I thanked our Allies for their strong support in the global war on terrorism, and especially in Operation Iraqi Freedom.
We enthusiastically welcomed the seven invitees who joined in the meetings of the Defence Planning Committee and the North Atlantic Council.
Since the end of the Cold War we've now invited a total of ten new Allies. Many of them, of course, were former Warsaw Pact adversaries. I think it says a good deal about how much Europe has changed in the past decade. Certainly it's changed a great deal since I was here as U.S. Ambassador to NATO three decades ago.
Who could have imagined back then that Poland would not only be a NATO Ally, but would be receiving force generation support from NATO to lead an element in Iraq?
The presence of these new seven members, I think, will change NATO for the better. I mentioned to the incoming defence ministers that they have certainly not been invited, their countries have not been invited to NATO as junior partners. They have been invited to full membership and to exercise leadership.
Since the Prague Summit NATO has made some truly historic decisions, if you think about it. NATO decided to undertake operations under Article 4 to defend Turkey against the threat posed by Iraq's weapons. NATO decided to support German and Dutch forces leading ISAF in Afghanistan, ISAF 3, and to consider taking a NATO lead for ISAF 4. And last month NATO decided to support Poland as it leads one of the three division headquarters in Iraq for stability operations.
These decisions, I think, very clearly underscore NATO's recognition that in the 21st century security environment we have to be able to conduct multiple operations at a wide variety of locations across the globe.
In the Defence Planning Committee today Admiral Ed Giambastiani gave a briefing on some initial results from the lessons learned activity from the Operation Iraqi Freedom.
We had probably the most comprehensive effort to achieve lessons learned. It involved something in excess of a 100 people who began immediately with the beginning of the conflict, and these lessons underscore the importance of the two initiatives which NATO approved at this meeting. One is the new command structure, which is... really it's an historic change. And the second being the NATO Response Force. These are each enormously important activities, and not easy to achieve, I would say. If one thinks back to the prior meeting and then the one before that, there was a great deal of scepticism expressed by a lot of people as to what would happen to the NATO Response Force. Would it, in fact, get the support of countries, and what would happen to the effort to transform our command structure in a way that would fit the 21st century.
And yet the command structure restructuring has now been agreed to. It is significant, and the progress in the NATO Response Force I think is impressive. It suggests something about NATO's health, I would submit.
Finally, I discussed the U.S. concern about the lawsuit that's recently been filed in a Belgium court against General Tom Franks and against Colonel Brian McCoy, alleging that they were responsible for war crimes in Iraq, as well as suits that have been filed here in Belgium against former President Bush, George Herbert Walker Bush, as opposed to George W. Bush; General Norman Schwarzkoff, Vice President Cheney and Secretary Powell.
The suits are absurd. Indeed, I would submit there's no general in history who has gone to greater lengths than General Franks and his superb team to avoid civilian casualties. I'm told that the suit against General Franks was effectively invited by a Belgium law that claims to give Belgium courts powers to try the citizens of any nation for war crimes.
The United States rejects the presumed authority of Belgium courts to try General Franks, Colonel McCoy, Vice President Cheney, Secretary Powell and General Schwarzkoff, as well as former President Bush.
I will leave it to the lawyers to debate the legalities. I'm not a lawyer, but the point is this: By passing this law Belgium has turned its legal system into a platform for divisive politicized lawsuits against her NATO allies.
Now it's obviously not for outsiders, non-Belgians, to tell the Belgian government what laws it should pass and what it should not pass. With respect to Belgium's sovereignty we respect it, even though Belgium appears not to respect the sovereignty of other countries.
But Belgium needs to recognize that there are consequences to its actions and this law calls into serious question whether NATO can continue to hold meetings in Belgium and whether senior U.S. officials, military and civilian, will be able to continue to visit international organizations in Belgium. I would submit that could be the case for other NATO Allies as well.
If the civilian and military leaders of member states cannot come to Belgium without fear of harassment by Belgium courts entertaining spurious charges by politicized prosecutors, then it calls into question Belgium's attitude about its responsibilities as a host nation for NATO and Allied Forces.
For our part, we will have to seriously consider whether we can allow senior uniformed and civilian officials to come Baghdad... to Belgium, I mean, because of the charges flowing out of the suits in Baghdad... the activities in Baghdad, which of course, would involve other coalition nations as well.
Certainly until this matter is resolved we will have to oppose any further spending for construction for a new NATO headquarters here in Brussels, until we know with certainty that Belgium intends to be a hospitable place for NATO to conduct its business, as it has been over so many years.
And with that, I'll be happy to respond to questions. Yes.
Q: The House of the Representatives asked you to make a study about what you just talked about, opportunity to stay in Belgium for the headquarters of NATO. Is that the answer of the beginning of that process you're talking about?
Donald Rumsfeld: No. I was not even aware of that until I just walked in the room that the House had passed that request. What I've said is simply the administration position.
Q: So is that a clear threat to the Belgium government or Belgium Parliament that if they don't change the law NATO could leave Belgium?
Donald Rumsfeld: No, there's no threat at all. I'm just... have stated a fact that it would be obviously not easy for U.S. officials or potentially coalition officials, civilian or military, to come to Belgium for meetings, and therefore my position, and our position, is that it does not make much sense to build a new headquarters if you couldn't come here for meetings.
But there's no threats. Belgium can do... will do whatever it wishes to do.
Q: Secretary, Jamie McIntyre from CNN. There's been rather intense fighting in Iraq over the last several days, as the U.S. has been trying to root out the remnants of Saddam Hussein's regime. In fact, a helicopter was shot down today.
My question is: Was the U.S. premature in announcing an end to major combat operations before you account for Saddam Hussein and finished the job of eliminating his regime? And what would you say to the U.S. troops in Iraq, particularly the members of the 3rd Infantry Division who we're discovering are quite disappointed to not be coming back to the United States, but instead to be assigned new dangerous combat duties in Iraq?
Donald Rumsfeld: Well, the answer to the first portion of your question is no. It was perfectly appropriate to state the truth, and the truth was that major combat operations had been completed and at the same time we said that there were still remnants of the Saddam Hussein regime that would need to be dealt with. And the announcement that was made was completely accurate.
What happened was most of the battles took place in the south, and there was very little north of Baghdad. The forces there collapsed and disappeared into the countryside, and obviously there are still Fedayeen Saddam Forces and Bath Party elements and I suspect other elements of the Special Republican Guard, conceivably, that are operating in those areas in small groups.
The task of the coalition forces is to root out the remnants of these enforcers from the Saddam Hussein regime and that's what they're doing. The comment you made about the 3rd Infantry Division is interesting. It's beyond me how you could conceivably know what the centre of gravity of the people in that entire outfit think, but they have done a superb job. Some of them have been there since late last year. A large number of the others have been there since early this year, which is less than six months, and we had had a force flow program so that the troops that have been there the longest will be rotated out in an orderly way, as we always do and my... I was over there recently and my impression is that the morale is quite high on the part of the 3rd ID soldiers and it ought to be. They've done an absolutely superb job.
Q: Robert Vanderhof, NRC Handelsblad from The Netherlands. Secretary Rumsfeld, you have been a leader of the war against Saddam Hussein which was launched because of his weapons of mass destruction. At this moment these weapons have not been found and you are publicly guessing where they are. Don't you feel that you are losing some credibility as leader?
Donald Rumsfeld: We have felt all along and when the UN inspectors were in there, that trying to find the weapons of mass destruction in Saddam Hussein's program would be very difficult for the inspectors, and that the way they could be found, while the inspectors were there, was by taking individuals out of the country, protecting them, protecting their families, providing them a way that they can have a life and not have to fear for their lives, and that it would be only through the information from people who were directly involved in the programs that we would find the weapons. We never believed people would just go out and be able to find a site, trip over it, discover it and say eureka, we found it.
The same thing's true on the ground, it's a country the size of California. We have not found Saddam Hussein either, and I don't think anyone's wondering if he was really there. He was, and what we are doing currently is going about the business in an orderly way, inspecting suspect sites, interrogating people that we've been able to gain custody of, and as the interrogation project continues, my guess is that what will take place is over a period of some time we'll find individuals, indeed, I can say already we are finding individuals, who have been involved in programs, and we'll find documentation and we'll find computers and things that will enable us to go find the remnants of their programs.
Q: Secretary Rumsfeld, Jan Balliauw of Belgium Television.
Donald Rumsfeld: Oh, I didn't say that. I speak fairly precisely, I hope, most of the time, and what I... I won't repeat what I said, but NATO headquarters is functioning. It would just be difficult if people are not able to come to meetings here.
Q: Does that mean that the headquarters has to move out of Brussels?
Donald Rumsfeld: All I'm saying is that they... we have a situation where former President Bush, Secretary Powell, Vice President Cheney, General Schwarzkoff, General Tom Franks and Colonel McCoy have all been charged, already, with war crimes in this jurisdiction. And that creates a problem. It creates a problem that's obvious. It doesn't take a genius to understand that that is a problem. If anyone who comes here who's a senior coalition military or civilian officials is going to be subjected to harassment of spurious lawsuits and be forced to spend large sums of money attempting to defend themselves against this type of thing, then people are not going to want to come here. And that's really a judgement for Belgium as a sovereign nation. They can decide what they want to do.
It's perfectly possible to meet elsewhere. But what will happen I just don't know. All I'm doing is stating the problem. And what the solution will be, I think, is really more up to Belgium and up to NATO than up to the United States.
Q: (inaudible)... Mr. Secretary, can you comment on the Spanish decision to send its troops to Polish sector in Iraq, and do you see any further role of NATO in Iraqi stabilization?
Donald Rumsfeld: I think that's possible and certainly a large number of NATO countries are already assisting and a number of others have volunteered to offer both, in some cases, troops, and in other cases various types of reconstruction assistance. But that's a decision for NATO to take.
With respect to the Spanish decision, we are very pleased that Spain has decided to send a significant number of troops and to participate in the sector that Poland is heading up and we think that's a good thing for both countries, and for that sector.
I think there's something like... I could be wrong, but I think it's... correct me if I'm wrong somebody, the last time I looked there are about six or eight countries that have committed troops and there are something like 40 or 41 countries that are currently discussing various levels of troop assistance in Iraq. And the central command is working with them to try to patch together the elements that from the plus or minus, you know, three dozen countries, into organizations that will be successful and be able to do their work effectively and we believe that... we already have, obviously a number of coalition forces in the country, there's something like 12,000 or 13,000 there at the present time, and that number will grow substantially as we go through the coming oh two or three months, one would think.
And the United States, President Bush has said very clearly that we intend to have as many U.S. troops there as is necessary to assure the kind of security that will enable the Iraqi people to have an environment that permits them to begin to rebuild their country and to get themselves on a path towards a... first, one would think, an interim authority of some type and then a constitutional convention and an Iraqi Constitution that fits Iraq and then an Iraqi government. It takes some time obviously. They don't have any recent experience with representative government and civil society. They've been living under a vicious dictatorship. And as a sign of how vicious it is, we keep finding additional mass graves with thousands of remains of human beings that were killed and piled in these mass graves. And it is a sight to behold.
We'll make this the last question.
Q: Stephen Cassel(?) from The Independent. Lord Robertson has been telling us today that NATO has recovered remarkably since the crisis over Iraq, yet here you are today saying that the U.S. may not even be able to send officials to NATO headquarters because of a lawsuit against General Tommy Franks. Doesn't that prove precisely that the crisis over Iraq is alive and well, and that NATO is still caught slap-bang in the middle of it?
Donald Rumsfeld: Oh I'm sure that there are those who would be delighted if NATO were slap-bang in a crisis, but Lord Robertson's correct, we're not in a crisis. It seems... I've been around NATO for decades, and I've never seen a time when somebody didn't say NATO's history, NATO's about done, NATO's in a crisis, oh my the sky is falling.
This organization is healthy. We've had superb meetings. It's moving forward to transform itself to fit the 21st century. The NATO Response Force is a significant activity. The fact that these... whatever it is... I guess it was just 19 countries that worked through the command structure changes, that they could do that and have significant reductions in the numbers of headquarters, and in the numbers of CAOCs, is not nothing. I mean, I'm trying to do it in the United States and it isn't easy. It's hard work. It's hard work with one country. But to do it with 19 countries is a significant accomplishment.
And the answer to your question is flat no. You are wrong, there is not a major crisis. We will get through this and not to worry.
Q: (inaudible)... meetings but possibly somewhere else?
Donald Rumsfeld: I didn't say that.


"To perceive is to suffer."
Each Geronimo book is fast-paced, with lively full-color art and a unique format kids 7-10 will love.When Wild Willie showed up at my door and invited me to travel with him to Japan, I jumped at the chance. We were in search of an ancient, legendary samurai scroll that holds the secret to a long-lost fighting technique. The scroll had fallen into the wrong hands, and it was up to me and Wild Willie to track it down and save the day. But first, we would have to fight a group of talented ninjas. Holey cheese -- this would be one adventure I would never forget!
If you're writing a The Way of the Samurai (Geronimo Stilton, No. 49) essay and need some advice, post your Geronimo Stilton essay question on our Facebook page where fellow bookworms are always glad to help!


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We mentioned his name in last week's post on Rushemy Botter, who found the key inspiration for his 'Fish or Fight' collection on Curaçao — freshly graduated Gilleam Trapenberg was born and bred in the Caribbean on the former Dutch colony (now part of the Kingdom) from where he came to The Netherlands after high school to study photography six years ago. Or basically, according to Gilleam, he came to study anything in The Netherlands despite his deep love for his home, and he knew photography would be the only direction he was really interested in to pull through. After applying to several academies, he ended up in The Hague at the Royal Academy of the Arts and last month he said his final goodbye to the school with our favorite graduation project of 2017 named 'Big Papi'. With the project he aims to represents the concept of masculinity in the Caribbean, shot over the course of the last two years in which he visited Curaçao, but also other Caribbean islands like St. Lucia, Barbados, St. Vincent, The Grenadines and St. Maarten. His perspective on the thematic resulted in a series comprised of remarkably captivating photographs in a beautiful cohesive color palette, forming a narrative one hardly sees or hears in The Netherlands, but (like Rushemy's collection) the country needs more than anything in the current political and cultural climate…
Gilleam's portfolio, created during the last few years, shows a remarkable signature of 'warmth' (as he names it himself). On the one hand this refers to his love for shooting outside in tropical sunny conditions, resulting in the color palette that one also finds throughout 'Big Papi'. On the other it represents his intention to capture real culture. Before his graduation project this motivation resulted in beautiful series shot in lower income class neighborhoods like Amsterdam's 'Bijlmer' and The Hague's 'Laak', but also Patta's most recent SSS 2017 lookbook shot on Curaçao. He mentions Gregory Halpern and in particular his American Suburb X essay on documentary ethics as an epiphany during his studies in The Hague, which continues to guide his artistic vision on creating aesthetic documentary images that both please the eye and feed the soul.
For the presentation of 'Big Papi' during the graduation show, Gilleam created an installation that included the hood a car (with custom made pop cultural Big Papi logo in collaboration with Koos Breen); a video; and a publication that all seamlessly fit within the overarching artistic vision. It shows his ambition to create the richest narrative possible, going beyond just photography as his medium. In the future this will have to result in more autonomous projects and exhibitions like 'Big Papi', but also in his commissions, Gilleam has set the ambition to work within his personal vision, to continue his artistic growth. To eventually, somewhere in the coming twenty years, step on the international stage, which would be a novelty for a photographer coming from Curaçao. We can't wait until that day arrives.
Gilleam on 'Big Papi':
My graduation project is a visual research into the image culture of masculinity set against a sunset lit Caribbean landscape. A time of day in which borders are less defined. The stereotypes and clichés associated with macho culture form the starting point for the work, as is the same with most of my former projects. Since the work is greatly personal I am aware that while I am looking critically at the subject matter I am also seducing and romanticizing the subjects and landscapes I photograph.
The beautiful 'Big Papi' publication, that was printed in an edition of 250, was designed by designer Koos Breen and is available via email.
Yesterday it was announced that Gilleam will be represented by Unit c.m.a. for his commercial work from now on. For his autonomous photography Gilleam is represented by the The Hague-based gallery A Gallery Named Sue.
For weekly updates follow Gilleam on Instragram
For all information and work by Gilleam Trapenberg see here

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


The PR series range of plastic horn loudspeaker features highly efficient performance with exceptional built quality. Fitted throughout with stainless steel exterior hardware and IP rated to IP66, the rugged ABS units are capable of withstanding all weather conditions. Available in 30, 15 and 10W versions, unit can be operated at either 100 or 70 volt line.


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La Muzat ( ou ( ; Ouïghour arabe : , Ouïghour cyrillique : , EOL : ) est une rivière de la Préfecture d'Aksou, dans la région autonome du Xinjiang en République populaire de Chine.

Cours d'eau dans la région autonome du Xinjiang

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


1901 Living at 11 Tempest Street, Wolverhampton: Joseph Stevens (age 46 born Wednesfield), Press Tool Maker and Employer. With his wife Sarah A. Stevens (age 46 born Wednesfield) and their children George Stevens (age 22 born Wednesfield), Fitter Machine; Joseph Stevens (age 19 born Wednesfield), Fitter Machine; Albert J. Stevens (age 16 born Wednesfield), Fitter Machine; Lily Stevens (age 14 born Wolverhampton); Ethel Stevens (age 12 born Wolverhampton); Daisy Stevens (age 10 born Wolverhampton); and William Stevens (age 7 born Wolverhampton).
1911 Living at 149 Penn Road, Wolverhampton: Joseph Stevens (age 57 born Wednesfield), Screw Manufacturer and Employer. With his wife Sarah Stevens (age 62 born Heath Town); his daughter Lucy Hadley (age 35 born Wednesfield); his son-in-law William Hadley (age 38 born Wednesfield), Trap Master (Vermin); his daughter Lily Stevens (age 24 born Wolverhampton); his daughter Ethel Stevens (age 22 born Wolverhampton); his daughter Daisy Stevens (age 20 born Wolverhampton); his son William Stevens (age 17 born Wolverhampton), Engineer's Assistant; and his two grand-daughters Daisy Hadley (age 13 born Wednesfield) Gladys Hadley (age 7 born Wednesfield).
This page was last edited on 4 January 2017, at 12:56.


Meaning and origin of the French baby name Jasmeen. Meaning of Jasmeen. What does Jasmeen mean? Jasmeen origin. Information about Jasmeen.
Meaning of Jasmeen: A flower name from the older form Jessamine.
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Saving History From The Dumpster!
These pages are dedicated to preserving a historical record of broadcast equipment. Others are doing an excellent job in recording other aspects of the history of broadcasting. As we find them, we'll add links to them. This site consists of scanned manuals and catalogs of broadcast equipment. This page started in 2002.In October 2005, the site was changed from hand coded HTML to a wiki. In June 2014, this was migrated to a new server and an updated wiki code set. In September 2015, the wiki was again moved to another server (a virtual private server at 1&1 running Centos). Because of severe issues with wiki spam, only registered users can edit the pages. Unfortunately, I have not figured out how to add authenticated users, so please contact me regarding page edits or adding scans. Further, to prevent wiki spam through the calendar and other means, writes to the page_data are disabled unless I am making edits. You will see PHP error messages due to this, but the wiki should be fully readable. If you have a scan you'd like posted, please mail it to me, and I'll post it.
Broadcast Equipment Manuals
[Historic Papers]
[Photo Gallery|http://bh.hallikainen.org/gallery/]
[Station Histories]
Other Manual Archives
Other Broadcast History Sites
Maritime Radio
MilitaryRadio
Recording (audio, video, etc.)
Telephone and Telegraph History
Receiver History
Computers, Calculators, Digital Electronics History
Transistors and Semiconductors
Other Historic Sites
Accurate Sound Corporation - Supplier of tape recording equipment from various manufacturers.
Advanced Research & Technology
Amalgamated Wireless (Australiasia) Ltd. (AWA)- Formed from Marconi and Telefunken interests before the First World War to resolve patent difficulties. Partly government owned, it provided Australia's coastal wireless services and overseas radio links. AWA had close links to RCA & Britsh Marconi. A lot of its domestic and professional products were closely patterned on RCA designs.
American Electronic Laboratories (AEL) - Transmitter manufacturer in the 1970s.
AmperexElectronicCorporation - Manufacuter of vacuum tubes
Ampex manufactured audio and video tape recorders.
Amperite time delay relays
Anton Electronic Laboratories - Supplier of radiological monitors for civil defense. Broadcast stations ended up with these in their government supplied fallout shelters.
Aphex Systems Limited
Andrew Corporation
Arrakis Systems, Inc
Audio Arts
ATI - Audio Technolgies Incorporated
Auditron - Flyer for the AudioTron vacuum tube. About 1915-1916.
Autogram
Bauer Electronics Corporation
Belar Electronics Laboratory - Modulation monitors. http://www.belar.com
Bell Telephone Laboratories
Bext
Bird Electronic Corporation - RF wattmeters, etc.
Bosch - Robert Bosch Corporation, Video Equipment Division
Broadcast Electronics
Broadcast Television Systems
Broadcast Tools
Byer Industries - Australian post WWII manufacturer of tape and disc recording and replay equipment.
California Microwave
CBS Labs
Circuit Research Laboratories
Coastcom
Collins Radio, including Rockwell Collins
Comtech Antenna Corporation
Continental Electronics
Consolidated Electronic Industries - (CEI) Australian Open Reel and Cartridge Tape Machine manufacturer
Crown - Audio amplifiers, crossovers, etc.
Cutting Edge Technologies
Dayton Industrial
DeltaElectronics - Manufacturer of broadcast test and other broadcast equipment
Dolby Laboratories
Dorrough Electronics - http://www.dorrough.com, audio processors, loudness meters.
Eimac - Manufacturer of high power vacuum tubes
Electronics Research, Inc. - FM antennae
Energy-Onix - Tramsmitters
Engineering Services - FM antennae
Federated Purchaser - Catalogue from a Wholesale house supplying independant Radio Repair Businesses. 1936 catalogue.
Fidelipac - Audio tape cartridges and machines
Frese and Kaping - The Audio Pilot
GatesAir - Broadcast transmitters. See GatesAir web site, GatesRadioCompany, and Harris Corporation - Broadcast Division
GatesRadioCompany - Manufacturer of broadcast equipment. See also Harris Corporation and GatesAir
GeneralElectric
GeneralRadio - Manufacturer of test equipment
Hallikainen And Friends - Manufacturer of audio and telemetry equipment
Harris Corporation - Broadcast Division - See also GatesRadioCompany and http://www.broadcast.harris.com .
Hollyanne
Howe Technology
Hughey & Phillips
IGM - Program automation
IRC - Passive components
ITC - International Tapetronics Corp - Cartridge Recorder/Players
Jampro Antenna
E F Johnson
Langevin
Larcan including TTC
Machlett Laboratories - Manufacturer of vacuum tubes
Marconi Wireless Telegraph Company
Marti Electronics, Inc. - RPU, STL, and remote control
McIntosh Audio power amplifiers
McMartin
Microcon - FM Composite Stereo Processor
Microwave Radio Corporation
Modulation Sciences
MoseleyAssociatesInc - Manufacturer of remote control, STL, TRL, and other broadcast equipment. See http://www.moseleysb.com/mb/
Moulic Specialties Co. - Tape cartridge machines. Appears to be predecessor to Sonomag Corporation
Mullard - Manufacturer of electronic valves
Multronics - high power inductors and RF contactors
National - Manufacturer of receivers
NBC - NBC designed some of its own equipment. A small collection is detailed here.
NemsClarke - Manufacturer of field strength meters and antenna monitors
Neotek audio consoles
Otari magnetic tape recorders
Pacific Recorders and Engineers
Potomac Instruments
Presto disk recording equipment
QEI
Radio Engineering Laboratories
RAMSA
Rust Industrial Company, Inc.
Scala antennae
Schafer Automation
Scully Audio tape equipment
SMC or Sonomag Corporation - Program automation
Sparta Electronics
Standard Electronics division of Radio Engineering Laboratories
Standard Telephones & Cables. Australia
Straight Wire Audio
Tapecaster
Technics (Panasonic)
Telfax Phone remote mixers also sold by Marti and BE
Texar division of Gentner
TFT, Inc. (Time & Frequency Technology, Inc.) - Frequency and modulation monitors, remote control, EAS.
Tepco FM translators
Thompson-CSF
Trimax division of L M Ericsson Pty Ltd (Australia) - Manufacturer of transformers.
United Transformer Corporation
UREI
Victoreen Instrument Company - Supplier of radiological monitors for civil defense. Broadcast stations ended up with these in their government supplied fallout shelters.
Warehouse Sound Professional Products Group catalog. Warehouse Sound was based here in San Luis Obispo. They were located in an old railroad warehouse ("Railroad Square") and sold mail order home stereo equipment (and professional products). They were quite successful during the days of Fair Trade laws, where manufacturers were allowed to set the retail prices of their products. These were generally state laws and did not apply to interstate sales, which many mail order sales were. Warehouse Sound was sold a little before the disappearance of the Fair Trade Laws. This is the 1974 Professional Products catalog. It runs 610MB, so be patient! Another catalog is available here.
Cliff Branch, one of the founders of Warehouse Sound, writes about it here
Rolling Stone Article on Warehouse Sound
WesternElectric and the Bell System Journals because they relate to broadcasting 1922-1983 and the history of communications. SBA
Papers by the people who made broadcasting possible. A collection of papers on technology. Quite a few early papers on AM, FM, and TV.
Contributed photos of historic equipment and installations.
Station Histories
Contributed station histories and links to others.
American Radio History - Extensive collection of catalogs an manuals back to 1933.
Audio Sharing - An archive of audio equipment manuals including some used in broadcast and film.
Australian Professional Audio Equipment - Originally the purpose of this page is to document professional audio recording devices manufactured in Australia. The main focus is on professional reel to reel magnetic tape recorders but other recording devices such as tape cartridge machines, magnetic drum recorders, disc cutting and replay equipment are also covered. The collection inclues equipment, manuals, advertising material and accessories including mic preamps, line amps, mixers, power amps, limiters, volume indicators, program failure alarms, etc. The two criteria for inclusion are that the equipment was made in Australia and that it was used in the recording or broadcasting industry or was used in a commercial setting such as a lift announcement unit.
BAMA - Boat Anchor Manual Archive
BAMA Mirror
BAMA List of Other Sites with free manuals
AA4DF manuals for sale with some free. Manuals for consumer, broadcast, communications, and test equipment.
AC6V List of ham radio manual suppliers
Broadcast Documents - collection of manual photocopies for sale
http://www.coutant.org/ - Extensive microphone archive and several other pieces of equipment.
DIY Audio Technical Books Online. Extensive collection of tube manuals and books on design and troubleshooting.
Electron Ballet - Computer and test equipment manuals and more.
KO4BB - Large collection of test equipment manuals and application notes. Some broadcast manuals.
Library of Congress Vintage Manuals, Brochures, Catalogs, & Reports - Extensive manual collection and history of recorded sound
Nostalgia Air - Antique and vintage radio info
nvhrbiblio.nl - Amazing collection of early books, magazines, and schematics
Purple Audio Schematic Library - Schematics and manuals for Altec, Ampex, CBS Labs, Datamix, Gates, Langevin, Pultec, RCA, Spectra Sonics, Sony, Telefunken, 3M, UREI
eService Info - Service manuals for computers, test equipment, consumer equipment in rar format
http://www.ebaman.com/ - Various contributed manuals for electronics, computers, home electronics, motors, etc.
Liberated Manuals - Extensive collection of military manuals.
PDF Manuals - Tektronix test equipment manuals for sale.
One Electron Archive - Extensive collection of manuals and vacuum tube data.
Radio Era - Over 150,000 original factory instruction and service manuals from 1915 - 1985
Radio Gear Guide - Links to manufacturer provided manual pages.
Radio Papers - Manuals and papers from broadcast equipment manufacturers and consultants.
Rider's Perpetual Troubleshooters - Receiver schematics and service info for 1920s through 1954.
SafeManuals - Consumer product manuals.
A. G. Tannenbaum - Manuals for sale
Star City Radio Tools - Manuals scanned by Dale Cook. He has also provided several manuals for this site. He does a great job cleaning up the images.
Steam Powered Radio - There are eight sections of interest. The "Radio Stations", "Manuals", and "Catalogs" sections all pretty much deal with radio (sometimes TV) broadcasting items. "Collections" contains pages for individuals who have contributed large amounts of material. "Audio" contains some interesting audio clips collected over the years. "Components" is a collection of parts catalogs, data sheets and manuals of older items you might run across but can't find data onThe "Other Stuff" section is a collection of items I find of interest. This includes old magazines, catalogs, ham radio stuff, railroading or anything else that strikes my fancy. The "People" section is about, well, some of the people who have contributed to the site.
Technician's File Cabinet - Attempt to bring together in one place links to service and technical information for electronic equipment. Includes sections for consumer audio, pro audio, old radios, ham radio, test equipment, military electronics, and transformers.
Telephony Document Archive - Extensive telephone system documentation collected by Steve Cichorsky.
Teletype Manuals and other info related to Teletype teleprinters.
Teletype Model 35 ASR
Transcom Corporation has manuals for sale. Manuals include transmitters and exciters
Northland Radio has quite a few manuals with copies available for sale and a few free for download
Tube Books - Collection of vintage engineering texts, vacuum tube datasheets, and other obsolete information. Has an extensive collection of text books on vacuum tube electronics.
Vintage Manuals - over 16,000 vintage radio, audio and test equipment manuals.
Waltzing Bear Schematic Archive - Schematics and data for AKG, Altec, Ampex, API, CBS, Dolby, Gates, Jensen, MCI, Neve, Orban, Otari, Pacific Recorders and Engineering, Quad Eight, RCA, Sennheiser, Shure, SpectraSonics, Spectrum, SSL, Studer, Telefunken, Trident, Urei, UTC, Valley, Western Electric, and others.
American Radio History - Extensive archive of broadcast publications, including Broadcasting Magazine, Broadcasting Yearbook, Radio Daily, RCA Broadcast News, and more.
http://antiqueradios.com/resources/
http://antiqueradios.com/resources/Radio_History/
http://www.antiqueradios.com/resources/
http://www.antiqueradios.com/superhet/ - Who invented the superhet?
http://www.antiqueradios.com/archive.shtml - Magazine, manuals, and more!
Audio Processing History
Audio Processing: A Perspective - Frank Foti describes the history of audio processing for broadcast.
A Short History of Transmission Audio Processing in the United States by Robert Orban
http://www.amfone.net - Restore and put that old broadcast transmitter to work as an amateur radio transmitter!
http://www.broadcastpioneers.com of Philadelphia - invaluable...a trove of early TV memories for Delaware Valley nostalgiaholics.
David Gleason has a very nice collection of Broadcasting Magazines (1935-1949) and Broadcasting Yearbook (1944-1979).
Early Radio History - Thomas H. White's very extensive site covering 1897 through 1927
California Historical Radio Society exchanges ideas and information on the history of radio, particularly in the West, with emphasis in collecting, literature, programs, and the restoration and display of early equipment.
Chalk Hill Educational Media has a nice collection of historic radio and television info.
http://www.coutant.org/ LOTS of information on LOTS of microphones. Also, some manuals on old broadcast equipment.
Drake Chenault
Donna Halper's History of Broadcasting Links - includes The Story of Jewish Comedians in America, The Short Course by Donna Halper, Donna Halper and The Rush Discovery Story, Halper's History of Radio - Old Time Radio, African Americans and Early Radio by Donna Halper, Milestones of the Radio Age, Radio in 1939 - Halper's History of Radio - Old Time Radio, Broadcasting History Articles by Elizabeth McLeod, John Sheppard III, Some History by Donna Halper, A Radio First in Vinton Iowa by Donna Halper, Rembering the Ladies, A Salute to the Women of Early Radio.
Early Radio - Extensive collection of documents at http://www.durenberger.com/ .
Edwin Howard Armstrong - FM Inventor - History at Columbia University.
Armmstrong Archive Blog - Columbia University is catalogging Armstrong's papers. Ideally they'll scan them andmake them available. Meanwhile, tidbits are available here.
FCC Audio Division Collected Engineering Documents contains an extensive collection of documents showing the history of radio broadcasting. These include documents on early AM and FM broadcasting, and the Radio Service Bulletins from 1915.
FCC Radio Pioneers - The Ideas that Made Radio Possible, The Power that Made Radio Realistic, The Quality that Made Radio Popular
FM Broadcasting Chronology - This page shows some of the events in the early history of FM broadcasting in the United States. Note that apex stations referred to on this page used amplitude modulation on VHF frequencies; many of them evolved into FM stations. For dates involving the earliest stations, see also the "earliest FM stations" page at this website.
Gates Harris History - Great archive of Gates newsletters back to 1935
Bob Groome SOB Site - Extensive schematic and photo collection.
History of American Broadcasting by Jeff Miller. Many articles and an extensive list of links to other broadcast history sites.
Bob Mayben has a nice collection of photographs of older equipment, much of it restored to like new condition.
Modesto Radio Museum - The Modesto Radio Museum foundation was formed in 2004 comprised of current and past men and women with local broadcasting experience. The original idea for the museum came in 2004, when Harry Pappas, owner of the original KTRB property on Norwegian Ave in Modesto, contacted Wes Page, Cecil Lynch and Cal Purviance with the idea to build a museum dedicated to preserving the history of commercial broadcasting in Modesto, and the area, beginning in 1933 when KTRB signed on the air in Modesto. The goal was to increase and preserve the knowledge, understanding and appreciation of their efforts and the equipment they used. Due to economic conditions, the museum is currently on the web only.
oldradio.com - Oldradio.com's mission is to find and share information about the pioneer broadcast radio stations and current industry issues, as well as links and references to other locations containing accurate materials on broadcasting. The emphasis is on professional broadcasting, but we can "wander" a bit from time to time. The goal is to shed light on your questions, and clear up some myths.
On The Air - 1937 film describing how radio works.
http://hawkins.pair.com/radio.html - Jim Hawkins Radio and Broadcast Technology Page. Photo tours and histories of many statons.
Radio Lovers - audio archives of old radio programming.
Old Time Radio Catalog - EXTENSIVE catalog of old radio broadcast recordings for sale.
http://www.marconicalling.com/ - The Guglielmo Marconi archive including MANY historic documents, such as his early patents, Titanic communications, and MUCH more!
http://www.radioclubofamerica.org
http://www.radioclubofamerica.org/publications.php?page=books.html - Books including one on Armstrong and one on DeForest
http://www.radioheritage.net - We're sharing the stories of Pacific radio. More than anywhere else in the world, radio found an easy home here, conquering vast distances of ocean, and connecting the scattered islands with each other in much the same way early Polynesian seafarers used the sea itself as their main means of communication.
UK Radio and TV Transmitters
IEEE Oral History Site - Interviews with those involved in the development of radio, television, radar, the internet, etc.
The EBS Accident - In 1971, the wire services carried an Emergency Action Notification requiring normal broadcasting to cease immediately...
GGN Information - Early commercial FM and Television broadcasting facilities from mid 1930s to late 1970s. Concentrates on New Hampshire, major stations in New England and the Northeast, as well as other selected early broadcasters.
Radio Links - LOTS of links to broadcast oriented sites. The history page links to several dozen broadcast history sites.
Reel Radio Top 40 Radio Repository air check collection.
The Roots of Radio run deep in Philadelphia - Tells the evoloution of several broadcast manufacturers, including RCA, GE, CCA, ITA, Ampex, Comark, Belar, AEL, QEI, CSI, LPB, Wilkinson, ATI, Dielectric, Ampro,
John Schneider's San Francisco Radio History - Very nice collection of station histories.
Snugglebunny page by Alan & Sharon Kline. Includes radio magazines from the 1920s forward, links to camera tube datasheets, links to historic broadcast patents, etc.
The Radio Historian - John Schneider's extensive collection of documents. This web site was created to be a non-commercial repository of historical information and photos documenting the early years of radio broadcasting in the United States. A substantial portion of the site is dedicated to the history of broadcasting in the San Francisco Bay Area.
Video Park Restoration of Old Broadcast Equipment - Photographs of very nicely restored broadcast equipment
Western Historic Radio Museum - Vintage Radio Equipment and Memorabilia, 1910 through the 1950s, Virginia City, Nevada
Vintage Broadcast Microphones - Private collection of early broadcast microphones, related documentation and collector/historian resources.
Video - Found video about radio
NBC Presents "Behind Your Radio Dial" (1940) - Describes various aspects of electronics including broadcast radio and television, manufacturing, receiver repair, public address, and maritime communications. Concentrates on the training required and job opportunities.
How Radio Broadcasting Works (1937) - Describes a bit of the technology involved in getting sound from the studio to your radio. One interesting image is how amplification works. They show the image of a waveform, then show it amplified. But, the amplified waveform appears to be just an enlarged image of the original, in both the X and Y axis. So, the amplification appears to make the amplitude larger and the frequency lower.
Antique Television - a brief page, but has several links that look good.
The Old CATV Equipment Museum - A place to post photos of ancient cable TV equipment, with appropriate captions.
Cartrivision - The first consumer videocasette machine in 1972.
DuMont Television Network - In the late 1940's and early 1950's, DuMont was America's fourth television network.
Early Television Foundation & Museum in Ohio. Site has nice images of televisions back to 1928. Has images from a Baird mechanical receiver. Lotsa stuff!
Farnovision - Philo T. Farnsworth, inventor of television
FCC Television History pages.
History of UHF Television - Excellent collection of artifacts from Histor's Dumpster
Jonz Valve Page - Extensive photo galleries and restoration info for old radios and televisions.
LabGuy's World - EXTENSIVE collection of consumer video tape recorders with excellent links to other video sites.
Living Test Patterns: The Models Who Calibrated Color TV - The white women known in the 1950s as "Miss Color TV" reinforced longstanding hierarchies of gender and race that were built into generations of technologies. The article also details the battle between CBS and RCA for the color television standard.
Narrow Band Television Association - Early television, especially mechanically scanned.
North Beach Media has a nice collection of photos of vintage television equipment. Scroll down the page to the photo gallery, then select a "vintage" area in the drop down menu.
NTSC-TV has extensive technical information on the US analog television transmission system and its development.
Old Boys The 'Oldboys' web site began in 1998 which was the 40th 'birthday' of videotape in the BBC, and so it seemed appropriate to commemorate this with a small collection of pictures from the various decades. Since then it has expanded somewhat to over 1500 pages and 2400 pictures and, in November 2008, we celebrated our tenth birthday.
Old CATV Equipment Museum - Vast documentation from the beginnings of community antenna television.
Quadruplex Park - Quadruplex park is the home page for those who are interested in collecting electronic equipment used in broadcasting. It is especially for those who collect the more obscure, unusual, and sometimes just plain hard-to-deal-with things, such as large format VTR's, film chains, switchers, studio cameras, terminal equipment, and even transmitters.
Television Tape - Discover the magic of television production on tape, as compared to film.
historytv.net - Early television images, including 1929 broadcast of Felix the Cat
Tech Notes history and biography. Television oriented including history of translators, TV channel 1, studio equipment, telecine, satellite, video recording, cable television, etc. Biographies include Klaus Landsberg, Harry Lubcke, John Logie Baird, Vladimir Kosma Zworykin, Paul Gottlieb Nipkow, Fondazione Guglielmo Marconi, and Charles Hallinan.
tvhistory.tv - The first 75 years of TV
Chuck Pharis Video - Chuck has an excellent collection of vintage television broadcast equipment... and radio too!
Videotape Systems Theory - Has a nice history and photographs of the development of videotape.
W3XK -- America's first television station - A scrapbook of postcards, letters, and QSL cards collected by station owner, Charles Francis Jenkins.
3-D Film Archive - Great film technology history site. Besides 3D, has documentation on wide screen, stereo sound, etc. Largely ads for movies featuring these technologies plus ads and articles on the technology.
Audio Engineering Society
Backstage at the Fox 1929 - Extensive information on early sound for motion pictures as found at the Atlanta Fox Theater with 4,462 seats.
New Technology in Cinema - Presentation by Harold Hallikainen to Retired Active Men on 6/16/15.
Luxorion - Extensive history of amateur radio.
Ham Radio History - Extensive history of amateur radio starting in 1886.
American Marconi - The American Marconi Foundation is a non-profit education and research organization dedicated to the continuation of the work of Nikola Tesla, Oliver Heaviside, Proteus Steinmetz, Ernst Alexanderson and all the others that contributed to the advancement of electrical engineering. In particular, the study of electrical engineering with regards to the development of the New Brunswick and Bolinas radio frequency electrical substations and future technologies latent in their design.
Wireless Giant of the Pacific - A History of the Marconi and RCA Radio Stations on the Point Reyes Peninsula
Inland Marine Radio History Archive - Collecting, preserving and presenting the history of radio's use on the Great Lakes and Mississippi River system
Marine Radio Historical Society - Radiotelegraph ship to shore
Maritime Radio Stations of the World - Nice collection of information on stations throughout the world. Numerous videos. Links to other maritime radio information (Radio Operators Association, etc.).
Titanic Radio Page - Very nice site including photos and a transcript of Titanic's distress communications.
Descriptions of military radio equipment and networks.
This section tries to identify technology museums you can actually visit.
California Historical Radio Society, Alameda CA. The California Historical Radio Society (CHRS) is a non-profit educational organization founded in 1974 to promote the preservation, restoration, research and publication of early radio and broadcasting history. CHRS publishes an excellent journal.
Computer History Museum, Mountain View, CA - preserves and presents for posterity the artifacts and stories of the information age. As such, the Museum plays a unique role in the history of the computing revolution and its worldwide impact on the human experience.
JKL Museum of Telephony - The American Museum of Telephony (AMoT), known familiarly as the JKL Museum, is dedicated to the preservation of all aspects of telephony.
Maritime Radio Historical Society - Morse radiotelegraph station. Transmitter site in Bolinas CA. Receive site in Pt. Reyes Station CA.
From "Who We Are" - Let's be honest... We're a bunch of radio squirrels. And very lucky radio squirrels at that. We inherited the last remaining Morse code coast station in North America. It was off the air but it was an intact time capsule.
We made the restoration of KPH to operational status our life's work. That was back in 1999 - the year the last commercial Morse code message in the U.S. was supposedly sent.
Through the trust and vision of the Point Reyes National Seashore we were given permission to begin our project of restoration, documentation and operation. And we've never looked back.
As True Believers in the importance of our maritime radio heritage we have tried to research and document every aspect of the field. Our area of specialization is the coast stations, ships and companies of the west coast of the United States. But anything to do with maritime radio anywhere in the world is of interest to us.
Dedicated MRHS volunteers are busy with the preservation, restoration and repair of the historic artifacts with which we have been entrusted. That work is the foundation on which the real goal of our project rests. That goal is to assure that the culture, techniques and traditions of the men and women who came before us are not forgotten. We feel that the best way to achieve that goal is through actual on the air operations.
We look forward to visits by fellow True Believers in the importance of the preservation of our radio heritage.
Museum of Magnetic Sound Recording - The mission of the nonprofit Museum of Magnetic Sound Recording is to create and maintain a public museum in Austin, Texas dedicated to the research, acquisition, restoration and preservation of vintage magnetic sound recording devices, their documentation and history, and to serve as an educational resource for those interested in the sound recording industry. Also at http://r2rtx.org/ .
National Museum of Computing (Milton Keynes, UK) is dedicated to showing the development of computing in its broadest sense from the pioneering war time efforts that resulted in Colossus, to the products and systems we use today. The museum is part of the whole Bletchley Park experience, and all visitors to the park can visit the museum free of charge when it is open. The museum houses the Colossus computer, an exhibition of the most complex code cracking activities performed at the Park, and enhances the Park visitors' experience by continuing the history of the development of computing from the 1940s to the present day.
Southwest Museum of Engineering, Communications and Computation, Glendale AZ - A very extensive collection of physical and online resources.
Telecom History Group proudly preserves and shares the rich heritage of an industry that has had and continues to have a huge impact on our society, our culture, and most of all, our ability to communicate. THG has museums in Denver CO and Seattle WA.
Texas Broadcast Museum, Kilgore TX. When you visit the Texas Broadcast Museum in Kilgore, TX, you'll be amazed at the vast amount of memorabilia and vintage equipment we've collected over a lifetime. From the TV cameras and televisions to the radio equipment and vintage microphones, plus much more, it's a fun and nostalgic walk down memory lane. There's even a working radio studio where you can get a feel for what it must have been like to be a disc jockey in the past.
Early Motorola Land Mobile - History of Motorola mobile radio equipment, largely used by police agencies. Includes links to pages on California Highway Patrol radio history.
Los Angeles Police Radio and KGPL, Elysian Park transmitter site (1931)
Broadcast News Number 1, October 1931. - description of a police radio system. Original courtesy of Tom Friedman. 8.756M
Wikipedia article on sound recording.
Wikipedia notes on video recording.
Ampex Virtual Museum - Dedicated to preserving the history of the most important manufacturer of magnetic recorders, the Ampex Virtual Museum provides online access to Manuals, Schematics, and Service Bulletins; Repair, Maintenance, and Modification Tips; Parts and Repair Sources; Catalogs, Sales Brochures, and Similar Literature; Pictures of Ampexes (mostly); Biographies of some Ampex Mailing List subscribers; Pictures of Ampex Mailing List parties; Ampex history & Other Historical Information; Audio Clips of Interviews with Former Ampex Employees; Alignment Instructions; Links of Interest to Ampex Users; Obituaries; Illustrations Accompanying Dale Manquen's Posts on Flutter; Literature Scanning Project
Audio Engineering Society History Commitee - The AES Historical Committee is an international forum open to all who wish to investigate and learn about the achievements of those pioneers whose innovative ideas and inventions have contributed to audio's rich past. Dedicated to the preservation of over a century of audio history, the Committee is developing a broad-based history of audio engineering and the audio industry. AES membership is encouraged but not required.
Audio Engineering Society Oral History Project - Oral history DVDs available for sale.
Blattnerphone - Adaptation of the wire recorder that used a steel tape instead of a steel wire for magnetic recording.
Butoba - A 1950s portable tape recorder with wind-up transport. Early units were vacuum tube with 1.4V A battery and 90V B battery. Later units were transistor based. All used wind-up "clockwork" transport yielding long run time with low battery drain.
Capacitance Electronic Discs (RCA Selctavision). A play only videodisc system that used grooved discs (like phonograph records). However, instead of varying the depth and horizontal position of the groove, a conductive underlayer varied in height under the groove. The varying distance between the stylus and the conductive underlayer varied the capacity between the stylus and the underlayer. This is similar to a very high frequency capacitor (condensor) microphone.
In Memoriam, Harold Lindsay - Designer of the Ampex 200, the first Ampex tape recorder
History of Tape Recording - Starts with Mullin's discovery of the German Magnetophones, the Ampex audio machines, the development of videotape, and audio tape cartridges.
History of Magnetic Recording in the United States, 1888-1978 - The history of magnetic recording is an important subject which has not received much scholarly attention. This study uses secondary historical sources in addition to manuscripts, technical documents, interviews, photographs, examinations of artifacts, and descriptive statistics to draw together a history of magnetic sound recording in the United States.
Museum of Magnetic Sound Recording - The mission of the nonprofit Museum of Magnetic Sound Recording is to create and maintain a public museum in Austin, Texas dedicated to the research, acquisition, restoration and preservation of vintage magnetic sound recording devices, their documentation and history, and to serve as an educational resource for those interested in the sound recording industry.
Old Boys - The 'Oldboys' web site began in 1998 which was the 40th 'birthday' of videotape in the BBC, and so it seemed appropriate to commemorate this with a small collection of pictures from the various decades. Since then it has expanded somewhat to over 1500 pages and 2400 pictures and, in November 2008, we celebrated our tenth birthday.
Philips-Miller Film Recorder - Variable width optical recording. The recording was made by using a variable width "stylus" that was vertically modulated. As it dug deeper into the film, the width of the opaque material on the film that was cut away was increased. This is an interesting combination of mechanical recording (like a standard phonograph) and optical playback (the same as analog optical sound on photographic film.
Recording Technology History - Great site hosted by UC San Diego. Traces sound and video recording from tin foil cylinders, plastic disks, magnetic recording, and optical recording. Has info about Webster Chicago. I have one of their wire recorders. Also mentions Harold Lindsay of Ampex. Mr. Lindsay installed the stereo in my parents' home. hh
RCA 45 RPM Record Changer
Sound and the Story - 1956 video by RCA showing how a phonograph record is produced, from recording to tape, cutting the disk, creation of molds and stampers, pressing, packaging, and shipping.
Soundfan - Site devoted to analog magnetic recording.
History of Magnetic Recording
Vintage Cassette - The independent cassette deck resource With over 2000 vintage single cassette decks of all brands from the 1970's until now.
Any Lawful Device - A brief history of Carterphone and Hushaphone
AT&T Long Lines - The Microwave Radio and Coaxial Cable Networks of the Bell System
The Latest Word in Communications - "Microwave" - New York - Boston System, Long Lines Dept., Plant Division One. Describes the installation of the New York to Boston 4GHz microwave system by AT&T Long Lines. The link was covered with 8 hops. Posted at microwaves 101, "your number-one source for microwave information since the previous unenlightened century." For fun, also see the Microwave Mortuary.
Baudot.net - Teletype Machines - 100 years of Paper Tape and Teleprinters
Bell System Memorial
Bell Systems Technical Journal 1922-1983. Includes the invention of the transistor, Shannon's Law of information, invention of CCD, etc.
Bell Systems Technical Journal at Internet Archive
Cedar Knol Telephone & Telegraph Company - A Reconstruction of a Typical Pennsylvania Railroad Wire Chief's Office along with other examples of telephone technology.
Bruce Crawford Memorial Switching Documentation Library - Extensive telephone equipment documentation.
Car Phone - THE MOBILE TELEPHONE IN BELL SYSTEM SERVICE, 1946-1993. These pages are a history of the car telephone as used by the Bell System and its affiliates from the beginnings in 1946 through the end of IMTS telephone product production, although many IMTS car telephone radio systems continued on the air through the late 1990's and some are still on the air in Canada and Pennsylvania.
Electromagnetic Telegraph- A nice history of the telegraph.
ESS, The First CO - Newspaper article about the first ESS1 CO in 1965. Links to some videos including one by Western Electric on the ESS.
Evolution of the Dial Phone traces the history of the dial telephone from 1919 through 1965. Photos of a bunch of telephones through history.
Central Office - Photos and brief histories of US telco central offices.
Hang Up - A movie about New York payphones.
History of Phone Phreaking - Contains several articles on telephone signaling.
Independent Telecommunications Pioneer Association - ITPA is the volunteer organization created by and for the independent telecommunications industry.Dedicated to community service, ITPA has been serving the public on behalf of telecommunications companies for over 95 years. ITPA represents over 9,000 telecommunications employees and retirees nationwide. Today Pioneers continue to open exciting new lines of communication and community service throughout the United States.
ITU - 1966 film about the International Telecommunications Union
Manufacture Discontinued - This site is dedicated to the study and appreciation of the telephones of the 1950's, 60's and 70's, especially those made by the Western Electric company for the Bell System in America. I'm Adam Forrest, and I like telephones, especially the Western Electric telephones of the fifties, sixties and seventies. Although I'm a computer programmer and web designer now, I spent the bulk of my younger days learning about, and then installing and repairing telephones and small PBXs. This site is a collection of some of the things I enjoy looking at, I guess it's sort of a telephone collector's blog. I hope you enjoy looking at these phones too
Morse Code's Vanquished Competitor: The Dial Telegraph - In 1842, French watchmaker Louis-François Breguet invented a simpler to use but less efficient alternative
Museum of Communications in Seattle Washington. Extensive collection of customer premises equipment, central office equipment, and outside plant. More photos available here.
Automatic Phones Soon To Work Here, March 12, 1922. Describes the conversion of 1,000,000 phones in New York City to dial operation. "While no telephone girls will lose their positions because of the introduction of automatic machinery, the force will eventually be reduced, but not so rapidly as the girls now leave the service to get married or take other jobs"
Dial Phone System Meets Sunday Test, October 16, 1922
New Telephones Please, 16 Seconds To Make Connection, December 17, 1922
Automatic Phones Start Saturday, October 8, 1922
Niagra Power May Come Here By Radio, October 16, 1922. Vacuum tubes are replacing high frequency alternators for wireless telegraph transmission. Describes the introduction of water cooled tubes. Speculates that power may be transmitted by radio instead of wires.
Panel Switchman's Photo Stream - Extensive collection of photos from the 1920s on. Shows manual switchboards, step, crossbar, panel, and ESS. slideshow
Payphone Project - Photos and stories about payphones. Also a payphone number database.
Pulse of the World - 1924 Mackay System documentary. Great silent video showing operation of the Mackay telegraph system. Shows land and undersea cable installation and repair. Shows operators and a bunch of other great stuff.
Pushbutton Calling with a Two-
Group Voice Frequency Code, L. Schenker, Bell Labs Technical Journal, January 1960. Described the design considerations for DTMF (Touch Tone®) signalling.
Private Line Telephone History including POTS, wireless, Bell Labs, exchange name history, party lines, Strowger switches, early radio, radar, triode vacuum tube history, etc.
Phone Trips - Extensive recordings of the sounds heard during the progress of call completion through various types of switches. Most recordings made in the 1960s and 1970s.
Remember phone books? - Nice collection of phonebook cover photographs.
RTTY Electronics - Where to get parts for your old Teletype!
Sam's Telecomm History Links - Very extensive page of links to sites devoted to telecom history.
Mike Sandman's telephone history page. Features old telephone advertising and other nice info.
Strowger Switch - The first automatic telephone switch. Strowger switch patent 447,918
Strowger Appreciation Site - Site dedicated to the sights and sounds of step exchanges. See especially the bottom of the home page for audio recordings of various step offices.
http://www.telebeans.org/ - Telecom stuff for the Mid-Atlantic.
Telegram and Cable Company - Send a telegram today! Submit message over web site. It's printed on a Teletype and mailed.
Telegraph - The History of Telecommunications and Related Matters. An EXTENSIVE history of the telegraph by Dr James B. Calvert at University of Denver.
Telegram for America - 1956 film about the wonders of Western Union. Promotional film for Western Union Telegraph Company, featuring its history, current practice and emerging technology. Pictures Western expansion; railroads; early hand telegraphy and telegraph keys.
Shows 1950s-vintage teletype and paper tape network serving all cities and towns in the United States. Shows telegraphy of service in business, to families, to government, in natural disasters (floods and fires) and in the commodities market.
Numerous scenes of 1950s business and industry. Footage of Western Union plant and facilities, including the microwave tower located in the Tenleytown district of Washington, D.C. Considerable coverage of new technology including facsimile (fax) transmission and delivery of telegrams. Also coverage of the "Telmobile," a mobile reception center for fax telegrams that then delivers them to customers in outlying suburban districts.
Telegraph Office - A Tribute to Morse Telegraphy and Resource for Wire and Wireless Telegraph Key Collectors and Historians
Telephone Answering Machines - A brief history.
Telephone Archive - NICE collection of documentation back to 1910 or so.
Telephone Technical Reference at Kadiac.org. Extensive document collection.
Telecom Digest long running telecom newsgroup that has a fair amount of history.
Telephone Collectors International - the international organization of collectors of old telephone equipment.
Telephone Collectors International Document Library - Extensive collection, including Bell Systems Practices
Telephone Tribute You'll find all sorts of telephone related web pages here on the history of the telephone, technical information, research resources, human interest stories, clubs, pictures, sound files, links, etc.
Telephone World - History, sounds, pictures, pay phones, network, switching systems, etc.
The Coming of the Dial - 1933 video
The Independent - 1957 film promoting independent telephone companies. Shows a cutover to a new step exchange.
This Is A Recording - EXTENSIVE collection of recordings of telephone automated messages (wrong number, etc.)
United States Military Telegraph - Site contains extensive documentation on telegraph use during the US Civil War and developments leading up to that point.
Western Union Alumni - LOTS of stuff on Western Union, the nation's telegraph company since 1851.
Western Union Technical Review - Published 1947 through 1969. The technology of telegraphy, including multiplexing, switching, transmission, etc.
New American Code for Information Interchange - April 1964. Introduces the newly adopted ASCII code
Tom Farley's Telephone History pages.
Western Union's Microwave Relay Terminal in Washington DC
Western Union Telegraph Company History of Technical Progress
YArchive - Norman Yarvin's extensive usenet news archive of telephone information.
Your Life's Work - 1946 film about working in the telephone and telegraph industries.
My Vintage TV - A tour of home entertainment equipment from 1895 to 1955
National - Communications receivers and early television receivers
Philco Radio - History, photos, schematics of stuff from the Philadelphia Storage Battery Company.
Regency TR-1 - The first transistor radio! Site includes video of the assembly line building these radios in 1955.
transistor.org - Sarah Lowrey's great collection of transistor radios, with photos, articles, restoration procedures, etc.
All American Five - The popular five tube radio
Antique Computers - An extensive collection of photos and documents on computer history by Ed Thelen.
Apollo Guidance Computer - Instructions on building your own Apollo Guidance Computer used in the moon landing of 1969. The Apollo AGC itself is a piece of computing history, it was developed by the MIT Instrumentation Laboratory and it was a quite amazing piece of hardware in the 1960s. It was the first computer to use integrated circuits (ICs), running at 1 Mhz it offered four 16-bit registers, 4K words of RAM and 32K words of ROM. The AGC mutlitasking operating system was called the EXEC, it was capable of executing up to 8 jobs at a time. The user interface unit was called the DSKY (display/keyboard, pronounced "disky"); an array of numerals and a calculator-style keyboard used by the astronauts to communicate with the computer.
BitSavers - Saving computer history from the dumpster! They have more than 830,000 pages of scanned computer documents in their archive. Also, links to other historic computer sites.
Catweasel is an interesting product that lets you use standard PC drives to read old floppies (all PC-formats (180K up to 1440K), Amiga DD and HD (also 5,25" formats), Atari 9, 10 and 11 sektor disks, Macintosh 720K, 800K, 1440K (DD, GCR, HD), Commodore 1541, 1571, 1581 (C64, C128 and 3,5" C-64 disks), XTRA High density with 2380KByte per disk, Nintendo backup station 1600KB format, Atari 800XL (all MFM formats, FM under developement), Apple IIe disks (Apple DOS 3.3 and up)
The Charles Babbage Institute - The Charles Babbage Institute (CBI) is an archives and research center dedicated to preserving the history of information technology and promoting and conducting research in the field.
Computer Conservation Society - Conserving the UK computer heritage.
http://www.computer-history.info/ - Stories of the Development of Large Scale Scientific Computing at Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory
Eckert Tapes - Transcript of interview with J. Presper Eckert, one of the developers of the ENIAC, the first all electronic digital computer (with 18,000 vacuum tubes). Computerworld, February 20, 2006
CPU Shack - CPU History Museum for Intel CPUs, AMD Processor, Cyrix Microprocessors, Microcontrollers and more.
Report on the Eniac, developed under the supervision of the Ordnance Department, United States Army. June 1, 1946. Detailed description of the ENIAC.
fourmilab.ch - Univac history, Babbage Analytical Engine, and a history of AutoCAD
Historic Computer Images by Mike Muuss. Many are US Army photos.
History of Computing Information - Information about the history of computing, assembled by Mike Muuss for your information and edification. Documents from the home of the ENIAC -- The U. S. Army Research Lab .
HP Museum - Calculators!
A Brief History of the Hard Drive - Nice photo collection starting with the IBM RAMAC drive of 1956, which held 5MB.
http://www.nsf.gov/news/special_reports/nsf-net/home.jsp - History of Internet at NSF
Kelley Ad shows and describes the early advertising for Apple
LED Watches
Mouse Site - A history of the mouse and human/machine interface. Excellent info at Stanford University.
National Security Agency Center for Cryptographic History - History of cryptography as used by the NSA. See, especially Historical Publications for documents showing the history of cryptography from pre-WW1 through the Viet Nam war.
National Museum of Computing is dedicated to showing the development of computing in its broadest sense from the pioneering war time efforts that resulted in Colossus, to the products and systems we use today. The museum is part of the whole Bletchley Park experience, and all visitors to the park can visit the museum free of charge when it is open. The museum houses the Colossus computer, an exhibition of the most complex code cracking activities performed at the Park, and enhances the Park visitors' experience by continuing the history of the development of computing from the 1940s to the present day.
Online Timeline - A capsule history of online news and information systems by David Carlson. In particular, this history of The Source is interesting since I (HH) used this before I had a computer. I built a 300bps modem and connected to The Source with a Lear Siegler ADM-1 terminal. They had an MC6800 cross assembler on the system I used to develop my first microprocessor based product.
Old Computers . com - The name says it all... Remember the Altair? The PET, the VIC-20? The PDP-8?
Ira Goldklang's TRC-80 Revival| http://www.trs-80.com/] - This site is devoted to providing extensive information on the line of TRS-80 personal home computers, with a specific focus on the Model I, Model III, and Model 4. There is also SOME information on the Model 100/102, Model 200, Model 600, Color Computer, and Pocket Computer lines as well as Printers. Information from these links includes product descriptions, catalog numbers, pictures, prices, operations, hardware, software, etc.
TRS-80.org - Extensive history with several interviews.
Jeff Vavasour's TRS-80 EMULATION Page - Emulate various Radio Shack computers
Relay Computer - While not strictly historic, it's interesting nonetheless. A computer made with relays (used as gates, flip flops, ALU, etc.).
Retrocomputing Archive - This site was created as a logical extension to the original Commercial CP/M Software Archive. The focus has been expanded to encompass all types of "classic" computer systems and their software, not just CP/M.
Retrowagon - A wiki about vintage computers from the dawn of the personal computer
Signetics Write Only Memory
Southwest Technical Products early supplier of audio and computer kits.
Trailing Edge - Archive of software for old DEC machines. Also, the Computer History Simulation Project which simulates the Data General Nova, Eclipse, Digital Equipment Corporation PDP-1, PDP-4, PDP-7, PDP-8, PDP-9, PDP-10, PDP-11, PDP-15, VAX, GRI Corporation GRI-909, IBM 1401, 1620, 1130, System 3, Interdata (Perkin-Elmer) 16b and 32b systems, Hewlett-Packard 2116, 2100, 21MX, Honeywell H316/H516, MITS Altair 8800, with both 8080 and Z80, Royal-Mcbee LGP-30, LGP-21, Scientific Data Systems SDS 940
Vintage Calculators . com - A celebration of old calculators showing the evolution from mechanical calculator to pocket electronic calculator.
Unix Haters Handbook
Bell Systems Technical Journal 1922-1983. Includes the invention of the transistor, Shannon's Law of information, invention of CCD, etc.* Internet Archive - See web pages archived from 1996 on.
Internet Historical Society - A history of the net, with lots of links.
FCC Short History of internet - Something to Share, Common Standards, Making the Connections
Hayes Photo Album - Some photos and video from the start and end of Hayes modems. Manuals and schematics
+++ ATDT 5551212
Living Internet - An elegantly organized tour of the Internet, both fun and informative, a rare combination!
Teletext - Data broadcasting on the Vertical Blanking Interval
60s and 70s Semiconductor Datasheet Collection - Scanned datasheets
Semiconductor Museum, aka Transistor Museum - The Transistor Museum has grown significantly over the years since we first appeared on the web in 2001. In that timeframe we've added hundreds of pages of unique material specifically developed for those interested in the history of the transistor. In these past 14 years, all areas of the Museum have been expanded, including Oral Histories, Photo Gallery Pictures, Acquisitions and Donations, Photo Essay Research Articles, Construction Projects, Timeline of Transistor History, and many other areas covering topics important to transistor history.
A History of Impedance Measurement - Lots of bridges!
Allied Catalogs - 1928 - 1981 catalogs from Allied Electronics. Includes the Knight Kit Wireless Broadcaster
Heathkit - Revists the Heathkit age which began in the late 1940's and lasted through the early 1990's.
Bill's Retro World - Nice collection of photos from old television programs, advertisements, and general photos from the 1950s and 1960s.
Carl and Jerry- The Carl and Jerry stories from Popular Electronics, October 1954 through December 1964
Classic Tek - WONDERFUL site full of manuals, photos, video, and other info on Tektronix.
Derek's Virtual Slide Rule Gallery - Real nice simulations of slide rules!
Einstein Papers Project - The collected papers of Albert Einstein.
Hearing Aid Museum - From ear trumpets to carbon microphones to vacuum tubes, to transistors, to digital signal processors. Hearing aids have changed over the years.
Kight Kit - Home of the Knight Kit Wireless Broadcaster
Mark Cselle's History of Technology Page - Extensive information on history of power generation, telephone, computers, vacuum tubes, etc..
Mike's Electric Stuff has a nice collection of info on vaccum tubes, Nixies, and more.
The Oughtred Society - The Oughtred Society was founded in 1991 by a group of slide rule collectors and is dedicated to the preservation and history of slide rules and other calculating instruments. In the past fourteen years it has evolved to an international organization with members in 22 countries. It is noted for its highly acclaimed Journal of the Oughtred Society,
Philbrick Archive - This site is a free non-profit repository of materials from GAP/R George A Philbrick Researches, the company that launched the commercial use of the Operational Amplifier in 1952.
Radio Shack Catalogs - Excellent collection of Radio Shack print catalogs from the first 1939 catalog through 2003.
Semiconductor Museum - Great collection of photographs and oral histories of the developments of semiconductors. For example, an oral history describes the development of the 2N2222, which was released in 1962 and is still being designed into products today.
Southwest Museum of Engineering,Communications and Computation - A very extensive collection of physical and online resources.
Spark Bang Buzz - While not truly history, it does tell you how to build many devices from history. Projects include several based on zinc negative resistance, copper oxide thermo electric generator, magnetic amplifiers, an 80m transmitter built around a 2N3904, an alcohol flame triode amplifier, home made CRT tube, arc transmitters, home made coherer, home made vacuum tube triode, sound modulated LED, laser, and flashlight, etc. Fun stuff!
Telharmonium - The Telharmonium (also known as the Dynamophone) was an early electronic musical instrument, developed by Thaddeus Cahill in 1897. The Telharmonium was intended to be listened to using telephone receivers.
Magic Music From The Telharmonium Documentary on YouTube
Tesla Wardenclyffe Project - mission is the preservation and adaptive reuse of Wardenclyffe, the century-old laboratory of electrical pioneer Nikola Tesla located in Shoreham, Long Island, New York.
Tube Books dot Org - Herein you will find a collection of vintage engineering texts, vacuum tube datasheets, and other obsolete information, presented free of charge and without annoying advertisements.
http://www.pat2pdf.org/ - Free online conversions of USPTO patent images to pdf for easy viewing. Just supply the patent number.
Watthourmeters.com - An online reference to US made watthour meters.
NOTE - Due to wiki spam, only registered users can edit pages. If you have a scan of a manual that you'd like posted, please email it to me.
Scanned contributions are most appreciated! Ideally, they should be PDF files using 300dpi. Use an appropriate bit depth for each page. If a page is just text or line art, use 1 bit per pixel. For black and white photography, use 8 bits per pixel. For spot color, try to use 8 bits per pixel. For full color, use 24 bits per pixel. Very large files (more than 50M) should be broken into sections (pages 1 through something in one file, more pages in another file, etc.). Finally, try running "Paper Capture" on the files with the OCR text "in the background." Use File - Preferences - Paper Capture - Original Image With Hidden Text. The user sees the scanned image. The OCR text is available to copy and paste and to search engines.
If you did not scan the material yourself, please obtain permission and credit the person who did. If you find appropriate information on another website, it'd be best to link to that site instead of copying material from it (especially without permission).
About Copyright Some of the material on this site may still be under copyright. Use of material here is intended to be fair use allowing researchers to study the history and evolution of broadcast equipment. If, however, you hold the copyright on material on this site and you would like the material removed, please let me know. The material will be removed immediately.
Harold Hallikainen
harold@hallikainen.com
BroadcastHistory
Owner: harold Last edited on December 28, 2020 3:24 pm by harold
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text:
Angels' Dexter Fowler Joins Clubhouse To 'Pass On Some Knowledge'
Angels News: Joe Maddon Praises Reid Detmers For Bouncing Back Against Dodgers
If there's anyone who potentially forgot that the Los Angeles Angels are home to Dexter Fowler, they wouldn't be alone. The Angels traded for the veteran outfielder during the offseason with a plan to finally get a productive Major Leaguer in right field. However, just eight games into the season, he tore his ACL.
Halos fans had not seen much of Fowler after he tore his ACL, but that changed this weekend, as Fowler was in the clubhouse for the Freeway Series opener in Los Angeles. He joined the team for multiple reasons, the main ones being that his rehab is ahead of schedule and that he wanted to provide another veteran presence to a young Angels outfield.
Fowler seemed excited to be back with the team and to work with players like Brandon Marsh and Jo Adell, both of whom need all of the top notch leadership they can get at this stage in their careers, according to J.P. Hoornstra of The O.C. Register:
"I'm eager to get around the guys and just pass on some knowledge," Fowler said. "Anything I see. Being around here, if it's the mindset, whatever. These guys are talented. It's just getting over that learning curve a little bit."
Angels manager Joe Maddon reiterated that Fowler is out for the season, but he saw strictly positive outcomes from having the veteran outfielder around the club.
"He's another force multiplier," Maddon said. "Any time you get Dexter, the team is going to be better off for it. We're excited to have him here. I love having him in that clubhouse."
At 35, Fowler's career isn't necessarily over. He is a free agent after this season, and with his rehab going ahead of schedule, it's possible he finds a place either with the Angels or elsewhere for 2022.
His benefit for this year's team is providing another helpful hand to Marsh and Adell. Ad far as veteran leadership goes for outfielders, it's hard to do any better than Mike Trout, Justin Upton, Adam Eaton, and Fowler, all of whom are among the game's most respected players.
Fowler is talking as though he'll be around the team for the rest of the season. While he won't be able to help on the field, his work off the field will be incalculable as Marsh and Adell take the reigns for a little while.
Angels-Dodgers series providing a glimpse into future
Patrick Sandoval, Jaime Barria, and Reid Detmers are the Angels' three starting pitchers against the mighty Dodgers. Marsh and Adell are in the outfield, and it all feels like a signal towards a bright Angels future. That's how Maddon saw things when previewing how things were going to look during this weekend's Freeway Series.


Scientists investigate the weirdness of infrared light — and how we perceive it.
While visiting a colleague's lab, eye scientist Grazyna Palczewska saw a pale green line of light coming from a machine. Odd, she thought, since the machine used low-energy infrared light, too faint to be visible to humans.
But over the past several decades, a handful of scientists like Palczewska have reported similar instances of seemingly superhuman vision.
Palczewska and her colleagues at Polgenix Inc. set up an experiment to investigate the phenomena and found that everyone might have this strange ability. When observing a rapidly pulsing infrared laser, each of 30 participants reported seeing the light, too.
If you want to see the whole infrared world, you'll still need goggles. But the team's computer simulations and calculations reveal a mechanism naturally occurring in our eyes that allows us to glimpse the low-energy light without the aid of technology.


"Innovation is creativity with a job to do." That quote by innovation consultant, John Emmerling, rings true for us here at Send Word Now. Combining new ways of looking at the world with a passion for purpose has helped us fuel some industry "firsts" over the years. And now, thanks to the valuable feedback and interactions with so many of our customers, the legacy of innovation endures with our continuous development of SWN Direct.
SWN Direct is a groundbreaking mobile app for urgent corporate communications and collaboration. It utilizes IP networking end to end for rapid, secure delivery of voice, text, and files seamlessly to the recipient mobile devices. And, through Send Word Now's integrated Get Word Back feature, users can get the feedback they need for immediate action and successful recovery.
SWN Direct includes five key features: SWN Express Messenger, SWN Express Voice, SWN LockBox, SWN One-Click Connect and SWN Chat.
SWN Express Voice offers fully integrated and richly featured voice and call conferencing services via SIP/RTP over a Wi-Fi or cellular data connection. It lets you bypass traditional phone networks to join conference calls directly from voice alerts (simply press "1"), plus avoid variable usage fees—a major cost savings for any organization.
SWN LockBox allows administrators to send encrypted files directly to the recipient's device with version control, auto-sync and built-in audit reports. Documents are accessible even when users are offline, and there is no data available data connection.
SWN Secure Chat is a fully integrated encrypted chat feature for secure, end-to-end text communication. It allows users to communicate via secure text-based messages, either one-on-one or with a group. The messages are encrypted both while in transit and while at rest. This highly secure environment makes communication through the app compliant with even the strictest confidentiality requirements, such as those mandated by HIPPA.
SWN Locate permits the selection of a geographic area on a map (a geofence) and sends the alert to recipients who are physically within the geo-fence. For privacy, a recipient's location is not tracked continuously. Instead, the notification is launched to recipients whose real-time GPS coordinates fall within the geo-fence.
We hope you'll take this opportunity to learn more. Download our SWN Direct Brochure, or Schedule a Brief Demo using the button below.


text:
Supermodel Shanina Shaik's Tropical Wedding
By Samantha Wells - 7/22/18
Victoria's Secret Angel and supermodel Shanina Shaik looks good in pretty much everything, but still had the typical wedding dress anxiety that brides-to-be experience before their big day. After searching for a dress for a while, designer label Ralph & Russo offered to make her a dress.
In an interview with Vogue, Shanina explained, "I had to say 'yes' as Tamara [Ralph] and Michael [Russo] design the most stunning gowns," says Shanina. "I'm lucky to have a custom dress made by them. I sent inspiration pictures, and Tamara put her twist on it and sketched a few options for me to review. From there, I selected what I liked the best, and we worked together to pick lace as well as a color that I wanted. The whole process took around 8 months, but in the end, we came up with the dress that I have always dreamt off."
"As a surprise for our guests, we had DJ Rev Run do a performance, and DJ KISS and DJ Politik played sets throughout the night." Michael Castello, a personal friend of Shanina, made a second dress for her to wear during the reception. "I wanted to wear a dress that was very flowy and easy to move in," she says. "I knew we were going to dance the night away!"
Shanina and her husband Andrew met in one of the cutest ways we've ever heard. "We had mutual friends and exchanged friendly hellos, but never spoke more than two minutes," said Shanina.
Then, the two Australians had a chance encounter at the California music festival Coachella. "Just before I was going to leave, Greg noticed that I was alone and came over to speak with me. We [ended up having] the most wonderful conversation and from that moment on we spent the remainder of the weekend together listening to music at the festival. I knew he was the one."
This Bride Asked Her Guests To Pay $1,500 To Attend Her Wedding
A Canadian bride-to-be asked her guests to pay $1,500 to attend her wedding, and guess what? ...
The Steps You Need To Take To Select The Perfect Wedding Date
There is one thing all weddings must decide on, and that is a date! Amongst all the excitement at ...
The Ultimate Beauty Timeline for Your Wedding
Looking beautiful during her wedding is every bride's dream. However, with a hundred other things ...


text:
Q: What is the correct way to observer LiveData? Suppose there's a LiveData object in a ViewModel whose content is of interest of multiple views. Each view is handled differently and may or may not be displayed at any given time, independent of the other views.
Which of these approaches is better/correct?

*

*To have 1 observer to such LiveData object, and have the observer to implement the update logic for all views, making the necessary checks, etc.

*To have multiple observers to the LiveData object (or per interested view) and each observer only deals with the logic of that particular view.
What I have noticed so far is that following option 1 can lead to code that is difficult to manage and understand. The same view may be updated in different parts of the code, which reduces readability. Option 2 solves that problem by allowing all code related to a view to be colocated. However, I'm concerned about the performance penalty of having multiple observers on the same LiveData in the same Fragment.
Which one is the most appropriate approach for complex views?
Example:
class NewViewModel() : ViewModel() {
    private val _lv1 = MutableLiveData<Boolean>(false)
    val lv1: LiveData<Boolean> = _lv1

    private val _lv2 = MutableLiveData<Boolean>(false)
    val lv2: LiveData<Boolean> = _lv2
}

class NewFragment : Fragment() {

    private var _viewBinding: FragmentNewBinding? = null
    private val viewBinding
        get() = _viewBinding!!

    private val viewModel by viewModels<NewViewModel> { getViewModelFactory() }

    override fun onCreateView(...): View? {
        _viewBinding = FragmentNewBinding.inflate(inflater)

        return viewBinding.root
    }

    override fun onViewCreated(view: View, savedInstanceState: Bundle?) {
        super.onViewCreated(view, savedInstanceState)

        example1()

        example2_1()
        example2_2()
    }

    override fun onDestroyView() {
        _viewBinding = null

        super.onDestroyView()
    }

   private fun example1() {
        val view1 = viewBinding.view1
        viewModel.lv1.observe(viewLifecycleOwner, Observer {
            // Some complex-ish UI logic that might need
            // to retrieve supplement data from somewhere (e.g Glide)
            view1.refreshWith(it)
        })

        val view2 = viewBinding.view2
        viewModel.lv1.observe(viewLifecycleOwner, Observer {
            // Some complex-ish UI logic that might need
            // to retrieve supplement data from somewhere (e.g Glide)
            view2.refreshWith(it)
        })
    }

    private fun example2_1() {
        val view1 = viewBinding.view1

        viewModel.lv2.observe(viewLifecycleOwner, Observer {
            // Some complex-ish UI logic that might need
            // to retrieve supplement data from somewhere (e.g Glide)
            view1.refreshWith(it)
        })
    }

    private fun example2_2() {
        val view2 = viewBinding.view2

        viewModel.lv2.observe(viewLifecycleOwner, Observer {
            // Some complex-ish UI logic that might need
            // to retrieve supplement data from somewhere (e.g Glide)
            view2.refreshWith(it)
        })
    }
}

A: 1) If your multiple views need different parts of LiveData data to use Transformations to map one LiveData to multiple Sub LiveDatas.
e.g. I need username from User in one View
and I need age from User in another View.
Transform LiveData
LiveData<User> userLiveData = ...;
LiveData<String> userName = Transformations.map(userLiveData, user -> {
    user.name + " " + user.lastName
});

2) But if your Views act based on different status, i.e. SUCCESS - FAILED - LOADING
Use a Single LiveData with a MyResponse data class.
data class MyResponse<T>(
    var status: Status,
    var data: T? = null,
    var throwable: Throwable? = null
) {

    companion object {

        fun <T> loading(data: T?=null): MyResponse<T> {
            return MyResponse(
                status = Status.LOADING,
                data = data
            )
        }

        fun <T> success(data: T): MyResponse<T>? {
            return MyResponse(
                status = Status.SUCCESS,
                data = data
            )
        }

        fun <T> failed(throwable: Throwable): MyResponse<T> {
            return MyResponse(
                status = Status.FAILED,
                throwable = throwable
            )
        }
    }
}

enum class Status {
    LOADING,
    SUCCESS,
    FAILED,
}

And In your ViewModel
val mSettingHeaderLiveData = MutableLiveData<MyResponse<UserInfo>>()

Sample Usage
mSettingMainViewModel.mSettingHeaderLiveData.observe(this, Observer { userInfoResponse ->
            if (userInfoResponse.status == Status.SUCCESS) {
                // Do something on View_1
            } else if (userInfoResponse.status == Status.Failed) {
               // Do something on View_2
            } else if (userInfoResponse.status == Status.Loading) {
               // Do something on View_3
            }
        })

A: In my views first approach is far better. because
1) We have single origin of data, single observer, all the data is channelising through one, so there won't be any posdibility of any human error, like in case of multiple observer, people can write similar logics in more than one observer.
2) As you mentioned yourself, overhead of extra oberservers will not be there.
3) The benefit of multiple observer you told, Suppose You are observing data of an API response, you hit API again, you will get all the data, you will have to pass the data back and will habe to repopulate the data to all the views, so even of data for some of the views have not changed, still they will be populated, So before populating, either you should compare newly coming data with the previously loaded data, so you can do it in case of single observer also.
I may be wrong in my observation, correct me if i am wrong.

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