It is my desire, beloved, to speak a little about what the Scriptures in the Old Testament describe as "the charge": formally described in the book of Numbers and, I suggest, illustrated in the history of two men, Jesse and David. Another phrase we could use to explain what we mean and what the Scripture means as to keeping the charge is 'taking up responsibility'. Now, the background to our responsibility is the immensity of the privilege we have been brought into. It is a true saying, in whatever aspect it is used, that privilege and responsibility go together; that is never more so than in Christianity. Beloved, as believers on the Lord Jesus and subjects of the grace of God, we have been brought into the greatest privilege. Have we all really considered the fact that, as believing on the Lord Jesus, we may "become companions of the Christ if indeed we hold the boast of hope firm to the end", Heb 3: 14.
I will speak about Jesse first before I speak of the scripture in Numbers, for I love the way the scripture presents this man. Generally when we turn to Samuel it is to read about David, Jesse's son, but I would like to speak to you today about Jesse. Just before where we read in chapter 17 we read, "Now David was the Son of that Ephrathite of Bethlehem-Judah whose name was Jesse", v 12. I think Jesse represents a man who, in our own language, was a fine local brother; he probably did not travel around very much and perhaps not many people knew him. There are many such today, beloved, and they are like pillars on whom we rely. There are others of whom I will speak in a moment, but there is something so beautiful about this man. I think he was fairly obscure, a plain local brother, and I suggest that he illustrates what is described in Numbers as someone who kept the charge. If I was local with him and something about me was a cause for concern, he would notice, and would make it his burden to carry that before the Lord. Perhaps he would say something to me: I hope to enlarge on that when we look at the scripture in Thessalonians. I believe that the local assembly is a place where persons are taken care of, where the Lord's interests are jealously guarded, and where there is resource to preserve persons and even to correct persons.
Now, can you imagine the conditions in this era in which Jesse lived? Here is Saul, king over Israel, and here are the Philistines and there is no battle. There is a stalemate, there is no power, beloved. Satan really, in the figure of Goliath, is dominating the situation. The armies of the living God are defied. (You might say that today Christianity is in disrepute and there seems no power publicly to deal with anything.) And here in Bethlehem is this man Jesse, and see how he has the testimony in his heart! You say, 'Well, where was the testimony?' There are whole ranks of Philistines, whole ranks of Israel, and nothing is happening. Nothing can happen, there is no man. What a stalemate, what a sorrow, beloved! That is the public position of Christianity. Publicly it is in disrepute. There are false religions gaining the ascendancy, false Christians publicly gaining ground, as well as true Christians acting beneath their calling. Beloved, there is a need for persons who understand that there is a charge to be kept, that in Christ and in the Holy Spirit we have every resource that we need. God has established a testimony on this earth which He has not withdrawn. He will withdraw it soon: one day, when the Father gives the word and Jesus rises from the Father's throne, the testimony as we know it now will close. Until that time God preserves His testimony here and maintains it in localities. Meanwhile we read in 1 Samuel 17: 16, "And the Philistine drew near morning and evening, and presented himself forty days". Forty days! How could anyone ever have the courage to lift up their head in the ranks of Israel? Here is this defiance forty days, twice a day, and here in this little place of Bethlehem there is a man called Jesse, and what does he have? He has the interests of God at heart. He does not see stalemate and hopelessness and defeat. He is a man of wealth and he says, 'I am going to provide for these people'. "And Jesse said to David his son" — David had been anointed king just a few chapters before, and what had he done? He had gone back to the sheep. Delightful, is it not, the spirit of the man, type of the Lord Jesus as the great Shepherd. But here I think he is the type of one of us, with feelings just like Jesse his father. So Jesse says to David his son, "Take, I pray, for thy brethren" - "thy brethren", not the helpless, hamstrung soldiers but "thy brethren". He gives corn and ten loaves, and he says, "carry them quickly to the camp to thy brethren; and carry these ten cheeses to the captain of the thousand, and visit thy brethren …", "visit thy brethren". I think that is the sort of thing that Jesse would, as a younger man, have done himself. There are those who do that, beloved; you do not see them on platforms maybe, but they visit their brethren and they care how the brethren are getting on. I am speaking mainly of older persons, persons who understand what it is to keep the charge and have the interests of God's testimony at heart, and in their local places they are faithful. Here is Jesse, a man of wealth, a man of substance, and what a fine thing that is. That would be normal. But in the most difficult of days, here is someone who is wealthy, who knows what it is to have the word of the Christ dwelling in him richly (Col 3: 16), and he has a son, his son is David, and he has the same spirit as Jesse. That is a very fine thing. I suppose you could say, here is Paul and Timothy; Jesse and David.
I speak now to young men and young women here; what about you in your localities? Do you have the same spirit as older persons? You know, the Lord will not lay on you more than you can carry. If you are twelve - we will see that later, perhaps - if you are twelve the Lord will only expect you to act as a twelve year old. He will not ask you to act as a thirteen year old if you are twelve, but there is such a thing as filling up the measure that we have. When Paul the apostle wrote to Timothy he did not say, 'You be like me or be like Barnabas', he said, "fill up the full measure of thy ministry" (2 Tim 4: 5); that is to say, what the Lord has given you, your capacity, you fill it up, make it full, do what you can. So David does just that. Here he is, carrying something, the wealth of the land, and he takes it into this desolate zone, and see how he comports himself! Firstly it says he "rose up early in the morning". Well, when do you rise up early in the morning? You rise up early in the morning when you have something important to do. Often we read in the Scripture of persons rising early in the morning. (Once a brother said, 'If you have something important to do, do it early in the day'.) That is one reason why we break bread on Lord's day morning; we do not wait until the afternoon. It is of the greatest importance; so we do it early in the day. Then he "left the sheep with a keeper". What was his customary occupation? His customary occupation was not a runner for the army. His customary occupation was to take care of the sheep. What does he do when Jesse gives him this charge? He personally ensures the safety of the sheep; he left the sheep with a keeper. That is his first concern. He was ready for another service, he was ready to be a messenger, a runner for his father, but he did not neglect his first concern. Then he "took his charge and went". You see the dignity of this man, still a young man, who had been charged with something and he is carrying it out. Transferring this to Christianity, do you think that it is possible today in your locality, that the Lord might charge you with something, something simple, and you might carry it out? Yes, He would give you the grace and the power to do it. Older brethren will recall ministry as to fulfilled responsibility, see James Taylor's letters vol 1 p122 esp paras 3 and 4. There is such a thing, beloved brethren, as fulfilled responsibility. It was remarked at our meetings in Malvern during August, that the assembly is the only vessel ever to have the capacity to fulfil responsibility. Did Israel, called out of Egypt, have the power to fulfil responsibility? In type, yes, but not in actuality. Beloved, the assembly has power in the Holy Spirit actually to fulfil responsibility, and you in your locality can fulfil your responsibility. You can do it! Then we read, he "went, as Jesse had commanded him". You see, he is not volunteering. No, he is not. You will see that in a moment. "And he came to the wagon-defence", and so on. Then he "left the things" - that is what he had been told to do, these valuable things, these fruits of the land, God's blessing which he has brought for others. He left them "in the hand of the keeper of the baggage, and ran into the ranks" v 22, and what does he do now? Beloved, please let us grasp this, he "saluted his brethren". Who, or what kind of person, do you salute? You salute people you respect. He "saluted his brethren". Even a man as great as the apostle Paul saluted the brethren. I have never been in military service, but to me the brethren, the Lord's people, wherever they are, in whatever state they are found, are persons to whom the greatest respect is due. Remember, these persons were in a state of helplessness: the power of God was not evident in the ranks of these people. And David, what does he do? He runs to them and he "saluted his brethren". These are the same people in the midst of whom he had been anointed just one chapter previously. David had been anointed in the midst of his brethren (chap 16: 13), he was the supreme one among them. He had since been feeding the sheep, and now today he runs with groceries (messages, you would call them) and he salutes his brethren. What greatness according to God, and what serviceableness to the Lord! Someone, one of his brothers, says, "Why art thou come down? and with whom hast thou left those few sheep in the wilderness?" Oh, beloved, let us never think of our brethren like that, however small our localities are. Let us never think of our brethren as "those few sheep" or 'those few brethren'. He says, "I know thy pride and the naughtiness of thy heart; for thou art come down that thou mightest see the battle", v 28. There was hardly a battle to see, but what does David say? I love this (the older brethren know it well) but may all, especially younger brethren, take this home today, he says, "Was it not laid upon me?" - "laid upon me". If the Lord gives you something to do, you have only to answer for it to Him, you answer to nobody else. But if He lays something on you, maybe to be exercised to carry some of the wealth of the land, (that is to say the inheritance which we have in Christ), and what we enjoy collectively in our meetings, to take that and carry it to someone else, you do it. The Lord will help you, the Spirit will help you. "Was it not laid upon me? And he turned from him to another, and spoke after the same manner", v 30. How beautiful! We have no need to engage in any argument; Paul says to Timothy, "And a bondman of the Lord ought not to contend", 2 Tim 2: 24. "And he turned from him to another …" - beautiful also!
Now we might turn to the book of Numbers. I thought of this scripture just a little while before we came from the house so I have not had time to research it, but the Levites, as I understand it, were a tribe which Jehovah said He would take for His service instead of the firstborn of every house. You remember that before the people came out of Egypt God smote the firstborn of Egypt, and He said at that time (Exod 13: 2), 'I am going to have the firstborn of Israel for myself', but in His wisdom He took a whole tribe, the tribe of Levi, in their place, Num 8: 16-18. When settled in Canaan they lived in their own cities, including the cities of refuge, Num 35: 1-6. They were special cities because they had walls, and there were special rights and so on when it came to buying and selling in a walled city. This speaks really of assembly truth. Also, within that tribe there were the families, the children of Kohath, Gershon and Merari. The Kohathites carried the most holy things. They carried the ark, "they bore what they carried upon the shoulder", Num 7: 9. The Gershonites handled the curtains. Imagine the weight of the curtains of the tabernacle, all those skins and woven cloth and the size of them! Imagine the weight! Imagine the exercise of a Christian pathway maintaining the truth, the principles of fellowship, in a world that is entirely contrary to it. And then there were those who carried the boards. They had wagons to help them, because they were big boards, covered in gold, and were very heavy. Certain princes provided those wagons, a little bit like our collection on Lord's day morning. Have you ever wondered why, as well as the loaf and the cup at the Supper, we have the collection basket on the table? Well, the scripture that helps me is Numbers 7: the princes bring the wagons to the tabernacle, not to some place outside; they bring them to the tabernacle. And Jehovah says to Moses, "Take it of them", v 5. That scripture helps me.
This little paragraph that I have read tells us that these Levites were not to begin service until they were twenty-five years old, and at fifty years old they were to retire. Now, when you think about the carrying of the most holy things, it was not physically heavy, was it? Carrying the ark with the staves upon their shoulder, that was not heavy work: that was most dignified, most privileged work. Carrying the curtains, I suppose, would have been quite heavy work. Carrying the boards would definitely have been heavy work, taking them down, putting them onto the wagons and off again, and putting them up. But these people would be well nourished, because they were going to be feeding on the manna. (Moreover, Numbers 8:18-39 and other scriptures show how well provided for the members of this tribe were.) So I have been asking myself, why retire at fifty? I am not speaking of literal ages today, but why retire at fifty? They are going to have plenty of exercise and excellent food. They were drinking of the rock which followed them, which was the Christ, 1 Cor 10: 4. They were well nourished. They are not going to be exhausted at fifty. I suggest, beloved, the reason for them retiring at fifty (and I have not researched this either but commend it to the brethren) is so that younger persons might be made way for. In what? In the labour of the tabernacle, carrying for themselves mature exercises in relation to God's testimony here, the maintenance of the precious truth of Christ in His Person, and the representation of God's grace towards men. What, however, would not change upon their retirement? You know. What did not change at fifty when they retired from the service was the keeping of the charge. What does that mean to you? What that means to me is that there are younger persons in your locality or in mine, and you do everything you can to encourage them to take up their responsibility; but you never hand over yourresponsibility. You encourage them to do things, you encourage them to ask questions, you encourage them to promote the Lord's interests in whatever way you can, but you never lay down the charge.
I now want to touch very briefly on this matter of admonition. I would not give an address on it, but just touch on it. It is mentioned twice within three verses. One of the things about those who give a lead, one thing that we must expect, is that sometimes they will admonish us. Now, it is quite different from exhortation. There is exhortation and there is admonition. They are quite distinct. If a brother says to me, 'John, I have seen something in such and such a book of ministry. I think you would enjoy it, I think you should read it', what are they doing? They are exhorting me. He is not correcting me, he is exhorting me, but I well know that there is such a thing as admonition, and I will give you an example. There was a time when we had a fellowship meeting in Malvern and I did not go to the address, I went to work. It was not to meet a life and death situation, but still I went to work. You might be shocked at that, with good reason, but I did it. I had had some railway sleepers delivered and I wanted to move them, but life would have gone on had I left them where they were until Monday. A brother was giving an address in Malvern, and it was pretty poor that I was absent. A local brother came to me soon afterwards and he said, 'What happened?' What he then said to me was not exhortation: what he said to me was admonition, and I can tell you, never again have I missed an address at a Malvern fellowship meeting! I would not want to. I say this in passing that there is such a thing as admonition. We rightly receive a good deal of exhortation, but there is room for admonition, and we all may need it - none of us is too old to need it. In Ecclesiastes there is a scripture which says, "Better is a poor but wise youth than an old and foolish king, who knoweth no more how to be admonished", chap 4: 13. May we remember that, we are never above it, never beyond it, and it is one of the services in love which we can expect from our local brethren. Let us not take offence if we find we are being admonished because it is one of the resources the Lord has put in the place, and it is used by persons who keep the charge.
Now, I am not going to let you go home thinking about that: let us look at Luke 2. The Lord Jesus is here in manhood. Remember what I said that if you are twelve years old the Lord does not expect you to act as a thirteen year old. If you are five years old, the Lord expects you to act like a five year old, exactly that. Here in this passage of scripture we have presented to us the Lord Jesus in manhood, described not as a man but as a boy. How touching that the Lord Jesus, blessed Man that He is, as expressing every feature of manhood according to God, when He was twelve years old, was described as "the boy Jesus". I speak very reverently, but I suggest we see here Someone who took up the charge in perfection. I do not think I go too far to say that in this passage we see the Lord Jesus taking up responsibility. Soon we will find Him thirty years of age. Scripture says that, "And Jesus himself was beginning to be about thirty years old", "beginning to be" (Luke 3: 23), not twenty-five but thirty years of age. How patient He was! One of the gospel writers tells us that He did not start to serve publicly until John the Baptist was delivered up, Mark 1: 14. Think of such a Man, the Lord Jesus Himself, the great Servant, He would not publicly serve until His forerunner was delivered up. He would not overshadow the ministry of John. Here in this Gospel we find Him as a Boy in Jerusalem, and there He is found "in the midst of the teachers and hearing them and asking them questions". What an ear that was! That was an ear that was ever open to the Father's voice. Here His ear is open to the elders and the teachers, and He is found here among them. We know what His mother said, "Child, why hast thou dealt thus with us?" Consider His reply, "Why is it that ye have sought me?" What that conveys to me is that as the Lord Jesus felt drawn to His Father's business He would have expected everyone around Him to understand just that. But they did not: what a holy, heavenly Stranger. He says, "Why is it that ye have sought me? Did ye not know that I ought to be occupied in my Father's business?" "My Father's business" could translate, "the things of my Father". That reminds me of what Paul says to the Philippians, "For all seek their own things, not the things of Jesus Christ", chap 2: 21. Here was a blessed Man at twelve years of age, and He is finding His occupation in His Father's business. I say to anyone here who is twelve years of age or older, persons who are high school age: the field is open to you, to occupy yourself in the Father's business, the things of the Lord Jesus. You can express it in all sorts of simple ways and you have no idea how much it will cheer the older brethren. Sometimes, not often, we go to the mid-week reading in Worcester, and we often find present persons who are of that age, high school and in their teens. What a cheer it is! Last year we visited some of the meetings in Germany, and there at the prayer meetings we found young persons. It is a cheer to find persons interesting themselves in the Father's business. Of course, there is one very great privilege open to you. If you have the knowledge that you belong to the Lord Jesus and you are finding pleasure and satisfaction in the things that the brethren are finding pleasure and satisfaction in, there is a way you can express that shared satisfaction. Do you know what that is? I put it that way round deliberately. What does scripture say? John says that there is such a thing as having fellowship with God, 1 John 1: 6. If you find your delight and your pleasure in the Lord Jesus and in what is pleasing to Him, that is what the Father finds His pleasure in, and if you have the desire and the resolve that your life should be governed by the Lord Jesus, what is standing in your way? The brethren will know if you are ready. That is how we come into the privilege of remembering the Lord in the breaking of bread. It is that way round. The remembrance of the Lord Jesus in the breaking of bread, the Lord's Supper, is not the gateway into fellowship; it is for persons who are in fellowship, and is the expression of that fellowship. Paul gives us the principles of fellowship in chapter 10 of 1 Corinthians; in chapter 11 he gives us the truth of the Lord's supper, so here is sound teaching for us. The numbering of the chapters in the epistles is not inspired but the order of teaching is.
Well, I commend these thoughts to us, beloved. We are not going to retire. We desire to keep the charge until the Lord comes. May we be preserved in doing so! For His Name's sake.


A team of USPAS students measuring the characteristics of a radiofrequency cavity during an afternoon lab session in the Accelerator Fundamentals class. Photo courtesy of Irina Novitski.
Michigan State University is hosting the summer 2018 session of the U.S. Particle Accelerator School, a national graduate-level training and workforce development program in accelerator science and engineering funded by the Office of High Energy Physics in the U.S. Department of Energy Office of Science (DOE-SC).
Particle accelerators are used in discovery science, medicine and high-tech industry. USPAS trains graduate students as well as scientists and engineers in rigorous courses that are designed to support the needs of the field.
More than 130 students from around the world are attending this intensive two-week session of USPAS, which includes nine courses. This is the third time that MSU has hosted USPAS. Of the 22 instructors teaching at this summer's school, nine are from MSU. The MSU instructors are experts in accelerator physics, ion source physics and cryogenic engineering. They are affiliated with FRIB, the National Superconducting Cyclotron Laboratory, MSU's physics and astronomy department and MSU's mechanical engineering department.
Since 1981, USPAS has been recognized for excellence, and the school has had a positive impact on the field. The school is intended to not only to meet the needs of national laboratories, but also to educate people to develop particle accelerators for use in other fields, including industrial and medical applications.
Under construction on the MSU campus is the Facility for Rare Isotope Beams (FRIB), a future DOE-SC scientific user facility, supporting the mission of the Nuclear Physics Office in DOE-SC. At the heart of FRIB is the most powerful, superconducting linear accelerator that will accelerate heavy ions to about half the speed of light. FRIB will enable scientists to make discoveries about the properties of rare isotopes, supporting a community of currently 1,400 scientists.
Having a trained workforce in accelerator science and engineering is an important part of FRIB.
FRIB provides hands-on opportunities to train the next-generation accelerator science and engineering workers on a world-class accelerator. In collaboration with the College of Natural Science and the College of Engineering, FRIB attracts the best and brightest students into accelerator science and engineering.
USPAS sessions take place in June and January. The students are highly selected and motivated. They are from laboratories, private companies, government or the military. Some of the students have been working in the accelerator field and are expanding their skills to support and extend the latest technology as the field evolves.
USPAS collaborators are: MSU, Argonne National Laboratory, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory and Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility, all U.S. DOE Office of Science labs; Los Alamos National Laboratory, a U.S. DOE National Nuclear Security Agency lab; and Cornell University.


3 A new build is online. See first post for change log.
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text:
Earth Sciences > Geology > Geobiology
Geobiology posted by boym on 2/10/2008 Add To Favorites
Abstract/Syllabus
Courseware/Lectures
1 . Outline
2 . Lecture 1
10 . Lecture 9
11 . Lecture 11
Test/Tutorials
1 . Problem Set 1
2 . Mid Exam
3 . Final Exam
Abstract/Syllabus:
12.007 Geobiology
Biogeochemical Carbon Cycle. (Courtesy of Prof. Julian Sachs.)
This course includes detailed lecture notes and reading lists, as well as sample exams.
The interactive Earth system: biology in geologic, environmental and climate change throughout Earth history. Since life began it has continually shaped and re-shaped the atmosphere, hydrosphere, cryosphere and the solid earth. This course introduces the concept of 'life as a geological agent' and examines the interaction between biology and the earth system during the roughly 4 billion years since life first appeared.
Overview of Course; Time Scales; The Big Bang; Origin and Compositions of the Solar System, Earth and Moon; Creation and Distribution of the Chemical Elements
Earth Segregation; Formation and Composition of Early Atmosphere; Characteristics of the 'Habitable Zone'
Geologic Evidence for Antiquity of Life
Theories about the Origin of Life
Anaerobic Metabolism, Energy Yields, Deep Biosphere
Oxygenic Photosynthesis; The Rise of Atmospheric O2
Life's Three Domains; Evolution of Algae; Fossil and Biogeochemical Evidence for their Presence and Evolution through Geological Time
Biogeochemical Carbon Cycle
Proterozoic Ocean Chemistry
The Cambrian Explosion and the Evolution and Radiation of Metazoans
Long-Term Climate Cycles #1
Mass Extinctions #1
Mass Extinctions and Re-radiation #2
Biogeochemical Tracers #1
The Fate of Buried Organic Carbon; Petroleum and Natural Gas Occurrence and Distribution
Biogeomorphology: Plants and the Landscape
Long-term Climate Cycles
Methane Hydrates; Formation, Distribution, Potential Role in C-cylce and Subsurface Ecosystems Dependent upon Them
Pleistocene Glaciations, Holocene Climate; Abrupt Climate Change; Anthropogenic Forcing of Climate
Problem Sets 15%
Final Paper and Oral Presentation 20%
Midterm Exam 25%
Final Exam 40%
Stanley, Steven M. Earth System History. New York: W. H. Freeman & Co., 1999. (On reserve in Lindgren Library.)
Recommended Texts
Wills, Christopher, and Jeffrey Bada. The Spark of Life. Cambridge, MA: Perseus, 2000.
Kump, Lee R., James F. Kasting, and Robert G. Crane. The Earth System. Upper Saddle River, N. J.: Prentice Hall, 1999.
LEC #
1 Overview of Course; Time Scales; The Big Bang; Origin and Compositions of the Solar System, Earth and Moon; Creation and Distribution of the Chemical Elements
2 Earth Segregation; Formation and Composition of Early Atmosphere; Characteristics of the 'Habitable Zone'
3 Geologic Evidence for Antiquity of Life
4 Theories about the Origin of Life
5 Anaerobic Metabolism, Energy Yields, Deep Biosphere
6 Oxygenic Photosynthesis; The Rise of Atmospheric O2
7 Life's Three Domains; Evolution of Algae; Fossil and Biogeochemical Evidence for Their Presence and Evolution through Geological Time
8 Biogeochemical Carbon Cycle
9 Proterozoic Ocean Chemistry
(Guest Lecturer: Dr. Yanan Shen, Harvard University)
10 The Cambrian Explosion and the Evolution and Radiation of Metazoans
(Guest Lecturer: Professor Andrew Knoll, Harvard University)
11 Long-Term Climate Cycles #1: Faint Young Sun Paradox; CO2-Climate Connection; Proterozoic Glaciations
12 Long-Term Climate Cycles #2: Permian Glaciations, The Rise of Vascular Plants; Mesozoic Warmth, Cenozoic Cooling; Evolution of Vascular Plants and Ruminants
Mid-term Exam
13 Mass Extinctions #1 PC-C Boundary, P-T Boundary
14 Mass Extinctions and Re-radiation #2; K-T Boundary, LPTM. Volcanism, Carbon Cycle Perturbation or Impact?
15 Biogeochemical Tracers #1: Fractionated Isotopes
16 Biogeochemical Tracers #2: Lipid Biomarkers
17 Biogeochemical Tracers #3: Sedimentary Records of Life and Environment
18 The Fate of Buried Organic Carbon; Petroleum and Natural Gas Occurrence and Distribution
19 Biogeomorphology: Plants and The Landscape
(Guest Lecturer: David Mohrig)
20 Long-term Climate Cycles
21 Methane Hydrates; Formation, Distribution, Potential Role in C-Cylce and Subsurface Ecosystems Dependent upon Them
22 Pleistocene Glaciations, Holocene Climate; Abrupt Climate Change; Anthropogenic Forcing of Climate
Exam Review
Courseware/Lectures:
Test/Tutorials:
Topics for each class session are listed below. The readings listed in the table refer to the following:
3 Geologic Evidence for Antiquity of Life Stanley, pp. 320-323
4 Theories about the Origin of Life Stanley, pp. 306-311
6 Oxygenic Photosynthesis; The Rise of Atmospheric O2 Stanley, pp. 257-269 and 323-325
7 Life's Three Domains; Evolution of Algae; Fossil and Biogeochemical Evidence for Their Presence and Evolution through Geological Time Stanley, Chap. 3
8 Biogeochemical Carbon Cycle Kump et. al., Chap. 7
11 Long-Term Climate Cycles #1: Faint Young Sun Paradox; CO2-Climate Connection; Proterozoic Glaciations Stanley, pp. 269-282 and 325-329
13 Mass Extinctions #1; PC-C Boundary, P-T Boundary Stanley, Chap. 7 and pp. 341-360, 369-386
14 Mass Extinctions and Re-radiation #2; K-T Boundary, LPTM. Volcanism, Carbon Cycle Perturbation or Impact? Stanley, Chap. 7 and pp. 341-360, 369-386
22 Pleistocene Glaciations, Holocene Climate; Abrupt Climate Change; Anthropogenic Forcing of Climate Kump et al., Chap. 11
Stanley, pp. 526-536
Stanley, Chap. 20
Assigned Readings
Catling D. C., K. J. Zahnle, and C. P. McKay. "Biogenic Methane, Hydrogen Escape, and the Irreversible Oxidation of Early Earth." Science 293 (2001): 839-843.
Kasting, J. F. "Earth's Early Atmosphere." Science 259 (1993): 920-926.
Holland, H. D. "Evidence for Life on Earth More than 3850 Million Years ago." Science 275 (1997): 38-39.
Owen, T., R. D. Cess, and V. Ramanathan. "Enhanced CO2 Greenhouse to Compensate for Reduced Solar Luminosity on Early Earth." Nature 277 (1979): 640-642.
Walker, J. C. G., P. B. Hays, and J. F. Kasting. "A Negative Feedback Mechanism for the Long-term Stabilization of Earth's Surface Temperature." J. Geophys. Res. 86 (C10) (1981): 9776-9782.
Ahrens, T. J. "The Origin of the Earth." Phys. Today (August, 1994): 38-45.
Holland, H. D. "When did the Earth's Atmosphere become Oxic? A Reply." Geochem. News 100 (July, 1999): 20-22.
Holland, H. D., B. Lazar, and M. McCaffrey. "Evolution of the Atmosphere and Oceans." Nature 320 (1986): 27-33.
Jenkins, G. S., H. G. Marshall, and W. R. Kuhn. "Precambrian Climate: The Effects of Land Area and Earth's Rotation Rate." J. Geophys. Res. 98(D5) (1993): 8785-8791.
Karhu, J., and S. Epstein. "The Implication of the Oxygen Isotope Records in Coexisting Cherts and Phosphates." Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 50 (1986): 1745-1756.
Kasting, J. F., D. H. Eggler, and S. P. Raeburn. "Mantle Redox Evolution and the Oxidation State of the Archean Atmosphere." J. Geol. 101 (1993): 245-257.
Kump, L. R., and H. D. Holland. "Iron in Precambrian Rocks: Implications for the Global Oxygen Budget of the Ancient Earth." Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 56 (1992): 3217-3223.
Schopf, J. W., A. B. Kudryavtsev, D. G. Agresti, T. J. Widowiak, and A. D. Czaja. "Laser-Raman Imagery of Earth's Earliest Fossils." Nature 416 (2002): 73-76.
(Defends biogenicity of 3.5 Ga fossils from Apex chert, W. Australia.)
Brasier, M. D., O. R. Green, A. P. Jephcoat, A. K. Kleppe, M. J. Van Kranendonk, J. F. Lindsay, A. Steele, and N. V. Grassineau, "Questioning the Evidence for Earth's Oldest Fossils." Nature 416 (2002): 76-81.
(Geochemical and morphologic evidence against biogenicity of Apex microfossils.)
Dalton, R. "Squaring up over Ancient Life." Nature 417 (2002): 782-784.
(Dramatized (tabloid!) report of Brasier-Schopf battle over biogenicity of Apex "fossils".)
Gee, H. "That's Life?" Nature 416 (2002): 28.
(Further commentary on debate over Apex fossils.)
van Zuilen, M. A., A. Lepland, and G. Arrhenius. "Reassessing the Evidence for the Earliest Traces of Life." Nature 418 (2002): 627-630.
(Molecular and isotopic evidence for cyanobacteria and oxygenic photosynthesis 2.7 Ga)
Cody, G. D., N. Z. Boctor, T. R. Filley, R. M. Hazen, J. H. Scott, A. Sharma, H. S. Yoder Jr. "Primordial Carbonylated Iron-sulfur Compounds and the Synthesis of Pyruvate." Science 289 (2000): 1337-1340.
Shen, Y., and D. E. Canfield. Isotopic Evidence for Microbial Sulphate Reduction in the Early Archaean Era." Nature 410 (2001): 77-81.
Wächtershäuser, G. "Life as We Don't Know It." Science 289 (2000): 1307-1308. (van Zuilen, Lepland et al. 2002)
Webliography:
Some Ideas for Paper Topics
Here is a list of some broad themes that you might consider writing a paper on. Of course you will need to narrow the focus quite a bit for your paper and presentation. We present this list to you merely as a place to start when trying to choose a topic. You are also welcome to choose a topic of your own as long as it falls under the very broad envelope of Geobiology!
Geologic Evidence for the Origin of Life
Theories for the Origin of Life
Evidence for Panspermia
Probability of Life Existing Elsewhere in the Universe
Is a Rocky Planet Essential for Habitation?
Cosmic Influences on Planetary Habitability
Recent Challenges to the 'Snowball Earth Hypothesis'
The History of Atmospheric Oxygen
The Redox History of the Ocean
Stromatolites: Ancient and Contemporary
Defining the 'Habitable Zone'
Vascular Plant Influence on Geology, Carbon Cycle and Climate
Geological Evidence for the Radiation of Algae
Water on Mars
The Importance of Oxygenic Photosynthesis as a Biogeochemical Process
The Importance of Methanogenesis as a Biogeochemical Process
The Importance of Sulfate Reduction as a Biogeochemical Process
Isotopic Biosignatures
Molecular Biosignatures
Cambrian Radiation of Animals
Rating Reviews Forums
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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


When you are not near the coffee shop for that strong espresso coffee, the next best option is to invest in an affordable machine and learn the brewing process. That is why I have the best espresso machine for under $200 reviews to help you select another kitchen companion. Since the price of an espresso machine can make you think of other options, what you will see below is a guarantee that there is still hope.
The choices on board have more to offer since most of them make more than the espresso. If you want to match what you get from your favorite coffee seller, read the reviews below and see which one blows your mind.
And here's the longer version, go grab your favorite coffee and read on.
At the top is Mr. Coffee Café Barista machine which comes with a 3-in-1 specification. That means you can make cappuccinos and lattes if you don't need an espresso to kick-start the day. At under $200, it is indeed affordable, but some of us would ask at what cost.
Well, the benefits stand for a 15-bar pump system to brew the richness out of your ground coffee, a frother for the milk foam and easy to reach control panel when you want to select your drink. The water reservoir is large and removable when need be. After using the machine, the auto-switch feature will shut it down after 9 minutes of idleness.
When you taste the first espresso cup and feel something is not right, it means you did not follow the instruction manual. It directs you to prime the unit before first-time use. You can complement it for other drinks after that, but the espresso seems lighter than usual due to the amount of water drawn from the grind.
The only thing you might question about is its durability since most of the parts are plastic. On the other hand, if properly used, it will stay at home for quite a long time.
Another espresso machine to help you start brewing your coffee beverages is the Nespresso Inissia made by De'Longhi. It is small and portable unlike what you would expect from an espresso maker. What makes the customers rejoice more is that the size does not compromise the espresso coffee quality. For a starter, that's a good thing.
Hot water is delivered via 19 bars of pressure which is unbelievable considering the size. However, Nespresso does not stop there. With this equipment, you don't need to wait until the water is hot for you to prepare your coffee. Whether you want a 1.35oz espresso or a 5oz lungo, just hit the relevant button and Inissia will pour the coffee after heating water for 25 seconds.
The amount of cups it makes is also something worth noting. You get nine single-serves before refilling the 24oz water reservoir. If you need some froth for the cappuccino or topping the latte, there is an Aeroccino 3 milk frother for that. Energy efficiency is essential – a reason why the coffee brewer will switch off after 9 minutes of not using it.
Do you want a bigger cup of diluted coffee after making the espresso? The drip tray is foldable to accommodate the mug sizes. The only disadvantage here is that you will have to use the Nespresso capsules henceforth. To counter that, they include a package to start with before you know where to get more supplies.
De'Longhi is a renowned brand in the coffee industry, and whether cheap or expensive, they will always deliver. That is why I feature the EC702 Espresso Maker in this review.
If you choose to buy it, know that it comes with a manual frother so there will be a learning moment after it arrives. Next, it has independent thermostats for steaming and brewing. When you need to switch between the functionalities, the temperature remains the same. You, however, have to wait for it to heat before the signal appears on the control panel.
Better extraction is a gift from the 15-bar pressure system, but you have to tamper your coffee correctly for the best brew. The plastic tool for that is quite weak, so you have to improvise. Despite the above, the portafilter allows for single or double shot filtration, and it works with pods too.
You can choose to use it for the espresso or other beverages including entertaining guests with coffee shots. There are complains about the steam wand not reaching beneath the portafilter, and while that's an issue, it can be detached when you need to clean it.
The machine also feels light due to most parts being plastic. If it moves, especially when dealing with the portafilter, holding it at the top will make it steady.
It is debatable on whether the Keurig K-Café Single-Serve can brew espresso coffee since the taste from a single brew dedicated machine never falls short of glory. Anyway, you get one cup full of riches from the K-cup pods, and you have the option of making the lattes and cappuccinos at will.
Using a Keuring is simple since the buttons are straight forward. After heating water, the shot button is all you need for that dark brown solution. An attractive feature from this machine is the froth which is set apart from the rest of the body. If you don't get the foam out of it, make sure you cover it with the lid first before thinking about returning it.
You can brew different cup sizes – 6, 8 and 10oz sizes and when you need a bigger cup, the drip tray is removable. The water will still be available until you brew the sixth cup since the reservoir holds 60oz.
One of the problems that you have to face is getting Keurig compatible cups. That excludes K-Carafe, K-Mug, Rivo and Vue pods still from the same brand. The other issue is about the unit discharging water when you turn it on. If you are facing it, that means you are using purified water. Solving it needs you to use a mix of filtered and tap water.
The reasons why Breville ESP8XL Café Roma Espresso Maker lands in most kitchen counters are due to the stainless steel sturdy build and the crema coming out of the filters.
First, it has an impressive boiler whose heating block raises questions about its material. While it appears to be a stainless steel heating type, others have judged it to be cast aluminum. The company does not disclose the construction materials, and that's something worth addressing.
On the other hand, it delivers 15 bars of thermoblock pressure to make your espresso at the right temperature. The coffee making mechanism also depends on the dual filtration system to pave the way for better crema. The filters are also stainless steel and patented by Breville to deliver single or double shots and use of pods if needed.
You get a rich taste of espresso from ground beans, but that also depends on how hard you tamper the coffee before setting the portafilter. The steam wand is another specification you get to enjoy. It delivers the needed steam, but it would be better if you can control the steam. This one has an on/off knob only.
More from the espresso machine includes a removable drip tray and grid which is okay if you want to clean it. There is a warming tray that can heat up to six cups once. The 40.6oz water tank makes sure that you don't refill the reservoir too often.
Lastly, the accessories include a cleaning tool, a frothing pitcher, a measuring spoon and a tampering tool.
The Nespresso Essenza Mini model resembles Inissia in the second position on functional aspects but not the looks. This one resembles a tower model desktop with sleek and smooth surfaces, covered by a black color. Inissia is grey with a rounded top. Since it's another Nespresso, you don't expect it to fall below the espresso quality line.
Due to its small size, it will fit in the smallest of spaces, and that's great if your kitchen space is limited. Creating a suiting cup of espresso coffee needs the one-touch operation then wait for the 19 bars to deliver the required pressure. After starting it, the unit needs 25 seconds of water heating before it pours you a cup of concentrated coffee.
If you don't need an espresso, the programmable buttons allow you to switch from a 1.35oz espresso to a 5oz lungo. After three minutes of idleness, the machine decreases the amount of power consumed, and after nine minutes, it shuts off to save energy.
Just like the Inissia model, you can only use Nespresso-based pods, but they include a starter package with 16 capsules in it. Another thing, if you love the taste of freshly ground espresso beans, this one might disappoint by not delivering what the taste buds are anticipating.
Inspired by the European cafes, Hamilton Beach 40792 Espresso Maker is another machine under $200 that will allow you to make espresso, lattes, and cappuccinos the way you like it.
While the coffeeholics argue on the quality of delivered espresso from this machine, tampering the best ground espresso is what will determine the results from the 15-bar pump. You can make use of pods too if you don't grind your coffee.
Adorable features include a detachable water tank that will permit more drinks before refilling. Inserting the filter uses the slide and lock mechanism which most beginners will appreciate. If you are used to measuring your coffee via programmed buttons, this machine requires you to watch until the cup fills to avoid spilling. Some of us would consider that as a flaw, but it depends on preference.
If you don't want to make the stronger coffee, the espresso machine can also work on weaker coffee solutions. When it's time to stop everything, pull the plug. After extracting espresso, it's a good idea if you switch the dial to neutral, then wait for a few seconds before powering it off.
A steam wand is present for you to froth milk if you are working on lattes or cappuccinos. It, however, may feel cheap since it's plasticized. What's more, is the cup warmer that keep your coffee within the right temperature until serving time.
Nespresso again! The Vertuo Coffee and Espresso Machine bundle from Breville is another one of the small espresso makers.
Just like the other Nespressos reviewed above, it's all about one touch and waiting for the brewing process. On the downside, you need the Vertuo specific capsules for the job – a limitation also faced by the other models too. The reason why you will want this unit is the quality of espresso coffee delivered.
First, the capsule rotates at 7000 rotations per minute after insertion, giving you the right crema for your coffee. If you don't want the crema, just spoon it off after filling your cup. The patented Centrifusion Extraction Technology enables the rotation.
Next, this machine detects the kind of blend in your capsule. The intelligence here involves reading the barcode on the capsule to know which grand cru matches the read selection. For those of us saying Nespresso machines don't deliver the right espresso cup, this takes it a notch higher than regular espresso.
You get the best-concentrated coffee after brewing the first 1.35oz. Other coffee samples include a double espresso at 2.7oz, lungo (5oz) regular coffee and alto at 7.7 and 14oz respectively. If you need the froth, the bundle consists of an Aeroccino 3 milk frother. After starting the machine, it will take 15-20 seconds for the device to heat. Lastly, the tank is 40oz so there is no frequent refilling especially if you only need to make espresso cups.
The last one on the list goes to a portable espresso maker that you can take it with you if you are such a coffee lover. It's smaller than the Nespresso models to fit in your bag or tote. Travelers who need coffee on their way will find the STARESSO Portable Espresso Machine as an ideal solution.
The patented pump delivers 20 bars of pressure using a force that is 50% less than what you get from more prominent espresso makers. After loading coffee and water, you have to give it a few pumps using the pusher at the top then wait for about ½ minute before pushing out one last time.
Apart from espresso, you can also use to prepare mochas, Americanos, etc. using the extracted shots. The only limitation is getting more than one espresso shot. If you don't grind coffee, it's still okay since the machine is compatible with Nespresso capsules.
What you get out this handheld device may not be comparable to how espresso should be. Why? The basket underneath holds a maximum of 10 grams of coffee. You also get better coffee when using hot water as opposed to cold.
Speaking of water, the reservoir holds 80ml, and that's why it suits as a traveling companion. You, however, need to carry more water separately if more people will be using it. Washing is easy since its dishwasher safe, but it gets cumbersome when trying to scoop the grounds out of the small basket.
I appreciate the value of making real espresso coffee. If you are reading up to this far, it means that you are looking for an espresso machine that can deliver the same. Do you already have a choice in mind on what to go for? Clicking on the individual products will land you the right page to fetch it.
Are you still confused? How about I recommend to you Mr. Coffee Café Barista to try it out? It might feel cheap if you look at the construction, but it will give you espresso coffee shots that will make you reduce the number of times you visit the coffee shop.
You also have a choice to make other drinks. If you don't grind your espresso beans, the Nespresso Inissia made by De'Longhi uses capsules, and there are many flavors to choose from the brand.
Now, it's time to go ahead and start your barista journey!


GLOBE Board Chairman Graham Stuart MP and Andean Parliament President and Secretary General, Senator Luis Fernando Duque and Dr. Eduardo Chiliquinga Mazón signed a MOU at the Andean Parliament headquarters today .
GLOBE UK Members hosted the UK Secretary of State for Climate and Energy Amber Rudd at the House of Commons for a dialogue on the domestic implications of the the UK's signature of the Paris Agreement in New York.
The high-level colloquium at the Senate Plenary Chamber, approved by the 81 Senate Members, provided a rare forum for debate among the three powers of government: executive, legislature and judiciary.
GLOBE partner, the Global Challenges Foundation (GCF) based in Sweden has published its Annual Report on Global Catastrophic Risk (April 2016) summarizing the state of the world in dealing with catastrophic global risks.
The Congress gathered hundreds of delegates concerned with the environmental rule of law, justice and planetary sustainability for notable outcomes: the World Declaration on the Environmental Rule of Law and the founding of the Global Judicial Institute on the Environment.


Q: I will be flying into Barcelona (El Prat) and would like to take the train from there to Madrid. How do I do that, please?
A: You would need to catch the RENFE train from Barcelona Airport to Estació de Sants (Barcelona Sants) and change here for the AVE (high velocity train) from Estació de Sants to Madrid.


Jason Witten to retire? Join MNF.
Rumor is he is going to retire to join ESPN.
Is this really a rumor. Last night they said former Dallas players when they had the 3 of them up their.
Confirmed today. Hanging up the pads to join MNF.
Smart man. I'm sure he's getting a hefty pay day.
He should be put in Ring Of Honor next year.
To play 15 years for same team now days, plus add on having to play for Jerry Jones that long.
One of my all-time Cowboy favorites! I have been a Cowboy fan my entire life and a sports fan! Jason Witten is class personified. He was great on the field and off the field. He is what all athletes should be!
He's following in the path to Monday Night Football of another retired Dallas player (albeit the ESPN cable version instead of ABC network version). Dandy Don Meredith, former Cowboy QB, was color analyst on the original MNF broadcast alongside Howard Cosell beginning in 1970. I fondly remember listening to him, Howard Cosell, and joined later by Frank Gifford.
He was a lot of fun.
I've enjoyed Witten for some time, and I can't stand the Starboys and I am at best lukewarm on UT. So that's saying something. I wish him well.


We started from Flen 10 a clock and reached Kungens kurva south of Stockholm just before 12 a clock. This is the first day for the new road congestion toll in Stockholm but environmental friendly cars are excluded from the toll. We picked up a reporter from Swedish radio and she was going to see if we had to pay the fee or if the car was accepted as an environmental friendly car. We drove in to the city through Fridhemsplan and 10 Swedish crowns were displayed on the toll station.
Ever since I started with wood gas, I have had a dream to stop in Stockhom city and fuel wood in a producer. Finally I got to realise this dream! A cyclist that past us nearly fell of when he turned his head 180 degrees to see what we were doing.
There was a wish in the guest book from someone who wanted us to take a couple of rounds in the Sergels torg roundabout. We thought it was a good idea and we did three rounds. We then drove the reporter back to the Swedish radio house. The interview was sent on the quarter-to-five news and it turned out that we didn't have to pay the toll.
Click on the picture to see when we drive in Stockholm.
We stopped and ate food in Stockholm. Then it was time to continue the journey North again on road E18 towards Norrtälje. The car has been running very well and sometimes like a cannonball. Now it ran like a monster and the overtake statistics increased dramatically. The car probably wanted away from Stockholm and out to the country again. It was awfully hot in the backseat and Micke sat half naked, sweating and flickering.
We are now in Röksta, just North of Norrtälje and we are staying at Axel and Maj Pettersson's place. Axel has an old wood gas truck and tractor. His daughter Inga and her husband Kent was also present as we arrived here. They had two gifts for us. Kent had chromed strips for the car that Micke later mounted on the car. Axel gave us a matchbox each, with wood gas matches from WWII.
We have had some problems with the break again. It has been stuck and there was nothing left of the blocks. Martin loosened the brake shoe while Micke went with Kent to look for break blocks. They found one of those back axels in the backyard and of course there was two break blocks that would fit on the Volvo. We have another problem that is a bit scarier. The clutch has begun to skid and we are not sure that it will last to Furudal.
Maj and Inga served us really nice food from Roslagen – the area around Norrtälje. The starter was homemade pickled haring. Then we got moose- and wild boar steak with sauce, cowberry jam and fried yellow chanterelle. The dessert was blueberries in milk. It was really nice! Thank you so much Maj and Inga!
It was time to start Axel's wood gas truck – an old restored Volvo from 1940. Axel uses a pressure fan instead of a sucking fan. He has the hatch open while lighting the producer and the start-up is very quick. We soon had the truck running and we got a ride in Roslagen. We changed driver and I had a go in the truck. It was absolutely wonderful! Double clutching and a maximum speed of 60 km/h.
Click on the picture to see a film when Axel starts and drives his truck.
Click on the picture to see a film when I drive the truck.


Boston Society of St. Vincent De Paul programs.
Boston St. Vincent De Paul will focus on the most vulnerable in the community, such as homes with children as well as senior citizens. Hundreds of families turn to the non-profit every year for food or meals from a pantry, or clothing from a thrift store type center. Case managers can also direct income qualified families to financial support in Suffolk County Massachusetts for paying the bills, however this is very limited.
There are three main focuses on Boston Society of St. Vincent De Paul and the Venetians, and they range from hunger and homeless prevention to case management. The true objective though is to help people so they are in position to provide for themselves in the future. This will involve case management.
The Society of Boston Food Pantry is widely used. The location offers meats, fresh produce, dairy products, canned goods, maybe baby formula, and also household staples to clients. The pantry is client choice. So this means that during a visit the individual will be given a cart and encouraged to select the foods which then need. They can chose from the shelves on those groceries that are right for them and their family, rather than receiving a pre-packed box of items they may not even use.
Hunger prevention services, such as the pantry or applications to SNAP food stamps, are available to all low-income residents. Seniors citizens can inquire into the low cost meals on wheels service too. Each client household may receive food a limited number of times per year, as the resources are limited. The amount of groceries passed out is dependent on family size and special needs.
The center will also have holiday staples. So this means that during the fall and winter, clients may expect to see special food baskets for Thanksgiving and Christmas meal preparation. There may also be some small gifts offered to those homes with children in Suffolk County.
All clients of the Saint Vincent pantry will be greeted by a volunteer who will answer questions. They will go over the process with the person and also give them a cart to use to shop. As noted, the person is free to choose the foods they want from what is available.
Clothing banks and thrift stores also offer items, often in combination with the food from a pantry. Many people that are struggling to buy groceries also need help with acquiring clothes for work or school for their child. So the locations will either sell at a low cost, or pass out, winter coats, school uniforms, and other gently used clothing items.
In a crisis, Emergency Needs can be met. This is based on donation levels, which includes money raised from the community or goods that have been donated to Venetians. This also relies on partners such as the United Way as well as annual government grants. Examples of services are as follows.
Funds to help pay a portion of rent or mortgage payments.
Move in costs, such as rental or utility deposits.
Voucher for prescription eyeglasses and maybe even volunteers can assist with car repairs.
Applications to benefits such as food stamps or LIHEAP, among other programs.
The Society of Saint Vincent Society in Boston does not provide assistance with needs that can be met through other assistance programs, and the applicant needs to have no other options available to them. Applicants must show that they have minor children living at home that are at risk, or that they are senior citizens or are disabled. Income and other restrictions are in place too.
Residents of Suffolk County can inquire into applications for the Federally-funded Home Energy Assistance Program (LIHEAP). The federal government will offer once-a-year assistance in paying natural gas, electric, heating, wood and propane home energy costs. Eligibility and assistance level based on gross monthly income, household size, and various other program priorities.
People may also be referred to the Boston one-stop community financial resource center. This will offer support to help clients grow and prosper. Financial coaches as well as credit counselors from non-profit agencies help people create step-by-step plans to address needs and achieve long term goals by providing tax help, credit repair, applications to public benefits, connection to banking services, and information on paying down debts. Staff are dedicated to working with clients to achieve lasting financial stability.
Breaking the cycle of poverty often starts with the children, so services from St. Vincent in Boston and partners are focused on them as well. This includes programs such as Head Start or vouchers to day care for parents that are working or in job training. Everything available will emphasizes social, emotional, cognitive and physical development.
Child and family development provides low-income parents and their children with comprehensive health as well as education services. Families in the city of Boston and suburbs are supported as they make positive changes in their lives, and the goal is to have the children benefit from that as well.
Requests for help to St. Vincent De Paul Society in Boston can be sent to their site, and Venetians will determine the next step.


text:
Bautrocknung ist das Trocknen eines Bauwerks. Dies umfasst das Austrocknen der durch den Bauprozess eingebrachten Baufeuchte wie auch das Trocknen von nachträglich eingedrungenem Wasser.

Ursachen der Baufeuchte sind beispielsweise:
 überschüssiges Mörtelwasser
 durch Abbindevorgänge frei gewordenes Wasser
 wenn die Baustoffe bei feuchter Lagerung Wasser aufgenommen haben.

Ursachen für das Eindringen von Wasser sind vielfältig, beispielsweise:
 bei Rohbauten mit fehlendem Dach oder Fenstern das Eindringen oder Einwehen von Niederschlägen
 bei schadhaftem Dach das Einsickern von Niederschlägen
 nach einer Überschwemmung, das Oberflächenwasser oder der gehobene Grundwasserspiegel werden am tiefsten offenen Punkt eindringen (Brunnenschacht, Abflüsse, Kellerfensterschacht) und zuerst den Keller überfluten
 Beschlag kalter Kellerwände nach Kondensation aus der Luftfeuchtigkeit oder nach Absetzen von Nebeltröpfchen
 durch aufsteigende Feuchtigkeit (kapillarer Feuchtigkeitstransport)
 nach Diffusion  der Luftfeuchte und Kondensation im Bauteil.
 Bauschäden (Rohrbrüche, undichte Leitungen und bei Fugen oder Rissen einsickerndes Wasser)

 hygroskopische Wasseraufnahme
 Adsorption und Absorption  mit Diffusion (siehe auch  Diffusionswiderstand)
 Einpressung feuchter Luft durch Windlasten
 wandinhärente (anhaftende) Feuchtigkeit

Verfahren zur Bautrocknung

Lüftung

Das einfachste Verfahren ohne technische Hilfsmittel oder Hilfsenergien stellt die Mauerwerkstrocknung durch Lüftung dar. Besonders Neubauten werden oft zur Austrocknung der in Mörtel und Estrich gebundenen überschüssigen Baufeuchte durch Lüftung getrocknet.

Ein vorzeitiges Aufbringen von wasserdampfsperrenden oder -behindernden Materialien wie beispielsweise Wärmedämmung, Bodenbeläge wird das Austrocknen verzögern.

Abhängig ist die Verdunstung hauptsächlich von folgenden Faktoren:
 Lufttemperatur
 Luftfeuchtigkeit
 Sonneneinstrahlung (Jahreszeit)
 Windstärke bzw. bedingt auch Windrichtung
 Oberflächenbeschaffenheit (Bodentyp usw.) und Vegetation
 Wassergehalt des Bodens bzw. Niederschlagsmenge

Ausschlaggebend für die Trocknung sind weniger die Temperatur der zur Trocknung verwendeten Luft, sondern die Wasseraufnahmefähigkeit der Luft, also die relative Luftfeuchtigkeit, der Winddruck (der angefeuchtete Luft fortwehen kann und für frische trockene Luft sorgen kann) und die Meereshöhe (da der Luftdruck mit zunehmender Höhe sinkt, sinkt auch der Siedepunkt um etwa ein Grad pro 300 Höhenmeter, bei Verdunstung der Partialdruck).

Siehe auch
 Mauertrockenlegung

Trocknung

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
Brave New Workforce
Episode 33: Dr. Julie Albright — The Digital Revolution and How It's Reshaping The American Dream Part 1
Dr. Julie Albright is a Sociologist specializing in digital culture and communications. Dr. Julie is currently a Lecturer in the departments of Applied Psychology and Engineering at USC, where she teaches Master's-level courses on the Psychology of Interactive Technologies and Sustainable Infrastructure. Dr. Julie is also the author of Left to Their Own Device, which discusses how the digital transformation is impacting our economy. This is part one out of a two-part series with Dr. Julie!
Students are experiencing high levels of anxiety and depression — the highest rates in 30 years. What's going on?
Our younger generation is unhooking from social structures like family, church, clubs, etc. They are now hyper-attached to digital technology.
We are becoming untethered.
The pandemic turned our use of technology into a "must-have" and this has accelerated the mental health decline.
Anna is making new connections online but is having a hard time following up with them and strengthening these connections.
People are going back to who they know because it's tried and true.
How do we create casual moments in a digital format that builds trust?
We've got old monkey brains with new technology.
Millennials are the most likely cohort to see themselves as a citizen of the world.
48% of Millennials are freelancing, which can cut them loose from physical workplaces.
Technology is truly amazing. On TikTok, Dr. Julie has been introduced to an African man showing his tribe, what he eats, and his family.
We are seeing an outflow of cites on a worldwide scale. It's not just happening in the U.S.
If we had to start all over, what would life be like?
Technology is there to make our lives fun and helpful, but it's not the whole picture.
Stay tuned to next week's episode with Dr. Julie!
Thebraveworkforce.com (http://thebraveworkforce.com/)
Bravenewcompanies.com (http://bravenewcompanies.com/)
Email Anna: Anna@Thebraveworkforce.com (mailto:Anna@Thebraveworkforce.com)
Drjuliealbright.com (http://www.drjuliealbright.com/)
Left to Their Own Devices: How Digital Natives Are Reshaping the American Dream, by Julie M. Albright (https://www.amazon.com/dp/B07BD2N2P4/ref=dp-kindle-redirect?_encoding=UTF8&btkr=1)
Special Guest: Dr. Julie M. Albright.
This is a public episode. If you would like to discuss this with other subscribers or get access to bonus episodes, visit bravenewworkforce.substack.com
More episodes from Brave New Workforce
Episode 45: Better Days are Here! Season Wrap Up
Wow, there's a lot going on in the world today! Trip, Larry, and Anna are getting back to work as life begins to ramp up. Your lovely co-hosts have decided to take a short break while they figure out their next phase in the future of work. Until then, keep creating, keep improving, and keep embracing change. It's the only way forward! Key Takeaways * Anna, Trip, and Larry have been busy! * We're taking a summer break to get our ducks in the row. * Throughout this podcast we've talked about how there's better days ahead, well guess what, they're here! * Trip is working for a 135 year old company and they are ready to embrace this new digital world. If they can do it, you can do it too. * Big shout out to our interns AnaMichele and Brian! * Also the BIGGEST shout out to Albie, our editor at Podfly! * Your co-hosts will be coming back, but as life kicks back up, they want to take a step back to see what's on the forefront of what's next. * Without a commute, podcasts have dropped off slightly. What's next for the Brave New Workforce? Perhaps video format! * Getting comfortable speaking and being on camera are critical job skills in today's world. This podcast has helped all three of your co-hosts get better at it. * You gotta put yourself out there. Larry shares an example of what that can do for you and your career. * Trip brings it full circle. The Black Death. * Whatever change comes your way, embrace it. It's only going to get faster and faster. * People are still going to have to work, because of that, Larry, Trip, and Anna will still be talking about the future of work. * Thanks for listening and we'll be back! Resources Thebraveworkforce.com Bravenewcompanies.com Email Anna: Anna@Thebraveworkforce.com Follow Larry on Twitter: @Cornett Connect with Anna: Brainminerals.co & Annachromatic.com Quotes "People no longer have tolerance for the old gatekeepers and the old models. It's changing even faster than a lot of people have anticipated." — Larry "Ideas to leave you with, keep growing, keep watching where the puck is going." — Trip "People were talking about how this was going to kill the economy, it did for a little while, however so many people have used what was presented in front of them, grown from it, and shifted to a more online world." — Anna This is a public episode. If you would like to discuss this with other subscribers or get access to bonus episodes, visit bravenewworkforce.substack.com
Episode 44: Future-Proof Your Career and Never Submit a Resume Ever Again!
Would you like more leverage in your career and get more opportunities without having to knock on doors? The world is opening up and it's apparent that when it comes to the future of work, country borders are going to be less and less relevant. With remote work, it means companies are looking for the best of the best, and they're no longer forced to look in their own backyard or for a particular zip code. Anna talks about one of her favorite things with her two co-hosts Larry and Trip, and that's personal brand. Learn how to structure yourself in a world that just got way more competitive. Key Takeaways Trip is three Red Bulls in and has "resting dad face." We're talking about your personal brand today and why it's important for the future of work! Anna tries to explain what a personal brand is, but Trip has a face. The problem with the personal brand is that it's such a buzzword. What IS IT really? How do you get started with your personal brand? Anna shares some quick tips. People often say you should start with "what you know," but Trip believes what you know is boring! Anna disagrees. It depends on where you are in the personal brand journey. Are you new to this? Or are you a bit seasoned? What should you be writing about? What you know vs. what you care about? Let's break this down. Trip started writing a "remote workforce" article, realized it was bigger than he could chew, and it ended up turning into a podcast. Larry loves to tweet thoughts out there and see what gets engagement, and then turn that into an article. Let's talk about audience quality. You can talk about a wide range of topics, but make sure you're tying them back to your core "content." Women's max career earning potential hits at 40. For men, it's 45-50. If you're in tech, those numbers are even more dire. Ouch! Future-proofing your career becomes way more urgent now than ever before. Don't care about personal brand? Okay, we get it. But writing skills will still be more relevant than ever before! So many people are terrible at communicating over email. You'll get an advantage if you can structure your thoughts in a consumable way. Trip reads a lot of cover letters and resumes, etc. Man, have a personality for once! So many people are just saying the same thing about why they're different. Resources Thebraveworkforce.com (http://thebraveworkforce.com/) Bravenewcompanies.com (http://bravenewcompanies.com/) Email Anna: Anna@Thebraveworkforce.com (mailto:Anna@Thebraveworkforce.com) Follow Larry on Twitter: @Cornett (https://twitter.com/cornett) Connect with Anna: Brainminerals.co (http://brainminerals.co/) & Annachromatic.com (http://annachromatic.com/) This is a public episode. If you would like to discuss this with other subscribers or get access to bonus episodes, visit bravenewworkforce.substack.com
Episode 43: Behavioral Interviewing Hot Seat: Getting in the Minds of What Companies Are Looking for in a Candidate.
Larry, Trip, and Anna bring on two hot-seat guests to show a real-life example of how behavioral interviewing works. This is the second time they've run a hot-seat session. These interviews give insight into what companies are looking for when they're conducting a behavioral interview on a candidate, and what some of these tough questions tend to look like as they interview new prospects for a role. Key Takeaways Let's do some hot seats! Tom and Flora are our victims for today's episode. Trip gives a bit of context to how these hot-seat sessions work, and why it's important to perfect your interviewing skills. Flora shares her story and how she got into UX design. Flora shares her biggest failure. It can be frustrating as a young candidate because you're often not invited to the "big table." Trip understands both perspectives. If you are a UX designer, or whatever your position might be, it's important to create relationships that go outside of your expertise or peer group. A little bit about Tom and his background. He's looking to do a career shift. What did Tom do when he had a conflict with a peer? Trip debriefs and shares what both hot seat participants did well, and didn't do well. Tell me about your proudest failure? Larry always recommends picking a few of your "hero" stories so that it's easier to pull them up no matter what the interviewer asks. Rehearse your hero stories. The goal of a behavioral interview is to identify inconsistency or consistently negative traits. Sometimes you had a bad boss or a toxic employee, but the interview process is not the place to talk about it. No one wants the crusader that's telling other people how they're wrong. Resources Thebraveworkforce.com Bravenewcompanies.com Email Anna: Anna@Thebraveworkforce.com Follow Larry on Twitter: @Cornett This is a public episode. If you would like to discuss this with other subscribers or get access to bonus episodes, visit bravenewworkforce.substack.com


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text:
Home » MAN FLIES ACROSS ATLANTIC ON PAPER PLANE
MAN FLIES ACROSS ATLANTIC ON PAPER PLANE
January 12, 2011 by J.B. Smitts
NEW YORK – Reggie DeSalvo, an American aerospace engineer from New York, flew across the Atlantic Ocean on a paper plane!
DeSalvo took off from New York's LaGuardia Airport at 9:00 yesterday morning and arrived in London's Hearthrow Airport at midnight. He said the flight was an attempt to set a new world record.
An engineering professor at Carnegie Mellon University in New York, DeSalvo said he got the idea after one of his students threw a paper plane at his chalkboard during a lesson.
"I couldn't help but stare as the paper aircraft sailed across the room and smashed into my face," he said. "I was so impressed with the physics of paper airplanes that I set to work that night."
DeSalvo built his plane using 100 sq yards of construction paper, which he folded using a forklift and crane. He spent a total of 36 days working on the project in his brother-in-law's boat warehouse. The completed project weighed a total of 700 lbs. and had a 75 ft. wingspan. It even was even furnished with a paper cockpit, paper control pad, and paper lavatory.
The plane cost around $250 in total, DeSalvo said.
After researching the history of transoceanic flight, DeSalvo decided to test his paper creation by flying it Across the Atlantic Ocean, knowing full well that he was up against the odds.
"I've heard horror stories of people trying to cross the Atlantic in hot-air balloons and hangliders," said DeSalvo, "but never in a paper plane. I wanted to take my chances and be the first one to do it."
DeSalvo was right: never before had anyone flown such a long distance in a paper plane. The previous record for paper-airplane flight was only 11 ft.
Still, DeSalvo remained undaunted.
On January 11th, he and his brother-in-law, Mark Gershwin, rented a semi-truck and drove the paper airplane to Laguardia Airport, where they rigged the paper airplane to the back of the semi-truck with a detachable cord. DeSalvo then had Gershwin tow him behind the truck. When the paper plane caught lift, DeSalvo detached the cord and began his transatlantic flight.
Upon touchdown in London, DeSalvo told WWN reporters that the ride across the Atlantic was "safe and smooth."
"I didn't encounter any problems during the flight," he said. "I did become nauseated at one point, but that's only because the in-flight movie was The Notebook."
Categories Headlines, TopStory Tags aerospace, Carnegie-Mellon, engineer, flying Post navigation
BAT BOY MUSICAL ROCKS MILWAUKEE!
SPIRIT AIRLINES CHARGES PASSENGERS FOR OXYGEN
21 thoughts on "MAN FLIES ACROSS ATLANTIC ON PAPER PLANE"
jerme1
omg really? people are accomplishing so much these days
fred Lake
I understand engineers are working on a paper aircraft carrier – it's a Japanese led project engineered by 93-year old Oragami Master, Wasabe-san.
IT'S ALL FAKE I TELL YOU, ALL OF IT.DOES'NT ANY BODY HAVE BETTER THING TO DO .
IT'S ALL FAKE I TELL YOU. STOP IT STOP THE MADNESS ONCE AGAIN IT'S ALL FFFAAAAKKKKKEEEEE!
ahaha… try to wiki about weeklyworldnews… you ll get information on what types of news are publish in this newspaper… so you cannot blame the untruth report by this newspaper… as that is their motto!
crazyderic
Wonderful story. Love WWN! This is the only place to go for the real facts.
morrislewis
just looking – http://bit.ly/todaynews
Mr DeSalvo should be commended, since his aircraft is probably 100% recyclable. Kudos to him!
imroee
Have you ever seen dog can like fly a birds? I have.
Have you ever seen dog can fly like fly a birds? I have.
faceon
Have you ever seen dog can fly like a bird? I have.
Facebooknoob
It's either the airplane was made of really, really tough "paper-y" material or, the writer hasn't yet heard of that thing we call "rain".
hey its al fake but can have entertainment ……..but ppl dnt believe in this for serious its al just 2entertain………..
@TheNorthernLife
The only thing better then WWN is The Onion
facebook supporter
stupid liar website. Also stupid teacher
otpushvane
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Pingback: [01.12] Man Flies Across Atlantic On Paper Airplane - RRT - Real Rap Talk
Jaap Timmerman
Within this whacky university celebration video game, you can view if your paper-plane creating abilities get survived, or even if they've got faded over time. Just about all that is certainly required for the game is enough paper …Paper Plane Game


text:
Sex differences in host defence interfere with parasite-mediated selection for outcrossing during host-parasite coevolution
L. El Masri, R. Schulte, N. Timmermeyer, S. Thanisch, L. Crummenerl, G. Jansen, N. Michiels, H. Schulenburg, Ecology Letters 16 (2013) 461–468.
IST-2016-404-v1+1_ele12068.pdf 763.73 KB
10.1111/ele.12068
El Masri, LeilaIST Austria; Schulte, Rebecca; Timmermeyer, Nadine; Thanisch, Stefanie; Crummenerl, Lena; Jansen, Gunther; Michiels, Nico; Schulenburg, Hinrich
The Red Queen hypothesis proposes that coevolving parasites select for outcrossing in the host. Outcrossing relies on males, which often show lower immune investment due to, for example, sexual selection. Here, we demonstrate that such sex differences in immunity interfere with parasite-mediated selection for outcrossing. Two independent coevolution experiments with Caenorhabditis elegans and its microparasite Bacillus thuringiensis produced decreased yet stable frequencies of outcrossing male hosts. A subsequent systematic analysis verified that male C. elegans suffered from a direct selective disadvantage under parasite pressure (i.e. lower resistance, decreased sexual activity, increased escape behaviour), which can reduce outcrossing and thus male frequencies. At the same time, males offered an indirect selective benefit, because male-mediated outcrossing increased offspring resistance, thus favouring male persistence in the evolving populations. As sex differences in immunity are widespread, such interference of opposing selective constraints is likely of central importance during host adaptation to a coevolving parasite.
El Masri L, Schulte R, Timmermeyer N, et al. Sex differences in host defence interfere with parasite-mediated selection for outcrossing during host-parasite coevolution. Ecology Letters. 2013;16(4):461-468. doi:10.1111/ele.12068
El Masri, L., Schulte, R., Timmermeyer, N., Thanisch, S., Crummenerl, L., Jansen, G., … Schulenburg, H. (2013). Sex differences in host defence interfere with parasite-mediated selection for outcrossing during host-parasite coevolution. Ecology Letters. Wiley-Blackwell. https://doi.org/10.1111/ele.12068
El Masri, Leila, Rebecca Schulte, Nadine Timmermeyer, Stefanie Thanisch, Lena Crummenerl, Gunther Jansen, Nico Michiels, and Hinrich Schulenburg. "Sex Differences in Host Defence Interfere with Parasite-Mediated Selection for Outcrossing during Host-Parasite Coevolution." Ecology Letters. Wiley-Blackwell, 2013. https://doi.org/10.1111/ele.12068.
L. El Masri et al., "Sex differences in host defence interfere with parasite-mediated selection for outcrossing during host-parasite coevolution," Ecology Letters, vol. 16, no. 4. Wiley-Blackwell, pp. 461–468, 2013.
El Masri L, Schulte R, Timmermeyer N, Thanisch S, Crummenerl L, Jansen G, Michiels N, Schulenburg H. 2013. Sex differences in host defence interfere with parasite-mediated selection for outcrossing during host-parasite coevolution. Ecology Letters. 16(4), 461–468.
El Masri, Leila, et al. "Sex Differences in Host Defence Interfere with Parasite-Mediated Selection for Outcrossing during Host-Parasite Coevolution." Ecology Letters, vol. 16, no. 4, Wiley-Blackwell, 2013, pp. 461–68, doi:10.1111/ele.12068.
Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License (CC-BY 4.0):
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/legalcode
Main File(s)
aa7db788f7da7d7f102539a249ebce50


text:
Q: Spring Security Principal null метод контроллера:
@GetMapping("/postauth")
public void postAuth(Principal principal, HttpSession session){
// principal = null
Authentication authentication = SecurityContextHolder.getContext().getAuthentication(); // = null

SecurityContext context = (SecurityContext)session.getAttribute("SPRING_SECURITY_CONTEXT");
String  login = ((org.springframework.security.core.userdetails.User) context.getAuthentication().getPrincipal()).getUsername(); // = "user"
}

security.xml
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<beans:beans xmlns="http://www.springframework.org/schema/security"
        xmlns:beans="http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans"
       xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
       xmlns:security="http://www.springframework.org/schema/security"
       xsi:schemaLocation="http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans
      http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans/spring-beans.xsd
      http://www.springframework.org/schema/security
      http://www.springframework.org/schema/security/spring-security-4.2.xsd">

   <http pattern="/resources/**" security="none"/>
    <http pattern="/auth" security="none"/>
    <http pattern="/views/service/**" security="none"/>
   <http auto-config="true" use-expressions="true">
      <intercept-url pattern="favicon.ico" access="permitAll" />
      <intercept-url pattern="/**"  access="hasRole('USER')"/>
      <form-login authentication-failure-url="/views/service/error_auth.jsp" default-target-url="/postauth" always-use-default-target="true"/>
       <remember-me key="ffw4334r2" token-validity-seconds="259200"/>
       <anonymous username="guest" granted-authority="ROLE_ANONYMOUSLY"/>
   </http>
    <authentication-manager>
        <authentication-provider>
            <jdbc-user-service id="userService" data-source-ref="dataSourceMySQL"
            users-by-username-query="select login, password, true from users where login = ?"
            authorities-by-username-query="select login, authority from users where login = ?"/>
            <password-encoder ref="passwordEncoder"/>
        </authentication-provider>
    </authentication-manager>

    <beans:bean id="passwordEncoder" class="org.springframework.security.crypto.bcrypt.BCryptPasswordEncoder" >
    </beans:bean>

</beans:beans>

Почему в параметре метода контроллера principal всегда null и Authentification, полученный выше тоже. Приходится вытягивать имя авторизованного пользователя из сессии.

A: Вам нужно зарегистрировать следующий фильтр:
/**
 * Binds Principal object to request and allows injection of @AuthenticationPrincipal, Authentication and Principal objects into controller params.
 */
@Bean
public SecurityContextHolderAwareRequestFilter securityContextHolderAwareRequestFilter() {
    return new SecurityContextHolderAwareRequestFilter();
}

Этот фильтр нужно регистрировать в цепочке перед AnonymousAuthenticationFilter и после объявления вашего UsernamePasswordAuthenticationFilter.
Важно!
Если вы используете Spring Boot, вам нужно деактивировать этот фильтр, чтобы он не регистрировался контейнером сервлетов (иначе он будет вызван дважды, один раз контейнером сервлетов, второй раз, как бин в рамках внутренней цепочки фильтров filterChainProxy фильтра).
Деактивировать его можно следующим образом:
@Bean
public FilterRegistrationBean deactivateSecurityContextHolderAwareRequestFilter(@Qualifier("securityContextHolderAwareRequestFilter") SecurityContextHolderAwareRequestFilter filter) {
    return deactivate(filter);
}

private FilterRegistrationBean deactivate(Filter filter) {
    FilterRegistrationBean registrationBean = new FilterRegistrationBean<>(filter);
    registrationBean.setEnabled(false); // container shouldn't register this filter under its ApplicationContext as this filter already registered within springSecurityFilterChain as bean
    return registrationBean;
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
Q: Printing mountain ranges algorithm   /\
 /  \
/    \

 /\/\
/    \

   /\
/\/  \

 /\
/  \/\

/\/\/\

for n=3 pairs of ups and downs I have 5 possible way to draw these mountains.(I should never go below the x=0 axis). I have the following long javascript code which works fine when I print these outputs in the console of the browser.However when I try to output them as html the ups and downs are not correctly aligned. Here is my Code:

It prints them like that :
/\
/ \
/ \

/\/\
/ \

/\
/\/ \

/\
/ \/\

/\/\/\

Does anybody know how I can properly output them ?

A: Your problem is you are using ' ' spaces as litteral space. HTML doenst like literal spaces all that well.. Best to use   as
document.write(o.join('
').replace(/,\d?/g, r => '\\/' [r[1]] || ' '));
One other thing, use a fixed-width font and proper line-height for better results.
JSFiddle Example