ray is an accomplished musician in many genres, including jazz, country, rock and folk, but this current band The Rest, takes him back to his first and most passionately loved music – the Blues. The band's repertoire covers a wide range of standards from familiar names such as BB King and Eric Clapton, to tracks by Georgie Fame and The Beatles!
And because of Ray's time with the Spencer Davis Group – who themselves started out playing R&B – there is a liberal sprinkling of SDG classics such as Gimme Some Loving, I'm a Man, Keep on Running, When I come Home and a number of less familiar album tracks.
Of course, being such a consummate professional, Ray is always able to call on the services of first class sidemen, and this band is no exception.


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text:
Q: How to create a new ODBC connection to one remote SQL Server I'm trying to run an application that I've developped recently. This one uses an ODBC connection to browse a defined database.
I'm trying to execute this app from a remote computer. Using VMWare, I've created a new Windows 7 environment and connected on. After that I've tried to create a new System DSN, but, when I set the logins that I'm using to connect on my local SQL Server 2008 I get

Connection failed: SQLState: '28000' SQL Server Error: 18452
  [Microsoft][ODBC SQL Server Driver][SQL Server]Login failed. The login
  is from an untrusted domain and cannot be used with Windows
  authentication.

How may I to deal with this, please?
Thanks a lot!

A: You will have to use SQL Server authentication to connect or add the local machine to the same domain where the server is.
http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/ms144284.aspx

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